Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Report. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect future plans, estimates, beliefs, and expected performance. For additional discussion, see “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” above. The forward-looking statements are dependent upon events, risks, and uncertainties that may be outside of our control. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed elsewhere in this Report under “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors,” as such descriptions may be updated or amended in future filings we make with the SEC. Unless indicated otherwise, the following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated statements and notes thereto in this Report. We do not undertake, and expressly disclaim, any obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, new developments or otherwise, except to the extent that such disclosure is required by applicable law.
Overview
Solid Power is a U.S.-based leader in solid-state battery technology and manufacturing processes. Our core technology is a sulfide-based solid electrolyte material, which replaces the liquid or gel electrolyte used in traditional lithium-ion battery cells. We believe our electrolyte technology has the potential to enable a step-change improvement in battery cell performance beyond what is currently achievable in conventional lithium-ion battery cells, including improved energy density, battery life, and safety performance. We are currently targeting the EV market due to the size and perceived demand for next generation battery technology but believe our technologies can have a broader application as they mature.
Key Factors Affecting Operating Results
We are a research and development-stage company and have not generated cash flows through the sale of our electrolyte or licensing of our cell designs to adequately cover our costs. Our ability to commercialize our products depends on several factors that present significant opportunities but also pose material risks and challenges, including those discussed in the “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” sections of this Report, which are incorporated by reference.
Prior to reaching commercialization, we must improve our products to ensure they meet the performance requirements of our customers. We also will have to negotiate commercial agreements with our customers on terms and conditions that are mutually acceptable. To satisfy anticipated demand, we will need to scale production of our electrolyte. All of these will take time, require capital, and affect our operating results. Since many factors are difficult to quantify, our actual operating results may be different than currently anticipated.
Revenue generated to date has primarily come from performance on research and development licensing agreements, the line installation agreement, and government contracts. We will need to continue to deploy substantial capital to expand our production capabilities and engage in research and development programs. We also expect to continue to incur administrative expenses as a publicly traded company.
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In addition to meeting our development goals, commercialization and future growth and demand for our products are highly dependent upon consumers adopting EVs. The market for new energy vehicles is still rapidly evolving due to emerging technologies, competitive pricing, government regulation and industry standards, and changing consumer demands and behaviors.
Basis of Presentation
We currently conduct our business through one operating segment and one reportable segment. As a research and development company with no commercial operations, our activities to date have been limited and conducted primarily in the United States and the Republic of Korea. Our historical results are reported under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and in U.S. dollars.
Results of Operations
During the year ended December 31, 2025, our capital and operational investments supported our 2025 development objectives.
Revenue and Grant Income
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Change
Government
Collaborative
Total revenue and grant income
Revenue recognized for the year ended December 31, 2025 consisted of performance on our non-government contracts as well as certain government contracts. Grant income recognized consisted of performance on the Assistance Agreement. Revenue and grant income increased $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily driven by the performance on our Assistance Agreement.
We recognized $15.8 million and $17.4 million of collaborative revenue for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which primarily consisted of performance on the SK On Agreements . During the year ended December 31, 2025, we completed factory acceptance testing and neared completion of site acceptance testing of the SK On Line under the line installation agreement. We have substantially completed the deliverables for site acceptance testing of the SK On Line and expect site acceptance to be complete in the first quarter of 2026.
We recognized $6.0 million and $2.7 million of government revenue for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Government revenue and government grant income consisted primarily of grant income from the Assistance Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we conducted detailed design of the continuous electrolyte production pilot line. Grant income is recognized on the non-capital costs of the project. While there can be no assurance that we will continue to receive funding under our government contracts and grants in the amounts we expect or at all, we may continue to recognize grant income as we execute on the Assistance Agreement and construct a pilot electrolyte line using a continuous manufacturing process.
Operating Expenses
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Change
Direct costs
Research and development
Selling, general and administrative
Total operating expenses
Operating expenses decreased $2.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to a decrease in our selling, general and administrative costs as a result of a decrease in external contractors and outside consultants.
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Direct Costs
Direct costs consisted of costs incurred to support execution of our collaborative and government agreements. Direct costs remained consistent for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024. The majority of the direct costs during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were driven by the services provided and equipment purchased by Dahae Energy Co., Ltd. (“Dahae”), a strategic partner serving as installer of the SK On Line. Direct costs during the year ended December 31, 2025 included materials and internal labor to support site acceptance testing at SK On’s facility under the line installation agreement.
We expect direct costs to continue to correlate with our recognized revenue as we complete site acceptance testing and continue to execute on the project milestones supporting construction of our continuous electrolyte production pilot line .
Research and Development
Research and development-related operating expenses largely consisted of employee compensation and employee benefit costs incurred to maintain our skilled workforce, including engineers, scientists, operators, chemists, and technicians. Total research and development costs remained consistent during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the same period ended December 31, 2024.
Selling, General and Administrative
Selling, general and administrative expenses were largely comprised of employee compensation and personnel related costs for our administrative functions as well as costs driven by insurance and regulatory requirements. Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $2.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to a decrease in stock-based compensation expense as a result of forfeitures of unvested stock options and restricted stock units. The decrease of selling, general and administrative expenses was also driven by the decision to reduce external contractor and consultant support.
Overall, we expect operating expenses for 2026 to remain consistent with 2025 as we continue to execute on our objectives and focus on cost reduction efforts to offset overall rising costs.
Nonoperating Income and Expense
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Change
Interest income
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities
Interest expense
Other expense
Total nonoperating income and expense
Nonoperating income and expense includes interest income, the non-cash impact from the change in the fair value of our warrant liabilities, and other irregular items, such as the gain or loss on asset sales and impacts from transacting in foreign currency. For the year ended December 31, 2025, nonoperating income and expense decreased $2.8 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to a decrease in interest income earned as well as a change in other expense.
Interest income earned decreased $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the prior period, primarily due to a reduction in the average available-for-sale securities balance earning interest of $301.9 million in 2025 compared to $364.5 million in 2024.
Other expense decreased $2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in other expense was due to a decrease in loss on sale of assets, with a loss of $0.6 million in 2025 compared to $2.0 million in 2024, and an $0.8 million loss on the extinguishment of a promissory note executed and extinguished in 2024.
Overall, we expect nonoperating income and expense for 2026 to remain consistent with 2025 and 2024 other than interest income, which we expect to increase in 2026 as the balance in our investment portfolio has increased as a result of the Registered Direct Offering that occurred in January 2026.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Sources of Liquidity
The sale of equity has historically been our primary source of cash, with a smaller portion of cash coming from achievement of performance milestones under agreements with our partners and our government contracts.
Our total liquidity as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 was as follows:
December 31,
(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents
Available-for-sale securities
Total liquidity
As of December 31, 2025, total liquidity, which includes all cash and cash equivalents as well as our available-for-sale securities, was $336.5 million, an increase of $9.0 million compared to December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2025, contract assets and accounts receivables were $9.6 million and total current liabilities were $16.8 million. As of December 31, 2024, contract receivables were $1.4 million, deferred revenue was $3.2 million, and total current liabilities were $20.0 million.
Short-Term Liquidity Requirements
Our short-term liquidity requirements include operating and capital expenses needed to further our research and development programs and to install our continuous electrolyte production pilot line. We anticipate that our most significant capital expenditures in 2026 will relate to facility engineering and construction of a pilot electrolyte line using a continuous manufacturing process. We believe that our cash on hand is sufficient to meet our operating cash needs and working capital and capital expenditure requirements for a period of at least the next 12 months.
We anticipate our total combined capital expenditures and cash flow from operations for 2026 will be between $85 million and $100 million. We expect to fund our short-term liquidity requirements through our cash on hand and other liquid assets.
Long-Term Liquidity Requirements
Longer-term, we believe that our cash on hand will be sufficient to meet our current and expected needs for the next several years. We may require additional liquidity sources longer-term if there are material changes to our business conditions or other developments, including changes to our operating plan; development progress or delays; negotiations with OEMs, cell manufacturers, or other customers; market adoption of EVs; supply chain challenges; competitive pressures; and inflation. To the extent that our resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may need to seek additional equity or debt financing. We also may opportunistically seek to enhance our liquidity through equity or debt financing, if such financing becomes available to us on terms that we consider favorable. If financing is not available, or if the terms of financing are less desirable than we expect, we may be forced to take actions to reduce our capital or operating expenditures, which may affect our development, business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.
At-the-Market Offering
On September 5, 2025, we entered into the Distribution Agreement with Oppenheimer with respect to the ATM. Under the Distribution Agreement, we may offer and sell, from time to time, shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $150.0 million through Oppenheimer.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, we sold 18,023,085 shares of common stock at an average price of $5.06 per share, raising gross proceeds of $91.2 million before deducting offering costs, commissions, and fees. Our net proceeds totaled $88.8 million after deducting offering costs, commissions, and fees. We intend to use the net proceeds from shares offered and sold under the ATM for working capital and general corporate purposes.
As of December 31, 2025 approximately $58.8 million remained available for future sales under the Distribution Agreement.
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Stock Repurchase Program
On January 23, 2024, we announced that our Board approved a stock repurchase program authorizing us to purchase up to $50 million of our outstanding common stock. Under the stock repurchase program, we were authorized to purchase shares of our common stock from time to time until the program’s expiration on December 31, 2025. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we repurchased 3,361,396 shares of common stock at an average cost of $1.05 per share for an aggregate cost of approximately $3.53 million. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we repurchased 5,704,401 shares of common stock at an average cost of $1.59 per share for an aggregate cost of approximately $9.07 million.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities for the periods presented.
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Net cash and cash equivalents used in operating activities
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by (used in) investing activities
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by (used in) financing activities
Cash used in operating activities:
Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $9.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily driven by a decrease of $10.9 million of cash received from our partners, with $11.8 million of cash received from our partners in 2025 compared to $22.7 million in 2024. Cash received from partners is paid based on achievement of milestones and changes based on the timing and the payment terms in our arrangements.
Cash used for operations independent of cash received from our partners decreased $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the prior year. This change was driven by a decrease in direct payments and an increase in payments for operating activities.
Direct payments primarily consisted of payments to Dahae for services, equipment, and supplies supporting installation of the SK On Line. Total payments to Dahae were $6.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $11.0 million in 2024. This decrease was due to the timing of achieving milestone and the associated payment terms under our arrangement with Dahae.
Payments supporting the remainder of our operations which includes employee compensation, facility expenses, purchases of materials, and hazardous waste removal increased $3.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to timing of our annual contract payments.
We expect cash used in operating activities to decrease in 2026 as a result of decreased direct payments following completion of site acceptance testing under the line installation agreement.
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities:
Cash provided by investing activities decreased $84.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 due primarily to proceeds received under the ATM during the year ended December 31, 2025 and the resulting impact on our investment portfolio.
Proceeds from sales of our available-for-sale securities contributed to a year-over year net cash flow decrease of $95.6 million. This change was driven by the use of $88.8 million of proceeds, net of offering costs, commissions, and fees, in 2025 for the sale of shares of our common stock under the Distribution Agreement that were subsequently deployed to expand our investment portfolio.
Cash used for capital expenditures and intangibles decreased $5.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. Capital expenditures were primarily for the construction of our continuous electrolyte production pilot line, partially offset by receipt of $3.1 million under the Assistance Agreement, in 2025 and construction of the EIC in 2024.
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Cash paid for a loan receivable to our equity method investee, Dahae, was $0 in the year ended December 31, 2025 and $5.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2024.
We expect cash used in investing for capital expenditures for 2026 to increase as we transition from the design to construction and commissioning of the continuous pilot line construction.
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities:
Cash provided by financing activities increased $98.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 due to proceeds received under the ATM. Total proceeds received were $88.8 million, net of offering costs, commissions, and fees, for the sale of shares of our common stock under the Distribution Agreement. The remaining increase was due to proceeds from the exercise of stock options, which provided an increase of $5.0 million of cash in 2025 compared to 2024, and the use of $5.5 million less cash for the repurchase of common stock in 2025 compared to 2024.
We expect cash provided by financing activities for 2026 to increase due to the Registered Direct Offering which occurred in January 2026.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We are not a party to any off-balance sheet arrangements.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements included elsewhere or incorporated by reference in this Report. The preparation of our financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses. We base our estimates on past experience, technical analysis and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis. Actual results may differ from those estimates.
Our critical accounting estimates are those that materially affect our financial statements and involve difficult, subjective, or complex judgments by management. A thorough understanding of these critical accounting estimates is essential when reviewing our financial statements. We believe that the critical accounting estimates listed below involve the most difficult management decisions because they require the use of significant estimates and assumptions as described above.
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Collaborative Revenue
Description
Judgments and Uncertainties
Effect if Results Differ From Assumptions
We assess revenue from our research and development collaboration agreements representing joint operating activities in accordance with ASC 808 – Collaborative Arrangements. These agreements include the following components: parties to the contract are active participants, both parties are exposed to significant risks and rewards, and both parties are dependent on the commercial success of the efforts under the contract. Revenue recognition is recorded by analogy to ASC 606 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers.
Our revenue recognition accounting methodology requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions, and to apply professional judgment.
Prior to January 1, 2025, our collaborative arrangements were recognized using the input measurement method utilizing labor hours in relation to total labor hours anticipated to satisfy the performance obligation. As of January 1, 2025, our collaborative arrangements recognize revenue over time using the input measurement method utilizing the cost-to-cost method to satisfy the combined performance obligation.
Contract costs include all direct labor, subcontract costs, costs for materials and indirect costs related to the contract performance that are allowable under the provisions of the contract. Collaborative revenues from fee-based contracts are recognized based on costs incurred to meet contractually defined milestones and deliverables along with our assessment of achievement of those measurable deliverables under the contract or based on appropriate over time methods.
If we were to change our judgments or estimates, it could cause a material increase or decrease in the amount of revenue or deferred revenue that we report in a particular period.
