Real-time Form 4 intelligence. Smarter insider tracking.
YoY shift: Lean +
Year-over-year tone shift - average net-tone change across Risk Factors and MD&A vs the prior 10-K. This filing is 0.20pp more bullish than last year's.
Why YoY instead of absolute: the LM lexicon has ~6.6× more negative words than positive (legal/risk-disclosure language is heavy on hedging), so every 10-K reads bearish on raw tone. Year-over-year change strips that bias and surfaces the actual shift in management's framing.
Tone shift by section
The two components the gauge averages: how Risk Factors and MD&A each shifted in net tone versus last year's 10-K. The headline above is their average, so a green needle over a soft section just means the other section carried it.
Risk Factors
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Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
MD&A
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Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
Per-snippet highlights
Sentence-level sentiment highlighting with category and subcategory filters is coming once the snippet-scoring pipeline lands. For now, dig into the actual section text on the Sections tab.
No section text extracted for this filing. The 10-K may use a non-standard template that the parser doesn't recognize - the original doc is still linked in the Stats tab.
Language change vs prior 10-K
MD&A (Item 7) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase
Negative rising
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Positive rising
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MD&A (Item 7)
5,057 words
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This management discussion and analysis (“MD&A”) of the financial condition and results of operations of Bimergen Energy Corporation (the “Company,” “Bimergen Energy,” “our” or “we”) is for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Financial information presented in this MD&A is presented in United States dollars (“$” or “US$”), unless otherwise indicated.
The information about us provided in this MD&A, including information incorporated by reference, may contain “forward-looking statements” and certain “forward-looking information” as defined under applicable United States securities laws. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, made by us that address activities, events or developments that we expect or anticipate will or may occur in the future are forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, statements preceded by, followed by or that include words such as “may”, “will”, “would”, “could”, “should”, “believes”, “estimates”, “projects”, “potential”, “expects”, “plans”, “intends”, “anticipates”, “targeted”, “continues”, “forecasts”, “designed”, “goal”, or the of those words or other similar or comparable words and includes, among others, information regarding: our future business activities; our ability to generate revenues; our need for substantial additional financing to operate our current and future business and we may face acquiring additional financing on terms acceptable to us or at all; risks related to competition; risks related to our of internal controls over financial reporting and their effectiveness; increased costs we are subject to as a result of being a public company in the United States; and other events or conditions that may occur in the future.
Forward-looking statements may relate to future financial conditions, results of operations, plans, objectives, performance or business developments. These statements speak only as at the date they are made and are based on information currently available and on the then current expectations of the party making the statement and assumptions concerning future events, which are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from that which was expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.
Although we believe that the expectations and assumptions on which such forward-looking statements are based are reasonable, undue reliance should not be placed on the forward-looking statements, because no assurance can be given that they will prove to be correct. Since forward-looking statements address future events and conditions, by their very nature, they involve inherent risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those currently anticipated due to a number of factors and risks discussed above.
Consequently, all forward-looking statements made in this MD&A and other documents, as applicable, are qualified by such cautionary statements, and there can be no assurance that the anticipated results or developments will actually be realized or, even if realized, that they will have the expected consequences to or effects on us. The cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section should be considered in connection with any subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements that we and/or persons acting on its behalf may issue. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, other than as required under securities legislation.
Overview of the Business
We are a renewable energy project developer dedicated to enabling the clean energy transition and providing critical grid stability via solutions across a range of applications through our portfolio of utility-scale Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) and solar development projects. In April 2024, we acquired a portfolio of development-stage BESS and solar energy projects from Emergen Energy LLC (“Emergen”), making us the project owner of 23 development stage utility-scale BESS projects with an estimated cumulative storage capacity of 1.965 gigawatts (GW) and 13 development stage solar energy projects with an anticipated cumulative generation capacity of 1.640 GW (collectively, the “Development Projects”) once constructed and operational.
Our primary business objective is to become a grid-balancing operator by developing, commercializing, and operating a diversified portfolio of BESS and solar energy projects. We aim to leverage by partnering with advanced BESS technologies and Energy Management Systems (EMS) to address the criticalchallenges associated with the integration of renewable energy into the electrical grid, particularly the imbalance between energy supply and demand caused by the intermittent nature of solar and wind resources. This approach aligns with the increasing demand for grid stability in regions with high penetration of renewable energy, where imbalances between peak solar generation and peak energy demand create revenue opportunities through energy storage and dispatch. We plan to store excess energy generated during periods of low demand and dispatch it during peak demand periods, thereby enhancing grid stability and efficiency. Upon reaching commercial operation, we hope to play a key role in stabilizing grid demand and supporting renewable energy integration through energy arbitrage and ancillary services.
Core Business in Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)
Our core business is anchored in the development and operation of BESS projects, which are strategically designed to mitigate the energy imbalances and power deficits observed in markets with substantial solar and wind energy generation. This event, often depicted by the grid balancing, highlights the timing mismatch between peak renewable energy generation and peak electricity demand. As renewable energy production peaks during daylight hours and declines in the evening when energy demand is highest, supplemental energy supply sources become increasingly critical. Our BESS projects are positioned to address this imbalance by storing surplus energy during periods of low demand and releasing it during high-demand periods, capturing value from daily price fluctuations. By purchasing and storing energy during low-cost, high-supply hours and selling it during high-demand periods when prices are at their peak, known as energy arbitrage trading, our BESS systems will provide critical support to compensate for the lack of supply from the current outdated energy grid infrastructure.
In addition to energy arbitrage, our BESS assets are positioned to provide essential grid services, including frequency regulation, voltage support, and emergency backup during grid outages. Frequency regulation refers to the rapid response to changes in grid frequency, maintaining stability and preventing potential grid failures. Voltage control enhances the quality and reliability of power supplied to consumers. The rapid response capabilities also maintain stability for key infrastructure during outages via immediate response to fluctuations in voltage and frequency. By reducing demand imbalances at peak times, known as peak shaving, we hope to flatten the energy demand and lower electricity costs for consumers. By integrating advanced EMS controls, we aim to optimize the dispatch timing and increase the overall economic value of stored energy, delivering both reliable performance and efficient operation in dynamic market conditions. Our systems will enable more flexible and adaptive grid operations, accommodating dynamic energy flows and diverse generation sources. These ancillary services both relieve grid stress, offer additional potential revenue streams, and maximize likelihood of punctual project development within budget and ensure product quality standards. We believe we are well-positioned to leverage our existing relationships to secure multi-year customer contracts prior to project construction and integrate cutting-edge battery technologies as they are developed into future developments. Our systems will also be capable of deferred infrastructure upgrades, which reduce the need for expensive grid infrastructure upgrades by efficiently managing local supply and demand.
We expect our BESS projects to be located alongside traditional power transmission lines or near large offtakers with high energy demands, enhancing grid stability and reducing energy costs. These locations are suitable for battery storage facilities of approximately thirty acres and undergo environmental studies and assessments to ensure feasibility. While the letters of intent the Company has entered into or negotiated for these projects are for specific locations, the Company’s development plans are not dependent on the landowner or address, but, rather, are county based. The Company believes it could adjust its plans to find a similar, suitable location if it is unable to negotiate a definitive agreement to develop a project with the landowner.
We maintain strong relationships with tier-one battery and equipment suppliers, utilities, and power purchasers to optimize transmission efficiency and lower consumer costs. We believe these partnerships may also help us secure regulatory support, ensure timely project development within budget, and uphold high product quality standards. Our strategic position allows us to secure multi-year customer contracts before project construction and integrate emerging battery technologies into future developments. Additionally, our systems are designed to enable deferred infrastructure upgrades, reducing the need for costly grid enhancements by efficiently managing local supply and demand.
Development Projects and Operational Progress
Our portfolio of Development Projects includes approximately 3.6 GW of alternating current (GWAC) power capacity across various regions served by Independent System Operators (ISOs) such as ERCOT, WECC, PJM, and MISO. These regions have been selected strategically based on favorable market conditions, grid infrastructure, and regulatory environments conducive to renewable energy integration. In connection with the Emergen transaction, we have secured rights to comprehensive “Work Product” Intangible assets essential for project development, including but not limited to: feasibility studies determining capacity and compatibility, establishing a production model of the project parameters, identifying any curtailment for the project, power flow site verification and substation identification, permitting and regulatory compliance documentation, engineering designs, equipment procurement plans, site preparation guidelines, and noting project specific challenges.
Subsequent to positive feasibility studies is the process of legal formation, analyzing and negotiating site control/surface and materials, and identifying engineering requirements for construction, identifying and negotiating interconnection to the grid, identifying tax abatements, and identifying permitting and study requirements, and noting additional project specific challenges. These assets provide a robust foundation for advancing our projects through the development lifecycle efficiently and effectively. We are in the process of negotiating grid interconnection agreements, ensuring compliance with applicable grid codes and standards, registering our projects for market participation, and coordinating with ISOs to align dispatch and grid service requirements. In addition, we are actively engaging with these ISOs to address cybersecurity compliance and to develop comprehensive monitoring and reporting frameworks, which are essential for maintaining operational integrity and grid support.
Our Redbird and Wildfire projects are currently the most advanced within our portfolio and are ready to proceed to the financing and construction phases. We are actively pursuing project-level debt and equity financing to fund the construction and/or operationalization of these projects. Upon securing financing, of which there can be no assurance we will be able to do so or do so on terms favorable to us, we intend to execute binding agreements with key counterparties, initiate site preparation activities, and commence construction in accordance with our development timelines. As part of the rights to the Work Product and continued development, we identify and negotiate with the appropriate counterparts in the specific project, but do not enter into binding contracts until specific project financing is obtained so as to not create liabilities before project financing is secured. We recognize the importance of managing risks associated with project development, including regulatory, technical, financial, and market risks. Our approach involves conducting thorough feasibility studies, engaging in proactive stakeholder consultations, and maintaining flexibility in project planning. We do not enter into binding contracts related to site control, equipment procurement, or construction until project-specific financing is secured, mitigating financial exposure. The next steps for these projects will include executing contracts with key counterparties, purchasing equipment, and initiating the construction process. Our current project pipeline consists of multiple BESS initiatives, with an estimated development timeline spanning eight to nine years. The Redbird and Wildfire projects are prioritized, as they are closest to a ready-to-build status.
Corporate History
Bimergen Energy Corporation was incorporated under the laws of Delaware on March 4, 1998. The Company acquired Bitech Mining Corporation (“BTM”) on March 31, 2022 pursuant to a Share Exchange Agreement. Pursuant to the Share Exchange Agreement we acquired an aggregate of 673,659 shares of BTM’s common stock representing 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of BTM in exchange for an aggregate of 9,000,000 shares of the Company’s newly authorized Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. Effective June 27, 2022, each share of Series A Preferred Stock automatically converted into 0.385541 shares (an aggregate of 3,469,866 shares) of the Company’s Common Stock upon filing of an amendment to its Certificate of Incorporation increasing the number of the Company’s authorized common stock to 1,000,000,000. Upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock, the former share owners of BTM held, in the aggregate, approximately 96% of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s capital stock on a fully diluted basis.
The Share Exchange was treated as a recapitalization and reverse acquisition for financial reporting purposes, and BTM is considered the acquirer for accounting purposes. As a result of the Share Exchange and the change in our business and operations, a discussion of the past financial results of our predecessor, Spine Injury Solutions Inc., is not pertinent, and under applicable accounting principles, the historical financial results of BTM, the accounting acquirer, prior to the Share Exchange are considered our historical financial results. The Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to its Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on April 29, 2022 to change its name to Bitech Technologies Corporation. On January 28, 2025, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to its Certificate to Incorporation to: (i) effect a reverse stock split of its common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”) at a ratio of 1 post-split share for every 140 pre-split shares; and (ii) to change the name of the Company to Bimergen Energy Corporation.
On April 24, 2024 (the “Closing”) the Company completed the acquisition of Emergen in accordance with the MIPA whereby the Company issued 1,587,300 unregistered shares of its common stock to Emergen’s sole member, C&C Johnson Holdings LLC (“C&C”) in exchange for 100% of Emergen’s equity interests. C&C is controlled by Cole Johnson who became our President and a director following the Closing as well as the President of the Company’s BESS and Solar Divisions. In addition, Emergen became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company with C&C’s owning approximately 31.3% of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s capital stock.
Emergen holds a portfolio of battery energy storage system (“BESS”) projects identified in the MIPA with a cumulative storage capacity estimated at 1.965 gigawatts (GW) upon completion of the construction of such project (the “BESS Development Projects”) and rights to develop a portfolio of solar energy development projects with a cumulative capacity estimated at 1.640 GW upon completion of construction of such project (the “Solar Development Projects,” together with the BESS Development Projects, collectively, the “Development Projects”).
The following agreements were entered into on the date of Closing as provided for in the MIPA:
Project Management Services Agreement
At the closing of the acquisition of Emergen, the Company and Emergen entered into a Project Management Services Agreement (the “PMSA”) with Energy Independent Partners LLC (“Energy Independent Partners”), an entity owned or controlled by Mr. Johnson. The PMSA was amended on August 24, 2024 and again on April 24, 2025 to clarify the payments of certain fees to Emergen under the PMSA. Pursuant to the terms of the PMSA, Energy Independent Partners is obligated to provide the following project management services in connection with the development and operation of each of the Development Projects (collectively, the “Services”): (i) assist as needed with qualifying the Development Projects for financing; (ii) assist as needed with obtaining all permits required for development of the Development Projects which have sufficient rights to use all necessary real property, and for which the applicable draft interconnection agreement has been received for the Development Projects (“RTB Status”); and (iii) if Emergen foregoes the development of a Development Project, Energy Independent Partners will assist the Company as needed with marketing the Development Project to a third party.
Payment for Service. The Company agreed to pay Energy Independent Partners the following fees for providing the Services:
BESS Development Fees . In consideration of the provision of the Services related to the BESS Development Projects, and subject to the terms and conditions herein, during the Term, The Company shall pay EIP the following amounts per BESS Development Project: $0.035 per W for each applicable BESS Development Project, subject to such BESS Development Project achieving sufficient project specific equity or debt financing from third parties to fund the payment of the fees (“BESS Development Fees”). Currently, the Company is focusing on developing the BESS projects and the total fees related to all 23 of the BESS projects would be the $0.035 per watt multiplied by the estimated capacity 1.965 GW (1,965,000,000 watts) or approximately $69 million.
Solar Development Fees . In consideration of the provision of the Services related to the Solar Development Projects, and subject to the terms and conditions herein, during the Term, The Company shall pay EIP the following amounts per Solar Development Project: $0.035 per W for each applicable Solar Development Project, subject to such Solar Development Project achieving sufficient project specific equity or debt financing from third parties to fund the payment of the fees (“Solar Development Fees”). The Solar projects still in the Emergen portfolio have an estimated capacity of 1.640 GW and would have Solar Development Fees of approximately $57 million if developed.
If any Development Projects pursuant to the Agreement are sold by Emergen to a third-party then EIP would be due the greater of: (i) any unpaid project’s specific BESS Development Fees or Solar Development Fees defined in the PMSA agreement; or (ii) 62.5% of the proceeds less any project specific BESS Development Fees or Solar Development Fees paid previously.
Other Development Fees . For each other renewable energy development asset held by the Company, which are neither BESS Development Projects nor Solar Development Projects, located in the United States in which the Company engages during the term of the PMSA (the “Other Development Projects”), the Company shall pay Energy Independent Partners the higher of either (a) fifty percent (50%) of the gross margin or (b) $0.02 per watt in cash, subject to such Other Development Project achieving RTB Status (the “Other Development Fees”).
Timing of Payment of Fees The BESS Development Fees shall be due and payable upon (i) The Company, or any of its Affiliates, receiving project financing directly related to and collateralized by BESS Projects, this specifically excludes any general public or private offerings by the Company not directly related to financing a BESS Project, and (ii) when a BESS Project’s financing funding terms is sufficient to pay the project specific Development Fees. EIP will be paid on the same timing as the funding terms. For example: if the terms for development fees are 50% at acceptance, 40% RTB and 10% at COD then EIP will be paid as the project development fees are funded.
For a more detailed description of the PMSA, please see “Project Management Services Agreement” on page 11.
Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.
We have generated no revenues from our primary business for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, we incurred $4.9 million of general and administrative expenses compared to $2.8 million for the same period in 2024. General and administrative expenses have increased during 2025 compared to 2024 as the Company began operations related to Emergen following its April 2024 acquisition and the expansion of the Company’s BESS operations.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, a significant portion of general and administrative expenses was $2.3 million of stock compensation expenses compared to $1.2 million for the same period in 2024. Stock compensation expenses are related to stock awards and stock option valuation over the life of the option.
As a result of the foregoing, we had net loss of ($5.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to a net loss of ($2.8 million) for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had total current liabilities of $7.8 million and $1.8 million, respectively, and current assets of $3.3 million and $1.0 million, respectively, to meet our current obligations. As of December 31, 2025, we had working capital of ($4.5 million), a decrease of working capital of ($3.7 million) as compared to December 31, 2024, driven primarily by an increase deferred revenues, accounts payable, accrued expenses and short-term loan due to related parties.
For the year ended December 31, 2025, cash provided by operations was $0.9 million which primarily included the net loss of ($5.0 million) partially offset by $2.3 million related to stock compensation expense, the issuance of common stock for services of $0.2 million and $3.8 million increase in deferred revenue.
The Company received and recorded as deferred revenue a $3.6 million payment from Gridspan in December 2025 related to the purchase of BESS development projects. The Company received $250,000 from Eos Energy Storage LLC as a one-time, non-refundable payment upon execution of a Joint Development Agreement. The Company received and recorded as deferred revenue a $943,500 deposit payment from the Project Sale Agreement with Bridgelink for an estimated 2.425 GW of Emergen’s estimated 3.840 GW of solar energy development projects in 2024. The total amount to be received by Emergen for the projects sold to Bridgelink is expected to be $19,400,000 unless certain of the projects are returned without development to the payment milestones. We have paid EIP $250,000 during 2024 related to the $943,500 deposit and owe an additional $339,688 currently recorded in due to related party as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. EIP will be due 62.5% of the proceeds received related to the Project Sale Agreement. If the remaining $18.5 million is received from the ultimate purchaser via Bridgelink we will owe EIP $11.5 million for their portion per the agreement.
Under the RelyEZ joint venture arrangement, each accepted project special purpose vehicle entity (“SPV”) is expected to be owned 80% by RelyEZ and 20% by Emergen until project refinancing. Following refinancing, the Company may repurchase RelyEZ’s interest at cost plus a stated annual return in accordance with the governing agreements. RelyEZ funded $10.0 million into the joint venture during 2025. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had not contributed capital to the joint venture and no capital call was issued or due from the Company. Management evaluated the joint venture under ASC 810 and determined that GridSpan Energy LLC is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and that the Company is not the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, the joint venture is not consolidated in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
As of December 31, 2025, the carrying amount of the Company’s recognized interests related to the joint venture was $0. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss related to the joint venture primarily consists of its contractual capital commitment of up to $12.5 million, which becomes callable on a 10% pro rata basis after RelyEZ’s initial $10.0 million funding, together with any other contractual commitments expressly described in the governing agreements. The Company did not provide financial support to the joint venture during 2025 beyond the commitments described above.
During 2025, Emergen entered into project company purchase and transfer arrangements with GridSpan covering specified battery energy storage projects. Under those arrangements, the Company received $3.564 million from GridSpan as an advance payment related to future project conveyance and development obligations.
As of December 31, 2025, no project had reached notice to proceed (“NTP”), and no title to any project or project company membership interests had transferred to GridSpan. Accordingly, the amount received from GridSpan remained deferred as of year-end and no revenue or gain was recognized in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
In connection with the GridSpan arrangement, the Company entered into a Cession and Delegation Agreement and a related Parent Company Guarantee intended to provide GridSpan and RelyEZ with additional contractual enforcement and performance support. Management concluded that these arrangements did not result in a transfer of project ownership as of December 31, 2025.
The GridSpan arrangement includes a contingent refund obligation if specified conditions are not met, including certain financing and project milestone conditions by June 30, 2026. Management evaluated this contingency under ASC 450 and concluded that the likelihood of loss was remote as of December 31, 2025; accordingly, no liability was accrued.
During 2025, Emergen entered into arrangements with Aggreko and related counterparties in connection with specified battery energy storage projects. Under an executed amendment dated December 31, 2025, Emergen paid $1.678 million related to two project companies, Aggreko MSR Grid PC21 LLC and Aggreko MSR Grid PC36 LLC. As of December 31, 2025, Emergen remained the 100% owner of those project companies and no onward transfer of project title or project company membership interests had occurred. Accordingly, the amount paid was recognized as an intangible asset in the consolidated financial statements.
During 2025, Emergen also paid $1.886 million in connection with long-lead equipment procurement. As of December 31, 2025, Emergen was the purchaser of record and held the associated deposit and refund rights under the relevant procurement arrangements. Accordingly, the amount was recognized as a vendor deposit as of year-end. The Company expects such rights to be assigned in the future only if the applicable project milestones are achieved.
We have a history of operating losses. We have not yet achievedprofitable operations and expect to incur further losses. We have funded our operations primarily from equity financing, short term loans from related parties and accounts payable and accrued liabilities – related parties. As of December 31, 2025, cash generated from financing activities was not sufficient to fund our growth strategy in the short-term or long-term. The primary need for liquidity is to fund working capital requirements of the business, including operational expenses in connection with our efforts to become a provider of a suite of green energy solutions and to fund the development projects. The primary source of liquidity has primarily been private financing transactions. The ability to fund operations and pursue these opportunities and projects within the green energy industry depends on our ability to raise funds from debt and/or equity financing which is subject to prevailing economic conditions and financial, business and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. There can be no assurance that additional financing will be available to us when needed or, if available, that it can be obtained on commercially reasonable terms.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we do not have any off-balance-sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on our results of operations or financial condition, including, and without limitation, such considerations as liquidity and capital resources.
Changes in or Adoption of Accounting Practices
There were no material changes in or adoption of new accounting practices during the year ended December 31, 2025.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including, but not limited to, those related to accrued research and development costs and stock-based compensation expense. These estimates and assumptions are monitored and analyzed by us for changes in facts and circumstances, and material changes in these estimates and assumptions could occur in the future. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Changes in estimates are reflected in reported results for the period in which they become known. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Although our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe that the following accounting estimates are those most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.
Stock Options
We measure stock-based option awards made to employees and non-employees based on the estimated fair value of the awards as of the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The model requires management to make a number of assumptions including common stock fair value, expected volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate and expected dividend yield.
Fair Value of Common Stock — The fair market value of our common stock is based on its closing price on the OTC Listing as reported on the date of the stock option grant.
Expected Volatility — Expected volatility is estimated by studying the volatility of the prices of shares of common stock of comparable public companies for similar terms. We will continue to apply this process until enough historical information regarding the volatility of our stock price becomes available.
Expected Term — Expected term represents the period that our stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding and is determined using the simplified method.
Risk-Free Interest Rate — The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds issued in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected term of the option.
Expected Dividend — The Black-Scholes valuation model calls for a single expected dividend yield as an input. To date, we have not declared or paid any dividends and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the future.
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
We have not made a provision for income taxes in 2025 or 2024, which reflects our valuation allowance established against our benefits from net operating loss carryforwards.
