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YoY shift: Lean +
Year-over-year tone shift - average net-tone change across Risk Factors and MD&A vs the prior 10-K. This filing is 0.27pp more bullish than last year's.
Why YoY instead of absolute: the LM lexicon has ~6.6× more negative words than positive (legal/risk-disclosure language is heavy on hedging), so every 10-K reads bearish on raw tone. Year-over-year change strips that bias and surfaces the actual shift in management's framing.
Tone shift by section
The two components the gauge averages: how Risk Factors and MD&A each shifted in net tone versus last year's 10-K. The headline above is their average, so a green needle over a soft section just means the other section carried it.
Risk Factors
-0.13pp
Flat
Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
MD&A
+0.67pp
Lean +
Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
Per-snippet highlights
Sentence-level sentiment highlighting with category and subcategory filters is coming once the snippet-scoring pipeline lands. For now, dig into the actual section text on the Sections tab.
Language change vs prior 10-K
Risk Factors (Item 1A) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase
Negative rising
adversely+13
harm+7
litigation+5
flawed+5
negatively+4
Positive rising
enhanced+5
effective+2
enabled+2
achieve+1
favorable+1
Risk Factors (Item 1A)
18,804 words
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Annual Report, including the section titled “ Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ,” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes, included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Our business, financial condition, results of operations, or prospects could also be adversely affected by risks and uncertainties that are not presently known to us or that we currently believe are not material. If any of the risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. See the summary of our risk factors under the section titled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” under Part I of this Annual Report.
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Risks Specific to Our Business
We may not achieve the expected benefits of our transformation program and similar measures we take in the future, and our efforts may affect our business.
Language change vs prior 10-K
MD&A (Item 7) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase
Negative rising
loss+5
closing+2
concerns+2
unsatisfied+2
conflicts+1
Positive rising
gain+5
gains+2
satisfy+2
improved+2
greater+2
MD&A (Item 7)
9,504 words
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes appearing in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. This section of our Annual Report generally discusses the results of our operations for the year ended March 31, 2026, compared with the year ended March 31, 2025. For a discussion of the results of our operations for the year ended March 31, 2025, compared with the year ended March 31, 2024, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our future plans, estimates, beliefs, and expected performance. The forward-looking statements are dependent upon events, risks, and uncertainties that may be outside our control. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those factors discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report, particularly in Item 1A. Risk Factors and the Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements, all of which are difficult to predict. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the forward-looking statements discussed may not occur. We do not undertake any obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements except as otherwise required by applicable law.
In October 2024, the Company began a transformation program intended to improve current and future operating expenses, cash flows, and personnel costs. Additionally, the initiatives intended to simplify and streamline business operations, including product optimization, procurement and cost optimization, and team restructuring. As part of the transformation program, we implemented a two-phased reduction in our workforce, one in November 2024 and the other in January 2025. The transformation program included several other initiatives and was completed in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2025.
The transformation program and reduction in force may yield unintended consequences and costs, such as attrition beyond our intended reduction in force, a negative effect on employee morale and productivity or our ability to attract highly skilled employees. We may further discover that, despite the savings realized from our transformation program and reduction in force, we may require additional capital to continue expanding our business, and we may be unable to obtain such capital on acceptable terms, if at all. The failure to realize the expected benefits of the completed transformation program due to the emergence of unintended consequences could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We have a history of net losses, may incur substantial net losses in the future, and may not achieve or sustain profitability in the future.
If our transformation program does not improve operating expenses, cash flows, and personnel costs as expected or there are other unexpected operating cost increases, we may continue to incur operating net losses. If our revenue does not increase sufficiently to offset our operating expenses, we will incur losses and may not be able to achieveprofitability in the future. If there are delays in the distribution of our products or if we are unable to successfully negotiate with advertisers, application developers, carriers, mobile operators, or OEMs, or if these negotiations cannot occur on a timely basis, we may not be able to generate revenue sufficient to meet the needs of the business.
We have a limited operating history for our current portfolio of assets, which may make it difficult to evaluate our business.
The ability to evaluate our business and prospects is hindered by our limited operating history as a combined business following our acquisitions of Appreciate on March 2, 2021, AdColony on April 29, 2021, and Fyber N.V. on May 25, 2021. This challenge is further compounded by the completion of our transformation program and reduction in force as well as the risks and uncertainties in the emerging mobile application advertising industry. To continue to grow our business, we must do the following:
• maintain our current, and develop new, wireless carrier, OEM, application developer, advertiser, and marketplace exchange relationships, in both international and domestic markets;
• retain or improve our current revenue-sharing arrangements;
• continue to develop new high-quality products and services that achieve significant market acceptance;
• continue to develop and upgrade our technology, including AI and machine learning (“ML”);
• continue to enhance our information processing systems;
• execute our business and marketing strategies successfully;
• respond to competitive developments;
• address increasing regulatory requirements, including anti-bribery laws, privacy and data protection laws, AI laws, economic and trade sanctions, and laws relating to content and consumer protection; and
• attract, integrate, retain, and motivate qualified talent.
We may be unable to accomplish one or more of these objectives, which could cause our business to suffer. In addition, accomplishing many of these efforts may be costly and these efforts may not yield the anticipated returns, which could adversely impact our operating results and financial condition.
Our operations are global in scope, and we face added business, political, regulatory, legal, operational,
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financial, and economic risks as a result of our international operations and distribution, any of which could increase our costs, hinder our operations, and return to growth.
We have operations in the U.S., China, Germany, Israel, India, Poland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom (“UK”), with a sales presence and customers all over the world. We are continuing to adapt to and develop strategies to address global markets, but we cannot assure such efforts will be successful. We expect our business will return to growth in the foreseeable future as we continue to pursue opportunities globally, which will require the dedication of management attention and financial resources.
We expect international sales and growth to continue to be an important component of our revenue and operations. Risks affecting our international operations include:
• challenges caused by distance, language, and cultural differences;
• the burdens of complying with multiple and conflicting foreign laws and regulations, including complications due to unexpected changes in these laws and regulations;
• higher costs associated with doing business internationally;
• difficulties in staffing and managing international operations;
• greater fluctuations in sales to customers, end users, and through carriers in developing countries, including longer payment cycles and greaterdifficulty collecting accounts receivable;
• foreign exchange controls that might prevent us from repatriating income earned outside the U.S.;
• the servicing of regions by many different carriers;
• imposition of public sector controls, including price controls;
• political, economic, and social instability;
• restrictions on the export or import of technology;
• protectionist laws and business practices that favor local businesses in certain countries;
• variations in tariffs, quotas, taxes, and other market barriers;
• the introduction of new or increased import duties or tariffs from a number of different countries;
• geopolitical actions targeting or addressing international regions or countries, including China; and
• reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some countries and practical difficulties in enforcing intellectual property rights in countries other than the U.S.
In addition, developing user interfaces that are compatible with other languages or cultures can be expensive. As a result, our ongoing operations efforts may be more costly than we expect. Further, expansion into developing countries subjects us to the effects of regional instability, civil unrest, and hostilities, and could adversely affect us by disrupting communications and making travel more difficult. These risks could harm our operations and international expansion efforts, which, in turn, could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Our financial results could vary significantly from period-to-period and are difficult to predict.
Our revenue and operating results could vary significantly from period-to-period because of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including the seasonal nature of advertiser spending. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. In addition, we are not able to accurately predict our future revenue or results of operations. We base our current and future expense levels on our internal operating plans and sales forecasts, and our operating costs are to a large extent fixed. Accordingly, we may not be able to reduce our costs sufficiently to compensate for an unexpectedshortfall in revenue, and even a small shortfall in revenue could disproportionately and adversely affect financial results for that quarter. Additionally, individual products and services, and carrier and OEM relationships, represent meaningful portions of our revenue and margins in any quarter, and the loss of one or more could cause a shortfall in revenue that could adversely affect financial results for that quarter.
In addition to other risk factors discussed in this section, factors that may contribute to the variability of our results include:
• the number of new products and services released by us and our competitors;
• the timing of release of new products and services by us and our competitors, particularly those that may represent a significant portion of revenue in a period;
• the popularity of new products and services, and products and services released in prior periods;
• changes in prominence of deck placement for our leading products and those of our competitors;
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• the timing of charges related to impairments of goodwill and intangible assets;
• changes in pricing policies by us, our competitors, our vendors, or our carriers, and other distributors;
• changes in the mix of direct versus indirect advertising sales, which have varying margin profiles;
• changes in the mix of CPI, CPP, CPA and other advertising fees, and license fee sales, which have varying revenue and margin profiles;
• the seasonality of our industry;
• fluctuations in the size and rate of growth of overall consumer demand for mobile products and services and digital advertising;
• changes in advertising budget allocations or marketing strategies;
• changes to our product, media, customer, or channel mix;
• changes in the economic prospects of advertisers, app developers, or the economy generally, which could alter advertisers’ or developers’ spending priorities, or could increase the time or costs required to complete advertising inventory sales;
• changes in the pricing and availability of advertising inventory through real-time advertising exchanges or in the cost of reaching end consumers through digital advertising;
• disruptions or outages on our platform;
• strategic decisions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions, divestitures, spin-offs, joint ventures, strategic investments, or changes in business strategy;
• our success in entering new geographic markets;
• decisions by one or more of our partners and/or customers to terminate our business relationship(s);
• foreign exchange fluctuations;
• accounting rules governing recognition of revenue;
• charges associated with impairment of any assets on our balance sheet or changes in our expected estimated useful life of property and equipment and intangible assets;
• changes in regional or global business, political, macroeconomic and market conditions, including as a result of conflicts, hostilities, changes in interest rates, recessionaryfears, global supply constraints, the impact of global instability, domestic and foreign tariffs and other trade protectionist measures and inflation, which may impact the other factors described above;
• the impact of macroeconomic conditions and seasonality, whether in the advertising industry in general or among specific types of advertisers or within particular geographies;
• the timing of compensation expense associated with equity compensation grants; and
• decisions by us to incur additional expenses for product and service development.
As a result of these and other factors, including seasonality attributable to the holiday seasons, our operating results may not meet the expectations of investors or public market analysts. Our failure to meet market expectations would likely result in a decline in the trading price of our common stock.
A significant portion of our revenue is currently being derived from a limited number of wireless carriers and customers. If any one of these carriers or customers were to terminate their agreement with us or if they were unable to fulfill their payment obligations, our financial condition and results of operations would suffer.
In our ODS business, we rely on wireless carriers and OEMs to distribute our products and services. A significant portion of our ODS business is derived from a limited number of wireless carriers. Our failure to maintain our relationships with these carriers, establish relationships with new carriers, or a loss or change of terms could materially reduce our revenue and thus harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Our contracts with advertiser and publisher customers do not generally include long-term obligations requiring them to purchase our services and are cancellable upon short or no notice and without penalty. We have both exclusive and non-exclusive carrier and OEM agreements. Historically, our carrier and OEM agreements have had terms of one or two years with automatic renewal provisions upon expiration of the initial term, absent a contrary notice from either party, but going forward terms in carrier and OEM agreements may vary. In addition, some carrier and OEM agreements provide that the parties can terminate the agreement early and, in some instances, at any time without cause, which could give them the ability to renegotiate economic or other terms. The agreements generally do not obligate the carriers and OEMs to market or distribute any of our products or services. We cannot give any assurance that our advertiser and publisher customers will continue to use our services or that we will be able to replace, in a timely or effective manner, departing customers with new customers that generate
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comparable revenue.
A significant portion of our revenue is also impacted by the level of advertising spend. If advertising spend is lower than our expectations -- a factor over which we have no control as we do not determine our customers’ advertising budgets -- our revenue will be impacted negatively.
From time-to-time, we expect that a limited number of our advertising customers will account for a significant share of our advertising revenue. This customer concentration increases the risk of quarterly fluctuations in our revenue and operating results. Our advertiser customers may reduce or terminate their business with us at any time for any reason, including changing economic conditions, changes in their financial condition or other business circumstances. If a large advertising customer representing a substantial portion of our business decided to materially reduce or discontinue its use of our platform, it could cause an immediate and significant decline in our revenue and negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition.
The development and use of AI in our business, combined with an uncertain regulatory environment, may adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition, or results of operations.
We are increasingly building AI into certain of our offerings. We use AI technologies in connection with the development of our advertising and monetization solutions, and other product offerings, as well as in other aspects of our business. These technologies are complex and rapidly evolving, and the development of AI technologies can require significant investment. Expanding our AI capabilities subjects us to many of the risks discussed elsewhere in this Risk Factors section, including risks relating to rapid technological change, the highly technical nature of software, and competition.
Market acceptance of AI technologies is uncertain, and we may allocate resources toward technologies or products that do not align with customer needs or achieve market acceptance, or are rapidly rendered obsolete. We may be unsuccessful in product development efforts, or our competitors may use AI technologies more efficiently than we do and develop solutions that reduce the competitiveness of our product offerings. We may also incur significant costs and may not achieve any significant revenue from these new offerings. The performance or suitability of third-party models could change in ways that negatively affect the customer experience, and our reliance on third-party models may also limit our ability to differentiate our offerings or control cost and performance characteristics. Any of these factors could adversely affect our business, reputation, or financial results. In addition, our AI platform-based advertising and monetization solutions may fail to deliver the expected targeted precision, revenue-per-device lift, or advertiser return on investment that we or are customers expect, including due to algorithmic and model behaviors, underlying data changes, and speed in execution. Also, generative- and agentic-driven recommendations and capabilities in both the supply-side platform (“SSP”) and DSP space are early stage, and product fit, user trust and monetization of such recommendations and capabilities are still uncertain. Any such expectation or performance failures or lack of or delayed market acceptance may negatively impact customer adoption or renewal of our advertising and monetization solutions, which could have a detrimental impact on our operations and financial performance.
Additionally, the introduction of AI technologies into new or existing products or other offerings may result in new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, litigation, confidentiality, privacy, data protection, or security risks, social or ethical concerns, or other complications that could adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition or results of operations. In particular, generative AI and interactive chatbots are subject to existing laws of various states and countries such as those regarding privacy, data security, and consumer protection, and the evolving regulatory landscape and our product development efforts may result in new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, litigation, ethical concerns, or other complications that could adversely affect our business, reputation, or financial results. Global AI regulatory frameworks remain highly uncertain, rapidly changing, and inconsistent across jurisdictions, and frequently have extraterritorial reach, and, as a result, may apply to our AI offerings regardless of where they are developed or deployed. For example, the European Union (“EU”) AI Act sets out a risk-based framework, subjecting certain AI technologies to numerous compliance obligations, including transparency, conformity and risk assessment, monitoring, and human oversight requirements. Certain provisions of the EU AI Act could require us to alter or restrict our use of AI both in features or products available to our users and in our systems that interact with our users. In addition, certain U.S. states have proposed, enacted, or are considering laws governing the development and use of AI technologies, such as the Colorado Artificial Intelligence Act, California Bot Disclosure Law, the Utah Artificial Intelligence Policy Act, and the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA") regulations on automated decision-making technology. Failure to anticipate or comply with evolving AI
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regulatory obligations could adversely affect our ability to develop and deliver AI-enabled offerings, reduce the competitiveness of our products, or negatively impact our business, reputation, or financial results.
The impact of AI technology on intellectual property ownership and licensing rights, including copyright, has not been fully addressed by U.S. courts or other federal or state laws or regulations, and the use of third-party AI technologies in connection with our products and services may result in exposure to claims of copyright infringement or other intellectual property misappropriation. Governments are increasingly scrutinizing generative AI technologies for potential intellectual property and content-related harms, and any regulatory enforcement or litigation in this area could adversely affect our business, reputation, or financial results. AI technologies may create content that is, or is perceived to be, deficient, inaccurate, biased, offensive, unethical, or otherwise flawed. Our customers or others may rely on or use this content to their detriment, which may expose us to brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, and/or legal liability. In addition, AI and ML models may create flawed, incomplete, or inaccurate outputs, some of which may appear correct. This may happen if the inputs that the model relied on were inaccurate, incomplete, or flawed (including if a bad actor "poisons" the AI/ML with bad inputs or logic), or if the logic of the AI/ML is flawed (a so-called "hallucination"). We may use AI/ML outputs to make certain decisions. Due to these potential inaccuracies or flaws, the model could lead us to make decisions that could bias certain individuals or classes of individuals and adversely impact their rights. Our AI-enabled technology could be used by an end user in a manner publicly perceived as controversial. The foregoing can cause us to face adverse consequences, including reputational harm, competitive harm, customer loss, or legal liability. As these requirements continue to emerge or change, we may be required to modify, restrict, or disable certain AI features; implement new technical, governance and other controls; or incur significant compliance and operational costs.
We depend on our third-party AI partners for core data and infrastructure and the resulting provision of our AI-based advertising and monetization solutions in the SSP and DSP spaces. Any changes by such third parties in pricing, terms, product and service availability, performance or roadmap could disrupt our operations, could cause us to seek other third-party providers, or otherwise have a detrimental impact on our financial performance as a result of an inability to offer or deliver our customers a particular product or service or of less-favorable contractual terms with the existing or new third party providers.
System security risks, data protection breaches, cyber-attacks, and systems integration issues could disrupt our internal operations or information technology services provided to customers, and any such disruption could reduce our expected revenue, increase our expenses, damage our reputation, and adversely affect our stock price.
Malicious software like computer malware (including as a result of advanced persistentthreat intrusions), software bugs and vulnerabilities, malicious code, viruses and worms, social engineering (including through deep fakes, which are increasingly more difficult to identify as fake, spear phishing and ransomware attacks), denial-of-service attacks, credential stuffing attacks, credential harvesting attacks, personnel misconduct or error, supply chain attacks, server malfunctions, software or hardware failures, loss of data or other information technology assets, adware, telecommunications failures, attacks enhanced or facilitated by AI and other similar threats are increasingly common in advertising and mobile app environments. Any successful or attempted security breaches could result in system disruptions, degrade user experiences, and impair our internal operations. Moreover, these incidents could damage our reputation, financial stability, and overall business performance. Despite our efforts to safeguard data and respond to threats, challenges such as those listed above may undermine our defenses. Additionally, our remote workforce poses increased risks to our IT assets and data. Consequently, clients and users may lose confidence in our products, leading to reputational harm and market setbacks. Further, we utilize AI technologies in our advertising solutions and in our business operations and may expand such use in the future. See also the risk factor titled “The development and use of AI in our business, combined with an uncertain regulatory environment, may adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition or results of operations” for additional AI-related cybersecurity risks.
As cyber threats advance in complexity and frequency, they may remain undetected for extended periods. While we have implemented systems and protocols to safeguard our data, user information, and collaborations, and to mitigate risks such as data loss and unauthorized activities, we cannot guarantee absolute security. Despite our efforts, we may not always identify breaches promptly or respond effectively. Therefore, we cannot always ensure the efficacy of our security measures or the success of our remedial actions.
The expenses incurred to mitigate cyber or security issues, such as viruses and malware, could be substantial. Despite our efforts, resolving these issues may not always be successful and could lead to service
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interruptions, delays, or the loss of customers. We handle proprietary and sensitive data related to our operations, and any breaches or accidental disclosures of this information, including due to fraud or deception, could pose significant risks. Such incidents may result in litigation, liability, damage to our brand, or harm to our business and reputation.
We are subject to numerous laws and regulations in the U.S. and internationally concerning cybersecurity and data protection. Some of these laws allow individuals to take legal action against us. Many regions have imposed obligations regarding breach notifications, and our agreements with specific customers or partners may require us to inform them or fulfill other duties in case of a security breach. Individuals affected by breaches or governmental bodies may pursue legal or regulatory measures against us for actual or perceived breaches or unauthorized access or disclosure of data.
Our business may involve the use, transmission, and storage of confidential information and personally identifiable information, and the failure to properly safeguard such information could result in significant reputational harm and monetary damages.
We may at times collect, store, process, and transmit information of, or on behalf of, our customers that may include certain types of confidential information that may be considered personal or sensitive and that are subject to laws that apply to data breaches. We intend to take reasonable steps to protect the security, integrity, and confidentiality of the information we collect, process, and store, but there is no guarantee that inadvertent or unauthorized disclosure will not occur or that third parties will not gainunauthorized access to this information despite our efforts to protect this information. If unauthorized disclosure or access occurs, we may need to notify the affected individuals, our business partners, or regulators, as mandated by relevant laws and regulations. Most states have enacted data breach notification laws and, in addition to federal laws that apply to certain types of information, such as financial information, federal legislation has been proposed that would establish broader federal obligations with respect to data breaches. Further, certain foreign countries have adopted laws applicable to personal data and data breaches. We may also be subject to claims of breach of contract for such disclosure, investigation and penalties by regulatory authorities, and potential claims by persons or business partners whose information was disclosed. The unauthorized disclosure of information may result in the termination of one or more of the commercial relationships with such partner or a reduction in customer confidence and usage of our services. We may also be subject to litigationalleging the improper use, processing, transmission, or storage of confidential information, which could damage our reputation among our current and potential customers, require significant expenditure of capital and other resources, and cause us to lose business and revenue.
The effects of the current and any future general downturns in the U.S. and the global economy, including financial market disruptions, could harm the economic health of advertisers and the overall demand for advertising, which could have an adverse impact on our business, operating results, or financial condition.
Our business depends on the overall demand for advertising and on the economic health of advertisers that benefit from our platform. Our operating results also may be affected by uncertain or changing economic conditions such as the challenges that are currently affecting economic conditions in the U.S. and the global economy, including the conflicts in Israel, Gaza, Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Russia and Ukraine, and the impact of U.S. - China relations, inflation, changes in interest rates, recessionaryfears, global supply constraints, the impact of global instability, and domestic and foreign tariffs and other trade protectionist measures. Such current or future global market uncertainties or downturns and associated macroeconomic conditions may disrupt the operations of our clients and partners and cause advertisers to decrease or pause their advertising budgets, which could reduce spend though our platform and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Recent events, including changing tariffs and the war with Iran, have resulted in substantial trade and regulatory uncertainty regarding international trade and trade policy. For example, President Trump and members of the U.S. Congress have called for substantial changes to tax policies and other initiatives that may affect importation of goods including renegotiation of trade agreements with other countries and increased import duties or tariffs with respect to products from a number of different countries. The U.S. has imposed or proposed the imposition of new tariffs on products imported into the U.S. from a number of countries, including China, Mexico, Canada, and other countries and could propose additional tariffs or increases to those already in place. The impact of these tariffs imposed by the U.S. government and its trading partners in response, other possible tariffs or trade protection measures, import or export licensing requirements, new or different customs duties, trade embargoes and sanctions and other trade barriers may also exacerbateunfavorable macroeconomic conditions including inflationary pressures, foreign exchange volatility, financial market instability, and economic recessions or downturns, which may also negatively impact customer demand for our services, delay renewals or limit expansion opportunities with existing customers,
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limit our access to capital, or otherwise negatively impact our business and operations. Due to broad uncertainty regarding the enforceability, timing, content and extent of any regulatory changes in the U.S. or abroad, we cannot predict the impact, if any, that these changes could have to our business, financial condition and results of operations or that of our clients, partners and advertisers. Ongoing tariff and macroeconomic uncertainty has and may continue to contribute to volatility in the price of our common stock. In addition, retaliatory trade policies, or anti-U.S. sentiment in certain regions, whether driven by trade tensions, political disagreements, or regulatory concerns, may make customers and governments more hesitant to adopt solutions offered by U.S.-based providers. This may lead to increased preference for local competitors, changes to government procurement policies, heightened regulatory scrutiny, decreased intellectual property protections, delays in regulatory approvals or other retaliatory regulatory non-tariff policies, the introduction of trade barriers applicable to digital services, which may result in heightened international legal and operational risks and difficulties in attracting and retaining non-U.S. customers, suppliers, employees, partners and investors. While we continue to monitor trade developments, the ultimate impact of these risks remains uncertain and any prolonged economic downturn, escalation in trade tensions, or deterioration in international perception of U.S.-based companies could materially and adversely affect our business results of operations, financial condition, and prospects. In addition, tariffs and other trade developments have and may continue to heighten the risks related to the other risk factors described elsewhere in this report.
Our products, services, and systems rely on software that is highly technical, and if it contains errors or viruses, our business could be adversely affected.
Our products, services, and systems rely on software, including software developed or maintained internally and/or by third parties, including through the use of AI, which is highly technical and complex. In addition, our products, services, and systems depend on the ability of such software to transfer, store, retrieve, process, and manage large amounts of data. The software on which we rely has contained, and may now or in the future contain, undetectederrors, bugs, or vulnerabilities. Some errors may only be discovered after the code has been released for external or internal use. Errors or other design defects within the software on which we rely may result in a negative experience for customers and marketers who use our products, delay product introductions or enhancements, result in measurement or billing errors, or compromise our ability to protect the data of our users and/or our intellectual property. Any errors, bugs, vulnerabilities, or defects discovered in the software on which we rely could result in damage to our reputation, loss of users, loss of revenue, or liability for damages, any of which could adversely affect our business and financial results.
Our business and reputation are impacted by information technology system failures and network disruptions.
We and our products are dependent on complex information technology systems and could be exposed to information technology system failures or network disruptions caused by natural disasters, accidents, power disruptions, telecommunications failures, acts of terrorism or war, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins, ransomware or other cybersecurity incidents, or other events or disruptions. System upgrades, redundancy, and other continuity measures may be ineffective or inadequate, and our or our vendors’ business continuity and disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient for all eventualities. Such failures or disruptions can adversely impact our business by, among other things, preventing access to our online services, interfering with customer transactions, or impeding the development of our products. These events could materially adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations, and financial condition.
Our business may suffer if we are unable to hire and retain key talent who are in high demand.
We depend on the continued contributions of our domestic and international senior management and other key talent. As part of the transformation program, we implemented a two phased reduction in our workforce, one in November 2024 and the other in January 2025. The further loss of the services of any of our executive officers or other key employees could harm our business. Because not all of our executive officers and key employees are under employment agreements or are under agreements with short terms, their future employment with the Company is uncertain. Additionally, our workforce is comprised of a relatively small number of employees operating in different countries around the globe who support our existing and potential customers. Given the size and geographic dispersion of our workforce, we could experience challenges with execution as our business matures and expands.
Our future success also depends on our ability to identify, attract, and retain highly skilled technical,
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managerial, financial, marketing, and creative talent. We face intense competition for qualified individuals from numerous technology, marketing, and mobile entertainment companies. In particular, the market for engineers with expertise in AI and ML is extremely competitive, and our inability to recruit and retain such personnel could impair our product development efforts. Further, we conduct international operations in the U.S., China, Germany, India, Israel, India, Turkey, and the UK, areas that, similarly to our headquarters’ region, have high costs of living and consequently high compensation standards and/or intense demand for qualified individuals, which may require us to incur significant costs to attract and retain them. We may be unable to attract and retain suitably qualified individuals who are capable of meeting our growing creative, operational, and managerial requirements, or may be required to pay increased compensation in order to do so.
Volatility or lack of performance in our stock price may also affect our ability to attract and retain our key employees. Some of our senior management and other key employees have become, or will soon become, vested and/or underwater in a substantial amount of stock or stock options. Employees may be more likely to leave us if the shares they own or the shares underlying their options have significantly appreciated in value relative to the original purchase prices of the shares or the exercise prices of the options, or if the exercise prices of the options they hold are significantly above the market price of our common stock. If we are unable to retain our employees, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be harmed.
Our corporate culture has contributed to our success, and if we cannot maintain this culture, we could lose the innovation, creativity, passion, and teamwork that we believe contribute to our success and our business may be harmed.
We believe a critical contributor to our success has been our company culture, which we rely on to foster innovation, creativity, a customer-centric focus, passion, teamwork, collaboration, and loyalty. We have invested substantial time and resources in building our team within this company culture. Any failure to preserve our culture could negatively affect our ability to retain and recruit personnel and to ensure employees effectively focus on and pursue our company objectives. As we continue to evolve our business, we may find it difficult to maintain these important aspects of our culture, which could limit our ability to innovate and operate effectively. The effects of our transformation program and its associated reduction in workforce could make it more difficult to preserve our company culture and could negatively impact employee morale.
We plan to continue to review opportunities and possibly make acquisitions, which could require significant management attention, disrupt our business, result in dilution to our stockholders, and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
As part of our business strategy, we have made and intend to continue to review opportunities and possibly make acquisitions to add specialized employees and complementary companies, products, technologies, or distribution channels. In some cases, these acquisitions may be substantial and our ability to acquire and integrate such companies in a successful manner will be challenging. The failure to successfully integrate an acquired business could disrupt operations and divert management’s attention.
Any acquisitions we announce could be viewed negatively by mobile network operators, users, customers, vendors, marketers, developers, or investors. In addition, we may not successfully evaluate, integrate, or utilize the products, technology, services, operations, or talent we acquire. The integration of acquisitions may require significant time and resources, and we may not manage these integrations successfully. In addition, we may discover liabilities or deficiencies that we did not identify in advance associated with the companies or assets we acquire. The effectiveness of our due diligence with respect to acquisitions, and our ability to evaluate the results of such due diligence, is dependent upon the accuracy and completeness of statements and disclosures made or actions taken by the companies we acquire or their representatives. We may also fail to accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition transaction, including accounting charges.
We may also incur substantial costs in making acquisitions. We may pay substantial amounts of cash or incur debt to pay for acquisitions, which could adversely affect our liquidity. The incurrence of indebtedness would also result in increased fixed obligations and interest expense, and could also include covenants or other restrictions that would impede our ability to manage our operations. Additionally, we may issue equity securities to pay for acquisitions or to retain the employees of the acquired company, which could increase our expenses, adversely affect our financial results, and result in dilution to our stockholders. In addition, acquisitions may result in our recording of substantial goodwill and amortizable intangible assets on our consolidated balance sheet upon closing, which could adversely affect our future financial results and financial condition. These factors related to
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acquisitions may require significant management attention, disrupt our business, result in dilution to our stockholders, and adversely affect our financial results and financial condition.
International acquisitions involve risks related to integration of operations across different cultures and languages, currency risks, and the particular economic, political, and regulatory risks associated with specific countries.
Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, including events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults, or non-performance by financial institutions, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
We regularly maintain cash balances at banks and other financial institutions that would exceed any applicable Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits. Should events, including limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments occur with respect to the banks or other financial institutions that hold our funds, or that affect financial institutions or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, our liquidity may be adversely affected.
If any banks or financial institutions enter receivership or become insolvent in the future in response to financial conditions affecting the banking system and financial markets, our operations may be negatively impacted, including our ability to access cash, cash equivalents, or investments. In addition, investor concerns regarding the U.S. or international financial systems could result in less favorable financing terms, including higher interest rates or costs and tighter financial and operating covenants, or systemic limitations on access to credit and liquidity sources and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
In addition, if any of our customers, suppliers, or other parties with whom we conduct business are unable to access funds pursuant to instruments or lending arrangements with a financial institution, such parties’ ability to pay their obligations to us could be adversely affected.
Entry into new lines of business, and our offering of new products and services, resulting from our investments may result in exposure to new risks.
New lines of business, products or services could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls and could reduce our revenues and potentially generate losses. New products and services, or entrance into new markets, may require substantial time, resources and capital, and profitability targets may not be achieved. Entry into new markets entails inherent risks associated with our inexperience, which may result in costly decisions that could harm our profit and operating results. There are material inherent risks and uncertainties associated with offering new products and services, especially when new markets are not fully developed or when the laws and regulations regarding a new product are not mature. Factors outside of our control, such as developing laws and regulations, regulatory orders, competitive product offerings, and changes in commercial and consumer demand for products or services may also materially impact the successful implementation of new products or services. Failure to manage these risks, or failure of any product or service offerings to be successful and profitable, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Litigation may harm our business.
We are and may in the future become subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise from time to time, such as claims brought by our customers in connection with commercial disputes, employment claims made by our current or former employees, or securities class action litigation suits. Substantial, complex, or extended litigation could cause us to incur significant costs and distract our management. Lawsuits by employees, stockholders, collaborators, distributors, customers, vendors, competitors, end users, or others could be very costly and substantially disrupt our business. Disputes from time to time with such companies, organizations or individuals are not uncommon, and we cannot assure you that we will always be able to resolve such disputes or on terms favorable to us.
Carriers and customers have and may try to include us as defendants in suits brought against them by their own customers or third parties. In such cases, the risks and expenses would be similar to those where we are the party directly involved in the litigation. Any litigation or dispute, whether meritorious or not, and whether or not
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covered by insurance, could harm our reputation, will increase our costs, and may divert management’s attention, time, and resources, which may in turn harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Risks Related to the Mobile Advertising Industry
The mobile advertising business is an intensely competitive industry, and we may not be able to compete successfully.
We operate in a highly competitive and fragmented mobile app ecosystem composed of divisions of large, well-established companies as well as public and privately held companies. The large companies in our ecosystem may play multiple different roles given the breadth of their businesses.
• Our primary competition for media distribution comes from the Google Play application store. Broadly, our media distribution platform faces competition from existing operator solutions built internally, as well as companies providing application and content media products and services, such as: Facebook, Snapchat, Unity Software (ironSource), WPP, Omnicom, Criteo, QuinStreet, InMobi, Cheetah Mobile, Baidu, Tremor Video, Magnite, Brightcove, AppLovin, the Trade Desk, and others. These companies can be customers for Digital Turbine products, but also competitors in certain cases. Our more material competition is internally developed operator solutions and specific media distribution solutions built in-house by OEMs and wireless carriers. Some of our existing wireless carriers could make a strategic decision to develop their own solutions rather than continue to use our suite of products, which could be a material source of competition.
• Advertisers typically engage with several advertising platforms and networks to purchase advertisements on mobile devices and apps, looking to optimize their marketing investments. Such advertising platform companies vary in size and include players such as Facebook, Google, Amazon, and Unity Software, as well as various private companies. Several of these platforms are also our partners and customers.
Competitors could also seek to gain market share from us by reducing the prices they charge to advertisers or publishers or by introducing new technology tools for advertisers or developers. Moreover, increased competition for mobile advertising space from developers could result in an increase in the portion of advertiser revenue that we must pay to developers to acquire that advertising space. Our business will suffer to the extent that our developers and advertisers purchase and sell mobile advertising directly from each other or through other companies that are able to become intermediaries between developers and advertisers. We are facing growing competition as a result of rapid technological change, such as the rise of AI and ML, increasing use of data and trained models, evolving industry standards, changing regulations, as well as changing customer needs, requirements, and preferences. AI technologies are complex and rapidly evolving, and we face significant competition from other companies implementing AI and ML tools. The evolving regulatory landscape and our product development efforts may result in new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, litigation, ethical concerns, or other complications that could adversely affect our business, reputation, or financial results. For example, the use of datasets to develop and be referenced by AI models, the content generated by AI systems, or the application of AI systems may be found to be insufficient, offensive, biased, harmful, or violate current or future laws and regulations or third-party rights. In addition, AI and ML models may create flawed, incomplete, or inaccurate outputs, some of which may appear correct. If our technology is used by an end user in a controversial manner due to their perceived or actual impact on society, we may experience brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, or legal liability. Any of these developments would make it more difficult for us to sell our services and could result in increased pricing pressure, reduced profit margins, increased sales and marketing expenses, or the loss of market share.
The markets for our products and services are rapidly evolving and may decline or experience limited growth, and if we fail to timely release updates and new features and AI capabilities and adapt and respond effectively to rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, changing regulations, or changing customer needs, requirements, or preferences, we may become less competitive.
The industry in which we operate is characterized by rapid technological change, new features, tools, solutions and strategies, evolving legal and regulatory requirements, changing customer needs, and a dynamic competitive market. Our future success will depend in large part on the continued growth of our markets and our ability to improve and expand our products and services to respond quickly and effectively to this growth.
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Wireless network and mobile device technologies are undergoing rapid innovation. New mobile devices with more advanced processors and advanced programming languages continue to be introduced. In addition, networks that enableenhanced features are being developed and deployed. We have no control over the demand for, or success of, these products or technologies. If we fail to anticipate and adapt to these and other technological changes, the available channels for our products and services may be limited and our market share and operating results may suffer. Our future success will depend on our ability to adapt to rapidly changing technologies and develop products and services to accommodate evolving industry standards with improved performance and reliability. In addition, the widespread adoption of networking or telecommunications technologies or other technological changes could require substantial expenditures to modify or adapt our products and services.
We must constantly make investment decisions regarding offerings and technology to meet customer demand and evolving industry standards. We may not achieve the anticipated returns on these investments. If new or existing competitors have more attractive offerings, we may lose customers or customers may decrease their use of our platform. New customer demands, superior competitive offerings, or new industry standards could require us to make unanticipated and costly changes to our platform or business model.
We must be able to keep pace with rapid regulatory changes in order to compete successfully in our markets. Our revenue growth depends on our ability to respond to frequently changing data protection regulations, policies, and user and customer demands and expectations, which will require us to incur additional costs to implement. The regulatory landscape in this industry is rapidly shifting, and we may become subject to new regulations including with respect to AI and advertising, which restrict our operations or materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
As our advertising solutions grow and evolve, including through the use of and integration of AI technologies, and are used in a greater number of countries and on a larger scale, we may also become subject to new laws and regulations in additional jurisdictions or jurisdictions may claim that we are required to comply with their laws and regulations. The regulation of AI technologies is a relatively new and evolving area of law which we may become subject to as we continue to explore the use of AI technologies in our current and future products. For example, in the EU, the EU Artificial Intelligence Act imposes a regulatory framework for the companies’ development and use of AI systems, and numerous state laws in the U.S. have been proposed, and in certain cases enacted, regulating aspects of the development and use of AI systems. Beyond the EU and U.S., many other countries have proposed AI-related legal frameworks. There is a risk that existing or future laws may be interpreted in a manner that is not consistent with our current practices and which could adversely affect our business.
The markets for our products and services could fail to grow significantly or there could be a reduction in demand for our products or services as a result of a lack of customer acceptance, technological challenges, competing products and services, decreases in spending by current and prospective customers, weakening economic conditions, and other causes. If our markets do not continue to experience growth or if the demand for our products and services decreases, then our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Our business is dependent on the continued growth in usage of smartphones, tablets, and other mobile connected devices.
Our business depends on the continued proliferation of mobile connected devices, such as smartphones and tablets, which can connect to the internet over a cellular, wireless, or other network, as well as the increased consumption of content through those devices. Consumer usage of these mobile connected devices may be inhibited for a number of reasons, such as:
• inadequate network infrastructure to support advanced features beyond just mobile web access;
• users’ concerns about the security of these devices;
• inconsistent quality of cellular or wireless connections;
• unavailability of cost-effective, high-speed Internet service;
• changes in network carrier pricing plans that charge device users based on the amount of data consumed; and
• new technology which is not compatible with our products and offerings.
For any of these or other reasons, users of mobile connected devices may limit the amount of time they spend on these devices and the number of applications or amount of content they download on these devices. If
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user adoption of mobile connected devices and consumer consumption of content on those devices do not continue to grow, our total addressable market size may be significantly limited, which could compromise our ability to increase our revenue and our ability to become profitable.
Wireless communication technologies are changing rapidly, and we may not be successful in working with these new technologies.
Technology changes in the wireless industry require us to anticipate, sometimes years in advance, which technologies we must implement and take advantage of to make our products and services, and other mobile entertainment products, competitive in the market. Further, policy changes or restrictions applied to mobile operating systems might affect our ability to implement our products and services. We usually start our product development with a range of technical development goals that we hope to be able to achieve. We may not be able to achieve these goals, or our competitors may be able to achieve them more quickly and effectively than we can. In either case, our products and services may be technologically inferior to those of our competitors, less appealing to customers or end users, or both. If we cannot achieve our technology goals within our original development schedule, then we may delay their release until these technology goals can be achieved, which may delay or reduce our revenue, increase our development expenses, and harm our reputation. Alternatively, we may increase our product development resources in an attempt either to preserve our product launch schedule or to keep up with our competition. In either case, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be materially affected.
The complexity of and incompatibilities among mobile devices may require us to use additional resources for the development of our products and services.
To reach large numbers of wireless subscribers, application developers, and wireless carriers, we must support numerous mobile devices and technologies. Keeping pace with the rapid innovation of mobile device technologies together with the continuous introduction of new, and often incompatible, mobile device models by wireless carriers requires us to make continuous investments in product development and maintenance, including talent, technologies, and equipment. In the future, we may be required to make substantial investments in our development if the number of different types of mobile device models continues to proliferate. In addition, as more advanced mobile devices are introduced that enable more complex, feature-rich products and services, we anticipate our product development and maintenance costs will increase.
If wireless subscribers do not continue to use their mobile devices to access mobile content and other applications, our business growth and future revenue may be adversely affected.
We operate in a developing industry. Our success depends on growth in the number of wireless subscribers who use their mobile devices to access data services we develop and distribute. New or different mobile content applications developed by our current or future competitors may be preferred by subscribers to our offerings. In addition, other mobile platforms may become widespread, and end users may choose to switch to these platforms. If the market for our products and services does not continue to grow or we are unable to acquire new customers or end users, our business growth and future revenue could be adversely affected. If customers or end users switch their advertising or entertainment spending away from the kinds of offerings that we provide, or switch to platforms or distribution where we do not have comparative strengths, our revenue would likely decline and our business, operating results and financial condition would suffer.
A shift of technology platform by wireless carriers and mobile device manufacturers could lengthen the development period for our offerings, increase our costs, and cause our offerings to be of lower quality or to be published later than anticipated.
Mobile devices require multimedia capabilities enabled by operating systems capable of running applications, products, and services such as ours. Our development resources are concentrated in today’s most popular operating systems, and we have experience developing applications for these operating systems. If these operating systems fall out of favor with mobile device manufacturers and wireless carriers and there is a rapid shift to a new technology where we do not have development experience or resources, the development period for our products and services may be lengthened, increasing our costs, and the resulting products and services may be of lower quality and may be published later than anticipated. In such an event, our reputation, business, operating results, and financial condition might suffer.
Actual or perceived security vulnerabilities in mobile devices or wireless networks could adversely affect
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our revenue.
Maintaining the security of mobile devices and wireless networks is critical for our business. There are individuals and groups who develop and deploy viruses and other illicit code or malicious software programs often enhanced or facilitated by AI, which may attack wireless networks and mobile devices. Security experts have identified computer “worm” programs that target mobile devices running on certain operating systems. Although these worms have not been widely released and do not present an immediate risk to our business, we believe future threats could lead some end users to reduce or delay future purchases of our products or reduce or delay the use of their mobile devices. Wireless carriers and OEMs may also increase their expenditures on protecting their wireless networks and mobile device products from attack, which could delay adoption of new mobile device models. Any of these activities could adversely affect our revenue and this could harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.
We may be subject to legal liability (including potential issues with the use of intellectual property) associated with providing mobile and online services.
We provide a variety of products and services that enable carriers, manufacturers, application developers, advertisers, and users to engage in various mobile and online activities both domestically and internationally. Laws relating to the liability of providers of these mobile and online services and products for such activities is still unsettled and constantly evolving in the U.S. and internationally. Claims have been threatened and have been brought against us in the past for breaches of contract, copyright or trademark infringement, data privacy regulatory violations, tort, or other theories based on the provision of these products and services. In addition, we have been and may again in the future be subject to domestic or international actions alleging that certain content we have generated or third-party content that we have made available within our services violates laws in domestic and international jurisdictions. We may be subject to claims concerning these products, services, or content by virtue of our involvement in marketing, branding, broadcasting, or providing access to them, even if we do not ourselves host, operate, provide, own, or license these products, services, or content. While we routinely insert indemnification provisions into our contracts with these parties, such indemnities to us, when obtainable, may not cover all damages and lossessuffered by us and our customers from covered products and services. In addition, potential reserves and/or insurance coverage may be exceeded by unexpected results from such claims. Defending such actions could be costly and involve significant time and attention of our management and other resources, may result in monetary liabilities or penalties, and may require us to change our business in an adverse manner.
Public health issues, such as a major epidemic or pandemic, could adversely affect our business or financial results.
The U.S. and other countries have experienced, and may experience in the future, outbreaks of contagious diseases that affect public health and public perception of health risk. For instance, in December 2019, a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) emerged and subsequently spread worldwide. A future major epidemic or pandemic could result in foreign, federal, state, and local governments and private entities mandating various restrictions requiring closure of non-essential businesses and recommendations that people remain at home. Such an event may come with significant uncertainty regarding the extent to which and how long it disrupts the U.S. and/or global economy.
Disruption to our business operations as a result of war and hostilities in the Middle East and other conditions in Israel that affect our operations may limit our ability to develop, produce, and sell our products.
We maintain a significant business presence in Israel. Our operations, which include our product development, sales and marketing, and administrative functions, and personnel in Israel are directly affected by the ongoing hostilities and geopolitical instability in the Middle East, including the conflicts involving Israel, Gaza, Lebanon, Syria, and Iran. Israel has been and is currently involved in armed conflicts with multiple parties and remains the target of terrorist and military activity, including from Iranian-backed forces. The region has experienced periods of significant escalation, including direct hostilities between Israel and Iran, rocket and missile attacks from Hezbollah in Lebanon and militia forces in Syria, and other security threats. At this time, it is unknown whether hostilities in these regions will escalate into an even larger conflict. While our offices are open worldwide, including in Israel, and, to date, we have not had disruptions to our ability to operate and deliver products to customers, a prolongedconflict, further escalation, or expansion of hostilities could adversely affect our business.
Russia’s invasion of and ongoing war in Ukraine has caused, and is currently expected to continue to
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cause, negative effects on geopolitical conditions and the global economy, including financial markets, inflation, and the global supply chain, which could have an adverse impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition.
On February 24, 2022, Russia launched an invasion of Ukraine that has resulted in an ongoing military conflict between the two countries (the “Russia-Ukraine Conflict”). The Russia-Ukraine Conflict has caused, and is currently expected to continue to cause, political, economic, and social instability, significant disruptions to the regional and the global economy, financial system, international trade, and the transportation and energy sectors, among others. In addition, the Russia-Ukraine Conflict has displaced millions of people, causing an acute refugee crisis in Europe, and has increased the threat of nuclear accidents or attacks, cyberattacks, and further regional or global conflicts (including a potential expansion of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict to other countries as well as other unrelated potential conflicts), among other potentially dire consequences. In response to Russia’s actions, multiple countries and governing bodies, including the U.S. and the EU, have put in place global sanctions and other severe restrictions or prohibitions on the activities of certain individuals and businesses connected to Russia and/or Belarus. Companies have also implemented restrictions that severely limit, and in some cases, reverse or cancel, business transactions in or involving certain individuals and/or businesses connected to or associated with Russia and/or Belarus. Further, some companies have moved to divest of Russia-based subsidiaries and assets. In addition, the impacts of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict on the supply chain and commodity prices have been profound and resulted in substantial inflation in one or more countries (or globally). The ultimate impact of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict and its continued effect on the geopolitical environment and global economic and commercial activity and conditions, and on our operations, financial condition, and performance, and the duration and severity of those effects, is impossible to predict.
Adverse changes in the geopolitical relationship between the U.S. and China or changes in China’s economic and regulatory landscape could have an adverse effect on business conditions.
Adverse changes in economic and political policies relating to China could have an adverse effect on our business. Recent tariff increases and an escalation of recent trade tensions between the U.S. and China has resulted in trade restrictions that harm our ability to participate in Chinese markets. For example, the U.S. has significantly increased tariffs on products imported into the U.S. from a number of countries, including China. Due to broad uncertainty regarding the timing, content, and extent of any regulatory changes in the U.S. or abroad, we cannot predict the impact, if any, that these changes could have to our business, financial condition, and results of operations, or that of our advertisers. Further, U.S. export control regulations relating to China have created restrictions with respect to the sale of certain products to Chinese companies and further changes to regulations could result in additional restrictions. Sustained uncertainty about, or worsening of, current global economic conditions and further escalation of trade tensions between the U.S. and its trading partners, especially China, could result in a global economic slowdown and long-term changes to global trade, including retaliatory trade restrictions that further restrict our ability to operate in China. Governmental agencies in any of the countries in which we, our customers or end users are located, such as China, could block access to or require a license for our platform, our website, mobile applications, operating system platforms, application stores or the Internet generally for a number of reasons, including security, confidentiality or regulatory concerns. If companies or governmental entities block, limit or otherwise restrict customers from accessing our platform, or end users from playing games developed or operated on our platform, our business could be harmed. Further, some countries may block data transfers as a result of businesses collecting data within a country’s borders as part of broader privacy-related concerns, which could affect our business. For example, companies and governmental agencies could block the distribution of several applications of Chinese origin. Because we rely on wireless carriers and OEMs to distribute our product and services, if wireless carriers and mobile device manufacturers restrict certain Chinese apps from being downloaded onto their platforms this could negatively impact our business and our financial condition and results of operations would suffer. Any actions and policies adopted by the government of the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”), particularly with regard to intellectual property rights and existing cloud-based and Internet restrictions for non-Chinese businesses, or any prolongedslowdown in China’s economy could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. In particular, PRC laws and regulations impose restrictions on foreign ownership of companies that engage in internet, market survey, cloud-based services, and other related businesses from time to time. In 2021, China passed a new data privacy law known as Personal Information Protection Law, effective November 1, 2021, and the Data Security Law, effective September 1, 2021, which adopts a stringent data transfer regime requiring, among other things, data subject consent for certain data transfers.
Further, various U.S. federal and state governmental agencies continue to examine the distribution and use of apps developed and/or published by China based companies. In some cases, government agencies have
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banned certain apps from mobile devices. Further actions by U.S. federal or state governmental agencies or other countries to restrict or ban the distribution of China based apps could negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Risks Related to Laws and Regulations
We are subject to rapidly changing and increasingly stringent laws, contractual obligations, and industry standards relating to data governance, privacy, and data security. The restrictions and costs imposed by these legal requirements, or our actual or perceived failure to comply with them, could harm our business.
Our platform relies on our ability to process the information of our customers and end users. These activities are regulated by a variety of federal, state, local, and international privacy, data governance, and data security laws and regulations, which have become increasingly stringent in recent years.
Most jurisdictions in which we or our customers operate have enacted or are in the process of enacting privacy, data governance, and data security laws and regulations. In this regard, it is important to highlight the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) and UK GDPR that regulate the processing of personal data in the European Economic Area (“EEA”) member states and in the UK. Both impose a strict data protection compliance regime. We are subject to the supervision of local data protection and data governance authorities in those EEA and UK jurisdictions where we are established or otherwise subject to the GDPR and the UK GDPR. Fines for certain breaches of the GDPR are significant. In addition to the foregoing, a breach of the GDPR could result in regulatory investigations, reputational damage, orders to cease or change our processing of personal data, enforcement notices, or assessment notices for a compulsory audit. We may also face civil claims including representative actions and other class action type litigation, potentially amounting to significant compensation or damages liabilities, as well as associated costs, diversion of internal resources, and reputational harm. This private right of action may increase the likelihood of, and risks associated with data breachlitigation. In addition to increasing our compliance costs and potential liability, the CCPA created restrictions on “sales” of personal information that may restrict the disclosure of personal information for advertising purposes. Our advertising business relies, in part, on such disclosure and could be materially and adversely affected by the CCPA’s restrictions.
Data privacy legislation imposes restrictions on cross-border personal data transfers, with some countries enacting data localization laws. Notably, the GDPR, UK GDPR, and other EU and UK data protection statutes generally bar personal data transfer from the EEA, UK, and Switzerland to the U.S. and many other nations, except to entities in countries offering adequate protection or with specific safeguards in place. When transferring personal data outside the EEA or UK to non-adequate countries, we ensure compliance with relevant laws, potentially utilizing derogation or implementing standard contractual clauses. Since November 2023, we have participated in the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework (“EU-U.S. DPF”), UK Extension to the EU-U.S. DPF (“UK Extension”), and Swiss-US Data Privacy Framework per the U.S. Department of Commerce. We have certified adherence to the EU-U.S. DPF Principles for data received from the EU and UK (including Gibraltar) and to the Swiss-U.S. DPF Principles for data received from Switzerland. Should the DPF be invalidated by the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) in the future, we may face challenges in EU-U.S. data transfers, necessitating the implementation of a CJEU-approved framework.
Children’s online privacy has been a focus of recent enforcement activity under longstanding privacy laws as well as privacy and data protection laws enacted in recent years worldwide. With increased enforcement of children’s online privacy in the EU and the UK, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission and state attorneys general have also, in recent years, increased enforcement of the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, and other U.S. State laws that restrict the processing of children’s personal information without a parental consent. Recent and evolving age verification and online safety laws enacted in certain U.S. states and other jurisdictions may require additional compliance measures and technical changes, which could increase operating costs, affect user onboarding and engagement, or limit certain product features or business initiatives in some jurisdictions.
We are also subject to the Digital Services Act (“DSA”) (Regulation (EU) 2022/2065) effective as of November 2022 and was fully implemented on February 17, 2024, which is a comprehensive piece of legislation for consumer protection. The DSA focuses on content governance and moderation and applies to various online services. The DSA addresses several critical aspects related to online services, including providing a consistent framework for digital services offered in the EU, preventingillegal and harmful online activities, and protecting service recipients’ fundamental rights.
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Additionally, certain privacy and data security laws extend rights to consumers and regulate automated decision making in ways that may be incompatible with our use of AI/ML. These obligations may make it harder for us to conduct our business using AI/ML, lead to litigation or regulatory fines or penalties, require us to change our business practices, retrain our AI/ML, delete our models, or prevent or limit our use of AI/ML. For example, the Federal Trade Commission has required other companies to delete algorithms and models derived from or trained on allegedlyunlawfully collected data, where it has alleged the company has violated privacy or consumer protection laws.
Apart from the requirements of privacy, data governance, and data security laws, we have obligations relating to privacy, data governance and data security under our published policies, contracts, and applicable industry standards. Although we endeavor to comply with these obligations, we may have failed to do so in the past and may be subject to allegations that we have failed to do so or have otherwise processed data improperly. Additionally, our or our customers’ sensitive, proprietary, or confidential information could be leaked, disclosed, or revealed as a result of or in connection with our employees’, personnel’s, or vendors’ use of generative AI technologies. Any such information that we input into a third-party generative AI or ML platform could be revealed to others, including if information is used to train the third party’s AI/ML models. Additionally, where an AI and/or ML model ingests personal information and makes connections using such data, those technologies may reveal other sensitive, proprietary, or confidential information generated by the model. As a result, we could face adverse consequences, including exposure to reputational and competitive harm, customer loss, and legal liability. We could be subject to enforcement action or litigationalleging that our methods of data collection or our other data processing practices violate our published policies, federal or state laws prohibiting unfair or deceptive business practices or other privacy laws.
In response to the increasing restrictions of global privacy and data security laws, our customers have sought and may continue to seek increasingly stringent contractual assurances regarding our handling of personal information and may adopt internal policies that limit their use of our platform. In addition, privacy advocates and industry groups have regularly proposed, and may propose in the future, self-regulatory standards upon which we may be legally or contractually bound. If we fail to comply with these contractual obligations or standards, we may face substantial contractual liability or fines.
Various jurisdictions around the world continue to propose new laws that regulate the privacy, data governance, and/or security of certain types of data or information. Complying with these laws, if enacted, would require significant resources, and leave us vulnerable to possible fines and penalties if we are unable to comply. Our obligations under privacy and data security laws, our contracts and applicable industry standards (including requirements by operating system platforms or app stores) are increasing, becoming more complex, and changing rapidly, which has increased and may continue to increase the cost and effort required to comply with them. The privacy and data security compliance challenges we and our customers face in the EU, the UK, the U.S., and other jurisdictions may also limit our ability to operate, or offer certain product features, in those jurisdictions, which could reduce demand for our solutions from customers subject to their laws. We may also be required to adapt our solutions to comply with changing regulations. Despite our efforts, we may not be successful in achieving compliance with these rapidly evolving requirements. We could be perceived to be in non-compliance with applicable privacy laws, especially when acquiring new companies and before we have completed our gap analysis and remediation. Any actual or perceived non-compliance could result in litigation and proceedings against us by governmental entities, customers, individuals, or others; fines and civil, criminal, or administrative penalties for us or company officials; obligations to cease offering or to substantially modify our solutions in ways that make them less effective in certain jurisdictions; negative publicity; harm to our brand and reputation and reduced overall demand for our solutions or reduced revenue. Such occurrences could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We are subject to anti-bribery, anti-corruption and similar laws and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminalpenalties or significant fines and harm our business and reputation.
We are subject to anti-bribery and similar laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) of 1977, as amended, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the USA PATRIOT Act, U.S. Travel Act, the UK Bribery Act 2010 and Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, and possibly other anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct business. Anti-corruption laws have been enforced with great rigor in recent years and are interpreted broadly. Such laws prohibit companies and their employees and their agents from making or offering improper payments or other benefits to government officials and others in the private sector. We have operations, deal with carriers, and make sales in countries known to
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experience corruption, particularly certain emerging countries in Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Asia. Further international expansion may involve more of these countries. Our activities in these countries create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by one of our employees, consultants, sales agents, or distributors that could be in violation of various laws including the FCPA, even though these parties are not always subject to our control. As we increase our international sales and business, particularly in countries with a low score on Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index and increase our use of third parties such as sales agents, distributors, resellers or consultants, our risks under these laws will increase. We adopt appropriate policies and procedures and conduct training, but cannot guarantee that improprieties will not occur. Noncompliance with these laws could subject us to investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminalpenalties or injunctions, suspension and/or debarment from contracting with specified persons, the loss of export privileges, reputational harm, adverse media coverage, and other collateral consequences. Any investigations, actions and/or sanctions could have a material negative impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We are subject to governmental economic sanctions requirements and export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we are not in compliance with applicable laws.
As a U.S. company, we are subject to U.S. export control and economic sanctions laws and regulations, and we are required to export our technology and services in compliance with those laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations and economic embargo and trade sanctions programs administered by the Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control. U.S. economic sanctions and export control laws and regulations prohibit the shipment of specified products and services to countries, governments, and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions. While we take precautions to prevent doing any business, directly or indirectly, with countries, governments, and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions and to ensure that our technology and services are not exported or used by countries, governments, and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions, such measures may be circumvented. Any such violation could result in significant criminal or civil fines, penalties, or other sanctions and repercussions, including reputational harm that could materially adversely impact our business. Complying with export control and sanctions regulations may be time consuming and may result in the delay or loss of opportunities.
In addition, various countries regulate the import of encryption technology, including the imposition of import permitting and licensing requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to offer our platform or could limit our customers’ ability to use our platform in those countries. Changes in our platform or future changes in export and import regulations may create delays in the introduction of our platform to international markets or prevent our customers with international operations from deploying our platform globally.
Our ability to use our net operating losses, credits, and certain other tax attributes to offset future taxable income or taxes may be subject to certain limitations.
As of March 31, 2026, we had net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards for U.S. federal purposes of $136,377, which may be available to offset taxable income in the future. Of these NOLs, $37,357 is subject to expiration through the year 2046 depending on the year the loss was incurred. The remaining $99,020 may be carried forward indefinitely, but are subject to an annual usage limitation of 80% of federal taxable income in any such year as enacted by The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act amendment of Section 172 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), for NOLs generated in tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2018. In addition, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” (as defined under Section 382 of the Code and applicable Treasury Regulations) is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change NOL carryforwards and certain other tax attributes to offset post-change taxable income or taxes. We may experience future ownership changes that could affect our ability to utilize our NOL carryforwards to offset our income.
We rely on our current understanding of regional regulatory requirements pertaining to the marketing, advertising, and promotion of our products and services, and any adverse change in such regulations, or a finding that we did not properly understand such regulations, may significantly impact our ability to market, advertise, and promote our products and services and thereby adversely impact our revenue, our operating results, and our financial condition.
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Some portions of our business rely extensively on marketing, advertising, and promoting our products and services, requiring us to have an understanding of local laws and regulations governing our business. Additionally, we rely on the policies and procedures of wireless carriers and should those change, there could be an adverse impact on our products. In the event we have relied on inaccurate information or advice, and engage in marketing, advertising, or promotional activities that are not permitted, we may be subject to penalties, restricted from engaging in further activities, or altogether prohibited from offering our products and services in a particular territory.
Changes in government regulation of the media and wireless communications industries may adversely affect our business. Government actions or legislative, regulatory, or other legal developments relating to AI or advertising, may adversely impact our ability to deliver, target, or measure the effectiveness of advertising. Furthermore, the growth and development of the market for electronic commerce may prompt calls for more stringent consumer protection laws that may impose additional burdens on companies such as ours conducting business through wireless carriers. We anticipate that regulation of our industry will increase and that we will be required to devote legal and other resources to address this regulation.
A number of studies have examined the health effects of mobile phone use, and the results of some of the studies have been interpreted as evidence that mobile phone use causes adverse health effects. The establishment of a link between the use of mobile phone services and health problems, or any media reports suggesting such a link, could increase government regulation of, and reduce demand for, mobile phones and, accordingly, the demand for our products and services, and this could harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Government regulation of our marketing methods could restrict our ability to adequately advertise and promote our content, products, and services available in certain jurisdictions.
The governments of some countries have sought to regulate the methods and manner in which certain of our products and services may be marketed to potential end users. Furthermore, government actions or legislative, regulatory, or other legal developments relating to AI or advertising may impact our ability to deliver, target, or measure the effectiveness of advertising. Regulation aimed at prohibiting, limiting, or restricting various forms of advertising and promotion we use to market our products and services could also increase our cost of operations or preclude the ability to offer our products and services altogether.
Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property and Potential Liability
Third parties may obtain and improperly use our intellectual property; and if so, our competitive position may be adversely affected, particularly if we do not, or are unable to, adequately protect our intellectual property rights.
Our intellectual property is an essential element of our business. We rely on a combination of copyright, trademark, trade secret, patent, and other intellectual property rights.
We face risks associated with our trademarks. For example, there is a risk that our international trademark applications may be considered too generic or that the words “Digital” or “Turbine” could be separately or compositely trademarked by third parties with competitive products who may try and block our applications or sue us for trademark dilution, which could have adverse effects on our financial status and operations. We also seek to maintain certain intellectual property as trade secrets. The secrecy could be compromised by third parties or by our employees, which could cause us to lose the competitive advantage resulting from these trade secrets.
Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or otherwise to obtain and use our intellectual property. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property, and enforcing our rights, is difficult and costly, and we cannot be certain the steps we have taken will prevent infringement, piracy, and other unauthorized uses of our intellectual property, particularly internationally where the laws may not protect our intellectual property rights as fully as in the U.S., or where our intellectual property is not registered. We may have to resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of our management and resources. In addition, although we require third parties to sign agreements not to disclose or improperly use our intellectual property, it may still be possible for third parties to obtain and improperly use our intellectual properties without our consent.
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Third parties may sue us for intellectual property infringement, which may prevent or limit our use of the intellectual property and disrupt our business and could require us to pay significant damage awards.
Third parties may sue us for intellectual property infringement or initiate proceedings to invalidate our intellectual property, either of which, if successful, could prevent or limit our use of the intellectual property and disrupt the conduct of our business, cause us to pay significant damage awards or require us to pay licensing fees. In the event of a successful claim against us, we might be enjoined from using such intellectual property, we might incur significant licensing fees, and we might be forced to develop alternative technologies. Our failure or inability to develop non-infringing technology or software or to license the infringed or similar technology or software on a timely basis could force us to withdraw products and services from the market or prevent us from introducing new products and services, and consequently may materially affect our ability to fulfill our contractual obligations towards carriers and customers, as well as limit our expansion efforts. In addition, even if we are able to license the infringed or similar technology or software, license fees could be substantial and the terms of these licenses could be burdensome, which might adversely affect our operating results. We might also incur substantial expenses in defendingagainst third-party infringementclaims, regardless of their merit. Successfulinfringement or licensing claimsagainst us might result in substantial monetary liabilities and might materially disrupt the conduct of our business.
Our platform contains third-party, open source software components, which may pose particular risks to our proprietary software, technologies, and solutions in a manner that could negatively affect our business.
Our platform contains software modules by third-party authors that are publicly available under “open source” licenses, and we expect to use open source software in the future. While the use and distribution of open source software is common in the industry, it may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide support, warranties, indemnification, or other contractual protections regarding infringementclaims or the quality of the code and open source software could incorporate AI-generated code which may be a result of hallucinatory behavior. To the extent our platform depends on the successful operation of open source software, any undetectederrors or defects in such open source software could prevent the deployment or impair the functionality of our platform, delay introductions of new solutions, result in a failure of any of our solutions, and injure our reputation. While our developed software undergoes testing, undetectederrors or defects in open source software could render it vulnerable to breaches or security attacks and make our systems more vulnerable to data breaches. The public availability of such software may make it easier for others to compromise our platform.
Some open source software licenses contain requirements that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based on the type of open source software we use or grant other licenses to our intellectual property. If we combine our proprietary software with open source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain open source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software to the public. While our open source policies are meant to prevent such misuse, there can be no assurances such incidents will not occur. This would allow our competitors to create similar offerings with lower development effort and time and ultimately could result in a loss of our competitive advantages. Alternatively, to avoid the public release of the affected portions of our source code, we could be required to expend substantial time and resources to re-engineer our software.
Although we monitor our use of open source software to avoid subjecting our platform to conditions we do not intend, there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to provide or distribute our solutions. From time-to-time, there have been claimschallenging the ownership of open source software against companies that incorporate open source software into their products or platforms. As a result, we could be subject to lawsuits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software. Moreover, we cannot assure that our processes for controlling our use of open source software in our platform will be effective. If we are held to have breached or failed to fully comply with all the terms and conditions of an open source software license, we could face infringement or other liability, or be required to seek costly licenses from third parties to continue providing our solutions on terms that are not economically feasible, to re-engineer our solutions, to discontinue or delay the provision of our solutions if re-engineering could not be accomplished on a timely basis, or to make generally available, in source code form, our proprietary code, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Indemnity provisions in various agreements potentially expose us to substantial liability for intellectual property infringement, damages caused by malicious software, and other losses.
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In the ordinary course of our business, most of our agreements with carriers, customers, and other distributors include indemnification provisions. In these provisions, we agree to indemnify them for lossessuffered or incurred in connection with our products and services, including as a result of intellectual property infringement and damages caused by viruses, worms, and other malicious software. The term of these indemnity provisions is generally perpetual after execution of the corresponding agreement, and the maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification provisions is generally unlimited. Large future indemnity payments could harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Risks Relating to Our Common Stock and Capital Structure
We have significant indebtedness, a portion of which the Company intends to refinance, which could limit our financial flexibility.
On August 29, 2025 (the “Closing Date”), the Company refinanced its existing senior credit facility. The Company and certain wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company, as guarantors (the “Guarantors”), entered into a Financing Agreement (the “Financing Agreement”) with Blue Torch Finance LLC, as administrative agent and as collateral agent, and the lenders from time to time party thereto (“Lenders”), pursuant to which the Lenders made loans and other extensions to the Company under certain term loan credit facilities on the terms and conditions as set forth therein.
The Financing Agreement (i) has a four-year term from the Closing Date and (ii) provides for three separate tranches of term loans in an aggregate principal amount of $430,000 (the “Loans”), all of which were borrowed in full by the Company on the Closing Date. The outstanding principal amount of the Loans is subject to scheduled repayment as follows: (i) on the last day of each fiscal quarter following the first anniversary of the Financing Agreement through the maturity of the term loans, the Company will repay the outstanding principal amount of term loans in an amount equal to $2,344 in the aggregate across the remaining two tranches and (ii) on the maturity date, the Company will pay the remaining aggregate outstanding principal amount, including all accrued and unpaid interest thereon. In addition, the Financing Agreement contains certain mandatory prepayment provisions, including proceeds raised from equity issuances and, beginning in fiscal year 2027, 50% of any excess cash flows. Additionally, the Company is also required to pay certain exit fees and duration fees if two tranches of term loans are not repaid by certain dates. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2026, one of such term loan tranches was repaid in full.
The Loans are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company and the Guarantors, subject to certain exceptions.
On April 20, 2026, the Company entered into to the First Amendment to the Financing Agreement to amend the liquidity covenant to reduce the liquidity requirement for the period between April 1, 2026 and December 31, 2026 from $20,000 to $15,000 and reduced the amount and timing of certain exit and duration fees.
The Financing Agreement, the amount of indebtedness thereunder, the terms of the tranches and related mandatory prepayment provisions, and the Company’s desire to refinance certain tranches could have significant negative consequences including:
• increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;
• increasing our exposure to interest rate risk;
• limiting our ability to obtain additional financing;
• increasing our risk of violating a financial covenant, resulting in the indebtedness being due immediately and negatively impacting our liquidity;
• increasing our risk of requiring additional financial covenant measurement consents or default waivers without enhanced financial performance in the short term;
• requiring the use of a substantial portion of any cash flow from operations to service indebtedness, thereby reducing the amount of cash flow available for other purposes, including capital expenditures;
• limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which it competes; and
• placing us at a possible competitive disadvantage to less leveraged competitors that are larger and may have better access to capital resources.
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Our borrowings under our Financing Agreement are subject to variable interest rates and thus expose us to interest rate fluctuations. If market interest rates continue to increase, our results of operations could be adversely affected. Our Financing Agreement also contains a maximum consolidated secured net leverage ratio, a minimum liquidity covenant, and other financial covenants. If we fail to satisfy these covenants, the lenders may declare a default, which could lead to acceleration of the debt’s maturity. Any such default would have a material adverse effect on us. Our ability to meet our debt service obligations and to fund working capital, capital expenditures, and investments in our business will depend upon our future performance and our ability to access capital markets and refinance certain tranches of the Financing Agreement, as well as financial, business, and other factors affecting our operations, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include general and regional economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory, and other factors such as the U.S. and global economic climate uncertainty, the impact of tariffs, the state of the equity and debt markets and the ability to raise capital in such markets, health epidemics, economic and macroeconomic factors like labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, and inflation, and geopolitical developments, including the conflicts in Iran, Israel, Lebanon and Ukraine, and the political climate related to China. We cannot guarantee we will generate sufficient cash flow from operations, or that future borrowings or capital markets will be available, in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our debt, refinance certain tranches under the Financing Agreement or to fund our other liquidity needs.
The collateral pledged to secure our secured debt, consisting of substantially all of our and our U.S. and certain foreign subsidiaries’ assets, would be available to the secured creditor in a foreclosure, in addition to many other remedies. Accordingly, any adverse change in our ability to service our secured debt could result in an event of default, cross default, and foreclosure or forced sale. Depending on the value of assets, there could be little, if any, assets available for common stockholders in any foreclosure or forced sale.
We are currently seeking to refinance certain tranches under the Financing Agreement and are exploring options to raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities or equity-linked or debt-financing arrangements. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or equity-linked securities, it may be at a price and on terms and conditions that are less favorable to the Company, and the ownership of our existing stockholders will be diluted. If we raise additional financing by incurring new indebtedness, we may be subject to increased interest rates, increased fixed payment obligations, and could also be subject to additional restrictive covenants and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Any future indebtedness we incur may result in terms that could be less favorable to the Company. We cannot assure you that we will be able to refinance any of our indebtedness or enter into equity or equity-linked financing arrangements on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.
If the Company is unable to refinance certain loan tranches under the Financing Agreement by certain dates, the Company may be required to pay additional exit and duration fees on one of such tranches, which could have a material impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
To service our debt and fund our other capital requirements, we will require a significant amount of cash and our ability to generate cash will depend on many factors beyond our control.
Our ability to meet our debt service obligations and to fund working capital, capital expenditures, and investments in our business will depend on our future performance, which will be subject to financial, business, and other factors affecting our operations, many of which are beyond our control, availability of borrowing capacity under our credit facility, and our ability to access capital markets. We cannot ensure we will generate cash flow from operations, or that future borrowings or capital markets will be available in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our debt or to fund our other liquidity needs. We could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional indebtedness or equity capital, or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to accomplish any such alternative measures on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations.
The market price of our common stock is likely to be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations, and you may be unable to resell your shares at or above the current price.
The market price of our common stock is likely to be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a number of factors that are beyond our control, including the risk factors described in this Annual Report and announcements of new products or services by our competitors. In addition, the market price of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a variety of factors, including:
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• quarterly variations in our revenue and operating expenses;
• developments in financial markets, and global or regional economies;
• announcements of innovations or new products or services by us or our competitors;
• price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time-to-time;
• significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of technology companies in general and of companies in the digital advertising industry in particular;
• whether our results of operations and forecasts meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors;
• litigation involving us, our industry, or both;
• significant sales of our common stock or other securities in the open market; and
• changes in accounting principles.
In the past, stockholders have often instituted securities class action litigation after periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities. If a stockholder were to file any such class action suit against us, we would incur substantial legal fees and our management’s attention and resources would be diverted from operating our business to respond to the litigation.
In addition, employees may be more likely to leave us if the shares they own or the shares underlying their options have significantly appreciated in value relative to the original purchase prices of the shares or the exercise prices of the options, or if the exercise prices of the options they hold are significantly above the market price of our common stock. If we are unable to retain our employees, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be harmed.
We may choose to raise additional capital to pay down debt or to finance the purchase price of acquisitions or to otherwise grow our business, and we may not be able to raise capital to grow our business on terms acceptable to us or at all and any such sales of common stock could cause substantial dilution to existing stockholder or depress our stock price.
On August 5, 2025, we entered into a Sales Agreement with RBC Capital Markets LLC and Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC as our sales agents, pursuant to which we could offer and sell from time-to-time shares of our common stock under an at-the-market (ATM) program for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $150,000. The Company terminated the Sales Agreement effective as of February 2, 2026. The Company sold a total of 9,945,136 shares of Common Stock under the ATM program at an average selling price of $5.89 per share, yielding aggregate gross proceeds of $58,566, and incurred commission costs of $1,757 associated with such sales. The Company used the net proceeds to prepay the principal of the Financing Agreement. Our business strategy may include paying down additional debt, expansion through internal growth or external growth by acquiring complimentary businesses, acquiring or licensing additional brands, or establishing strategic relationships with targeted customers and suppliers. If our cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments, and cash generated from operations are not sufficient to meet our cash requirements, we may seek additional capital, potentially through debt or equity financings, to fund our growth. We may not be able to raise the cash needed on terms acceptable to us or at all. Financings, if available, may be on terms that are dilutive or potentially dilutive to our stockholders, and the prices at which new investors would be willing to purchase our securities may be lower than the fair market value of our common stock. The holders of new securities may also receive rights, preferences, or privileges that are senior to those of existing holders of our common stock.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they downgrade their recommendations regarding our common stock, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business or us. If any of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock, our common stock price would likely decline. If analysts cease covering us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our common stock price or trading volume to decline.
We do not anticipate paying dividends.
Our Financing Agreement essentially prevents all payments of dividends to our stockholders. Even if such dividends were permitted by the applicable lenders, we have never paid cash or other dividends on our common
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stock. Subject to the restrictions in our Financing Agreement, payment of dividends on our common stock is within the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon our earnings, our capital requirements and financial condition, and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors. However, the earliest our Board of Directors would likely consider a dividend is if we begin to generate excess cash flow. Our Board of Directors does not intend to declare dividends for the foreseeable future.
If our goodwill becomes impaired, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings.
We test goodwill for impairment at least annually or sooner if an indicator of impairment is present. If our goodwill is deemed to be impaired, an impairmentloss would be recognized. The process of evaluating the potential impairment of goodwill is subjective and requires significant judgment, including qualitative and quantitative factors. In estimating the fair value of our reporting units when performing our annual impairment test, or when an indicator of impairment is present, we make estimates and significant judgments about the future cash flows of those reporting units and other estimates including appropriate discount rates. Changes in judgments on these assumptions and estimates, particularly expectations of revenue and cash flow growth rates in future periods and discount rates, could result in goodwill impairment charges.
The Company recorded a goodwill impairment in the amount of $336,640 during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024. In the event that we identify another impairment of our goodwill, we would be required to record a non-cash charge, which may be significant, in our financial statements during the period the impairment is identified and this charge, if significant, would negatively affect our results of operations.
Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in material misstatements in our financial statements, and a failure to meet its reporting and financial obligations, each of which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. In addition, Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, requires us to maintain, evaluate and report on disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, which meet the applicable standards.
In the event management identifies a future material weakness in internal control over financial reporting, we cannot be certain that measures we take to remediate the material weakness will be successful. Also, we cannot be certain that we will be able to implement and maintain adequate controls over our financial processes and reporting in the future.
In the event management successfully remediates a future material weakness in internal control over financial reporting and consequently concludes that our internal control over financial reporting provides reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect fraud or misstatements. Failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could harm our operating results, or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations.
Further, the disclosure of such an event and subsequent remediation or lack of remediation could reduce the market’s confidence in our financial statements and harm our stock price. In addition, if we fail to comply with the applicable portions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we could be subject to a variety of civil and administrative sanctions and penalties, including ineligibility for short form resale registration, action by the SEC, shareholder litigation, and the inability of registered broker-dealers to make a market in our common stock.
Maintaining and improving our financial controls and the requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention, and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified members for our Board of Directors.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Additionally, the time and effort required to maintain communications with stockholders and the public markets can be demanding on senior management, which can divert focus from operational and strategic efforts. The requirements of the public markets and the related regulatory requirements have resulted in an
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increase in our legal, accounting, and financial compliance costs, which may make some activities more difficult, time consuming, and costly, and may place unduestrain on our talent, systems, and resources.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. This can be difficult to do. For example, we depend on the reports of wireless carriers for information regarding the amount of sales of our products and services and to determine the amount of royalties we owe branded content licensors and the amount of our revenue. These reports may not be timely, and in the past, they have contained, and in the future, they may contain, errors.
In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we expend significant resources and provide significant management oversight. We have a substantial effort ahead of us to implement appropriate processes, document our system of internal control over relevant processes, assess their design, remediate any deficiencies identified and test their operation. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could harm our business, operating results, and financial condition. These efforts will also involve substantial accounting-related costs.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act makes it more difficult and more expensive for us to maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, and we may be required in the future to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to maintain coverage. If we are unable to maintain adequate directors’ and officers’ insurance, our ability to recruit and retain qualified directors and officers will be significantly curtailed.
Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of our company more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management, and limit the market price of our common stock.
Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may have the effect of preventing a change of control or changes in our management. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions that:
• authorize our board of directors to issue, without further action by the stockholders, shares of undesignated preferred stock with terms, rights, and preferences determined by our board of directors that may be senior to our common stock;
• specify that special meetings of our stockholders can be called only by our board of directors, the chairperson of our board of directors, our chief executive officer, or our president, or holders of a majority of our outstanding common stock;
• establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder proposals to be brought before an annual meeting, including proposed nominations of persons for election to our board of directors;
• prohibit cumulative voting in the election of directors.
In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally, subject to certain exceptions, prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any “interested” stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an “interested” stockholder. Any of the foregoing provisions could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, and they could deter potential acquirers of our company, thereby reducing the likelihood that you would receive a premium for your shares of our common stock in an acquisition.
Our bylaws designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for certain disputes between us and our stockholders.
Our bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for the following types of actions or proceedings under Delaware statutory or common law: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (ii) any action or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our current or former directors, officers, or other employees to us or our stockholders; (iii) any action or proceeding asserting a claim arising out of or pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law; and (iv) any action or proceeding asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in all cases to the fullest extent permitted by law. These choice of forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees.
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Company Overview
Digital Turbine, Inc., through its subsidiaries (collectively “Digital Turbine,” the “Company,” “we,” or “us”), is a leading independent mobile growth platform that levels up the landscape for advertisers, publishers, carriers, and device original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”). The Company offers end-to-end products and solutions leveraging proprietary technology to all participants in the mobile application ecosystem, enabling brand discovery and advertising, user acquisition and engagement, and operational efficiency for advertisers. In addition, our products and solutions provide monetization opportunities for OEMs, carriers, and application (“app” or “apps”) publishers and developers.
Recent Developments
Debt Refinancing, Issuance of Warrants and At-the-Market Offering
On August 29, 2025 (the “Closing Date”), the Company refinanced its existing senior credit facility. The Company and certain wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company, as guarantors (the “Guarantors”), entered into a Financing Agreement (the “Financing Agreement”) with Blue Torch Finance LLC, as both administrative and collateral agent. The Financing Agreement (i) has a four-year term from the Closing Date and (ii) provides for three separate tranches of term loans in an aggregate principal amount of $430,000 (collectively the “Loans”), all of which were borrowed in full by the Company on the Closing Date. The Loans are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company and the Guarantors, subject to certain exceptions. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2026, the Company repaid one of the three term loan tranches. See Note 12—Debt in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding the Financing Agreement.
In connection with the Financing Agreement, the Company issued warrants (the “2025 Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of 824,421 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Common Stock”), par value $0.0001 per share, to certain affiliates of the Financing Agreement’s lenders at an exercise price of $4.84 per share (the “Exercise Price”), which was equal to the 30-day volume-weighted average price per share of Common Stock ending on and including the trading day immediately preceding the Closing Date. On September 15, 2025, the Company issued an additional warrant to purchase an aggregate of 397,997 shares of Common Stock to an affiliate of a lender at the Exercise Price. The warrants expire on March 1, 2030. See Note 12—Debt in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding the warrants issued in connection with the Financing Agreement.
On April 20, 2026, the Company amended its Financing Agreement and reduced the liquidity covenant requirement for the period between April 1, 2026 and December 31, 2026 from $20,000 to $15,000 and modified the timing and potential amount of certain associated fees. On April 20, 2026 the Company amended the 2025 Warrant agreement to suspend the Company’s obligation to provide certain registration rights with respect to the resale of shares of Common Stock underlying the warrants held by or issuable to the holders from time to time until October 1, 2026. See Note 18—Subsequent Events in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding the amendment to the Financing Agreement.
On August 5, 2025, the Company entered into a Sale Agreement (“ATM”) with RBC Capital Markets LLC and Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC as sales agents (collectively, the "Agents"), pursuant to which we could offer and sell from time-to-time shares of our Common Stock for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $150,000. During the year ended March 31, 2026, the Company sold 9,945,136 shares of Common Stock at an average selling price of $5.89 per share, yielding aggregate gross proceeds of $58,566, and incurred commission costs of $1,757 associated with such sales. Net proceeds raised under the ATM were used to prepay the principal of the Loans, as required under the Financing Agreement. On February 2, 2026, the Company delivered notice to the Agents of the termination of the ATM offering agreement.
Transformation Program
In October 2024, the Company began a transformation program intended to improve current and future operating expenses, cash flows, and personnel costs. Additionally, the initiatives intended to simplify and streamline business operations, including product optimization, procurement and cost optimization, and team restructuring. As part of the transformation program, we implemented a two-phased reduction in our workforce, one in November
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2024 and the other in January 2025. The transformation program included several other initiatives and was completed in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2025.
Costs incurred in connection with the Transformation Program are categorized under two primary headings: severance costs and business transformation costs. The costs classified as severance costs are inclusive of but not limited to expenses associated with workforce reductions aimed at realigning the Company’s structure as part of the Transformation Program.
Year Ended March 31,
% of Change
(in thousands)
Transformation Program costs:
Severance costs:
Product development
Sales and marketing
General and administrative
Total severance costs
Business transformation costs:
General and administrative
Total business transformation costs
Total Transformation Program costs
The Company anticipates costs associated with the Transformation Program to be insignificant in future years. The Company’s headcount was 620 and 647 as of March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The Company may continue to invest selectively in additional headcount in the future as organizational needs arise.
Impact of Economic Conditions and Geopolitical Developments
The Company, as a global company, is subject to negative impacts and risks related to prevailing macroeconomic conditions and significant events with macroeconomic impacts, including, but not limited to, the wars in Ukraine, Israel, Gaza, Iran, Lebanon and Syria, geopolitical tensions involving China including but not limited to various U.S. federal and state governmental agencies continued examination of the distribution and use of apps developed and/or published by China-based companies, market conditions related to inflation, recessionaryconcerns, fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates, increases in trade tariffs, changes in interest rates, uncertainty over liquidity concerns in the broader financial services industry, supply chain, including the 2026 global memory chip shortage associated with high Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) demands, and energy market disruption issues. As a result of these macroeconomic conditions and uncertainties, certain of our customers have, and others may, defer or reduce their use of our services, which has had, and could in the future have, a negative impact on our net revenues. We have suspended all of our business activities in Russia and Belarus, but such suspension has not had, and we do not expect it to have, a material impact on our financial results. Despite our significant presence in the region, we do not expect the ongoing conflicts in Iran, Israel, Gaza, Lebanon, and Syria to have a material impact on our operations or our financial results. In addition, our borrowings outstanding under our Financing Agreement currently bear interest at variable rates and may continue to fluctuate as a result of changes in interest rates. We continuously monitor the direct and indirect impacts of these events on our business and financial results, as well as the overall global economy, and we anticipate that these macroeconomic events could continue to negatively impact our results of operation. See Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of the possible impacts of these macroeconomic conditions on our business and financial results.
Components of Results of Operations
Net Revenue
The Company generates revenue from transactions for the purchase and sale of digital advertising
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inventory through our various platforms and service offerings. Our revenue is based on fixed cost-per-thousand (“CPM”), cost-per-install (“CPI”), or cost-per-acquisition (“CPA”) arrangements or a percentage of the ad spend through our platforms. The Company recognizes revenue upon fulfillment of our performance obligation to our customers, which generally occurs at the point in time when an ad is rendered or an end consumer action, such as an app install, is completed.
Cost of Revenue and Operating Expenses
Revenue share includes amounts paid to our carrier and OEM partners, as well as app publishers and developers through revenue sharing arrangements or via direct CPM, CPI, CPA, or cost-per-placement (“CPP”) arrangements, and are recorded as a cost of revenue. In addition, when indirect arrangements exist through advertising aggregators (ad networks) and revenue is shared with our carrier and app development partners, the shared revenue is also recorded as a cost of revenue.
Other direct costs of revenue are comprised primarily of hosting expenses directly related to the generation of revenue and bidding and platform fees associated with the Company’s exchange platform.
Product development expenses include the development and maintenance of the Company’s product suite and are primarily a function of employee-related costs, which include salaries, incentive compensation, and benefits as well as professional services fees, hosting expenses, and software costs. The Company capitalizes certain product development costs related to developing new functionality for our products, which may cause our product development expense to fluctuate from period to period.
Sales and marketing expenses represent the costs of sales and marketing personnel, which include salaries, incentive compensation, and benefits in addition to advertising, marketing campaigns and campaign management, professional services fees, travel, and software costs. The Company capitalizes certain sales and marketing costs related to developing new functionality for our products, which may cause our sales and marketing expense to fluctuate from period to period.
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of costs incurred to support our business operations across the parent and subsidiary companies, and include employee-related expenses such as salaries, incentive compensation and benefits for employees engaged in finance, accounting, legal, human resources and administration as well as other costs such as professional services and consulting fees, software costs, travel, facilities costs, insurance, stock-based compensation, and depreciation and amortization expense.
Interest and other income (expense), net
Change in fair value of contingent consideration represents the post-acquisition remeasurements of potential future earn-out payments. Each reporting period, the Company updates its assessment of these expected payments relative to the acquisition-date fair value. Loss or gains may arise due to changes in performance estimates, discount rates, or other valuation assumptions.
Interest expense, net consists of interest paid and accrued on our debt and amortization of debt discount, debt issuance costs, and exit and duration fees, offset by interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalents. Since the borrowings outstanding under our credit agreement currently bear interest at variable rates, we expect our interest expense may continue to fluctuate as a result of changes in interest rates.
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives represents the fair value re-measurement of the 2025 Warrants at each balance sheet date. These remeasurements will continue until the 2025 Warrants are exercised or expire.
Foreign exchange transaction gain (loss) consists of the revaluation of assets or liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of our applicable operating subsidiaries.
Loss on extinguishment of debt represents the write-off of unamortized debt discount and issuance costs and prepayment penalties, if any, upon the Company’s retirement of debt prior to its maturity.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following table sets forth our results of operations for the years ended March 31, 2026 and 2025:
Year Ended March 31,
% of Change
(in thousands)
Net revenue
Costs of revenue and operating expenses
Revenue share
Other direct costs of revenue
Product development
Sales and marketing
General and administrative
Total costs of revenue and operating expenses
Income (loss) from operations
Interest and other expense, net
Change in fair value of contingent consideration
Interest expense, net
Unrealized gain on derivatives
Foreign exchange transaction gain
Loss on extinguishment of debt
Other expense, net
Total interest and other expense, net
Loss before income taxes
Income tax expense
Net loss
Comparison of Our Results of Operations for the Year Ended March 31, 2026 to March 31, 2025:
Net Revenue
Year Ended March 31,
% of Change
(in thousands)
On Device Solutions
App Growth Platform
Elimination
Total net revenue
Net revenue increased by $74,745 or 15.2% during the year ended March 31, 2026 compared to the prior year.
On Device Solutions
On Device Solutions (“ODS”) net revenue for the year ended March 31, 2026, increased by $40,797 or 11.9% compared to the year ended March 31, 2025 and was primarily driven by improved performance in the Asia Pacific and China regions. Revenue from application media increased by approximately $38,307 primarily due to higher device volumes internationally and an increase in revenue-per-device in the U.S. and internationally, offset by lower device volumes in the U.S. Net revenue from content media increased by approximately $2,490 primarily due
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to an increase in activity with a carrier that resulted in higher daily active users on prepaid devices.
App Growth Platform
App Growth Platform (“AGP”) net revenue for the year ended March 31, 2026, increased by $32,513 or 21.2% compared to the year ended March 31, 2025 and was primarily driven by improved performance in the Asia Pacific and China regions. A dvertising exchange revenues increased $36,607, which was largely due to the continued onboarding of new publishers and demand partners. Performance and brand advertising revenue declined by approximately $2,826, primarily due to reduced demand in major brands. Net revenues from reseller partnerships decreased by $1,268, between the comparable periods.
Costs of Revenue and Operating Expenses
Year Ended March 31,
% of Change
(in thousands)
Revenue share
Other direct costs of revenue
Product development
Sales and marketing
General and administrative
Total costs of revenue and operating expenses
Revenue share
Revenue share increased by $8,351 or 3.5% to $243,638 for the year ended March 31, 2026, and was 43.1% as a percentage of total net revenue compared to $235,287, or 48.0% of total net revenue, for the year ended March 31, 2025. The increase in revenue share coincides with the increase in total net revenue over the same periods, as these costs are typically paid as a percentage of our revenue. The decrease in revenue share as a percentage of total net revenue was primarily driven by product mix changes, including certain high-margin product lines driving a higher percentage of total net revenue between the comparative periods and the absence in the year ended March 31, 2026 of a non-recurring contract-related cost of $3,800 that was included in the year ended March 31, 2025.
Other direct costs of revenue
Other direct costs of revenue increased by $12,430 or 36.0% to $46,971 for the year ended March 31, 2026, and was 8.3% as a percentage of total net revenue compared to $34,541, or 7.0% of total net revenue, for the year ended March 31, 2025. The increase in other direct costs of revenue for the year ended March 31, 2026, compared to the prior year, was primarily driven by favorable monetization methodology changes implemented to the exchange. This change, while driving an increase in bidding and platform fees, also increased revenue, which resulted in a higher margin for the exchange platform. The increase was further driven by the achievement of higher revenue targets in the current year. The increase in other direct costs as a percentage of total net revenue was primarily due to the monetization methodology changes.
Product development
Product development expenses increased by $1,012 or 2.6% to $40,476 for the year ended March 31, 2026 compared to $39,464 for the year ended March 31, 2025. The increase in product development expenses was primarily due to higher employee-related costs, primarily cash incentive compensation, of $3,818 and hosting and software costs of $1,192. These increases were partially offset by decreases in professional service fees of $2,792, severance of $223, and travel and entertainment costs of $144. Additionally, the Company had a $694 increase in capitalized labor and third-party costs related to internally developed software during the year ended March 31, 2026 which served to reduce product development expenses as compared to the year ended March 31, 2025.
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Sales and marketing
Sales and marketing expenses decreased by $3,642 or 5.9% to $58,000 for the year ended March 31, 2026 compared to $61,642 for the year ended March 31, 2025. The decrease in sales and marketing expense was primarily due to higher offsetting capitalization of labor costs related to internally developed software of approximately $2,433 and decreases in severance costs of $1,428 and events and lead generation costs of $877. These decreases were partially offset by higher professional service fees of $749 and employee-related costs of $674, which include a decrease in headcount offset by an increase in incentive compensation expense.
General and administrative
General and administrative expenses decreased by $31,523 or 18.2% to $142,124 for the year ended March 31, 2026 compared to $173,647 for the year ended March 31, 2025. The decrease was primarily due to decreases in stock-based compensation of $17,056 and depreciation and amortization expense of $11,226 primarily related to certain intangible assets that became fully amortized between the comparative periods. Additionally, the Company had lower credit loss expense of $2,534, facilities costs of $2,102, business transformation costs of $2,029, severance costs of $1,427, supplies and other costs of $685, and software costs of $504 as compared to the year ended March 31, 2025. These decreases were partially offset by higher employee-related costs of $4,559, primarily cash incentive compensation, and higher professional services and consulting fees of $1,937.
Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net
Year Ended March 31,
% of Change
(in thousands)
Change in fair value of contingent consideration
Interest expense, net
Unrealized gain on derivatives
Foreign exchange transaction gain
Loss on extinguishment of debt
Other expense, net
Total interest and other expense, net
Change in fair value of contingent consideration
The change in fair value of contingent consideration decreased $69 or 23.0% to $231 for the year ended March 31, 2026 compared to $300 for the year ended March 31, 2025 as a result of the earn out period associated with the Company’s acquisition of In App Video Services UK LTD being completed as of December 31, 2025.
Interest expense, net
For the years ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company recorded net interest expense of $58,580 and $34,783, respectively, an increase of $23,797 or 68.4%. The increase was primarily due to higher applicable margins on our outstanding debt under the Financing Agreement as compared to the Revolver, which was refinanced on August 29, 2025, and higher amortization of debt discount, issuance costs and exit and duration fees associated with the Financing Agreement. The weighted-average interest rate on our debt during the year ended March 31, 2026 was 11.3% compared to 8.4% for the year ended March 31, 2025. The Company also made total payments of $55,000 on the principal of the term loans during the year ended March 31, 2026, at which time a pro rata portion of the original issue discount and debt issuance costs associated with the Financing Agreement in the amount of $3,205 were accelerated and fully amortized. S ee Note 12—Debt in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding the Financing Agreement.
Unrealized gain on derivatives
For the year ended March 31, 2026 , the Company recognized unrealized gains on derivatives of $1,504. There was no comparable amount for the year ended March 31, 2025. The increase was due to the issuance of the
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2025 Warrants in connection with the Company’s Financing Agreement. The Company classified these warrant instruments as derivative liabilities at fair value and adjusted the instruments to fair value at each reporting period.
Foreign exchange transaction gain
For the years ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company recorded foreign exchange transaction gains of $3,536 and $1,297, respectively, and was primarily attributable to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates for trade accounts receivable and payables denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of foreign entities.
Loss on extinguishment of debt
For the year ended March 31, 2026, the Company recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $9,795. There was no comparable balance in the year ended March 31, 2025. The increase was driven by the amortization o f the remaining debt issuance costs associated with the Company’s Revolver in connection with the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, which was terminated and fully paid as of March 31, 2026.
Other Expense, net
Other expense, net increased $1,813 to $1,816 for the year ended March 31, 2026 as compared to $3 for the year ended March 31, 2025 due primarily to certain professional services fees associated with the Company’s equity and financing transactions undertaken during the year ended March 31, 2026.
Income Tax Expense
Year Ended March 31,
% of Change
(in thousands)
Loss before income taxes
Income tax expense
Effective tax rate
Income tax expense increased $2,157 or 50.9% to $6,392 for the year ended March 31, 2026 in comparison to $4,235 for the year ended March 31, 2025. The increase when comparing the periods was primarily due to an increase in foreign tax rate differences and a valuation allowance on the loss from operations.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity
Our primary sources of liquidity are our cash and cash equivalents, cash from operations, and borrowings under the Financing Agreement. As of March 31, 2026, we had unrestricted cash of approximately $37,719 and restricted cash of approximately $241. For the year ended March 31, 2026, the Company generated a net loss of $37,732 and cash from operating activities of $41,805.
Our principal cash requirements for the twelve-month period following this Annual Report primarily consist of refinancing certain loan tranches under the Financing Agreement and payment of interest and required principal payments thereunder in addition to employee-related costs, contractual payment obligations, including office leases, cloud hosting costs, capital expenditures, minimum commitments under hosting agreements (see Liquidity and Capital Resources—Hosting Agreements below), cash outlays for income taxes, and cash requirements to fund working capital.
We have been and are continuing to explore various cost-saving opportunities, and we intend to continue seeking opportunities to generate additional revenue through operations. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in our plans described above. If we are unable to effectively implement additional cost reductions, generate additional revenue or refinance certain loan tranches under the Financing Agreement or raise additional funding, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate some or all of our strategic operational efforts and product and service expansion, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and
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adversely affected.
We are currently seeking to refinance certain loan tranches under the Financing Agreement and are exploring options to raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities or equity-linked or debt-financing arrangements. Under the Financing Agreement, the Company is required to pay certain exit and duration fees if one of the two remaining tranches of term loans is not repaid by certain dates. See Note 12—Debt under the heading “Financing Agreement” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of the exit and duration fees. If we successfully refinance such loans on acceptable terms, we believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash flow from operations, and ability to access debt financing arrangements would be sufficient to meet our working capital and other business requirements for at least 12 months from the filing date of this Annual Report. However, our ability to meet our debt service obligations and to fund working capital, capital expenditures, and investments in our business will depend upon our future performance and our ability to access capital markets and refinance such loans, as well as financial, business, and other factors affecting our operations, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include general and regional economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory, and other factors such as the U.S. and global economic climate uncertainty, the impact of tariffs, the state of the equity and debt markets and the ability to raise capital in such markets, health epidemics, economic and macroeconomic factors like labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, and inflation, and geopolitical developments, including the conflicts in Ukraine, Iran, Israel, Gaza, Lebanon and Syria and the political climate related to China. We cannot guarantee we will generate sufficient cash flow from operations, or that future borrowings or capital markets will be available, in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our debt, refinance Loan tranches under the Financing Agreement or to fund our other liquidity needs. See Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2026 for additional information related to the foregoing risks.
Capital Resources
Our outstanding secured indebtedness under the Financing Agreement is $391,150 as of March 31, 2026. The term loans under the Financing Agreement are fully borrowed and there is no further borrowing capacity under the Financing Agreement. The maturity date of the Financing Agreement is August 29, 2029, and the outstanding balance is classified as long-term debt, net of original issuance discount of $11,917, debt issuance costs of $7,517, unamortized exit and duration fees of $10,753, and the current portion of long-term debt of $7,031 on our consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2026. For further description of the terms of the Financing Agreement, see Note 12—Debt under the heading “Financing Agreement” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The collateral pledged to secure our secured debt, consisting of substantially all of our U.S. subsidiaries’ assets, would be available to the secured creditor in a foreclosure, in addition to many other remedies. Accordingly, any adverse change in our ability to service our secured debt could result in an event of default, cross default, and foreclosure or forced sale. Depending on the value of the assets, there could be little, if any, assets available for common stockholders in any foreclosure or forced sale.
Our Financing Agreement also contains a maximum leverage ratio and minimum liquidity amount. If we fail to satisfy these covenants, the lender may declare a default, which could lead to acceleration of the debt maturity. Any such default would have a material adverse effect on us.
As of March 31, 2026, we were in compliance with all covenants under the Financing Agreement.
As described above, we are currently seeking to refinance certain loan tranches under the Financing Agreement and are exploring options to raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities or equity-linked or debt-financing arrangements. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or equity-linked securities, it may be at a price and on terms and conditions that are less favorable to the Company, and the ownership of our existing stockholders will be diluted. If we raise additional financing by incurring new indebtedness, we may be subject to increased interest rates, increased fixed payment obligations, and could also be subject to additional restrictive covenants and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Any future indebtedness we incur may result in terms that could be less favorable to the Company. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to refinance any of our indebtedness or enter into equity or equity-linked financing arrangements on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.
If the Company is unable to refinance certain loan tranches under the Financing Agreement by certain
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dates, the Company will be required to pay exit and duration fees on such tranches when repaid, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. On April 20, 2026, the Company entered into an amendment to the Financing Agreement, which modified the timing and potential of certain exit and duration fees. S ee Note 18—Subsequent Events in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding amendment to the Financing Agreement.
Hosting Agreements
We enter into hosting agreements with service providers, and, in some cases, those agreements include minimum commitments that require us to purchase a minimum amount of service over a specified time period (“the minimum commitment period”). The minimum commitment period is generally one year in duration, and the hosting agreements include multiple minimum commitment periods. Our minimum purchase commitments under these hosting agreements total approximately $192,294 over the next four fiscal years. See Note 17—Commitments and Contingencies in the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for a breakdown of these minimum purchase commitments by year over the next four fiscal years.
Cash Flow Summary
Year Ended March 31,
% of Change
(in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities
Net cash used in investing activities
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
Operating Activities
Our cash flows from operating activities are primarily driven by revenue generated from user acquisition and advertising activity, offset by the cash costs of operations, and are significantly influenced by the timing of and fluctuations in receipts from customers and payments to our carrier and publisher partners as well as other vendors. If we cannot increase our revenue levels and manage costs appropriately, our future cash flows from operating activities may be negatively affected. Cash provided by operating activities was $41,805 for the year ended March 31, 2026, compared to $11,880 for the year ended March 31, 2025.
The increase of $29,925 in net cash provided by operating activities during the year ended March 31, 2026 as compared to the year ended March 31, 2025 was due primarily to the $88,117 increase in operating income, partially offset by decreases in non-cash stock-based compensation expense and depreciation and amortization expenses of $17,188 and $11,458, respectively. Additionally, our operating cash flows were affected by increases in cash paid for interest and income taxes in the amounts of $11,505 and $19,145, respectively.
Investing Activities
Our primary investing activities have consisted of purchases of property and equipment, capital expenditures in support of creating and enhancing our technology infrastructure, and to a lesser extent acquisitions of businesses. For the year ended March 31, 2026, net cash used in investing activities increased by $3,142 to $30,619. Our cash used in investing activities for the years ended March 31, 2026 and March 31, 2025, was primarily comprised of capital expenditures related to internally developed software.
Financing Activities
Financing cash flows consist primarily of repayments associated with our long-term debt, proceeds from the issuance of shares of common stock in our ATM and through equity incentive plans, and the repurchase of common stock to satisfy withholding tax requirements related to the settlement of restricted stock units, including our
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performance-based restricted stock units.
Net cash used in financing activities increased $34,145 during the year ended March 31, 2026 as compared to the year ended March 31, 2025. Net cash used in financing activities during the current year included significant activity as we paid in full the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with the proceeds of the loans provided under the Financing Agreement. The Company incurred debt discount costs of $11,300 which were netted in the proceeds received from the Financing Agreement and paid debt issuance costs of $20,486 in connection with both the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and the Financing Agreement. The Company also participated in an ATM that raised $56,809, net of seller’s costs and promptly used those proceeds to prepay $55,000 of principal associated with the Financing Agreement.
During the years ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, we withheld and retired shares of common stock to satisfy $937 and $465, respectively, of statutory withholding tax requirements that we pay in cash to the appropriate taxing authorities on behalf of our employees related to the settlement of restricted and performance stock units during the relevant periods. These shares are treated as common stock repurchases in our consolidated financial statements.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to contingencies, litigation, and goodwill and intangible assets acquired from our acquisitions. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
We believe the following critical accounting policies affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.
Revenue Recognition
We generate revenue from transactions for the purchase and sale of digital advertising inventory through our various platforms and service offerings. Our revenue is based on fixed CPM, CPI, or CPA arrangements or a percentage of the ad spend through our platforms depending on the platform or service offering. We recognize revenue upon fulfillment of our performance obligation to our customers, which generally occurs at the point in time when an ad is rendered or an end consumer action, such as an app install, is completed.
For contracts with durations less than one year, the Company has adopted the practical expedient in Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606-10-50-14 Revenues from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) which allows the Company to exclude disclosure of unsatisfied performance obligations for such contracts.
The Company utilizes the practical expedient in ASC 606 which states the Company is not required to disclose the estimate of variable consideration to the allocation of wholly unsatisfied performance obligations.
ODS - Application Media
Supply - Carriers and OEMs
We enter into contracts with carriers and OEMs for our ODS segment to help the customer control, manage, and monetize the mobile device through the marketing of application slots or advertisement space/inventory to advertisers and delivering the applications or advertisements to the mobile device. The Company generally offers these services under a revenue share model. These agreements typically include the following services: the access to a SaaS platform, hosting, solution features, and general support and maintenance. The Company has concluded that each promised service is delivered concurrently, interdependently, and continuously with all other promised services over the contract term and, as such, has concluded these promises are a single performance obligation
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that is delivered to the customer over a series of distinct service periods over the contract term. The Company meets the criteria for overtime recognition because the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the Company’s performance as the Company performs, and the same method would be used to measure progress over each distinct service period. The fees for such services are not known at contract inception but are measurable during each distinct service period. The Company’s contracts do not include advance non-refundable fees. The Company’s fees for these services are based upon a revenue-share arrangement with the carrier or OEM. Both parties have agreed to share the revenue earned from third-party advertisers, discussed below, for these services.
Demand - Developers and Advertisers
The Company generally offers these services through CPI, CPP, and/or CPA arrangements with application developers and advertisers, generally in the form of insertion orders. The insertion orders specify the type of arrangement and additional terms such as advertising campaign budgets and timelines as well as any constraints on advertising types. These customer contracts can be open ended in regard to length of time and can renew automatically unless terminated; however, specific advertising campaigns are generally short-term in nature. Under these agreements, the Company delivers the customer’s applications to end-user mobile devices. The Company gains access and control of application slots on wireless carrier and OEM mobile devices and markets those slots on their behalf to the Company’s customers.
The Company has concluded that the performance obligation within the contract is complete upon delivery of the application to the end-user mobile device. Revenue recognition related to CPI and CPA arrangements is dependent upon an action of the end user. As a result, the transaction price is variable and is fully constrained until an install or action occurs. Revenue recognition related to CPP arrangements is dependent only upon the delivery of the application to the end user mobile device. As a result, revenue is recognized once delivery of the application has been completed as the Company’s performance obligation has been fulfilled.
ODS - Content Media
The Company generally offers programmatic advertising and targeted media content delivery services under CPM impression arrangements and page-view arrangements. Through its mobile phone first screen applications and mobile web portals, the Company markets ad space/inventory within its content products for display advertising. The ad space/inventory is allocated to the Company through arrangement with the carrier or OEM in the contracts discussed above. The Company controls this ad space/inventory and markets it on behalf of the carriers and OEMs to the advertisers. The Company’s advertising customers can bid on each individual display ad and the highest bid wins the right to fill each ad impression. Advertising agencies acting on the behalf of advertisers bid on the ad placement via the Company’s advertising exchange customers. When the bid is won, the ad will be received and placed on the mobile device by the Company. The entire process happens almost instantaneously and on a continuous basis. The advertising exchanges bill and collect from the winning bidders and provide daily and monthly reports of the activity to the Company. The Company has concluded that the performance obligation is satisfied at the point in time upon delivery of the advertisement to the device based on the impressions or page-view arrangement, as defined in the contract.
Through its mobile phone first screen applications and mobile web portals, the Company’s software platform also recommends sponsored content to mobile phone users and drives web traffic to a customer’s website. The Company markets this content to content sponsors, such as Outbrain or Taboola, similarly to the marketing of ad space/inventory. This sponsored content takes the form of articles, graphics, pictures, and similar content. The Company has concluded that the performance obligation within the contract is complete upon delivery of the content to the mobile device.
AGP - Marketplace
The Company, through its AGP segment, provides platforms that allow DSPs and publishers to buy and sell ad inventory, respectively, in a programmatic, real-time bidding auction. The Company generally contracts with DSPs through service orders. It also separately contracts with publishers through service orders to provide access to its auction platform and the ad inventory available through the platform. The auction is held when ad inventory becomes available. The exchange platform will send bid requests to various DSPs, which may choose to bid on the available ad inventory. Once a DSP wins an auction, it must deliver an ad, which is generally served through the Company’s software development kits (“SDK”). The entire auction process is nearly instantaneous. The Company
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bills the DSPs based on the total number of impressions and the bid price. It then remits the payment to the publishers, net of a revenue share agreed with the publisher that is generally a percentage of the DSPs’ total spending with the publisher through the platform.
AGP - Brand and Performance
The Company, through its AGP segment for its Brand and Performance offerings, contracts directly with advertisers or agencies. through insertion orders, which require the Company to fulfill advertising campaigns by identifying and purchasing targeted ad inventory and serving ads on behalf of the advertiser. The insertion orders or addendum communications provide advertising campaign details, such as campaign start and end date, target demographics, maximum budget, and rate. Rates are generally based on CPI or CPM basis. Revenue is recognized based on the rate and the number of impressions or end-user actions at the time the ad is rendered or the end user action is completed.
Principal vs Agent Reporting
The determination of whether we act as a principal or as an agent in a transaction requires significant judgment and is based on our assessment of the terms of customer arrangements and the relevant accounting guidance. When we are the principal in a transaction, revenue is reported on a gross basis, which is the amount billed to DSPs, advertisers, and agencies. When we are an agent in a transaction, revenue is reported net of revenue share paid to app publishers or developers.
The Company has determined that it is a principal for its advertiser services for application media and content media when it controls the application slots or ad space/inventory. This is because it has been allocated such slots or space from the carrier or OEM and is responsible for marketing or monetizing the slots or space. The advertisers look to the Company to acquire such slots or space, and the Company’s software is used to deliver the applications, ads, or content to the mobile device. The Company also may manage application or ad campaigns of advertisers associated with these services. If the applications or advertisements are not delivered to the mobile device or the Company doesn’t comply with certain policies of the advertiser, the Company would be responsible and have to indemnify the customer for these issues. The Company also has discretion in setting the price of the slots or space based on market conditions, collects the transaction prices, and remits the revenue-share percentage of the transaction price to the carrier or OEM.
The Company recognizes the transaction price received from application developers, advertisers, content providers, or websites gross and the carrier or OEM share of such transaction price as costs of revenue - revenue share - in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
The carrier or OEM may have the right to market and sell application slots or ad space to advertisers using the Company’s software. The carrier or OEM will share revenue with the Company when it does so. The Company recognizes the revenue shared by the carrier or OEM on a net basis as the Company is not considered the primary obligor in these transactions.
The Company has determined that it is a principal for its Brand and Performance offerings as the advertisers or agencies provide parameters for their target audiences, as well as a budget for ad campaigns. Once an advertiser or advertising agency provides its specifications, the Company has the discretion to fulfill the campaign by utilizing its data and proprietary technology. The Company controls the service because it has the ultimate discretion in purchasing ad inventory; and once an ad inventory slot is purchased, filling that ad inventory slot. As a result, the Company reports the revenue billed to advertisers and agencies on a gross basis and revenue shares paid to publishers as revenue share.
The Company has determined that it is an agent in transactions on its Marketplace platforms. The Company acts as an intermediary between DSPs and publishers by providing access to a platform and the SDKs that allow both parties to transact in the buying and selling of ad inventory. The transaction price is determined through a real-time auction and the Company has no pricing discretion or obligation related to the fulfillment of the advertising delivery.
Software Development Costs
The Company applies the principles of FASB ASC Topic 985-20, Accounting for the Costs of Computer
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Software to Be Sold, Leased, or Otherwise Marketed (“ASC 985-20”). ASC 985-20 requires that software development costs incurred in conjunction with product development be charged to research and development expense until technological feasibility is established. Thereafter, until the product is released for sale, software development costs must be capitalized and reported at the lower of the unamortized cost or net realizable value of the related product. At this time, the Company does not invest significant capital into the research and development phase of new products and features as the technological feasibility aspect of its platform products has either already been met or is met very quickly.
The Company has adopted the “tested working model” approach to establish technological feasibility for its products. Under this approach, the Company does not consider a product in development to have passed the technological feasibility milestone until the Company has completed a model of the product that contains essentially all the functionality and features of the final product and has tested the model to ensure that it works as expected.
The Company considers the following factors in determining whether costs can be capitalized: the emerging nature of the mobile market; the gradual evolution of the wireless carrier platforms and devices for which it develops products; the lack of pre-orders or sales history for its products; the uncertainty regarding a product’s revenue-generating potential; its lack of control over the carrier distribution channel resulting in uncertainty as to when, if ever, a product will be available for sale; and its historical practice of canceling products at any stage of the development process.
After products and features are released, all product maintenance costs are expensed.
The Company also applies the principles of FASB ASC Topic 350-40, Accounting for the Cost of Computer Software Developed or Obtained for Internal Use (“ASC 350-40”). ASC 350-40 requires that software development costs incurred before the preliminary project stage be expensed as incurred. The Company capitalizes development costs related to these software applications once the preliminary project stage is complete and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the functions intended.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with FASB ASC 740-10, Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASC 740-10”), which requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in its financial statements or tax returns. Under ASC 740-10, the Company determines deferred tax assets and liabilities for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of assets and liabilities, along with net operating losses, if it is more likely than not the tax benefits will be realized using the enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which it expects the differences to reverse. To the extent a deferred tax asset cannot be recognized, a valuation allowance is established, if necessary.
The Company is required to evaluate its ability to realize its deferred tax assets using all available evidence, both positive and negative, and determine if a valuation allowance is needed. Further, ASC 740-10-30-18 outlines the four possible sources of taxable income that may be available to realize a tax benefit for deductible temporary differences and carry-forwards. The sources of taxable income are listed below from least to most subjective:
• Future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences.
• Future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards.
• Taxable income in prior carryback year(s) if carryback is permitted under the tax law.
• Tax-planning strategies that would, if necessary, be implemented to, for example:
• Accelerate taxable amounts to utilize expiring carryforwards,
• Change the character of taxable or deductible amounts from ordinary income or loss to capital gain or loss,
• Switch from tax-exempt to taxable investments,
ASC 740-10 prescribes that a company should use a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold based on the technical merits of the tax position taken. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold should be measured as the largest amount of the tax benefits, determined on a cumulative probability basis, which is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement in the financial statements. We recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters as a component of the provision for income taxes.
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The Company’s income is subject to taxation in both the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in evaluating the Company’s tax positions and determining its provision for income taxes. The Company establishes reserves for income tax-related uncertainties based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. These reserves for tax contingencies are established when the Company believes that positions do not meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold. The Company adjusts uncertain tax liabilities in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the outcome of a tax audit or lapse of a statute of limitations. The provision for income taxes includes the impact of uncertain tax liabilities and changes in liabilities that are considered appropriate.
Stock-Based Compensation
We measure and recognize compensation expense for all stock-based awards made to employees and non-employee directors based on estimated fair values on the date of grant. To determine the fair value of the stock-based awards, we use the closing price of our common stock publicly traded on the Nasdaq on the date of grant for time-based and performance-based restricted stock awards. We utilize the Black-Scholes option pricing model to value stock options, which involves the input of subjective assumptions, including the expected volatility of our common stock, interest rates, dividend rates, and the option’s expected life. As a result, the financial statements include amounts that are based on our best estimates and judgments for the expenses recognized for stock-based compensation. The compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service or performance period. The Company may issue either new shares or treasury shares upon exercise of these awards. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur and records any excess tax benefits or deficiencies from equity awards in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) in the reporting period for which the exercises occur. Performance-based restricted units (“PSUs”) are evaluated on a quarterly basis for probability of meeting performance metrics and any adjustments to share-based compensation expense are then made in the quarter of evaluation. For PSUs, we must also make assumptions regarding the likelihood of achieving performance metrics. If actual results differ significantly from these estimates, stock-based compensation expense and our results of operations could be materially affected.
Business Combinations
We allocate the purchase consideration to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Such valuations require management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. Significant estimates in valuing certain intangible assets include, but are not limited to, estimated replacement costs and future expected cash flows from acquired users, acquired technology, acquired patents, and acquired trade names from a market participant perspective. Management's estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. Allocation of purchase consideration to identifiable assets and liabilities affects the Company’s amortization expense, as acquired finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over the useful life, whereas any indefinite lived intangible assets, including goodwill, are not amortized. During the measurement period, which is not to exceed one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to earnings.
Goodwill
We evaluate goodwill for possible impairment at least annually or upon the occurrence of events or circumstances that indicate that they would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level by first performing a qualitative “Step 0” assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. The qualitative assessment considers the following factors: macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall company financial performance, events affecting the reporting unit and changes in the Company’s fair value.
If the reporting unit does not pass the qualitative assessment, the Company carries out a “Step 1” quantitative test for impairment of goodwill. This is done by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with the carrying value of the reporting unit that includes goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying value, including goodwill, no impairment results. The Company utilizes a combination of both an income
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and market approach and applies a 75% weighting to the income approach and a 25% weighting to the market approach to arrive at the total fair value of our reporting units used for impairment testing. The Company applies a greater weighting to the income approach as we believe the income approach is a better indicator of fair value by using projected cash flows of the reporting units being valued. Determining the fair value of a reporting unit requires the Company to make assumptions and estimates, the most significant of which are projected future growth rates, discount rates, capital expenditures, tax rates, gross margins, and terminal value. Changes in key estimates or market conditions, could result in an impairment charge. The Company at its option may elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to performing a quantitative goodwill impairment assessment.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Recent accounting pronouncements are detailed in Note 2—Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
