Startengine Crowdfunding, Inc.

STGCCIK 0001661779 · Every Form 4 filed by insiders at this issuer. See financials →

Annual report (10-K)

Latest 10-K filed Mar 31, 2026. Sentiment + YoY language diff vs prior year. Read sections →

Signal:Neutral

Risk Factors:tone -0.0199Δ-0.001293% similar+19/-18 ¶

MD&A:tone -0.0069Δ-0.000165% similar+59/-57 ¶

Sentiment via Loughran-McDonald lexicon · YoY diff via Jaccard similarity + paragraph set difference.

Recent 8-K announcements

Per-item disclosure feed. Item 2.02 is the earnings release.

Mar 23, 2026no items parsed May 6, 2025no items parsed Jun 14, 2024no items parsed May 10, 2024no items parsed

YoY shift: Neutral

Year-over-year tone shift - average net-tone change across Risk Factors and MD&A vs the prior 10-K. This filing is -0.07pp more bearish than last year's.

Why YoY instead of absolute: the LM lexicon has ~6.6× more negative words than positive (legal/risk-disclosure language is heavy on hedging), so every 10-K reads bearish on raw tone. Year-over-year change strips that bias and surfaces the actual shift in management's framing.

Tone shift by section

The two components the gauge averages: how Risk Factors and MD&A each shifted in net tone versus last year's 10-K. The headline above is their average, so a green needle over a soft section just means the other section carried it.

Risk Factors

-0.12pp

Flat

Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.

MD&A

-0.01pp

Flat

Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.

Per-snippet highlights

Sentence-level sentiment highlighting with category and subcategory filters is coming once the snippet-scoring pipeline lands. For now, dig into the actual section text on the Sections tab.

Language change vs prior 10-K

Risk Factors (Item 1A) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase

Negative rising

deficiencies+2
adverse+1
adversely+1
failure+1
disruptions+1

Positive rising

No words rose this year.

Risk Factors (Item 1A)

4,995 words

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Certain factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, in addition to other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

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Risk Factors Related to the Company and its Business

We are engaged in an industry that continues to develop and rapidly change, which requires our company to be flexible in executing its business plans. We have not yet generated yearly profits, and may not do so in the near future.

StartEngine was formed in 2014 and is still working on fine tuning its business plan to one that will enable it to generate profits on an annual basis and to maintain profitability. Though our core business model of operating our funding portal and broker-dealer services have been receiving revenues for nearly nine years and four years, respectively, we are still evolving aspects of business model, including modifying our revenue models, adding additional products (e.g., StartEngine Secondary, StartEngine Private), and modifying our current offerings in light of regulatory changes and/or interactions with regulators (see, “Item 1. Business – Regulation and “Item 3. Legal Proceedings”). Over the past year, our StartEngine Private has surpassed our previous products in terms of revenue generation. Accordingly, the Company’s operating history may not be indicative of future prospects. Our current and proposed operations are subject to all the business risks associated businesses in industries that are developing and rapidly changing. These include likely fluctuations in operating results as the Company reacts to developments in its market, manages its growth, and develops new services as well as the entry of competitors into the market. We will only be able to pay dividends on any shares once our directors determine that we are financially able to do so. Since inception, StartEngine has not generated sufficient revenues to cover operational expenses. There is no assurance that we will be consistently profitable in the next three years or generate sufficient annual revenues to pay dividends to the holders of our shares.

We operate in a regulatory environment that is evolving and uncertain.

The regulatory framework for online capital formation or crowdfunding is relatively new. The regulations that govern our operations have been in existence for a limited period. Further, there are constant discussions among legislators and regulators with respect to changing the regulatory environment. New laws and regulations could be adopted in the United States and abroad. Further, existing laws and regulations may be interpreted in ways that would impact our operations, including how we communicate and work with investors and the companies that use our platform’s services and the types of securities that our clients can offer and sell on our platform. For instance, in prior years, there have been several attempts to modify the current regulatory regime. Some of those suggested reforms could make it easier for anyone to sell securities (without using our services). Any such changes would have a negative impact on our business.

We operate in a highly regulated industry.

We are subject to extensive regulation and failure to comply with such regulation could have an adverse effect on our business. Further, our subsidiary StartEngine Capital LLC is registered as a funding portal; our subsidiary StartEngine Secure LLC is registered as a transfer agent; our subsidiary StartEngine Adviser LLC is registered as an Exempt Reporting Adviser; and our subsidiary StartEngine Primary LLC is registered as a broker-dealer and operates an alternative trading system under the brand “StartEngine Secondary”. As a funding portal and broker-dealer, we have to comply with stringent regulations, and the operation of our funding portal, broker-dealer and alternative trading system services exposes us to a significant amount of liability. Furthermore, new lines of business may subject us to other regulatory regimes, such those regulating investment advisers, including the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, if we fail to remain in compliance with certain exemptions. Further we have seen increased regulations in this industry from regulators (both federal and state) and FINRA. In light of this, we expect increased compliance costs as well as potential subjecting us to additional liabilities. See “Item 1. Business – Regulation.” In addition, some of the restrictions and rules applicable to our subsidiaries could adversely affect and limit some of our business plans of other parts of our business.

We were approved as a broker-dealer in 2019, launched our alternative trading system in 2020, became a “carrying” broker-dealer in 2021, became an exempt reporting adviser in 2024, and are still in the process of adapting our business model and pricing structure.

As a broker-dealer, we not only are subjected to federal and state requirements but also have need to comply with the requirements of FINRA, the self-regulatory organization, that apply to broker-dealers and the regulations that apply to the operation of alternative trading systems. In addition, we have expanded the scope of our operation including launching our alternative trading system in May 2020, and became a “carrying” broker-dealer at the end of September 2021, which increased our net capital requirements. In 2023, we launched StartEngine Private, which required us to file as an exempt reporting adviser in early 2024 and may require us to become a registered investment adviser in the future. We are still in the process of adapting to these changes, but there have been and will be increased costs, including the need to hire personnel with specific qualifications and pay them in accordance with their experience. We are subjected to periodic examinations and we will be required to change aspects of our business processes and communications in response to the findings of those examinations. Becoming a broker-dealer and/or reporting adviser has and will continue to lead to increases in our

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compliance costs as well as increases in our exposure to liabilities, including subjecting us to liability for misstatements made by issuers utilizing our services; see “Item 1. Business - Regulation.”

We may be liable for misstatements made by issuers.

Under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, issuers making offerings through our funding portal may be liable for including untrue statements of material facts or for omitting information that could make the statements misleading. This liability may also extend in Regulation Crowdfunding offerings to funding portals, such as our subsidiary. Further, as a broker-dealer, we may be liable for statements by issuers utilizing our services in connection with Regulation A and Regulation D offerings. See “Item 1. Business – Regulation – Regulation Crowdfunding – Liability” and “Item 1. Business – Regulation – Regulation A and Regulation D – Liability”. Even though due diligence defenses may be available; there can be no assurance that if we were sued, we would prevail. Further, even if we do succeed, lawsuits are time consuming and expensive, and being a party to such actions may cause us reputational harm that would negatively impact our business. Moreover, even if we are not liable or a party to a lawsuit or enforcement action, some of our clients have been and will be subject to such proceedings. Any involvement we may have, including responding to document production requests, may be time-consuming and expensive as well.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could impair the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could harm our business, impair investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and our access to the capital markets and cause the price of our common stock to decline and subject us to regulatory penalties.

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires that we maintain internal control over financial reporting that meets applicable standards. We may err in the design or operation of our controls, and all internal control systems, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because there are inherent limitations in all control systems, there can be no assurance that all control issues have been or will be detected. If we are unable, or are perceived as unable, to produce reliable financial reports due to internal control deficiencies, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information and operating results, which could result in a negative market reaction and a decrease in our stock price.

In the past we have had to restate our financial statements, and during preparation for financial reporting related to the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company discovered certain errors in the preparation of the financial statements. The Company’s management conducted an investigation with the Company’s independent auditors. As a result of this investigation, the Company determined that several accounts required correction to be in accordance with US GAAP. Accordingly, the Company made certain corrections to the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, as defined by Sections 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act, was not effective as of December 31, 2025, including due to the following identified material weaknesses:

Lack of segregation of duties in the recording and posting of journal entries;

Control deficiency in revenue recognition, relating to investments received as compensation; and

- Failure to properly reconcile investment shares the Company has received as compensation. Management has included a report on its assessment of internal control over financial reporting, including a description of identified material weaknesses, remediation efforts resulting in changes to internal control over financial reporting, and plans for further remediation in Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures”.

If we identify new material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, if we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, we may be late with the filing of our periodic reports, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock could be negatively affected. As a result of such failures, we could also become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, and become subject to litigation from investors and stockholders, which could harm our reputation, financial condition or divert financial and management resources from our core business, and would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Our compliance is focused on U.S. laws and we have not analyzed foreign laws regarding the participation of non-U.S. residents.

Some of the investment opportunities posted on our platform are open to non-U.S. residents. We have not researched all the applicable foreign laws and regulations, and we have not set up our structure to be compliant with foreign laws. It is possible that we may be deemed in violation of those laws, which could result in fines or penalties as well as reputational harm. This may limit our ability in the future to assist companies in accessing money from those investors, and compliance with those laws and regulations may limit our business operations and plans for future expansion.

StartEngine’s product offerings are relatively new in an industry that is still quickly evolving .

The principal securities regulations that we work with, Rule 506(c), Regulation A and Regulation Crowdfunding, have only been in effect in their current form since 2013, 2015 and 2016, respectively. StartEngine’s ability to continue to penetrate the market remains uncertain as potential issuer companies may choose to use different platforms or providers (including, in the case of Rule 506(c) and Regulation A, using their own online platform), or determine alternative methods of financing. Investors may decide to invest their money elsewhere. Further, our potential market may not be as large, or our industry may not grow as rapidly, as anticipated, for instance, according to the SEC, the size for the Regulation A market retracted in 2023 and remained about the same in 2024. With a smaller market than expected, we may have fewer customers. Success will likely be a factor of investing in the development and implementation of marketing campaigns, subsequent adoption by issuer companies as well as investors, and favorable changes in the regulatory environment. Finally, as more competitors enter the market, it will become more difficult to obtain business.

We have an evolving business model.

Our business model is one of innovation, including continuously working to expand our product lines and services to our clients, such as our expansion into the transfer agent and broker-dealer space as well as our foray into becoming an alternative trading system and acting as an exempt investment adviser for companies; see the “Item 1. Business - - Principal Products and Services”. It is unclear whether these services will be successful. Further, we continuously try to offer additional types of services, and we cannot offer any assurance that any of them will be successful. From time to time we may also modify aspects of our business model relating to our service offerings, for instance we are no longer focused on StartEngine Assets and securitizing collectibles in the Regulation A market and have turned our focus to the opportunity to purchase membership interests in funds (“SE Funds”) which own shares of venture capital backed, late-stage private companies via its StartEngine Private product offerings. StartEngine Private, which started in the 3rd quarter in 2023, has been our main source of revenue for the prior two year. We recently acquired another business which rather than invests in securities facilities investors purchasing fine wines and whiskeys. We cannot offer any assurance that these or any other modifications will be successful or will not result in harm to the business. We may not be able to manage this evolution effectively, which could damage our reputation, limit our growth, and negatively affect our operating results.

As we grow our business, we may not be able to manage our growth successfully.

If we are able to increase the scope of our business offerings, our customer base, the volume of our transactions and grow our business, we will face business risks commonly associated with rapidly growing companies, including the risk that existing management, information systems and financial and internal controls may be inadequate to support our growth. We cannot predict whether we will be able to respond on a timely basis, or at all, to the changing demands that our growth may impose on our existing management and infrastructure. For example, increasing demands on our infrastructure and management could cause any of the following to occur or increase:

inadequate internal controls required for a regulated entity;

inadequate financial controls needed as we transition to become a reporting company;

delays in our ability to handle the volume of customers, including issuers; and

failure to properly review and supervise personnel to make sure we are compliant with our duties as regulated entities.

This risk is illustrated by the fact that, during preparation for financial reporting related to the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, and based on review from the auditors, the Company discovered certain deficiencies as well as errors (specifically in revenue recognition, including related to investments received as compensation) in its previously reported quarterly financial statements for 2025. The Company’s management has concluded that, in light of these deficiencies and errors, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 was not effective. To address these material weaknesses,

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management has devoted, and plans to continue to devote, significant effort and resources to the remediation and improvement of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting, a description of the material weaknesses identified, resulting changes to internal control over financial reporting, and continued plans for remediation can be found in Item 9A “Controls and Procedures.” See also the above risk factor, “We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could impair the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could harm our business, impair investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and our access to the capital markets and cause the price of our common stock to decline and subject us to regulatory penalties.” If we continue to have issues and/or fail to adapt our management, information systems and financial and internal controls to our growth, or if we encounter other unexpected difficulties, our business, financial condition and operating results will suffer.

A majority of our gross profits and correspondingly our net income is attributable to StartEngine Private.

A substantial majority of our gross profit is derived from a single line of business, Start Engine Private. As a result, our operating results are highly dependent on the continued performance and viability of this line. If we were to experience disruptions affecting this business—including, but not limited to, adverse regulatory developments, changes in applicable laws or interpretations, licensing or compliance issues, or market or competitive pressures—we may be required to modify, curtail, or discontinue such operations. Any such event could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We depend on key personnel and face challenges recruiting needed personnel.

Our future success depends on the efforts of a small number of key personnel, including our founder and Chief Executive Officer, Howard Marks, and our compliance, engineering and marketing teams. Expanding our compliance team in response to the growth in our business and the regulatory issues we have faced to date, is essential to our success, and recruiting and training compliance personnel will place demands on financial and management resources. Our software engineer team, as well as our marketing team led by Johanna Cronin, are critical to continually innovate and improve our products while operating in a highly regulated industry. In addition, due the specialized expertise required, we may not be able to recruit the individuals needed for our business needs. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in attracting and retaining the personnel we require to operate and be innovative.

StartEngine and its providers are vulnerable to hackers and cyber-attacks.

As an internet-based business, we may be vulnerable to hackers who may access the data of our investors and the issuer companies that utilize our platform. Further, any significant disruption in service on the StartEngine platform or in its computer systems could reduce the attractiveness of the StartEngine platform and result in a loss of investors and companies interested in using our platform. Further, we rely on a third-party technology provider to provide some of our back-up technology as well as act as our escrow agent. Any disruptions of services or cyber-attacks either on our technology provider or on StartEngine could harm our reputation and materially negatively impact our financial condition and business.

StartEngine currently relies on one vendor for escrow services.

We currently rely on Bryn Mawr Trust Company to provide escrow services. Any change in this relationship will require us to find another escrow agent and escrow bank. This may cause us delays as well as additional costs in transitioning our technology.

We are dependent on general economic conditions.

Our business model is dependent on investors investing in the companies presented on our platforms. Investment dollars are disposable income. Our business model is thus dependent on national and international economic conditions. Adverse national and international economic conditions may reduce the future availability of investment dollars, which would negatively impact our revenues and possibly our ability to continue operations. It is not possible to accurately predict the potential adverse impacts on the Company, if any, of current economic conditions on its financial condition, operating results and cash flow.

We face significant market competition.

We facilitate online capital formation and private securities transactions. Though online capital formation is a relatively new market, we compete against a variety of entrants in the market as well likely new entrants into the market. Some of these follow a regulatory model that is different from ours and might provide them competitive advantages. New entrants could include those that may already have a foothold in the securities industry, including some established broker-dealers. Further, online capital formation is not the only way to address helping start-ups raise capital, and the Company has to compete with a number of other approaches, including traditional venture

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capital investments, loans and other traditional methods of raising funds and companies conducting crowdfunding raises on their own websites. Additionally, some competitors and future competitors may be better capitalized than us, which would give them a significant advantage in marketing and operations.

Moreover, as we continue to expand our offerings, including providing administrative services to issuers, securitizing various asset classes and transfer agent services, we will continue to face headwinds and compete with companies that are more established and/or have more financial resources than we do and/or new entrants bringing disruptive technologies and/or ideas.

Finally, the Company faces increasing competition via StartEngine Private which is the Company’s new venture in which the Company provides accredited investors the opportunity to purchase membership interests in funds (“SE Funds”) which own shares of venture capital backed, late-stage private companies via its StartEngine Private product offering. As new competitors enter the market, acquisition of shares will become more difficult.

We may not be able to protect all of our intellectual property.

Our profitability may depend in part on our ability to effectively protect our proprietary rights, including obtaining trademarks for our brand names, protecting our products and websites, maintaining the secrecy of our internal workings and preserving our trade secrets, as well as our ability to operate without inadvertently infringing on the proprietary rights of others. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain future protections for our intellectual property or defend our current trademarks and future trademarks and patents. Further, policing and protecting our intellectual property against unauthorized use by third parties is time-consuming and expensive, and certain countries may not even recognize our intellectual property rights. There can also be no assurance that a third party will not assert infringement claims with respect to our products or technologies. Any litigation for both protecting our intellectual property or defending our use of certain technologies could have material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition, regardless of the outcome of such litigation.

Our revenues and profits (if any) are subject to fluctuation.

It is difficult to accurately forecast our revenues and operating results, and these could fluctuate in the future due to a number of factors. These factors may include adverse changes in: number of investors and amount of investors’ dollars, the success of world securities markets, general economic conditions, our ability to market our platform to companies and investors, headcount and other operating costs, and general industry and regulatory conditions and requirements. The Company’s operating results may fluctuate from year to year due to the factors listed above and others not listed. At times, these fluctuations may be significant and could impact our ability to operate our business.

Natural disasters and other events beyond our control could materially adversely affect us.

Natural disasters or other catastrophic events may cause damage or disruption to our operations, international commerce and the global economy, and thus could have a strong negative effect on us. Our business operations are subject to interruption by natural disasters, fire, power shortages, pandemics and other events beyond our control. Although we maintain crisis management and disaster response plans, such events could make it difficult or impossible for us to deliver our services to our customers and could decrease demand for our services.

Risk Factors Related to the Common Stock

Voting control is in the hands of a few large stockholders.

Voting control is concentrated in the hands of a small number of stockholders. Our CEO and Chairman currently hold approximately 26% of our voting shares in aggregate, including shares of our Common Stock and (on an as-converted basis) shares of our Series Seed Preferred Stock, Series A Preferred Stock and Series Seed Preferred Stock; and two other shareholders, SE Agoura Investment LLC and The Lee Miller Trust UA 09/05/2020, own approximately 17% and 7%, respectively, of our voting shares in aggregate. None of SE Agoura Investments LLC, The Lee Miller Trust UA 09/05/2020 or their beneficial owners serve on our Board or are employees of our Company. The trust, held on behalf of Mr. Marks’ family, which he does not control or beneficially own, owns approximately 2%. Those five shareholders in aggregate control approximately 53% of our voting shares and approximately 52% of our preferred stock. See “Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” Holders of our Common Stock are generally not be able to influence our policies or any other corporate matter, including the election of directors, changes to our Company’s governance documents, expanding the employee option pool, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major action requiring stockholder approval. Some of the larger stockholders include, or have the

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right to designate, executive officers and directors of our Board. These few people and entities make all major decisions regarding the Company.

Future fundraising may affect the rights of investors.

In order to expand, the Company is likely to raise funds again in the future, either by offerings of securities or through borrowing from banks or other sources. The terms of future capital raising, such as loan agreements, may include covenants that give creditors greater rights over the financial resources of the Company.

Holders of our Preferred Stock are entitled to potentially significant liquidation preferences over holders of our Common Stock if we are liquidated, including upon a sale of our Company.

Holders of our outstanding Preferred Stock have liquidation preferences over holders of Common Stock. This liquidation preference is paid if the amount a holder of Preferred Stock would receive under the liquidation preference is greater than the amount such holder would have received if such holder’s shares of Preferred Stock had been converted to Common Stock immediately prior to the liquidation event. Holders of Series A Preferred Stock and Series T Preferred Stock are entitled to liquidation preferences superior to Series Seed Preferred Stock. If a liquidation event, including a sale of our Company, were to occur that resulted in a distribution of less than approximately $8 million, the holders of our Preferred Stock could be entitled to all proceeds of cash distributions.

There is a limited current market for our Common Stock.

Currently, the only marketplace for our Common Stock is and will be our alternative trading system or “ATS” branded as “StartEngine Secondary.” To date, we only have limited experience selling our shares on StartEngine Secondary; see “Item 1. Business – Principal Products and Services – StartEngine Secondary” and trading of our securities will only be available on StartEngine Secondary during limited periods, including periods where we do not have an open offering. To date, there has not been frequent enough trading to establish a market price. The limited volume of trading means that investors should assume that they may not be able to liquidate their investment for some time or to liquidate at their desired price. Further, it is unlikely that they will be able to pledge their shares as collateral.

Investors will need to keep records of their investment for tax purposes.

As with all investments in securities, investors who sell the Common Stock will probably need to pay tax on the long- or short-term capital gains that you realize if sold at a profit or set any loss against other income. If investors do not have a regular brokerage account, or their regular broker will not hold the Common Stock for them (and many brokers refuse to hold Regulation A securities for their customers) there will be nobody keeping records for investors for tax purposes and they will have to keep their own records, and calculate the gain on any sales of any securities they sell.

The price for our Common Stock may be volatile.

To date, there has not been enough trading of our shares to establish a market price. The market price of our Common Stock may be highly volatile, if and when any trading begins again in the future and there is sufficient volume of trading to establish a market price, is likely to continue to be highly volatile and could fluctuate widely in price in response to various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including the following:

We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors.

Our ability to obtain working capital financing.

Additions or departures of key personnel.

Sales of our shares.

Our ability to execute the business plan.

Operating results that fall below expectations.

Regulatory developments.

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In addition, the securities markets have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of our securities. As a result, investors may be unable to resell your securities at a desired price.

Language change vs prior 10-K

MD&A (Item 7) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase

Negative rising

forfeitures+2
loss+1
difficult+1
illiquid+1
impairment+1

Positive rising

success+2
opportunities+2
successful+1
leading+1

MD&A (Item 7)

5,069 words

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere herein and in our consolidated financial statements.

In addition to our consolidated financial statements, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements.

Our Company

StartEngine Crowdfunding, Inc. was incorporated on March 19, 2014 in the State of Delaware. The Company was originally incorporated as StartEngine Crowdsourcing, Inc., but changed to the current name on May 8, 2014. The Company’s revenue-producing activities commenced in 2015 with the effectiveness of the amendments to Regulation A under the Securities Act adopted in response to Title IV of the JOBS Act. Operations expanded in 2016, as Regulation Crowdfunding, adopted in response to Title III of the JOBS Act, went into effect. On June 10, 2019, our subsidiary, StartEngine Primary LLC, was approved for membership as a broker-dealer with FINRA. The Company’s subsidiary, StartEngine Adviser LLC filed as an exempt reporting advisor with the SEC on January 8, 2024.

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Business and Trends

For Regulation A offerings, our broker-dealer subsidiary is permitted to charge commissions to the companies that raise funds on our platform. Regulation A offerings are subject to a commission ranging between 4% and 7% and usually include warrants to purchase shares of the Company or the securities that are the subject of the offering. The amount of commission is based on the risks and other factors associated with the offering.

Through StartEngine Primary, we can also charge commissions on Regulation D offerings hosted on our platform. During the periods covered in these financial statements we did not receive any Regulation D commissions. In Regulation Crowdfunding offerings, our funding portal subsidiary is permitted to charge commissions to the companies that raise funds on our platform. We typically charge 6% to 10% for Regulation Crowdfunding offerings on our platform.

We also generate revenue from services, which include a consulting package for Regulation Crowdfunding issuers called StartEngine Premium priced at $20,000 to help companies who raise capital with Regulation Crowdfunding, as well as transfer agent services marketed as StartEngine Secure. In Q2 2024, the Company shifted the Secure billing from annual invoices at $10 per user to tiered service annual contract for $250 or $350 per month. We additionally charge a $1,000 fee for certain amendments we file on behalf of companies raising capital under Regulation Crowdfunding as well as fees to run the required bad actor checks for companies utilizing our services.

The Company also receives revenues from other programs such as the StartEngine Venture club program and StartEngine Secondary. Our annual memberships for the StartEngine Venture Club bonus program are $275 per year.

The Company also provides a service named StartEngine Gold, which launched in July 2025. This service provides dedicated crowdfunding marketing support and access to licensed registered representatives who engage with leads and investors within an issuer’s proprietary funnel to help facilitate additional investments in the offering, where appropriate at a cost of $7,500 per month.

We launched StartEngine Secondary on May 18, 2020 and generate revenues by charging trade commissions to the sellers of the shares. Through December 31, 2025, the Company itself as well as twenty-four additional companies have been quoted on this platform.

In Q3 2023 the Company began providing accredited investors the opportunity to purchase membership interests in funds (“SE Funds”) which own shares of venture capital backed, late-stage private companies via its StartEngine Private product offering. The SE Funds are managed by StartEngine Private Manager LLC and advised by StartEngine Adviser LLC, an exempt reporting adviser.

Trend Information

We are operating in a relatively new industry and there is a level of uncertainty about how fast the volume of activity will increase and how future regulatory requirements may change the landscape. We continue to innovate and introduce new products to include in our current mix as well as continuing to improve our current services such as providing liquidity for our investors and issuers.

As we are a financial services company, our business, results of operations, and reputation are directly affected by elements beyond our control, such as economic and political conditions including unemployment rates, inflation and tax and interest rates, financial market volatility, war and fears of war (including the recent conflict with Iran), outbreaks of disease, broad trends in business and finance, and changes in the markets in which such transactions occur (such as the bear markets that developed for equities in the second and third quarter of 2022), we might be disproportionately affected by declines in investor confidence caused by adverse economic conditions.

On August 6, 2023, the Company launched “StartEngine Private”, a venture to provide accredited investors the opportunity to purchase membership interests in series which own shares of VC backed, and generally late-stage private companies(the “underlying securities”). The Company treats the amount it receives for selling underlying securities as revenues, and the acquisition cost related to such underlying securities as cost of revenues. To date, StartEngine Private has become our largest source of revenue. While StartEngine Private offerings have been successful in 2025 and the Company expects that it will continue as its largest revenue source in foreseeable future, the Company has experienced an expected slowdown in revenue from this line of business due to limited availability of stock for purchase of in demand companies, and limited purchase slots available for each offering. In both Q1 2025 and Q2 2025, the underlying securities for the offering were of the world’s largest privately held companies.

Comparatively, during Q3 2025, many of the companies on the Platform were smaller and lesser known. The Company anticipates that the short term revenue will continue closer to the level in Q3 2025, while actively pursuing opportunities for growth in future periods. The Company continues to invest in this line of business and anticipate that expenses related to the purchases and sales of StartEngine Private securities will change in tandem with the revenue generated. As of December 31, 2025, Company hired 7 sales associates

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dedicated to selling investments in StartEngine Private offerings. During Q3 2025, the Company hired 2 additional sales associates. The Company intends to continue evaluating staffing needs as StartEngine Private expands the number of its offerings.

As a Company, we are always reevaluating processes and procedures as it pertains to the success of the business. As such, the Company remains agile on changes in the market as well as the demand for services provided by the Crowdfunding industry. At the end of 2024, the Company determined that a reduction in workforce was necessary as the staffing required to support current issuer activity on the platform . This adjustment reflects the Company’s strategic focus on higher-growth business lines that require fewer personnel .

In 2024, the Company began hosting its new Regulation Crowdfunding issuances with the broker-dealer entity for regulatory and compliance reasons. As the legacy Regulation Crowdfunding raises complete their issuance, the remaining revenue from them will be booked to the current StartEngine Capital entity, which is not a broker-dealer. We expect that this transition to all Regulation A and Crowdfunding raises will be complete by the end of 2025. As of December 31, 2025, all of our current crowdfunding raises are conducted through our broker-dealer.

In March 2026, the company acquired Vinovest, Inc., a leading platform for fine wine and whiskey investment. Vinovest uses data and industry expertise to source, authenticate, and store high-quality bottles in bonded warehouses. The platform handles portfolio management, insurance, and logistics, while investors can track performance over time and choose to sell or take delivery of their holdings. Vinovest has also developed relationships in the wine industry, allowing top wineries from around the world to reach the next generation of collectors and investors in the company’s network. The Company has onboarded 4 employees from Vinovest to StartEngine and has begun integrating systems and customer lists. Vinovest will continue to operate independent of the Company to offer products to investors.

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Operating Results

Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2024

The following table summarizes the results of our operations for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and includes Adjusted EBITDA. For discussion of Adjusted EBITDA and reconciliation to the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures, see “Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Measures” below.

Year Ended December 31,

$ Change

Revenues

Cost of revenues

Gross profit

Operating expenses:

General and administrative

Sales and marketing

Research and development

Change in fair value of warrants received for fees

Change in fair value of shares received for fees

Total operating expenses

Operating income (loss)

Other income (expense)

Other income (expense), net

Total other income (expense), net

Income (loss) before provision for income taxes

Taxes - Other

Net income (loss)

Adjusted EBITDA

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Revenues

Our revenues during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 were $-, compared to $48,625,508 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, which represented an increase of $48,625,508, or 100%. The table below represents the major components of our revenues during the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

Year Ended

Ended December 31,

$ Change

Regulation Crowdfunding platform fees

Regulation A commissions

StartEngine Premium

StartEngine Secure

StartEngine Private

Venture Club (formerly OWNers Bonus) revenue

Other service revenue

Total revenues

The increase in total revenues in year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the same period in 2024 is primarily due to StartEngine Private. The growth in 2025 is primarily due to the Company acquiring the stock of some of the most coveted privately held stock in the market. The $86,603,559 represents closings on 41 StartEngine Private offerings, and the Company plans to continue growing this revenue source in the future, though growth of this revenue stream may be bound by factors such as limited availability of stock for purchase of in demand companies, and limited purchase slots available for each offering. The Company continues to look for avenues to explore growth of this revenue stream. Though this is a significant increase in revenues we note this is a lower margin product, see “Cost of Revenue” below.

Specifically, for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, the Company observed the following revenue trends across its other product lines:

Increase in Regulation Crowdfunding platform fees of $8,672,825 : The increase in Regulation Crowdfunding platform fees was primarily driven by higher raise totals for issuers within the period. In 2025, the Company hosted raises of more successful issuers that had increased demand from issuers compared to 2024.*

Decrease in Regulation A commissions of $2,711,712: The decrease is due primarily to lower amounts raised in Regulation A offerings for its issuers. Regulation A revenue is more sensitive to revenue variance based on the limited number of Regulation A raises hosted on the platform, and as such will experience a higher rate of variance based on the success of these issuers.

Increase in StartEngine Premium revenue of $2,455,425: The increase is due to several factors, including shift in payment strategy; more issuers utilizing the services; and price increases.

Increase in StartEngine Venture Club revenue of $5,352,347: This increase is primarily due to increased sales of Venture Club during 2025 as the Company adds greater focus towards growing this revenue source. Venture Club memberships are annual packages, see Note 2 – “Revenue Recognition” to the accompanying financial statements.

Increase in other service revenue of $183,554 : The increase is due to the addition of the StartEngine Gold service line which began in 2025 and posted $357,500 of revenue within the period.

* Offerings can span multiple periods and the amount raised during a period is based on the amounts closed on during that period.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues consists of internal employees, hosting fees, processing fees, certain software subscription fees that are required to provide services to our issuers, and for StartEngine Private acquisition costs related to underlying securities that it has sold to an SE Fund. Specifically, cost of revenues for StartEngine Private were $59,832,368 and $ 17,281,432 for year ended 2025 and 2024, respectively. Our total cost of revenues during the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $71,699,643 and $25,873,241,

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respectively . The increase was primarily due to the increase in price of the underlying securities for StartEngine Private in addition to increases in costs associated with selling StartEngine Private products such as sales commission.

Operating Expenses

The Company’s total operating expenses during the year ended December 31, 2025 amounted to $36,433,224, which represented a decrease of $2,455,646 or 6%, from the expenses in the same period in 2024. The decrease in operating expenses is primarily due to the following:

Increase in general and administrative expenses of $1,862,972 : Primarily due to an increase in compensation for employees related to the success of the Company in 2025 as well as the increase in software expenses as the Company began utilizing artificial intelligence applications for increased efficiency, and finally increased legal costs as the Company began exploring opportunities for international offerings.

Sales and marketing expenses decreased by $3,615,159 for the year ended December 31, 2025: Primarily due to lower headcount within the department which led to lower compensation and accrual for 2025 performance bonuses. Additionally, the Company reduced advertising expense and market research cost as the Company focused on reducing expense in 2025.

Decrease in research and development expenses of $2,440,097: D ue to decrease in employee payroll as the Company reduced headcount at the end of 2024 as the Company focused efforts on increasing productivity with AI and less headcount.

These decreases were partially offset by an increase in write down of shares received for fees by $1,865,939 as the Company had a larger write down of share expense in 2025 due to more write down of historically held stock.

Other Expense (Income), net

Our other inocme, net during the year ended December 31, 2025 amounted to $119,745, which represented cashback earned from our credit cards during the period as well as interest earned in the Company’s money-market accounts. During the same period in 2024 our other expense, net was $400,055 due to the sale of a real estate investment.

Net Income (Loss)

Net income totaled $1,472,852 for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $18,009,510 compared to a net loss of $16,536,658 recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA totaled $14,040,204 for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $15,853,105 compared to adjusted EBITDA loss of $1,812,901 in Adjusted EBITDA during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Critical Accounting Policies

See Note 2 in the accompanying financial statements.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the reported amount of expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates include the value of marketable securities; the value of stock and warrants received as compensation and collectability of accounts receivable. Actual results could materially differ from these estimates. It is reasonably possible that changes in estimates will occur in the near term.

A significant portion of the Company’s assets relate to investments in stock and previously warrants received as compensation from issuer companies undertaking Regulation Crowdfunding or Regulation A offerings. As described in Note 2, in the accompanying financial statements, stock and warrants require significant unobservable inputs, primarily related to the underlying stock price of the

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security received which may include marketability discounts. Warrants have further unobservable inputs related to the estimated life. In all cases, there were sales of the stock to the public through Regulation Crowdfunding or Regulation A funding mechanism, but such sales are often not to the level that an active market existed or exists. Once the funding round is concluded it is difficult to ascertain the fair value of the issuer shares or the status of the issuer’s financial health, unless additional rounds of financing are undertaken in a public setting, or the issuer reports reliable and regular information publicly. Any change in the underlying shares would impact on the valuation of the related investments. Shares held are generally illiquid. Valuations require significant management judgment related to these unobservable inputs.

As many of the companies that undertaking Regulation Crowdfunding and Regulation A are considered emerging growth companies, require significant capital to maintain or commence operations, and often contain warnings regarding substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, it is reasonable to conclude that through the passage of time, a significant portion of the stock and warrants held by the Company will ultimately be deemed worthless, decline in value, or in the case of warrants, expire without exercise. Similar to traditional venture capital results, it is reasonable to conclude that only a small portion of each investment may ever increase in value.

Investments – Stock

In connection with negotiated platform fee agreements, the Company obtains shares of stock in its customers. Our accounting for investment in our customers stock depends on several factors, including the level of ownership, and power to control. We base our accounting for such securities on: (i) fair value accounting, (ii) equity method accounting, and (iii) cost method accounting. As the stock received from customers have no readily determinable fair values and generally represent small amounts of ownership in our customers, the Company accounts for this stock received using the cost method, less adjustments for impairment in accordance with ASC 321 10 35 2. During the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company received stock with a cost of $1,854,519 and $2,429,556, respectively, as payment for fees. During the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, write down expense related to shares received amounted to $2,590,872 and $724,933, respectively. The basis for writing down this stock is to evaluate if the issuer has performed a raise on the Company’s platform within the last year. If the Company has, the stock value is updated to the current issuance price. If there has not been a raise, the Company writes down the value of the shares by 33%. This has been deemed reasonable as the shares of privately traded illiquid stocks are difficult to price, and the Company has determined through research that a markdown of this amount is reasonable due to assumed loss in value based on no new raises being hosted.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation is measured at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award and recognized as expense over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. The Company grants equity awards with a four-year vesting schedule, consisting of a 12-month cliff under which 25% of the award vests upon the first anniversary of the grant date, and the remaining 75% vests ratably over the subsequent 36 months. The fair value of stock-based awards is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires the use of subjective assumptions, including expected volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividend yield. These assumptions involve significant management judgment and may differ from actual results. Accordingly, the Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the service period, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, and revises its estimates as necessary if actual forfeitures differ from initial expectations.

Collectibles

The Company records collectibles at cost in accordance with the Company’s policy. These long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. In general, we believe that we purchase these assets in arms-length transactions at fair value and such transactions are evidence of fair market value in the near term. For collectibles, over time, and as trends change and economic factors affect various markets for which we hold assets, the estimation of certain assets that do not trade in a regular market may be difficult to assess for fair value. Certain assets may be subject to market manipulation or overproduction that could affect the underlying value of like or similar items. The quality of authentication bodies may affect future valuation. If there are limited data points to assess fair value, especially for one-of-a-kind collectibles, we may not identify impairments in a timely manner. Many of the collectibles have value that is in the eye of the beholder. Accordingly, there is significant uncertainty to what these assets would be valued at in subsequent arms-length transactions.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Statement of Cash Flows

The following table summarizes, for the periods indicated, selected items in our Statements of Cash Flows:

Year Ended

December 31,

$ Change

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities

Net cash provided by investing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities

Our net income during the year ended December 31, 2025 was $1,472,852, as compared to a net loss of $16,536,658 during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $12,285,480 as compared to cash used by operating activities of $4,275,484 for the same period in 2024. The increase in cash provided by operating activities in 2025 was primarily due to the increase in net income as well as the increase of accounts receivable by $4,252,374 offset by the increase in the net purchase of Private assets by $9,029,436 from 2024 to 2025.

Cash received from investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $1,467,604 and $202,892 for the year ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The increase due to the sale of the residential building formerly held by the Company for a cash inflow of $1,479,310.

Cash provided by financing activities was $3,791,880 and $2,258,591 for the year ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The increase of cash inflow is primarily due to the increase in the net proceeds from sale of common stock of $947,331.

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Balance Sheet

The following table summarizes our assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2025 as compared as of December 31, 2024:

December 31,

Assets

Current assets:

Cash

Marketable securities

Accounts receivable, net of allowance

Other current assets

Total current assets

Property and equipment, net

Investments - warrants

Investments - stock

Investments - Private

Investments - Collectibles

Investments - Real Estate

Due from related party

Intangible assets

Other assets

Total assets

Liabilities

Current liabilities:

Accounts payable

Accrued liabilities

Deferred revenue

Total current liabilities

Total liabilities

The Company’s current assets increased by $15,700,571 from December 31, 2024 to December 31, 2025. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in cash of $17,544,964 offset by a corresponding decrease in accounts receivable by $1,740,787.

The Company’s long-term assets increased by $3,213,483 from December 31, 2024 to December 31, 2025. This was driven primarily by an increase in Private assets of $9,289,151 due to purchases of shares to sell in future offerings. This increase was offset by a $3,428,571 decrease in intangible assets from the purchase of SeedInvest assets less the amortization for the period as well as $1,479,310 decrease in real estate investment as the Company sold its remaining membership of the building in 2025.

Current liabilities increased by $4,608,268 which is primarily due to an increase in accrued liabilities, specifically an increase in investor deposits of $558,393 as well as an increase of accrued liabilities of $697,105 related to year end commission and bonus payment. As the StartEngine Private business continues to scale, we expect these liabilities to be recurring for future periods. Additionally, deferred revenue increase by $689,134 due to the addition of the upfront fee deferrals of $15,000 per issuer.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We do not currently have any significant loans or available credit facilities. As of December 31, 2025, the Company’s current assets were $30,426,536. To date, our activities have been funded from our revenues, investments from our founders, the previous sale of Series Seed Preferred Shares, Series A Preferred Shares, Series T Preferred Shares, and our Regulation A and Regulation CF offerings.

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements, including arrangements that would affect the liquidity, capital resources, market risk support, and credit risk support or other benefits.

The Company currently has no material commitments for capital expenditures.

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We believe we have the cash, marketable securities through future fundraising rounds, other current assets available, revenues, and access to funding that will be sufficient to fund operations until the Company starts generating positive cash flows from normal operations.

Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Measures

We are presenting a non-GAAP financial measure “Adjusted EBITDA”, which is a measure adjusted for the impact of specified items and are not in accordance with GAAP.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) calculated in accordance with GAAP adjusted to exclude interest expense, interest income, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization, and stock based compensation. We present Adjusted EBITDA because it is a key measure used by our management team to evaluate our operating performance, generate future operating plans and make strategic decisions. We believe Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors regarding our operational performance and our ability to generate cash flows. Non-GAAP information should be considered as supplemental in nature and is not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. In addition, our non-GAAP financial measures may not be the same as or comparable to similar non-GAAP financial measures presented by other companies.

The following table reconciles net income (loss), the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, to Adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented:

Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2025

Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2024

Net Income (Loss)

Interest Income

Income Taxes

Depreciation and Amortization

Stock Based Compensation

Adjusted EBITDA

Top insiders

Most active reporters at Startengine Crowdfunding, Inc.

Name	Roles	Filings
Miller Ronald David	Director10% Owner	20
Chernick Aubrey	10% Owner	19
Mathews Joseph	Officer	16
Strassman Hunter	Officer	9
Jebsen Allen C D	Officer	1

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Filed	Insider	Top transaction	Shares	Price	Value
Apr 29, 2026	Miller Lee 10% Owner	SSale	1,521	$1.60	$2,434
Apr 29, 2026	Miller Ronald David Director · 10% Owner	SSale	1,521	$1.60	$2,434
Apr 29, 2026	Mathews Joseph Chief Technology Officer	SSale	130	$1.60	$208
Apr 29, 2026	Chernick Aubrey 10% Owner	SSale	3,381	$1.60	$5,410
Apr 29, 2026	Cronin Johanna Chief Marketing Officer	SSale	531	$1.60	$850

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Startengine Crowdfunding, Inc.

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