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YoY shift: Neutral
Year-over-year tone shift - average net-tone change across Risk Factors and MD&A vs the prior 10-K. This filing is 0.13pp more bullish than last year's.
Why YoY instead of absolute: the LM lexicon has ~6.6× more negative words than positive (legal/risk-disclosure language is heavy on hedging), so every 10-K reads bearish on raw tone. Year-over-year change strips that bias and surfaces the actual shift in management's framing.
Tone shift by section
The two components the gauge averages: how Risk Factors and MD&A each shifted in net tone versus last year's 10-K. The headline above is their average, so a green needle over a soft section just means the other section carried it.
Risk Factors
-0.05pp
Flat
Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
MD&A
+0.30pp
Lean +
Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
Per-snippet highlights
Sentence-level sentiment highlighting with category and subcategory filters is coming once the snippet-scoring pipeline lands. For now, dig into the actual section text on the Sections tab.
Language change vs prior 10-K
Risk Factors (Item 1A) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase
Negative rising
against+2
defend+2
ceased+2
negative+1
unrest+1
Positive rising
able+2
effective+2
opportunities+1
enhance+1
strong+1
Risk Factors (Item 1A)
10,617 words
Item 1A. RISK FACTORS
Risks Relating to Our Business Operations and the Growth of our Business
We may be unable to attr act and retain members and we may not effectively optimize memberships and increase revenue per center membership, either of which could have a negative effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The success of our business depends on our ability to attract and retain members, optimize memberships and increase our revenue per center membership. There are numerous factors that could impact our ability to do these things, any of which could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. These factors include (i) our ability to deliver premium member experiences with strong member engagement, (ii) members valuing our offerings at the prices we charge including as we have shifted to a premium offering, (iii) changing desires, confidence, discretionary spending and behaviors of consumers and our ability to anticipate and respond to such shifts, (iv) introductions or terminations of products, services, memberships, benefits or technology, (v) general economic and environmental conditions, (vi) market or center maturity or saturation, (vii) direct and indirect competition in our trade areas and (viii) social such as terror or health .
Language change vs prior 10-K
MD&A (Item 7) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase
Negative rising
claims+2
volatility+1
against+1
terminated+1
unrest+1
Positive rising
satisfaction+2
efficiencies+1
desired+1
enhancements+1
MD&A (Item 7)
8,939 words
Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Some of the information included in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” sections of this Annual Report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.
Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025, for discussion of the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.
Overview
Business and Strategy
Life Time, the “Healthy Way of Life Company,” is a premier lifestyle and leisure brand offering premium health, fitness and wellness experiences to a community of nearly 1.6 million individual members, who together comprise nearly 873,000 memberships, as of December 31, 2025. We are a in the industry having created a leisure model that incorporates the country club wellness lifestyle within a fitness and active living community. We have earned the trust of our members for over 30 years to make their lives healthier and happier by offering them the places, programs and performers. We deliver high-quality experiences through our omni-channel physical and digital ecosystem that includes more than 185 centers—, resort-like athletic country club destinations—across 31 states in the United States and one province in Canada. Our continuous commitment to members has resulted in brand loyalty and fueled our , long-term financial performance.
All of our members are able to cancel their membership at any time upon providing advance notice. We must therefore continually engage existing members and attract new members. Our qualified membership programs, which are administered and often subsidized through third parties and provide significantly lower average membership dues, can also be canceled upon providing advance notice. Several qualified membership programs expire in 2026 if not renewed. As we limit the qualified membership program offerings and as some or all of the programs terminate or expire, we are seeking to optimize the memberships in our clubs and increase our revenue per center membership, which includes converting existing qualified members to other direct memberships with the Company. The factors outlined immediately above could impact our ability to do these things.
Elevating our member experiences to meet and exceed their expectations requires investment in our team members, programs, products, services and centers. These investments may impact our short-term results of operations and cash flows as our investments in our business may be made more quickly than we see the returns on our investments. Additionally, we cannot be certain that these strategies will attract and retain members or deliver higher revenue per center membership.
Our business, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected by the environments in which we operate, including with respect to the macroeconomy, the political climate and social unrest, global pandemics or other health crises, severe weather, natural disasters and shifting climate patterns, hostilities and gun violence.
The macroeconomic environment in which we operate can adversely impact our business, results of operations and prospects, including with respect to inflation, interest rates, taxes or tariffs, labor and supply chain issues, and economic recession or low growth . While the inflation rate has improved and been more stable, the extended period of elevated inflation and overall higher costs has impacted our expenses and capital expenditures in several areas, including wages, construction costs, supply costs, utilities, rent and other operating expenses. These inflationary impacts pressure our margin performance and increase our capital expenditures, particularly for our cost to build new centers. Similarly, while interest rates have decreased and we have been able to secure interest rate swaps on the term loan portion of our variable rate credit facility, the comparatively higher interest rate environment has also increased the cost of our borrowings. The combined impact of inflation and higher interest rates, together with our focus on lowering our leverage ratio and generating positive free cash flow, caused us to temporarily slow down the start of new construction on our ground-up suburban builds, which impacted the centers we opened in 2024 and 2025. The macroeconomic environment can also adversely impact consumer sentiment and their ability or willingness to spend money to obtain or retain their membership with us or to engage with our in-center businesses.
The political climate in the United States and internationally is dynamic, with increased polarization and division, shifts in regulatory policies and enforcement, and social unrest and tensions. If we do not anticipate and manage the challenges relating to this environment, it could have a negative impact on our brand, revenue and profits.
Global pandemics or other health crises can also adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. We experienced significant reductions in membership levels, revenue per center membership, center activity and new center growth related to the COVID-19 pandemic, including from the responses of diverse governmental authorities in closing or restarting our operations. Our business took time to recover from that pandemic. We cannot be certain that we will not need to close our centers, restrict operations within our centers or suspend or reduce the level of real estate or construction activities again related to another pandemic or health crisis.
Severe weather, shifting climate patterns and other physical climate-related risks, including drought, heat stress, storms, flooding and fires; natural disasters; and social unrest, hostilities and gun violence, including active threats or terrorist activities (or expectations about them), can adversely affect our members, consumer spending and confidence levels, supply availability and costs, as well as our operations in impacted markets, all of which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, prospects and financial condition. We may also be forced to temporarily or permanently close centers due to any number of such circumstances. While the magnitude and timing of these impacts are uncertain and may vary across our members, suppliers, centers and markets, the severity and impact of center closures and center damage or destruction, and the cost to build or operate our centers, could increase as the climate, geopolitical and social environment changes, including as the frequency and severity of extreme weather increases, and with respect to our water usage in environments where water may be scarce or costly, the cost to cool our facilities in environments that experience higher temperatures. The severity and impact could also be greater in geographical locations across the country where we operate multiple centers and as we expand or continue to expand in potentially more challenging environmental locations. Our receipt of proceeds under any insurance we maintain with respect to some of these risks may be delayed or the proceeds may be insufficient to cover our losses fully . Our business could also be impacted by risks associated with transition to a lower-carbon economy, including market risks such as building performance requirements, shifts in insurance markets and carbon pricing. Additionally, while we have been a company focused on corporate responsibility from our formation, as we continue to develop and execute on our initiatives in these areas, we could incur additional costs or risks that adversely impact our business.
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If we are unable to successfully execute our asset-light growth strategy, our results of operations, cash flow and return on invested capital may be negatively impacted. Our center profitability may decline as we open new centers.
We are executing on a strategy to grow our business in an asset-light manner as detailed in “Item 1—Business—Our Growth Strategies and Member Experience Initiatives” of this Annual Report. To successfully expand the number of our centers, we must identify and acquire or lease sites that meet the site selection criteria we have established. We may face competition for sites that meet our criteria, and as a result, we may lose those sites or we could be forced to pay higher prices for those sites. Additionally, we must engage and negotiate with numerous third parties, including landlords, developers, sellers, contractors and governmental authorities. Their timeline and ability to move forward may differ from ours. If we are unable to cost-effectively identify and acquire or lease sites for new centers, or if our analysis of the suitability of a site is incorrect, our revenue growth rate, profits, cash flow and return on invested capital may be negatively impacted. Additionally, if we do not adapt to or anticipate the challenges relating to expanding our operations, including more diverse locations, sizes and types of buildings, executing remodels and determining timelines in new markets and spaces, we may not be able to expand profitably at our targeted returns and on the timeline or at the rate we expected. Any of these results could have a negative impact on our revenue growth rate, profits, cash flow and returns.
Our focus for new centers continues to include wealthier demographic and coastal locations for ground-up suburban builds, mall or retail locations, vertical residential and urban locations. If we are unable to leverage our brand and what we bring to these markets and locations, we may be required to pay relatively higher costs for land or lease payments. Our construction and development costs are higher to offer more luxurious amenities and features within the new centers. We have also experienced escalating construction costs more generally due to inflation. Higher gross invested capital and higher occupancy costs at these centers require increases in the value of sale-leaseback transactions or higher operating profits per center to produce our targeted rate of return. Our center operating margins may also be lower while the new centers build membership base. An increase in pre-opening expenses and lower revenue volumes characteristic of newly opened centers affect our operating margins at these new centers.
Opening new centers in existing markets attracts some memberships away from other centers in those markets, which could lead to diminished revenue and profitability. In addition, as a result of new center openings in existing markets, and because older centers represent an increasing proportion of our center base over time, our same-center revenue increases will be lower than in the past.
Delays in new center openings could have an adverse effect on our growth.
A significant amount of time and capital expenditures is required to develop and construct or remodel our new centers. Our ability to open new centers on schedule and on budget or at all depends on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include:
• obtaining financing at acceptable rates, including executing sale-leaseback transactions to fund construction of new sites and negotiating tenant improvement contributions from developers and landlords;
• obtaining entitlements, permits and licenses necessary to complete construction of the new center on schedule and to operate the center;
• negotiating the terms of the acquisition or lease of new centers;
• securing access to centers and the costs of labor and materials necessary to develop and construct or remodel our centers;
• delays or cost increases due to inflation, material shortages, labor issues, design changes, weather conditions, acts of God, pandemics or epidemics, discovery of contaminants, accidents, deaths or injunctions;
• recruiting, training and retaining qualified employees; and
• general economic conditions, including inflation that has elevated new center construction costs.
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Our growth and changes in the industry could place strains on our management, employees, information systems and internal controls, which may adversely impact our business.
Our plans for expansion and development, including an increase in the number of our new centers each year, development of existing and new businesses and memberships, expansion of our “Healthy Way of Life” ecosystem and acquisitions of other businesses, as well as changes in the industry, may place significant demands on our administrative, operational, financial, technological and other resources. Any failure to manage growth and development effectively could harm our business. To be successful, we will need to continue to develop technologically and implement management information systems and improve our operating, administrative, financial and accounting systems and controls. We will also need to train new employees and maintain close coordination among our executive, accounting, finance, legal, human resources, risk management and operations functions. These processes are time-consuming and expensive, increase management responsibilities and divert management attention.
We may incur significant costs in the development and implementation of new or re-imagined businesses or strategies with no guarantee of success.
In order to elevate and broaden member experiences, increase our revenue per center membership, remain competitive, respond to consumer demands and expand our business, we have developed, and expect to continue to develop and re-imagine, in-center, digital and ancillary businesses and strategies as well as co-working and living spaces. We may incur significant costs in the development or refinement of these businesses and strategies, some of which may be outside of our core competency. In addition, we cannot guarantee that these businesses or strategies will be successful and contribute to earnings or that we will be able to scale these businesses in an efficient manner or at all, and any of these businesses or strategies may lose money and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
We may be unable to successfully acquire or invest in suitable businesses or, if we do acquire or invest in them, they may disrupt our existing business, we may be unable to successfully integrate the businesses into our existing business or the acquired assets may be subject to impairment, any of which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
To remain competitive and expand our business, we acquire and invest in complementary businesses and centers. We may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates or joint venture partners in the future. If we do find suitable candidates, we may not be in a financial position to pursue the transactions or we may not be able to conduct effective due diligence or execute the transactions on favorable terms or at all. We may also have to incur debt or issue equity securities to pay for any acquisition or investment, which could adversely affect our financial condition or dilute our stockholders.
If we do acquire other businesses, we cannot provide any assurances that we will be able to successfully integrate those businesses and integrating those businesses into our existing business may place significant demands on our administrative, operational, financial and other resources and may require significant management time, which may disrupt our other businesses. We may also need to invest significant capital into the acquired businesses or centers to deliver experiences consistent with the Life Time brand. Our ability to acquire and integrate larger or more significant companies is unproven. Any failure to integrate an acquired business or center into our existing business could have an adverse effect on our existing business, results of operations and financial condition.
Additionally, as we have acquired other businesses, we have recorded assets, liabilities and intangible assets at fair value at the time of acquisition. If the fair value of the long-lived assets or intangible assets were determined to be lower than the carrying value, the assets would be subject to impairment, which could adversely affect our financial results.
Our business could be adversely affected by competition in the competitive health, fitness and wellness industry.
We compete with numerous industry participants as detailed in “Item 1—Business—Competition” of this Annual Report. Competitors compete with us to attract members in our markets and digitally. Competitors also attempt to copy all or portions of our business model or services, which could erode our market share and brand recognition or impair our business and results of operations. It is also possible that competitors could introduce new products and services or new ways to provide those products and services that negatively impact consumer preference or willingness to pay for our products and services. Certain competitors have advantages over us, including non-profit and government organizations may be able to obtain land and construct centers at a lower cost and collect membership fees without paying taxes, thereby allowing them to charge lower prices. Additionally, consolidation in the health, fitness and wellness industry could result in increased competition among participants. This competition may limit our ability to attract and retain members or to optimize our revenue per center membership, each of which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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Our dependence on third-party suppliers for equipment and certain products and services could result in disruptions to our business and could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Equipment and certain products and services needed for us to operate our business efficiently and to consistently meet our business requirements are sourced from third-party suppliers. The ability of these third-party suppliers to successfully provide reliable and high-quality products and services is subject to economic, political, trade, technical and operational uncertainties that are beyond our control. Any disruption to our suppliers’ operations, or any inability by us to identify and enter into agreements with alternative suppliers on a timely basis and on acceptable terms, could impact our supply chain and our ability to service our centers and elevate and expand our brand. Transitioning to new suppliers could be time-consuming and expensive and may result in interruptions in our operations. If any of these events occurs, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Relating to Our Brand
Our business depends on the quality and reputation of our brand, and any deterioration in the quality or reputation of our brand or in the health, fitness and wellness industry could materially adversely affect our market share, business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our brand and reputation are among our most important assets. Our ability to attract and retain members and expand our business is impacted by the external perceptions of Life Time as a leading lifestyle and leisure brand that consistently delivers premium experiences. Any operation of our centers or omni-channel ecosystem that does not meet expectations, any adverseincidents, including involving social matters, the safety of our members, guests or employees, physical or sexual abuse, or harm to a child at any of our children areas, or any negative events or publicity regarding us, our competitors or the health, fitness and wellness industry, may damage our brand and reputation, cause a loss of consumer confidence in Life Time and our industry and have an adverse effect on our market share, business, results of operations and financial condition.
Use of social media platforms, and email, text messaging, phone and social media marketing, may adversely impact our reputation, business, results of operations, and financial condition or subject us to fines or other penalties.
Negative commentary and videos about us or calls for collective action against us, such as boycotts, may be posted on social media platforms or similar at any time to a broad audience, which may harm our brand, reputation or business without affording us an opportunity for redress or correction in a timely manner or at all. Consumers value readily available information about health, fitness and wellness and often act on such information without further investigation and without regard to its accuracy.
We also use email, text messaging, phone and social medial platforms as marketing tools. As laws and regulations rapidly evolve to govern the use of these platforms and devices, the failure by us, our employees or third parties acting at our direction to abide by applicable laws and regulations in the use of these platforms and devices could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition or subject us to fines or other penalties.
Our intellectual property rights may be inadequate to protect our business or may be infringed, misappropriated or challenged by others. We may also become involved in costlylitigation or be required to pay royalties or fees.
We attempt to protect our intellectual property rights through a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws, as well as licensing agreements and third-party nondisclosure and assignment agreements. Our failure to obtain or maintain adequate protection of our intellectual property rights for any reason, whether in the United States or internationally, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We rely on our trademarks, trade names and brand names to distinguish our products and services from the products and services of our competitors, and we have registered or applied to register many of these trademarks. There is no assurance that our trademark applications will be approved in the United States or internationally. Third parties may also oppose our trademark applications, or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are successfullychallenged, we could be forced to rebrand our products or services, which could result in loss of brand recognition, and could require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands and to replacing products. In particular, although we own a United States federal trademark registration for use of the LIFE TIME ® mark in the field of health and fitness centers, we are aware of entities in certain locations around the country and internationally that use LIFE TIME FITNESS, LIFE TIME or other similar marks in connection with goods and services related to health, fitness and wellness. The rights of these entities in such marks may predate our rights. Accordingly, if we open any centers or otherwise operate in the areas in which these parties operate, we may be required to pay royalties or other fees or may be prevented from using the mark in such areas. Furthermore, if any third party were to successfully seek cancellation of our trademark registrations, we may be prevented from using such marks throughout the United States or internationally.
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Further, there is no assurance that competitors or other businesses will not infringe on our intellectual property rights or that we will not have disputes with third parties to enforce our intellectual property rights, protect our trademarks, determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others or defend ourselves from claims of infringement, invalidity, misappropriation or unenforceability. Our risk of infringement or misappropriation may increase with the increased use of generative artificial intelligence. In the event of any such infringement or claimed infringement or any misappropriation, the value of our brand may be harmed and we may be required to incur substantial costs and divert resources to pursue, or defendagainst, any claim. Additionally, any damage to our brand or reputation could cause membership levels to decline and make it more difficult to attract new members. If we were to fail to successfullydefend a claim against us, we may have to pay significant fees (and fines and penalties) and enter into royalty or licensing agreements, we may be prevented from using the intellectual property within certain markets in connection with goods and services that are material to our business or we may be unable to prevent a third party from using our intellectual property. Any such failure to successfully protect our intellectual property rights, or to defendagainst any claims or infringement, invalidity, misappropriation or unenforceability, for any reason, could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Relating to Our Techn ological Operations
We rely on technology and if we are unable to adapt to significant and rapid technological change, including with respect to artificial intelligence, and deliver connected and digital experiences, we may not compete effectively and our business could be adversely affected.
Technology is a key component of our business model and we regard it as crucial to our success moving forward. We increasingly use electronic and digital means to interact with our members, provide services and products, support our business operations and collect, maintain and store individually identifiable information. We use an integrated and proprietary member management system to manage the flow of member information within each of our centers and between centers and our corporate office. We also continue to invest in our mobile application and systems, including artificial intelligence such as L•AI•C, our first generative, artificial intelligence driven healthy way of life personal companion with personalized content and recommendations. While we seek to offer our members best-in-class technology solutions, we operate in an environment of significant and rapid technological change, including with respect to artificial intelligence, and with industry participants who have greater resources and personnel dedicated to innovating and developing technology and artificial intelligence. To remain competitive, we must continue to maintain, enhance and improve the functionality, capacity, accessibility, reliability, use and features of our mobile application, automated member interfaces and other technology offerings as well as the use of technology and artificial intelligence in the corporate support of our business.
Our growth and success will depend, in part, on our ability to continue to elevate and broaden our member experiences and product and services offerings, including through developing our omni-channel ecosystem, licensing leading technologies, systems and use rights, enhancing our existing platforms and services and creating new platforms and services. We must also respond to member demands, technological advances and emerging industry standards and practices on a cost-effective and timely basis. The adoption of new technologies or market practices (including artificial intelligence) requires us to devote significant resources to improve and adapt our services and how we operate. We need to secure and maintain third party rights including to use music with our content, which can be costly depending on the method we use to provide our content and may involve many third parties and navigating complex and evolving legal issues. Keeping pace with these ever-increasing technological and use requirements can be expensive, and we may be unable to make these improvements to our technology infrastructure or obtain the necessary use rights in a timely manner or at all. If we are unable to anticipate and respond to the demand for new services, products and technologies on a timely and cost-effective basis, or to adapt to and leverage technological advancements and changing standards, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, we may rely on the ability of our members to have the necessary hardware products (smartphones, tablets, watches, etc.) to support our new product offerings. To the extent our members are not prepared to invest or lack the necessary infrastructure, the success of any new initiatives may be compromised.
If we fail to properly maintain the operation, integrity and security of our systems and our data or the data of our members, guests and employees, to comply with applicable privacy or other laws, or to strategically implement, upgrade or consolidate existing information systems, our reputation and business could be adversely affected.
The operation, integrity and security of our systems and our data and the data of our members, guests and employees is critical to us. Despite the security measures we have in place and our continuous assessment and improvements, our systems, and those of our third-party service providers, may be vulnerable to security breaches, acts of cyber terrorism, malicious attacks, misinformation, demands for ransom, vandalism or theft, computer viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming and/or human errors or other similar events. Because such attacks and other events are increasing in sophistication and frequency and frequently change in nature, including due to artificial intelligence being used by bad actors, we, and our third-party service
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providers, may be unable to anticipate such events or implement adequate preventative measures, and any compromise of our systems, or those of our third-party providers, may not be discovered and remediated promptly. Any such event or any changes in consumer behavior following such an event affecting us or a third party may materially and adversely affect our business, which in turn may materially and adversely affect our reputation, results of operations and financial condition. Our receipt of proceeds under any insurance we maintain with respect to some of these risks may be delayed or the proceeds may be insufficient to cover our losses fully, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Additionally, the collection, maintenance, use, disclosure and disposal of individually identifiable or other personal data by our businesses are regulated at the federal, state and foreign levels as well as by certain financial industry groups, such as the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council, Nacha, Canadian Payments Association (Payments Canada) and individual credit card issuers. Some of this data is sensitive and could be an attractive target of a criminal attack by malicious third parties with a wide range of motives and expertise. Federal, state and foreign regulators and financial industry groups continue to adopt or consider new privacy and security requirements that may apply to our businesses. Similarly, federal, state and foreign regulators are considering laws and regulations for artificial intelligence. Compliance with evolving and fragmenting privacy, artificial intelligence and security laws, requirements and regulations results in time and cost increases due to necessary systems changes, new limitations or constraints on our business models and the development of new administrative processes. They also may impose further restrictions on our collection, disclosure and use of information that is housed in one or more of our databases. Noncompliance with privacy or artificial intelligence laws, financial industry group requirements or a security breach or other event involving the misappropriation, loss or other unauthorized disclosure of personal, sensitive and/or confidential information, whether by us or by one of our vendors, could have adverse effects on our business, operations, brand, reputation and financial condition, including decreased revenue, fines and penalties, increased financial processing fees, compensatory, statutory, punitive or other damages, adverse actions against our licenses to do business and injunctive relief.
Moreover, any failure or unforeseen issues, such as bugs, data inconsistencies, cloud concentration issues, outages, fires, floods, changes in business processes and other interruptions with our systems or the systems of third-party vendors could adversely impact our business and member experiences and cause us to lose members. Disruptions or failures that affect our billing and other administrative functions could also have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Correcting any disruptions or failures that affect our systems could be difficult, time-consuming and expensive. Additionally, if we need to move to different third-party systems, or otherwise significantly modify our systems, our operations and member experiences could be interrupted and negatively impacted.
Risks related to our acceptance of ACH, credit card, debit card and digital payments could harm our brand or our results of operations.
We accept payments through ACH, credit card, debit card and digital transactions. For such transactions, we pay interchange and other fees, which may increase over time. Additionally, if we or any of our processing vendors have problems with our billing software, or the billing software malfunctions, it could have an adverse effect on our member satisfaction and could cause one or more of the major companies to disallow our continued use of their payment products. If our billing software fails to work properly and, as a result, we do not automatically charge our members’ credit cards, debit cards or bank accounts on a timely basis or at all, we could lose membership revenue, which would harm our results of operations.
If we fail to adequately control fraudulent ACH, credit card, debit card and digital transactions, we may face civil liability, diminished public perception of our security measures and significantly higher ACH, credit card and debit card related costs, each of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. The termination of our ability to process payments through ACH transactions or on any major credit or debit card would significantly impair our ability to operate our business.
Risks Relating to Our Capital Structure and Lease Obligations
Our indebtedness and lease obligations, and the restrictive covenants in the documents governing such indebtedness and lease obligations, could adversely affect our financial condition and impact our ability to grow our business, take certain actions or respond to changes in the economy or our industry.
As of December 31, 2025, we had total consolidated indebtedness outstanding of approximately $1,525 million, as detailed in Note 9—Debt, to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report. For the year ended December 31, 2025, our interest expense, net of interest income was $82 million. Our annual debt service obligation for 2026 is expected to be approximately $86 million for interest and $22 million primarily for term loan and mortgage principal payments. We and our subsidiaries may still incur substantially more debt, including secured debt.
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As of December 31, 2025, we had 185 leased properties, including 134 center leases and 11 ground leases and 17 centers under construction. For the year ended December 31, 2025, our rent expense was approximately $339 million. In addition to minimum lease payments, some of our center leases provide for additional rental payments based on a percentage of net sales, or “percentage rent,” if sales at the respective centers exceed specified levels, as well as the payment of common area maintenance charges, real property insurance and real estate taxes. Many of our leases also have defined escalating rent provisions over the initial term and any extensions. As we continue to execute on our asset-light growth strategy, including sale-leaseback transactions, we expect to lease, rather than own, the majority of our new centers in the future. With our strategy to execute sale-leaseback transactions, we may also have an increasing number of leased locations with a small number of lessors. As of December 31, 2025, we had 55 properties subject to 15 master leases with 14 lessors.
The credit agreement governing our senior secured credit facility and the indenture governing our secured notes contain a number of covenants imposing restrictions on our business, including we are required to comply with a first lien net leverage ratio covenant under the revolving portion of our senior secured credit facility. These restrictions may affect our ability to operate our business and may limit our ability to take advantage of potential business opportunities as they arise. Similarly, since as a lessee we do not completely control the land and improvements underlying our operations, we may not be able to take certain actions that we desire or the lessors could take certain actions to disrupt our rights in the centers we lease. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by circumstances and events beyond our control, such as prevailing economic conditions, pandemics or epidemics and changes in regulations, and there is no assurance that we will be able to comply with such covenants.
Specifically, our indebtedness and lease obligations, and the restrictions imposed thereby, could have material consequences, including:
• limiting our ability to obtain or guarantee additional indebtedness or make certain investments, which could impact our ability to fund or execute on future working capital, capital expenditures, our growth strategy or other general corporate requirements or business opportunities;
• requiring a substantial amount of our cash flows to be dedicated to debt service and lease obligations, thereby reducing the amount of cash flows available for working capital, capital expenditures, our growth strategy and other general corporate purposes or business opportunities;
• restricting our ability to pay dividends or make distributions on our capital stock or repurchase our capital stock;
• limiting our ability to incur liens, to sell assets, to consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets or to enter into transactions with our affiliates;
• increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;
• limiting our flexibility in planning for and reacting to changes in the industry in which we compete and to changing business and economic conditions;
• placing us at a disadvantage compared to other, less leveraged competitors; and
• increasing our cost of borrowing or limiting our ability to refinance indebtedness.
Additionally, failure to satisfy our obligations with respect to our indebtedness and lease obligations or a breach of any of the restrictive covenants could result in an event of default under the applicable indebtedness or lease. Such a default may allow the creditors to accelerate the related indebtedness and may result in the acceleration of any other indebtedness that is subject to an applicable cross-acceleration or cross-default provision. An event of default under the credit agreement governing our senior secured credit facility would permit the lenders thereunder to terminate all commitments to extend further credit under the facilities. Furthermore, if we were unable to repay the amounts due and payable under our secured indebtedness, those lenders or holders, as applicable, could proceed against the collateral granted to them, including our available cash, to secure that indebtedness, subject to the provisions of the applicable intercreditor agreement. In the event our lenders or holders of our secured notes accelerate the repayment of our borrowings, we and our subsidiaries may not have sufficient assets to repay that indebtedness. Similarly, a number of our leases, including those pursuant to sale-leaseback transactions, may be terminated in the event of a breach and certain other circumstances. The occurrence of any one of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and ability to grow our business or satisfy our obligations.
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We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness and lease obligations and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations, which may not be successful.
We depend on cash flow from operations to pay our indebtedness and lease obligations. Our ability to make scheduled payments on our indebtedness and lease obligations, to refinance our debt obligations before maturity or to negotiate favorable terms on new or expiring leases depends on our financial condition and operating performance, and could be subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business, market, legislative, regulatory, environmental and other factors beyond our control. Our inability to generate sufficient cash flows to satisfy our debt and lease obligations, or to refinance our indebtedness at comparable interest rates and on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or to renew our leasehold interests on their expiration or on terms that are as favorable as the current terms, would materially and adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations. We could also face substantial liquidity problems and be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional debt or equity capital or restructure our indebtedness. We may not be able to effect any such alternative measures on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our operating and growth needs or our scheduled debt service and lease obligations.
Our ability to raise capital in the future may be limited, which could impact our operations and ability to grow.
Our business requires capital to operate and grow. We have and may need or choose to raise additional funds through the issuance of new equity securities, debt or a combination of both. Additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, or at all. If we issue new debt securities, the debt holders would have rights senior to common stockholders to make claims on our assets, and the terms of any debt could further restrict our operations, including our ability to pay dividends on our common stock. If we issue additional equity securities, existing stockholders will experience dilution, and the new equity securities could have rights senior to those of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, our stockholders bear the risk of our future securities offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting their interest.
Risks Relating to Our Human Capital
If we cannot retain our key employees and hire additional qualified employees, we may not be able to successfully lead and run our businesses, achieve our growth targets and pursue our strategic objectives. We may also continue to face increased labor costs that could reduce our profitability.
We are highly dependent on the services of our senior management team and other key employees at both our corporate headquarters and our centers. Competition for such employees is intense and most of our executive officers have each been with the Company for over 20 years. Our inability to attract, retain, replace, train and motivate qualified employees in a timely and effective manner could reduce member satisfaction, harm our brand and reputation and adversely affect our operating efficiency and financial results.
Staffing shortages, including for our centers and for key corporate and technology resources, could also hinder our ability to implement our business and growth strategy. Payroll costs are a major component of the operating expenses at our centers. We have experienced and may continue to experience a labor market that requires higher wages and increased benefits, which places pressure on our profitability. Increases in minimum wage rates and mandatory benefits could also result in increased costs for us, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Attempts by labor organizations to organize groups of our employees or changes in labor laws could disrupt our operations or increase our labor costs.
Although none of our employees are currently covered under collective bargaining agreements, we may become subject to collective bargaining agreements, similar agreements or regulations enforced by governmental entities in the future. Changes in the federal regulatory scheme could make it easier for unions to organize groups of our employees. Unionization could hinder our ability to cross-train and cross-promote our employees due to prescribed work rules and job classifications. Labor regulations could also lead to higher wage and benefit costs, changes in work rules that raise operating expenses and legal costs, and limit our ability to take cost saving measures. If relationships with our employees or other personnel become adverse, our centers could experience labor disruptions such as strikes, lockouts and public demonstrations. These or similar agreements, legislation or changes in regulations could disrupt our operations, reduce our profitability or interfere with the ability of our management to focus on executing our business and operating strategies.
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Risks Relating to Legal Compliance and Risk Management
We are subject to extensive governmental laws and regulations, and changes in these laws and regulations could have a negative effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Our operations and business practices are subject to various United States and foreign national, federal, state, provincial and local laws and regulations, including but not limited to the following:
• consumer protection laws related to the advertising, marketing and sale of our products and services, including laws regulating recurring services;
• statutes that regulate the sale and terms of our membership contracts;
• health or safety regulations related to various center operations, whether operated directly, as a managed service provider or a business associate to third parties, such as MIORA, Life Clinic, our Dynamic Personal Training, LifeCafe, LifeSpa and medi-spa, Life Time Swim and Life Time Kids;
• regulation or licensing of ancillary health, fitness and wellness-related products and services;
• licensing or other regulation of our service providers, such as cosmetologists, massage therapists and registered dietitians;
• environmental and workplace safety laws and regulations;
• climate-related laws and regulations;
• laws and regulations on fair housing and accessibility;
• laws and regulations governing privacy and security of information; and
• wage and hour or other employment related laws and regulations.
Any changes in such laws or regulations or any failure by us to comply with such laws or regulations, including by any of our team members, could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We may also face increased burdens, expenses and challenges in administering our business in a climate of increasing political polarization and volatility and regulatory fragmentation. Additionally, as we expand our business and “Healthy Way of Life” ecosystem, including potentially offering our digital membership or other services internationally, we could be exposed to new or incremental regulatory, economic and political risks in addition to those we already face in the United States and Canada.
We defendagainstclaims related to the development, construction or operation of our facilities and the use, condition or content of our premises, facilities, equipment, mobile application, services, activities or products, which could have a negative effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Use of our premises, facilities, equipment, mobile applications, services, activities, events or products poses potential health or safety risks to members, guests and customers. Claims are asserted against us from time to time for loss, injury or death suffered by someone (including a minor child) using or visiting our premises, facilities, equipment, mobile applications, services, activities, events or products. We could also face claims in connection with the development, construction and remodel of our centers and other facilities, as well as claims related to environmental matters or remediation. While we carry insurance generally applicable to such claims, we face exposure for losses within any self-insured retention or for uninsureddamages.
We also face claims for economic or other damages by members, guests, customers or employees, including consumer protection, wage and hour, membership or ancillary services contract, or other statutory or common law claims arising from our business operations. Such claims may be uninsured or the proceeds of our insurance coverages for such claims may be insufficient to cover our losses fully. Depending upon the outcome, these matters may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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We defendclaims related to our health, fitness and wellness-related offerings or other claims, and the value and reputation of our brand may suffer.
We offer directly or through third parties a variety of health, fitness and wellness-related products and services, such as nutritional and weight loss products, blood screenings and other assessments, anti-aging and longevity services, health, fitness and wellness content and services, chiropractic services and medi-spa services. Claims are asserted or governmental investigations are conducted from time to time against us or such third parties related to these products and services, including regarding the ingredients in, manufacture of or results of using our nutritional products, our provision of other health, fitness and wellness-related services or content or our relationships with third parties. There is no assurance that we will not be required to cease providing certain products or services or that any rights we have under indemnification provisions and/or insurance policies will be sufficient to cover any losses that might result from such claims. Any publicity surrounding such claims may negatively impact the value of our brand.
In the ordinary course of conducting our business, we are exposed to claims that can have significant adverse effects upon our financial position, results of operations and cash flows, including wage and hour claims and class action claims. See “Item 3—Legal Proceedings” in this Annual Report. At any given time, there may be one or more civil actions initiated against us. If one or more of these pending lawsuits, or any lawsuits in the future, are adjudicated in a manner adverse to our interests, or if a settlement of any lawsuit requires us to pay a significant amount, the result could have an adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, any litigation, regardless of the outcome, may distract our management from the operation of our business.
We may not be able to maintain the required type or level of insurance coverage on acceptable terms or at an acceptable cost.
We may not be able to maintain insurance, including general liability and property insurance, on acceptable terms or maintain a level of insurance that would provide adequate coverage, including against potential third-party liability, health and safety issues, property loss caused by severe or frequent extreme weather or otherwise and other claims. An increase in the number of claimsagainst health and fitness center operators generally or against us in particular may cause the cost of insurance for the industry as a whole or us in particular to rise, and comprehensive insurance coverage may become more difficult to attain. For example, our level of insurance has decreased and the relative cost has increased for insuring parts of our business including our medi-spa services. Any gaps in insurance or any increase in the cost of insurance may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Adverse developments in applicable tax laws or tariffs could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our effective tax rate could also change materially as a result of various evolving factors, including changes in income tax law or changes in the scope of our operations.
We are subject to taxation in the United States at the federal level and by certain states and municipalities and foreign jurisdictions because of the scope of our operations. Additionally, despite the vast majority of our operations being currently operated in the United States, our operations and new center growth could be subject to new or increased tariffs. While our existing operations have been implemented in a manner we believe is in compliance with current prevailing laws, one or more taxing jurisdictions could seek to impose, and certain jurisdictions are actively considering, incremental or new taxes on us. Any adverse developments in tax laws or regulations, including legislative changes, judicial holdings or administrative interpretations, or any new or increased tariffs that impact our operations or growth, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Changes in the scope of our operations, including expansion to new products or new geographies, could also increase the amount and type of taxes and tariffs to which we are subject, and could increase our effective tax rate.
Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Common Stock
Our share price has and may change significantly, and stockholders may not be able to resell our common stock at or above the price per share paid or at all.
The trading price of our common stock has experienced volatility. Stock volatility often has been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies. Additionally, how active and liquid the trading market on the NYSE for our common stock may be impacted by the fact that certain of our existing stockholders who were stockholders before the IPO, who we refer to as the “Voting Group,” collectively held as of December 31, 2025, approximately 38.3% of the voting power of our common stock (down from 62.7% as of December 31, 2024). Stockholders may not be able to resell our common stock at or above the price per share paid due to a number of factors, such as the amount of liquidity in the market for our shares, those listed in other portions of this “Risk Factors” section and the following:
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• results of operations that vary from the expectations of securities analysts and investors or from our competitors;
• if securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they downgrade our common stock or our industry;
• changes in expectations as to our future financial performance and growth, including financial estimates and investment recommendations by securities analysts and investors;
• investor perceptions of the investment opportunity associated with our common stock relative to other investment alternatives;
• the public’s response to press releases or other public announcements by us or third parties, including our filings with the SEC;
• guidance, if any, that we provide to the public, any changes in this guidance or our failure to meet this guidance; and
• changes in accounting principles.
These broad market and industry fluctuations may materially adversely affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.
In the past, following periods of market volatility, stockholders of companies have instituted securities class action litigation. If we were involved in securities litigation, it could have a substantial cost and divert resources and the attention of executive management from our business regardless of the outcome of such litigation.
Future sales, or the perception of future sales, by us or our existing stockholders in the public market could cause the market price for our common stock to decline.
The sale of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of our common stock. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate.
As of December 31, 2025, we had a total of 221,076,666 shares of common stock outstanding and the Voting Group held approximately 38.3% of such shares (down from 62.7% as of December 31, 2024). The Voting Group includes investment funds affiliated with Leonard Green & Partners, L.P. and its affiliates (“LGP”) and TPG Inc. and its affiliates (“TPG”), which collectively held approximately 19.3% of our common stock as of December 31, 2025 (down from 42.5% as of December 31, 2024). Most of the shares of our common stock held by the Voting Group are “restricted securities” under Rule 144 of the Securities Act and subject to certain restrictions on resale. Restricted securities may be sold in the public market only if they are registered under the Securities Act or are sold pursuant to an exemption from registration such as Rule 144. The Voting Group has certain registration rights under the amended and restated stockholders agreement with the Company (the “Stockholders Agreement”). Registration of any of these outstanding shares of common stock would result in such shares becoming freely tradable without compliance with Rule 144 upon effectiveness of the registration statement. We currently have an automatic shelf registration statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC under which we or the Voting Group could elect to register shares of our common stock as was done in 2024 and 2025.
If the Voting Group exercises its registration rights again, sells a significant number of shares pursuant to an exemption from registration or is perceived by the market as intending to sell them, the market price of our common stock could drop significantly. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through future offerings of our common stock or other securities.
In addition, our shares of common stock subject to outstanding awards or reserved for future issuance under our 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, 2021 Incentive Award Plan and our 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan will become eligible for sale in the public market once those shares are issued, subject to provisions relating to any vesting agreements. We may also issue our securities in connection with investments or acquisitions. The amount of our common stock issued in connection with an investment or acquisition could constitute a material portion of our then-outstanding common stock. Any issuance of additional securities in connection with investments or acquisitions may result in additional dilution to our stockholders and the securities issued may have rights that are senior to our common stock.
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The Voting Group owns a significant amount of our common stock and their interests may not be aligned with yours. We ceased being a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE rules and the rules of the SEC in June 2025.
As long as the Voting Group continues to own a significant amount of our total outstanding shares of common stock, they will be able to strongly influence the outcome of corporate actions.
It is possible that members of the Voting Group may have interests that are different from other stockholders and may vote in a way with which other stockholders may disagree and that may be adverse to other stockholders’ interests. Further, members of the Voting Group may have differing views from each other, none of which may align with other stockholders’ interests. In addition, the Voting Group’s concentration of ownership could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control or otherwise discouraging a potential acquirer from attempting to obtain control of us, which could cause the market price of our common stock to decline or prevent our stockholders from realizing a premium over the market price for their common stock.
Additionally, certain of the members of the Voting Group are in the business of making investments in companies and may from time to time acquire interests in businesses that directly or indirectly compete with certain portions of our business or supply us with goods and services. Such members of the Voting Group may also pursue acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to our business and, as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us or may be more expensive for us to pursue.
We ceased to be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the NYSE and the rules of the SEC effective as of June 5, 2025. Within one year of that date, we are required to have a nominating and corporate governance committee and compensation committee that consist entirely of independent directors. The independence standards are intended to ensure that directors who meet those standards are free of any conflicting interest that could influence their actions as directors. Accordingly, stockholders may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of other companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the NYSE until we meet such requirements during 2026.
Transactions undertaken in connection with the repurchase of our common stock may not occur, and if they do, may not realize the anticipated long-term stockholder value and could have adverse tax effects on us.
In February 2026, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for the repurchase of up to $500 million of our common stock, as detailed in “Part II—Item 5. Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities—Purchases of Equity Securities.” Our share repurchase program does not obligate us to repurchase any specific number of shares of common stock, has no expiration date and may be modified, terminated or suspended at any time without prior notice. The timing and amount of repurchases, if any, will be subject to our liquidity, leverage ratio, stock price, business and market conditions, and compliance with applicable legal and contractual obligations. Additionally, repurchases of our common stock could reduce our cash reserves, which may impact our ability to finance our growth and strategic acquisitions or opportunities. Repurchases of our common stock, or any decision to not utilize the full authorized amount, could affect the trading price of our common stock and could increase volatility. Although share repurchase programs are intended to enhance long-term stockholder value, there is no assurance that our program will do so. Additionally, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “Inflation Reduction Act”) imposed a 1% excise tax on the fair market value of stock on certain repurchases (including redemptions) of stock by publicly traded corporations on or after January 1, 2023, subject to certain exceptions (including an exception that allows netting the amount of stock redemptions or repurchases against certain new issuances of stock). Subsequently, the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued final regulations providing additional rules about this excise tax. If we redeem or repurchase shares of our common stock in connection with the share repurchase program that we have announced, we could be subject to this excise tax unless we qualify for any of the exceptions that are provided in the Inflation Reduction Act, in the final regulations, or in other laws, regulations or rules. Any such excise tax would be our liability and could increase the amount of tax that we are required to pay.
Some provisions of our charter documents and Delaware law may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage an acquisition of us by others, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders, and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.
Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws, as well as provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or increase the cost of acquiring us, even if doing so would benefit our stockholders, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions include:
• establishing a classified board of directors such that not all members of the board are elected at one time;
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• allowing the total number of directors to be determined exclusively (subject to the rights of holders of any series of preferred stock to elect additional directors) by resolution of our board of directors and granting to our board the sole power (subject to the rights of holders of any series of preferred stock or rights granted pursuant to the Stockholders Agreement) to fill any vacancy on the board;
• limiting the ability of stockholders to remove directors without cause;
• authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock by our board of directors, without further stockholder approval, to thwart a takeover attempt;
• prohibiting stockholder action by written consent (and, thus, requiring that all stockholder actions be taken at a meeting of our stockholders);
• eliminating the ability of stockholders to call a special meeting of stockholders;
• establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to the board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at annual stockholder meetings;
• requiring the approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting power of all outstanding stock entitled to vote thereon, voting together as a single class, to amend or repeal our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws; and
• electing not to be governed by Section 203 of the DGCL.
These provisions could discourage, delay or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of our Company. They could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for stockholders to elect directors of their choosing and cause us to take corporate actions other than those which our stockholders desire.
Non-U.S. holders who own more than 5% of our common stock may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on gain realized on the sale or other taxable disposition of such stock.
Because we have significant ownership of real property located in the United States, we may be a “United States real property holding corporation” (“USRPHC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes, but we have made no determination to that effect. There can be no assurance that we do not currently constitute or will not become a USRPHC. As a result, any beneficial owner of our common stock that is neither a “U.S. person” nor an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes (a “Non-U.S. Holder”) may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on gain realized on a sale or other taxable disposition of our common stock if such Non-U.S. Holder has owned, actually or constructively, more than 5% of our common stock at any time during the shorter of the five-year period ending on the date of the sale or other taxable disposition or the Non-U.S. Holder’s holding period in such stock.
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Our luxurious athletic country clubs total over 18 million of indoor square feet and over seven million of outdoor square feet in the aggregate. Our centers are located in affluent suburban and urban locations. Depending on the size and location of a center, we offer expansive fitness floors with top-of-the-line equipment, spacious locker rooms, group fitness studios and spaces, recovery spaces, indoor and outdoor pools and bistros, indoor and outdoor tennis courts, indoor and outdoor pickleball courts, basketball courts, LifeSpa, LifeCafe and our childcare and Kids Academy learning spaces. Our premium service offerings are delivered by over 44,000 Life Time team members, including over 11,100 certified fitness professionals, ranging from personal trainers to studio performers.
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Our members are highly engaged and draw inspiration from the experiences and community we have created. The value our members place on our community is reflected in the continued strength and growth of our average revenue per center membership, center usage and the visits to our athletic country clubs. Our average revenue per center membership increased to $3,531 for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to $3,160 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and $2,810 for the year ended December 31, 2023. Total visits to our clubs were over 122 million in 2025 as compared to over 114 million in 2024 and over 103 million in 2023, and average visits per membership to our centers remained strong at 149 in 2025.
Our membership mix is notably shifting with couples and families comprising increasingly larger portions of total memberships. These memberships have historically been more engaged with higher retention and higher average monthly dues. With these membership dynamics and our premium, high-use model, our newer clubs are typically reaching their desired utilization and revenue with fewer memberships. Additionally, the number of our qualified memberships, which have significantly lower average membership dues, are decreasing as we limit their offering and certain third party administrated programs are terminated or expire.
We believe that no other company in the United States delivers the same quality and breadth of health, fitness and wellness experiences that we deliver, which has enabled us to consistently grow our annual membership dues and in-center revenues.
Our total Center revenue increased to $2,909 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to $2,547 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and $2,154 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. We believe it will continue to grow as we open new centers in desirable locations across the country, new members join at higher membership dues rates, our new centers ramp to expected performance and we continue to execute on our strategic initiatives discussed below. Our new centers on average have taken three to four years to ramp to expected performance. As of December 31, 2025, we had 29 centers open for less than three years and 17 new centers under construction. We are expanding the number of our centers using an asset-light model that targets affluent markets with higher income members, higher average revenue per center membership and higher returns on invested capital. As we open these new centers in more affluent markets, our average revenue per center membership should naturally increase.
We believe we have significant opportunities to continue expanding our portfolio of premium centers in an asset-light manner. We are now targeting 12 to 14 new locations on average per year starting in 2026. We also expect a larger percentage of our new centers will be large format ground up construction builds as compared to 2024 and 2025.
We also continue to execute several strategic initiatives that are driving revenue, engagement, membership optimization and expansion as we elevate and broaden our member experiences and allow members to integrate health, fitness and wellness into their lives with greater ease and frequency. These strategic initiatives include pickleball, Dynamic Personal Training, Dynamic Stretch, small group training such as Alpha, GTX, Ultra Fit, MB360 and CTR, our ARORA community focused on members aged 55 years and older, and most recently LT Games, a unique hybrid-athletic competition. Our MIORA performance and longevity health offering is performing to our expectations and we now have a total of eight locations.
We have also been executing on enhanced offerings to accelerate growth beyond our centers. We are selling our LTH nutritional products more broadly on e-commerce platforms . Additionally, our digital platform is delivering a true omni-channel experience through our integrated digital app, including live streaming fitness classes, remote goal-based personal training, nutrition and weight loss support and curated award-winning health, fitness and wellness content. We are continuing to invest in our digital capabilities, including artificial intelligence such as L•AI•C, our first generative, artificial intelligence driven healthy way of life personal companion with personalized content and recommendations , to strengthen our relationships with our members, reach more people looking for a Healthy Way of Life and more comprehensively address their health, fitness and wellness needs so that they can engage and connect with Life Time at any time or place.
We also continue to expand our “Healthy Way of Life” ecosystem in response to the desire of our members to holistically integrate health and wellness into every aspect of their daily lives. In 2018, we launched Life Time Work, an asset-light branded co-working model that offers premium work spaces in close proximity to our athletic country clubs and integrates ergonomic furnishings and promotes a healthy working environment. Life Time Work members also have the ability to receive access to all of our resort-like athletic country club destinations across the United States and Canada. We have also begun to dedicate space within many of our athletic country clubs for work lounges that have a design aesthetic similar to our Life Time Work locations. A dditionally, our Life Time Living locati ons, which are also an asset-light model, offer l uxury wellness-oriented residences in close proximity to our athletic country clubs. As of December 31, 2025, we had 15 Life Time Work and four Life Time Living locations open and operating. Our Life Time Living concept is generating interest from new property developers and presenting opportunities for new center development and deal terms that were not previously available to us. Our omni-channel platform continues to grow as we expand our footprint with new centers and nearby work and living spaces, as well as strengthen our digital capabilities.
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Macroeconomy and Policy Environment
We continue to monitor the macroeconomic and policy environment and its impact on our business, including with respect to tariffs, inflation, interest rates, taxes and labor, as well as a potential economic recession or low growth and general economic and political conditions. There continues to be macroeconomic and geopolitical uncertainty in many markets around the world, including as a result of international unrest and trade policy, and new or elevated tariffs, which have increased certain of our expenses and capital expenditures, but have not had a material impact on our business. We continue to analyze the potential impact of these events and any resulting downstream impacts, including higher inflation. Despite these headwinds, we have experienced growth in our revenue and expanded our operating margins. We will continue to monitor the macroeconomic and policy environment and while any future uncertainty or volatility, a decline in the U.S. or global economy, or the public perception that any of these events may occur, could adversely affect our business and results of operations, we believe that our business is resilient and has performed well historically during different economic cycles including during a recession.
Components of Our Results of Operations
Total revenue
Total revenue consists of Center revenue and Other revenue (each defined below).
Center revenue
Center revenue consists of membership dues, enrollment fees and revenue generated within a center, which we refer to as in-center revenue. In-center revenue includes fees for Dynamic Personal Training, aquatics and kids programming and other member services, as well as sales of products at our cafés, and sales of products and services offered at our spas and tennis and pickleball programs.
Other revenue
Other revenue includes revenue generated from our businesses outside our centers, which are primarily media, athletic events and related services. Our media revenue includes our magazine, Experience Life ® , our athletic events revenue includes endurance activities such as running and cycling, and our related services revenue includes revenue from our race registration and timing businesses. Other revenue also includes revenue generated from our Life Time Work and Life Time Living locations.
Center operations expenses
Center operations expenses consist of direct expenses related to the operation of our centers, such as salaries, commissions, payroll taxes, benefits, real estate taxes and other occupancy costs (excluding rent), utilities, repairs and maintenance, supplies and pre-opening expenses.
Rent expense
Rent expense consists of both cash and non-cash expense related to our operating leases booked on a straight-line basis over the lease term in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“ GAAP”).
Non-cash rent expense
Non-cash rent expense reflects the non-cash portion of our annual GAAP operating lease expense that is greater or less than the cash operating lease payments. Non-cash rent expense for our open properties represents non-cash expense associated with properties that were operating at the end of each period presented. Non-cash rent expense for our properties under development represents non-cash expense associated with properties that are still under development at the end of each period presented.
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General, administrative and marketing expenses
General, administrative and marketing expenses include:
• Costs relating to our centralized support functions, such as accounting, information systems, procurement, real estate and development and member relations, as well as share-based compensation expense;
• Marketing expenses, which primarily consist of marketing department costs and media and advertising costs to support and grow Center membership levels, in-center businesses, new center openings and our businesses outside of our centers; and
• Indirect support costs related to the operation of our centers, including payroll-related expenses associated with our regional center management structure and in-center business support.
Depreciation and amortization expense
Depreciation and amortization expense consists of depreciation and amortization for our depreciable long-lived assets, including assets related to our owned centers.
Other operating expense (income)
Other operating expense (income) consists primarily of expenses (income) related to our Other revenue, which is generated from our businesses outside of our centers. In addition, we record other non-recurring operating expenses (income) that we believe are not indicative of our core operating performance, as a component of other operating expense (income).
Interest expense, net of interest income
Interest expense, net of interest income consists primarily of cash interest expense on borrowings and non-cash interest expense, which includes the amortization of debt issuance costs, partially offset by interest earned.
Equity in earnings (loss) of affiliates
Equity in earnings (loss) of affiliates includes investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries, which we account for using the equity method of accounting.
Provision for income taxes
The provision for income taxes consists of an estimate for U.S. federal, state and foreign income taxes based on enacted rates, as adjusted for allowable credits, deductions, uncertain tax positions, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities and changes in the tax law.
Net income
Net income consists of our total revenue, less our total operating expenses, and then adjusted for other (income) expenses and provision for income taxes, as set forth on our consolidated statements of operations.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
This discussion and analysis includes certain financial measures that are not presented in accordance with GAAP, including Adjusted net income, Adjusted net income per common share, Adjusted EBITDA, free cash flow and ratios related thereto. These non-GAAP financial measures are not based on any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles and should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. In addition, these non-GAAP financial measures should be read in conjunction with our financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. The reconciliations of the Company’s non-GAAP financial measures to the corresponding GAAP measures should be carefully eva luated.
Adjusted net income
We define Adjusted net income as net income excluding the impact of share-based compensation expense as well as (gain) loss on sale-leaseback transactions, capital transaction costs, legal settlements, asset impairment, severance and other items that are not indicative of our ongoing operations, less the tax effect of these adjustments.
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Adjusted EBITDA
We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income before interest expense, net, provision for income taxes and depreciation and amortization, excluding the impact of share-based compensation expense as well as (gain) loss on sale-leaseback transactions, capital transaction costs, legal settlements, asset impairment, severance and other items that are not indicative of our ongoing operations.
Management uses Adjusted net income and Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate the Company’s performance. We believe that Adjusted net income and Adjusted EBITDA are important metrics for management, investors and analysts as they remove the impact of items that we do not believe are indicative of our core operating performance and allow for consistent comparison of our operating results over time and relative to our peers. We use Adjusted net income and Adjusted EBITDA to supplement GAAP measures of performance in evaluating the effectiveness of our business strategies and to establish annual budgets and forecasts. We also use Adjusted EBITDA or variations thereof to establish incentive compensation for management.
Free Cash Flow
We define free cash flow as net cash provided by operating activities less capital expenditures, net of construction reimbursements, plus net proceeds from sale-leaseback transactions and land sales. We believe free cash flow assists investors and analysts in evaluating our liquidity and cash flows, including our ability to make principal payments on our indebtedness and to fund our capital expenditures and working capital requirements. Our management considers free cash flow to be a key indicator of our liquidity and we present this metric to our board of directors. Additionally, we believe free cash flow is frequently used by analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies in our industry.
Adjusted net income, Adjusted EBITDA and free cash flow should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for or superior to, financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. These are not measurements of our financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as alternatives to net income or any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP or as an alternative to net cash provided by operating activities as a measure of our liquidity and may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other businesses. Adjusted net income, Adjusted EBITDA and free cash flow have limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider these measures in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our operating results or cash flows as reported under GAAP. Furthermore, we compensate for the limitations described above by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using Adjusted net income, Adjusted EBITDA and free cash flow only for supplemental purposes. See our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for our GAAP results.
Non-GAAP Measurements and Key Performance Indicators
We prepare and analyze various non-GAAP performance metrics and key performance indicators to assess the performance of our business and allocate resources. For more information regarding our non-GAAP performance metrics, see “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” above. These are not measurements of our financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as alternatives to any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP.
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Set forth below are certain GAAP and non-GAAP measurements and key performance indicators for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023. The following information has been presented consistently for all periods presented.
Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands, except for Average Center revenue per center membership data)
Membership Data
Center memberships
On-hold memberships
Total memberships
Revenue Data
Membership dues and enrollment fees
In-center revenue
Total Center revenue
Membership dues and enrollment fees
In-center revenue
Total Center revenue
Average Center revenue per center membership (1)
Comparable center revenue (2)
Center Data
Net new center openings (3)
Total centers (end of period) (3)
Total center square footage (end of period) (4)
GAAP and Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Net income
Net income margin (5)
Adjusted net income (6)
Adjusted net income margin (6)
Adjusted EBITDA (7)
Adjusted EBITDA margin (7)
Center operations expense
Pre-opening expenses (8)
Rent
Non-cash rent expense (open properties) (9)
Non-cash rent expense (properties under development) (9)
Net cash provided by operating activities
Free cash flow (10)
(1) We define Average Center revenue per center membership as Center revenue less On-hold revenue, divided by the average number of Center memberships for the period, where the average number of Center memberships for the period is an average derived from dividing the sum of the total Center memberships outstanding at the beginning of the period and at the end of each month during the period by one plus the number of months in each period.
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(2) We measure the results of our centers based on how long each center has been open as of the most recent measurement period. We include a center, for comparable center revenue purposes, beginning on the first day of the 13th full calendar month of the center’s operation, in order to assess the center’s growth rate after one year of operation.
(3) Net new center openings is calculated as the number of centers that opened for the first time to members during the period, less any centers that closed during the period. Total centers (end of period) is the number of centers operational as of the last day of the period. During 2025, we opened 10 centers.
(4) Total center square footage (end of period) reflects the aggregate square footage excluding areas used for tennis courts, outdoor swimming pools, outdoor play areas and stand-alone Work, Sport and Swim locations. We use this metric for evaluating the efficiencies of a center as of the end of the period. These figures are approximations.
(5) Net income margin is calculated as net income divided by total revenue.
(6) We present Adjusted net income as a supplemental measure of our performance. We define Adjusted net income as net income excluding the impact of share-based compensation expense as well as (gain) loss on sale-leaseback transactions, capital transaction costs, legal settlements, asset impairment, severance and other items that are not indicative of our ongoing operations, less the tax effect of these adjustments.
Adjusted net income margin is calculated as Adjusted net income divided by total revenue.
The following table provides a reconciliation of net income and income per common share, the most directly comparable GAAP measures, to Adjusted net income and Adjusted net income per common share:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands, except per share data)
Net income
Share-based compensation expense (a)
(Gain) loss on sale-leaseback transactions (b)
Capital transaction costs (c)
Legal settlements (d)
Asset impairments (e)
Employee retention credits (f)
Other (g)
Taxes (h)
Adjusted net income
Income per common share:
Basic
Diluted
Adjusted income per common share:
Basic
Diluted
Weighted-average common shares outstanding:
Basic
Diluted
(a) Share-based compensation expense recognized during the year ended December 31, 2025 was associated with stock options, restricted stock units, performance stock units, our employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”) and liability-classified awards related to our 2025 short-term incentive plan. Share-based compensation expense recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024 was associated with stock options, restricted stock units, performance stock units, our ESPP and liability-classified awards related to our 2024 short-term incentive plan. Share-based compensation expense recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023 was associated with stock options, restricted stock units, our ESPP and liability-classified awards related to our 2023 short-term incentive plan.
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(b) We adjust for the impact of gains and losses on the sale-leaseback of our properties as they do not reflect costs associated with our ongoing operations. For details on the (gain) loss on the sale-leaseback transactions that we recognized during the years ended December 31, 2025 , 2024 and 2023, see “Sale-Leaseback Transactions” within Note 10, Leases, to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.
(c) Represents one-time costs related to capital transactions, including debt and equity offerings that are non-recurring in nature.
(d) We adjust for the impact of unusual legal settlements or judgments as these costs and proceeds are non-recurring in nature and do not reflect costs or proceeds associated with our normal ongoing operations. Nearly all of the adjustment for the year ended December 31, 2025 is payment of approximately $40 million by Zurich in partial satisfaction of legal claimsagainst Zurich for its failure to provide certain business interruption insurance coverage related to the government-ordered suspensions of our club operations in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, representing payment of up to $1.0 million plus interest for 26 occurrences of 29 total occurrences found by the Minnesota Court of Appeals in an order dated August 11, 2025. This payment is offset by legal-related expenses in pursuit of our claim against Zurich of $1.0 million, $0.6 million and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. This adjustment also includes $1.3 million of other costs related to unusual legal settlements or judgments for the year ended December 31, 2024.
(e) Represents non-cash asset impairments of our long-lived assets related to non-club businesses, excluding impairments on development costs that are part of our normal course of business.
(f) Represents refundable payroll tax credits for employee retention under the CARES Act.
(g) Includes (i) a $13.8 million write-off of the unamortized debt discounts and issuance costs associated with the extinguishment of our former term loan facility and Construction Loan and the loss on the satisfaction and discharge of our 5.750% Senior Secured Notes and 8.000% Senior Unsecured Notes for the year ended December 31, 2024, (ii) (gain) loss on sales of land of $(5.0) million and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, (iii) gain on sales of the Company’s triathlons and certain other assets of $(4.9) million for the year ended December 31, 2023, (iv) executive level severance of $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and (v) other immaterial transactions that are unusual or non-recurring in nature of $(0.3) million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
(h) Represents the estimated tax effect of the total adjustments made to arrive at Adjusted net income using the effective income tax rates for the respective periods. Taxes for the year ended December 31, 2025 include $12.6 million in income tax benefits due to a significant exercise of stock options by our Chief Executive Officer that were set to expire in 2025.
(7) We present Adjusted EBITDA as a supplemental measure of our performance. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income before interest expense, net, provision for income taxes and depreciation and amortization, excluding the impact of share-based compensation expense as well as (gain) loss on sale-leaseback transactions, capital transaction costs, legal settlements, asset impairment, severance and other items that are not indicative of our ongoing operations.
Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA divided by total revenue.
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The following table provides a reconciliation of net income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, to Adjusted EBITDA:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)
Net income
Interest expense, net of interest income (g)
Provision for income taxes
Depreciation and amortization
Share-based compensation expense (a)
(Gain) loss on sale-leaseback transactions (b)
Capital transaction costs (c)
Legal settlements (d)
Asset impairments (e)
Employee retention credits (f)
Other (h)
Adjusted EBITDA
(a) – (f) See the corresponding footnotes to the table in footnote 6 immediately above.
(g) Includes (i) a $13.8 million write-off of the unamortized debt discounts and issuance costs associated with the extinguishment of our former term loan facility and Construction Loan and the loss on the satisfaction and discharge of our 5.750% Senior Secured Notes and 8.000% Senior Unsecured Notes for the year ended December 31, 2024.
(h) Includes (i) (gain) loss on sales of land of $(5.0) million and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, (ii) gain on sales of the Company’s triathlons and certain other assets of $(4.9) million for the year ended December 31, 2023, (iii) executive level severance of $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and (iv) other immaterial transactions that are unusual or non-recurring in nature of $(0.3) million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
(8) Represents non-capital expenditures associated with opening new centers that are incurred prior to the commencement of a new center opening. The number of centers under construction or development, the types of centers and our costs associated with any particular center opening can vary significantly from period to period.
(9) Reflects the non-cash portion of our annual GAAP operating lease expense that is greater or less than the cash operating lease payments. Non-cash rent expense for our open properties represents non-cash expense associated with properties that were operating at the end of each period presented. Non-cash rent expense for our properties under development represents non-cash expense associated with properties that are still under development at the end of each period presented.
(10) Free cash flow, a non-GAAP financial measure, is calculated as net cash provided by operating activities less capital expenditures, net of construction reimbursements, plus net proceeds from sale-leaseback transactions and land sales.
The following table provides a reconciliation from net cash provided by operating activities to free cash flow:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities
Capital expenditures, net of construction reimbursements
Proceeds from sale-leaseback transactions
Proceeds from land sales
Free cash flow
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Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations
Impact of Our Asset-light, Flexible Real Estate Strategy on Rent Expense
Our asset-light, flexible real estate strategy has allowed us to expand our business by leveraging operating leases and sale-leaseback transactions, among other asset-light opportunities. Approximately 71% of our centers are now leased, including approximately 84% of our new centers opened since 2015, versus a predominantly owned real estate strategy prior to 2015. Rent expense, which includes both cash and non-cash rent expense, will continue to increase as we lease more centers and will therefore impact the comparability of our results of operations. The impact of these increases is dependent upon the timing of our centers under development and the center openings, the timing of sale-leaseback transactions and terms of the leases for the new centers or sale-leaseback transactions.
Macroeconomic and Policy Trends
We have been monitoring the macroeconomic and policy environment and its impact on our business, including with respect to tariffs, inflation, interest rates, taxes and labor, as well as a potential economic recession or low growth and general economic and political conditions . See “—Overview—Macroeconomy and Policy Environment” for additional information.
Share-Based Compensation
During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recognized share-based compensation expense associated with stock options, restricted stock units, performance stock units, our ESPP and liability-classified awards related to our 2025 short-term incentive plan, totaling approximately $51.8 million. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized share-based compensation expense associated with stock options, restricted stock units, performance stock units, our ESPP and liability-classified awards related to our 2024 short-term incentive plan, totaling approximately $51.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized share-based compensation expense associated with stock options, restricted stock units, our ESPP and liability-classified awards related to our 2023 short-term incentive plan, totaling approximately $50.1 million. For more information on our share-based compensation arrangements, see Note 11, Stockholders’ Equity, to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Ultimate results could differ from those estimates. In recording transactions and balances resulting from business operations, we use estimates based on the best information available. We revise the recorded estimates when better information is available, facts change, or we can determine actual amounts. These revisions can affect operating results. We have identified below the following accounting policies and estimates that we consider to be critical.
Impairment of Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets
We assess the recoverability of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, such as our Life Time trade name, on an annual basis, or more often if circumstances warrant. We assess the recoverability of goodwill by estimating the fair value of the reporting unit to which the goodwill relates and comparing this fair value to the net book value of the reporting unit. We assess the recoverability of the Life Time trade name through the use of the relief from royalty valuation method. If the fair value of goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets is less than net book value, we reduce the book value accordingly and record a corresponding impairmentloss. Our policy is to test goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on October 1 of each year. The valuation of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets requires assumptions and estimates of many critical factors, including revenue and market growth, operating margins, membership trends, strategic initiatives, royalty rates and discount rates. A significant change in the factors noted above could cause us to reduce the estimated fair value of some or all of our reporting units or indefinite-lived intangible assets and recognize a corresponding impairment of our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets in connection with a future impairment test. Adverse changes in strategy, market conditions or assumed market capitalization may result in an impairment of goodwill. Based upon our review and analysis , no mate rial impairments of goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets were deemed to have occurred during any of the periods presented.
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Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
We test long-lived asset groups for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that the net book value of the asset group may not be recoverable. A long-lived asset group may include property and equipment, finite-lived intangible assets and/or operating lease right-of-use assets. We consider a history of consistent and significant operating losses, or the inability to recover net book value over the remaining useful life, to be our primary indicators of potential impairment. Judgments regarding existence of impairment indicators are based on factors such as operational performance (including revenue and expense growth rates), market conditions and expected holding period of the primary asset associated with each asset group. We evaluate long-lived asset groups for impairment at the lowest levels for which there are identifiable cash flows, which is generally at an individua l asset group le vel. The determination of whether impairment has occurred is based on an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows directly related to tha t asset group, c ompared to the carrying value of the related assets. If an impairment has occurred, the amount of impairment recognized is determined by estimating the fair value of these assets and recording a loss if the carrying value is greater than the fair value. Worsening operational performance, market conditions or change in expected holding periods of each asset may cause us to re-evaluate the assumptions used in management’s analysis. We recognized impairment charges of $9.4 million, $11.0 million and $14.5 million associated with long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Sale-Leaseback Arrangements
We assess each of our sale-leaseback arrangements to determine whether a sale has occurred under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606: Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), as well as assess whether the classification of the lease and/or the payment terms associated with the renewal options preclude sale accounting under ASC 842, Leases (“ASC 842”). These assessments involve a determination of whether or not control of the underlying property has been transferred to the buyer. If we determine control of the underlying property has been transferred to the buyer, we account for the arrangement as a sale and leaseback transaction. If we determine control of the underlying property has not been transferred to the buyer, we account for the arrangement as a financing transaction. Since our adoption of ASC 842, we have accounted for each of our sale-leaseback arrangements as a sale and leaseback transaction.
For each sale-leaseback arrangement we have entered into with an unrelated third party since our adoption of ASC 842, the measurements associated with the gain or loss recognized on the sale and the lease-related right-of-use assets and liabilities have been adjusted for off-market terms. These off-market adjustments are based on the difference between the sale price of the property and its fair value. The determination of the fair value of the property related to our sale-leaseback arrangements requires subjectivity and estimates, including the use of multiple valuation techniques and uncertain inputs, such as market price per square foot and assumed capitalization rates or the replacement cost of the assets, where applicable. Where real estate valuation expertise is required, we obtain independent third-party appraisals to determine the fair value of the underlying asset. While determining fair value requires a variety of input assumptions and judgment, we believe our estimates of fair value are reasonable.
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Results of Operations
Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024
The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data (amounts in thousands) and data as a percentage of total revenue for the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
As a Percentage of Total
Revenue
Revenue:
Center revenue
Other revenue
Total revenue
Operating expenses:
Center operations
Rent
General, administrative and marketing
Depreciation and amortization
Other operating expense
Total operating expenses
Income from operations
Other income (expense):
Interest expense, net of interest income
Equity in earnings (loss) of affiliates
Other income
Total other income (expense)
Income before income taxes
Provision for income taxes
Net income
Total revenue . The $374.3 million increase in Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was due to continued strong growth in membership dues and in-center revenue, including higher average dues, membership growth in our new and ramping centers and higher member utilization of our in-center offerings, particularly in Dynamic Personal Training.
With respect to the $362.1 million increase in Center revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024:
• 71.1% was from membership dues and enrollment fees, which increased $257.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase reflects the growth in our new and ramping centers, as well as higher average monthly dues per Center membership during the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024; and
• 28.9% was from in-center revenue, which increased $104.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was recognized across all of our primary in-center businesses and reflects the higher utilization of our offerings by our members, particularly Dynamic Personal Training, during the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.
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The $12.2 million increase in Other revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily driven by the improved performance of our media and events business and Life Time Work locations.
Center operations expenses . The $176.2 million increase in Center operations expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to operating costs related to our new and ramping centers, additional center operating expenses related to increased club utilization in our mature centers, as well as costs to support in-center business revenue growth.
Rent expense . The $34.2 million increase in Rent expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily driven by sale-leaseback transactions, taking possession of other leased properties, as well as the recognition of a higher level of contingent rent expense, which is generally determined based on a percentage of center-specific revenue and/or other center-specific financial metrics over contractually specified levels, during the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.
General, administrative and marketing expenses. The $23.6 million increase in General, administrative and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to increased incentive and benefit-related expen s es, center support overhead to enhance and broaden our member services and experiences, marketing, general corporate overhead, information technology costs and costs attributable to the secondary offering of our common stock completed in February and June 2025.
Depreciation and amortization expenses . The $21.7 million increase in Depreciation and amortization expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to new center openings and capitalized software development costs.
Other operating expense . The $5.2 million decrease in Other operating expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to a $12.8 million net gain on sale-leaseback transactions during the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to a $2.6 million net gain on sale-leaseback transactions during the year ended December 31, 2024 and $5.8 million of impairment charges related to non-club businesses during the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to $11.0 millio n of impairment charges associated with property development cost write-offs during the year ended December 31, 2024, partially offset by the recognition of a $5.0 million gain on sales of outparcels of land during the year ended December 31, 2024 and increased costs to support other revenue growth during the year ended December 31, 2025 .
Interest expense, net of interest income . The $65.8 million decrease in Interest expense, net of interest income for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was driven by lower average levels of outstanding borrowings and a lower interest rate largely as a result of interest rate swaps entered into in April 2025, increased capitalized interest, as well as the write-off of unamortized debt discounts and issuance costs associated with the extinguishment of our former term loan facility and Construction Loan and the loss on the satisfaction and discharge of our 5.750% Senior Secured Notes and 8.000% Senior Unsecured Notes during the year ended December 31, 2024.
Other income. The $94.2 million increase in Other income for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was related to $54.6 million in net cash proceeds received in connection with employee retention credits under the CARES Act to provide certain relief as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and a $39.6 million payment by Zurich in partial satisfaction of legal claims .
Provision for income taxes . The $67.3 million increase in provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily driven by an increase in earnings before taxes and a change in the valuation allowance in the prior year associated with certain of our deferred tax assets, partially offset by the excess tax deduction associated with share-based compensation. The effective tax rate was 24.3% and 25.2% for those same periods, respectively. The effective tax rate applied to our pre-tax income for the year ended December 31, 2025 was higher than our statutory federal rate of 21% primarily due to the state income tax provisions and deductibility limitations associated with executive compensation, partially offset by the excess tax deduction associated with share-based compensation.
Net income . As a result of the factors described above, net income was $373.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to $156.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 .
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity
Our principal liquidity needs include the acquisition and development of new centers, lease requirements and debt service, investments in our business and technology and expenditures necessary to maintain and update or enhance our centers and associated equipment and member experiences. We have primarily satisfied our historical liquidity needs with cash flow from operations, drawing on the Revolving Credit Facility, construction reimbursements and through sale-leaseback transactions.
As the opportunity arises or as our business needs require, we may seek to raise capital through additional debt or equity financing. There can be no assurance that any such financing would be available on commercially acceptable terms, or at all. Volatility in these markets may increase costs associated with issuing debt instruments or affect our ability to access those markets, which could have an adverse impact on our ability to raise additional capital, to refinance existing debt and/or to react to changing economic and business conditions. In addition, it is possible that our ability to access the credit and capital markets could be limited at a time when we would like or need to do so.
As of December 31, 2025, there were no outstanding borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility and there were $31.8 million of outstanding letters of credit, resulting in total availability under our Revolving Credit Facility of $618.2 million. Total cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2025 was $204.8 million, resulting in total cash and availability under our Revolving Credit Facility of $823.0 million.
The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of cash flows data (amounts in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Net cash provided by operating activities
Net cash used in investing activities
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
Effect of exchange rate on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents
Operating Activities
The $295.4 million increase in net cash provided by operating activities for the year December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily the result of increased business performance and profitability.
The $112.1 million increase in net cash provided by operating activities for the year December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily the result of increased business performance and profitability.
Investing Activities
Investing activities consist primarily of the acquisition and development of new centers, expenditures necessary to maintain and update or enhance our centers and associated equipment and investments in our business and technology. We fund the purchase of our property, centers and equipment through operating cash flows, proceeds from sale-leaseback transactions, construction reimbursements and draws on our Revolving Credit Facility.
The $393.0 million increase in net cash used in investing activities for the year December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily driven by a $366.9 million increase in capital expenditures, $15.6 million in lower proceeds from land sales and a $9.5 million acquisition of a trade name and related intangible assets associated with our LTH nutritional products , partially offset by $20.0 million in higher proceeds from sale-leaseback transactions.
The $281.4 million decrease in net cash used in investing activities for the year December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily driven by a $173.5 million decrease in capital expenditures, a $85.6 million increase in proceeds that we received from sale-leaseback transactions, and a $11.4 million increase in proceeds from the sale of land during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.
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The following table reflects capital expenditures by type of expenditure (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Growth capital expenditures (1)
Maintenance capital expenditures (2)
Modernization and technology capital expenditures (3)
Total capital expenditures
(1) Consist of new center land and construction, initial major remodels of acquired centers, major remodels of existing centers that expand existing square footage, asset acquisitions including the purchase of previously leased centers and other growth initiatives.
(2) Consist of capital expenditures required to maintain the operating condition of our existing centers.
(3) Consist of capital expenditures related to updates and enhancements to our existing centers, technology investments and corporate infrastructure.
The increase in total capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily driven by an increase in new center construction as we expand our new center openings to 12 to 14 centers per year, most of which will be large format ground up builds in 2026 and 2027, the acquisition of existing health club and racquet facilities, higher maintenance expenditures for member experiences and operational efficiencies, and higher modernization and technology expenditures for fitness floor reconfigurations, CTR expansion, center remodels and digital and artificial intelligence initiatives.
The decrease in total capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily driven by the amount, timing and type of new center construction activity and higher modernization expenditures during the year ended December 31, 2023 as part of our pickleball expansion and studio and fitness floor conversions.
Financing Activities
The $303.8 million increase in net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily driven by the purchase of U.S. government obligations in connection with the satisfaction and discharge of debt and the payoff of our former term loan facility and Construction Loan during the year ended December 31, 2024, lower repayments of debts and lower net repayments under our Revolving Credit Facility during the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, partially offset by proceeds from our Term Loan Facility, 6.000% Senior Secured Notes and equity offering during the year ended December 31, 2024.
The $399.9 million increase in net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily driven by the purchase of U.S. government obligations in connection with the satisfaction and discharge of debt, the payoff of our former term loan facility and Construction Loan, lower net borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility and payments of our mortgage notes, partially offset by the proceeds from our Term Loan Facility, 6.000% Senior Secured Notes and equity offering during the year ended December 31, 2024.
Cash Requirements
Our cash requirements within the next twelve months include accounts payable, construction accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities.
Our cash requirements greater than twelve months from various contractual obligations and commitments include:
Debt Obligations and Interest Payments
Refer to Note 9, Debt, to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for further detail of our debt and the timing of expected future principal payments. We expect to pay approximately $85.6 million of interest in the next 12 months and approximately $402.8 million of interest beyond 12 months.
Operating and Finance Leases
Refer to Note 10, Leases, to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for further detail of our lease obligations and the timing of expected future payments.
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Deferred Compensation Obligations
Refer to Note 15, Executive Nonqualified Plan, to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for further detail of our deferred compensation plans.
Contracted Services
Contracted services include agreements with third-party service providers for software licenses and support, and marketing services . We expect to pay approximately $10.0 million for contracted services in the next 12 months and approximately $9.1 million beyond 12 months.
Capital Expenditures
Our primary capital expenditure requirements include growth capital expenditures, which include new center land and construction, initial major remodels of acquired centers, major remodels of existing centers that expand existing square footage, asset acquisitions including the purchase of previously leased centers and other growth initiatives, maintenance capital expenditures to keep our centers operational and meeting our standards, and capital expenditures for the modernization of existing centers and technology.
We believe we will generate adequate amounts of cash to meet our requirements and plans for cash in the short-term and long-term and expect to satisfy our short-term and long-term obligations through a combination of cash on hand, funds generated from operations, sale-leaseback transactions, the borrowing capacity available under our Revolving Credit Facility and additional debt and equity financing as needed.
