ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.
Risks Related to Our Distribution Structure
Our failure to continue to attract new recruits, retain independent sales representatives or license or maintain the licensing of independent sales representatives would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
New independent sales representatives provide us with access to new clients, enable us to increase sales and provide the next generation of successful independent sales representatives. As is typical with distribution businesses, we experience a high rate of turnover among part-time independent sales representatives, which requires us to attract, retain and motivate a large number of independent sales representatives. Recruiting is performed by current independent sales representatives, and the effectiveness of recruiting is generally dependent upon our reputation as a provider of a rewarding and potentially lucrative income opportunity, as well as the general competitive and economic environment. Whether recruits are motivated to complete their training and licensing requirements and commit to selling our products depends in part on the effectiveness of our compensation and promotional programs, as well as the competitiveness of such programs compared with other companies, including other part-time business opportunities and the recruits’ desire to help middle-income families in their communities.
If our new business opportunity and the products we distribute do not generate sufficient interest to attract new recruits, motivate them to become licensed independent sales representatives and maintain their licenses, and incentivize them to sell our products and recruit other new independent sales representatives, our business would be materially adversely affected.
Certain Regional Vice Presidents (“RVPs”) have large sales organizations. These RVPs are responsible for attracting, motivating, supporting and assisting the independent sales representatives in their sales organizations. The loss of key RVPs together with substantial numbers of independent sales representatives from their related sales organizations for any reason could adversely affect our business and could impact our recruitment of new independent sales representatives.
Like many other companies with large independent sales organizations, we have written agreements with independent sales representatives that define the contractual terms of the relationships both during and after their affiliations with the Company. From time to time, current and former independent sales representatives violate these agreements, and the Company takes steps to enforce them. If former or current independent sales representatives are successful in legally challenging our written agreements, then our business could be adversely impacted.
Furthermore, if we or any other businesses with a similar distribution structure engage in practices resulting in increased negative public attention for our business model, the resulting reputational challenges could adversely affect our ability to attract new recruits. Companies such as ours that distribute through independent agents to sell directly to customers have been and may continue to be the subject of negative commentary on website postings, social media and other media. This negative commentary can spread inaccurate or incomplete information about distribution companies in general or the Company in particular, which can make our recruiting more difficult.
From time to time, various jurisdictions make changes to the state or provincial licensing examination process that may make it more difficult for independent sales representatives to obtain or retain their life insurance and/or securities licenses. For example, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) changed the continuing education (“CE”) regulatory requirement from a three-year period to an annual requirement for securities-licensed representatives. In addition, the North American Securities Administrators Association approved a model rule for participating states that imposes a CE requirement for investment adviser representatives. Such changes place an increased burden on independent sales representatives to maintain their securities licenses, which could negatively impact the size of the active securities sales force in the event that representatives do not complete the applicable CE requirements on a timely basis.
A number of laws and regulations could apply to our independent contractor distribution model, which could require us to modify our distribution structure.
We have not been, and are not currently, subject to business opportunity laws because the amounts paid by the new independent sales representatives to us: (i) are less than the minimum thresholds set by many state statutes and (ii) are not fees paid for the right to participate in a business, but rather are for bona fide expenses such as state-required insurance examinations and pre-licensing training. We have not been, and are not currently, subject to franchise laws for similar reasons. However, there is a risk that a governmental agency or court could disagree with our assessment or that these laws and regulations could change. In addition, we do not believe that the Federal Trade Commission’s (“FTC”) current Business Opportunity Rule applies to the Company. On January 13, 2025, the FTC announced proposed amendments to the Business Opportunity Rule that would expand the rule but also would exempt
models like ours from its scope. Nonetheless, the rule ultimately could be amended or interpreted in a manner inconsistent with our current interpretation. Becoming subject to business opportunity or franchise laws or regulations could require us to provide additional disclosures and regulate the manner in which we recruit independent sales representatives that may increase the expense of, or adversely impact our recruitment of, new independent sales representatives.
There are various laws and regulations, including laws of general application such as the Federal Trade Commission Act (“FTC Act”), which prohibit fraudulent or deceptive practices, including but not limited to, pyramid schemes and misrepresentations regarding distributors’ earnings potential. The FTC has exercised its Penalty Offense Authority found in Section 5(m)1(B) of the FTC Act by issuing Notices of Penalty Offenses as a reminder of the law on earnings claims and as a deterrence against violations. The application of these laws and regulations to a given set of business practices is inherently fact-based and, therefore, is subject to interpretation by applicable enforcement authorities. Although we believe that our business practices comply with applicable laws and regulations, there is a risk that a governmental agency or court could disagree with our assessment, or that these laws and regulations could change in actuality or in application, which could require us to our operations or result in regulatory , or other costs, or reputational , or could otherwise affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, if an earnings rule like that proposed by the FTC were to become final, it could have an impact on our recruitment and sales.
Various unfair and deceptive trade practices laws and regulations could potentially be invoked to challenge aspects of our recruiting of independent sales representatives. In particular, we and the independent sales representatives use promotional materials in recruiting that describe the potential business opportunity of becoming an independent sales representative and information with respect to earnings and lifestyle statements. These materials and statements made by us or the independent sales representatives may be deemed to be unfair, deceptive, or misleading under the FTC Act or other federal, state and provincial laws or regulations and could result in regulatory fines, penalties or other costs, or reputational harm. Being out of compliance with the aforementioned laws and regulations could require changes to the recruiting of independent sales representatives, which could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
There may be adverse tax, legal or financial consequences if the classification of the independent contractor sales representatives is changed.
Sales representatives are independent contractors who operate their own businesses. Although we believe that we have properly classified these sales representatives as independent contractors, there is a risk that the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”), the Department of Labor (“DOL”), the Canada Revenue Agency, a court or other authority will take a different view. Furthermore, the tests governing the determination of whether an individual is considered to be an independent contractor or an employee are fact-sensitive and vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Laws and regulations that govern the status and classification of independent sales representatives are subject to change or interpretation.
The classification of workers as independent contractors continues to be the subject of increasing federal, state and provincial legislative, regulatory and judicial interest. Legislative and regulatory proposals have been introduced by federal and state authorities, and judicial decisions have been made, that call for or result in greater scrutiny of independent contractor classifications. It is difficult to predict what the outcome of worker classification activity may be. Changes to worker classifications could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations because sales representatives are independent contractors.
If there is an adverse determination with respect to the classification of some or all of the independent contractors by a court or governmental agency, we could incur significant costs complying with such laws and regulations, including tax withholding, social security payments, retirement plan contributions and recordkeeping, employee benefits, payment of wages or modification of our business model, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, there is the risk that we may be subject to significant monetary liabilities arising from fines or judgments as a result of any such actual or alleged non-compliance with federal, state, or provincial laws.
The Company’s or the independent sales representatives’ violation of, or non-compliance with, laws and regulations and related claims and proceedings could expose us to material liabilities.
Extensive federal, state, provincial and territorial laws regulate our product offerings, imposing certain requirements that independent sales representatives must follow in dealing with clients. Instances of non-compliance or violations on the part of the independent sales representatives could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition to imposing requirements on independent sales representatives when dealing with clients, federal, state, provincial and territorial laws and regulations generally require us to maintain a system of controls and supervision reasonably designed to ensure that independent sales representatives comply with the requirements to which they are subject. We have policies, procedures and controls to comply with these laws and regulations. Further, at any given time, we may have pending state, federal or provincial examinations or inquiries of our investment and savings products, insurance, mortgage, and other businesses. However, despite these
compliance and supervisory efforts, the breadth of our operations and the broad regulatory requirements could result in oversight failures and instances of non-compliance or violations on the part of the Company or independent sales representatives.
From time to time, we are subject to private litigation as a result of alleged misconduct by independent sales representatives. Non-compliance with or violations of laws or regulations could result in adverse findings in either examinations or litigation and could subject us to sanctions, monetary liabilities, restrictions on or the loss of the operation of our business, or reputational harm, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Insurance Business and Reinsurance
Our life insurance business may face significant losses or volatility if our actual experience differs from our expectations regarding mortality, reinsurance, persistency, or disability.
We set prices for life insurance policies based upon expected claim payment patterns derived from assumptions we make about the mortality rates, or likelihood of death, of our policyholders in any given year. The long-term profitability of these products depends upon how our actual mortality rates compare to our pricing assumptions. For example, if mortality rates are higher than those assumed in our pricing assumptions, we could be required to make more death benefit payments under our life insurance policies or to make such payments sooner than we had projected, which may decrease the profitability of our term life insurance products.
We reinsure 90% of our mortality risk on new business. Interest in reinsuring our mortality risk could diminish if there is increased volatility in the reinsurance market and/or a change in the perceived value of reinsuring Primerica’s business. As a result, in the future we may not be able to access reinsurance on new business and we could be forced to reinsure a smaller percentage of our mortality risk, or to reinsure the same percentage but at costs greater than we have historically paid.
The prices and expected future profitability of our life insurance products are also based, in part, upon assumptions related to persistency. Actual persistency that is lower than our persistency assumptions could have an adverse effect on profitability, especially in the early years of a policy, primarily because we may not collect sufficient revenue to cover our acquisition costs. Actual persistency that is higher than our persistency assumptions could have an adverse effect on profitability in the later years of a block of policies because the anticipated claims experience is higher in these later years. We are precluded from adjusting premiums on our in-force business during the initial term of the policies, and our ability to adjust premiums on in-force business after the initial policy term is limited to the maximum premium rates in the policy.
Our profitability is also affected by the extent actual disability rates underlying our waiver benefits, including recovery rates for individuals currently disabled, differ from actuarial assumptions. The waiver benefit is secondary to the death benefit coverage provided. However, the waiver benefit is not reinsured and material changes in assumptions compared to expectations can have a disproportionate impact on our financial results.
Our life insurance business is highly regulated, and statutory and regulatory changes may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Life insurance statutes and regulations are generally designed to protect the interests of the public and policyholders. Those interests may conflict with the interests of our stockholders. Currently, in the United States, the power to regulate insurance resides almost exclusively with the states, which grant state insurance regulators broad powers to regulate almost all aspects of our insurance business. Much of this state regulation follows model statutes or regulations developed or amended by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”), which is composed of the insurance commissioners of each U.S. jurisdiction. The NAIC re-examines and amends existing model laws and regulations (including holding company regulations), in addition to determining whether new ones are needed.
The Federal Insurance Office is authorized to, among other things, study methods to modernize and improve insurance regulation. We cannot predict with certainty whether, or in what form, reforms will be enacted and, if so, whether the enacted reforms will materially affect our business. Changes in federal statutes, financial services regulation and federal taxation, in addition to changes to state statutes and regulations, may be more restrictive than current requirements or may result in higher costs, and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
All U.S. states have adopted rules requiring insurance producers to act in the “best interest” of consumers when recommending an annuity. The New York Department of Financial Services’ “best interest” rules apply to both life insurance and annuities. These rules impose a higher standard of care than previously required, as well as enhanced disclosures and other obligations with respect to recommendations, which may increase our regulatory or litigation risk.
Federal and provincial insurance laws regulate all aspects of our Canadian insurance business. Changes to federal or provincial statutes and regulations may be more restrictive than current requirements or may result in higher costs, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (“OSFI”) determines that our corporate actions do not comply with applicable Canadian law, Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada (“Primerica Life Canada”) could face sanctions or fines and be subject to increased capital requirements or other requirements.
The Minister of Finance (Canada) approved our indirect acquisition of Primerica Life Canada in 2010 with the expectation that we will provide ongoing financial, managerial or operational support to this subsidiary as necessary. If OSFI determines Primerica Life Canada is not receiving adequate support from the Parent Company under applicable Canadian law, Primerica Life Canada may be subject to increased capital requirements or other requirements deemed appropriate by OSFI.
If there are extraordinary changes to U.S. or Canadian statutory or regulatory requirements, we may be unable to fully comply with or maintain all required insurance licenses and approvals. As a result, the regulatory authorities could preclude or temporarily suspend us from conducting some or all of our insurance activities or impose fines or penalties on us, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot predict with certainty the effect any proposed or future legislation or regulatory initiatives may have on the conduct of our business.
A decline in the regulatory capital ratios of our insurance subsidiaries could result in increased scrutiny by insurance regulators and ratings agencies and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Each of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries is subject to risk-based capital (“RBC”) standards (imposed under the laws of its respective jurisdiction of domicile). The RBC formula for U.S. life insurance companies generally establishes capital requirements relating to asset, insurance, interest rate and business risks. Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are required to report RBC calculations annually to the applicable state department of insurance and the NAIC. Our Canadian life insurance subsidiary is subject to the Life Insurance Capital Adequacy Test Guideline (“LICAT”) and is required to provide its capital ratio calculations to the Canadian regulators. The capitalization of our insurance subsidiaries is maintained at levels in excess of the effective minimum requirements of the NAIC in the United States and OSFI in Canada. In any particular year, statutory capital and surplus amounts and RBC and LICAT ratios may increase or decrease depending on a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control.
Our financial strength and credit ratings are significantly influenced by the statutory surplus amounts and RBC and LICAT ratios of our insurance company subsidiaries. Ratings agencies may change their internal models, effectively increasing or decreasing the amount of statutory capital our insurance subsidiaries must hold to maintain their current ratings. Ratings agencies also may downgrade the ratings of securities held in our insurance subsidiaries’ portfolios, which could result in a reduction of our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory capital and surplus and RBC. Our insurance subsidiaries may need additional capital and, if needed, we may not be able to provide it to maintain the targeted RBC and LICAT levels to support their business operations, either of which may impact our financial strength and credit ratings.
The failure of any of our insurance subsidiaries to meet its applicable RBC and LICAT requirements or minimum capital and surplus requirements could subject it to further examination or corrective action imposed by insurance regulators, including limitations on its ability to write additional business, supervision by regulators or seizure or liquidation. Any corrective action imposed could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. A decline in RBC or LICAT also limits the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends or make distributions and could be a factor in causing ratings agencies to downgrade the financial strength ratings of our insurance subsidiaries. Such downgrades would have an adverse effect on our ability to write new insurance policies and, therefore, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
A significant ratings downgrade by a ratings organization could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Each of our non-captive life insurance subsidiaries has been assigned a financial strength rating by A.M. Best. Primerica Life currently also has an insurer financial strength rating from each of Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) and Moody’s.
The financial strength ratings of our rated insurance subsidiaries are subject to periodic review using, among other things, the ratings agencies’ proprietary capital adequacy models and are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time. Insurance financial strength ratings are directed toward the concerns of policyholders and are not intended for the protection of stockholders or as a recommendation to buy, hold or sell securities. Our financial strength ratings will affect our competitive position relative to other insurance companies. If the financial strength ratings of our insurance subsidiaries fall below certain levels, some of our policyholders may move their business to our competitors. In addition, the models used by ratings agencies to determine financial strength are different from the capital requirements set by insurance regulators.
Ratings organizations review the financial performance and financial conditions of insurance companies and provide opinions regarding financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet obligations to policyholders. A significant downgrade in the financial strength ratings of any of our insurance subsidiaries, or the announced potential for a downgrade, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If the rating agencies or regulators change their approach to financial strength ratings and statutory capital requirements, we may need to take action to maintain current ratings and capital adequacy ratios, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The Parent Company currently has investment grade credit ratings from S&P, Moody’s, and A.M. Best. These ratings are indicators of a debt issuer’s ability to meet the terms of debt obligations and are important factors in its ability to access liquidity in the debt markets. A rating downgrade by a rating agency can occur at any time if the rating agency perceives an adverse change in our financial condition, results of operations or ability to service debt. If such a downgrade occurs, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations in many ways, including adversely limiting our access to capital in the unsecured debt market and potentially increasing the cost of such debt.
The failure by any of our reinsurers or reserve financing counterparties to perform its obligations to us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We rely on reinsurance in the United States and Canada to diversify our risk and to manage our loss exposure to mortality risk. Reinsurance does not relieve us of our direct liability to our policyholders, even when the reinsurer is liable to us. We, as the insurer, are required to pay the full amount of death benefits even in circumstances where we are entitled to receive payments from the reinsurer. Our reinsurers may be unable to pay the amounts they owe us on a timely basis or at all. Further, reinsurers might refuse or fail to pay losses that we cede to them or might delay payment. Since death benefit claims may be paid long after a policy is issued, we bear credit risk with respect to our reinsurers. The creditworthiness of our reinsurers may change before we can recover amounts to which we are entitled. Any such failure to pay by our reinsurers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We also have in place coinsurance agreements that we originally entered into at the time of our initial public offering (the “IPO”) in 2010, pursuant to which we ceded between 80% and 90% of the risks and rewards of our term life insurance policies that were in force at year-end 2009. Under this arrangement, our existing reinsurance agreements remain in place. Each coinsurer entered into trust agreements with our respective insurance subsidiaries and a trustee pursuant to which the coinsurer placed assets (primarily fixed-income securities and U.S. Treasury securities) in trust for such subsidiary’s benefit to secure the coinsurer’s obligations to such subsidiary. Each such coinsurance agreement requires the relevant coinsurer to maintain assets in trust, the amount of which will not be less than the amount of the statutory reserves for the coinsured liabilities. In Canada, the IPO coinsurer must hold pledged assets in an amount sufficient for us to take credit for reinsurance in a Canadian financial institution, not affiliated with the IPO coinsurer. Our Canadian insurance company has an enforceable security interest that has priority over any other security interest for the pledged assets. Furthermore, our insurance subsidiaries have the right to recapture the business upon the occurrence of an event of default under their respective coinsurance agreement subject to any applicable cure periods. While any such recapture would be at no cost to us, such recapture would result in a substantial increase in our insurance exposure and require us to be fully responsible for the management of the assets set aside to support statutory reserves. The type of assets we might obtain as a result of a recapture may not be as liquid as our current invested asset portfolio and could result in an impact on our risk profile.
There is no assurance that the relevant coinsurer will pay the coinsurance obligations owed to us now or in the future or that it will pay these obligations on a timely basis. If any of the coinsurers becomes insolvent and the trust account to support the obligations of such coinsurer is insufficient to pay such coinsurer’s obligations to us and we fail to enforce our right to recapture the business, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We finance redundant statutory reserves of certain issue years of our term life insurance business. Under this transaction, we pay a fee to a financial counterparty for its commitment to support redundant reserves and provide corresponding statutory reinsurance credit, allowing us to more efficiently manage our capital. If the financial strength of this counterparty was significantly impaired to the extent that its support of our redundant reserves could no longer be relied upon, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Investment and Savings Products Business
Our Investment and Savings Products segment is heavily dependent on a limited platform of mutual fund and annuity products offered by a relatively small number of companies and managers. If these products fail to remain competitive with other investment options, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
We offer mutual funds and annuities through our U.S. retail broker-dealer, but not exchange traded funds, individual stocks and bonds, or alternative investments. Our advisory program in the U.S. offers a wider menu of investment types; however, fewer of the independent sales representatives are eligible to offer the program. Our current investment products in Canada consist of two families of mutual funds that include a diversified offering of equity, fixed-income and money market funds. Because of these limitations, our business could be materially adversely impacted if consumer demand were to shift toward products we do not offer. In addition, if any of our investment and savings products fail to achieve satisfactory investment performance, our clients may seek higher yielding or lower cost investment options, and we could experience higher redemption rates.
If our relationship with one or more of the manufacturers of the funds and annuities we distribute or investment managers we make available is significantly altered or terminated or there is a shift in the business mix, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
We receive revenue and other marketing and support fees from the manufacturers of the investment and savings products we distribute and the investment managers we make available. We earn a significant portion of our earnings through our relationships with a small group of mutual fund and annuity companies. A decision by one or more of these companies to alter or discontinue their current arrangements or product offerings with us, or a change in law or regulation that compels us to alter or discontinue such arrangements, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, we derive a growing portion of our earnings through our asset-based advisory platform. A shift in the business mix of new investments across our products and platforms could materially impact cash flows to our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition to sales commissions and asset-based compensation, a portion of our earnings from investment and savings products comes from recordkeeping services that we provide to mutual fund companies and from fees earned for custodial services that we provide to clients with retirement plan accounts in the funds of these mutual fund companies.
A decision by one or more of our fund companies, annuities companies, or managers to alter or discontinue their current arrangements with us, or a change in law or regulation that compels us to alter or discontinue such arrangements, would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The Company’s or the securities-licensed independent sales representatives’ violations of, or non-compliance with, laws and regulations of the securities business could expose us to material liabilities.
Our subsidiary broker-dealers, Primerica Brokerage Services, Inc. and PFS Investments Inc. (“PFS Investments”), and the independent sales representatives, are subject to federal and state regulation of the securities business. PFS Investments is additionally a registered investment adviser and its investment adviser representatives likewise are held to a high standard of conduct. Our subsidiary, Primerica Shareholder Services, Inc. (“PSS”), is a registered transfer agent engaged in the recordkeeping business and is subject to regulation by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Violations of, or non-compliance with, laws or regulations applicable to the activities of PFS Investments or PSS, or violations by a third party with which PFS Investments or PSS contracts, could subject us to regulatory actions and/or litigation. Such events could result in the imposition of cease and desist orders, fines or censures, restitution to clients, suspension or revocation of SEC registration, suspension or expulsion from FINRA, reputational and legal expense, any of which could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our Canadian broker-dealer subsidiary, PFSL Investments Canada Ltd. (“PFSL Investments Canada”) and the independent sales representatives are subject to the securities laws of the provinces and territories of Canada in which we sell our mutual fund products and to the rules of the Canadian Investment Regulatory Organization (“CIRO”), the self-regulatory organization governing mutual fund dealers (except in the province of Quebec, the Autorité des Marchés Financiers (“AMF”)). PFSL Investments Canada is subject to periodic review by both the CIRO and the provincial and territorial securities commissions to assess its compliance with, among other things, applicable capital requirements and sales practices and procedures. These regulators have broad administrative powers and may impose sanctions that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If heightened standards of conduct are imposed on us or the independent sales representatives by federal, state or provincial authorities, or selling compensation is reduced as a result of new legislation or regulations, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The U.S. independent sales representatives are subject to federal and state regulation as well as state licensing requirements. PFS Investments, which is regulated as a broker-dealer and registered investment adviser, and U.S. independent sales representatives are currently subject to general anti-fraud limitations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (the “Investment Advisers Act”) and SEC rules and regulations, as well as other conduct standards prescribed by the FINRA. These standards generally require that broker-dealers, investment advisers, and their sales representatives disclose and
mitigate conflicts of interest that might affect the advice or recommendations they provide and require them to make investment recommendations in the best interest of customers. In 2019, the SEC adopted rules addressing the standards of conduct applicable to broker-dealers and their associated persons (collectively, “Reg BI”). Among other things, Reg BI created a “best interest” standard of conduct similar to the fiduciary standard applicable to investment advisers. In addition, the DOL has issued, and may continue to issue, proposals that regulate fiduciary status and related fiduciary requirements. Reg BI and DOL regulations impose higher standards of care and enhanced obligations that increase regulatory and litigation risk to our business.
In addition to federal regulators, certain states have proposed or passed laws or proposed or issued regulations requiring investment advisers, broker-dealers, and/or insurance agents to meet fiduciary standards or standards of care that their advice be in the customer’s best interest, and to mitigate and disclose conflicts of interest to consumers of investment and insurance products. The severity of the impact that such state laws or regulations could have on our business vary from state to state depending on the content of the legislation or regulation and how it would be applied by state regulators and interpreted by the courts. Therefore, such laws or regulations could disrupt our brokerage business in the relevant state. We cannot quantify the financial impact, if any, of any changes to our business that may be necessary in order to comply with such laws or regulations at this time.
In 2022, in response to the regulatory ban on the compensation model we primarily used in Canada, we began to offer through the independent sales representatives, a unique and exclusive range of funds under Principal Distributor agreements with two third-party mutual fund companies (the “Principal Distributor model”).
While we received regulatory approval for the Principal Distributor model in 2022, we were advised at the time of approval that the Canadian Securities Administrators intends to closely re-examine the Principal Distributor provisions of National Instrument 81-105, through a public Request for Comment that was released on November 28, 2024. The Request for Comment proposes banning multiple fund manager relationships with one principal distributor, an arrangement we have in our Canadian mutual fund business. If this proposal is adopted and we are not granted an exemption, then we could be required to restructure our Principal Distributor model for the sale of mutual funds, or discontinue use, which could have a material adverse effect on our investment advisory business in Canada.
The Canadian Council of Insurance Regulators mandated a cessation of deferred sales charges on segregated fund contracts entered into after May 31, 2023. Deferred sales charges will continue to be allowed on subsequent deposits of existing segregated funds contracts for a period of time; however, insurance regulators will be further evaluating whether to allow its continued use. As we anticipated, we experienced a decline in segregated funds product sales beginning in June 2023.
We began distributing segregated funds on behalf of a third party on a limited basis in January 2025 with a full rollout in December 2025. On November 19, 2025, the Canadian Council of Insurance Regulators and Canadian Insurance Services Regulatory Organizations issued new Segregated Funds Guidance, which continues to allow existing compensation models but with additional requirements around their usage. We are assessing the impact of these requirements.
Heightened standards of conduct or restrictions on compensation as a result of any of the above items or other similar proposed rules or regulations could also increase the compliance and regulatory burdens on the independent sales representatives and could lead to increased litigation and regulatory risks, changes to our business model, a decrease in the number of licensed independent sales representatives and a reduction in the products we offer to our clients, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If our suitability policies and procedures, or our policies and procedures for compliance with federal, state or provincial regulations governing standards of care, were deemed inadequate, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We review the account applications that we receive for our investment and savings products for suitability, for compliance with Reg BI, the Investment Advisers Act, the DOL regulations, in Canada the Fair Treatment of Customers and the Client Focused Reforms, and for compliance with other federal, state or provincial regulations governing standards of care, as applicable. We believe that the policies and procedures we implement to help independent sales representatives assist clients in making investment choices are reasonably designed to achieve compliance with applicable securities laws and regulations and to satisfy other applicable federal, state, and provincial standards of care. Nonetheless, it is possible that the SEC, FINRA, the DOL, the IRS, state securities and insurance regulators, CIRO or AMF may not agree. Further, we could be subject to regulatory actions or private litigation, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The support tools we make available to the independent sales force are designed to educate potential and existing clients, help identify their financial needs, generally introduce the potential benefits of our product offerings, and identify suitable investment products. The tools themselves or the assumptions and methods of analyses embedded in them could be challenged and subject us to regulatory
action by the SEC, the DOL, FINRA or other regulators, or private litigation, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Non-compliance with applicable regulations could lead to revocation of our subsidiary’s status as a non-bank custodian, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
PFS Investments is a non-bank custodian of retirement accounts, as permitted under Treasury Regulation 1.408-2. A non-bank custodian is an entity that is not a bank and that is permitted by the IRS to act as a custodian for retirement plan account assets of our clients. The IRS retains authority to revoke or suspend that status if it finds that PFS Investments is unwilling or unable to administer retirement accounts in a manner consistent with the requirements of the applicable regulations. Revocation of PFS Investments’ non-bank custodian status would affect its ability to earn revenue for providing such services and, consequently, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Mortgage Brokerage Business
Licensing requirements will impact the size of the mortgage loan independent sales force, which could adversely affect our mortgage brokerage business.
To offer mortgage loan products, independent sales representatives must be individually licensed as mortgage loan originators by the states in which they do business and, in some states, they must also be individually licensed as mortgage brokers. These licensing requirements include enrollment in the Nationwide Multistate Licensing System, application to state regulators for individual licenses, a minimum of 20 hours of pre-licensing education, an annual minimum of eight hours of CE, and the successful completion of both national and state tests or a national test with uniform state content. Compliance with these licensing regimes (including passing the applicable exam, background checks and credit checks) often is a barrier for independent sales representatives. Primerica Mortgage, LLC (“Primerica Mortgage”) must also be licensed at the company level as a mortgage broker (or equivalent) and, in almost all states, representatives’ offices must be licensed as branch offices. To offer mortgage loans in a state, independent sales representatives, offices, and Primerica Mortgage must be licensed as required by state law. These licenses must be renewed on an annual basis. Failure, or the inability due to state restrictions, of independent sales representatives to obtain the required licenses and comply with ongoing licensing requirements would adversely affect the size of the mortgage loan sales , which could affect our mortgage brokerage business.
Our U.S. mortgage brokerage and Canadian mortgage referral business is highly regulated and subject to various federal, state and provincial laws and regulations in the U.S. and Canada. Changes in, non-compliance with, or violations of, such laws and regulations could affect the cost or our ability to distribute our products and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our U.S. mortgage brokerage business is subject to a wide array of laws at the federal, state, and local levels and regulators, including the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, state mortgage and licensing regulators, state attorneys general, state and local consumer protection offices, the FTC, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, and the Department of Justice. Each of these authorities may examine, supervise, investigate, and enforce applicable laws, regulations and policies. Federal law and regulations impose prohibitions and restrictions on the manner and amount of compensation paid and incentives offered in connection with a mortgage loan transaction and establish a federal ability to repay standard for all mortgage loans. Other laws could have the effect of limiting the availability of certain loan products in the market and adversely impact the range of products offered and the volume of loan business.
Additionally, we must comply with various state and local laws and policies concerning the lender, compensation and incentives, fair lending, supervision, the provision of consumer disclosures, net branching, predatory lending and high cost loans and recordkeeping. Differing interpretations of, changes in, or violations of, any of these laws or regulations could subject us to damages, fines, or sanctions and could affect the cost or our ability to distribute our products, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Remediation for noncompliance with federal, state or local laws could be costly and significant fines may be incurred. Failure to comply with applicable laws could result in potential litigation liability. Further, the lender must comply with applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations, and any noncompliance by such lender may adversely impact our U.S. mortgage brokerage business.
In Canada, independent sales representatives offer mortgage loans on a referral basis only. Various provincial mortgage brokerage laws strictly prescribe the requirements applicable to a mortgage referral program in order for individuals who make the referrals to be exempt from the requirement to be licensed as mortgage brokers. Differing interpretations of, changes in, or violations of, any of the applicable exemptions under mortgage brokerage laws could subject us to damages, fines or sanctions and could have a material adverse effect on our ability to offer mortgage loan referrals in Canada. In addition, independent sales representatives selling mutual funds must comply with the disclosure requirements of CIRO and applicable securities laws governing mortgage referral
arrangements. Failure to comply with such disclosure requirements could result in regulatory sanctions, which could have an adverse effect on our ability to offer mortgage loan referrals in Canada.
In the United States, we broker mortgage loans based on contractual agreements with a very limited number of mortgage lenders. A significant change to or disruption in the mortgage lenders’ mortgage businesses or an inability of the mortgage lenders to satisfy their contractual obligations to us could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Through a contractual agreement with Rocket Mortgage, LLC, Primerica Mortgage offers mortgage loans through the independent sales representatives who are licensed as mortgage loan originators. Primerica Mortgage also offers, through its mortgage loan originators, second mortgages and home equity lines of credit based on a contractual agreement with Spring EQ, LLC. A significant change to or disruption in the lenders’ businesses or their inability to satisfy their contractual obligations to Primerica Mortgage could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our U.S. mortgage brokerage business is impacted by U.S. mortgage interest rates. Changes in prevailing mortgage interest rates or U.S. monetary policies that affect mortgage interest rates could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The U.S. Federal Reserve, which serves as the primary driver of U.S. monetary policies impacting mortgage interest rates, implemented multiple interest rate increases over recent years to address continued elevated inflation. Although the U.S. Federal Reserve implemented moderate interest rate decreases in 2024 and 2025, mortgage interest rates remain elevated. Elevated mortgage interest rates lowered the demand for refinance mortgages and purchase-money mortgages offered by Primerica Mortgage. Continued elevated mortgage interest rates relative to recent market rates could continue to impact consumer demand for refinance mortgages and purchase-money mortgages, which could have an adverse impact on our mortgage brokerage business in the U.S.
Risks Related to Economic Downcycles, Public Health Crises or Catastrophes, and Disasters
The effects of economic downcycles, issues affecting the national, regional and/or global economy or geopolitical event(s), or any combination thereof, could impact the cost of living for our middle-income clients and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected by economic downturns in the United States and Canada, as well as issues in the national, regional and/or global economy such as elevated inflation resulting in a higher cost of living that may have repercussions on our markets. Economic downturns can result from a multitude of reasons and are often characterized by conditions such as elevated inflation and higher cost of living, declines in capital markets, higher unemployment, lower household income, lower valuation of retirement savings accounts, lower corporate earnings, lower business investment and/or lower consumer spending. These conditions can impact the disposable income of middle-income consumers, which can influence their spending and investment decisions. With respect to our term life insurance business, we may continue to experience an elevated incidence of lapses or surrenders of term life insurance policies, which adversely impacts the amount of insurance premiums we collect. Consumer spending and borrowing levels affect how consumers evaluate their savings and debt management plans. Factors that significantly impact consumer demand for the savings and investment products we distribute include interest rates, equity market returns and our customers’ perception of the of the capital markets. returns from interest rates relative to the performance of the equity markets and the perceived of investing in equity markets versus other investments, such as U.S. Treasury bills and money market funds, could impact consumer demand for the mutual funds, annuities, and managed accounts we distribute. Continued elevated producer prices have caused and may continue to cause higher labor costs and increased vendor and supplier costs. Economic conditions, including continued elevated producer prices have impacted and may continue to impact prospective recruits’ perceptions of the business that becoming an independent sales representative offers, which can drive or recruiting.
Our investment and savings products business is sensitive to the performance of the equity markets. A protracted long-term downturn in equity market performance brought about by an economic downturn and/or geopolitical event(s) could adversely affect new sales and cause clients to liquidate mutual funds and other investments sold by independent sales representatives. This could cause a decrease in the asset value of client accounts which reduce our trailing commission revenues. Further, volatility or downturns in equity markets could dampen purchases of the investment products that we distribute and could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our ability to recruit and retain independent sales representatives. In addition, disruptions in credit markets caused by an economic downturn could result in a decline in the fair value of our fixed-maturity invested asset portfolio as well as increased credit on these invested assets.
Major public health pandemics, epidemics or outbreaks (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) or other catastrophic events, have impacted and could again materially adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our operations are exposed to the risk of major public health pandemics, epidemics or outbreaks (a “major public health crisis”), such as the COVID-19 pandemic, or other catastrophic events (“catastrophic events”), which, among other things, has caused and could again cause a large number of premature deaths of our insureds. Although we have ceded a significant majority of our mortality risk to reinsurers, a major public health crisis or catastrophic event could cause: (i) substantial volatility in our financial results for a period of time; (ii) material harm to the financial condition of our reinsurers; (iii) increases in the probability of default on reinsurance recoverables; (iv) decreases in the availability of reinsurance on new business; or (v) increases in reinsurance costs on new business and/or rates during the post-level term period. In addition, most of the jurisdictions in which our insurance subsidiaries are licensed to transact business require life insurers to participate in guaranty associations, which raise funds to pay contractual benefits owed pursuant to insurance policies issued by , or issuers. A major public health or event could require extraordinary assessments on our insurance companies, which could have a material effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
A major public health crisis or catastrophic event has impacted and could again negatively impact our ability to attract new recruits, train and license the independent sales force, and incentivize the independent sales force to sell our products. If a significant number of independent sales representatives were to be impacted by a major public health crisis or catastrophic event, it could have a material adverse effect on recruiting, licensing, and our ability to write new business. A major public health crisis or catastrophic event could again cause significant volatility in global financial markets and disrupt the economy and the demand for the term life insurance, investment and savings, and other financial products that we distribute. Our investment portfolio and the valuations of invested assets we hold could also be materially affected.
In the event of a disaster, our business continuity plan may not be sufficient, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our infrastructure supports a combination of local and remote recovery solutions for business resumption in the event of a disaster, including a security incident. Our Canadian and U.S. operations utilize a data center located in our main campus in Duluth, Georgia. In the event of either a main campus destruction or the inability to access our data center or main campus in Duluth, Georgia, our business recovery plan provides for our employees to perform their work functions via a dedicated business backup/recovery site located about 20 miles from our main campus or by remote access from an employee’s home. However, in the event of main campus destruction, our business recovery plan may be inadequate, and our employees and the independent sales representatives may be unable to carry out their work immediately, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Information Technology and Cybersecurity
If one of our, or a third-party partner’s, significant information technology systems fails, if its security is compromised, or if the Internet becomes disabled or unavailable, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
Our business is highly dependent upon the effective operation of our information technology systems and third-party technology systems, networks and clouds to record, process, transmit and store information, including sensitive customer and proprietary information. We rely on these systems throughout our business for a variety of functions including to conduct many of our business activities and transactions with customers, independent sales representatives, vendors and other third parties, to prepare our financial statements and to communicate with our Board of Directors. Further, our information technology systems and applications run a variety of third-party and proprietary software intended to support the independent sales force. Our business also relies on the use by employees, independent sales representatives and other third parties of electronic mobile devices, such as laptops, tablets and smartphones, which are particularly vulnerable to loss and theft.
Maintaining the integrity of these systems and networks is critical to the success of our business operations, including the retention of independent sales representatives and customers, and to the protection of our proprietary information and our customers’ confidential and personal information. We could experience a failure of one or more of these systems or could fail to complete all necessary data reconciliation or other conversion controls when implementing new software systems. In addition, despite the implementation of security and back-up measures, our information technology systems may be vulnerable to physical or electronic intrusions, viruses or other attacks, programming errors and similar disruptions.
We are subject to international, federal, state, and provincial regulations, and in some cases contractual obligations, that require us to establish and maintain policies and procedures designed to protect sensitive customer, employee, independent sales representative and third-party information. We have implemented and maintain security measures, including industry-standard commercial technology, designed to protect against breaches of security and other interference with our systems and networks resulting from attacks by third parties, including hackers, and from employee or independent sales representative error or malfeasance. We continually assess our ability to monitor, respond to, and recover from such threats. In accordance with these laws and our security practices, we also require third-party vendors, who in the provision of services to us are provided with or process information pertaining to our business or our
customers, to meet certain information security standards. Despite the measures we have taken and may in the future take to address and mitigate cybersecurity and technology risks, we cannot assure that our systems and networks will not be subject to breaches or interference. Any such breaches or interference by third parties or by independent sales representatives or employees that may occur in the future, including the failure of any one of these systems for any reason, could cause significant interruptions to our operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Anyone who is able to circumvent our security measures and penetrate our information technology systems could access, view, misappropriate, alter, or delete information in the systems, including personally-identifiable client information, health information, and proprietary business information. In addition, an increasing number of regulators require that regulators and clients be notified if a security breach results in the disclosure of personally-identifiable client information or health information, which could exacerbate the harm to our business, financial condition or results of operations. We cannot be certain that advances in criminal capabilities, discovery of new vulnerabilities, attempts to exploit vulnerabilities in our systems, data thefts, physical system, network or cloud break-ins or inappropriate access, or other developments will not compromise or the technology or other security measures protecting the networks and systems used in connection with our business.
Operating system failures, ineffective system implementation, loss of the Internet or the compromise of security with respect to internal, external or third-party operating systems or electronic devices could subject us to significant civil and criminal liability, harm our reputation, interrupt our business operations, deter people from purchasing our products, require us to incur significant technical, legal and other expenses, and adversely affect our internal control over financial reporting, business, financial condition, or results of operations.
Any failure to protect the confidentiality of client information could adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Various government bodies have established rules protecting the privacy and security of personal information, which vary significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Many independent sales representatives, employees, and third-party service providers have access to, and routinely process, personal information of clients on paper and on personal and Company-owned hardware, the cloud and mobile devices through a variety of media, including the Internet and software applications. We rely on internal processes and controls to protect the confidentiality of client information that is accessible to, or in the possession of, our Company, our employees and the independent sales representatives. If: (i) an independent sales representative, employee, or third-party service provider intentionally or unintentionally discloses or misappropriates confidential client information; (ii) our data is the subject of a cybersecurity attack; (iii) we fail to maintain adequate internal controls; or (iv) independent sales representatives, employees or third-party service providers fail to comply with our policies and procedures, then misappropriation or intentional or unintentional inappropriate disclosure or of client information could occur. Such internal control or non-compliance could materially our reputation or lead to civil or , which could have a material effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The current legislative and regulatory climate with regard to privacy and cybersecurity could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Various international, federal and state legislative and regulatory bodies are considering or have considered, proposed, or adopted new standards and rules regarding protection of personally-identifiable information. All 50 U.S. states and Canada have breach notification requirements. New York State Department of Financial Services’ Cybersecurity Requirements for Financial Services Companies (“NYDFS Cybersecurity Requirements”) require covered financial services institutions to implement a cybersecurity program with policies and controls designed to protect information systems and data. The NAIC has adopted the Insurance Data Security Model Law (“Model Law”), which among other things, requires insurers and insurance producers to develop and maintain a written information security program, conduct risk assessments, and assess the data security practices of third-party service providers. The Model Law, which has some similarities as well as differences from the NYDFS Cybersecurity Requirements, has been adopted by a significant number of states. The SEC’s Regulation S-P imposes cybersecurity requirements on covered entities regarding policies and procedures, incident response and notification procedures, and cybersecurity risk management. In addition, various regulators and legislators are proposing, have proposed, and have passed more stringent privacy requirements, including the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, its updates in the California Privacy Rights Act of 2023, and related regulations (“CCPA”). The CCPA is designed to give consumers more control over their personal data and imposes strict liability for security under certain circumstances.
Such laws or regulations could require us to implement new technologies or revise and maintain policies and procedures designed to protect sensitive customer, employee, independent sales representative and third-party information. Being subject to, or out of compliance with, the aforementioned laws and regulations could result in material costs, fines, penalties or litigation, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The development and use of artificial intelligence present risks and challenges that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We, our third-party service providers, or competitors, may develop or incorporate artificial intelligence (“AI”) technology in certain business processes, products or services. AI technologies are complex and rapidly evolving. The regulatory environment related to AI is also uncertain and evolving, which could require changes in our potential use and implementation of AI technologies and could increase compliance costs and the risk of non-compliance. AI technologies used by us or our third-party service providers could result in inaccurate information. More rapid adoption of AI by our competitors resulting in more cost-effective technologies and/or products could result in a change in the competitive environment in which we operate that could negatively affect our ability to maintain or increase our market share or profitability.
Additionally, our or our third-party service providers’ use of AI technologies could increase the risk of loss or inadvertent sharing of consumer or proprietary data, which could increase the risk of related information and security and privacy incidents, regulatory actions and/or consumer litigation. Likewise, malefactors are also increasingly using AI to target individuals to gain access to consumer accounts, such as through “deep fakes” and impersonations. AI may also be used to increase the frequency and severity of cybersecurity attacks against us or our third-party service providers. An increase in any of these wrongdoings may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We regularly undertake business initiatives to enhance our technology, products, and services. The efficiency and success of these initiatives may vary significantly and may cause unanticipated costs, errors, or disruptions which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We regularly evaluate and undertake business initiatives to improve and support our competitiveness and grow our business. Business initiatives that we are currently developing or executing, for example, include enhancements to information technology, our client relationship manager tool, updates to our client and independent sales representative-facing software tools and applications, implementation of AI technologies to improve efficiencies and streamlining of our communications systems. Our ability to implement these initiatives often may be dependent on our capacity to integrate, develop, or invest in new systems and technologies as well as to evolve existing methods and tools. The execution of these initiatives also may depend on our ability to change vendors, and implementation of certain initiatives may be dependent on third parties. In addition, these initiatives may take longer than anticipated to implement, and our ability to execute these initiatives in a timely manner may impact the outcomes. Likewise, technological and other changes made in connection with initiatives, either by Primerica or changes by our partners, may result in increased or unanticipated costs, inadvertent data disclosures, operating errors, to our business, or may present other technical or operational hurdles. The expansion, or changes of services, or changes of vendors may involve client, regulatory and other third-party data use, storage and security , as well as other regulatory compliance, business continuity and other considerations. As a result, we may not some or all of the anticipated benefits or other intended results associated with these initiatives, which could have a material effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Financial Risks Affecting Our Business
Credit deterioration in, and the effects of interest rate fluctuations on, our invested asset portfolio and other assets that are subject to changes in credit quality and interest rates could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
A large percentage of our invested asset portfolio is invested in fixed-income securities. As a result, credit deterioration and interest rate fluctuations could materially affect the value of and earnings generated by our invested asset portfolio. During periods of declining market interest rates, we must invest the cash we receive as interest, return of principal on our investments and cash from operations in lower-yielding, high-grade instruments or in lower-credit instruments to maintain comparable returns. Issuers of fixed-income securities could also decide to prepay their obligations to borrow at lower market rates, which would increase our reinvestment risk. If interest rates generally increase, the fair value of our fixed rate income portfolio decreases. Additionally, if the fair value of any security in our invested asset portfolio decreases, we may realize losses if we deem the value of the security to be impaired due to a credit loss. To the extent that any fluctuations in fair value or interest rates are significant or we recognize impairments that are material, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Valuation of our investments and the determination of expected credit losses when the fair value of our available-for-sale invested assets is below amortized cost are both based on estimates that may prove to be incorrect, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our portfolio of invested assets primarily consists of fixed-maturity securities that are classified as available-for-sale. When the fair value of any of our available-for-sale invested assets declines below amortized cost, an impairment exists and we recognize a loss in either our consolidated statement of income or in other comprehensive income based on our assessment of expected credit losses. The
determination of the fair value of certain invested assets, particularly those that do not trade on a regular basis, requires an assessment of available data and the use of assumptions and estimates. Once it is determined that the fair value of an available-for-sale security is below its carrying value, we first determine if we intend to sell or will more likely than not be required to sell the security before the expected recovery of its amortized cost. If we intend to sell or will more likely than not be required to sell the security, then we recognize the impairment as a credit loss in our consolidated statement of income by writing down the security’s amortized cost to its fair value. If we do not intend to sell or it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before the expected recovery of its amortized cost, we recognize the portion of the impairment that is due to a credit loss, if any, in our consolidated statement of income through an allowance. The portion of the impairment that is due to factors other than a credit loss is recognized in other comprehensive income in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income as an unrealized . The determination of whether an is due to credit factors is subjective and involves a variety of assumptions and estimates.
There are various risks and uncertainties associated with determining whether an impairment is due to credit factors when the fair value of available-for-sale securities declines below amortized cost. To the extent that we are incorrect in our determination of the fair value of our investment securities or our determination of whether an impairment is due to credit factors for available-for-sale securities, we may realize losses that never actually materialize and are subsequently reversed, or we may fail to recognize losses within the appropriate reporting period.
Changes in accounting standards can be difficult to predict and could adversely impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations.
Our accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) is a continuously evolving set of financial accounting and reporting standards that governs the preparation of our financial statements. Changes to U.S. GAAP can be difficult to implement and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. Future financial reporting standard changes by the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the SEC could adversely impact our ability to maintain effective control over financial reporting given the changes that are needed to adopt such standards.
Additionally, the Company’s insurance company subsidiaries prepare statutory financial statements in accordance with accounting principles designated by regulators in the jurisdictions in which they are domiciled. The financial statements of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are prepared in accordance with statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) prescribed or permitted by state insurance departments and the NAIC. SAP, including actuarial methodologies for estimating reserves, are subject to continuous evaluation by the NAIC and state insurance departments. Similarly, our Canadian life insurance subsidiary is required to prepare statutory financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, as prescribed by the OSFI in Canada. The statutory financial statements of our insurance company subsidiaries are used to determine dividend capacity and risk-based capital and are monitored closely by regulators. Changes in accounting standards and interpretations of those standards could adversely impact our insurance companies’ ability to pay dividends to the Parent Company and comply with the financial statement requirements stipulated by the applicable insurance regulators.
The inability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make distributions or other payments to us in sufficient amounts would impede our ability to meet our obligations and return capital to our stockholders.
Operations of the Company are conducted by its subsidiaries. As such, Primerica, Inc. is a holding company that has no significant operations. Our primary asset is the capital stock of our subsidiaries and our primary liability is our senior unsecured notes (the “Senior Notes”). We rely primarily on dividends and other payments from our subsidiaries to meet our operating costs, other corporate expenses, and Senior Notes obligations, as well as to return capital to our stockholders. The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us depends on their earnings, covenants contained in existing and future financing or other agreements and on regulatory restrictions. The ability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends will further depend on their statutory income and surplus. If the cash we receive from our subsidiaries is insufficient for us to fund our obligations or if a subsidiary is unable to pay dividends to us, we may be required to raise cash through the incurrence of debt, the issuance of equity or the sale of assets. However, given the risk of volatility in the capital markets, there is no assurance that we would be able to raise cash by these means.
The jurisdictions in which our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled impose certain restrictions on their ability to pay dividends to us. In the United States, these restrictions are based, in part, on the prior year’s statutory income and surplus. In general, dividends up to specified levels are considered ordinary and may be paid without prior approval. Dividends in larger amounts are subject to approval by the insurance commissioner of the state of domicile. In Canada, dividends can be paid, subject to the paying insurance company continuing to meet the regulatory requirements for capital adequacy and liquidity and upon 15 days’ minimum notice to OSFI. More stringent restrictions could be adopted from time to time by jurisdictions in which our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled, and such restrictions could have the effect, under certain circumstances, of significantly reducing dividends or other amounts payable to us by our subsidiaries without prior approval by regulatory authorities. In addition, in the future, we may become subject to debt covenants or other agreements that limit our ability to return capital to our stockholders. The ability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to us is also limited by our need to maintain the financial strength ratings of our subsidiaries assigned by the ratings agencies.
If any of our subsidiaries were to become insolvent, liquidate, or otherwise reorganize, we, as sole stockholder, will have no right to proceed against the assets of that subsidiary. Furthermore, with respect to our insurance subsidiaries, we, as sole stockholder, will have no right to cause the liquidation, bankruptcy, or winding-up of the subsidiary under the applicable liquidation, bankruptcy or winding-up laws, although, in Canada, we could apply for permission to cause liquidation. The applicable insurance laws of the jurisdictions in which each of our insurance subsidiaries is domiciled would govern any proceedings relating to that subsidiary. The insurance authority of that jurisdiction would act as a liquidator or rehabilitator for the subsidiary. Both creditors of the subsidiary and policyholders (if an insurance subsidiary) would be entitled to payment in full from the subsidiary’s assets before we, as the sole stockholder, would be entitled to receive any distribution from the subsidiary.
If the ability of our insurance or non-insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions or payments to us is materially restricted by regulatory requirements, bankruptcy, or insolvency, or our need to maintain our financial strength ratings, or is limited due to operating results or other factors, it could materially adversely affect our ability to fund our obligations and return capital to our stockholders.
Risks Related to Legislative and Regulatory Changes and Government Policy Uncertainty
We are subject to various federal, state and provincial laws and regulations in the United States and Canada, as well as executive branch actions, orders and policies, judicial rulings and decisions by public officials, any of which may require us to alter our business practices and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business is subject to many laws, regulations and government policies that could relate to, among other things, consumer protection, fair credit reporting, financial privacy, consumer fraud, anti-money laundering, worker classification standards, worker eligibility, corporate taxation, artificial intelligence or algorithmic underwriting, and transactions with certain countries. These laws and regulations often are subject to the political climate.
Changes in any of these laws, regulations or government policies may require additional compliance procedures, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Uncertainty in the legislative and regulatory climate with regard to financial services may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The volume and purpose of legislative, regulatory and executive activity related to financial services and the level of enforcement actions and investigations by federal, state and provincial authorities may vary based on the political climate. Legislative, regulatory and enforcement activity at the federal level, whether considerable or not, may contribute to heightened activity at the state and provincial level. In addition, volatility in the objective and permanency of laws and regulations may lead to uncertainty. If we or the independent sales representatives become subject to new requirements or regulations or experience voluminous changes in laws, it could result in increased litigation, regulatory risks, changes to our business model, a decrease in the number of securities-licensed representatives, increased compliance costs, or a reduction in the products we offer to our clients or the profits we earn, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Regulators could also adopt laws or interpret existing laws in a way that would require retroactive changes to our business, accounting practices, or redundant reserve financing structure. Any such retroactive changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The current regulatory climate with regard to climate change may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Activity by federal, state and provincial regulators relating to the possible impacts of climate change on companies and their constituents has resulted in heightened legislative and regulatory activity at the federal, state and provincial levels.
For example, on October 7, 2023, California enacted The Climate Corporate Accountability Act (“SB 253”) and The Climate-Related Financial Risk Act (“SB 261”), which impose extensive new climate-related reporting requirements on any U.S. business entity with annual revenues over $1 billion and $500 million (for SB 253 and SB 261, respectively) doing business in California. SB 253 requires disclosure of Scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions beginning in 2026 and Scope 3 GHG emissions beginning in 2027. SB 261 requires covered entities to biennially report on climate-related financial risk and measures adopted to reduce and adapt to such risk; however, the Company is exempt from SB 261 because it already completes the Climate Risk Disclosure Survey, an annual survey administered by the California Department of Insurance. On September 27, 2024, California enacted Senate Bill 219 (“SB 219”), amending SB 253 and SB 261 by, among other things, (i) extending the deadline for the California Air Resources Board (“CARB”) to implement regulations from January 1, 2025 to July 1, 2025; (ii) authorizing reporting entities to consolidate emissions disclosures at the parent company level; and (iii) granting CARB discretion to set Scope 3 GHG emissions disclosure in 2027. Regulations from CARB pursuant to SB 219 are expected to be released in the first quarter of 2026.
In addition, on March 7, 2023, OSFI issued its final Guideline B-15, which sets out expectations for the management and disclosure of climate-related risks for federally regulated financial institutions in Canada, including public disclosure of Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions no later than 180 days after the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 and Scope 3 GHG emissions no later than 180 days after the fiscal year ending December 31, 2028. Guideline B-15 also includes OSFI’s expectation that applicable entities conduct internal and standardized climate scenario analyses and report the results to OSFI periodically.
Compliance with SB 253, SB 219, Guideline B-15 and any other climate disclosure rules applicable to the Company may require significant assistance from third-party vendor(s). Factors that could adversely impact our ability to comply with any new climate disclosure rules include, but are not limited to, failure to secure the assistance of a third-party vendor(s), inability to gather the requisite data in a timely manner or at all, and/or significant associated financial costs.
General Risk Factors
Litigation and regulatory investigations and actions may result in financial losses and harm our reputation.
We face a risk of litigation and regulatory investigations and actions in the ordinary course of operating our businesses. From time to time, we are subject to private litigation as a result of alleged independent sales representative misconduct or alleged failure of the Company to follow applicable insurance, securities or other laws or regulations. If we become subject to any such litigation, the associated legal expense and any judgment or settlement of the claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are also routinely subject to regulatory inquiries, such as information requests, subpoenas and books and record examinations, from state, provincial and federal regulators and other authorities and from time to time, regulatory investigations as a result of alleged independent sales representative misconduct or alleged failure of the Company to follow applicable laws or regulations. A substantial legal liability or a significant regulatory action against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Moreover, even if we ultimately prevail in any litigation, regulatory action or investigation, we could suffer significant reputational harm and we could incur significant legal expenses, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, increased regulatory scrutiny and any resulting investigations or proceedings could result in new legal precedents and industry-wide regulations or practices that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
A significant change in the competitive environment in which we operate could negatively affect our ability to maintain or increase our market share and profitability.
We face competition in all of our business lines. Our competitors include financial services companies, banks, investment management firms, broker-dealers, registered investment advisers, insurance companies, insurance brokers, direct sales companies, and technology companies. In many of our product offerings, we face competition from competitors that may have greater market share or breadth of distribution, offer a broader range of products, services or features, assume a greater level of risk, have lower profitability expectations, have lower fee and expense ratios, have higher financial strength ratings, offer more robust digital tools and self-service capabilities than we do or made use of emerging technologies, including AI, more fully or rapidly than us. More recently, significant capital has been invested in direct-to-consumer offerings, including wealth management, retirement and life insurance products. In addition, regulatory changes and competitive factors are leading to innovations in product offerings and compensation structures. To the extent these entrants create a significant change in the competitive environment, our ability to maintain or increase our market share and profitability could be materially adversely affected.
Primerica’s continued success requires a high-performing and stable team of employees across all levels, and the loss of key employees could negatively affect our financial condition and impair our ability to implement our business strategy.
In addition to intense competition for talent, workforce dynamics are constantly evolving. A disproportionate loss of staff can negatively impact morale, productivity and service levels. If the Company does not manage these changing workforce dynamics effectively, leading to prolonged employee attrition, or reasonable security measures with respect to senior management when traveling on behalf of the Company fail, it could materially adversely affect the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and inhibit our long-term business strategy.
Further, our success substantially depends on our ability to attract and retain members of our senior management team. The efforts, level of engagement, and leadership of our senior managers have been, and will continue to be, critical to our success. The Company anticipates a steady pace of retirements within our senior management team in the years to come. While our senior management talent
and succession plans and processes are reviewed and updated routinely, the loss of service of members of our senior management team for any reason and without adequate succession planning and talent management could reduce our ability to successfully motivate the independent sales representatives or implement our business plan, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Although our executive officers have entered into employment agreements with us, there is no assurance that they will complete the term of their employment agreements or that such agreements will be renewed.
We may not be able to effectively execute our corporate strategy, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our mission to create financially independent families has remained unchanged. In early 2025, we updated our corporate strategy to re-align our mission, strategic vision, guiding principles and growth pillars to help us continue to deliver on our mission. An inability to effectively execute our corporate strategy could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be materially adversely affected by currency fluctuations in the United States dollar versus the Canadian dollar.
The Canadian dollar is the functional currency for our Canadian subsidiaries and our financial results, reported in U.S. dollars, are affected by changes in the currency exchange rate. The assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses of our Canadian subsidiaries are generally all denominated in Canadian dollars. However, the Canadian dollar financial statements of our Canadian subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. Therefore, significant exchange rate fluctuations between the U.S. dollar and the Canadian dollar could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. A weaker Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar would result in lower levels of reported revenues, expenses, net income, assets, liabilities and accumulated other comprehensive income as translated in our U.S. dollar reporting currency financial statements. In addition, our net investment in our Canadian subsidiaries is significantly affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Canadian dollar.
The market price of our common stock may fluctuat e.
The stock market in general, and the market for companies in the financial services industry in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Also, broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. Our stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in price in response to various factors, many of which are beyond our control.
I TEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.
Not applicable.
ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY.
Risk Management and Strategy
Primerica has processes in place aimed at assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats which are integrated into Primerica’s enterprise risk management system. Primerica’s enterprise risk management and internal audit functions conduct regular assessments and audits of risks from cybersecurity threats and report the results to the Board of Directors at least quarterly. The Board considers cybersecurity risk as part of its business strategy, risk management, and financial oversight.
Primerica institutes a three-lines-of-defense model for information security risk assurance, in which management owns the risk, our enterprise risk management team assesses the risk and oversees compliance with internal guidelines and policies, and our internal audit team reviews the effectiveness of the first two lines of defense. Management works with external assessors, consultants, auditors, and other third parties from time to time in conducting maturity and technical assessments.
Primerica has processes in place to oversee and identify material risks from cybersecurity threats associated with its use of third-party service providers. The Company maintains a policy governing information security, which includes risk assessment policies and procedures relating to third-party vendors, as well as a data loss prevention policy. The Company’s policies address technical requirements needed to protect the environments in which data is processed, as well as how it is maintained, governed, and protected. Primerica also imposes mandatory privacy and information security controls and data security protection requirements on the independent sales force. We train all regular employees in information security and privacy-related risks and we perform regular tests to determine whether our employees can recognize phishing emails. Similarly, our annual compliance training for the independent sales representatives includes training on maintaining data security and privacy.
We have an incident response plan designed to help us monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of information security incidents. The incident response plan documents the roles and responsibilities of Primerica personnel in responding to information security incidents, including the process by which our Chief Information Security Officer, our Chief Information Officer, senior management, and the Board is informed about such incidents.
Our Chief Information Security Officer leads the Company’s Incident Advisory Committee (“IAC”), which is notified in the event of high or medium severity incidents. The IAC includes representatives from information technology, legal, and often the impacted business unit. The Incident Response Team (“IRT”) consists of the IAC and a larger group of managers that is typically notified of more significant incidents. The IRT reports findings to management and the Board as necessary. Each IRT member has specific responsibilities related to his or her function at the Company. On a semi-annual basis, the IRT undertakes facilitator-led trainings and simulations of information security incidents.
The Company is not aware that it has experienced any cybersecurity threats or incidents that have materially adversely affected or are reasonably likely to materially adversely affect the Company and its business strategy, results of operations and/or financial condition. For a discussion of risks to the Company related to cybersecurity threats, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Risks Related to Informati on Technology and Cybersecurity”, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Governance
The Board of Directors has responsibility for oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats. The Board receives a quarterly report from our Chief Information Officer and Chief Information Security Officer on risks from cybersecurity threats and, under the Company’s incident reporting plan, the Board is informed by management of certain cybersecurity incidents as appropriate.
Primerica’s senior executive leadership is actively involved in managing material risks from cybersecurity threats. Primerica’s cybersecurity operations risk steering group is chaired by our Chief Insurance Officer and holds quarterly meetings. It includes key executives from the Company’ s technology, security, privacy, and legal teams, coordinates corporate security initiatives and provides high-level guidance on technology-and security-related issues. Our Chief Information Security Officer has responsibility for assessing and managing the Company’s material risks from cybersecurity threats. Our Chief Information Security Officer has served in various roles in information technology and information security for 37 years, including serving as the Company’s Chief Information Security Officer for over 25 years.
ITEM 2. PR OPERTIES.
Our executive offices and business operations are housed primarily at our home office facility located in Duluth, Georgia. Our home office facility consists of approximately 345,000 square feet of general office space where our primary business operations are maintained including our information technology infrastructure and our media production studios. The lease for this building is scheduled to expire on December 31, 2035. This office space is used by all of our operating segments.
We also maintain a regional head office location for our Canadian operations in Mississauga, Ontario. Our Canadian head office location consists of general office space under a lease expiring in October 2030. This office space is used by all of our operating segments.
We lease general office space for our NBLIC subsidiary in Long Island City, New York under a lease expiring in March 2030. This office space is primarily used by the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment.
We believe that our existing facilities in the U.S. and Canada are adequate for our current requirements and for our operations for the foreseeable future.
I TEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
We are involved from time to time in legal disputes, regulatory inquiries and arbitration proceedings in the normal course of business. Additional information regarding certain legal proceedings to which we are a party is described under “Contingent Liabilities” in Note 18 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report, and such information is incorporated herein by reference. As of the date of this report, we do not believe any pending legal proceeding to which Primerica or any of its subsidiaries is a party is required to be disclosed pursuant to this item.
I TEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.
Not applicable.
I TEM X. INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CERTAIN SIGNIFICANT EMPLOYEES
The name, age at February 27, 2026, and position of each of our executive officers and certain significant employees are presented below. These officers comprise our senior management team.
Name
Age
Position
Executive Officers:
Glenn J. Williams
Chief Executive Officer
Peter W. Schneider
President
Tracy X. Tan
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Certain Significant Employees:
John A. Adams
Executive Vice President; Chief Executive Officer of Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada
Michael C. Adams
Executive Vice President, Special Strategic Projects
Lisa A. Brown
Executive Vice President and Chief People Officer
Nicholas E. Craven
Executive Vice President and Chief Insurance Officer
Stacey K. Geer
Executive Vice President, Deputy General Counsel, Chief Governance and Risk Officer, and Corporate Secretary
Kathryn E. Kieser
Executive Vice President and Chief Reputation Officer
Rosie Orlando
Executive Vice President; President of Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada
Robert H. Peterman, Jr.
Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer
Paul E. Regard
Executive Vice President; Chief Executive Officer of PFS Investments Inc.
Brett A. Rogers
Executive Vice President and General Counsel
Julie A. Seman
Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing and Innovation Officer
Dale A.M. Tuck
Executive Vice President and Chief Information Technology Officer
Set forth below is biographical information concerning our executive officers, who were elected by our Board of Directors and serve subject to their respective employment agreements.
Glenn J. Williams has served as Chief Executive Officer since April 2015. He served as President from 2005 through March 2015. Previously, he served as Executive Vice President of Field and Product Marketing for international operations from 2000 to 2005, as President and Chief Executive Officer of Primerica Canada from 1996 to 2000, and in roles of increasing responsibility as part of Primerica’s international expansion team in Canada from 1985 to 2000. He began his career with Primerica in 1981 as a member of the Company’s independent sales force and joined the home office team in 1983. Mr. Williams earned his B.S. degree in Education from Baptist University of America. He has served on the board of trustees for the Georgia Baptist Foundation since October 2024 and from 2019 to 2023.
Peter W. Schneider has served as President since April 2015. He served as Executive Vice President, General Counsel, and Chief Administrative Officer from 2000 to April 2015 and as Corporate Secretary from 2000 through January 2014. He began his professional career as an Associate at the law firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison and worked as a Partner at the law firm of Rogers & Hardin LLP in Atlanta, Georgia from 1988 to 2000. Mr. Schneider earned both his B.S. degree in political science and industrial relations and his J.D. from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He serves on the Advisory Council of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA), the board of directors of Camp John W. Hanes (YMCA), the board of visitors of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the National Commission of the Anti-Defamation League.
Tracy X. Tan has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since December 2023. She joined Primerica in October 2023 as Executive Vice President, Finance and was designated at that time as the next Chief Financial Officer. In this role, she serves as a key spokesperson with the investor and analyst communities and focuses on the Company’s economic and business strategy, while driving value creation for all stakeholders through innovation and financial management. Ms. Tan oversees all aspects of the Company’s finance function and Enterprise Transformation Office, including planning and analysis, controllership, investor relations, treasury, tax, and capital markets. Prior to joining Primerica, from 2018 to October 2023, Ms. Tan served as Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of Strategic Link Consulting, a fintech enterprise. From 2015 to 2018, Ms. Tan was Senior Vice President and CFO for Assurant Global Housing, a subsidiary of Assurant, Inc. From 2013 to 2015, she served as Vice President (VP) of Finance and Divisional CFO for Novelis North America in Novelis Inc. From 2005 to 2013, she was VP and Divisional CFO for the Electrical and Industrial Divisions of Southwire Company. Ms. Tan began her career at General Electric Company in 1996, where she held various roles with increasing responsibilities across four industries, including as VP and CFO for GE Intelligent Platform Embedded Systems from 2003 to 2005. Ms. Tan has an M.B.A. degree from Bowling Green State University. She is also an alumna of GE’s Experienced Financial Leadership Program and Financial Management Program.
Set forth below is biographical information concerning certain significant employees, who were elected as officers by our Board of Directors.
John A. Adams has served as Executive Vice President of Primerica, Inc. since May 2018 and as the Chief Executive Officer of Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada (PLICC) since 2003. He previously served Primerica Life Canada as Chief Financial Officer and before that as Vice President of Finance. Before joining Primerica, Mr. Adams served as the Director of Finance of a major Canadian university and Treasurer of an insurance group of companies. He began his career in 1980 with KPMG LLP. He graduated from Trinity College at the University of Toronto with a Bachelor of Commerce degree and is a Chartered Accountant and Chartered Professional Accountant. Mr. Adams provides industry leadership as Board Chairman of the Federation of Independent Dealers (FID) since January 2026, having served as a board member of FID since 2022. He previously served as a board member of the Securities and Investment Management Association (SIMA) from 2005 to 2025 and as SIMA’s Board Chairman from 2015 to 2017.
Michael C. Adams has served as Executive Vice President, Special Strategic Projects of Primerica, Inc. since October 2024. He previously served as Executive Vice President and Chief Business Technology Officer from May 2021 to October 2024 and was responsible for business technology since 1988. He was Co-Head of Business Technology from 2017 to May 2021 and served in various capacities at the Company since 1980. Mr. Adams earned his B.A. degree in business and economics from Hendrix College in 1978.
Lisa A. Brown has served as Executive Vice President and Chief People Officer of Primerica, Inc. since October 2024. She previously served as Chief Administrative Officer from October 2020 to October 2024. In her current role, Ms. Brown leads the Company’s Human Resources (HR) and Talent Management functions, driving its people strategy, organizational culture, leadership development, and talent continuity strategies. She also provides executive oversight of workplace culture and inclusion initiatives and manages the engagement strategy of the Company’s Strategic Markets business groups that support the Company’s independent sales force leaders. Prior to joining Primerica, Ms. Brown spent over 21 years at Delta Air Lines where she held leadership roles in Human Resources. Her experience includes leading enterprise-wide talent development initiatives, overseeing HR operations for Delta Airlines’ subsidiaries, and serving as the senior HR executive for multiple customer-facing organizations. Ms. Brown holds a B.S. degree in Human Resources Administration from Michigan State University and a M.B.A. from Kennesaw State University. In addition to being an active member of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc., she serves on the Broad College of Business Advisory Board at Michigan State University and serves on the board of Junior Achievement of Georgia.
Nicholas E. Craven has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Insurance Officer of Primerica, Inc. since October 2024. In this role, he oversees the operations of Primerica Life Insurance Company (PLIC) as well as agent life insurance licensing, data analytics and technology company wide. Previously, he served as President of PLIC from April 2021 through December 2024 and as Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer of PLIC from August 2018 to April 2021. Prior to joining Primerica, he advanced through various consulting roles of increasing seniority at Ernst & Young, LLP from 2013 to 2018. Mr. Craven has a Bachelor of Business Administration from Georgia State University.
Stacey K. Geer has served as Executive Vice President, Deputy General Counsel, Chief Governance Officer and Corporate Secretary of Primerica, Inc. since March 2015. She was named the Company’s Chief Risk Officer in May 2024. In these capacities, she has responsibility for all corporate governance matters, including matters relating to the board of directors, SEC disclosure, financings and company equity, mergers and acquisitions and sustainability, and she also supervises certain of the Company’s non-governance related legal functions. Ms. Geer joined Primerica in February 2010. Prior to joining Primerica, Ms. Geer served as Deputy General Counsel of Mueller Water Products, Inc. from 2007 to February 2010, as the Chief Securities Counsel of BellSouth Corporation from 2001 to 2007, and as a Partner at King & Spalding in Atlanta, Georgia from 2000 to 2001. Ms. Geer received a B.S degree in Economics from The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and a J.D. from the UCLA School of Law.
Kathryn E. Kieser has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Reputation Officer of Primerica, Inc. and President and Chair of the Primerica Foundation since January 2019, leading public relations, social media, search and generative engine optimization, enterprise research and philanthropy. Previously, she served as Executive Vice President of Investor Relations from April 2010 to December 2018. Ms. Kieser joined Primerica in October 1995 and has held many positions over her career including Vice President of Sales and Product Marketing, Senior Vice President of Auto and Homeowners Insurance, and Chief Marketing Officer for Primerica Life Insurance Company (PLIC). Ms. Kieser earned her B.S. degree in Business Administration from Auburn University and a Master of Science degree from Georgia State University. She serves on the boards of directors for the Gwinnett Chamber of Commerce and the Community Foundation for Northeast Georgia and on the board of advisors for the Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce.
Rosie Orlando has served as Executive Vice President of Primerica, Inc. since October 2024 and as President of Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada (PLICC) since November 2022. She previously served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of PLICC from February 2006 to November 2022, Senior Vice President, Training and Development from January 2022 to February 2006 and in various roles since joining the Company in 1992. Ms. Orlando obtained her B.A. from York University in Toronto.
Robert H. Peterman, Jr. has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Primerica, Inc. since October 2024. He previously served as Executive Vice President and Chief Distribution Officer from March 2023 to October 2024 and as Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer from 2018 to March 2023. He served as President of Primerica Distribution from 2013 to 2018, where he was responsible for recruiting, licensing, licensing education, field compensation, field equity, and decision support. In 2005, he became Executive Vice President and was given responsibility for the Company’s Grow the Sales Force initiative. He also served as Chief Executive Officer of Primerica’s National Benefit Life Insurance Company from 2017 to 2018. Mr. Peterman joined the Company in 1984 and has served in many varying roles throughout the business.
Paul E. Regard has served as Executive Vice President of Primerica, Inc. since October 2024 and as Chief Executive Officer and President of PFS Investments Inc. since October 2023. Since joining Primerica in September 2015, he has held various roles in the Company’s securities business, including building and launching the Company’s managed account platform. Before joining Primerica, Mr. Regard was a Director at The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation (BNY Mellon) from 2008 to 2013 where he helped develop BNY Mellon’s asset management business for Asian financial intermediaries. Mr. Regard has a B.S. in Finance from the University of Notre Dame.
Brett “Ben” A. Rogers has served as Executive Vice President and General Counsel since May 2019. Previously, he was a Partner at Rogers & Hardin LLP in Atlanta, Georgia, where he represented Primerica as outside counsel for more than 20 years. At Rogers & Hardin LLP, his practice focused on complex business matters, including securities litigation, arbitration, and general commercial litigation. Mr. Rogers received a B.A. degree from Dickinson College and his J.D. with honors from Florida State University.
Julie A. Seman has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing and Innovation Officer since March 2023, responsible for the marketing of our Life, Investment and Savings, and Legal Protection products, Digital & Field Distribution and Meetings & Conventions. She previously served as Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer of Field Distribution, Digital Distribution, Primerica Life, Client Solutions, and Strategic Markets from May 2018 to March 2023. Since 2014 she has been responsible for sales force growth and increased product distribution through the training and development of financial services representatives in the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico and Guam. In addition, Ms. Seman previously supported Primerica’s Strategic Markets, which include African American, Asian Pacific Islander, Hispanic, Partnership and Women with a focus on personal financial education and entrepreneurship. Prior thereto, she was Senior Vice President of Client Solutions from 2010 to 2014 where she supervised all front-end products and oversaw field communication tools. Ms. Seman joined the Company in 1998 and has served in many roles with increasing responsibility. Ms. Seman received her B.S. degree in Business Management from Southern Illinois University.
Dale A.M. Tuck has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Information Technology Officer of Primerica, Inc. since October 2024. Since September 2020, he has served as Executive Vice President of Primerica Life Insurance Company (PLIC) and since October 2024 as Chief Information Technology Officer, overseeing information technology initiatives across the Company. He served as Senior Vice President, Technology Strategy and Governance from February 2019 to September 2020. Prior to joining Primerica, Mr. Tuck served as Head of Digital Business at Neudesic, an IBM company, from 2018 to February 2019 and in various roles throughout his nearly 20 year technology-related career. He obtained a Higher Diploma (HD) in Marketing Management from the Institute of Marketing Management in Durban, South Africa and a Masters in Business Administration from the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom.
P ART II
I TEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.
Market Information
Our common stock is listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “PRI.”
Holders
As of January 31, 2026, we had 332 holders of record of our common stock.
Dividends
In the first quarter of 2026, we declared a quarterly dividend to stockholders of $1.20 per share. We currently expect to continue to pay comparable quarterly cash dividends to holders of our common stock. Our payment of cash dividends is at the discretion of our Board of Directors in accordance with applicable law after taking into account various factors, including our financial condition, operating results, current and anticipated cash needs and plans for growth. Under Delaware law, we can only pay dividends either out of surplus or out of the current or the immediately preceding year’s earnings. Therefore, no assurance is given that we will continue to pay any dividends to our common stockholders, or as to the amount of any such dividends.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Depending on market conditions, shares of our common stock may be repurchased from time to time at prevailing market prices through open market or privately negotiated transactions.
The Parent Company has no obligation to repurchase any shares. Subject to applicable corporate and securities laws, repurchases may be made at such times and in such amounts as management deems appropriate. Repurchases under a publicly announced program can be discontinued at any time if management believes additional repurchases are not warranted.
During the quarter ended December 31, 2025, we repurchased shares of our common stock as follows:
Period
Total number of shares purchased (1)
Average price paid per share (1)
Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs (2)
Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs (2)(3)
October 1 - 31, 2025
November 1 - 30, 2025
December 1 - 31, 2025
Total
Consists of repurchases of (a) 2,477 shares of common stock at an average price of $276.12 arising from share-based compensation tax withholdings and (b) open market repurchases of shares of common stock under the share repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors.
On November 14, 2024, our Board of Directors authorized, and the Company announced, a share repurchase program for purchases of up to $450.0 million of our outstanding common stock from November 14, 2024 through December, 31, 2025. This share repurchase program expired on December, 31, 2025 in accordance with its terms.
On November 19, 2025, our Board of Directors authorized, and the Company announced, a share repurchase program for purchases of up to $475.0 million of our outstanding common stock from November 19, 2025 through December, 31, 2026.
For more information on our share repurchases, see Note 14 (Stockholders’ Equity) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
Stock Performance Table (1)
The following graph compares the performance of our common stock to the S&P MidCap 400 Index and the S&P 500 Insurance Index by assuming $100 was invested in each investment option as of December 31, 2020 and the reinvestment of all dividends. The S&P MidCap 400 Index measures the performance of the United States middle market capitalization (“or mid-cap”) equities sector.
The S&P 500 Insurance Index is a capitalization-weighted index of domestic equities of insurance companies traded on the NYSE and NASDAQ. Our common stock is included in the S&P MidCap 400 index.
Period Ended
Index
Primerica, Inc.
S&P 500 Insurance
S&P MidCap 400
The stock performance table is not deemed “soliciting material” or subject to Section 18 of the Exchange Act.
I TEM 6. [RESERVED]
Not applicable.
I TEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to inform the reader about matters affecting the financial condition and results of operations of Primerica, Inc. (the “Parent Company”) and its subsidiaries (collectively, “we”, “us” or the “Company”) for the three-year period ended December 31, 2025. As a result, the following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes that are included elsewhere in this report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that constitute our plans, estimates and beliefs. These forward-looking statements involve numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those discussed in “Item 1A. Risk Factors”. Actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
This section generally discusses 2025 and 2024 items and comparisons between 2025 and 2024 results. We also present 2023 items and comparisons between 2024 and 2023 results in this section. However, discussions of comparisons between 2024 and 2023 are not included in this section but rather can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2025 (the “2024 MD&A”).
This MD&A is divided into the following sections:
Business Trends and Conditions
Factors Affecting Our Results
Critical Accounting Estimates
Results of Operations
Financial Condition
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Company previously reported a Senior Health segment, which consisted of e-TeleQuote Insurance, Inc. and subsidiaries, a marketer of Medicare-related insurance products underwritten by third-party health insurance carriers to eligible Medicare beneficiaries (the “Senior Health business”) that was disposed of as of September 30, 2024, and is now reported in discontinued operations for all periods presented. Refer to Note 2 (Discontinued Operations) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for further details.
Business Trends and Conditions
The relative strength and stability of the financial markets and economies in the United States and Canada affect our growth and profitability. Our business is, and we expect will continue to be, influenced by a number of industry-wide and product-specific trends and conditions. Economic conditions, including unemployment levels, inflation and consumer confidence, influence investment and spending decisions by middle-income consumers, who are generally our primary clients. These conditions and factors also impact prospective recruits’ perceptions of the business opportunity that becoming an independent sales representative offers. Consumer spending and borrowing levels affect how consumers evaluate their savings and debt management plans. In addition, equity market returns and interest rates impact consumer demand for the investment and savings products we distribute. Our customers’ perception of the strength of the capital markets may also influence their decisions to invest in the investment and savings products we distribute. We believe the economic conditions impacting middle-income households underscore their increasing need for our financial education, products and services to assist them in reaching the long-term goal of becoming financially independent.
The financial and distribution results of our operations in Canada, as reported in U.S. dollars, are affected by changes in the currency exchange rate. As a result, changes in the Canadian dollar exchange rate may significantly affect the results of our business for all amounts translated and reported in U.S. dollars.
The cumulative impact of inflation in recent years has led to an elevated cost of living for middle-income families, which we believe has adversely impacted persistency for term life insurance policies. Policy lapse rates of term life insurance products remained above long-term historical levels in 2025 but have been steady in the aggregate of all policy durations compared to the prior year. In addition, continued economic uncertainty in 2025 has had an impact on consumer behavior. The continuation of these cost of living pressures as well as economic uncertainty could adversely impact demand for our products.
Meanwhile, strong equity market performance in recent periods, favorable demographic trends, and expanded product offerings have provided significant momentum for our Investment and Savings Products business. Positive equity market performance in 2023 through 2025 has beneficially influenced product sales and client asset values that drive revenue in the Investment and Savings Products segment. In addition, demand for our investment and savings products has been positively impacted by favorable demographic trends as a generation of clients approaching retirement seek annuity solutions that provide income stability and protection, as well as by increased interest in the investment advisory services and broader product offerings through our managed accounts program.
The rise in market interest rates in 2022 and further rate increases in 2023 have largely driven the unrealized losses that have accumulated in our investment portfolio, although these unrealized losses have declined as interest rates edged lower in 2025. We have not recognized losses caused by interest rate volatility in the income statement for securities where we have no present intention to dispose of them and we have the ability to hold these investments until maturity or a market price recovery. Elevated interest rates have also led to increases in net investment income as we are able to earn higher returns on our new debt securities purchases and cash balances.
The effects of these trends and conditions are discussed below, in the Results of Operations and Financial Condition sections.
Size of the Independent Sales Force. Our ability to increase the size of the independent sales force (“independent sales representatives” or “independent sales force”) is largely based on the success of the independent sales force’s recruiting efforts as well as training and motivating recruits to get licensed to sell life insurance. We believe that recruitment and licensing levels are important to independent sales force trends, and growth in recruiting and licensing is usually indicative of future growth in the overall size of the independent sales force. Recruiting changes do not always result in commensurate changes in the size of the licensed independent sales force because new recruits may obtain the requisite licenses at rates above or below historical levels.
Details on recruiting and life-licensed independent sales representative activity were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
New recruits
New life-licensed independent sales representatives
Life-licensed independent sales representatives, at period end
The number of new recruits decreased in 2025 compared to 2024, partly driven by the comparison to 2024, which included exceptionally strong activity, but the number of new recruits in 2025 remains in line with historical activity. Approximately 81,000 individuals were recruited as a result of special incentives that were in place following our biennial convention in the third quarter of 2024.
New life-licensed independent sales representatives decreased in 2025 compared to 2024 likely influenced by the same year-over-year dynamics that impacted the decline in number of new recruits. Despite the year-over-year decline, the number of new life-licensed representatives in 2025 remained comparable to historical levels.
The number of life-licensed independent sales representatives remained relatively flat during 2025 compared to 2024 as agent licensing activity was consistent with agent non-renewals.
Term Life Insurance Product Sales and Face Amount In Force. The average number of life-licensed independent sales representatives and the number of term life insurance policies issued, as well as the average monthly rate of new policies issued per life-licensed independent sales representative, were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
Average number of life-licensed independent sales representatives
Number of new policies issued
Average monthly rate of new policies issued per life-licensed
independent sales representative
The average number of life-licensed independent sales representatives increased in 2025 compared to 2024 as a result of the cumulative impact of strong recruiting and licensing activity throughout 2024 that drove higher independent sales force counts at the beginning of and throughout 2025 compared to 2024.
New policies issued decreased in 2025 compared to 2024. Factors that may have contributed to the decline include economic uncertainty among middle income households and challenging comparisons to the outsized life policy sales production noted in the prior year.
Productivity in 2025 measured by the average monthly rate of new policies issued per life-licensed independent sales representative decreased from 2024. The combination of lower life insurance policy sales as discussed above and growth in the size of the independent sales force since the beginning of 2024 contributed to lower productivity.
The changes in the face amount of our in-force book of term life insurance policies were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
% of beginning balance
% of beginning balance
% of beginning balance
(Dollars in millions)
Face amount in-force, beginning of period
Net change in face amount:
Issued face amount
Terminations
Foreign currency
Net change in face amount
Face amount in-force, end of period
* Less than 1%.
The face amount of term life insurance policies in-force increased from 2024 to 2025 as the face amount issued continued to exceed the face amount terminated. Issued face amount decreased during 2025 compared to 2024 primarily due to the decrease in the number of new term life insurance policies issued as discussed above. Policy terminations remained relatively flat during 2025 compared to 2024. During 2025, the strengthening of the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar contributed to the increase in face amount.
Our average issued face amount per new policy was approximately $252,900 in 2025, down slightly compared to $255,200 in 2024.
Investment and Savings Product Sales, Asset Values and Accounts/Positions. Investment and savings product sales were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
2025 vs. 2024 change
2024 vs. 2023 change
(Dollars in millions)
Product sales:
U.S. retail mutual funds
Canada retail mutual funds - with up-front sales commissions
Annuities and other
Total sales-based revenue generating product sales
Managed investments
Canada retail mutual funds - no up-front sales commissions
Segregated funds
Total product sales
The rollforward of asset values in client accounts was as follows:
Year ended December 31,
% of beginning balance
% of beginning balance
% of beginning balance
(Dollars in millions)
Asset values, beginning of period
Net change in asset values:
Inflows
Redemptions (1)
Net flows (1)
Change in fair value, net (1)
Foreign currency, net
Net change in asset values
Asset values, end of period
The previously reported statistical information of redemptions, net flows and change in fair value, net for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 have been restated to reflect a correction in our methodology for presenting redemptions and calculating the change in market value for Canadian mutual fund client assets. This restatement has no impact on our financial statements, results of operations, product sales, nor average and ending client asset values during the relevant periods. In addition, we have assessed the qualitative impact of this correction as immaterial, most notably due to the immaterial impact that higher projections of future client asset redemptions would have on future earnings estimates. Redemptions, net flows, and change in fair value, net were previously reported as $(10,207) million, $1,872 million, and $14,849 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2024, and $(7,663) million, $1,549 million, and $10,865 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2023.
* Less than 1%.
Average client asset values were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
2025 vs. 2024 change
2024 vs. 2023 change
(Dollars in millions)
Average client asset values:
U.S. retail mutual funds
Canada retail mutual funds
Annuities and other
Managed investments
Segregated funds
Total average client asset values
* Less than 1%.
Average number of fee-generating positions was as follows:
Year ended December 31,
2025 vs. 2024 change
2024 vs. 2023 change
Positions
Positions
(Positions in thousands)
Average number of fee-generating
positions (1) :
Recordkeeping and custodial
Recordkeeping only
Total average number of fee-
generating positions
We receive transfer agent recordkeeping fees by mutual fund positions. An individual client account may include multiple mutual fund positions. We may also receive fees, which are earned on a per account basis, for custodial services that we provide to clients with retirement plan accounts that hold positions in these mutual funds.
Product sales. Investment and savings product sales increased in 2025 from 2024, primarily due to sustained positive investor sentiment that followed generally strong equity market performance in 2023 through 2025. In particular, variable annuity product sales continued to grow as the guarantees offered by these products became more appealing to investors given strong equity market performance, expanded product offerings, and elevated interest rates leading up to and continuing through 2025. In addition, the increase in product sales for managed investments resulted from continued strength in investor demand for these products as well as the expansion of investment strategies offered on our platform. These trends have been further aided by the growing population of investors that are reaching retirement age and seeking the protection provided by annuity products as well as the investment advisory services and broader products offered through our managed accounts program.
Rollforward of client asset values. Client asset values increased in 2025 from 2024 primarily due to strong equity market performance. Positive net flows and movement in the foreign exchange rate as the Canadian dollar strengthened relative to the U.S. dollar also contributed to the increase in client asset values during 2025.
Average client asset values. Average client asset values increased in 2025 compared to 2024 primarily driven by the cumulative effect of strong market performance and net client inflows.
Average number of fee-generating positions. The average number of fee-generating positions was higher in 2025 compared to 2024 primarily due to the continued cumulative effect of retail mutual fund sales in recent periods that led to an increase in the number of retail mutual fund positions serviced on our transfer agent recordkeeping platform.
Factors Affecting Our Results
Term Life Insurance Segment. The Term Life Insurance segment results are primarily driven by sales volumes, how closely actual experience matches our actuarial assumptions, terms and use of reinsurance, and expenses.
Sales and policies in-force. Sales of term life insurance policies and the size and characteristics of our in-force book of policies are vital to our results over the long term. Premium revenue is recognized as it is earned over the term of the policy. However, because we incur significant cash outflows at or about the time policies are issued, including the payment of sales commissions and underwriting costs, changes in life insurance sales volume in a period will have a more immediate impact on our cash flows than on revenue.
We have found that sales volume of term life insurance products between fiscal periods may vary based on the productivity of independent sales representatives. Accordingly, the volume of term life insurance products sales will fluctuate in the short term, but over the longer term, our sales volume generally correlates to the size of the independent sales force.
Actuarial assumptions. The actuarial assumptions that underlie our reserves are based upon our best estimates of mortality, persistency, disability, and interest rates. Our results will be affected to the extent there is a variance between our actuarial assumptions and actual experience. These variances will be reflected in our financial results by unlocking assumptions and cash flows underlying the liability for future policy benefits (“LFPB”) and ceded reserves that are part of the reinsurance recoverables. See Note 11 (Future Policy Benefits) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on LFPB. The variances are also reflected in the projection of future face amount that is the basis for amortizing deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”).
Persistency . Persistency is a measure of how long our insurance policies stay in-force. As a general matter, persistency that is lower than our actuarial assumptions adversely affects our results over the long term because we lose the recurring revenue stream associated with the policies that lapse. In general, persistency differences have a minimal impact on our financial results from period to period since DAC is generally amortized on a straight-line basis and the unlocking of the LFPB adjusts both expected net premiums and expected future policy benefits and spreads any variances over the remaining contract period.
Mortality. Our profitability will fluctuate to the extent actual mortality rates differ from actuarial assumptions. We mitigate a significant portion of our mortality exposure through reinsurance. Long term mortality variances that result in an assumption change may have a significant impact on our financial results.
Disability. Our profitability will fluctuate to the extent actual disability rates underlying our waiver of premium benefits, including recovery rates for individuals currently disabled, differ from actuarial assumptions. The waiver of premium benefit is secondary to the death benefit coverage provided. However, the waiver of premium benefit is not reinsured on a yearly renewable term (“YRT”) basis and material changes in assumptions compared to expectations can have a disproportionate impact on our financial results.
Interest Rates. We use a locked-in assumption for future interest rates for reserves underlying our segment results. Policies issued prior to the January 1, 2021 transition date of the Company’s adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-12, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944) — Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts (the “Transition Date”) use an interest rate that reflects the portfolio’s current reinvestment rate while policies issued on or after the Transition Date use an upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yield during the period of issue.
Reinsurance. We use reinsurance extensively, which has a significant effect on our results of operations. We have generally reinsured between 80% and 90% of the mortality risk on term life insurance (excluding coverage under certain riders) on a quota share YRT basis. To the extent actual mortality experience is more or less favorable than the contractual rate, the reinsurer will earn incremental profits or bear the incremental cost, as applicable. In contrast to coinsurance, which is intended to eliminate all risks (other than counterparty risk of the reinsurer) and rewards associated with a specified percentage of the block of policies subject to the reinsurance arrangement, the YRT reinsurance arrangements we enter into are intended only to reduce volatility associated with variances between estimated and actual mortality rates.
In 2010, as part of our corporate reorganization and the initial public offering of our common stock, we entered into significant coinsurance transactions (the “IPO coinsurance transactions”) with entities then affiliated with Citigroup, Inc. (collectively, the “IPO coinsurers”) and ceded between 80% and 90% of the risks and rewards of term life insurance policies that were in-force at year-end 2009. We administer all such policies subject to these coinsurance agreements. Policies reaching the end of their initial level term period are no longer ceded under the IPO coinsurance transactions.
The effect of our reinsurance arrangements on ceded premiums and benefits and expenses on our consolidated statements of income follows:
Ceded premiums. Ceded premiums are the premiums we pay to reinsurers. These amounts are deducted from the direct premiums we earn to calculate our net premium revenues. Similar to direct premium revenues, ceded coinsurance premiums remain level over the initial term of the insurance policy. Ceded YRT premiums increase over the period that the policy has been in-force. Accordingly, ceded YRT premiums generally constitute an increasing percentage of direct premiums over the policy term.
Benefits and claims. Benefits and claims include incurred claim amounts and changes in future policy benefit reserves. Reinsurance reduces incurred claims in direct proportion to the percentage ceded, and reinsurance cash flows are reflected in the ceded reserves included in reinsurance recoverables. Changes in ceded reserves offset changes in future policy benefit reserves.
Insurance expenses. Insurance expenses are reduced by the allowances received from coinsurance. There is no impact on insurance expenses associated with our YRT contracts.
We may alter our reinsurance practices at any time due to the unavailability of YRT reinsurance at attractive rates or the availability of alternatives to reduce our risk exposure. We intend to continue ceding approximately 90% of our mortality risk on new business.
Expenses. Results are also affected by variances in client acquisition, maintenance and administration expense levels.
Investment and Savings Products Segment. The Investment and Savings Products segment results are primarily driven by sales, the value of assets in client accounts for which we earn ongoing management, marketing and support, and distribution fees, and the number of transfer agent recordkeeping positions and non-bank custodial fee-generating accounts we administer.
Sales. We earn commissions and fees, such as dealer re-allowances and marketing and distribution fees, based on sales of mutual fund products and annuities in the United States and sales of certain mutual fund products in Canada. Sales of investment and savings products are influenced by the overall demand for investment and savings products in the United States and Canada, as well as by the size and productivity of the independent sales force. We generally experience seasonality in the Investment and Savings Products segment results due to our high concentration of sales of retirement account products. These accounts are typically funded in February through April, coincident with our clients’ tax return preparation season. While we believe the size of the independent sales force is a factor in driving sales volume in this segment, there are a number of other variables, such as economic and market conditions, which may have a significantly greater effect on sales volume in any given fiscal period.
Asset values in client accounts. We earn marketing and distribution fees (trail commissions or, with respect to U.S. mutual funds, 12b-1 fees) on mutual fund and annuity assets in the United States and Canada. In the United States, we also earn investment advisory and administrative fees and marketing support fees on assets in managed investments. In Canada, we earn marketing, distribution, and shareholder services fees on mutual fund assets for which we serve as the principal distributor and management fees on our legacy segregated funds. Asset values are influenced by new product sales, ongoing contributions to existing accounts, redemptions and the change in market values in existing accounts. While we offer a wide variety of asset classes and investment styles, our clients’ accounts are primarily invested in equity funds. Volatility in equity markets will impact the value of assets in client accounts and, as a result, the revenue we earn on those assets.
Positions. We earn transfer agent recordkeeping fees for administrative functions we perform on behalf of several of our mutual fund providers. An individual client account may include multiple fund positions for which we earn transfer agent recordkeeping fees. We may also receive fees earned for non-bank custodial services that we provide to clients with retirement plan accounts.
Sales mix. Our results in a given fiscal period will be affected by changes in the overall mix of products within these categories. Examples of changes in the sales mix that influence our results include the following:
sales of annuity products in the United States will generate higher revenues in the period when such sales occur compared to sales of other investment products that either generate lower up-front revenues or, in the case of managed investments, no up-front revenues;
sales of a higher proportion of managed investments and Canadian mutual funds will spread the revenues generated over time because we earn higher revenues based on assets under management for these accounts each period as opposed to earning up-front revenues based on product sales; and
sales of a higher proportion of mutual fund products sold in the United States will impact the timing and amount of revenue we earn given the distinct transfer agent recordkeeping and non-bank custodial services we provide for certain mutual fund products we distribute.
Corporate and Other Distributed Products Segment. We earn revenues and pay commissions and referral fees within the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment for mortgage loan originations, prepaid legal services, auto and homeowners’ insurance referrals, and other financial products, all of which are originated by third parties. The Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment also includes in-force policies from several discontinued lines of insurance underwritten by National Benefit Life Insurance Company (“NBLIC”).
The Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment includes net investment income recognized by the Company. Net investment income is impacted by the size and performance of our invested asset portfolio, which can be influenced by interest rates, credit spreads, and the mix of invested assets. Net investment income also is influenced by short-term interest rates and the amount of cash and cash equivalents on hand.
The Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment also includes corporate income and expenses not allocated to our other segments, general and administrative expenses (other than expenses that are allocated to the Term Life Insurance and Investment and Savings Products segments), interest expense on notes payable, a redundant reserve financing transaction and our revolving credit facility (“Revolving Credit Facility”), as well as recognized gains and losses on our invested asset portfolio.
Capital Structure. Our financial results are affected by our capital structure, which includes our senior unsecured notes (the “Senior Notes”), a redundant reserve financing transaction, our Revolving Credit Facility, and our common stock. See Note 12 (Debt), Note 14 (Stockholders’ Equity) and Note 18 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on changes in our capital structure.
Foreign Currency. The Canadian dollar is the functional currency for our Canadian subsidiaries, and our consolidated financial results, reported in U.S. dollars, are affected by changes in the currency exchange rate. As such, the translated amount of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities attributable to our Canadian subsidiaries will be higher or lower in periods where the Canadian dollar appreciates or weakens relative to the U.S. dollar, respectively.
The year-end exchange rates (U.S. dollar per Canadian dollar) used by the Company to translate our Canadian dollar functional currency assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars increased by 5% in 2025 from 2024. However, the average exchange rates used by the Company in 2025 to translate our Canadian dollar functional currency revenues and expenses into U.S. dollars decreased modestly, by 2% compared to 2024.
See the Results of Operations section, the Financial Condition section, and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk – Canadian Currency Risk” and Note 4 (Segment and Geographical Information) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on our Canadian subsidiaries and the impact of foreign currency on our financial results.
Income Taxes. The profitability of the Company and its subsidiaries is affected by income taxes assessed by federal, state, and U.S. territorial jurisdictions in the U.S. and federal and provincial jurisdictions in Canada. Changes in tax legislation may impact the measurement of our deferred tax assets and liabilities and the amount of income tax expense we incur.
Critical Accounting Estimates
We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). These principles are established primarily by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions based on currently available information when recording transactions resulting from business operations. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. The most significant items in our consolidated balance sheets are based on fair value determinations, accounting estimates and actuarial determinations, which are susceptible to changes in future periods and could affect our results of operations and financial position.
The estimates that we deem to be most critical to an understanding of our results of operations and financial position are those related to DAC, future policy benefit reserves and corresponding amounts recoverable from reinsurers, income taxes, and the valuation of investments. The preparation and evaluation of these critical accounting estimates involve the use of various assumptions developed from management’s analyses and judgments. Subsequent experience or use of other assumptions could produce significantly different results.
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs. We defer incremental direct costs of successful contract acquisitions that result directly from and are essential to the contract transaction(s) and that would not have been incurred had the contract transaction(s) not occurred. These costs include commissions and policy issue expenses. Deferrable Term Life Insurance policy acquisition costs are amortized on a constant-level basis over the expected term of the contracts using face amount as the unit of measure. Interest is not accrued on unamortized DAC balances, and DAC is not subject to impairment testing. Contracts are grouped by cohorts consistent with the grouping used in estimating the LFPB. The cohorts are defined by the legal entity that issued the policy and the year the policy was issued.
Assumptions of face amounts used to amortize DAC for term life insurance policies, including persistency and mortality, are consistent with the assumptions used in estimating the LFPB. Changes in persistency would have the most notable impact on DAC amortization; however, the differences primarily affect DAC amortization on a go-forward basis. If annual lapse rate assumptions at each policy duration were 5% higher during 2025, we would have recognized approximately $10 million of additional amortization of DAC expense for 2025, before the impact of tax, and the rate of DAC amortization would increase in future years. Conversely, if annual lapse rate assumptions were 5% lower during 2025, we would have recognized approximately $10 million of lower DAC amortization for 2025, before the impact of tax, and the rate of DAC amortization would decrease in future years. We believe that a plus or minus 5% annual lapse rate change is a reasonably possible variation. Changes in persistency assumptions also impact the balance of future policy benefit reserves and reinsurance recoverables as discussed below.
For additional information on DAC, see Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) and Note 8 (Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
Future Policy Benefit Reserves and Reinsurance. Liabilities for future policy benefits on our term life insurance products are reserves established for death claims, waiver of premium benefits, and claim settlement expenses. The LFPB is calculated as the present value of expected future benefits less the present value of expected future net premiums receivable under the contracts. Net premiums are defined as the portion of policyholder gross premiums that are needed to pay for all benefits.
The assumptions underlying the LFPB include mortality, persistency, discount rates, disability rates, and other assumptions that reflect our best estimate based on our historical experience and modified, as necessary, to reflect non-recurring and/or anticipated trends.
The LFPB is estimated by grouping insurance policies into cohorts. Policy cohorts for the Term Life Insurance segment are based on the legal entity that issued the policy and the year the policy was issued.
The cash flows and assumptions underlying the LFPB are unlocked each quarter to reflect differences between actual and expected experience. In general, assumption changes, such as mortality, lapse and disability, to the extent necessary, are expected to only occur during the third quarter when we update our experience studies. However, they may occur at any time based on emerging experience.
The impact of unlocking assumptions, such as mortality, lapse and disability, will be partly reflected in the current period and partly spread to future periods based on the remaining duration of the impacted cohort(s). The catch-up is retroactive back to the later of the Transition Date or issue date, after reinsurance recoverables and is recognized as a remeasurement gain or loss in the consolidated statements of income.
The ceded policy reserve balances included in reinsurance recoverables are calculated in the same manner as the LFPB by cohort and apply best estimate assumptions and quarterly unlocking.
The Company uses discount rates applied by country to align with local currency cash flows. Discount rates consist of yield curves that are developed using Bloomberg’s Evaluated Pricing Product based on senior unsecured fixed rate bonds ratings of A+, A, or A-. The discount rate assumption is updated quarterly, and the impact of remeasuring the net LFPB, after reinsurance recoverables from changes in the locked-in discount rate assumption is reflected in other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).
The LFPB is necessarily based on estimates, assumptions and our analysis of historical experience. Factors that could cause prospective assumptions to be different from historical experience include but are not limited to changes to our term life insurance product series, economic and societal trends, new pharmaceutical drugs, and the impact of regulatory changes. The assumptions and estimates underlying the LFPB require significant judgment, and therefore, are inherently uncertain. The following table provides illustrated net impact of changes in assumptions affecting both the LFPB and reinsurance recoverables that we believe are reasonably possible, before the impact of tax:
Assumption
Sensitivity assumption change
Estimated impact at December 31, 2025
Lapse
5% decrease / 5% increase
($51 million) / $51 million (1)
Mortality
5% increase / 5% decrease
($52 million) / $52 million (1)
Disability
5% increase / 5% decrease
($20 million) / $20 million (1)
Discount rate
100 bps decrease / 100 bps increase
($695 million) / $554 million (2)
(1) Changes in lapse, mortality and disability affect future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss on the consolidated statements of income. Estimated impacts show the (decrease) / increase in income before income taxes. The assumption change sensitivities shown are based on a consistent percentage change across all policy durations.
(2) Changes in discount rate affect the effect of change in discount rate assumptions on the liability for future policy benefits on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Estimated impacts show the (decrease) / increase in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes. The assumption change is based on a parallel shift in the discount rate curve.
As discussed above, changes in lapse, mortality, and disability assumptions would also affect the net premium ratio used to recognize benefits expenses in future periods.
For additional information on future policy benefits, reinsurance and the impact to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) see Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies), Note 7 (Reinsurance), and Note 11 (Future Policy Benefits) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
Income Taxes. We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to (i) temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and (ii) operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management’s judgment that realization is more likely than not applicable to the periods in which we expect the temporary difference will reverse. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.
In light of the multiple tax jurisdictions in which we operate, our tax returns are subject to routine audit by the Internal Revenue Service and other taxation authorities. These audits at times may produce alternative views regarding particular tax positions taken in the year(s) of review. As a result, the Company records uncertain tax positions, which require recognition at the time when it is deemed more likely than not that the position in question will be upheld. Although management believes that the judgment and estimates involved are reasonable and that the necessary provisions have been recorded, changes in circumstances or unexpected events could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
For additional information on income taxes, see Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) and Note 13 (Income Taxes) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
Invested Assets. We hold primarily fixed-maturity securities, including bonds and redeemable preferred stocks. We have classified these invested assets as available-for-sale, except for the securities of our U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries, which we have classified as trading securities. We also hold a credit-enhanced note, which we classified as a held-to-maturity security that was issued in exchange for a surplus note (the “Surplus Note”) with an equal principal amount as part of a redundant reserve financing transaction. All of these securities are carried at fair value, except for the held-to-maturity security, which is carried at amortized cost. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are included as a separate component of other comprehensive income (loss) in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).
We also hold equity securities, including common and non-redeemable preferred stock. These equity securities are measured at fair value, and changes in unrealized gains and losses are recognized in net income. Changes in fair value of trading securities are included in net income in our consolidated statements of income in the period in which the change occurred.
Fair value. Fair value is the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our view of market assumptions in the absence of observable market information. We classify and disclose all invested assets carried at fair value in one of the three fair value measurement hierarchy categories prescribed by U.S. GAAP.
As of each reporting period, we classify all invested assets in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Significant levels of estimation and judgment are required to determine the fair value of certain of our investments. The factors influencing these estimations and judgments are subject to change in subsequent reporting periods.
Credit losses for available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities. For available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position that we intend to sell or would more likely than not be required to sell before the expected recovery of the amortized cost basis, we recognize the impairment as a credit loss in our consolidated statements of income by writing down the amortized cost basis to the fair value. For available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position that we do not intend to sell or it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell before the expected recovery of the amortized cost basis, we recognize the portion of the impairment that is due to a credit loss in our consolidated statements of income through an allowance for credit losses. We reverse credit losses previously recognized in the allowance for credit losses in situations where the estimate of credit losses on those securities has . We do not consider the length of time an available-for-sale security has been in an unrealized position when estimating credit .
Analyses that we perform to determine whether an impairment is due to a credit loss or other factors involve the use of estimates, assumptions, and subjectivity. We evaluate a number of quantitative and qualitative factors when determining the credit loss on individual securities, including issuer-specific risks as well as relevant macroeconomic risks. If these factors or future events change, we could experience material credit losses recognized in our consolidated statements of income for available-for-sale securities in future periods, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and the size and quality of our invested assets portfolio.
For additional information on our invested assets, see Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies), Note 5 (Investments) and Note 6 (Fair Value of Financial Instruments) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
Results of Operations
Revenues. Our revenues consist of the following:
Net premiums. Reflects direct premiums payable by our policyholders on our in-force insurance policies, primarily term life insurance, net of reinsurance premiums that we pay to reinsurers.
Commissions and fees. Consists primarily of dealer re-allowances earned on the sales of investment and savings products, trail commissions and management fees based on the asset values of client accounts, marketing and distribution fees from product originators, fees for non-bank custodial services rendered in our capacity as nominee on client retirement accounts funded by mutual funds on our servicing platform, transfer agent recordkeeping fees for mutual funds on our servicing platform, and fees associated with the sale of other distributed products.
Net investment income . Represents income, net of investment-related expenses, generated on cash, cash equivalents, and our invested asset portfolio, which consists primarily of interest income earned on fixed-maturity investments. Investment income recorded on our held-to-maturity invested asset and the offsetting interest expense recorded for our Surplus Note are included in net investment income.
Investment gains (losses) . Primarily reflects the difference between amortized cost and amounts realized on the sale of available-for-sale securities, credit losses recognized on available-for-sale securities and changes in the fair value of equity securities.
Other, net . Reflects revenues generated from the fees charged for access to Primerica Online (“POL”), our primary independent sales force support tool, as well as revenues from the sale of other miscellaneous items.
Benefits and Expenses. Our operating expenses consist of the following:
Benefits and claims. Reflects the benefits and claims payable on insurance policies, changes in our reserves for future policy claims and reserves for other benefits payable, net of reinsurance.
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss. Represents the impact on the starting LFPB, net of reinsurance recoverables, from unlocking current period cash flows and assumptions. It reflects the catch-up on the net liability that is retroactive back to the later of the Transition Date or issue date up to the current reporting date.
Amortization of DAC . Represents the amortization of capitalized costs directly associated with the sale of an insurance policy or segregated fund, including sales commissions, medical examination and other underwriting costs, and other eligible policy issuance costs.
Sales commissions . Represents commissions to the independent sales representatives in connection with the sale of investment and savings products, and products other than insurance products.
Insurance expenses . Reflects non-capitalized insurance expenses, including employee compensation, technology and communication costs, insurance independent sales force-related costs, printing, postage and distribution of insurance sales materials, outsourcing and professional fees, premium taxes, and other corporate and administrative fees and expenses related to our insurance operations. Insurance expenses also include both indirect policy issuance costs and costs associated with unsuccessful efforts to acquire new policies.
Insurance commissions . Reflects sales commissions with respect to insurance products that are not eligible for deferral.
Interest expense . Reflects interest on our note payable, any interest and the commitment fee on our Revolving Credit Facility, fees paid for the credit enhancement feature on our held-to-maturity invested asset, and a finance charge incurred pursuant to one of our coinsurance agreements with an IPO coinsurer.
Other operating expenses . Consists primarily of employee compensation, technology and communication costs, various independent sales force-related costs, non-bank custodial and transfer agent recordkeeping administrative costs, outsourcing and professional fees, and other corporate and administrative fees and expenses.
Insurance expenses and other operating expenses directly attributable to the Term Life Insurance and Investment and Savings Products segments are recorded directly to the applicable segment. We allocate certain other revenue and operating expenses that are not directly attributable to a specific operating segment using methods expected to reasonably measure the benefit received by each reporting segment. Such methods include recorded usage, revenue distribution, and independent sales force representative distribution. These allocated items include fees charged for access to POL and costs incurred for technology, independent sales force support, occupancy and other general and administrative costs. Costs that are not directly charged or allocated to our two primary operating segments are included in the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment.
Primerica, Inc. and Subsidiaries Results. Our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
change
change
(Dollars in thousands)
Revenues:
Direct premiums
Ceded premiums
Net premiums
Commissions and fees
Investment income net of investment expenses
Interest expense on surplus note
Net investment income
Realized investment gains (losses)
Other investment gains (losses)
Investment gains (losses)
Other, net
Total revenues
Benefits and expenses:
Benefits and claims
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss
Amortization of DAC
Sales commissions
Insurance expenses
Insurance commissions
Interest expense
Other operating expenses
Total benefits and expenses
Income from continuing operations before income taxes
Income taxes from continuing operations
Income from continuing operations
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes
Net income
* Less than 1% or not meaningful
Total revenues. Total revenues increased in 2025 from 2024 primarily due to increases in commissions and fees earned in our Investment and Savings Products segment, net premiums in our Term Life Insurance segment, and net investment income in our Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment. This increase was partially offset by a one-time $50.0 million gain recognized within Other, net revenue in 2024 related to payments received under a Representation and Warranty insurance policy in our Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment. These movements are further discussed in detail in the Segment Results sections below.
Total benefits and expenses. Total benefits and expenses increased in 2025 from 2024 largely due to higher sales commissions in our Investment and Savings Products segment. Also contributing to the year-over-year increase were higher amortization of DAC and benefits and claims in our Term Life Insurance segment. Insurance and other operating expenses increased in 2025 compared to 2024 primarily due to higher employee-related costs, growth-related costs and technology investments. Further discussion related to benefits and expenses movements are discussed in detail in the Segment Results section below.
Income taxes. Our effective income tax rate was 22.9% in 2025 compared to our effective income tax rate from continuing operations of 23.3% in 2024. The decrease in the effective tax rate in 2025 was primarily driven by the deduction of purchased transferable federal income tax credits in 2025. Refer to Note 13 (Income Taxes) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for further details.
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes. Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes relates to the Senior Health business, which was disposed of as of September 30, 2024 and is reported in discontinued operations for 2024 and 2023. Refer to Note 2 (Discontinued Operations) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for further details.
For additional information, see the discussions of results of operations by segment below.
Term Life Insurance Segment. Our results for the Term Life Insurance segment for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
change
change
(Dollars in thousands)
Revenues:
Direct premiums
Ceded premiums
Net premiums
Other, net
Total revenues
Benefits and expenses:
Benefits and claims
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss
Amortization of DAC
Insurance expenses
Insurance commissions
Total benefits and expenses
Income before income taxes
* Less than 1% or not meaningful
Net premiums. Direct premiums increased in 2025 from 2024 largely due to the layering effect of new policy sales that contributed to growth in the in-force book of business. This increase was partially offset by an increase in ceded premiums, which includes $27.6 million in higher non-level YRT reinsurance ceded premiums as business not subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions ages, reduced by $13.1 million in lower coinsurance ceded premiums due to the run-off of business subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions.
Benefits and claims. Benefits and claims increased during 2025 compared to 2024. Direct benefits and claims increased with the growth of the business.
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss. Future policy benefits remeasurement gain increased during 2025 compared to 2024 and represents the impact of long-term assumption changes made during the third quarters of 2025 and 2024 in connection with the annual assumption reviews as well as differences in experience variances that occurred in each year. The remeasurement gain recognized in 2025 is due to realized experience variances and an assumption change largely related to a reduction of expected mortality benefits while the remeasurement gain recognized in 2024 was primarily related to a reduction of the expected cost of waiver of premium benefits. Refer to Note 11 (Future Policy Benefits) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for further details.
Amortization of DAC. Amortization of DAC increased in 2025 from 2024 primarily due to continued growth in the in-force book of business.
Insurance expenses. Insurance expenses increased during 2025 compared to 2024 largely due to higher costs resulting from growth-related expenses in the business.
Insurance commissions. Insurance commissions decreased in 2025 from 2024 as a result of lower non-deferrable commissions impacted by lower policy sales activity as well as a small change in the dollar value of commissions deferred that was made beginning in the second quarter of 2024.
Investment and Savings Products Segment. Our results of operations for the Investment and Savings Products segment for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
change
change
(Dollars in thousands)
Revenues:
Commissions and fees:
Sales-based revenues
Asset-based revenues
Account-based revenues
Other, net
Total revenues
Expenses:
Amortization of DAC
Insurance commissions
Sales commissions:
Sales-based
Asset-based
Other operating expenses
Total expenses
Income before income taxes
* Less than 1% or not meaningful
Commissions and fees. Commissions and fees increased during 2025 compared to 2024 primarily driven by higher asset-based and sales-based revenues. Higher asset-based revenues were driven by an increase in average client assets in 2025 compared to 2024 as well as a higher mix of assets under management that earn higher asset-based commissions, namely managed investments and Canadian mutual funds sold under the principal distributor model. The increase in sales-based revenue was largely the result of continued growth in product sales for variable annuities . and U.S. retail mutual funds.
Sales commissions. The increases in sales-based and asset-based commissions in 2025 from 2024 were generally in line with the increases in sales-based revenues and asset-based revenues, respectively.
Other operating expenses. Other operating expenses increased in 2025 from 2024 largely due to higher variable growth-related costs, continued investments in technology and infrastructure and higher employee compensation.
Corporate and Other Distributed Products Segment. Our results of operations for the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
change
change
(Dollars in thousands)
Revenues:
Direct premiums
Ceded premiums
Net premiums
Commissions and fees
Investment income net of investment expenses
Interest expense on surplus note
Net investment income
Realized investment gains (losses)
Other investment gains (losses)
Investment gains (losses)
Other, net
Total revenues
Benefits and expenses:
Benefits and claims
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss
Amortization of DAC
Insurance expenses
Insurance commissions
Sales commissions
Interest expense
Other operating expenses
Total benefits and expenses
Income (loss) before income taxes
* Less than 1% or not meaningful
Total revenues. Total revenues decreased in 2025 from 2024 primarily due to a $50.0 million gain recognized in 2024 within Other, net revenue related to payments received under a Representation and Warranty insurance policy as discussed further in Note 4 (Segment and Geographical Information) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. Also contributing to the revenue decline was an increase of investment losses, largely the result of recognition of $2.0 million of investment losses in 2025 related to the tender of bonds from a certain issuer that allowed us to reinvest the proceeds at current market interest rates rather than accept replacement bonds from the issuer at less favorable terms. The decrease in revenues was partially offset by higher net investment income primarily due to continued growth of the invested asset portfolio in 2025.
Total benefits and expenses. Total benefits and expenses decreased in 2025 from 2024 primarily due to a future policy benefits remeasurement loss in the third quarter of 2024 recorded in connection with the refinement of assumptions on a closed block of non-term life insurance. Within other operating expenses, higher employee-related costs were largely offset by decreases in various other expenses.
Financial Condition
Investments. Our insurance business is primarily focused on selling term life insurance, which does not include an investment component for the policyholder. The invested asset portfolio funded by premiums from our term life insurance business does not involve the substantial asset accumulations and spread requirements that exist with other non-term life insurance products. As a result, the profitability of our term life insurance business is not as sensitive to the impact that interest rates have on our invested asset portfolio and investment income as the profitability of other companies that distribute non-term life insurance products.
We follow a conservative investment strategy designed to emphasize the preservation of our invested assets and provide adequate liquidity for the prompt payment of claims. To meet business needs and mitigate risks, our investment guidelines provide restrictions on our portfolio’s composition, including limits on asset type, per issuer limits, credit quality limits, portfolio duration, limits on the amount of investments in approved countries and permissible security types. We also manage and monitor our allocation of investments to limit the accumulation of any disproportionate concentrations of risk among industry sectors or issuer countries outside of the U.S. and Canada. In addition, as of December 31, 2025, we did not hold any country of issuer concentrations outside of the U.S. or Canada that represented more than 5% of the fair value of our available-for-sale invested asset portfolio or any industry concentrations of corporate bonds that represented more than 10% of the fair value of our available-for-sale invested asset portfolio.
We invest a portion of our portfolio in assets denominated in Canadian dollars to support our Canadian operations. Additionally, to ensure adequate liquidity for payment of claims, we take into account the maturity and duration of our invested asset portfolio and our general liability profile.
We also hold within our invested asset portfolio a credit enhanced note (“LLC Note”) issued by a limited liability company owned by a third-party service provider which is classified as a held-to-maturity security. The LLC Note, which is scheduled to mature on December 31, 2030, was obtained in exchange for the Surplus Note of equal principal amount issued by Vidalia Re, Inc., a special purpose financial captive insurance company and wholly owned subsidiary of Primerica Life Insurance Company (“Primerica Life”). For more information on the LLC Note, see Note 5 (Investments) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
We have an investment committee composed of members of our senior management team that is responsible for establishing and maintaining our investment guidelines and supervising our investment activity. Our investment committee regularly monitors our overall investment results and our compliance with our investment objectives and guidelines. We use a third-party investment advisor to assist us in the management of our investing activities. Our investment advisor reports to our investment committee.
Our invested asset portfolio is subject to a variety of risks, including risks related to general economic conditions, market volatility, interest rate fluctuations, liquidity risk and credit and default risk. Investment guideline restrictions have been established to minimize the effect of these risks but may not always be effective due to factors beyond our control. Interest rates and credit spreads are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. A significant increase in interest rates or credit spreads could result in significant unrealized losses in the value of our invested asset portfolio. We believe that fluctuations caused by movement in interest rates and credit spreads generally have little bearing on the recoverability of our investments as we have the ability to hold these investments until maturity or a market price recovery and we have no present intention to dispose of them.
Details on asset mix (excluding our held-to-maturity security) were as follows:
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
Fair value
Cost or amortized cost
Fair value
Cost or amortized cost
U.S. government and agencies
Foreign government
States and political subdivisions
Corporates
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities
Equity securities
Trading securities
Cash and cash equivalents
Total
* Less than 1%.
The composition and duration of our portfolio will vary depending on several factors, including the yield curve and our opinion of the relative value among various asset classes. The relative composition of our asset portfolio did not change significantly from 2024 to 2025. The year-end average rating, duration and book yield of our fixed-maturity portfolio (excluding our held-to-maturity security) were as follows:
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
Average rating of our fixed-maturity portfolio
Average duration of our fixed-maturity portfolio
5.2 years
5.1 years
Average book yield of our fixed-maturity portfolio
The increase in the average book yield of our fixed-maturity portfolio as of December 31, 2025 reflects higher reinvestment rates compared to the yield on maturing investments during 2025.
Ratings for our investments in fixed-maturity securities are determined using Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations designations and/or equivalent ratings. The distribution of our investments in fixed-maturity securities (excluding our held-to-maturity security) by rating, including those classified as trading securities, were as follows:
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
Amortized cost (1)
Amortized cost (1)
(Dollars in thousands)
AAA
BBB
Below investment grade
Not rated
Total
Includes trading securities at carrying value and available-for-sale securities (excluding short-term investments) at amortized cost.
* Less than 1%.
The ten largest holdings within our fixed-maturity securities invested asset portfolio (excluding our held-to-maturity security and short-term investments) were as follows:
December 31, 2025
Issuer
Fair value
Amortized cost (1)
Unrealized gain (loss)
Credit rating
(Dollars in thousands)
ONEOK Inc
BBB
Province of Alberta Canada
Province of Ontario Canada
Realty Income Corp
Manulife Financial Corp
Boeing Co
BBB-
Province of Quebec Canada
Morgan Stanley
BBB+
Province of British Columbia Canada
Province of New Brunswick Canada
Total – ten largest holdings
Total – fixed-maturity securities
Percent of total fixed-maturity securities
Includes trading securities at carrying value and available-for-sale securities at amortized cost.
For additional information on our invested asset portfolio, see Note 5 (Investments) and Note 6 (Fair Value of Financial Instruments) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
Other Significant Assets and Liabilities. The balances of and changes in other significant assets and liabilities were as follows:
December 31,
Change
(Dollars in thousands)
Assets:
Reinsurance recoverables
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net
Liabilities:
Future policy benefits
Reinsurance recoverables. Reinsurance recoverables reflects future policy benefit reserves and claim reserves ceded to reinsurers, including the IPO coinsurers. Reinsurance recoverables as of December 31, 2025 decreased compared with December 31, 2024, primarily due to the continued runoff of the IPO book of business.
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net. The increase in DAC was primarily a result of the cumulative impact of incremental commissions and expenses deferred as a result of new business in 2025 not subject to the IPO coinsurance agreements.
Future policy benefits. The increase in future policy benefits was primarily driven by continued growth in the business and the decrease in market observable interest rates at year-end that are used to discount the present value of the estimated future cash flows included in the liability for future policy benefits.
For additional information, see the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Dividends and other payments to the Parent Company from its subsidiaries are our principal sources of cash. The amount of dividends paid by the subsidiaries is dependent on their capital needs to fund future growth and applicable regulatory restrictions. The primary uses of funds by the Parent Company include the payments of stockholder dividends, interest on note payable, general operating expenses, and income taxes, as well as repurchases of shares of our common stock outstanding. During 2025, our life insurance underwriting companies declared and paid ordinary dividends of $317.0 million to the Parent Company. See Note 17 (Statutory Accounting and Dividend Restrictions) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on insurance subsidiary dividends and statutory restrictions. In addition, in 2025 our non-life insurance subsidiaries declared and paid dividends of $239.1 million to the Parent Company. At December 31, 2025, the Parent Company had cash and invested assets of $521.1 million.
The Parent Company’s subsidiaries generate operating cash flows primarily from term life insurance premiums (net of premiums ceded to reinsurers), income from invested assets, commissions and fees collected from the distribution of investment and savings products, as well as other financial products. The subsidiaries’ principal operating cash outflows include the payment of insurance claims and benefits (net of ceded claims recovered from reinsurers), commissions to the independent sales force, insurance and other operating expenses, interest expense for future policy benefit reserves financing transactions, and income taxes.
The distribution and underwriting of term life insurance requires up-front cash outlays at the time the policy is issued as we pay a substantial majority of the sales commission during the first year following the sale of a policy and incur costs for underwriting activities at the inception of a policy’s term. During the early years of a policy’s term, we generally receive level term premiums in excess of claims paid. We invest the excess cash generated during earlier policy years primarily in fixed-maturity securities held in support of future policy benefit reserves. In later policy years, cash received from the maturity or sale of invested assets is used to pay claims in excess of level term premiums received.
Historically, cash flows generated by our businesses, primarily from our existing block of term life insurance policies and our investment and savings products, have provided us with sufficient liquidity to meet our operating requirements. We anticipate that cash flows from our businesses will continue to provide sufficient operating liquidity over the next 12 months.
If necessary, we could seek to enhance our liquidity position or capital structure through sales of our available-for-sale investment portfolio, changes in the timing or amount of share repurchases, borrowings against our Revolving Credit Facility, or some combination of these sources. Additionally, we believe that cash flows from our businesses and potential sources of funding will sufficiently support our long-term liquidity needs.
Cash Flows. The components of the changes in cash and cash equivalents were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash
Change in cash and cash equivalents
Operating Activities. Cash provided by operating activities increased in 2025 from 2024 largely due to higher earnings from our Investment and Savings Products segment, higher net premiums in excess of net claims paid in our Term Life Insurance segment and lower cash outflows for policy acquisition costs in our Term Life Insurance segment. Partially offsetting the year-over-year increase in cash inflows is higher income tax remittances in 2025 primarily due to higher pre-tax income and differences in the timing of purchases, maturities, and sales of financial instruments classified as trading securities, which are classified as cash flows from operating activities.
Investing Activities. Cash used in investing activities remained relatively flat in 2025 compared to 2024 primarily due to the impact of the $50.0 million received under a Representation and Warranty insurance policy in 2024, largely offset by fluctuations in the timing of maturities, sales and reinvestments of debt securities held in our available-for-sale investment portfolio and the $21.4 million of cash included in the disposal of the Senior Health business in 2024.
Financing Activities. Cash used in financing activities increased in 2025 from 2024 primarily due to an increase in our share repurchase program and higher per share stockholder dividend payments.
Risk-Based Capital (“RBC”). The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) has established RBC standards for U.S. life insurers, as well as a risk-based capital model act (the “RBC Model Act”) that has been adopted by the insurance regulatory
authorities. The RBC Model Act requires that life insurers annually submit a report to state regulators regarding their RBC based upon four categories of risk: asset risk; insurance risk; interest rate risk and business risk. The capital requirement for each is determined by applying factors that vary based upon the degree of risk to various asset, premiums and policy benefit reserve items. The formula is an early warning tool to identify possible weakly capitalized companies for purposes of initiating further regulatory action.
As of December 31, 2025, our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries maintained statutory capital and surplus substantially in excess of the applicable regulatory requirements and remain well positioned to support existing operations and fund future growth.
In Canada, an insurer’s minimum capital requirement is overseen by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (“OSFI”) and determined as the sum of the capital requirements for six categories of risk: asset default risk, mortality/morbidity/lapse/expense risks, changes in interest rate environment risk, operational risk, segregated funds risk and foreign exchange risk. As of December 31, 2025, Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada was in compliance with Canada’s minimum capital requirements as defined by OSFI.
For more information regarding statutory capital requirements and dividend capacities of our insurance subsidiaries, see Note 17 (Statutory Accounting and Dividend Restrictions) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
Redundant Reserve Financing. The Model Regulation titled Valuation of Life Insurance Policies, commonly known as Regulation XXX, requires insurers to carry statutory policy benefit reserves for term life insurance policies with long-term premium guarantees which are often significantly in excess of the future policy benefit reserves that insurers deem necessary to satisfy claim obligations (“redundant policy benefit reserves”). Accordingly, many insurance companies have sought ways to reduce their capital needs by financing redundant policy benefit reserves through bank financing, reinsurance arrangements and other financing transactions.
We have established Vidalia Re as a special purpose financial captive insurance company and wholly owned subsidiary of Primerica Life. Primerica Life has ceded certain term life insurance policies issued in 2011 through 2017 to Vidalia Re as part of a Regulation XXX redundant reserve financing transaction (the “Vidalia Re Redundant Reserve Financing Transaction”). This redundant reserve financing transaction allows us to more efficiently manage and deploy our capital. See Note 17 (Statutory Accounting and Dividend Restrictions) and Note 18 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information.
The NAIC has adopted a model regulation for determining reserves using a principle-based approach (“principle-based reserves” or “PBR”), which is designed to reflect each insurer’s own experience in calculating reserves and move away from a single prescriptive reserving formula. Primerica Life adopted PBR as of January 1, 2018 and NBLIC adopted the New York amended version of PBR effective January 1, 2021. PBR significantly reduced the redundant statutory policy benefit reserve requirements while still ensuring adequate liabilities are held. The regulation only applies for business issued after the effective dates. See Note 5 (Investments), Note 12 (Debt) and Note 18 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on the redundant reserve financing transaction.
Note Payable. The Company has $600.0 million of publicly-traded Senior Notes outstanding issued at a price of 99.55% with an annual interest rate of 2.80%, payable semi-annually in arrears on May 19 and November 19. The Senior Notes are scheduled to mature on November 19, 2031. We were in compliance with the covenants of the Senior Notes as of December 31, 2025. No events of default occurred during the year ended December 31, 2025.
Financial Ratings. As of December 31, 2025, the investment grade credit ratings for our Senior Notes were as follows:
Agency
Senior Notes rating
Moody’s
Baa1, stable outlook
Standard & Poor’s
A-, stable outlook
A.M. Best Company
a-, stable outlook
As of December 31, 2025, Primerica Life’s financial strength ratings were as follows:
Agency
Financial strength rating
Moody’s
A1, stable outlook
Standard & Poor’s
AA-, stable outlook
A.M. Best Company
A+, stable outlook
Securities Lending. We participate in securities lending transactions with brokers to increase investment income with minimal risk. See Note 5 (Investments) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for additional information.
Surplus Note. Vidalia Re issued a Surplus Note in exchange for the LLC Note as a part of the Vidalia Re Redundant Reserve Financing Transaction. The Surplus Note has a principal amount equal to the LLC Note and is scheduled to mature on December 31, 2030. For more information on the Surplus Note, see Note 12 (Debt) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. We have no transactions, agreements or other contractual arrangements to which an entity unconsolidated with the Company is a party, under which the Company maintains any off-balance sheet obligations or guarantees as of December 31, 2025.
Credit Facility Agreement. We maintain an unsecured $200.0 million Revolving Credit Facility with a syndicate of commercial banks that has a scheduled termination date of June 22, 2026. Amounts outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a periodic rate equal to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) rate loan or the base rate, plus in either case an applicable margin. The Revolving Credit Facility also permits the issuance of letters of credit. The applicable margins are based on our debt rating with such margins for SOFR rate loans and letters of credit ranging from 1.000% to 1.625% per annum and for base rate loans ranging from 0.000% to 0.625% per annum. Under the Revolving Credit Facility, we incur a commitment fee that is payable quarterly in arrears and is determined by our debt rating. This commitment fee ranges from 0.100% to 0.225% per annum of the aggregate $200.0 million commitment of the lenders under the Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2025, no amounts were outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility and we were in compliance with its covenants. Furthermore, no events of default occurred under the Revolving Credit Facility in 2025.
Contractual Obligations. Our material cash requirements from known contractual and other obligations primarily consist of following:
Future Policy Benefits. Our liability for future policy benefits, which is presented in the consolidated balance sheets and Note 11 (Future Policy Benefits) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report, represents the present value of expected future benefits less the present value of expected future net premiums receivable under the contracts. Net premiums are defined as the portion of the gross premiums received from policyholders that are needed to pay for all benefits. These benefit payments are contingent on policyholders continuing to renew their policies and make their premium payments. We expect to fully fund the obligations for future policy benefits from cash flows from general account invested assets, claims reimbursed by reinsurers, and from future premiums.
Policy Claims. Policy claims, which is presented in the consolidated balance sheets and Note 10 (Policy Claims and Other Benefits Payable) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report, represents claims and benefits that have been incurred but not paid to policyholders and are assumed to be due within a year.
Other Policyholder Funds. Other policyholder funds, which is presented in the consolidated balance sheets, primarily represent claim payments left on deposit with us that are payable on demand.
Note Payable and Interest Obligations. We have debt obligations for the principal balance of our Senior Notes, which is presented in the consolidated balance sheets and described further in Note 12 (Debt) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in the report. We also maintain interest obligations for interest on our Senior Notes, the commitment fee on our Revolving Credit Facility, fees paid for the credit enhancement feature on the LLC Note and a finance charge incurred pursuant to one of our IPO coinsurance agreements as of December 31, 2025. We do not expect the principal or interest on the Surplus Note will result in any cash requirements as the payments due for these items are contractually offset by the principal and interest on the LLC Note as long as we hold the LLC Note. The Company asserts its positive intent and ability to hold the LLC Note until maturity.
Lease Obligations. Our lease obligations primarily represent payments for operating leases related to office space. For additional information on leases see Note 21 (Leases) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report .
For additional information concerning our commitments and contingencies, see Note 18 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
I TEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
Market risk is the risk of the loss of fair value resulting from adverse changes in market rates and prices, such as interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. Market risk is directly influenced by the volatility and liquidity in the markets in which the related underlying financial instruments are traded. Sensitivity analysis measures the impact of hypothetical changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates and other market rates or prices on the profitability of market-sensitive financial instruments.
The following discussion about the potential effects of changes in interest rates and Canadian currency exchange rates is based on shock-tests, which model the effects of interest rate and Canadian exchange rate shifts on our financial condition and results of operations. Although we believe shock tests provide the most meaningful analysis permitted by the rules and regulations of the SEC, they are constrained by several factors, including the necessity to conduct the analysis based on a single point in time and by their inability to include the extraordinarily complex market reactions that normally would arise from the market shifts modeled. Although the following results of shock tests for changes in interest rates and Canadian currency exchange rates may have some limited use as benchmarks, they should not be viewed as forecasts. These disclosures also are selective in nature and address, in the case of interest rates, only the potential direct impact on our financial instruments and, in the case of Canadian currency exchange rates, the potential translation impact on net income from our Canadian subsidiaries. They do not include a variety of other potential factors that could affect our business as a result of these changes in interest rates and Canadian currency exchange rates.
Interest Rate Risk. The fair value of the fixed-maturity securities (excluding the held-to-maturity security) in our invested asset portfolio as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $3.3 billion and $2.9 billion, respectively. One of the primary market risks for this portion of our invested asset portfolio is interest rate risk. One means of assessing the exposure of our fixed-maturity securities portfolios to interest rate changes is a duration-based analysis that measures the potential changes in market value resulting from a hypothetical change in interest rates of 100 basis points across all maturities. This model is sometimes referred to as a parallel shift in the yield curve. Under this model, with all other factors constant and assuming no offsetting change in the value of our liabilities, we estimated that such an increase in interest rates would cause the fair value of our fixed-maturity securities portfolios to decline by $147.0 million, or 4%, based on our actual securities positions as of December 31, 2025. For comparative purposes, the same increase in rates would have caused the fair value of our fixed-maturity securities portfolios to decline by $130.3 million, or 4%, based on our actual securities positions as of December 31, 2024.
Canadian Currency Risk. We also have exposure to foreign currency exchange risk to the extent we conduct business in Canada. A strong Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar results in higher levels of reported revenues, expenses, net income, assets, liabilities, and accumulated comprehensive income (loss) in our U.S. dollar financial statements, and a weaker Canadian dollar would have the opposite effect. Generally, our Canadian dollar-denominated assets are held in support of our Canadian dollar-denominated liabilities. For the year ended December 31, 2025, 13% of our revenues, excluding realized investment gains, and 14% of income from continuing operations before income taxes were generated by our Canadian operations. For the year ended December 31, 2024, 13% of our revenues, excluding realized investment gains, and 13% of income from continuing operations before income taxes were generated by our Canadian operations.
One means of assessing exposure to changes in Canadian currency exchange rates is to model the effects on reported income using a sensitivity analysis. We analyzed our Canadian currency exposure for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. Net exposure was measured assuming a 10% decrease in the value of the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar for each year. We estimated that such a decrease would decrease our income from continuing operations before income taxes by $13.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025. For comparative purposes, a similar 10% decrease would have decreased our income from continuing operations before income taxes by $12.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Our investment in the net assets of our Canadian operations is also subject to Canadian currency risk. If we were to assume a 10% decrease in Canadian currency exchange rates compared to the U.S. dollar, the translated value of our net investment in our Canadian subsidiaries in U.S. dollars would decrease by $40.8 million based on net assets as of December 31, 2025. For comparative purposes, a similar decrease in Canadian currency exchange rates compared to the U.S. dollar would have caused the translated value of our net investment in our Canadian subsidiaries in U.S. dollars to decline by $35.1 million based on net assets as of December 31, 2024. Historically, we have not hedged this exposure, although we may elect to do so in future periods. The impact of translating the balance of net assets of our Canadian operations is recorded in our consolidated balance sheets within the accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) component of stockholders’ equity.
Credit Risk. We extensively use reinsurance in the United States to diversify our insurance and underwriting risk and to manage our loss exposure to mortality risk. Reinsurance does not relieve us of our direct liability to our policyholders. Due to factors such as insolvency, adverse underwriting results or inadequate investment returns, our reinsurers may not be able to pay the amounts they owe us on a timely basis or at all. Further, reinsurers might refuse or fail to pay losses that we cede to them or might delay payment. To limit our exposure with any one reinsurer, we monitor the concentration of credit risk we have with our reinsurance counterparties, as well as their financial condition. We manage this reinsurer credit risk through analysis and monitoring of the credit-worthiness of each of our reinsurance partners to minimize collection issues. Also, for reinsurance contracts with unauthorized reinsurers, we require collateral such as letters of credit. For information on our reinsurance exposure and reinsurers, see Note 7 (Reinsurance) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
Concurrent with the execution of the Vidalia Re Redundant Reserve Financing Transaction between Vidalia Re and Primerica Life, Vidalia Re entered into a Surplus Note Purchase Agreement (the “Surplus Note Purchase Agreement”) with Hannover Life Reassurance Company of America and certain of its affiliates (collectively, “Hannover Re”) and a newly-formed limited liability company (the “LLC”) owned by a third-party service provider. Under the Surplus Note Purchase Agreement, Vidalia Re issued the Surplus Note to the LLC in exchange for the LLC Note of equal principal amount. The Company assumes credit risk associated with a credit enhancement feature provided by Hannover Re, which bears the obligation to absorb the LLC’s losses in the event of a Surplus Note default in exchange for a fee.
For information on the Surplus Note Purchase Agreement, see Note 5 (Investments) and Note 12 (Debt) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
We also bear credit risk on our investment portfolio related to the uncertainty associated with the continued ability of an obligor to make timely payments of principal and interest. In an effort to meet business needs and mitigate credit and other portfolio risks, we established investment guidelines that provide restrictions on our portfolio’s composition, including limits on asset type, per issuer limits, credit quality limits, portfolio duration, limits on the amount of investments in approved countries and permissible security
types. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Financial Condition” for details on our investment portfolio, including investment strategy, asset mix and credit ratings.
I TEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.
Report of Independent Regist ered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Primerica, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Primerica, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I, II, III, and IV (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 27, 2026 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Liability for future policy benefits for term life insurance contracts
As described in Notes 1 and 11 to the consolidated financial statements, the liability for future policy benefits is measured as the present value of expected future benefits less the present value of expected future net premiums receivable under the contracts. The cash flow assumptions underlying the liability for future policy benefits include mortality, persistency, and disability rates. The cash flow assumptions used to measure the liability for future policy benefits are reviewed at least annually and updated as necessary. As of December 31, 2025, the liability for future policy benefits was $6,818 million, which included the liability for future policy benefits for term life insurance contracts of $6,615 million.
We identified the evaluation of the liability for future policy benefits for term life insurance contracts as a critical audit matter. Specifically, the evaluation of the mortality, persistency, and disability rate cash flow assumptions (collectively,
key assumptions) used in estimating the liability for future policy benefits for term life insurance contracts required subjective auditor judgment and specialized skills and knowledge.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. With the assistance of actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, we evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s process for estimating the liability for future policy benefits for term life insurance contracts. This included controls related to the actuarial methodologies and the key assumptions. We also involved actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:
assessing the actuarial methodologies used to estimate the liability for future policy benefits for term life insurance contracts for consistency with generally accepted actuarial methodologies
evaluating the Company’s key assumptions by comparing them to the Company’s relevant historical experience data and anticipated trends
recalculating the projected cash flows for a selection of term life insurance contracts and comparing the results to the Company’s estimates.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2007.
Atlanta, Georgia
February 27, 2026
PRIMERICA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Ba lance Sheets
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
(In thousands, except per-share amounts)
Assets:
Investments:
Fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: $ 3,378,618 in 2025
and $ 3,152,483 in 2024)
Fixed-maturity security held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (fair value: $ 1,153,047 in 2025 and
Equity securities, at fair value (historical cost: $ 20,501 in 2025 and $ 22,935 in 2024)
Trading securities, at fair value (cost: $ 13,084 in 2025 and $ 3,562 in 2024)
Policy loans and other invested assets
Total investments
Cash and cash equivalents
Accrued investment income
Reinsurance recoverables
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net
Agent balances, due premiums and other receivables
Intangible asset
Income tax receivable
Deferred income taxes
Operating lease right-of-use assets
Other assets
Separate account assets
Total assets
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity:
Liabilities:
Future policy benefits
Unearned and advance premiums
Policy claims and other benefits payable
Other policyholders’ funds
Note payable
Surplus note
Income tax payable
Deferred income taxes
Operating lease liabilities
Other liabilities
Payable under securities lending
Separate account liabilities
Commitments and contingent liabilities (see Commitments and Contingent Liabilities note)
Total liabilities
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock ($ 0.01 par value; authorized 500,000 shares in 2025 and 2024; issued and
outstanding 31,810 shares in 2025 and 33,368 shares in 2024)
Paid-in capital
Retained earnings
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax:
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions on the liability for future policy benefits
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities
Total stockholders’ equity
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
PRIMERICA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated State ments of Income
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per-share amounts)
Revenues:
Direct premiums
Ceded premiums
Net premiums
Commissions and fees
Investment income net of investment
expenses
Interest expense on surplus note
Net investment income
Realized investment gains (losses)
Other investment gains (losses)
Investment gains (losses)
Other, net
Total revenues
Benefits and expenses:
Benefits and claims
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs
Sales commissions
Insurance expenses
Insurance commissions
Interest expense
Other operating expenses
Total benefits and expenses
Income from continuing operations
before income taxes
Income taxes from continuing operations
Income from continuing operations
Loss from discontinued operations, net of
income taxes
Net income
Basic earnings per share attributable to common stockholders:
Continuing operations
Discontinued operations
Basic earnings per share attributable to common stockholders
Diluted earnings per share attributable to common stockholders:
Continuing operations
Discontinued operations
Diluted earnings per share attributable to common stockholders
Weighted-average shares used in computing earnings
per share:
Basic
Diluted
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
PRIMERICA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Comp rehensive Income (Loss)
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Net income
Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes:
Unrealized investment gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities:
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities
Reclassification adjustment for investment (gains) losses included in net income
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions on the liability for future policy
benefits
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Change in unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses)
Total other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes
Income tax expense (benefit) related to items of other comprehensive income (loss)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes
Total comprehensive income (loss)
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
PRIMERICA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Stoc kholders’ Equity
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per-share amounts)
Equity
Common stock:
Balance, beginning of period
Repurchases of common stock
Net issuance of common stock
Balance, end of period
Paid-in capital:
Balance, beginning of period
Share-based compensation
Net issuance of common stock
Repurchases of common stock
Balance, end of period
Retained earnings:
Balance, beginning of period
Net income
Dividends
Repurchases of common stock
Balance, end of period
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Balance, beginning of period
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions on the liability for future policy benefits, net of income taxes
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment, net of income taxes
Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses) during the period, net of income taxes
Balance, end of period
Total stockholders’ equity
Dividends declared per share
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
PRIMERICA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Ca sh Flows
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Change in future policy benefits and other policy liabilities
Deferral of policy acquisition costs
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs
Deferred tax provision
Change in income taxes
Investment (gains) losses
Accretion and amortization of investments
Depreciation and amortization
Change in reinsurance recoverables
Change in agent balances, due premiums and other receivables
Change in renewal commissions receivable
Trading securities sold, matured, or called (acquired), net
Share-based compensation
Impairment of goodwill and other long-lived assets
Gain on insurance proceeds received from acquisition representation and warranty policy
Loss on disposal of discontinued operations, excluding income tax benefit
Change in other operating assets and liabilities, net
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Cash flows from investing activities:
Available-for-sale investments sold, matured or called:
Fixed-maturity securities — sold
Fixed-maturity securities — matured or called
Short-term investments — sold
Short-term investments — matured or called
Equity securities — sold
Equity securities — matured or called
Available-for-sale investments acquired:
Fixed-maturity securities
Short-term investments
Equity securities — acquired
Purchases of property and equipment and other investing activities, net
Cash collateral received (returned) on loaned securities, net
Sales (purchases) of short-term investments using securities lending collateral, net
Insurance proceeds received from acquisition representation and warranty policy
Disposal of cash in discontinued operations
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
Cash flows from financing activities:
Dividends paid
Common stock repurchased
Excise tax paid on common stock repurchased
Tax withholdings on share-based compensation
Finance leases
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash
Change in cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Interest paid
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
PRIMERICA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
N otes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(1) Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Description of Business. Primerica, Inc. (the “Parent Company”), together with its subsidiaries (collectively, “we”, “us” or the “Company”), is a leading provider of financial products and services to middle-income households in the United States and Canada through a network of independent contractor sales representatives (“independent sales representatives” or “independent sales force”). We assist our clients in meeting their needs for term life insurance, which we underwrite, and mutual funds, annuities, managed investments and other financial products, which we distribute primarily on behalf of third parties. Our primary subsidiaries include the following entities: Primerica Financial Services, LLC (“PFS”), a general agency and marketing company; Primerica Life Insurance Company (“Primerica Life”), our principal life insurance company; Primerica Financial Services (Canada) Ltd., a holding company for our Canadian operations, which includes Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada (“Primerica Life Canada”) and PFSL Investments Canada Ltd.; and PFS Investments Inc. (“PFS Investments”), an investment products company and broker-dealer. Primerica Life, domiciled in Tennessee, owns National Benefit Life Insurance Company (“NBLIC”), a New York insurance company. Vidalia Re, Inc. (“Vidalia Re”) is a special purpose financial captive insurance company and wholly owned subsidiary of Primerica Life. Vidalia Re has entered into a separate coinsurance agreement with Primerica Life whereby Primerica Life has ceded certain level-premium term life insurance policies to Vidalia Re (the “Vidalia Re Coinsurance Agreement”).
Basis of Presentation. We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). These principles are established primarily by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).
Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect financial statement balances, revenues and expenses and cash flows, as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Management considers available facts and knowledge of existing circumstances when establishing the estimates included in our financial statements. The most significant items that involve a greater degree of accounting estimates and actuarial determinations subject to change in the future are the valuation of investments, deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”), liability for future policy benefits (“LFPB”) and corresponding amounts recoverable from reinsurers, and income taxes. Estimates for these and other items are subject to change and are reassessed by management in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Consolidation. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and those entities required to be consolidated under U.S. GAAP. All material intercompany profits, transactions, and balances among the consolidated entities have been eliminated.
Reclassifications. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to current period reporting classifications. These reclassifications had no impact on net income or total stockholders’ equity.
Foreign Currency Translation. Assets and liabilities of our Canadian subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars using year-end exchange rates, and the translation adjustments are reported in other comprehensive income (loss). Revenues and expenses of our Canadian subsidiaries are translated monthly at amounts that approximate weighted-average exchange rates.
Investments. Investments are reported on the following bases:
Available-for-sale (“AFS”) fixed-maturity securities, including bonds and redeemable preferred stocks, are carried at fair value.
Our held-to-maturity fixed-maturity security is carried at amortized cost.
Equity securities, including common and nonredeemable preferred stocks, are carried at fair value. Changes in fair value of equity securities are included in realized investment gains (losses) in the period in which the change occurred.
Trading securities, which primarily consist of bonds held by PFS Investments, are carried at fair value. Changes in fair value of trading securities are included in realized investment gains (losses) in the period in which the change occurred.
Policy loans are carried at unpaid principal balances, which approximate fair value.
Investment transactions are recorded on a trade-date basis. We use the specific-identification method to determine the realized gains or losses from securities transactions and report the investment gains or losses in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.
Unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities are included as a separate component of other comprehensive income (loss), except for credit loss impairment discussed below.
For an AFS security with an amortized cost that exceeds its fair value, we first determine if we intend to sell or will more likely than not be required to sell the security before the expected recovery of its amortized cost. If we intend to sell or will more likely than not be required to sell the security, then we recognize the impairment as a credit loss in our consolidated statements of income by writing down the security’s amortized cost to its fair value. If we do not intend to sell or it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before the expected recovery of its amortized cost, we recognize the portion of the impairment that is due to a credit loss, if any, in our consolidated statements of income through an allowance. The portion of the impairment that is due to factors other than a credit loss is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) as an unrealized loss. Credit recognized in the allowance for credit are reversed in situations where the estimate of credit on those securities has . When determining whether an is due to a credit or other factors, we determine the extent to which we do not expect to recover the security’s amortized cost and record such amount, if any, as a credit . Factors we consider in determining whether the security’s in fair value is below amortized cost due to a credit include the magnitude of the security’s in fair value below its amortized cost, the financial condition, long and near-term prospects for the issuer, industry conditions and trends, rating agency actions, the payment structure of the security, likelihood of the recoverability of principal and interest, and our ability and intent to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for the anticipated recovery of its amortized cost. In assessing our ability and intent to hold the security for a period of time to allow for the anticipated recovery of its amortized cost, we also consider our anticipated sources of cash to fund operating activities and share repurchases. If we do not anticipate recovering a security’s amortized cost basis, we estimate the present value of the security’s expected cash flows and recognize the difference from amortized cost (using fair value as a floor) as a credit .
Interest income on fixed-maturity securities is recorded when earned by determining the effective yield, which gives consideration to amortization of premiums, accretion of discounts, and any previous credit losses. Dividend income on equity securities is recorded when declared. These amounts are included in net investment income in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.
Included within fixed-maturity securities are loan-backed and asset-backed securities. Amortization of the premium or accretion of the discount uses the retrospective method. The effective yield used to determine amortization/accretion is calculated based on actual and historical projected future cash flows and updated quarterly.
Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, money market instruments, and all other highly liquid investments purchased with an original or remaining maturity of three months or less at the date of acquisition.
Reinsurance. We use reinsurance extensively, utilizing yearly renewable term (“YRT”) and coinsurance agreements. Under YRT agreements, we reinsure only the mortality risk, while under coinsurance, we reinsure a proportionate part of all risks arising under the reinsured policy. Under coinsurance, the reinsurer receives a proportionate part of the premiums, less commission allowances, and is liable for a corresponding part of all benefit payments.
All reinsurance contracts in effect for the three-year period ended December 31, 2025 transfer a reasonable possibility of substantial loss to the reinsurer or are accounted for under the deposit method of accounting.
Ceded premiums are treated as a reduction to direct premiums and are recognized when due to the assuming company. Ceded claims are treated as a reduction to direct benefits and are recognized when the claim is incurred on a direct basis. Ceded policy benefit reserve changes are also treated as a reduction to benefits and claims expense and are recognized during the applicable financial reporting period.
Reinsurance premiums, commissions, expense reimbursements and ceded policy benefit reserves related to reinsured long-duration contracts are accounted for over the life of the underlying contracts using assumptions consistent with those used to account for the underlying policies. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the claim liabilities and the LFPB associated with reinsured policies. Ceded policy benefit reserves and claims liabilities relating to insurance ceded are shown as reinsurance recoverables on the consolidated balance sheets.
We analyze and monitor the credit-worthiness of each of our reinsurance partners to minimize collection issues. For reinsurance contracts with unauthorized reinsurers, we require collateral such as letters of credit.
To the extent we receive ceding allowances to cover policy and claims administration under reinsurance contracts, these allowances are treated as a reduction to insurance commissions and expenses and are recognized when due from the assuming company. To the extent we receive ceding allowances reimbursing commissions that would otherwise be deferred, the amount of commissions deferrable will be reduced. The corresponding DAC balances are reduced on a pro rata basis by the portion of the business reinsured with reinsurance agreements that meet risk transfer provisions. The reduced DAC will result in a corresponding reduction of amortization expense.
We estimate and recognize lifetime expected credit losses for reinsurance recoverables. In estimating the allowance for expected credit losses for reinsurance recoverables, we factor in the underlying collateral for reinsurance agreements where available. Specifically, for reinsurers with underlying trust assets, we compare the reinsurance recoverables balance to the underlying trust assets that mitigate the potential exposure to credit losses. We also analyze the financial condition of the reinsurers, as determined by third-party rating agencies, to determine the probability of default for the reinsurers. We then utilize a third-party credit default study to calculate an
expected credit loss given default rate and recovery rate. The probability of default and loss given default rates are then applied to the reinsurers’ recoverable balances, while also factoring in any third-party letters of credit that support the reinsurance agreement, in order to calculate our allowance for credit losses.
DAC. We defer incremental direct costs of successful contract acquisitions that result from and are essential to the contract transaction(s) and that would not have been incurred had the contract transaction(s) not occurred. These deferred policy acquisition costs mainly include commissions, underwriting costs and certain other policy issuance expenses associated with successful contract acquisitions and renewals. All other acquisition-related costs, including unsuccessful acquisition and renewal efforts, are charged to expense as incurred. Also, administrative costs, rent, depreciation, occupancy, equipment, and all other general overhead costs are considered indirect costs and are charged to expense as incurred.
DAC for term life insurance policies is amortized on a constant-level basis over the expected term of the contracts using face amount as the unit of measure. Contracts are grouped by cohorts consistent with the grouping used in estimating the LFPB. The cohorts are defined by the legal entity that issued the policy and the year the policy was issued. Assumptions of face amounts used to amortize DAC for term life insurance policies, including persistency and mortality, are consistent with the assumptions used in estimating the LFPB.
DAC for Canadian segregated funds is amortized on a constant-level basis over the expected term of the contracts using policy count as the unit of measure. Contracts are grouped by cohorts based on the issue year of the policy.
Interest is not accrued on unamortized DAC balances, and DAC is not subject to impairment testing.
Intangible Asset. We have an indefinite-lived intangible asset on our consolidated balance sheets related to the 1989 purchase of the right to contract with the independent sales force. This asset represents the core distribution model of our business, which is our primary competitive advantage to profitably distribute term life insurance and investment and savings products on a significant scale, and as such, is considered to have an indefinite life. Any intangible asset that is deemed to have an indefinite useful life is not amortized but is subject to an annual impairment test. An impairment exists if the carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value. This indefinite-lived intangible asset is supported by a significant portion of the discounted cash flows of our future business. We assessed this asset for impairment as of its annual assessment date, October 1, 2025, and determi ned that no impairment had occurred.
Property and Equipment. Property and equipment, which are included in other assets, are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is recognized on a straight-line basis over the asset’s estimated useful life, which is estimated as follows:
Estimated Useful Life
Data processing equipment and software
3 to 7 years
Leasehold improvements
Lesser of 15 years or remaining life of lease
Furniture and other equipment
5 to 15 years
Depreciation expense is included in other operating expenses in the consolidated statements of income. Depreciation expense was $ 19.3 million, $ 18.2 million, and $ 21.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
Property and equipment balances were as follows:
December 31,
(In thousands)
Data processing equipment and software
Leasehold improvements
Other, principally furniture and equipment
Accumulated depreciation
Net property and equipment
Separate Accounts. The separate accounts are primarily composed of contracts issued by the Company through its subsidiary, Primerica Life Canada, pursuant to the Insurance Companies Act (Canada). The Insurance Companies Act authorizes Primerica Life Canada to establish the separate accounts.
The separate accounts are represented by individual variable insurance contracts. Purchasers of variable insurance contracts issued by Primerica Life Canada have a direct claim to the benefits of the contract that entitles the holder to units in one or more investment funds (the “Funds”) maintained by Primerica Life Canada. The Funds invest in assets that are held for the benefit of the owners of the contracts. The Funds’ assets are administered by Primerica Life Canada and are held separate and apart from the general assets of the Company. The liabilities reflect the variable insurance contract holders’ interests in the Funds’ net assets based upon actual investment
performance of the respective Funds. Separate accounts operating results relating to contract holders’ interests are excluded from our consolidated statements of income.
These Funds primarily consist of a series of branded investment funds known as the Asset Builder Funds, a registered retirement fund known as the Strategic Retirement Income Fund (“SRIF”), and a money market fund known as the Cash Management Fund. The principal investment objective of the Asset Builder Funds is to achieve long-term growth while preserving capital. The principal objective of the SRIF is to provide a stream of investment income during retirement plus the opportunity for modest capital appreciation. The Asset Builder Funds and the SRIF use diversified portfolios of predominantly publicly-traded large cap Canadian and U.S. stocks, investment-grade corporate bonds, and Government of Canada bonds to achieve their objectives. The Cash Management Fund invests in government guaranteed short-term bonds and short-term commercial and bank papers, with the principal investment objective being the provision of interest income while maintaining liquidity and preserving capital.
Under these contract offerings, benefit payments to contract holders or their designated beneficiaries are only due upon death of the annuitant or upon reaching a specific maturity date. Benefit payments are based on the value of the contract holder’s units in the portfolio at the payment date, but are guaranteed to be no less than 75 % of the contract holder’s contribution, adjusted for withdrawals. Account values are not guaranteed for withdrawn units if contract holders make withdrawals prior to the maturity dates. Maturity dates for contracts investing in the Asset Builder Funds and Cash Management Fund vary by contract and range from 10 years from the contract issuance date to December 31, 2070 . Contracts investing in the SRIF mature when the policyholder reaches age 100, which is a minimum of 20 years after issue . The SRIF is designed to provide periodic retirement income payments and as such, regular withdrawals, subject to legislated minimums, are anticipated. The cumulative effects of the periodic withdrawals are expected to substantially reduce both account and minimum guaranteed values prior to maturity.
Both the asset and the liability for the separate accounts reflect the net value of the underlying assets in the portfolio as of the reporting date. Primerica Life Canada’s exposure to losses under the guarantee at the time of account maturity is limited to contract holder accounts that have declined in value more than 25 %, adjusted for withdrawals since the contribution date, prior to maturity. As maturity dates are of a long-term nature, the likelihood that guarantee payments will be required at any given point is very small. Additionally, the portfolios consist of a very large number of individual contracts, further spreading the risk related to the guarantee. The length of the contract terms provides significant opportunity for the underlying portfolios to recover any short-term losses prior to maturity or the death of the contract holder. The Company has estimated the fair value associated with the market risk benefits provided by these limited guarantees to be immaterial. Furthermore, the Funds’ investment allocations are aligned with the maturity risks of the related contracts and include investments in Government Strip Bonds and floating-rate notes.
Liability for Future Policy Benefits. The LFPB on traditional life insurance products is established for future policy benefits, which includes death benefits, waiver of premium benefits and claim settlement expenses. The LFPB is calculated as the present value of expected future benefits less the present value of expected future net premiums receivable under the contracts. Net premiums are defined as the portion of the gross premiums received from policyholders that are needed to pay for all benefits.
The assumptions underlying the LFPB include mortality, persistency, disability rates, and other assumptions that reflect our best estimate based on our historical experience and modified, as necessary, to reflect non-recurring and/or anticipated trends.
The LFPB is estimated by grouping insurance policies into cohorts. Policy cohorts for the Term Life Insurance segment are based on the legal entity that issued the policy and the year the policy was issued.
The cash flows and assumptions underlying the LFPB are unlocked each quarter to reflect differences between actual and expected experience. In general, assumption changes, to the extent necessary, are expected to only occur during the third quarter when we update our experience studies. However, they may occur at any time based on emerging experience.
The impact of unlocking will be partly reflected in the current period and partly spread to future periods based on the remaining duration of the impacted cohort(s). The catch-up is retroactive back to the later of the January 1, 2021 transition date of the Company’s adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-12, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944) — Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts (the “Transition Date”) or issue date, after reinsurance recoverables and is recognized as a remeasurement gain or loss as a separate component of benefits and claims expense in the consolidated statements of income.
The ceded reserve balances included in reinsurance recoverables are calculated in the same manner as the LFPB by cohort and apply best estimate assumptions and quarterly unlocking.
The Company uses discount rates applied by country to align with local currency cash flows. Discount rates consist of yield curves that are developed using Bloomberg’s Evaluated Pricing Product based on senior unsecured fixed rate bonds ratings of A+, A or A-. The discount rate assumption is updated quarterly and the impact of remeasuring the net LFPB, after reinsurance recoverables from changes in the locked-in discount rate assumption is reflected in other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).
The LFPB we establish is necessarily based on estimates, assumptions and our analysis of historical experience. Factors that could cause prospective assumptions to be different from historical experience include but are not limited to our term life product series, economic and societal trends, new pharmaceutical drugs, and the impact of regulatory changes. Our results depend upon the extent to which our actual experience is consistent with the assumptions we use in determining the LFPB. The assumptions and estimates underlying the LFPB require significant judgment and, therefore, are inherently uncertain.
Unearned and Advance Premiums. Unearned and advance premiums primarily consist of premiums received from policyholders in advance of the premiums due date. Unearned and advance premiums are deferred upon collection and recognized as premiums revenue upon the premium due date.
Other Policyholders’ Funds . Other policyholders’ funds primarily represent claim payments left on deposit with us.
Litigation. The Company is involved from time-to-time in legal disputes, regulatory inquiries and arbitration proceedings in the normal course of business. Contingent litigation-related losses are recognized when probable and can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs, such as attorneys’ fees and other litigation-related expenses that are incurred in connection with resolving litigation are expensed as incurred. These disputes are subject to uncertainties, including indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent unpredictability of litigation. Due to the difficulty of estimating costs of litigation, actual costs may be substantially higher or lower than any amounts reserved.
Income Taxes . We are subject to the income tax laws of the United States, its states, municipalities, and certain unincorporated territories, as well as foreign jurisdictions, most notably Canada. These tax laws can be complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant governmental taxing authorities. In establishing a provision for income tax expense, we must make judgments and interpretations about the applicability of these tax laws. We also must make estimates about the future impact certain items will have on taxable income in the various tax jurisdictions, both domestic and foreign.
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of acquired assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management’s judgment that realization is more likely than not applicable to the periods in which we expect the temporary difference will reverse.
Premium Revenues . Traditional life insurance products consist principally of those products with fixed and guaranteed premiums and benefits, and are primarily related to term products. Premiums are recognized as revenues when due.
Commissions and Fees. We receive commissions and fees revenue from the sale of various non-life insurance products. Commissions revenue is generally received on the sale of mutual funds and annuities. We also receive trail commissions revenue from mutual fund and annuity products based on the net asset value of shares sold by us. We, in turn, pay sales commissions to the independent sales force. We also receive investment advisory and administrative fees based on the average daily net asset value of client assets held in managed investments programs and contracts related to separate account assets issued by Primerica Life Canada. We, in turn, pay asset-based commissions to the independent sales force. We earn recordkeeping fees for transfer agent recordkeeping services that we perform on behalf of several of our mutual fund providers and custodial fees for services performed as a non-bank custodian of our clients’ retirement plan accounts. See Note 20 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers) for details related to our commissions and fees revenue recognition policies.
Benefits and Expenses . Benefit and expense items are charged to income in the period in which they are incurred. Both the change in policyholder liabilities, which is included in benefits and claims, and the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs will vary with policyholder persistency.
Share-Based Transactions. For employee and director share-based compensation awards, we determine a grant date fair value based on the price of our publicly-traded common stock and recognize the related compensation expense, adjusted for actual forfeitures, in the consolidated statements of income on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. For non-employee share-based compensation, we recognize the impact during the period of performance, and the fair value of the award is measured as of the grant date, which generally occurs in the same quarter as the service period. To the extent non-employee share-based compensation is an incremental direct cost of successful acquisitions or renewals of life insurance policies that result directly from and are essential to the policy acquisition(s) and would not have been incurred had the policy acquisition(s) not occurred, we defer and amortize the fair value of the awards in the same manner as other deferred policy acquisition costs.
Earnings Per Share (“EPS”). The Company has outstanding equity awards that consist of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance-based stock units (“PSUs”). The RSUs maintain non-forfeitable dividend rights that result in dividend payment obligations on a one-to-one ratio with common shares for any future dividend declarations. Unvested RSUs are deemed participating securities for purposes of calculating EPS as they maintain dividend rights.
See Note 15 (Earnings Per Share) for details related to the calculations of our basic and diluted EPS using the two-class method.
New Accounting Standards Adopted in the Current Year.
Accounting standard
Adoption date
Description
Effects on the financial statements
Income Taxes (Topic 740)—Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures
ASU 2023-09
Annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 . Early adoption is permitted. Prospective transition, although retrospective transition is permitted.
In December 2023, the FASB issued the ASU to increase income tax transparency through improvements primarily related to the existing rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures. The amendments require (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation; and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction.
The ASU also removes certain disclosure requirements, such as reasonably possible significant changes in the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits within 12 months of the reporting date.
The Company adopted this ASU on a retrospective basis. The Company’s revised disclosures in accordance with the new standard are primarily included in Note 13 (Income Taxes).
New Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted.
Accounting standard
Adoption date
Description
Effects on the financial statements
Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses
ASU 2024-03
Annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026. Early adoption is permitted. Amendments should be applied either (1) prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date or (2) retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented.
In November 2024, the FASB issued the ASU to increase disclosures about types of expenses incurred by companies. The amendments require disaggregating expense information about prescribed categories in tabular format and qualitative description of amounts not separately disaggregated.
We do not believe the adoption of the standard will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements but it will increase the amount of expense information provided by the Company. We anticipate providing further disclosures in accordance with the new standard in our annual 2027 financial statements.
Recently-issued accounting guidance not discussed above is not applicable, is immaterial to our consolidated financial statements, or did not or is not expected to have a material impact on our business.
(2) Discontinued Operations
The Company reports the results of operations of a business as discontinued operations if (i) the business has been disposed of or is classified as held for sale; (ii) the disposal of the business represents a strategic shift that will have a major impact on the Company’s operations and financial results; (iii) the operations and cash flows of the business have been or will be eliminated from the ongoing operations of the Company as a result of the disposal; and (iv) the Company will not have any significant continuing involvement in the operations of the business after the disposal. The results of discontinued operations are reported in net income from discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of income for all periods presented, commencing in the period in which the business is either disposed of or is classified as held for sale, including any gain or loss recognized on closing or adjustment of the carrying amount to fair value less costs to sell, as applicable. Assets and liabilities related to a business which meets the criteria for discontinued operations are segregated in the consolidated balance sheets for the current and prior periods.
On September 30, 2024, the Company abandoned its ownership in e-TeleQuote Insurance, Inc. and subsidiaries (collectively, “e-TeleQuote”), a marketer of Medicare-related insurance products underwritten by third-party health insurance carriers to eligible Medicare beneficiaries (the “Senior Health business”), by irrevocably and permanently surrendering and relinquishing all rights in
e-TeleQuote to an independent third party without receipt of consideration and with no continuing involvement in its management or operations.
The Company determined that the disposal represented a strategic shift that would have a major impact on the Company’s operations and financial results. The disposal represented a strategic shift as the Senior Health business had been designated as a separate operating segment, and the Board of Directors (the “Board”) and management recognized that its previously expected impact on the Company’s operations and financial results would not be realized. Accordingly, the results of operations for the Senior Health business have been reported in discontinued operations for all periods presented in our consolidated statements of income. We had no assets or liabilities remaining from the Senior Health business on our consolidated balance sheets by December 31, 2024. Prior year Senior Health-related balances in the notes to the consolidated financial statements do not include balances and activities related to the discontinued operations except as otherwise noted.
We recognized an after-tax net gain on disposal of $ 2.0 million, which was comprised of the $ 95.8 million write-off of e-TeleQuote’s assets and liabilities as of the abandonment date and the recognition of a $ 97.8 million income tax benefit.
The major classes of line items constituting discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of income were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Revenues:
Commissions and fees
Other, net
Total revenues
Expenses:
Contract acquisition costs
Impairment of goodwill and other long-lived assets
Loss on disposition
Other operating expenses
Total expenses
Loss before income taxes
Income tax benefit
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes
Income tax benefit from discontinued operations is different from the amount determined by multiplying loss from discontinued operations before income taxes by the U.S. statutory federal tax rate of 21 % for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 . The reconciliation for such difference follows:
Year ended December 31,
Amount
Percentage
Amount
Percentage
(Dollars in thousands)
Computed tax expense
State income taxes
Write-off of net assets upon disposal
Goodwill impairment loss
Tax benefit of abandonment
Other
Total tax benefit / effective
rate from discontinuing
operations
Total operating and investing cash flows of the discontinued operations were as follows, which excludes the Company ’s use of $ 31.8 million and $ 59.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, of the total income tax benefit recognized on disposal to offset federal income tax payments:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
(3) Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The components of other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”), including the income tax expense or benefit allocated to each component, were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Change in unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses)
before income taxes
Income tax expense (benefit) on unrealized foreign currency
translation gains (losses)
Change in unrealized foreign currency translation gains
(losses), net of income taxes
Unrealized gain (losses) on available-for-sale securities:
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during
period before income taxes
Income tax expense (benefit) on unrealized holding gains
(losses) arising during period
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses) on available-for-sale
securities arising during period, net of income taxes
Reclassification from accumulated OCI to net income for (gains)
losses realized on available-for-sale securities
Income tax (expense) benefit on (gains) losses reclassified from
accumulated OCI to net income
Reclassification from accumulated OCI to net income for (gains)
losses realized on available-for-sale securities, net of income
taxes
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale
securities, net of income taxes and reclassification adjustment
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions on the LFPB:
Change in effect in discount rate assumptions on the LFPB before income taxes
Income tax expense (benefit) on the effect of change in discount rate
assumptions on the LFPB from accumulated OCI to net income
Change in effect in discount rate assumptions on the LFPB, net of income taxes
(4) Segment and Geographical Information
Segments. We have two primary operating segments — Term Life Insurance and Investment and Savings Products. The Term Life Insurance segment includes underwriting profits on our in-force book of term life insurance policies, net of reinsurance, which are underwritten by our life insurance company subsidiaries. The Investment and Savings Products segment includes retail and managed mutual funds and annuities distributed through licensed broker-dealer subsidiaries and includes segregated funds, an insurance savings product that we have underwritten in Canada through Primerica Life Canada. In the United States, we distribute mutual fund and annuity products of several third-party companies. We also earn fees for transfer agent recordkeeping functions and non-bank custodial services that we provide for certain mutual funds products we distribute. In Canada, we primarily offer a suite of mutual fund products, for which we serve as the principal distributor, managed by two well-known mutual fund companies. The Company previously reported a Senior Health segment, which consisted of the Senior Health business that was disposed of as of September 30, 2024, and is now reported in discontinued operations. Refer to Note 2 (Discontinued Operations) for additional information on the disposal.
We also have a Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment, which consists primarily of revenues and expenses related to several discontinued lines of insurance other than our core term life insurance products and the distribution of various other financial products generally underwritten or offered by third-party providers. The Company’s net investment income, interest expense incurred by the Company, and gains and losses on our invested asset portfolio are attributed entirely to the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment.
The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is a function that allocates the Company’s resources and assesses the performance of the Company’s segments. We have defined the Company’s CODM as the combined function of its Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer. The CODM uses segment net income (loss) before income taxes to evaluate segment performance and in deciding how to allocate resources. The CODM does not use a measure of segment assets to evaluate segment performance or in deciding how to allocate resources. The CODM’s evaluation of segment performance occurs on a monthly basis, and the decision of how to allocate resources occurs primarily during the periodic budget and forecasting process. The CODM
considers budget-to-actual variances and variances compared to the same period in the prior year when making decisions about allocating capital and personnel to the segments.
Income (loss) before income taxes by segment, including significant expense categories, was as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Term Life Insurance segment:
Total revenues
Benefits and expenses:
Benefits and claims
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss
Amortization of DAC
Insurance expenses
Insurance commissions
Total benefits and expenses
Income before income taxes
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Investment and Savings Products segment:
Total revenues
Expenses:
Amortization of DAC
Insurance commissions
Sales commissions:
Sales-based
Asset-based
Other operating expenses:
Fees based on client asset values
Fees based on fee-generating positions
Other expenses
Total expenses
Income before income taxes
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment:
Total revenues
Benefits and expenses:
Benefits and claims
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss
Amortization of DAC
Insurance expenses
Insurance commissions
Sales commissions
Interest expense
Other operating expenses
Total benefits and expenses
Income (loss) before income taxes
The following table reconciles segment revenues to total revenues in the consolidated statements of income:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Revenues:
Term Life Insurance segment
Investment and Savings Products segment
Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment
Total revenues
The following table reconciles segment income (loss) before income taxes to income from continuing operations before income taxes in the consolidated statements of income:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes:
Term Life Insurance segment
Investment and Savings Products segment
Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment
Total income from continuing operations before income taxes
In April 2024, the Company executed agreements providing for the receipt of proceeds from certain claims filed by the Company under a Representation and Warranty insurance policy negotiated and purchased in connection with the acquisition of e-TeleQuote on July 1, 2021. The claims made by the Company involved breaches of certain representations and warranties relating to the pre-acquisition financial statements made by the sellers of e-TeleQuote in connection with the acquisition. The Company recognized a gain during the year ended December 31, 2024 of $ 50.0 million, which is equal to the aggregate proceeds received in May 2024 from the third-party insurers under the policy, reflecting the full coverage under the policy. The Company recognized this gain in Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment revenues as it resulted from a corporate investment decision to purchase the insurance policy. On a consolidated basis, this gain is included in Other, net revenue in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.
The Company recorded corporate restructuring charges of $ 2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 associated with the decision to exit the Senior Health business, which are included in the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment’ s Other operating expenses . There were no co rporate restructuring charges recorded during the years ended December 31, 2025 or 2023.
Insurance expenses and other operating expenses directly attributable to the Term Life Insurance and Investment and Savings Products segments are recorded directly to the applicable segment. Other operating expenses consists primarily of employee compensation, technology and communications costs, various independent sales force-related costs, non-bank custodial and transfer agent recordkeeping administrative costs, outsourcing and professional fees, and other corporate and administrative fees and expenses. We allocate certain other revenue and operating expenses that are not directly attributable to a specific operating segment using methods expected to reasonably measure the benefit received by each reporting segment. Such methods include recorded usage, revenue distribution, and independent sales force representative distribution. These allocated items include fees charged for access to Primerica Online (“POL”) and costs incurred for technology, independent sales force support, occupancy and other general and administrative costs. Costs that are not directly charged or allocated to our two primary operating segments are included in the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment.
Geographical Information. Results of operations by country and long-lived assets — primarily tangible assets reported in other assets in our consolidated balance sheets — from continuing operations were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Revenues by country:
United States
Canada
Total revenues
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
(In thousands)
Long-lived assets by country:
United States
Canada
Total long-lived assets
(5) Investments
AFS Securities. The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of AFS fixed-maturity securities were as follows:
December 31, 2025
Amortized cost
Gross unrealized gains
Gross unrealized losses
Fair value
(In thousands)
Securities available-for-sale, carried at fair value:
Fixed-maturity securities:
U.S. government and agencies
Foreign government
States and political subdivisions
Corporates
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Other asset-backed securities
Total fixed-maturity securities
December 31, 2024
Amortized cost
Gross unrealized gains
Gross unrealized losses
Fair value
(In thousands)
Securities available-for-sale, carried at fair value:
Fixed-maturity securities:
U.S. government and agencies
Foreign government
States and political subdivisions
Corporates
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Other asset-backed securities
Total fixed-maturity securities
All of our AFS mortgage- and asset-backed securities represent beneficial interests in variable interest entities (“VIEs”). We are not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance. The maximum exposure to loss as a result of our involvement in these VIEs equals the carrying value of the securities.
The scheduled maturity distribution of the AFS fixed-maturity securities portfolio as of December 31, 2025 was as follows:
Amortized cost
Fair value
(In thousands)
Due in one year or less
Due after one year through five years
Due after five years through 10 years
Due after 10 years
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities
Total AFS fixed-maturity securities
Expected maturities may differ from scheduled contractual maturities because issuers of securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
Held-to-maturity Security. Concurrent with the execution of the Vidalia Re Coinsurance Agreement, Vidalia Re entered into a Surplus Note Purchase Agreement (the “Surplus Note Purchase Agreement”) with Hannover Life Reassurance Company of America and certain of its affiliates (collectively, “Hannover Re”) and a newly formed limited liability company (the “LLC”) owned by a third- party service provider. Under the Surplus Note Purchase Agreement, Vidalia Re issued a surplus note (the “Surplus Note”) to the LLC in exchange for a credit enhanced note from the LLC with an equal principal amount (the “LLC Note”). The principal amounts of the Surplus Note and the LLC Note have reached their peaks and are expected to decrease over time to coincide with the amount of policy reserves contractually supported under the Vidalia Re Coinsurance Agreement. Both the Surplus Note and the LLC Note mature on December 31, 2030 and bear interest at an annual interest rate of 4.50 % . The LLC Note is guaranteed by Hannover Re through a credit enhancement feature in exchange for a fee, which is reflected in interest expense in our consolidated statements of income.
The LLC is a VIE as its owner does not have an equity investment at risk that is sufficient to permit the LLC to finance its activities without Vidalia Re or Hannover Re. The Parent Company, Primerica Life, and Vidalia Re share the power to direct the activities of
the LLC with Hannover Re, but they do not have the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive any residual returns related to the LLC’s primary risks or sources of variability. Through the credit enhancement feature, Hannover Re is the ultimate risk taker in this transaction and bears the obligation to absorb the LLC’s losses in the event of a Surplus Note default in exchange for the fee. Accordingly, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of the LLC and does not consolidate the LLC within its consolidated financial statements. Hannover Re’s financial strength rating by A.M. Best was A+ as of December 31, 2025.
The LLC Note is classified as a held-to-maturity debt security in the Company’s invested asset portfolio as we have the positive intent and ability to hold the security until maturity. As of December 31, 2025, the LLC Note had an estimated unrealized holding loss of $ 22.3 million based on its amortized cost and estimated fair value. The estimated fair value of the LLC Note is expected to be at least equal to the estimated fair value of the offsetting Surplus Note. See Note 6 (Fair Value of Financial Instruments) for information on the fair value of our financial instruments and see Note 12 (Debt) for more information on the Surplus Note.
As of December 31, 2025 , no credit losses have been recognized on the LLC Note.
Investments on Deposit with Governmental Authorities. As required by law, we have investments on deposit with governmental authorities and banks for the protection of policyholders. The fair value of investments on deposit was $ 8.2 million and $ 8.0 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Securities Lending Transactions. We participate in securities lending transactions with broker-dealers and other financial institutions to increase investment income with minimal risk. We require minimum collateral on securities loaned equal to 102 % of the fair value of the loaned securities. We accept collateral in the form of securities, which we are not able to sell or encumber, and to the extent the collateral declines in value below 100 %, we require additional collateral from the borrower. Any securities collateral received is not reflected on our consolidated balance sheets. We also accept collateral in the form of cash, all of which we reinvest. For loans involving unrestricted cash collateral, the collateral is reported as an asset with a corresponding liability representing our obligation to return the collateral. We continue to carry the loaned securities as invested assets in our consolidated balance sheets during the terms of the loans, and we do not report them as sales. Cash collateral received and reinvested was $ 84.9 million and $ 86.0 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Net Investment Income. The components of net investment income were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Fixed-maturity securities (available-for-sale)
Fixed-maturity security (held-to-maturity)
Equity securities
Policy loans and other invested assets
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments
Total return on deposit asset underlying 10 % coinsurance
agreement (1)
Gross investment income
Investment expenses
Investment income net of investment expenses
Interest expense on surplus note
Net investment income
I ncludes $ 0.6 million, $ 1.0 million, and $( 0.4 ) million of net gains (losses) recognized for the change in fair value of the deposit asset underlying the 10 % coinsurance agreement for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 , respectively.
The components of investment gains (losses), as well as details on gross realized investment gains (losses) and other investment gains (losses) were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Realized investment gains (losses):
Gross gains from sales of available-for-sale fixed maturity securities
Gross losses from sales of available-for-sale fixed maturity securities
Gross losses from sales of equity securities
Net realized investment gains (losses):
Other investment gains (losses):
Credit losses impairment of available-for-sale securities
Market gains (losses) recognized in net income during the period on equity securities
Gains (losses) from equity method investments
Gains (losses) from bifurcated options
Gains (losses) on trading securities
Other investment gains (losses):
Investment gains (losses)
The proceeds from sales or other redemptions of AFS securities were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Proceeds from sales or other redemptions
Accrued Interest. Accrued interest is recorded in accordance with the contractual interest schedule of the underlying security. In the event of default, the Company’s policy is to no longer accrue interest on these securities and to write off any remaining accrued interest. As a result, the Company has made the policy election to not record an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest.
Credit Losses for AFS Fixed-maturity Securities. The following tables summarize all AFS securities in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, aggregated by major security type and by length of time such securities have continuously been in an unrealized loss position:
December 31, 2025
Less than 12 months
12 months or longer
Fair value
Unrealized losses
Fair value
Unrealized losses
(In thousands)
Fixed-maturity securities:
U.S. government and agencies
Foreign government
States and political subdivisions
Corporates
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Other asset-backed securities
Total fixed-maturity securities
December 31, 2024
Less than 12 months
12 months or longer
Fair value
Unrealized losses
Fair value
Unrealized losses
(In thousands)
Fixed-maturity securities:
U.S. government and agencies
Foreign government
States and political subdivisions
Corporates
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Other asset-backed securities
Total fixed-maturity securities
The amortized cost of AFS securities with a cost basis in excess of their fair values were $ 2,074.3 million and $ 2,493.1 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
The allowance for credit losses was $ 0.7 million as of December 31, 2025 . No allowance for credit losses was recorded as of December 31, 2024. Substantially all of the unrealized losses were the result of change in market interest rates compared to the date the securities were acquired rather than the credit quality of the securities, and we have no present intention to dispose of them.
For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, we recorded $ 0.7 million, $ 0.5 million, and $ 2.2 million, respectively, for credit (gains) losses in the consolidated statements of income on AFS securities. We recognize credit losses on securities due to: (i) our intent to sell them (unless the securities are sold and the loss is realized during the same quarter when we designate the securities as intend to sell); (ii) adverse credit events indicating that we will not receive the security’s contractual cash flows when contractually due, such as news of an impending filing for bankruptcy; (iii) analyses of the issuer’s most recent financial statements or other information indicating that significant liquidity deficiencies, significant losses and large declines in capitalization exist; and (iv) analyses of rating agency information for issuances with severe ratings downgrades indicating a significant increase in the possibility of .
The rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on AFS securities was as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Allowance for credit losses, beginning of period
Additions to the allowance for credit losses on securities for which credit losses were
not previously recorded
Additional increases (decreases) to the allowance for credit losses on securities that
had an allowance recorded in a previous period (i.e., quarter)
Write-offs charged against the allowance, if any
Allowance for credit losses, end of period
Derivatives. We have a deferred loss related to closed forward contracts, which were settled several years ago, that were used to mitigate our exposure to foreign currency exchange rates that resulted from the net investment in our Canadian operations. The amount of deferred loss included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) was $ 26.4 million as of each of December 31, 2025 and 2024 . These deferred losses will not be recognized until such time as we sell or substantially liquidate our Canadian operations, although we have no such intention.
(6) Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value is the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Invested assets recorded at fair value are measured and classified in accordance with a three-tier fair value hierarchy based on observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our view of market assumptions in the absence of observable market information. We classify and disclose all invested assets carried at fair value in one of the following three levels:
Level 1. Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. Level 1 consists of financial instruments whose value is based on quoted market prices in active markets, such as cash, cash equivalents in money market funds, exchange-traded common stocks and actively traded mutual fund investments;
Level 2. Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable in active markets. Level 2 includes those financial instruments that are valued using industry-standard pricing methodologies, models or other valuation methodologies. Various inputs are considered in deriving the fair value of the underlying financial instrument, including interest rate and yield curves, credit spread, and foreign exchange rates. All significant inputs are observable, or derived from observable information in the marketplace or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace. Financial instruments in this category could include: cash equivalents and short-term investments in U.S. treasury securities; certain public and private corporate fixed-maturity and equity securities; government or agency securities; and certain mortgage- and asset-backed securities; and
Level 3. Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable. Level 3 consists of financial instruments whose fair value is estimated based on industry-standard pricing methodologies and models using significant inputs not based on, nor corroborated by, readily available market information. Valuations for this category primarily consist of non-binding broker quotes. Financial instruments in this category could include less liquid mortgage- and asset-backed securities and equity securities.
As of each reporting period, all assets and liabilities recorded at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input (Level 3 being the lowest in the hierarchy) that is significant to the fair value measurement. Significant levels of estimation and
judgment are required to determine the fair value of certain of our investments. The factors influencing these estimations and judgments are subject to change in subsequent reporting periods.
The estimated fair value and hierarchy classifications for assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:
December 31, 2025
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
(In thousands)
Fair value assets:
Available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities:
U.S. government and agencies
Foreign government
States and political subdivisions
Corporates
Mortgage-and asset-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Other asset-backed securities
Total available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities
Equity securities
Trading securities
Cash and cash equivalents
Separate accounts
Total fair value assets
Fair value liabilities:
Separate accounts
Total fair value liabilities
December 31, 2024
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
(In thousands)
Fair value assets:
Available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities:
U.S. government and agencies
Foreign government
States and political subdivisions
Corporates
Mortgage-and asset-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Other asset-backed securities
Total available-for-sale securities
Equity securities
Trading securities
Cash and cash equivalents
Separate accounts
Total fair value assets
Fair value liabilities:
Separate accounts
Total fair value liabilities
In estimating fair value of our investments, we use a third-party pricing service for approximately all of our securities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The remaining securities are primarily thinly traded securities, such as private placements, and are valued using models based on observable inputs on public corporate spreads having similar characteristics (e.g., sector, average life and quality rating), liquidity and yield based on quality rating, average life and U.S. Treasury yields. All observable data inputs are corroborated by independent third-party data. We also corroborate pricing information provided by our third-party pricing service by performing a review of selected securities. Our review activities include: obtaining detailed information about the assumptions, inputs and methodologies used in pricing the security; documenting this information; and corroborating it by comparison to independently obtained prices and/or independently developed pricing methodologies.
Furthermore, we perform internal reasonableness assessments on fair value determinations within our portfolio throughout the year and as of year-end, including pricing variance analyses and comparisons to alternative pricing sources and benchmark returns. If a fair
value appears unusual relative to these assessments, we will re-examine the inputs and may challenge a fair value assessment made by the pricing service. If there is a known pricing error, we will request a reassessment by the pricing service. If the pricing service is unable to perform the reassessment on a timely basis, we will determine the appropriate price by requesting a reassessment from an alternative pricing service or other qualified source as necessary. We do not adjust quotes or prices except in a rare circumstance to resolve a known error.
Because many fixed-maturity securities do not trade on a daily basis, third-party pricing services generally determine fair value using industry-standard methodologies, which vary by asset class. For corporates, governments, and agency securities, these methodologies include developing prices by incorporating available market information such as U.S. Treasury curves, benchmarking of similar securities including new issues, sector groupings, quotes from market participants and matrix pricing. Observable information is compiled and integrates relevant credit information, perceived market movements and sector news. Additionally, security prices are periodically back-tested to validate and/or refine models as conditions warrant. Market indicators and industry and economic events are also monitored as triggers to obtain additional data. For certain structured securities (such as mortgage- and asset-backed securities) with limited trading activity, third-party pricing services generally use industry-standard pricing methodologies that incorporate market information, such as index prices or discounting expected future cash flows based on underlying collateral, and quotes from market participants, to estimate fair value. If one or more of these input measures are not deemed observable for a particular security, the security will be classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
Where specific market information is unavailable for certain securities, pricing models produce estimates of fair value primarily using Level 2 inputs along with certain Level 3 inputs. These models include matrix pricing. The pricing matrix uses current U.S. Treasury rates and credit spreads received from third-party sources to estimate fair value. The credit spreads incorporate the issuer’s industry- or issuer-specific credit characteristics and the security’s time to maturity, if warranted. Remaining unpriced securities are valued using an estimate of fair value based on indicative market prices that include significant unobservable inputs not based on, nor corroborated by, market information, including the utilization of non-binding broker quotes.
The roll-forward of the Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis was as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Level 3 assets, beginning of period
Net unrealized gains (losses) included in other
comprehensive income (loss)
Investment gains (losses) and accretion (amortization)
recognized in earnings
Sales
Transfers into Level 3
Transfers out of Level 3
Level 3 assets, end of period
We obtain independent pricing quotes based on observable inputs as of the end of the reporting period for all securities in Level 2. Those inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, market bids/offers, quoted prices for similar instruments in markets that are not active, and other relevant data. We monitor these inputs for market indicators, industry and economic events. There wer e no material tra nsfers between Level 1 and Level 3 during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.
The carrying values and estimated fair values of our financial instruments were as follows:
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
Carrying value
Estimated fair value
Carrying value
Estimated fair value
(In thousands)
Assets:
Fixed-maturity securities (available-for-sale)
Fixed-maturity security (held-to-maturity) (1)
Equity securities
Trading securities
Policy loans (1)
Deposit asset underlying 10 % coinsurance agreement (1)
Separate accounts
Liabilities:
Note payable (2) (3)
Surplus note (1) (2)
Separate accounts
Classified as a Level 3 fair value measurement.
Carrying value amounts shown are net of unamortized issuance costs.
Classified as a Level 2 fair value measurement.
The fair values of financial instruments presented above are estimates of the fair values at a specific point in time using various sources and methods, including market quotations and a complex matrix system that takes into account issuer sector, quality, and spreads in the current marketplace.
Financial Instruments Recognized at Fair Value in the Balance Sheets. Estimated fair values of investments in AFS securities are principally a function of current spreads and interest rates that are corroborated by independent third-party data. Therefore, the fair values presented are indicative of amounts we could realize or settle at the respective balance sheet date. We do not necessarily intend to dispose of or liquidate such instruments prior to maturity. Trading securities and equity securities, including common and nonredeemable preferred stocks, are carried at fair value. Segregated funds in separate accounts are carried at the underlying value of the variable insurance contracts, which is fair value.
The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, accrued investment income, accounts payable, cash collateral and payables for security transactions approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. Consequently, such financial instruments are not included in the above table.
(7) Reinsurance
We use reinsurance extensively, which has a significant effect on our results of operations. Reinsurance arrangements do not relieve us of our primary obligation to the policyholder. Our reinsurance contracts typically do not have a fixed term. In general, the reinsurers’ ability to terminate coverage for existing cessions is limited to such circumstances as material breach of contract or nonpayment of premiums by the ceding company. Our reinsurance contracts generally contain provisions intended to provide the ceding company with the ability to cede future business on a basis consistent with historical terms. However, either party may terminate any of the contracts with respect to the future business upon appropriate notice to the other party. Generally, the reinsurance contracts do not limit the overall amount of the loss that can be incurred by the reinsurer.
Our policy is to limit the amount of life insurance retained on the life of any one person to $ 1 million. To limit our exposure with any one reinsurer, we monitor the concentration of credit risk we have with our reinsurance counterparties, as well as their financial condition.
Reinsurance recoverables represents ceded policy benefit reserve balances, ceded claim liabilities, and ceded claims paid that have not been reimbursed. The amounts of ceded claim liabilities included in reinsurance recoverables that we paid and which are recoverable from those reinsurers were $ 43.3 million and $ 39.1 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Benefits and claims ceded to reinsurers for 2025, 2024, and 2023 were $ 1,368.9 million, $ 1,439.4 million, and $ 1,376.4 million, respectively.
In connection with our corporate reorganization that included an initial public offering (“IPO”) of our common stock by Citigroup, Inc. (“Citigroup”), Primerica Life, Primerica Life Canada and NBLIC entered into significant coinsurance transactions (the “IPO coinsurance agreements”) on March 30, 2010 with three insurance companies then affiliated with Citigroup (collectively, the “IPO coinsurers”). Under the IPO coinsurance agreements, we ceded between 80 % and 90 % of the risks and rewards of our term life insurance policies in force at year-end 2009. Because these agreements were part of a business reorganization among entities under common control, they did not generate any deferred gain or loss upon their execution. Concurrent with signing these agreements, we transferred the corresponding account balances in respect of the coinsured policies along with the assets to support the statutory liabilities assumed by the IPO coinsurers. Each of the account balances transferred were at book value with no gain or loss recorded in net income. Beginning in 2017, policies reaching the end of their initial term period are no longer ceded under the IPO coinsurance transactions, but the existing YRT reinsurance already in place prior to the IPO will continue.
Three of the IPO coinsurance agreements satisfy U.S. GAAP risk transfer rules. Under these agreements, we ceded between 80% and 90% of our term life future policy benefit reserves, and we transferred a corresponding amount of assets to the IPO coinsurers. These transactions did not impact our future policy benefit reserves. As such, we have recorded an asset for the same amount of risk transferred in reinsurance recoverables. We also reduced DAC by a corresponding amount, which reduces future amortization expenses. In addition, we are transferring between 80% and 90% of all future premiums and benefits and claims associated with these policies to the corresponding reinsurance entities. We receive ongoing ceding allowances, which are reflected as a reduction to insurance expenses, to cover policy and claims administration expenses as well as certain corporate overhead charges under each of these reinsurance contracts.
In a fourth IPO coinsurance agreement, which we refer to as the 10 % Coinsurance Agreement, we ceded to Prime Reinsurance Company (“Prime Re”), an affiliate of Citigroup, 10 % of our U.S. (except New York) term life insurance business in force at year-end 2009 subject to an experience refund provision. As the 10% Coinsurance Agreement included an experience refund provision, it did not satisfy U.S. GAAP risk transfer rules. As a result, we accounted for this contract using deposit method accounting and recognized a deposit asset in other assets on our consolidated balance sheets for assets backing the economic reserves of the policies subject to the
agreement. The deposit asset held in support of this agreement was $ 131.4 million and $ 158.9 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. We made contributions to the deposit asset during the life of the agreement to fulfill our responsibility of funding the economic reserves. The statutory reserves financed through Prime Re under the 10% Coinsurance Agreement no longer exceeded the economic reserves and the Company no longer incurs a finance charge. During 2025, the cumulative experience refund provision was settled by reductions in the deposit asset over the normal course of the 10% Coinsurance Agreement. Therefore, the Company and Prime Re agreed to terminate the 10% Coinsurance Agreement effective January 1, 2026. Upon termination of the 10% Coinsurance Agreement, the Company received cash equal to the carrying value of the deposit asset and thus did not recognize any gain or loss. Prior to the termination of the 10% Coinsurance Agreement, the market return on the deposit asset was reflected in net investment income as disclosed in Note 5 (Investments).
Details on in-force life insurance were as follows:
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
(Dollars in thousands)
Direct life insurance in-force
Amounts ceded to other companies
Net life insurance in-force
Percentage of reinsured life insurance in-force
The Company allocated reinsurance recoverables estimated at the cohort level to individual reinsurers for disclosure purposes. Reinsurance recoverables estimated by reinsurer and the financial strength ratings of those reinsurers were as follows:
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
Reinsurance recoverables
A.M. Best rating
Reinsurance recoverables
A.M. Best rating
(In thousands)
Swiss Re Life & Health America Inc. (IPO coinsurance) (1)
Munich Re of Malta (1) (2)
American Health and Life Insurance Company (1)
SCOR Global Life Reinsurance Companies (3)
Swiss Re Life & Health America Inc. (4)
RGA Reinsurance Company
Korean Reinsurance Company
Munich American Reassurance Company
All other reinsurers
Allowance for credit losses
Reinsurance recoverables
NR – not rated by A.M. Best
(1) Reinsurance recoverables include balances ceded under coinsurance transactions of term life insurance policies that were in force as of December 31, 2009.
Amounts shown are net of their share of the reinsurance recoverable from other reinsurers. Arrangements with these reinsurers include collateral trust agreements
held in support of reinsurance recoverables.
(2) Entity is rated AA by S&P as of December 31, 2025 .
(3) Includes amounts ceded to Transamerica Reinsurance Companies and fully retroceded to SCOR Global Life Reinsurance Companies.
(4) Includes amounts ceded to Lincoln National Life Insurance and fully retroceded to Swiss Re Life & Health America Inc.
Certain reinsurers with which we do business receive group ratings. Individually, those reinsurers are SCOR Global Life Americas Reinsurance Company, SCOR Global Life U.S.A. Reinsurance Company, SCOR Global Life Re Insurance Company of Delaware, and SCOR Global Life of Canada.
The IPO coinsurance agreements include provisions to ensure that Primerica Life, Primerica Life Canada and NBLIC receive full regulatory credit for the reinsurance treaties. Under these agreements, the ceded business can be recaptured with no fee in the event the IPO coinsurers do not comply with the various safeguard provisions in their respective IPO coinsurance agreements.
The rollforward of the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) on reinsurance recoverables for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Balance, beginning of period
Current period provision for expected credit losses
Writeoffs charged against the ACL, if any
Balance, at the end of period
(8) Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
The balances and activity in DAC were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Term Life Insurance
Segregated Funds (Canada)
Term Life Insurance
Segregated Funds (Canada)
DAC balance, beginning of period
Capitalization
Amortization
Foreign exchange translation and other
DAC balance, end of period
Reconciliation of DAC by product was as follows:
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
(In thousands)
Term Life Insurance
Segregated Funds (Canada)
Other
Total DAC, net
There were no material changes to the judgments, assumptions and methods used to amortize DAC during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 .
(9) Separate Accounts
The following table represents the fair value of assets supporting separate accounts by major investment category:
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
(In thousands)
Fixed-income securities
Equity securities
Cash and cash equivalents
Due to/from funds
Other
Total separate account assets
The following table represents the balances of and changes in separate account liabilities:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Separate account liabilities balance, beginning of period
Premiums, deposits and transfers
Surrenders, withdrawals and transfers
Investment performance
Management fees and other charges
Foreign exchange translation
Separate account liabilities balance, end of period
Cash surrender value
The cash surrender value represents the amount of the contract holders’ account balance distributable at the balance sheet date less the Company’s estimate of the deferred sales charges that would be assessed if the policyholders redeemed their contracts at the balance sheet date. This estimate requires the Company to make certain assumptions regarding the underlying account balances by contribution year and application of the contractually defined deferred sales charges that would be applicable to each contribution year.
(10) Policy Claims and Other Benefits Payable
Changes in policy claims and other benefits payable were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Policy claims and other benefits payable, beginning of period
Less reinsured policy claims and other benefits payable
Net balance, beginning of period
Incurred related to current year
Incurred related to prior years (1)
Total incurred
Claims paid related to current year, net of reinsured policy claims received
Reinsured policy claims received related to prior years, net of claims paid
Total paid
Foreign currency translation
Net balance, end of period
Add reinsured policy claims and other benefits payable
Balance, end of period
Includes the difference between our estimate of claims incurred but not yet reported at year end and the actual incurred claims reported after year end.
The liability for policy claims and other benefits payable on traditional life insurance products includes estimated unpaid claims that have been reported to us and claims incurred but not yet reported. We estimate claims incurred but not yet reported based on our historical claims activity, adjusted for any current trends and conditions, and reported lag time experience.
(11) Future Policy Benefits
The following tables summarize balances and changes in the present value of expected net premiums and the present value of expected future policy benefits underlying the LFPB:
Year ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Term Life Insurance
Balance at then current discount rate, beginning of period
Balance at original discount rate, beginning of period
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions
Effect of actual variances from expected experience
Adjusted balance, beginning of period
Issuances
Interest accrual at original discount rate
Net premiums collected
Foreign currency translation
Expected net premiums at original discount rate, end of period
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions
Expected net premiums at then current discount rate, end of period
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits
Balance at then current discount rate, beginning of period
Balance at original discount rate, beginning of period
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions
Effect of actual variances from expected experience
Adjusted balance, beginning of period
Issuances
Interest accrual at original discount rate
Benefit payments
Foreign currency translation
Expected future policy benefits at original discount rate, end of period
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions
Expected future policy benefits at then current discount rate, end of period
LFPB
Less: reinsurance recoverables
Net LFPB, after reinsurance recoverables
Weighted-average duration of net LFPB (in years)
During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we recognized remeasurement gains of approximately $ 38 million and $ 31 million, respectively, for the Term Life Insurance segment, with corresponding decreases to the LFPB, net of reinsurance. The remeasurement gains for the Term Life Insurance segment reflected changes to the actuarial cash flow assumptions underlying the LFPB estimate, net of reinsurance, based on our annual assumption reviews of approximately $ 18 million and $ 28 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and realized experience variances of approximately $ 20 million and $ 3 million during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Our 2025 annual actuarial assumption review was performed during the third quarter of 2025 and included analyzing experience studies based on the Company’s own data and comparing actual to expected cash flow variances by policy cohort. Actuarial judgment was also used since prior historical experience may not fully reflect future expected experience.
We have generally observed lower actual mortality experience compared to the actuarial assumptions in our Term Life Insurance segment since mid-2022. We believe part of the favorable experience is a pull-forward effect where certain deaths accelerated during the pandemic resulting in a future period of lower mortality. However, the level of our favorable mortality has not subsided, which indicates that certain mortality assumptions may be higher than necessary. As such, we decreased our mortality assumption for level premium term life insurance policies sold in Canada, along with a portion of policies sold in both the U.S. and Canada that continue or exchange their policies after the end of the level premium term period. The decrease in the mortality assumption was the largest contributor to the remeasurement gain recognized for LFPB assumption changes during the year ended December 31, 2025. We did not make any changes to our mortality assumptions during the year ended December 31, 2024.
Since 2023, we have also generally observed higher lapse rates compared to our actuarial assumption for policies sold in the U.S. that are within the level premium term period. During our 2024 assumption review, we made changes to our early duration lapse rate assumption for U.S. cohorts to partially reflect recent lapse experience. In the 2025 assumption review, in accordance with our best estimates, we did not make further changes to these lapse assumptions. We believe elevated lapses are temporary due to current economic conditions, and that lapse rates will gradually return to our historical normalized levels. If our lapse experience does not revert back to our best estimate assumptions as forecasted, we could recognize experience variances and/or have an assumption change in subsequent periods. We will continue to monitor emerging experience against our actuarial assumption each quarter to assess its appropriateness. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the remeasurement recognized for experience variances noted above were primarily attributable to both higher policy rates and lower mortality.
Prior to 2025, we observed lower incidence rates compared to our assumptions for the waiver of premium benefit offered as an optional supplemental rider on our term life insurance policies that waives the policyholder’s insurance premiums during a qualifying disability since the pandemic. As a result, an assumption change was made during our annual review in 2024 to reflect this experience and resulted in the largest component of the remeasurement gain recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024 noted above. During our 2025 assumption review, we did not observe any significant variances between recent waiver of premium disability claims when compared with the assumption changes that were made in 2024. As such, no further changes were considered necessary to the disability claims assumptions used in the LFPB during the 2025 period.
We also performed our 2025 annual review of LFPB assumptions for our closed block of non-term life insurance included in the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment during the third quarter of 2025. Based on this review, we recognized a remeasurement loss of less than $ 1 million during the year ended December 31, 2025. Comparatively, we recognized a remeasurement loss of approximately $ 5 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 as a result of our 2024 annual assumption review of LFPB assumptions in the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment.
Discount rates, while a material assumption to our LFPB, are not part of the assumption-setting process since they are updated quarterly based on observable rates. There have been no changes with the compilation of data sources used for this input.
Losses recognized as a result of capping the net premium ratio at 100 % were immaterial during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.
The following table reconciles the LFPB to the consolidated balance sheets:
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
(In thousands)
Term Life Insurance
Other
Total
The following table reconciles the reinsurance recoverables to the consolidated balance sheets:
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
(In thousands)
Term Life Insurance
Other
Total
The amount of discounted (using the then current discount rate) and undiscounted expected gross premiums and expected future benefit payments were as follows:
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
(In thousands)
Term Life Insurance
Undiscounted
Discounted
Undiscounted
Discounted
Expected future benefit payments
Expected future gross premiums
The amount of revenue and interest recognized in our consolidated statements of income were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Term Life Insurance
Gross premiums
Interest accretion (expense)
The weighted-average discount rates were as follows:
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
Term Life Insurance
Original discount rate
Current discount rate
There were no changes to the methods used to determine the discount rates during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 .
(12) Debt
Note Payable. Note payable consisted of the following:
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
(In thousands)
2.80 % Senior Notes, due November 19, 2031
Unamortized issuance discount on note payable
Total note payable (1)
E xcludes unamortized debt issuance costs.
As of December 31, 2025, we had outstanding $ 600.0 million in principal amount of publicly-traded, senior unsecured notes (the “Senior Notes”). The Senior Notes were issued in November 2021 at a price of 99.55 % of the principal amount with an annual interest rate of 2.80 % , payable semi-annually in arrears on May 19 and November 19, and are scheduled to mature on November 19, 2031 . As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with the covenants of the Senior Notes. No events of default occurred on the Senior Notes during the year ended December 31, 2025.
As unsecured senior obligations, the Senior Notes rank equally in right of payment with all existing and future unsubordinated indebtedness and senior to all existing and future subordinated indebtedness of the Parent Company. The Senior Notes are structurally subordinated in right of payment to all existing and future liabilities of our subsidiaries. In addition, the Senior Notes contain covenants that restrict our ability to, among other things, create or incur any indebtedness that is secured by a lien on the capital stock of certain of our subsidiaries, and merge, consolidate or sell all or substantially all of our properties and assets.
Surplus Note. As of December 31, 2025, the principal amount outstanding on the Surplus Note issued by Vidalia Re was $ 1.2 billio n, which is equal to the principal amount of the LLC Note. The principal amounts of the Surplus Note and the LLC Note have reached their peaks and are expected to decrease over time to coincide with the amount of policy reserves being contractually supported under the Vidalia Re Coinsurance Agreement. Both the LLC Note and the Surplus Note mature on December 31, 2030 and bear interest at an annual interest rate of 4.50 %. This financing arrangement is non-recourse to the Parent Company and Primerica Life, meaning that neither of these companies has guaranteed the Surplus Note or is otherwise liable for reimbursement for any payments triggered by the LLC Note’s credit enhancement feature. The Parent Company has agreed to support Vidalia Re’s obligation to pay the credit enhancement fee incurred on the LLC Note. See Note 5 (Investments) for more information on the LLC Note.
Revolving Credit Facility. On June 22, 2021, we amended and restated our unsecured $ 200.0 million revolving credit facility (“Revolving Credit Facility”) with a syndicate of commercial banks. The Revolving Credit Facility has a scheduled termination date of June 22, 2026 . Amounts outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility are borrowed, at our discretion, on the basis of either a Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) rate loan, or a base rate loan. SOFR rate loans bear interest at a periodic rate equal to one-, three-, or six-month Adjusted Term SOFR, plus an applicable margin. Base rate loans bear interest at the highest of (a) the Prime Rate, (b) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.50% and (c) one-month Adjusted Term SOFR plus 1.00%, plus an applicable margin. The Revolving Credit Facility also permits the issuance of letters of credit. The applicable margins are based on our debt rating with such margins for SOFR rate loans and letters of credit ranging from 1.00 % to 1.625 % per annum and for base rate loans ranging from 0.00 % to 0.625 % per annum. Under the Revolving Credit Facility, we incur a commitment fee that is payable quarterly in arrears and is determined by our debt rating. This commitment fee ranges from 0.10 % to 0.225 % per annum of the aggregate amount of the $ 200.0 million commitment of the lenders under the Revolving Credit Facility that remains undrawn. During the year ended December 31, 2025 , no amounts were drawn under the Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with the covenants of the Revolving Credit Facility. Furthermore, no events of occurred under the Revolving Credit Facility during the year ended December 31, 2025 .
(13) Income Taxes
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and income taxes from continuing operations.
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes:
United States
Foreign
Total income from continuing operations before income taxes
Income taxes from continuing operations:
Current tax expense:
United States federal
United States state and local
Foreign
Total current tax expense
Deferred tax expense (benefit):
United States federal
United States state and local
Foreign
Total deferred expense (benefit)
Total income taxes from continuing operations:
United States federal
United States state and local
Foreign
Total income taxes from continuing operations
Effective tax rate reconciliation. Income taxes from continuing operations differs from the amount determined by multiplying income from continuing operations before income taxes by the U.S. statutory federal tax rate of 21 % for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 . The reconciliation for such differences follows:
Year ended December 31,
Amount
Percentage
Amount
Percentage
Amount
Percentage
(Dollars in thousands)
Computed U.S. federal statutory income tax
Domestic federal tax effects:
Tax credits
Nontaxable or nondeductible items:
Gain on insurance proceeds (1)
Other
Total nontaxable or nondeductible items
Effects of cross-border tax laws
Domestic state and local income taxes, net of federal
income tax effect (2)
Foreign tax effects:
Canada
Provincial taxes (3)
Other
U.S. territorial jurisdictions
Total foreign tax effects
Worldwide changes in prior year unrecognized tax benefits
Total income taxes from continuing
operations/effective tax rate from
continuing operations
(1) In 2024, the gain on insurance proceeds was nontaxable. See Note 4 (Segment and Geographical Information) for more details related to this gain.
(2) In 2025, domestic state and local income taxes, net of federal income tax effect (“state and local income taxes”) in Florida and Georgia comprise the majority (greater than 50%) of the tax effect in this category. In 2024, state and local income taxes in Florida and Minnesota comprise the majority (greater than 50%) of the tax effect in this category. State and local income tax expense in 2024 includes the recognition of a valuation allowance of $ 11.1 million for net operating losses from e-TeleQuote that the Company determined would not be realized. U.S. GAAP requires a change in a valuation allowance resulting from the change in judgment about the realizability of a deferred tax asset to be presented in income tax expense from continuing operations. In 2023 , state and local income taxes in California and Florida comprise the majority (greater than 50%) of the tax effect in this category.
(3) Includes all provincial income taxes.
*Less than 0.1 %.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities. The main components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities were as follows:
December 31,
(In thousands)
Deferred tax assets:
Future policy benefit reserves and unpaid policy claims
Net operating losses
Investments
Future deductible liabilities
Foreign tax credits
Other
Total deferred tax assets before valuation allowance
Valuation allowance on foreign tax credits
Total deferred tax assets after valuation allowance
Deferred tax liabilities:
Deferred policy acquisition costs
Reinsurance deposit asset
Other
Total deferred tax liabilities
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)
The majority of total deferred tax assets are attributable to future policy benefit reserves and unpaid policy claims, which represents the difference between the financial statement carrying value and tax basis for LFPB and policy claims and other benefits payable. The tax basis for future policy benefit reserves and unpaid policy claims is actuarially determined in accordance with guidelines set forth in the respective jurisdictional tax codes in the U.S. and Canada. The majority of total deferred tax liabilities are attributable to
DAC, which represents the difference between the policy acquisition costs capitalized for U.S. GAAP purposes and those capitalized for tax purposes, as well as the difference in the resulting amortization methods.
The Company has state net operating losses resulting in a net deferred tax asset of $ 9.0 million as of December 31, 2025. Approximately one-third of the state net operating losses are available for use through 2037 and approximately two-thirds have an indefinite life. The Company has no other material net operating losses.
In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, carryback and carryforward periods, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. As of December 31, 2025, management identified excess foreign tax credits of approximately $ 14.4 million that c ould not be used to offset the mandatory deemed repatriation of foreign earnings tax stipulated by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and believes it will not be able to utilize these foreign tax credits in the future. Therefore, the Company established a deferred tax asset for these foreign tax credits with a corresponding full valuation allowance. The remaining foreign tax credits are scheduled to expire partially in 2026 and the remainder in 2027. With the exception of these foreign tax credits, management believes that it is more likely than not that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize its deferred tax assets. Therefore, there were no other significant deferred tax asset valuation allowances as of December 31, 2025 or 2024. The Company has no other material tax credit carryforwards.
Income taxes paid. The components of income taxes paid were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
United States federal
United States state and local (1)
Foreign
Canada (2)
Other
Total foreign
Total income taxes paid
(1) No individual state or local jurisdiction income taxes paid were greater than or equal to 5% of the total income taxes paid for 2025, 2024, or 2023 .
(2) The Canada jurisdiction includes payments to Canada Revenue Agency (“CRA”) for federal and CRA-agreeing provincial income taxes.
Controlled foreign corporations . The Company has direct ownership of a group of controlled foreign corporations. The tax effects of controlled foreign corporations other than in Canada were not material. We have not made a permanent reinvestment assertion for any unremitted earnings in Canada; therefore, we have recorded a deferred tax liability to account for Canadian withholding taxes that will occur upon repatriation of such earnings and we continue to record deferred tax liabilities to account for Canadian withholding taxes as earnings are recognized.
The Company has no intentions to sell or substantially liquidate our Canadian operations and, therefore, has not provided for any additional outside basis difference for the amount of book basis in excess of tax basis in its Canadian subsidiaries. In addition, it is not practicable to determine the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability related to any additional outside basis difference in these entities.
Unrecognized tax benefits. The total amount of unrecognized benefits on uncertain tax positions that, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate was approximately $ 24.4 million and $ 20.2 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. We recognize interest expense related to unrecognized tax benefits in tax expense net of federal income tax. The total amount of accrued interest and penalties in the consolidated balance sheets was $ 6.0 million and $ 4.3 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Additionally, we recognized $ 1.4 million, $ 0.4 million, and $ 0.4 million of interest expense related to unrecognized tax benefits in the consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
A reconciliation of the change in the unrecognized income tax benefit for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 is as follows:
December 31,
(In thousands)
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of period
Change in prior period unrecognized tax benefits
Change in current period unrecognized tax benefits
Reductions as a result of settlements with taxing authorities
Reductions as a result of a lapse in statute of limitations
Unrecognized tax benefits, end of period
We have an immaterial amount of penalties included in calculating our provision for income taxes.
The major tax jurisdictions in which we operate are the United States and Canada. We are currently open to audit by the Internal Revenue Service for the tax years ended December 31, 2022 and thereafter for federal income tax purposes. We are currently open to audit in Canada for tax years ended December 31, 2021 and thereafter for federal and provincial income tax purposes.
Qualified investment tax credit projects. We have investments in various limited partnerships that sponsor qualified affordable housing projects, which meet the definition of a VIE. We are not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance. The maximum exposure to loss as a result of our involvement in these VIEs equals the carrying value of the investments. The primary economic purpose of these investments is to achieve a satisfactory return on capital through the receipt of tax credits. Our qualified affordable housing project investments are accounted for using the proportional amortization method of accounting. During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 the amount of income tax benefits recognized from these investments was insignificant.
Our investment in qualified affordable housing projects was $ 8.7 million and $ 9.8 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and is included within policy loans and other invested assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Additionally, unfunded commitments to provide additional capital to investees in qualified affordable housing projects was $ 1.3 million and $ 4.4 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and are included within other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. Substantially all of the unfunded commitments as of December 31, 2025 are expected to be paid out within the next one to two years.
Purchased tax credits. The Company purchased transferable federal income tax credits generated from a solar energy facility and battery storage system (the “Facilities”) that was placed in service during the fourth quarter of 2025. The cost of the income tax credits was $ 93.0 million, and the Company reduced its 2025 estimated federal income tax liability by $ 100.0 million. The cost of the income tax credits is included in income tax payable on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2025, and we settled the payment with the seller in January 2026. The net impact of these income tax credits is reflected in the effective tax rate reconciliation table above for the year ended December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025 , we do no t have any commitments to purchase additional income tax credits.
(14) Stockholders’ Equity
The following table shows changes in the number of shares of our outstanding common stock:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Common stock, beginning of period
Shares of common stock issued upon exercise of stock options
Shares of common stock issued when sales restrictions on RSUs lapsed and PSUs were earned
Common stock retired
Common stock, end of period
The above table excludes RSUs, director deferred shares, and PSUs, which do not have voting rights. As sales restrictions on RSUs lapse and PSUs are earned, we issue common shares with voting rights. As of December 31, 2025, we had a total of 202,993 RSUs and director deferred shares outstanding and 44,548 PSUs outstanding. The PSU outstanding balance is based on the number of PSUs granted pursuant to the award agreements; however, the actual number of common shares earned could be higher or lower based on actual versus targeted performance. See Note 16 (Share-Based Transactions) for a discussion of the PSU award structure.
On November 14, 2024, our Board authorized a share repurchase program for up to $ 450.0 million of our outstanding common stock for purchases from November 14, 2024 through December, 31, 2025 (the “Share Repurchase Program”). Under the Share Repurchase Program, we repurchased 1,662,149 shares of our common stock in the open market for an aggregate purchase price of $ 450.0 million through December 31, 2025 . There is no remaining authority under the Share Repurchase Program as of December 31, 2025. On November 19, 2025, our Board authorized a new $ 475.0 million share repurchase program (the “New Share Repurchase Program”) to occur from November 19, 2025 through December, 31, 2026 . We did no t repurchase any shares under the New Share Repurchase Program in 2025 .
(15) Earnings Per Share
The Company has outstanding common stock and equity awards that consist of RSUs and PSUs. All outstanding stock options were exercised during the year ended December 31, 2023. The RSUs maintain non-forfeitable dividend rights that result in dividend payment obligations on a one-to-one ratio with common shares for any future dividend declarations.
Unvested RSUs are deemed participating securities for purposes of calculating EPS as they maintain dividend rights. We calculate EPS using the two-class method. Under the two-class method, we allocate earnings to common shares and vested RSUs outstanding for the period. Earnings attributable to unvested participating securities, along with the corresponding share counts, are excluded from EPS as reflected in our consolidated statements of income.
In calculating basic EPS, we deduct from net income any dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to unvested RSUs and then divide the result by the weighted-average number of common shares and vested RSUs outstanding for the period.
We determine the potential dilutive effect of PSUs and stock options outstanding (“contingently-issuable shares”) on EPS using the treasury-stock method. Under this method, we determine the proceeds that would be received from the issuance of the contingently- issuable shares if the end of the reporting period were the end of the contingency period. The proceeds from the contingently-issuable shares include the remaining unrecognized compensation expense of the awards and the cash received for the exercise price on stock options. We then use the average market price of our common shares during the period the contingently-issuable shares were outstanding to determine how many shares we could repurchase with the proceeds raised from the issuance of the contingently-issuable shares. The net incremental share count issued represents the potential dilutive securities. We then reallocate earnings to common shares and vested RSUs by incorporating the increased fully-diluted share count to determine diluted EPS.
The calculation of basic and diluted EPS was as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per-share amounts)
Basic EPS:
Numerator (continuing operations):
Income from continuing operations
Income attributable to unvested participating securities
Income from continuing operations used in calculating basic EPS
Numerator (discontinued operations):
Loss from discontinued operations
Loss attributable to unvested participating securities
Loss from discontinued operations used in calculating
basic EPS
Denominator:
Weighted-average vested shares
Basic EPS from continuing operations
Basic EPS from discontinued operations
Basic EPS
Diluted EPS:
Numerator (continuing operations):
Income from continuing operations
Income attributable to unvested participating securities
Income from continuing operations used in calculating diluted EPS
Numerator (discontinued operations):
Loss from discontinued operations
Loss attributable to unvested participating securities
Loss from discontinued operations used in calculating diluted EPS
Denominator:
Weighted-average vested shares
Dilutive effect of incremental shares to be issued for
contingently-issuable shares
Weighted-average shares used in calculating diluted EPS
Diluted EPS from continuing operations
Diluted EPS from discontinued operations
Diluted EPS
(16) Share-Based Transactions
The Company has outstanding equity awards under the Primerica, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “OIP”), which was approved by the Company’s stockholders on May 13, 2020. The OIP provides for the issuance of equity awards, including stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, deferred stock, RSUs, PSUs, and stock payment awards, as well as cash-based awards. In addition to time-based vesting requirements, awards granted under the OIP may also be subject to specified performance criteria. Under the OIP, the Company issues equity awards to our management (officers and other key employees), non-employees who serve on our Board, and independent sales force leaders. As of December 31, 2025, we had 1.0 million shares available for future grants under the 2020 OIP.
Employee and Director Share-Based Compensation. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had outstanding RSUs and PSUs issued to our management (officers and other key employees), as well as RSUs issued to our directors, under the OIP.
RSUs.
RSUs granted to management generally have time-based vesting requirements with equal and annual graded vesting over approximately three years subsequent to the grant date, but also generally vest upon voluntary termination of employment by any employee who is “retirement eligible” as of his or her termination date. The substantive service conditions in order to be retirement eligible require that an employee must be at least 55 years old and his or her age plus years of service with the Company must equal at least 75.
RSUs granted to directors have time-based vesting requirements with equal and quarterly graded vesting over four quarters subsequent to the grant date.
In addition, certain directors elected to defer their cash and/or equity retainers into deferred RSUs, which vest immediately (for cash deferrals) or, if applicable, on the dates the RSUs would have vested.
All of our outstanding employee and director RSU awards are eligible for dividend equivalents regardless of vesting status.
We recognized expense and tax benefit offsets as follows for employee and director RSU share-based compensation (inclusive of discontinued operations):
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Total equity awards expense recognized
Tax benefit associated with total employee and director
share-based compensation
The following table summarizes employee and director RSU activity, which excludes director deferred shares, during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 (inclusive of discontinued operations).
Shares
Weighted-average measurement-date fair value per share
(Shares in thousands)
Unvested employee and director RSUs, December 31, 2022
Granted
Forfeited
Vested
Unvested employee and director RSUs, December 31, 2023
Granted
Forfeited
Vested
Unvested employee and director RSUs, December 31, 2024
Granted
Forfeited
Vested
Unvested employee and director RSUs, December 31, 2025
* Less than 1 thousand shares.
As of December 31, 2025, total compensation cost not yet recognized in our consolidated financial statements related to employee and director RSU awards with time-based vesting conditions yet to be reached was $ 5.8 million, and the weighted-average period over which cost will be recognized was 0.8 years.
PSUs.
The Company issued PSUs to certain of its executive officers unde r the OIP as part of their annual equity compensation. To date, PSU awards have included a performance target of a specified average annual Return on Adjusted Equity (“ROAE”) and EPS growth (starting with the 2020 award) for the Company over a three-year performance period, as well as a threshold ROAE and EPS growth below which no shares would be earned and an ROAE and EPS growth metric at which the maximum number of shares can be earned. Awards are earned two months after the performance period ends. Depending on the ROAE and EPS growth, if applicable, achieved within the specified range, recipients may receive shares of common stock equal to between 0 % and 150 % of the number of PSUs granted. In addition, PSUs accrue forfeitable dividend equivalents, which are also paid out based on the number of shares earned.
PSU awards provide for vesting upon the voluntary termination of employment by any employee who is “retirement eligible” as of his or her termination date. The number of shares that will be earned for a retirement-eligible employee is equal to the amount calculated using the Company’s actual performance metrics for the entire performance period, even if that employee retires prior to the completion of the performance period.
In connection with our granting of PSU awards, we recognized expense and tax benefit offsets as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Total employee PSU award expense
Tax benefit associated with total employee PSU award expense
The following table summarizes PSU activity during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023.
Shares
Weighted-average measurement-date fair value per share
(Shares in thousands)
Unvested employee PSUs, December 31, 2022 (1)
Granted
Forfeited
Performance Adjustment
Vested
Unvested employee PSUs, December 31, 2023 (1)
Granted
Forfeited
Performance Adjustment
Vested
Unvested employee PSUs, December 31, 2024 (1)
Granted
Forfeited
Performance Adjustment
Vested
Unvested employee PSUs, December 31, 2025 (1)
The 2023 PSU awards outstanding were based on the actual performance for the 2023 to 2025 performance period. As a result of the performance achieved during the performance period, recipients received an aggregate of 25,451 shares of common stock on the vesting date of March 1, 2026, reflecting a payout rate of 148.5 % . The 2024 PSU awards outstanding are based on target. Depending upon the performance achieved during the performance period, recipients may receive between 0 and 22,508 shares of common stock. The 2025 PSU awards outstanding are based on target. Depending upon the performance achieved during the performance period, recipients may receive between 0 and 18,606 shares of common stock.
As of December 31, 2025 the Company had $ 0.7 million of unrecognized compensation related to PSU awards.
Stock Options. From 2013 to 2016, the Company issued stock options to certain of its executive officers under the OIP as part of their annual equity compensation. Stock options were granted with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the grant date, and they would expire 10 years from the date of grant. These options had time-based restrictions with equal and annual graded vesting over a three-year period. We did no t issue any stock options and we did no t have any compensation expense or related tax benefits for stock option awards during the y ears ended December 31, 2025, 2024 or 2023. All remaining stock options representing approximately 60,000 shares were exercised with a weighted average exercise price of $ 44.62 during the year ended December 31, 2023. The intrinsic value of the options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2023 was $ 8.6 million, and the value of issued shares withheld to satisfy option exercise price was $ 2.7 million.
Non-Employee Share-Based Compensation. Non-employee share-based transactions relate to the granting of RSUs to members of the independent sales force (“agent equity awards”). Agent equity awards are generally granted as a part of quarterly contests for successful life insurance policy acquisitions and for sales of investment and savings products for which the grant and the service period occur within the same quarterly reporting period.
The following table summarizes non-employee RSU activity during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023:
Shares
Weighted-average measurement-date fair value per share
(Shares in thousands)
Unvested non-employee RSUs, December 31, 2022
Granted
Vested
Unvested non-employee RSUs, December 31, 2023
Granted
Vested
Unvested non-employee RSUs, December 31, 2024
Granted
Vested
Unvested non-employee RSUs, December 31, 2025
Agent equity awards are measured using the fair market value at the grant date and vest during the service period, which generally occur within the same quarterly reporting period.
To the extent that these awards are an incremental direct cost of successful acquisitions of life insurance policies that result directly from and are essential to the policy acquisition(s) and would not have been incurred had the policy acquisition(s) not occurred, we defer and amortize the fair value of the awards in the same manner as other deferred policy acquisition costs. All agent equity awards that are not directly related to the acquisition of life insurance policies are recognized as expense in the quarter earned.
Details on the granting and valuation of these awards were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Quarterly incentive awards expense recognized currently
Quarterly incentive awards expense deferred
Tax benefit associated with incentive awards
As of December 31, 2025, all agent equity awards were fully vested with the exception of approximately 13,354 shares that vested on January 1, 2026.
The following table summarizes non-cash share-based compensation expense by segment included in income from continuing operations:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Term Life Insurance segment
Investment and Savings Products segment
Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment
Total non-cash share-based compensation expense
(17) Statutory Accounting and Dividend Restrictions
U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries. Our two underwriting U.S. insurance subsidiaries are Primerica Life and NBLIC. Primerica Life wholly owns Vidalia Re and ceded certain level-premium term life insurance policies to Vidalia Re through the Vidalia Re Coinsurance Agreement.
Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are required to report their results of operations and financial position to state authorities on the basis of statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by such authorities and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”), which is a comprehensive basis of accounting other than U.S. GAAP. Prescribed statutory accounting practices include a variety of publications of the NAIC, as well as state laws, regulations and general administrative rules. Permitted statutory accounting practices encompass all accounting practices not so prescribed. The Company’s principal life insurance company, Primerica Life, prepares its statutory financial statements on the basis of accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the NAIC and the Tennessee Department of Commerce and Insurance (“Tennessee DOCI”) and includes the statutory financial statements of its wholly owned insurance subsidiaries, NBLIC and Vidalia Re. NBLIC’s statutory financial statements are prepared on the basis of accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the NAIC or the New York State Department of Financial Services, while the statutory financial statements of Vidalia Re are prepared on the basis of accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the NAIC and the Vermont Department of Financial Regulation. Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends to their parent is subject to and limited by the various laws and regulations of their respective states. There are no regulatory restrictions on the ability of the Parent Company to pay dividends (other than limitations under the Delaware General Corporation Law that provide that dividends on common stock shall be declared by the Board out of surplus or, if there is no surplus, out of net profits for the fiscal year in which the dividend is declared and/or the preceding prior fiscal year).
Primerica Life’s statutory ordinary dividend capacity is based on the greater of: (1) the previous year’s statutory net gain from operations (excluding pro rata distributions of any class of the insurer’s own securities) or (2) 10% of the previous year-end statutory surplus (net of capital stock). Dividends that, together with the amount of other distributions or dividends made within the preceding 12 months, exceed this statutory limitation are referred to as extraordinary dividends and require advance notice to the Tennessee DOCI, and are subject to potential disapproval. Dividends paid from other than statutory unassigned surplus require approval of the commissioner of the Tennessee DOCI.
Primerica Life’s statutory capital and surplus as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
(In thousands)
Statutory capital and surplus
Primerica Life’s statutory net gain from operations was $ 362.0 million, $ 271.8 million, and $ 290.3 million for 2025, 2024, and 2023 , respectively. Primerica Life made no pro rata distributions of any class of its own securities during 2025. During 2025, Primerica Life paid ordinary dividends of $ 271.7 million to the Parent Company. As of January 1, 2026, the amount of dividends Primerica Life could pay from statutory unassigned surplus without prior approval of the commissioner of the Tennessee DOCI was $ 310.3 million, which is limited by the amount of statutory unassigned surplus on that date.
Canadian Insurance Subsidiary. Primerica Life Canada is incorporated under the provisions of the Canada Business Corporations Act and is a domiciled Canadian Company subject to regulation under the Insurance Companies Act (Canada) by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions in Canada (“OSFI”) and by Provincial Superintendents of Financial Institutions/Insurance in those provinces in which Primerica Life Canada is licensed. The statutory financial statements of Primerica Life Canada reported to OSFI are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards.
Primerica Life Canada’s capacity to pay ordinary dividends to its parent is limited by OSFI regulations to the extent that its capital exceeds internal capital targets. OSFI requires companies to set internal target levels of capital sufficient to provide for all the risks of the insurer, including risks specified in OSFI’s capital guidelines. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, Primerica Life Canada’s statutory capital and surplus satisfied regulatory requirements and was $ 903.3 million and $ 696.2 million, respectively.
In Canada, dividends can typically be paid subject to the paying insurance company continuing to have adequate capital and forms of liquidity as defined by OSFI following the dividend payment and upon 15 days minimum notice to OSFI. Primerica Life Canada’s dividend capacity at January 1, 2026 was estimated to be $ 215.7 million, which was calculated based on satisfying the Company’s internal capital targets. During 2025, Primerica Life Canada paid ordinary dividends of $ 45.3 millio n to its parent company.
(18 ) Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
The Company is involved from time-to-time in legal disputes, regulatory inquiries and arbitration proceedings in the normal course of business. These disputes are subject to uncertainties, including the large and/or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent unpredictability of litigation. As such, the Company is unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss t hat may result from these matters unless otherwise indicated.
(19) Benefit Plans
We sponsor defined contribution plans for the benefit of our employees. The expense associated with these plans was approximately $ 12.8 million, $ 12.0 million, and $ 11.1 million in 2025, 2024, and 2023 , respectively.
(20) Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Our revenues from contracts with customers primarily include:
Commissions and fees earned for the marketing and distribution of investment and savings products managed and/or underwritten by mutual fund companies, annuity providers, and other asset managers. For purposes of revenue recognition, mutual fund companies, annuity providers, and other asset managers are considered the customers in marketing and distribution arrangements;
Fees earned for investment advisory and administrative services within our managed investments program and shareholder service fees earned in Canada for mutual funds for which we serve as principal distributor;
Account-based fees for transfer agent recordkeeping functions and non-bank custodial services;
Fees associated with mortgage distribution and the distribution of other third-party financial products; and
Other revenue from the sale of miscellaneous products and services including monthly subscription fees from the independent sales representatives for access to POL, our primary independent sales force support tool.
Premiums from insurance contracts we underwrite, fees received from segregated funds insurance contracts we underwrite, and income earned on our invested assets are excluded from the definition of revenues from contracts with customers in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
The disaggregation of our revenues from contracts with customers were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Term Life Insurance segment revenues:
Other, net
Total segment revenues from contracts with customers
Revenues from sources other than contracts with customers
Total Term Life Insurance segment revenues
Investment and Savings Products segment revenues:
Commissions and fees:
Sales-based revenues
Asset-based revenues
Account-based revenues
Other, net
Total segment revenues from contracts with customers
Revenues from sources other than contracts
with customers (segregated funds)
Total Investment and Savings Products segment revenues
Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment revenues:
Commissions and fees
Other, net
Total segment revenues from contracts with customers
Revenues from sources other than contracts with customers
Total Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment revenues
We recognize revenue upon the satisfaction of the related performance obligation, unless the transaction price includes variable consideration that is constrained; in such case, we recognize revenue when the uncertainty associated with the constrained amount is subsequently resolved. Variable consideration is not treated as constrained to the extent it is probable that no significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. We have no material obligations for refunds of commission and fees on contracts with customers subsequent to completion of our performance obligation.
Investment and Savings Products Marketing and Distribution Services. We receive commissions and fees from mutual fund companies, annuity providers, and other asset managers for the marketing and distribution by the licensed independent sales representatives of investment and savings products managed and/or underwritten by such companies and providers. We recognize the sales-based marketing and distribution revenue received from such companies and providers at the point in time our performance obligation to them is satisfied, which is the trade date. The sales-based commissions from such companies and providers are known and are due at the same time our performance obligation to such companies and providers is satisfied. We also receive ongoing asset-based commissions from such companies and providers each reporting period based on client asset values. We do not recognize revenue for asset-based marketing and distribution commissions until the end of each subsequent reporting period when the amount becomes known and due from such companies or providers as this revenue represents variable consideration that is fully constrained at the point in time our distinct performance obligation to such companies and providers is satisfied. We consider variable consideration in the form of asset-based marketing and distribution commissions to be fully constrained as the amounts we will be entitled to collect are highly uncertain and susceptible to factors outside of our control. Such factors include the market values of assets under management and the length of time investors hold their accounts. Asset-based marketing and distribution commissions recognized during the current period are almost attributable to distinct performance obligations to such fund companies and providers in previous periods.
Investment Advisory and Administrative Services. We provide investment advisory and administrative services over time to investors in the managed investments program we offer. We recognize revenue as our performance obligation is satisfied over time for daily investment advisory and administrative services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of delivery. Fees for these services, which are based on a percentage of client assets in the managed investments program, become known and are charged to investors during the same reporting period in which the daily investment advisory and administrative services are performed.
Shareholder Services. We provide shareholder services over time to investors in the mutual funds in which we serve as the principal distributor in Canada. We recognize revenue as our performance obligation is satisfied over time for shareholder services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of delivery. Fees for these services, which are based on a percentage of client assets
in the mutual funds, become known and are charged to investors during the same reporting period in which the shareholder services are performed.
Account-based Services. We provide distinct transfer agent recordkeeping services for certain mutual funds we distribute and non-bank custodial services to investors purchasing investment products we distribute through qualified retirement accounts in the United States. Fees charged for these account-based services consist primarily of a stated fee for each investment position or each qualified retirement account. Generally, our performance obligation for each account-based service arrangement is satisfied over time and is substantially the same with the same pattern of delivery. We recognize revenue to which we are entitled for each investment position or each qualified account over time based on the time-based pro-rata amount earned each reporting period.
Distribution of Other Third-party Financial Products. We distribute various other financial products on behalf of third parties to consumers. We receive up-front commissions and/or renewal commissions from product providers for sales of other financial product sales we have arranged. We recognize revenue at the point in time our performance obligation to product providers is satisfied, which is generally on the date the financial product is purchased by the consumer from the product provider. For certain financial products, most notably prepaid legal subscriptions and auto and homeowners’ insurance referrals, we receive ongoing renewal commissions that coincide with recurring payments received by product providers from active subscribers or policyholders. Ongoing renewal commissions represent variable consideration that will not be resolved until after the reporting period in which our performance obligation has been satisfied. We estimate variable consideration in the transaction price for these financial products (with the exception of miscellaneous products for which we expect nominal ongoing commissions) as the expected amount of commissions to be received over the life of the subscription or referred policy and apply a constraint so that it is probable that a subsequent change in estimate will not result in a significant revenue reversal. Management judgment primarily is required to determine the average life of a subscription or referred policy, which we establish based on historical information. We recognize variable consideration in excess of the amount constrained in subsequent reporting periods when the uncertainty is resolved and the excess amounts are due from the product providers.
Revenue for Other Services. We recognize revenue from the sale of other miscellaneous products and services, including monthly subscription fees from the independent sales representatives for access to POL, upon the transfer of the promised product or service. For POL subscriptions, we satisfy our performance obligation by providing subscribers access to the promised services over time during each monthly subscription period. Revenue recognized from the sale of other miscellaneous products and services becomes known and charged at the same time we satisfy the corresponding performance obligation.
Renewal Commissions Receivable. For revenue associated with ongoing renewal commissions in the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment, we record a renewal commission receivable contract asset for the amount of ongoing renewal commissions we anticipate collecting in reporting periods subsequent to the satisfaction of the performance obligation, less amounts that are constrained in Other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The renewal commissions receivable is reduced for commissions that are billed and become due receivables from product providers during the reporting period.
Activity in the renewal commissions receivable account was as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Balance, beginning of period
Commissions revenue
Less: collections
Balance, at the end of period
Incremental costs to obtain or fulfill contracts, most notably sales commissions to the independent sales representatives, are not incurred prior to the recognition of the related revenue. Therefore, we have no assets recognized for incremental costs to obtain or fulfill contracts.
(21) Leases
We have operating leases for office space and other real estate and finance leases of office equipment. In aggregate, our leases have remaining lease terms of less than 1 year to 10 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 10 years, and some of which include options to terminate the leases w ithin 2 years, exercisable at the Company’s discretion. Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are presented separately in our consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, finance lease right-of-use assets of $ 1.0 million and $ 1.0 million, respectively, and finance lease liabilities of $ 1.0 million and $ 1.0 million, respectively, were recorded wit hin Other assets and Other liabilities within our consolidated balance sheets. The Company determines its lease liabilities, which are measured at the present value of future lease payments, using the Company’s incremental secured borrowing rate at the lease commencement date that is commensurate with the term of the underlying lease or the rate implicit in the lease if readily determinable.
The components of lease expense were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Operating lease cost
Operating lease cost
Variable lease cost (includes taxes, common area maintenance and insurance)
Finance lease cost
Depreciation of finance lease assets
Interest on lease liabilities
Total lease cost
Other information related to leases was as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Supplemental Cash Flows Information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows used in operating leases (1)
Operating cash flows used in finance leases (1)
Financing cash flows used in finance leases
Included in change in other operating assets and liabilities, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows.
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term
Operating leases
9 years
10 years
Finance leases
4 years
4 years
Weighted Average Discount Rate
Operating leases
Finance leases
Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases were as follows:
Operating Leases
Finance Leases
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Thereafter
Total minimum rental commitments for operating leases
Less imputed interest
Total lease liabilities
I TEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.
There have been no changes in, or disagreements with, accountants on accounting and financial disclosure matters during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.
I TEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), as of the end of the period covered by this report (the “Evaluation Date”). Based on such evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fourth quarter of 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Annual Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. With the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework and criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) , issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025.
Our independent auditor, KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This attestation report appears below.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Primerica, Inc.:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Primerica, Inc. and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I, II, III, and IV (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 27, 2026 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Atlanta, Georgia
February 27, 2026
I TEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.
Trading Plans
During the quarter ended December 31, 2025 , none of our directors or executive officers adopted, modified or terminated any “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K, except the following:
On December 9, 2025 , Peter Schneider , the Company’s President , adopted a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement that provides for the sale of an aggregate of up to 7,200 shares of the Company’s common stock between March 10, 2026 and November 23, 2026 .
I TEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.
Not applicable.
PART III
Pursuant to General Instruction G to Form 10-K and as described below, portions of Items 10 through 14 of this report are incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement relating to the Company’s 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 21, 2026 (the “Proxy Statement”), which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2025, pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act. The Report of the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors and the Report of the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors to be included in the Proxy Statement shall be deemed to be furnished in this report and shall not be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, as a result of such furnishing.
Our website address is www.primerica.com . You may obtain free electronic copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports from the investors section of our website. These reports are available on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with the SEC. These reports should also be available through the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov .
We have adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines. Our Corporate Governance Guidelines and the charters of our Board committees are available in the corporate governance subsection of the investor relations section of our website, www.primerica.com , and are also available in print upon written request to the Corporate Secretary, Primerica, Inc., 1 Primerica Parkway, Duluth, GA 30099.
I tem 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
For a list of executive officers, see “Part I, Item X. Information About Our Executive Officers and Certain Significant Employees”, included elsewhere in this report.
We have adopted a written Code of Conduct that applies to directors, officers and employees, including a separate code that applies to only our principal executive officers and senior financial officers in accordance with Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules of the SEC promulgated thereunder. Our Code of Conduct is available in the corporate governance subsection of the investor relations section of our website, www.primerica.com , and is available in print upon written request to the Corporate Secretary, Primerica, Inc., 1 Primerica Parkway, Duluth, GA 30099. In the event that we make changes in, or provide waivers from, the provisions of our Code of Conduct that the SEC requires us to disclose, we will disclose these events in the corporate governance section of our website.
We have also adopted an Insider Trading Policy that governs the purchase, sale and/or other dispositions of our securities by our directors, officers and employees, and the Company itself, and that is reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, as well as the exchange listing standards applicable to us. In addition, our Insider Trading Policy expressly bans ownership by all employees and directors of financial instruments or participation in investment strategies that hedge the economic risk of owning our common stock. We also prohibit officers and directors from pledging the Company ’s securities as collateral for loans. A copy of our Insider Trading Policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Except for the information above and the information set forth in “Part I, Item X. Information About Our Executive Officers and Certain Significant Employees”, the information required by this item will be contained under the following headings in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference:
Matters to be Voted on — Proposal 1: Election of Directors;
Governance — Director Independence;
Governance — Sustainability Matters — Upholding Strong Governance — Integrity at Work;
Board of Directors — Board Members;
Board of Directors — Directors Qualifications;
Board of Directors — Board Committees;
Stock Ownership — Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports;
Executive Compensation — Employment Agreements;
Audit Matters — Audit Committee Report; and
Related Party Transactions.
I tem 11. Executive Compensation.
The information required by this item will be contained under the following headings in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference:
Board of Directors — Board Committees — Compensation Committee;
Board of Directors — Director Compensation; and
Executive Compensation (excluding the information under the subheading Pay Versus Performance (PVP)).
It em 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
We have two compensation plans under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance. The Primerica, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan was approved by our stockholders in May 2020. The Primerica, Inc. Stock Purchase Plan for Agents and Employees was approved by our sole stockholder in March 2010. The following table sets forth certain information relating to these equity compensation plans at December 31, 2025.
Number of securities
to be issued upon
exercise of
outstanding options,
warrants and rights
Weighted average
exercise price of
outstanding options,
warrants and rights
Number of securities
remaining available
for future issuance
Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders:
Primerica, Inc. Second Amended and Restated 2020 Omnibus
Incentive Plan
Primerica, Inc. Stock Purchase Plan for Agents and
Employees
Total
Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders
Consists of 109,820 shares of our common stock to be issued in connection with unvested restricted stock units. Also includes 44,548 shares of our common stock to be issued to certain executive officers in connection with outstanding performance-based stock units if the Company achieves the targeted level of performance specified in the award agreement over a three-year period. Based on the actual return on adjusted equity and earnings per share growth (if applicable) achieved within the three-year performance period ended December 31, 2025, recipients of the 2023 performance-based stock unit awards will receive 25,451 shares of our common stock compared with the targeted 17,139 shares on the vesting date of March 1, 2026. See Note 14 (Stockholders’ Equity) and Note 16 (Share-Based Transactions) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on the equity awards outstanding.
At December 31, 2025, there were no outstanding stock options under our equity compensation plans.
The number of shares of our common stock available for future issuance is 2,442,102 less the cumulative number of awards granted under the plan plus the cumulative number of awards canceled under the plan.
Represents shares of our common stock, which have already been issued and are outstanding, available to be purchased by employees and agents under the plan. The number of outstanding shares of our common stock available to be purchased is 2,500,000 less the cumulative number of outstanding shares purchased to date under the plan.
Other information required by this item will be contained under the following headings in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated
herein by reference:
Stock Ownership — Directors and Executive Officers; and
Stock Ownership — Principal Stockholders.
I tem 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
The information required by this item will be contained under the following headings in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference:
Introductory paragraph to Governance;
Governance — Director Independence;
Board of Directors — Board Committees; and
Related Party Transactions.
It em 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
The information required by this item will be contained under the following headings in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference:
Matters to be Voted on — Proposal 3: Ratification of the Appointment of KPMG LLP as Our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm;
Board of Directors — Board Committees — Audit Committee; and
Audit Matters — Fees and Services of KPMG.
P ART IV
IT EM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.
(a) 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Included in Part II, Item 8, of this report:
Primerica, Inc.:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm ( KPMG LLP , Atlanta, GA , Auditor Firm ID: 185 )
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024
Consolidated Statements of Income for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for each of the years in the three-year period ended
December 31, 2025
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended
December 31, 2025
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
2. FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Included in Part IV of this report:
Schedule I — Consolidated Summary of Investments — Other than Investments in Related Parties as of December 31, 2025
Schedule II — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025
Schedule III — Supplementary Insurance Information as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025
Schedule IV — Reinsurance for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025
3. EXHIBIT INDEX –
An “Exhibit Index” has been filed as part of this report beginning on the following page and is incorporated herein by reference.
Schedules other than those listed above are omitted because they are not required, are not material, are not applicable, or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
(b) Exhibit Index.
The agreements included as exhibits to this report are included to provide information regarding the terms of these agreements and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about the Company or its subsidiaries, our business or the other parties to these agreements. These agreements may contain representations and warranties by each of the parties to the applicable agreement. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other parties to the applicable agreement and:
should not in all instances be treated as categorical statements of fact, but rather as a way of allocating the risk to one of the parties if those statements prove to be inaccurate;
may have been qualified by disclosures that were made to the other party in connection with the negotiation of the applicable agreement, which disclosures are not necessarily reflected in the agreement;
may apply standards of materiality in a way that is different from what may be viewed as material to our investors; and
were made only as of the date of the applicable agreement or such other date or dates as may be specified in the agreement and are subject to more recent developments.
Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time, and should not be relied upon by investors.
Exhibit Number
Description
Reference
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Primerica's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 24, 2013 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Fourth Amended and Restated By-laws of Primerica, Inc.
Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as part of this Annual Report.
Indenture, dated July 16, 2012, between the Registrant and Computershare Trust Company N.A., as successor to Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Primerica’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 16, 2012 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
First Supplemental Indenture, dated July 16, 2012, between the Registrant and Computershare Trust Company N.A., as successor to Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Primerica’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 19, 2021 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 19, 2021, between the Registrant and Computershare Trust Company N.A., as successor to Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Primerica’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 19, 2021 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Form of 2.800% Senior Notes due 2031 (No. R-1) .
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Primerica’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 19, 2021 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Form of 2.800% Senior Notes due 2031 (No. R-2) .
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Primerica’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 19, 2021 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Description of Registrant’s Securities.
Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as part of this Annual Report.
Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of June 22, 2021 between the Registrant, the Lenders referred to therein, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association .
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Primerica’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 24, 2021 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Assignment, Transfer and Novation Agreement dated as of June 23, 2022 between Primerica Life Insurance Company, Pecan Re and Swiss Re Life and Health America Inc.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Primerica’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Second Amended and Restated 80% Coinsurance Agreement dated as of June 23, 2022 between Primerica Life Insurance Company and Swiss Re Life and Health America Inc.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Primerica’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Reinsurance Trust Agreement dated as of June 23, 2022 between Swiss Re Life and Health America Inc., as Grantor, and Primerica Life Insurance Company, as Beneficiary, and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee .
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Primerica’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
90% Coinsurance Agreement dated March 31, 2010 by and between National Benefit Life Insurance Company and American Health and Life Insurance Company.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to Primerica’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Reinsurance Trust Agreement dated November 23, 2020 among National Benefit Life Insurance Company, American Health and Life Insurance Company, and JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to Primerica’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Coinsurance Agreement dated March 31, 2010 by and between Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada and Financial Reassurance Company 2010, Ltd. (currently known as Munich Re Life Insurance Company of Vermont).
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to Primerica’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Coinsurance Amending Agreement dated as of December 31, 2011 among Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada and Financial Reassurance Company 2010, Ltd. (currently known as Munich Re Life Insurance Company of Vermont).
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to Primerica’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Coinsurance Amending Agreement dated as of October 20, 2016 among Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada, Munich Re Life Insurance Company of Vermont (formerly known as Financial Reassurance Company 2010, Ltd.) and Munich-American Holding Corporation.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to Primerica’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Coinsurance Agreement Novation Amendment dated as of December 15, 2016 among Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada, Munich Re Life Insurance Company of Vermont and Munich Re of Malta P.L.C.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to Primerica’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Coinsurance Amending Agreement dated as of January 1, 2018 among Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada and Munich Re of Malta P.L.C.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to Primerica’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Monitoring and Reporting Agreement dated as of March 31, 2016 by and among Primerica Life Insurance Company and Pecan Re Inc.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to Primerica’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Primerica, Inc. Stock Purchase Plan for Agents and Employees.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.45 to Primerica’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Primerica, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Primerica’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed (Commission File No. 333-238268)
Form of Primerica, Inc. Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Primerica, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (2023 awards).
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to Primerica’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed on February 28, 2024 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Form of Primerica, Inc. Performance Stock Award Agreement under the Primerica, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (2024 awards).
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to Primerica’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed on February 28, 2025 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Form of Primerica, Inc. Performance Stock Award Agreement under the Primerica, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (2025 awards).
Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as part of this Annual Report.
Form of Executive Team Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Primerica, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (2023 Executive Officer awards).
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to Primerica’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed on February 28, 2024 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Form of Executive Team Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Primerica, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (2024 Executive Officer awards).
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to Primerica’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed on February 28, 2025 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Form of Leadership Team Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Primerica, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (2025 Executive Officer awards).
Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as part of this Annual Report.
Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, dated as of October 16, 2023, between Primerica, Inc. and Ms. Tracy X. Tan.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Primerica’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 14, 2023 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, dated as of December 12, 2024, between Primerica, Inc. and Mr. Glenn J. Williams.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to Primerica’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed on February 28, 2025 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Form of Director Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Primerica, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (2025 awards).
Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as part of this Annual Report.
Form of Indemnification Agreement for Directors and Officers.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.48 to Primerica’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-162918).
Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of January 2, 2015, between the Registrant and Mr. Glenn J. Williams.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.4 to Primerica’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 5, 2015 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of January 2, 2015, between the Registrant and Mr. Peter W. Schneider.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.5 to Primerica’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 5, 2015 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Amendment dated as of November 17, 2015 to the Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of January 2, 2015, between the Registrant and Mr. Peter W. Schneider.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to Primerica’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Employment Agreement, dated as of September 13, 2023, between Primerica, Inc. and Ms. Tracy X. Tan.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Primerica’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 14, 2023 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Nonemployee Directors’ Deferred Compensation Plan, effective as of January 1, 2011, adopted on November 10, 2010.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to Primerica’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Primerica, Inc. Insider Trading Policy.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 19.1 to Primerica’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed on February 28, 2025 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
Subsidiaries of the Registrant.
Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as part of this Annual Report.
Consent of KPMG LLP.
Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as part of this Annual Report.
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification, executed by Glenn J. Williams, Chief Executive Officer.
Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as part of this Annual Report.
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification, executed by Tracy X. Tan, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer.
Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as part of this Annual Report.
Certifications required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. 1350), executed by Glenn J. Williams, Chief Executive Officer, and Tracy X. Tan, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer.
Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as part of this Annual Report.
Primerica, Inc. Incentive Compensation Recovery Policy.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97.1 to Primerica’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (Commission File No. 001-34680).
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* Identifies a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
(c) Financial Statement Schedules.
Sc hedule I
Consolidated Summary of Investments — Other Than Investments in Related Parties
PRIMERICA, INC.
December 31, 2025
Type of Investment
Cost
Fair value
Amount at which shown in the balance sheet
(In thousands)
Fixed maturities:
Bonds (1) :
United States government and government agencies and authorities
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions
Foreign governments
Public utilities
All other corporate bonds (1)
Certificates of deposit
Redeemable preferred stocks
Total fixed maturities
Equity securities:
Common stocks:
Public utilities
Banks, trusts and insurance companies
Industrial, miscellaneous and all other
Nonredeemable preferred stocks
Total equity securities
Policy loans and other invested assets
Total investments
The amount shown on the consolidated balance sheet does not match the amortized cost or cost or fair value for “All other corporate bonds” due to our held-to-maturity security, which is carried at cost on the consolidated balance sheet and all other fixed maturities are carried at fair value.
See the report of independent registered public accounting firm.
Sc hedule II
Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
PRIMERICA, INC. (Parent Only)
Condensed Balance Sheets
December 31,
(In thousands)
Assets
Investments:
Fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost:
$ 167,384 in 2025 and $ 142,939 in 2024)
Other investments
Total investments
Cash and cash equivalents
Due from affiliates*
Other receivables
Income tax receivable*
Deferred income taxes
Investment in subsidiaries*
Other assets
Total assets
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Liabilities:
Note payable
Loan from affiliate*
Income tax payable
Deferred income taxes
Due to affiliates*
Interest payable
Other liabilities
Commitments and contingent liabilities (see Note G)
Total liabilities
Stockholders’ Equity
Equity attributable to Primerica, Inc.:
Common stock ($ 0.01 par value; authorized 500,000 in 2025 and 2024; issued and
outstanding 31,810 shares in 2025 and 33,368 shares in 2024)
Paid-in capital
Retained earnings
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax
Total stockholders’ equity
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
* Eliminated in consolidation.
See the accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.
See the report of independent registered public accounting firm.
Schedule II
Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
PRIMERICA, INC. (Parent Only)
Condensed Statements of Income
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Revenues:
Dividends from subsidiaries*
Net investment income
Realized investment gains (losses)
Other investment gains (losses)
Investment gains (losses), including credit losses
Other
Total revenues
Expenses:
Interest expense, net
Other operating expenses
Total expenses
Income from continuing operations before income taxes
and before equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries
Income taxes from continuing operations before equity in undistributed
earnings of subsidiaries
Income from continuing operations before equity in
undistributed earnings of subsidiaries
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries*
Income from continuing operations
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes
Net income
* Eliminated in consolidation.
See the accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.
See the report of independent registered public accounting firm.
Schedule II
Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
PRIMERICA, INC. (Parent Only)
Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Net income
Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes:
Unrealized investment gains (losses):
Equity in unrealized holding gains (losses) on investment securities
held by subsidiaries
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses) on investment securities
Reclassification adjustment for realized investment (gains) losses
included in net income
Equity in effect of change in discount rate assumptions on the liability for
future policy benefit of subsidiaries
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Equity in unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) of subsidiaries
Total other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes
Income tax expense (benefit) related to items of other comprehensive
income (loss)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes
Total comprehensive income (loss)
See the accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.
See the report of independent registered public accounting firm.
Schedule II
Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
PRIMERICA, INC. (Parent Only)
Condensed Statements of Cash Flows
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries* (1)
Deferred tax provision
Change in income taxes
Investment (gains) losses
Accretion and amortization of investments
Share-based compensation
Change in due to/from affiliates*
Gain on insurance proceeds received from acquisition representation and warranty policy
Change in other operating assets and liabilities, net
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Cash flows from investing activities:
Available-for-sale investments matured or called:
Fixed-maturity securities — matured or called
Short-term investments — matured or called
Equity securities — sold
Available-for-sale investments acquired:
Fixed-maturity securities (1)
Short-term investments
Equity securities acquired
Insurance proceeds received from acquisition representation and warranty policy
Disposal of cash in discontinued operations
Other investing activities
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
Cash flows from financing activities:
Dividends paid
Common stock repurchased
Excise tax paid on common stock repurchased
Proceeds from affiliate loan*
Tax withholdings on share-based compensation
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
Change in cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
Supplement disclosures:
Interest paid
* Eliminated in consolidation.
Does not include $ 32.2 million, $ 84.9 million, and $ 81.4 million of fixed-maturity securities transferred from subsidiaries in the form of noncash dividend for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
See the accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.
See the report of independent registered public accounting firm.
Schedule II
Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
PRIMERICA, INC. (Parent Only)
Notes to Condensed Financial Statements
(A) Description of Business
Primerica, Inc. (“we”, “us” or the “Company”) is a holding company with our primary asset being the capital stock of our wholly owned operating subsidiaries, and our primary liability being $ 600.0 million in principal amount of senior unsecured notes issued in a public offering in 2021 (the “Senior Notes”). Our subsidiaries assist clients in meeting their needs for term life insurance, which our insurance subsidiaries underwrite, and mutual funds, annuities, managed investments and other financial products, which our subsidiaries distribute primarily on behalf of third parties. Our primary subsidiaries include the following entities: Primerica Financial Services, LLC, a general agency and marketing company; Primerica Life Insurance Company (“Primerica Life”), our principal life insurance company; PFS Investments Inc., an investment products company and broker-dealer; and Primerica Financial Services (Canada) Ltd., a holding company for our Canadian operations, which includes Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada and PFSL Investments Canada Ltd. Primerica Life, domiciled in Tennessee, owns National Benefit Life Insurance Company, a New York insurance company. In addition, we established Vidalia Re, Inc. (“Vidalia Re”) as a special purpose financial captive insurance company domiciled in Vermont and a wholly owned subsidiary of Primerica Life.
On September 30, 2024, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Primerica Health, Inc. abandoned its ownership in e-TeleQuote Insurance, Inc. and subsidiaries (collectively, “e-TeleQuote”), a marketer of Medicare-related insurance products underwritten by third-party health insurance carriers to eligible Medicare beneficiaries (the “Senior Health business”), by irrevocably and permanently surrendering and relinquishing all rights in e-TeleQuote to an independent third party without receipt of consideration and with no continuing involvement in its management or operations.
The Company determined that the disposal represented a strategic shift that would have a major impact on the Company’s operations and financial results. The disposal represented a strategic shift as the Senior Health business had been designated as a separate operating segment, and the Board of Directors (“Board”) and management recognized that its previously expected impact on the Company’s operations and financial results would not be realized. Accordingly, the results of operations for the Senior Health business have been reported in discontinued operations for all periods presented in our condensed consolidated statements of income. We had no assets or liabilities remaining from the Senior Health business on our condensed consolidated balance sheets by December 31, 2024.
(B) Basis of Presentation
These condensed financial statements reflect the results of operations, financial position and cash flows for the Company. We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). These principles are established primarily by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect financial statement balances, revenues and expenses and cash flows, as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Management considers available facts and knowledge of existing circumstances when establishing the estimates included in our financial statements.
The most significant item that involves a greater degree of accounting estimates subject to change in the future is the determination of our investments in subsidiaries. Estimates for this and other items are subject to change and are reassessed by management in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
The accompanying condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto of Primerica, Inc. and subsidiaries included in Part II, Item 8 of this report.
(C) Note Payable
As of December 31, 2025, we had $ 600.0 million in principal amount of publicly-traded, senior unsecured notes (the “Senior Notes”). The Senior Notes were issued in November 2021 at a price of 99.55 % of the principal amount with an annual interest rate of 2.80 % , payable semi-annually in arrears on May 19 and November 19, and are scheduled to mature on November 19, 2031 . As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with the covenants of the Senior Notes. No events of default occurred on the Senior Notes during the year ended December 31, 2025.
As unsecured senior obligations, the Senior Notes rank equally in right of payment with all existing and future unsubordinated indebtedness and senior to all existing and future subordinated indebtedness of the Company. The Senior Notes are structurally subordinated in right of payment to all existing and future liabilities of our subsidiaries. In addition, the Senior Notes contain
covenants that restrict our ability to, among other things, create or incur any indebtedness that is secured by a lien on the capital stock of certain of our subsidiaries, and merge, consolidate or sell all or substantially all of our properties and assets.
(D) Loan from Affiliate
In November 2025, we entered into a $ 70.0 million revolving line of credit agreement ( “ Affiliate Credit Facility ” ) with Primerica Life as lender. The Affiliate Credit Facility has a scheduled termination date of January 1, 2028. Amounts outstanding under the Affiliate Credit Facility are borrowed, at our discretion, at a rate equal to 4.0 % annually on principal amounts for the period outstanding. Amounts may be drawn and paid down without penalty. During the year ended December 31, 2025 , we drew $ 70.0 million and, as of December 31, 2025 , we had $ 70.0 million in principal amount due. The balance of the loan from affiliate is fully offset by the corresponding loan receivable held by our Primerica Life subsidiary that is included in investments in subsidiaries in the accompanying condensed balance sheet at December 31, 2025.
(E) Revolving Credit Facility
On June 22, 2021, we amended and restated our unsecured $ 200.0 million revolving credit facility (“Revolving Credit Facility”) with a syndicate of commercial banks. The Revolving Credit Facility has a scheduled termination date of June 22, 2026. Amounts outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility are borrowed, at our discretion, on the basis of either a Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) rate loan, or a base rate loan. SOFR rate loans bear interest at a periodic rate equal to one-, three-, or six-month Adjusted Term SOFR, plus an applicable margin. Base rate loans bear interest at the highest of (a) the Prime Rate, (b) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.50% and (c) one-month Adjusted Term SOFR plus 1.00%, plus an applicable margin. The Revolving Credit Facility also permits the issuance of letters of credit. The applicable margins are based on our debt rating with such margins for SOFR rate loans and letters of credit ranging from 1.00 % to 1.625 % per annum and for base rate loans ranging from 0.00 % to 0.625 % per annum. Under the Revolving Credit Facility, we incur a commitment fee that is payable quarterly in arrears and is determined by our debt rating. This commitment fee ranges from 0.10 % to 0.225 % per annum of the aggregate amount of the $ 200.0 million commitment of the lenders under the Revolving Credit Facility that remains undrawn. During the year ended December 31, 2024 , no amounts were drawn under the Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with the covenants of the Revolving Credit Facility. Furthermore, no events of occurred under the Revolving Credit Facility during the year ended December 31, 2025.
(F) Dividends
For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, the Company received dividends from our non-life insurance subsidiaries of $ 239.1 million, $ 208.4 million, and $ 203.2 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, the Company received dividends from our life insurance subsidiaries of $ 317.0 million, $ 311.8 million, and $ 352.3 million, respective ly.
(G) Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
Vidalia Re has entered into a coinsurance agreement with Primerica Life whereby Primerica Life has ceded certain level-premium term life insurance policies to Vidalia Re. In conjunction with the coinsurance agreement, we have a capital maintenance agreement with Vidalia Re. The capital maintenance agreement may require us at times to make capital contributions to Vidalia Re to ensure that its regulatory account, as defined in the coinsurance agreement with Primerica Life, will not be less than $ 20.0 million for the financial captive insurance company. The regulatory account will only be used to satisfy obligations under its coinsurance agreement after all other available assets have been used, including its held-to-maturity security ultimately guaranteed by Hannover Life Reassurance Company of America.
The Company is involved from time-to-time in legal disputes, regulatory inquiries and arbitration proceedings in the normal course of business. These disputes are subject to uncertainties, including large and/or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent unpredictability of litigation. As such, the Company is unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss that may result from these matters.
Schedu le III
Supplementary Insurance Information
PRIMERICA, INC.
Deferred policy acquisition costs
Future policy benefits
Unearned and advance premiums
Policy claims and other benefits payable
Separate account liabilities
(In thousands)
December 31, 2025
Term Life Insurance
Investment and Savings Products
Corporate and Other Distributed Products
Total
December 31, 2024
Term Life Insurance
Investment and Savings Products
Corporate and Other Distributed Products
Total
See the report of independent registered public accounting firm.
Premium revenue
Net investment income
Benefits and claims
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs
Other operating expenses
Premiums written
(In thousands)
Year ended December 31, 2025
Term Life Insurance
Investment and Savings Products
Corporate and Other Distributed Products
Total
Year ended December 31, 2024
Term Life Insurance
Investment and Savings Products
Corporate and Other Distributed Products
Total
Year ended December 31, 2023
Term Life Insurance
Investment and Savings Products
Corporate and Other Distributed Products
Total
See the report of independent registered public accounting firm.
S chedule IV
Reinsurance
PRIMERICA, INC.
Year ended December 31, 2025
Gross amount
Ceded to other companies
Assumed from other companies
Net amount
Percentage of amount assumed to net
(Dollars in thousands)
Life insurance in force
Premiums:
Life insurance
Accident and health insurance
Total premiums
Year ended December 31, 2024
Gross amount
Ceded to other companies
Assumed from other companies
Net amount
Percentage of amount assumed to net
(Dollars in thousands)
Life insurance in force
Premiums:
Life insurance
Accident and health insurance
Total premiums
Year ended December 31, 2023
Gross amount
Ceded to other companies
Assumed from other companies
Net amount
Percentage of amount assumed to net
(Dollars in thousands)
Life insurance in force
Premiums:
Life insurance
Accident and health insurance
Total premiums
See the report of independent registered public accounting firm.
I TEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY.
Not applicable.
SI GNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Primerica, Inc.
/s/ Tracy X. Tan
February 27, 2026
Tracy X. Tan
Executive Vice President and
Chief Financial Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
/s/ D. Richard Williams
Chairman of the Board
February 27, 2026
D. Richard Williams
/s/ Glenn J. Williams
Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Director
February 27, 2026
Glenn J. Williams
/s/ Tracy X. Tan
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
February 27, 2026
Tracy X. Tan
/s/ Nicholas A. Jendusa
Executive Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)
February 27, 2026
Nicholas A. Jendusa
/s/ John A. Addison, Jr.
Director
February 27, 2026
John A. Addison, Jr.
/s/ Joel M. Babbit
Director
February 27, 2026
Joel M. Babbit
/s/ Amber L. Cottle
Director
February 27, 2026
Amber L. Cottle
/s/ Gary L. Crittenden
Director
February 27, 2026
Gary L. Crittenden
/s/ Cynthia N. Day
Director
February 27, 2026
Cynthia N. Day
/s/ Sanjeev Dheer
Director
February 27, 2026
Sanjeev Dheer
/s/ Beatriz R. Perez
Director
February 27, 2026
Beatriz R. Perez
/s/ Darryl L. Wilson
Director
February 27, 2026
Darryl L. Wilson
/s/ Barbara A. Yastine
Director
February 27, 2026
Barbara A. Yastine
