ITEM 7.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations that follow are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements. Actual results may differ from these estimates and such differences could be material to the financial statements. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report and the accompanying notes, and the information set forth under the caption “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” below.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, we completed the sale of our fiber assets in South Africa (“South Africa Fiber”). Prior to the divestiture, the operating results of South Africa Fiber were included within the Africa & APAC property segment.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, we completed the sale of ATC TIPL (as defined below). The divestiture qualified for presentation as discontinued operations. See Note 21 for further discussion. Prior to the divestiture and classification as discontinued operations, ATC TIPL’s operating results were included within the Africa & APAC property segment. Historical financial information included in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations has been adjusted to reflect the operating results of ATC TIPL as discontinued operations for all periods presented.
We report our results in six segments: U.S. & Canada property (which includes all assets in the United States and Canada, other than our data center facilities and related assets), Africa & APAC property, Europe property, Latin America property, Data Centers and Services. In evaluating financial performance in each business segment, management uses, among other factors, segment gross margin and segment operating profit (see note 19 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report).
Executive Overview
We are one of the largest global REITs and a leading independent owner, operator and developer of multitenant communications real estate. Our primary business is the leasing of space on communications sites to wireless service providers, radio and television broadcast companies, wireless data providers, government agencies and municipalities and tenants in a number of other industries. In addition to the communications sites in our portfolio, we manage rooftop and tower sites for property owners under various contractual arrangements. We also hold other telecommunications infrastructure and property interests that we lease primarily to communications service providers and third-party tower operators, and, as discussed further below, we hold a portfolio of highly interconnected data center facilities and related assets in the United States. Our customers include our tenants, licensees and other payers. We refer to the business encompassing the above as our property operations, which accounted for 97% of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 and includes our U.S. & Canada property, Africa & APAC property, Europe property and Latin America property segments and Data Centers segment.
We also offer tower-related services in the United States, including site application, zoning and permitting, structural and mount analyses, and construction management, together with program management offerings that support customer deployment needs from project scoping through construction. Our services operations primarily support our site leasing business, including the addition of new tenants and equipment on our sites.
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The following table details the number of communications sites, excluding managed sites, that we owned or operated as of December 31, 2025:
Number of
Owned Towers
Number of
Operated
Towers (1)
Number of
Owned DAS Sites
U.S. & Canada:
Canada
United States
U.S. & Canada total
Africa & APAC:
Bangladesh
Burkina Faso
Ghana
Kenya
Niger
Nigeria
Philippines
South Africa
Uganda
Africa & APAC total
Europe:
France
Germany
Spain
Europe total
Latin America:
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Mexico
Paraguay
Peru
Latin America total
Total
(1) Approximately 98% of the operated towers are held pursuant to long-term finance leases, including those subject to purchase options.
As of December 31, 2025, our property portfolio included 30 operating data center facilities across eleven markets in the United States that collectively comprise approximately 3.7 million NRSF of data center space, as detailed below:
Number of
Data Centers
Total NRSF (1)
(in thousands)
San Francisco Bay, CA
Los Angeles, CA
Northern Virginia, VA
New York, NY
Chicago, IL
Denver, CO
Boston, MA
Orlando, FL
Atlanta, GA
Miami, FL
Washington, D.C.
Total
(1) Excludes approximately 0.4 million of office and light-industrial NRSF.
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In most of our markets, our tenant leases for our communications sites with wireless carriers generally have initial non-cancellable terms of five to ten years with multiple renewal terms. Accordingly, the vast majority of the revenue generated by our property operations during the year ended December 31, 2025 was recurring revenue that we should continue to receive in future periods. Most of our tenant leases for our communications sites have provisions that periodically increase or “escalate” the rent due under the lease, typically based on (a) an annual fixed escalation (averaging approximately 3% in the United States), (b) an inflationary index in most of our international markets, or (c) a combination of both. In addition, certain of our tenant leases provide for additional revenue primarily to cover costs, such as ground rent or power and fuel costs.
Based upon existing customer leases and foreign currency exchange rates as of December 31, 2025, we expect to generate over $54 billion of non-cancellable customer lease revenue over future periods, before the impact of straight-line lease accounting.
The revenues generated by our property operations may be affected by cancellations of existing tenant leases. As discussed above, most of our tenant leases with wireless carriers and broadcasters are multiyear contracts, which typically are non-cancellable; however, in some instances, a lease may be cancelled upon the payment of a termination fee.
Revenue lost from either tenant lease cancellations or the non-renewal of leases or rent renegotiations, which we refer to as churn, has historically not had a material adverse effect on the revenues generated by our consolidated property operations. During the year ended December 31, 2025, churn was approximately 2% of our tenant billings, primarily driven by churn in our U.S. & Canada property segment, as discussed below.
AT&T Mexico Dispute. We are currently engaged in an Arbitration with AT&T Mexico. AT&T Mexico, which represented approximately $300 million of tenant revenue in 2025, is challenging the calculation of the monthly lease amount established under the MLA, as well as certain other provisions of the MLA, seeking rent abatement both retroactively and prospectively, and had been withholding tower rents since the start of 2025. We incurred approximately $30 million of reserves during the year ended December 31, 2025 related to this customer. We expect to record future reserves until the Arbitration is settled. We believe we have meritorious defenses to the claims raised in this Arbitration, are vigorously defending the full enforceability of the MLA and remain confident in the terms and conditions of the MLA. The Arbitration is scheduled for a hearing in August 2026.
On September 23, 2025, we and AT&T Mexico reached an agreement pursuant to which AT&T Mexico will remit payment of the majority of the withheld tower rents and will resume monthly payments of the majority of its owed tower rents. The remainder of the outstanding receivables and the future monthly tower rent amounts not remitted directly to us will be deposited into an irrevocable escrow account, overseen by an independent trustee, to be released in accordance with a final ruling in the Arbitration or by mutual consent of us and AT&T Mexico.
DISH Dispute. On September 24, 2025, DISH delivered a notice purporting to be excused from its contractual obligations under the SCA. DISH has failed to meet its payment obligations, and as of January 2026 is in default under the SCA. We remain confident that DISH has not been excused from its obligations under the SCA, and that the SCA remains in full force and effect. On October 20, 2025, we filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado seeking a declaratory judgment that DISH has not been excused from its obligations under the SCA, that the SCA remains in full force and effect, and that DISH remains required to perform all of its obligations under the SCA. DISH represented approximately 2% and 4% of our total annual property revenue and total annual U.S. & Canada property revenue, respectively, for 2025.
Property Operations Revenue Growth . Due to our diversified communications site portfolio, our tenant lease rates vary considerably depending upon numerous factors, including, but not limited to, amount, type and position of tenant equipment on the tower, remaining tower capacity and tower location. We measure the remaining tower capacity by assessing several factors, including tower height, tower type, environmental conditions, existing equipment on the tower and zoning and permitting regulations in effect in the jurisdiction where the tower is located. In many instances, tower capacity can be increased with relatively modest tower augmentation capital expenditures, which are often reimbursed to us.
The primary factors affecting the revenue growth of our property segments are:
• Growth in tenant billings, including:
• New revenue attributable to leasing additional space on our sites (“colocations”) and lease amendments;
• Contractual rent escalations on existing tenant leases, net of churn; and
• New revenue attributable to leases in place on day one on sites acquired or constructed since the beginning of the prior-year period.
• Revenue growth from our Data Centers segment in the United States, including rental and power revenue from new lease commencements and expansions, contractual rent and power escalations on existing leases, mark-to-market increases on renewing leases and increased interconnection services and solutions.
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• Revenue growth from other items, including additional tenant payments primarily to cover costs, such as ground rent or power and fuel costs included in certain tenant leases (“pass-through”), straight-line revenue and decommissioning, partially offset, in certain cases, by revenue reserve provisions.
We continue to believe that our site leasing revenue, which makes up the vast majority of our property segment revenue, is likely to increase due to the growing use of wireless services globally and our ability to meet the corresponding incremental demand for our communications real estate. By adding new tenants and new equipment for existing tenants on our sites, we are able to increase these sites’ utilization and profitability. We believe the majority of our site leasing activity will continue to come from wireless service providers, with tenants in a number of other industries contributing incremental leasing demand. Our site portfolio and our established tenant base provide us with new business opportunities, which have historically resulted in consistent and predictable organic revenue growth as wireless carriers seek to increase the coverage and capacity of their existing networks, while also deploying next generation wireless technologies. In addition, we intend to continue to supplement our organic growth by selectively developing or acquiring new sites in our existing and new markets where we can achieve our risk-adjusted return on investment objectives.
Property Operations Organic Revenue Growth . Consistent with our strategy to increase the utilization and return on investment from our sites, our objective is to add new tenants and new equipment for existing tenants through colocation and lease amendments. Our ability to lease additional space on our sites is primarily a function of the rate at which wireless carriers and other tenants deploy capital to improve and expand their wireless networks. This rate of wireless network investment is influenced by the growth of wireless services, the penetration of advanced wireless devices, the level of emphasis on network quality and capacity in carrier competition, the financial performance of our tenants and their access to capital and general economic conditions. According to industry data, recent aggregate annual wireless capital spending in the United States has averaged at least $30 billion, resulting in consistent demand for our sites.
Based on industry research and projections, we expect that a number of key industry trends will result in incremental revenue opportunities for us:
• Rapid growth in mobile data consumption continues to be driven by increasing smartphone and other advanced device penetration, the proliferation of bandwidth-intensive applications on these devices and the continuing evolution of the mobile ecosystem. We believe carriers will be compelled to deploy additional equipment on existing networks while also rolling out more advanced wireless networks to address coverage and capacity needs resulting from this increasing mobile data usage.
• The deployment of advanced mobile technology, such as 4G and 5G, will provide higher speed data services and further enable fixed broadband substitution. As a result, we expect that our tenants will continue deploying additional equipment across their existing networks.
• Wireless service providers compete based on the quality of their networks, which is driven by capacity and coverage. To maintain or improve their network performance as overall network usage increases, our tenants continue to deploy additional equipment across their existing sites while also adding new cell sites. We anticipate increasing network densification over the next several years, as existing network density is anticipated to be insufficient to account for rapidly increasing levels of wireless data usage.
• Continued spectrum acquisition and deployment by wireless service providers, which is expected to result in additional sites and equipment on existing sites as operators optimize network configuration and utilize the additional spectrum. We expect this to be particularly relevant in the context of higher-band spectrum such as 2.5 gigahertz (GHz) and C-Band being deployed for 5G, as these spectrum assets tend to have more limited propagation characteristics compared to the lower-band spectrum that has historically been deployed on our towers.
• Emerging next generation technologies, such as edge computing functionality, autonomous vehicle networks and a number of other internet-of-things, or IoT, applications and other potential use cases for wireless services requiring wireless connectivity. These technologies may create new and complementary use cases for our communications real estate over time, although these use cases are currently in nascent stages.
• Continued data growth, including through increased use of AI, and emerging high-performance, latency-sensitive applications, will drive an increased need for reliable, secure and interconnected data center solutions. We believe these trends will result in incremental utilization and interconnection demand at our data center facilities.
As part of our international expansion initiatives, we have targeted markets in various stages of network development to diversify our international exposure and position us to benefit from a number of different wireless technology deployments over the long term, while benefitting from our shared global experience, capabilities and services. In addition, we have focused on building relationships with large multinational carriers to increase the opportunities for growth or mutually beneficial transactional opportunities across common markets. We believe that consistent carrier network investments across our international markets will, over the long term, position us to generate meaningful organic revenue growth going forward.
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We believe that the network technology migration we have seen in the United States, which has led to significantly denser networks and meaningful new business commencements for us over a number of years, will be replicated in our international markets over time. As a result, we expect to be able to leverage our extensive international portfolio of approximately 108,000 communications sites and the relationships we have built with our carrier tenants to drive sustainable, long - term growth.
We have master lease agreements with many of our tenants for our communications sites that provide for consistent, long-term revenue and reduce the likelihood of non-contractual churn. Certain of those master lease agreements are comprehensive in nature and further build and augment strong strategic partnerships with our tenants while significantly reducing colocation cycle times, thereby providing our tenants with the ability to rapidly and efficiently deploy equipment on our sites.
Strong industry tailwinds also underpin our data center business. Our portfolio of highly interconnected data center facilities and related assets in the United States is well positioned to monetize elevated demand for hybrid-cloud and multi-cloud deployments, as well as demand from early-stage AI-related workloads like inferencing, machine learning models and GPU-as-a-Service from neo clouds. We believe it is important for AI workloads to be collocated with hybrid installations. Our data center facilities are well-suited for this, as they have a rich ecosystem of network and cloud interconnections coupled with purpose-built capacity designed to support AI and other higher-density deployments. These positive trends reinforce our expectation for our data centers to deliver long-term growth with attractive returns.
Demand for our communications infrastructure assets could be negatively impacted by a number of factors, including increased competition within our industries, an increase in network sharing or consolidation among our customers and financial difficulties for our customers, as set forth in Item 1A of this Annual Report under the captions “Risk Factors—If our customers consolidate their operations, exit their businesses or share site infrastructure to a significant degree, our growth and revenue could be materially and adversely affected,” “Risk Factors—Increasing competition within our industries may materially and adversely affect our revenue” and “Risk Factors—A substantial portion of our current and projected future revenue is derived from a small number of customers, and we are sensitive to adverse changes in the creditworthiness and financial strength of our customers.” In addition, the emergence and growth of new technologies could reduce demand for our sites, as set forth under the caption “Risk Factors—New technologies or changes, or lack thereof, in our or a customer’s business model could make our communications infrastructure leasing business less desirable and result in decreasing revenues and operating results.” Further, our customers may be subject to new regulatory policies from time to time that materially and adversely affect the demand for our communications infrastructure assets.
Property Operations New Site Revenue Growth. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we grew our portfolio of communications real estate through the acquisition and construction of approximately 2,230 communications sites globally. In a majority of our Africa & APAC, Europe and Latin America markets, the revenue generated from newly acquired or constructed sites resulted in increases in both tenant and pass-through revenues (such as ground rent or power and fuel costs) and expenses. We continue to evaluate opportunities to acquire communications real estate portfolios, both domestically and internationally, to determine whether they meet our risk-adjusted hurdle rates and whether we believe we can effectively integrate them into our existing portfolio.
New Sites (Acquired or Constructed)
U.S. & Canada
Africa & APAC (1)
Europe
Latin America
(1) For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, excludes approximately 90 and 865 new sites in India, respectively.
Property Operations Expenses. Direct operating expenses incurred by our property segments include direct site or facility level expenses and consist primarily of ground rent and power and fuel costs, some or all of which may be passed through to our customers, as well as property taxes and repairs and maintenance expenses. These segment direct operating expenses exclude all segment and corporate selling, general, administrative and development expenses, which are aggregated into one line item entitled Selling, general, administrative and development expense in our consolidated statements of operations. In general, our property segments’ selling, general, administrative and development expenses do not significantly increase as a result of adding incremental customers to our sites or facilities and typically increase only modestly year-over-year. As a result, leasing additional space to new customers on our sites or within our facilities provides significant incremental gross margin and cash flow. We may, however, incur additional segment selling, general, administrative and development expenses as we increase our presence in our existing markets or expand into new markets. Our profit margin growth is therefore positively impacted by the addition of new customers to our sites or facilities but can be temporarily diluted by our development or expansion activities.
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Services Segment Revenue Growth . As we continue to focus on growing our property operations, we anticipate that our services revenue will continue to represent a small percentage of our total revenues.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Included in our analysis of our results of operations are discussions regarding earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and accretion, as adjusted (“Adjusted EBITDA”), Funds From Operations, as defined by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit FFO”) attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders, Adjusted Funds From Operations (“AFFO”) attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders (“AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders”) and Segment gross margin.
We define Adjusted EBITDA as Net income before Income (loss) from equity method investments; Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes; Income tax benefit (provision); Other income (expense); Gain (loss) on retirement of long-term obligations; Interest expense; Interest income; Other operating income (expense), including Goodwill impairment; Depreciation, amortization and accretion; and stock-based compensation expense.
Nareit FFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders is defined as net income before gains or losses from the sale or disposal of real estate, real estate related impairment charges, real estate related depreciation, amortization and accretion, and including adjustments and distributions for unconsolidated affiliates and noncontrolling interests and adjustments for discontinued operations. In this section, we refer to Nareit FFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders as “Nareit FFO (common stockholders).”
We define AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders as Nareit FFO (common stockholders) before (i) straight-line revenue and expense; (ii) stock-based compensation expense; (iii) the deferred portion of income tax and other income tax adjustments; (iv) non-real estate related depreciation, amortization and accretion; (v) amortization of deferred financing costs, debt discounts and premiums and long-term deferred interest charges; (vi) other income (expense); (vii) gain (loss) on retirement of long-term obligations; and (viii) other operating income (expense); less cash payments related to capital improvements and cash payments related to corporate capital expenditures and including adjustments and distributions for unconsolidated affiliates and noncontrolling interests and adjustments for discontinued operations, which includes the impact of noncontrolling interests and discontinued operations on both Nareit FFO and the corresponding adjustments included in AFFO. In this section, we refer to AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders as “AFFO (common stockholders).”
We define Segment gross margin as segment revenue less segment operating expenses, excluding depreciation, amortization and accretion; selling, general, administrative and development expense; and other operating expenses.
Adjusted EBITDA, Nareit FFO (common stockholders), AFFO (common stockholders) and Segment gross margin are not intended to replace net income or any other performance measures determined in accordance with GAAP. None of Adjusted EBITDA, Nareit FFO (common stockholders), AFFO (common stockholders) or Segment gross margin represents cash flows from operating activities in accordance with GAAP and, therefore, these measures should not be considered indicative of cash flows from operating activities, as a measure of liquidity or a measure of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to make cash distributions. Rather, Adjusted EBITDA, Nareit FFO (common stockholders), AFFO (common stockholders) and Segment gross margin are presented as we believe each is a useful indicator of our current operating performance. We believe that these metrics are useful to an investor in evaluating our operating performance because (1) each is a key measure used by our management team for decision making purposes and for evaluating our operating segments’ performance; (2) Adjusted EBITDA is a component underlying our credit ratings; (3) Adjusted EBITDA is widely used in the telecommunications real estate sector to measure operating performance as depreciation, amortization and accretion may vary significantly among companies depending upon accounting methods and useful lives, particularly where acquisitions and non-operating factors are involved; (4) AFFO (common stockholders) is widely used in the telecommunications real estate sector to adjust Nareit FFO (common stockholders) for items that may otherwise cause material fluctuations in Nareit FFO (common stockholders) growth from period to period that would not be representative of the underlying performance of property assets in those periods; (5) Segment gross margin provides valuable insight into the site-level profitability of our assets (6) each provides investors with a meaningful measure for evaluating our period-to-period operating performance by eliminating items that are not operational in nature; and (7) each provides investors with a measure for comparing our results of operations to those of other companies, particularly those in our industry.
Our measurement of Adjusted EBITDA, Nareit FFO (common stockholders), AFFO (common stockholders) and Segment gross margin may not, however, be fully comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Reconciliations of Adjusted EBITDA, Nareit FFO (common stockholders) and AFFO (common stockholders) to net income and Segment gross margin to gross margin, the most directly comparable GAAP measures, have been included below.
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Results of Operations
Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023
For a discussion of our 2024 Results of Operations, including a discussion of our financial results for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, refer to Part I, Item 7 of our annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2025 (the “2024 Form 10-K”).
Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024
(in millions, except percentages)
Revenue
Year Ended December 31,
Percent Change 2025 vs 2024
Property
U.S. & Canada
Africa & APAC (1)
Europe
Latin America
Data Centers
Total property
Services
Total revenues
(1) Excludes the operating results of ATC TIPL, which are reported as discontinued operations. See Note 21 for further discussion.
Year ended December 31, 2025
U.S. & Canada property segment revenue increase of $0.6 million was attributable to:
• Tenant billings growth of $210.0 million, which was driven by:
◦ $158.7 million due to colocations and amendments;
◦ $52.8 million resulting from contractual escalations, net of churn; and
◦ $5.7 million generated from sites acquired or constructed since the beginning of the prior-year period (“newly acquired or constructed sites”);
◦ Partially offset by a decrease of $7.2 million from other tenant billings;
• Partially offset by a decrease of $209.1 million in other revenue, which includes a $175.8 million decrease due to straight-line accounting.
Segment revenue growth was partially offset by a decrease of $0.3 million attributable to the negative impact of foreign currency translation related to fluctuations in Canadian Dollar.
Africa & APAC property segment revenue growth of $214.9 million was attributable to:
• Tenant billings growth of $129.7 million, which was driven by:
◦ $53.7 million due to colocations and amendments;
◦ $43.5 million resulting from contractual escalations, net of churn;
◦ $23.1 million generated from newly acquired or constructed sites; and
◦ $9.4 million from other tenant billings;
• An increase of $24.7 million in other revenue, primarily attributable to a decrease in revenue reserves related to customers in Burkina Faso and Kenya; and
• An increase of $15.7 million in pass-through revenue.
Segment revenue growth included an increase of $44.8 million, attributable to the impact of foreign currency translation, which included, among others, positive impacts of $27.6 million related to fluctuations in Ghanaian Cedi, $9.3 million related to fluctuations in Ugandan Shilling, $6.8 million related to fluctuations in Kenyan Shilling and $4.4 million related to fluctuations in West African CFA Franc, partially offset by negative impacts of $7.0 million related to fluctuations in Nigerian Naira.
Europe property segment revenue growth of $103.0 million was attributable to:
• Tenant billings growth of $39.8 million, which was driven by:
◦ $19.0 million due to colocations and amendments;
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◦ $11.3 million resulting from contractual escalations, net of churn; and
◦ $10.9 million generated from newly acquired or constructed sites;
◦ Partially offset by a decrease of $1.4 million from other tenant billings;
• An increase of $14.5 million in other revenue; and
• An increase of $10.1 million in pass-through revenue, primarily attributable to an increase in energy costs.
Segment revenue growth included an increase of $38.6 million attributable to the positive impact of foreign currency translation related to fluctuations in Euro (“EUR”).
Latin America property segment revenue decrease of $75.3 million was attributable to:
• A decrease of $71.6 million in other revenue, primarily attributable to an increase in revenue reserves related to customers in Brazil and Mexico and a decrease in tenant settlements in Brazil; and
• A decrease of $56.2 million, attributable to the impact of foreign currency translation, which included, among others, negative impacts of $32.2 million related to fluctuations in Brazilian Real and $29.1 million related to fluctuations in Mexican Peso, partially offset by positive impacts of $5.6 million related to fluctuations in Peruvian Sol;
• Partially offset by:
• Tenant billings growth of $36.5 million, which was driven by:
◦ $26.8 million due to colocations and amendments;
◦ $13.3 million from contractual escalations, net of churn; and
◦ $0.7 million generated from newly acquired or constructed sites;
◦ Partially offset by a decrease of $4.3 million from other tenant billings; and
• An increase of $16.0 million in pass-through revenue.
Data Centers segment revenue growth of $128.3 million was attributable to:
• An increase of $74.5 million in rental, related and other revenue, primarily due to new lease commencements, customer expansions and rent increases upon customer renewals;
• An increase of $36.8 million in power revenue from new lease commencements, increased power consumption and pricing increases from existing customers;
• An increase of $16.2 million in interconnection revenue, primarily due to customer interconnection net additions and set-up fees; and
• An increase of $0.8 million in straight-line revenue.
Services segment revenue growth of $145.9 million was primarily attributable to increases in construction management services, site application, zoning and permitting services and structural and mount analyses services.
Gross Margin
Year Ended December 31,
Percent Change 2025 vs 2024
Property
U.S. & Canada
Africa & APAC (1)
Europe
Latin America
Data Centers
Total property
Services
(1) Excludes the operating results of ATC TIPL, which are reported as discontinued operations. See Note 21 for further discussion.
Year ended December 31, 2025
• The U.S. & Canada property segment gross margin was relatively consistent as compared to the prior-year period.
• The increase in Africa & APAC property segment gross margin was primarily attributable to the increase in revenue described above, partially offset by an increase in direct expenses of $48.5 million, primarily due to an increase in costs associated with pass-through revenue, including fuel and utility costs, and an increase in repair and maintenance spending. Direct expenses were also negatively impacted by $17.5 million from the impact of foreign currency translation.
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• The increase in Europe property segment gross margin was primarily attributable to the increase in revenue described above, partially offset by an increase in direct expenses of $20.4 million, primarily due to an increase in costs associated with pass-through revenue, including energy costs and an increase in land rent costs. Direct expenses were also negatively impacted by $14.4 million from the impact of foreign currency translation.
• The decrease in Latin America property segment gross margin was primarily attributable to the decrease in revenue described above, partially offset by a decrease in direct expenses of $4.1 million. Direct expenses also benefited by $15.1 million from the impact of foreign currency translation.
• The increase in Data Centers segment gross margin was primarily attributable to the increase in revenue described above, partially offset by an increase in direct expenses of $11.6 million, primarily due to an increase in costs associated with power revenue, including utility costs, partially offset by a decrease in property taxes primarily as a result of a one-time benefit of $26.0 million due to final resolution of revised real property valuations related to the CoreSite Acquisition. Direct expenses also benefited by a legal settlement and resolution of a utility back billing matter.
• The increase in Services segment gross margin was primarily attributable to the increase in revenue described above, partially offset by an increase in direct expenses of $81.4 million.
Selling, General, Administrative and Development Expense (“SG&A”)
Year Ended December 31,
Percent Change 2025 vs 2024
Property
U.S. & Canada
Africa & APAC (1)
Europe
Latin America
Data Centers
Total property
Services
Other
Total selling, general, administrative and development expense
(1) Excludes the operating results of ATC TIPL, which are reported as discontinued operations. See Note 21 for further discussion.
Year Ended December 31, 2025
• The increase in our U.S. & Canada property segment SG&A was primarily driven by increased personnel and related costs to support our business, increased canceled construction costs and a net increase in bad debt expense, partially offset by decreased professional services costs.
• The increase in our Africa & APAC property segment SG&A was primarily driven by increased local tax and professional services costs and increased canceled construction costs, partially offset by decreased personnel and related costs.
• The increase in our Europe property segment SG&A was primarily driven by increased canceled construction costs and the negative impact of foreign currency translation, partially offset by decreased professional services costs.
• The decrease in our Latin America property segment SG&A was primarily driven by a net decrease in bad debt expense of $7.1 million, decreased personnel and related costs, lower canceled construction costs and a benefit from the impact of foreign currency translation, partially offset by increased local tax and professional services costs, including legal fees in Mexico.
• The increase in our Data Centers segment SG&A was primarily driven by increased personnel and related costs to support our business, partially offset by a legal settlement in the period.
• The increase in our Services segment SG&A was primarily driven by increased personnel and related costs to support our business.
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• The decrease in other SG&A was primarily attributable to a decrease in stock-based compensation expense of $18.5 million, primarily driven by the reversal of previously recognized stock-based compensation expense associated with awards forfeited in connection with the departure of our Executive Vice President and President, APAC due to such role being eliminated, as discussed in note 12 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report, and a decrease in other corporate SG&A, partially offset by an increase in personnel and related costs to support our business.
Operating Profit
Year Ended December 31,
Percent Change 2025 vs 2024
Property
U.S. & Canada
Africa & APAC (1)
Europe
Latin America
Data Centers
Total property
Services
(1) Excludes the operating results of ATC TIPL, which are reported as discontinued operations. See Note 21 for further discussion.
Year Ended December 31, 2025
• The decrease in operating profit for our U.S. & Canada property segment was primarily attributable to an increase in our segment SG&A, partially offset by an increase in our segment gross margin.
• The increases in our Africa & APAC property segment, Europe property segment, Data Centers segment and our Services segment were primarily attributable to increases in our segment gross margin, partially offset by increases in our segment SG&A.
• The decrease in operating profit for our Latin America property segment was primarily attributable to a decrease in our segment gross margin, partially offset by a decrease in our segment SG&A.
Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion
Year Ended December 31,
Percent Change 2025 vs 2024
Depreciation, amortization and accretion
The increase in depreciation, amortization and accretion expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 was primarily attributable to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.
Other Operating Expense
Year Ended December 31,
Percent Change 2025 vs 2024
Other operating expense
The decrease in other operating expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 was primarily attributable to the gain on the sale of South Africa Fiber of $53.6 million, partially offset by an increase in impairment charges of $32.1 million.
Total Other Expense
Year Ended December 31,
Percent Change 2025 vs 2024
Total other expense
Total other expense consists primarily of interest expense and realized and unrealized foreign currency gains and losses. We record unrealized foreign currency gains or losses as a result of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations primarily associated with our intercompany notes and similar unaffiliated balances denominated in a currency other than the subsidiaries’ functional currencies.
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The increase in total other expense during the year ended December 31, 2025 was primarily due to foreign currency losses of $809.4 million in the current period, as compared to foreign currency gains of $308.3 million in the prior-year period, partially offset by a decrease in net interest expense of $43.9 million, primarily due to a decrease in our average debt outstanding. Total other expense during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 also include gains from equity securities in the United States of $232.6 million and $70.4 million, respectively.
Income Tax Provision
Year Ended December 31,
Percent Change 2025 vs 2024
Income tax provision
Effective tax rate
As a REIT, we may deduct earnings distributed to stockholders against the income generated by our REIT operations. Consequently, the effective tax rate on income from continuing operations for each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 differs from the federal statutory rate.
For the year ended December 31, 2025, the increase in the income tax provision was primarily attributable to (i) increased earnings in certain foreign jurisdictions, (ii) taxes incurred as a result of the sale of South Africa Fiber, (iii) additions to reserves for uncertain tax positions, (iv) gains from equity securities in the United States and (v) the reversal of permanent reinvestment assertions in Nigeria, partially offset by a net benefit from the application of tax law changes primarily in Germany and a decrease in withholding taxes from equity distributions due in part to the ATC TIPL Transaction.
Loss from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes
On January 4, 2024, we, through our subsidiaries, ATC Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd. and ATC Telecom Infrastructure Private Limited (“ATC TIPL”), which held our operations in India, entered into an agreement with Data Infrastructure Trust (“DIT”), an infrastructure investment trust sponsored by an affiliate of Brookfield Asset Management, pursuant to which DIT agreed to acquire a 100% ownership interest in ATC TIPL (the “ATC TIPL Transaction”). Per the terms of the agreement, total aggregate consideration represented up to approximately 210 billion Indian Rupees (“INR”) (approximately $2.5 billion), including the value of the VIL OCDs and the VIL Shares (each as defined and further discussed below), payments on certain existing customer receivables, the repayment of existing intercompany debt and the repayment, or assumption, of our existing term loan in India, by DIT.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, ATC TIPL distributed approximately 29.6 billion INR (approximately $354.1 million) to us, which included the value of the VIL Shares and the VIL OCDs and the satisfaction of the economic benefit associated with the rights to payments on certain existing customer receivables. The distributions were deducted from the total aggregate consideration received by us at closing.
The ATC TIPL Transaction received all government and regulatory approvals during the three months ended September 30, 2024. On September 12, 2024, we completed the ATC TIPL Transaction and received total consideration of 182 billion INR (approximately $2.2 billion). We used the proceeds from the ATC TIPL Transaction to repay existing indebtedness under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a loss on the sale of ATC TIPL of $1.2 billion, which primarily included the reclassification of our cumulative translation adjustment in India upon exiting the market of $1.1 billion.
The following table presents key components of Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes in the consolidated statements of operations:
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Year Ended December 31,
Percent Change 2025 vs 2024
Revenue
Cost of operations
Depreciation, amortization and accretion
Selling, general, administrative and development expense
Other operating expense
Loss on sale of ATC TIPL
Operating loss
Interest income
Interest expense
Other income, net
Loss from discontinued operations before taxes
Income tax provision
Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes
(1) Includes the results of operations for ATC TIPL through September 12, 2024.
Following the rulings by the Supreme Court of India regarding carriers’ obligations for the adjusted gross revenue fees and charges prescribed by the court, we experienced variability and a level of uncertainty in collections in India. In the third quarter of 2022, one of our largest customers in India, Vodafone Idea Limited (“VIL”), communicated that it would make partial payments of its contractual amounts owed to us (the “VIL Shortfall”). We recorded reserves in late 2022 and the first half of 2023 for the VIL Shortfall. In the second half of 2023, VIL began making payments in full of its monthly contractual obligations owed to us. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we deferred recognition of revenue of approximately $27.3 million, net of recoveries, related to VIL in India. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized approximately $95.7 million of this previously deferred revenue. We have fully recognized this previously deferred revenue.
In February 2023, and as amended in August 2023, VIL issued optionally convertible debentures (the “VIL OCDs”) to ATC TIPL in exchange for VIL’s payment of certain amounts towards accounts receivables. The VIL OCDs were issued for an aggregate face value of 16.0 billion INR (approximately $193.2 million on the date of issuance). On March 23, 2024, we converted an aggregate face value of 14.4 billion INR (approximately $172.7 million) of VIL OCDs into 1,440 million shares of equity of VIL (the “VIL Shares”). On April 29, 2024, we completed the sale of 1,440 million VIL Shares at a price of 12.78 INR per share. The net proceeds for this transaction were approximately 18.0 billion INR (approximately $216.0 million at the date of settlement) after deducting commissions and fees. On June 5, 2024, we completed the sale of the remaining aggregate face value of 1.6 billion INR (approximately $19.2 million) of the VIL OCDs. The net proceeds for this transaction, excluding accrued interest, were approximately 1.8 billion INR (approximately $22.0 million at the date of settlement) after deducting fees. None of the VIL Shares or the VIL OCDs remained outstanding. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized a gain of $46.4 million on the sale of the VIL Shares and the VIL OCDs.
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Net Income / Adjusted EBITDA and Net Income / Nareit FFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders / AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders
Year Ended December 31,
Percent Change 2025 vs 2024
Net income
Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes
Income tax provision
Other expense (income)
Interest expense
Interest income
Other operating expense
Depreciation, amortization and accretion
Stock-based compensation expense
Adjusted EBITDA (1)
(1) Excludes the operating results of ATC TIPL, which are reported as discontinued operations. See Note 21 for further discussion.
Year Ended December 31,
Percent Change 2025 vs 2024
Net income (1)
Real estate related depreciation, amortization and accretion
Losses from sale or disposal of real estate and real estate related impairment charges (2)
Adjustments and distributions for unconsolidated affiliates and noncontrolling interests (3)
Adjustments for discontinued operations (4)
Nareit FFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders
Straight-line revenue
Straight-line expense
Stock-based compensation expense
Deferred portion of income tax and other income tax adjustments (5)
Non-real estate related depreciation, amortization and accretion
Amortization of deferred financing costs, capitalized interest, debt discounts and premiums and long-term deferred interest charges
Other expense (income) (6)
Other operating income (7)
Capital improvement capital expenditures
Corporate capital expenditures
Adjustments and distributions for unconsolidated affiliates and noncontrolling interests (8)
Adjustments for discontinued operations (9)
AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders
AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders from continuing operations
AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders from discontinued operations
(1) For the year ended December 31, 2024, includes Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes of $978.3 million.
(2) For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, includes impairment charges of $100.7 million and $68.6 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2025, includes a gain on the sale of South Africa Fiber of $53.6 million.
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(3) Includes distributions to noncontrolling interest holders, distributions related to the outstanding mandatorily convertible preferred equity in connection with our agreements with certain investment vehicles affiliated with Stonepeak Partners LP and adjustments for the impact of noncontrolling interests on Nareit FFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders.
(4) For the year ended December 31, 2024, includes (i) real estate related depreciation, amortization and accretion for discontinued operations of $91.3 million, (ii) losses from the sale or disposal of real estate and real estate related impairment charges for discontinued operations of $1.2 billion. For the year ended December 31, 2024, includes a loss on the sale of ATC TIPL of $1.2 billion.
(5) For the year ended December 31, 2025, includes adjustments for (i) $0.3 million of taxes paid in Singapore related to the ATC TIPL Transaction, (ii) $25.8 million of taxes paid in South Africa, which were incurred as a result of the sale of South Africa Fiber, (iii) $30.4 million of taxes paid related to the sale of equity securities in the U.S. and (iv) $6.5 million of other tax adjustments. For the year ended December 31, 2024, includes adjustments for withholding taxes paid in Singapore of $36.4 million, which were incurred as a result of the ATC TIPL Transaction. We believe that these tax payments are nonrecurring, and do not believe these are an indication of our operating performance. Accordingly, we believe it is more meaningful to present AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders excluding these amounts.
(6) Includes losses (gains) on foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations of $809.4 million and $(308.3) million, respectively.
(7) Primarily includes acquisition-related costs, integration costs and disposition costs.
(8) Includes adjustments for the impact of noncontrolling interests on other line items, excluding those already adjusted for in Nareit FFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders.
(9) Includes the impact of discontinued operations associated with other line items, excluding the impact already included in Nareit FFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders.
Year Ended December 31, 2025
The increase in net income was primarily due to losses from discontinued operations, net of tax, as a result of the ATC TIPL Transaction in the prior year.
The decrease in net income from continuing operations was primarily due to (i) changes in other income (expense), primarily due to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and (ii) an increase in the income tax provision, partially offset by (y) an increase in segment operating profit and (z) a decrease in interest expense.
The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily attributable to an increase in our gross margin, partially offset by an increase in SG&A, excluding the impact of stock-based compensation expense of $25.8 million.
The increase in AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders was primarily attributable to (i) an increase in our operating profit, excluding the impact of straight-line accounting, and (ii) decreases in cash paid for interest and cash paid for income taxes, partially offset by (x) a decrease in AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders from discontinued operations as a result of the sale of ATC TIPL in the third quarter of 2024, (y) an increase in capital improvement capital expenditures and (z) an increase in distributions and adjustments for noncontrolling interests, including distributions to noncontrolling interest holders in our Data Centers segment.
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Segment Gross Margin Reconciliation
Gross margin is defined as revenue less costs of operations inclusive of real estate related depreciation, amortization and accretion. Segment gross margin excludes depreciation, amortization and accretion.
Property
Total
Property
Services
Total
Year ended December 31, 2025
U.S. & Canada
Africa & APAC
Europe
Latin America
Data Centers
Gross margin
Real estate related depreciation, amortization and accretion
Segment gross margin
Property
Total
Property
Services
Total
Year ended December 31, 2024
U.S. & Canada
Africa & APAC (1)
Europe
Latin America
Data Centers
Gross margin
Real estate related depreciation, amortization and accretion
Segment gross margin
(1) Excludes the operating results of ATC TIPL, which are reported as discontinued operations. See Note 21 for further discussion.
Property
Total
Property
Services
Total
Year ended December 31, 2023
U.S. & Canada
Africa & APAC (1)
Europe
Latin America
Data Centers
Gross margin
Real estate related depreciation, amortization and accretion
Segment gross margin
(1) Excludes the operating results of ATC TIPL, which are reported as discontinued operations. See Note 21 for further discussion.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
For a discussion of our 2024 Liquidity and Capital Resources, including a discussion of cash flows for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, refer to Part I, Item 7 of the 2024 Form 10-K.
Overview
During the year ended December 31, 2025, we increased our financial flexibility and our ability to grow our business while maintaining our long-term financial policies. Our significant 2025 financing transactions included:
• Redemption of our 2.950% senior unsecured notes due 2025 (the “2.950% Notes”), our 2.400% senior unsecured notes due 2025 (the “2.400% Notes”), our 1.375% senior unsecured notes due 2025 (the “1.375% Notes”), our 4.000% notes due 2025 (the “4.000% Notes”) and our 1.300% senior unsecured notes due 2025 (the “1.300% Notes”);
• Repayment of $525.0 million aggregate principal amount outstanding under our Secured Tower Revenue Notes, Series 2015-2, Class A (the “Series 2015-2 Notes”);
• Registered public offering in an aggregate principal amount of $3.0 billion, including 500.0 million EUR, of senior unsecured notes with maturities ranging from 2030 to 2035; and
• Amendment of the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility, the 2021 Credit Facility and the 2021 Term Loan (as defined below) to, among other things, (i) extend the maturity dates and (ii) update the Applicable Margins (as defined in the loan agreements).
The following table summarizes our liquidity as of December 31, 2025 (in millions):
Available under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility
Available under the 2021 Credit Facility
Letters of credit
Total available under credit facilities, net
Cash and cash equivalents
Total liquidity
Subsequent to December 31, 2025, we made additional borrowings of $600.0 million under the 2021 Credit Facility and net borrowings of $135.0 million under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility. The borrowings were used to repay existing indebtedness and for general corporate purposes.
Summary cash flow information is set forth below for the years ended December 31, (in millions):
Net cash provided by (used for):
Operating activities
Investing activities (1)
Financing activities
Net effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash
(1) For the year ended December 31, 2024, includes $2.2 billion of proceeds from the ATC TIPL Transaction.
We use our cash flows to fund our operations and investments in our business, including maintenance and improvements, communications site and data center construction, managed network installations and acquisitions. Additionally, we use our cash flows to make distributions, including distributions of our REIT taxable income to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT under the Code. We may also periodically repay or repurchase our existing indebtedness or equity. We typically fund our international expansion efforts primarily through a combination of cash on hand, intercompany debt and equity contributions.
On an on-going basis, we also perform a comprehensive assessment of our global operations to ensure our portfolio is positioned to drive sustained growth and achieve our risk-adjusted return objectives. This assessment may result in our decision to divest a portion, or all, of certain assets, including our South Africa Fiber business in 2025, our Australia and New Zealand businesses in 2024, the ATC TIPL Transaction, and our Mexico fiber and Poland businesses in 2023 and repurpose proceeds, and potential future capital, to other capital priorities.
As of December 31, 2025, we had total outstanding indebtedness of $37.4 billion, with a current portion of $3.4 billion. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we generated sufficient cash flow from operations, together with borrowings under our
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credit facilities, proceeds from our debt issuances and cash on hand, to fund our acquisitions, capital expenditures and debt service obligations, as well as our required distributions. We believe the cash generated by operating activities during the year ending December 31, 2026, together with our borrowing capacity under our credit facilities, will suffice to fund our required distributions, capital expenditures, debt service obligations (interest and principal repayments) and signed acquisitions.
As of December 31, 2025, we had $1.5 billion of cash and cash equivalents held by our foreign subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2025, we had $140.7 million of cash and cash equivalents held by our joint ventures, of which $91.3 million was held by our foreign joint ventures. Certain foreign subsidiaries may pay us interest or principal on intercompany debt. Additionally, in the event that we repatriate funds from our foreign subsidiaries, we may be required to accrue and pay certain taxes.
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
For the year ended December 31, 2025, cash provided by operating activities increased $173.5 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The primary factors that impacted cash provided by operating activities as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, include:
• an increase in our operating profit, including the impact of straight-line accounting; and
• decreases in cash paid for interest and cash paid for taxes;
partially offset by:
◦ a reduction of cash flows from ATC TIPL as a result of the sale in 2024; and
◦ an increase in cash required for working capital, primarily as a result of an increase in prepaid and other assets and a decrease in accounts payable.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Our significant investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2025 are highlighted below:
• We spent approximately $454.2 million for acquisitions.
• We received approximately $137.7 million from the sale of South Africa Fiber and approximately $159.6 million from the sale of equity securities in the U.S.
• We spent $1.7 billion for capital expenditures, as follows (in millions):
Discretionary capital projects (1)
Ground lease purchases (2)
Capital improvements and corporate expenditures (3)
Redevelopment
Start-up capital projects
Total capital expenditures
(1) Includes the construction of 1,918 communications sites globally and approximately $608.9 million of spend related to data center assets.
(2) Includes $36.0 million of perpetual land easement payments reported in Deferred financing costs and other financing activities in the cash flows from financing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.
(3) Includes $4.3 million of finance lease payments reported in Repayments of notes payable, credit facilities, senior notes, secured debt, term loans and finance leases in the cash flows from financing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.
We plan to continue to allocate our available capital, after satisfying our distribution requirements, among investment alternatives that meet our return on investment criteria, while maintaining our commitment to our long-term financial policies. Accordingly, we expect to continue to deploy capital through our annual capital expenditure program, including land purchases and new site and data center facility construction, and through acquisitions. We also regularly review our portfolios as to capital
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expenditures required to upgrade our infrastructure to our structural standards or address capacity, structural or permitting issues.
We expect that our 2026 total capital expenditures will be as follows (in millions):
Discretionary capital projects (1)
Ground lease purchases
Capital improvements and corporate expenditures
Redevelopment
Start-up capital projects
Total capital expenditures
(1) Includes the construction of approximately 1,700 to 2,300 communications sites globally and approximately $695 million of anticipated spend related to data center assets.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Our significant financing activities were as follows (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
Proceeds from issuance of senior notes, net
Borrowings under (repayments of) credit facilities, net
Repayments of term loans (1)
Repayments of securitized debt
Repayments of senior notes
Purchases of common stock
Distributions paid on common stock
(1) For the year ended December 31, 2024, includes the repayments of the 825.0 million EUR unsecured term loan, as amended in December 2021, and the 10.0 billion INR unsecured term loan in India, which was repaid in connection with the completion of the ATC TIPL Transaction.
Securitization
American Tower Secured Revenue Notes and Repayment of Series 2015-2 Notes —In May 2015, GTP Acquisition Partners I, LLC, one of our wholly owned subsidiaries, refinanced existing debt with cash on hand and proceeds from a private issuance (the “2015 Securitization”) of (i) $350.0 million of American Tower Secured Revenue Notes, Series 2015-1, Class A, which were subsequently repaid on the June 2020 payment date, and (ii) $525.0 million of the Series 2015-2 Notes. On the June 2025 payment date, we repaid $525.0 million aggregate principal amount outstanding under the Series 2015-2 Notes, pursuant to the terms of the agreements governing such securities. The repayment was funded with borrowings under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility and cash on hand. Following such repayment, no notes were outstanding under the 2015 Securitization.
Senior Notes
Repayments of Senior Notes
Repayment of 2.950% Senior Notes— On January 14, 2025, we repaid $650.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2.950% Notes upon their maturity. The 2.950% Notes were repaid using cash on hand and borrowings under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility. Upon completion of the repayment, none of the 2.950% Notes remained outstanding.
Repayment of 2.400% Senior Notes— On March 14, 2025, we repaid $750.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2.400% Notes upon their maturity. The 2.400% Notes were repaid using proceeds from the issuance of the 4.900% Notes and the 5.350% Notes (each as defined below). Upon completion of the repayment, none of the 2.400% Notes remained outstanding.
Repayment of 1.375% Senior Notes —On April 3, 2025, we repaid 500.0 million EUR aggregate principal amount of the 1.375% Notes upon their maturity. The 1.375% Notes were repaid using borrowings under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility and cash on hand. Upon completion of the repayment, none of the 1.375% Notes remained outstanding.
Repayment of 4.000% Senior Notes —On May 30, 2025, we repaid $750.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 4.000% Notes upon their maturity. The 4.000% Notes were repaid using borrowings under the 2021 Credit Facility and cash on hand. Upon completion of the repayment, none of the 4.000% Notes remained outstanding.
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Repayment of 1.300% Senior Notes —On September 12, 2025, we repaid $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 1.300% Notes upon their maturity. The 1.300% Notes were repaid using borrowings under the 2021 Credit Facility. Upon completion of the repayment, none of the 1.300% Notes remained outstanding.
Repayment of 4.400% Senior Notes —On February 13, 2026, we repaid $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 4.400% senior unsecured notes due 2026 (the “4.400% Notes”) upon their maturity. The 4.400% Notes were repaid using borrowings under the 2021 Credit Facility and cash on hand. Upon completion of the repayment, none of the 4.400% Notes remained outstanding.
Offerings of Senior Notes
4.900% Senior Notes and 5.350% Senior Notes Offering— On March 14, 2025, we completed a registered public offering of $650.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.900% senior unsecured notes due 2030 (the “Initial 4.900% Notes”) and $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.350% senior unsecured notes due 2035 (the “Initial 5.350% Notes”). The net proceeds from this offering were approximately $988.9 million, after deducting commissions and estimated expenses. We used the net proceeds to repay the 2.400% Notes, to repay existing indebtedness under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility and for general corporate purposes.
On September 16, 2025, we completed a registered public offering of $200.0 million aggregate principal amount through a reopening of the Initial 4.900% Notes (the “Reopened 4.900% Notes” and, collectively with the Initial 4.900% Notes, the “4.900% Notes”) and $375.0 million aggregate principal amount through a reopening of the Initial 5.350% Notes (the “Reopened 5.350% Notes” and, collectively with the Initial 5.350% Notes, the “5.350% Notes”). The net proceeds from this offering were approximately $587.8 million, after deducting commissions and estimated expenses. We used the net proceeds to repay existing indebtedness under the 2021 Credit Facility and for general corporate purposes.
3.625% Senior Notes Offering— On May 30, 2025, we completed a registered public offering of 500.0 million EUR (approximately $567.4 million at the date of issuance) aggregate principal amount of 3.625% senior unsecured notes due 2032 (the “3.625% Notes). The net proceeds from this offering were approximately 496.8 million EUR (approximately $563.7 million at the date of issuance), after deducting commissions and estimated expenses. We used the net proceeds to repay existing indebtedness under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility and for general corporate purposes.
4.700% Senior Notes Offering— On December 5, 2025, we completed a registered public offering of $850.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.700% senior unsecured notes due 2032 (the “4.700% Notes,” and, collectively with the 4.900% Notes, the 5.350% Notes and the 3.625% Notes, the “Notes”). The net proceeds from this offering were approximately $839.5 million, after deducting commissions and estimated expenses. We used the net proceeds to repay existing indebtedness under the 2021 Credit Facility.
The key terms of the Notes are as follows:
Senior Notes
Aggregate Principal Amount (in millions)
Issue Date and Interest Accrual Date
Maturity Date
Contractual Interest Rate
First Interest Payment
Interest Payments Due (1)
Par Call Date (2)
4.900% Notes (3)
March 14, 2025
March 15, 2030
September 15, 2025
March 15 and September 15
February 15, 2030
5.350% Notes (3)
March 14, 2025
March 15, 2035
September 15, 2025
March 15 and September 15
December 15, 2034
3.625% Notes (4)
May 30, 2025
May 30, 2032
May 30, 2026
May 30
March 30, 2032
4.700% Notes
December 5, 2025
December 15, 2032
June 15, 2026
June 15 and December 15
October 15, 2032
(1) Accrued and unpaid interest on U.S. Dollar (“USD”) denominated notes is payable in USD semi-annually in arrears and will be computed from the issue date on the basis of a 360-day year comprised of twelve 30-day months. Interest on EUR denominated notes is payable in EUR annually in arrears and will be computed on the basis of the actual number of days in the period for which interest is being calculated and the actual number of days from and including the last date on which interest was paid on the notes, beginning on the issue date.
(2) We may redeem the Notes at any time, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes plus a make-whole premium, together with accrued interest to the redemption date. If we redeem the Notes on or after the par call date, we will not be required to pay a make-whole premium.
(3) The Initial 4.900% Notes and the Initial 5.350% Notes were issued on March 14, 2025. The Reopened 4.900% Notes and the Reopened 5.350% Notes were issued on September 16, 2025. The first interest payments made on September 15, 2025 related solely to the Initial 4.900% Notes and the Initial 5.350% Notes. The first interest payments on the Reopened 4.900% Notes and the Reopened 5.350% Notes are due on March 15, 2026.
(4) The 3.625% Notes are denominated in EUR; dollar amounts represent the aggregate principal amount at the issuance date.
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If we undergo a change of control and corresponding ratings decline, each as defined in the applicable supplemental indenture for the Notes, we may be required to repurchase all of the Notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest (including additional interest, if any), up to but not including the repurchase date. The Notes rank equally in right of payment with all of our other senior unsecured debt obligations and are structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other obligations of our subsidiaries.
Each applicable supplemental indenture contains certain covenants that restrict our ability to merge, consolidate or sell assets and our (together with our subsidiaries’) ability to incur liens. These covenants are subject to a number of exceptions, including that we and our subsidiaries may incur certain liens on assets, mortgages or other liens securing indebtedness if the aggregate amount of indebtedness secured by such liens does not exceed 3.5x Adjusted EBITDA, as defined in the applicable supplemental indenture.
Bank Facilities
Amendments to Bank Facilities— On January 28, 2025, we amended our (i) 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility, (ii) 2021 Credit Facility and (iii) $1.0 billion unsecured term loan, as amended and restated in December 2021, as further amended (the “2021 Term Loan”).
These amendments, among other things,
i. extend the maturity dates of the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility and the 2021 Credit Facility to January 28, 2028 and January 28, 2030, respectively;
ii. extend the maturity date of the 2021 Term Loan to January 28, 2028; and
iii. update the Applicable Margins (as defined in the loan agreements).
2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility— As of December 31, 2025, we had the ability to borrow up to a total of $6.0 billion under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility, which includes a $3.5 billion sublimit for multicurrency borrowings, a $200.0 million sublimit for letters of credit and a $50.0 million sublimit for swingline loans. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we borrowed an aggregate of $2.4 billion, including 492.0 million EUR ($529.1 million as of the borrowing date) and repaid an aggregate of $2.0 billion, including 492.0 million EUR ($549.9 million as of the repayment date), of revolving indebtedness under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility. We used the borrowings to repay outstanding indebtedness, including the 2.950% Notes, the 1.375% Notes and the Series 2015-2 Notes, and for general corporate purposes. As of December 31, 2025, there are no EUR borrowings outstanding under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility.
2021 Credit Facility— As of December 31, 2025, we had the ability to borrow up to a total of $4.0 billion under the 2021 Credit Facility, which includes a $2.5 billion sublimit for multicurrency borrowings, $200.0 million sublimit for letters of credit and a $50.0 million sublimit for swingline loans. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we borrowed an aggregate of $3.7 billion and repaid an aggregate of $3.7 billion of revolving indebtedness under our 2021 Credit Facility. We used the borrowings to repay outstanding indebtedness, including the 4.000% Notes and the 1.300% Notes, and for general corporate purposes.
As of December 31, 2025, the key terms under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility, the 2021 Credit Facility and the 2021 Term Loan were as follows:
Bank Facility
Outstanding Principal Balance ($ in millions)
Maturity Date
SOFR or EURIBOR borrowing interest rate range (1)
Base rate borrowing interest rate range (1)
Current margin over SOFR or EURIBOR and the base rate, respectively
2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility
January 28, 2028
0.875% and 0.000%
2021 Credit Facility
January 28, 2030
0.875% and 0.000%
2021 Term Loan
January 28, 2028
0.875% and 0.000%
(1) Represents interest rate above: (a) Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) for SOFR based borrowings, (b) Euro Interbank Offer Rate (“EURIBOR”) for EURIBOR based borrowings and (c) the defined base rate for base rate borrowings, in each case based on our debt ratings.
(2) Currently borrowed at SOFR.
(3) Subject to two optional renewal periods.
We must pay a quarterly commitment fee on the undrawn portion of each of the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility and the 2021 Credit Facility. The commitment fee for the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility and the 2021 Credit Facility ranges from 0.080% to 0.200% per annum, based upon our debt ratings, and is currently 0.100%.
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The 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility, the 2021 Credit Facility and the 2021 Term Loan and the associated loan agreements (the “Bank Loan Agreements”) do not require amortization of principal and may be paid prior to maturity in whole or in part at our option without penalty or premium. We have the option of choosing either a defined base rate, SOFR or EURIBOR as the applicable base rate for borrowings under these bank facilities.
Each Bank Loan Agreement contains certain reporting, information, financial and operating covenants and other restrictions (including limitations on additional debt, guaranties, sales of assets and liens) with which we must comply. Failure to comply with the financial and operating covenants of the loan agreements could not only prevent us from being able to borrow additional funds under the revolving credit facilities, but may constitute a default, which could result in, among other things, the amounts outstanding under the applicable agreement, including all accrued interest and unpaid fees, becoming immediately due and payable.
Other Subsidiary Debt— Each of the agreements governing the other subsidiary debt contains contractual covenants and other restrictions. Failure to comply with certain of the financial and operating covenants could constitute a default under the applicable debt agreement, which could result in, among other things, the amounts outstanding, including all accrued interest and unpaid fees, becoming immediately due and payable.
Bangladesh Term Loan— In March 2025, we entered into a 400.0 million BDT (approximately $3.3 million) term loan with a maturity date that is eight years from the date of the first draw thereunder (the “Bangladesh Term Loan”). On March 24, 2025, we borrowed 150.0 million BDT (approximately $1.2 million) under the Bangladesh Term Loan. The Bangladesh Term Loan bears interest at 13.50% per annum, subject to quarterly resets. Interest is payable quarterly. Any outstanding principal and accrued but unpaid interest will be due and payable in full at maturity. The Bangladesh Term Loan does not require amortization of principal and may be paid prior to maturity in whole or in part at our option without penalty or premium.
CoreSite DE1 Note— On April 1, 2025, in connection with our acquisition of a multi-tenant data center facility in Denver, Colorado, in which we previously leased space (“DE1”), we entered into an agreement to pay $5.0 million of purchase price to the seller in monthly installments through March 31, 2028 (the “CoreSite DE1 Note”). The CoreSite DE1 Note accrues interest at the prime rate as announced by Bank of America, N.A plus 200 basis points. As of December 31, 2025, the interest rate was 9.50% per annum. Interest is payable monthly in arrears. Any outstanding principal and accrued but unpaid interest will be due and payable in full at maturity. The CoreSite DE1 Note may be paid prior to maturity in whole or in part at our option without penalty or premium, provided that if such prepayment is made prior to April 1, 2027, we are required to pay any additional interest which would have accrued under the CoreSite DE1 Note in the ordinary course through April 1, 2027.
Stock Repurchase Programs —During the year ended December 31, 2025, we repurchased 2,036,100 shares of our common stock for an aggregate of $364.6 million, including commissions and fees, under both the 2011 Buyback and the 2017 Buyback. As of December 31, 2025, we have no amounts remaining under the 2011 Buyback.
Under the 2017 Buyback, we are authorized to purchase shares from time to time through open market purchases or in privately negotiated transactions not to exceed market prices and subject to market conditions and other factors. With respect to open market purchases, we may use plans adopted in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act in accordance with securities laws and other legal requirements, which allows us to repurchase shares during periods when it may otherwise be prevented from doing so under insider trading laws or because of self-imposed trading blackout periods.
Subsequent to December 31, 2025, through February 17, 2026, we repurchased 312,352 shares of our common stock for an aggregate of approximately $53.0 million, including commissions and fees, under the 2017 Buyback.
Through February 17, 2026, we have repurchased a total of 2,253,664 shares of our common stock under the 2017 Buyback for an aggregate of $400.0 million, including commissions and fees. We expect to continue to manage the pacing of the remaining $1.6 billion under the 2017 Buyback in response to general market conditions and other relevant factors. We expect to fund any further repurchases of our common stock through a combination of cash on hand, cash generated by operations and borrowings under our credit facilities. Purchases under the 2017 Buyback are subject to our having available cash to fund repurchases.
Sales of Equity Securities —We receive proceeds from sales of our equity securities pursuant to our employee stock purchase plan (the “ESPP”) and upon exercise of stock options granted under our equity incentive plan, as amended (the “2007 Plan”). During the year ended December 31, 2025, we received an aggregate of $41.7 million in proceeds upon exercises of stock options and sales pursuant to the ESPP.
Future Financing Transactions — We regularly consider various options to obtain financing and access the capital markets, subject to market conditions, to meet our funding needs. Such capital raising alternatives, in addition to those noted above, may include amendments and extensions of our bank facilities, entry into new bank facilities, transactions with private equity funds or partnerships, additional senior note and equity offerings and securitization transactions. No assurance can be given as to whether any such financing transactions will be completed or as to the timing or terms thereof.
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Distributions— As a REIT, we must annually distribute to our stockholders an amount equal to at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined before the deduction for distributed earnings and excluding any net capital gain). Generally, we have distributed, and expect to continue to distribute, all or substantially all of our REIT taxable income after taking into consideration our utilization of NOLs. We have distributed an aggregate of approximately $23.7 billion to our common stockholders, including the dividend paid in February 2026. The dividends paid to common stockholders in 2025 were primarily classified as ordinary income that may be treated as qualified REIT dividends under Section 199A of the Code and we currently expect the 2026 dividends to be similarly classified.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, we paid $6.72 per share, or $3.1 billion, to our common stockholders of record. In addition, we declared a distribution of $1.70 per share, or $792.9 million, paid on February 2, 2026 to our common stockholders of record at the close of business on December 29, 2025.
We accrue distributions on unvested restricted stock units, which are payable upon vesting. The amount accrued for distributions payable related to unvested restricted stock units was $20.8 million and $22.5 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we paid $12.2 million of distributions upon the vesting of restricted stock units.
The amount, timing and frequency of future distributions will be at the sole discretion of our Board and will depend on various factors, a number of which may be beyond our control, including our financial condition and operating cash flows, the amount required to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT and reduce any income and excise taxes that we otherwise would be required to pay, limitations on distributions in our existing and future debt and preferred equity instruments, our ability to utilize NOLs to offset our distribution requirements, limitations on our ability to fund distributions using cash generated through our TRSs and other factors that our Board may deem relevant.
For more details on the cash distributions paid to our common stockholders during the year ended December 31, 2025, see note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.
We utilize notional cash pooling arrangements with financial institutions for cash management purposes. These arrangements allow for cash withdrawals based upon aggregate cash balances on deposit at the same financial institution.
Material Cash Requirements — The following table summarizes material cash requirements from known contractual and other obligations as of December 31, 2025 (in millions):
Thereafter
Total
Debt obligations (1)
Operating lease obligations (2)
(1) Includes aggregate principal maturities of long-term debt, including finance lease obligations (see note 8 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report).
(2) Includes payments under non-cancellable initial terms, as well as payments for certain renewal periods at our option, which we expect to renew because failure to do so could result in a loss of the applicable communications sites and related revenues from tenant leases (see note 4 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report).
Distributions— We expect that our 2026 total distributions declared to our common stockholders will be $3.3 billion. The amount, timing and frequency of future distributions will be at the sole discretion of our Board.
Asset Retirement Obligations— We are required to remove our assets and remediate the leased sites upon which certain of our assets are located. As of December 31, 2025, the estimated undiscounted future cash outlay for asset retirement obligations was $4.6 billion.
Factors Affecting Sources of Liquidity
Our liquidity depends on our ability to generate cash flow from operating activities, borrow funds under our credit facilities and maintain compliance with the contractual agreements governing our indebtedness. We believe that the debt agreements discussed below represent our material debt agreements that contain covenants, our compliance with which would be material to an investor’s understanding of our financial results and the impact of those results on our liquidity.
Internally Generated Funds —Because the majority of our customer leases are multiyear contracts, a significant majority of the revenues generated by our property operations as of the end of 2025 is recurring revenue that we should continue to receive in future periods. Accordingly, a key factor affecting our ability to generate cash flow from operating activities is to maintain this recurring revenue and to convert it into operating profit by minimizing operating costs and fully achieving our operating efficiencies. In addition, our ability to increase cash flow from operating activities depends upon the demand for our
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communications infrastructure and our related services and our ability to increase the utilization of our existing communications infrastructure.
Restrictions Under Loan Agreements Relating to Our Credit Facilities —Each Bank Loan Agreement contains certain financial and operating covenants and other restrictions applicable to us and our subsidiaries that are not designated as unrestricted subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. These restrictions include limitations on additional debt, distributions and dividends, guaranties, sales of assets and liens. The Bank Loan Agreements also contain covenants that establish financial tests with which we and our restricted subsidiaries must comply related to total leverage and senior secured leverage, as set forth in the table below. As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with each of these covenants.
Compliance Tests For The 12 Months Ended
December 31, 2025
($ in billions)
Ratio (1)
Additional Debt Capacity Under Covenants (2)
Capacity for Adjusted EBITDA Decrease Under Covenants (3)
Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio
Total Debt to Adjusted EBITDA
Consolidated Senior Secured Leverage Ratio
Senior Secured Debt to Adjusted EBITDA
(1) Each component of the ratio as defined in the applicable loan agreement.
(2) Assumes no change to Adjusted EBITDA.
(3) Assumes no change to our debt levels.
(4) Effectively, however, additional Senior Secured Debt under this ratio would be limited to the capacity under the Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio.
The Bank Loan Agreements also contain reporting and information covenants that require us to provide financial and operating information to the lenders within certain time periods. If we are unable to provide the required information on a timely basis, we would be in breach of these covenants.
Failure to comply with the financial maintenance tests and certain other covenants of the Bank Loan Agreements could not only prevent us from being able to borrow additional funds under the revolving credit facilities, but may also constitute a default under these credit facilities, which could result in, among other things, the amounts outstanding, including all accrued interest and unpaid fees, becoming immediately due and payable. If this were to occur, we may not have sufficient cash on hand to repay such indebtedness. The key factors affecting our ability to comply with the debt covenants described above are our financial performance relative to the financial maintenance tests defined in the Bank Loan Agreements and our ability to fund our debt service obligations. Based upon our current expectations, we believe our operating results during the next 12 months will be sufficient to comply with these covenants.
Restrictions Under Agreements Relating to the Trust Securitization— The indenture and related supplemental indenture governing the loan agreement related to the securitization transactions completed in March 2018 (the “2018 Securitization”) and March 2023 (the “2023 Securitization” and, together with the 2018 Securitization, the “Trust Securitization”) (the “Securitization Loan Agreements”) include certain financial ratios and operating covenants and other restrictions customary for transactions subject to rated securitizations. Among other things, American Tower Asset Sub, LLC and American Tower Asset Sub II, LLC (together, the “AMT Asset Subs”) are prohibited from incurring other indebtedness for borrowed money or further encumbering their assets, subject to customary carve-outs for ordinary course trade payables and permitted encumbrances (as defined in the applicable agreements).
Under the Securitization Loan Agreements, amounts due will be paid from the cash flows generated by the assets securing the nonrecourse loan that secures the Secured Tower Revenue Securities, Series 2018-1, Subclass A (the “Series 2018-1A Securities”), the Secured Tower Revenue Securities, Series 2018-1, Subclass R (the “Series 2018-1R Securities” and, together with the Series 2018-1A Securities, the “2018 Securities”), the Secured Tower Revenue Securities 2023-1, Subclass A (the “Series 2023-1A Securities”), the Secured Tower Revenue Securities, Series 2023-1, Subclass R (the “Series 2023-1R Securities” and, together with the Series 2023-1A Securities, the “2023 Securities”) issued in the Trust Securitization (the “Loan”), as applicable, which must be deposited into certain reserve accounts, and thereafter distributed, solely pursuant to the terms of the applicable agreement. On a monthly basis, after paying all required amounts under the applicable agreement, subject to the conditions described in the table below, the excess cash flows generated from the operation of these assets are released to the AMT Asset Subs, which can then be distributed to us for use. As of December 31, 2025, $69.0 million held in such reserve accounts was classified as restricted cash.
Certain information with respect to the Trust Securitization is set forth below. The debt service coverage ratio (“DSCR”) is generally calculated as the ratio of the net cash flow (as defined in the applicable agreement) to the amount of interest, servicing
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fees and trustee fees required to be paid over the succeeding 12 months on the principal amount of the Loan that will be outstanding on the payment date following such date of determination.
Issuer or Borrower
Notes/Securities Issued
Conditions Limiting Distributions of Excess Cash
Excess Cash Distributed During Year Ended December 31, 2025
DSCR as of
December 31, 2025
Capacity for Decrease in Net Cash Flow Before Triggering Cash Trap DSCR (1)
Capacity for Decrease in Net Cash Flow Before Triggering Minimum DSCR (1)
Cash Trap DSCR
Amortization Period
(in millions)
(in millions)
(in millions)
Trust Securitization
AMT Asset Subs
Secured Tower Revenue Securities, Series 2023-1, Subclass A, Secured Tower Revenue Securities, Series 2023-1, Subclass R, Secured Tower Revenue Securities, Series 2018-1, Subclass A and Secured Tower Revenue Securities, Series 2018-1, Subclass R
1.30x, Tested Quarterly (2)
(1) Based on the net cash flow of the issuer or borrower as of December 31, 2025 and the expenses payable over the next 12 months on the Loan.
(2) If the DSCR were equal to or below 1.30x (the “Cash Trap DSCR”) for any quarter, all cash flow in excess of amounts required to make debt service payments, fund required reserves, pay management fees and budgeted operating expenses and make other payments required under the applicable transaction documents, referred to as excess cash flow, will be deposited into a reserve account (the “Cash Trap Reserve Account”) instead of being released to the applicable issuer or borrower. Once triggered, a Cash Trap DSCR condition continues to exist until the DSCR exceeds the Cash Trap DSCR for two consecutive calendar quarters.
(3) An amortization period commences if the DSCR is equal to or below 1.15x (the “Minimum DSCR”) at the end of any calendar quarter and continues to exist until the DSCR exceeds the Minimum DSCR for two consecutive calendar quarters.
(4) An amortization period exists if the outstanding principal amount has not been paid in full on the applicable anticipated repayment date and continues to exist until the principal has been repaid in full.
A failure to meet the noted DSCR tests could prevent the AMT Asset Subs from distributing excess cash flow to us, which could affect our ability to fund our capital expenditures, including tower construction and acquisitions and to meet REIT distribution requirements. During an “amortization period,” all excess cash flow and any amounts then in the applicable Cash Trap Reserve Account would be applied to pay the principal of the Loan on each monthly payment date, and so would not be available for distribution to us. Further, additional interest will begin to accrue with respect to the Loan from and after the anticipated repayment date at a per annum rate determined in accordance with the applicable agreement. Furthermore, if the AMT Asset Subs were to default on the Loan, the trustee may seek to foreclose upon or otherwise convert the ownership of all or any portion of the 5,023 broadcast and wireless communications towers and related assets that secure the Loan, in which case we could lose those sites and their associated revenue.
As discussed above, we use our available liquidity and seek new sources of liquidity to fund capital expenditures, future growth and expansion initiatives, satisfy our distribution requirements and repay or repurchase our debt. If we determine that it is desirable or necessary to raise additional capital, we may be unable to do so, or such additional financing may be prohibitively expensive or restricted by the terms of our outstanding indebtedness. Further, as discussed under Item 1A of this Annual Report under the caption “Risk Factors,” market volatility and disruption caused by inflation, high interest rates and supply chain disruptions may impact our ability to raise additional capital through debt financing activities or our ability to repay or refinance maturing liabilities, or impact the terms of any new obligations. If we are unable to raise capital when our needs arise, we may not be able to fund capital expenditures, future growth and expansion initiatives, satisfy our REIT distribution requirements and debt service obligations, or refinance our existing indebtedness.
In addition, our liquidity depends on our ability to generate cash flow from operating activities. As set forth under Item 1A of this Annual Report under the caption “Risk Factors,” we derive a substantial portion of our current and projected future revenue from a small number of customers and, consequently, a failure by a significant customer to perform its contractual obligations to us could adversely affect our cash flow and liquidity.
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, as well as related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. We evaluate our policies and estimates on an ongoing basis. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
We have reviewed our policies and estimates to determine our critical accounting policies for the year ended December 31, 2025. We have identified the following policies as critical to an understanding of our results of operations and financial condition. This is not a comprehensive list of our accounting policies. See note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report for a summary of our significant accounting policies. In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically dictated by GAAP, with no need for management’s judgment in its application. There are also areas in which management’s judgment in selecting any available alternative would not produce a materially different result.
• Impairment of Assets—Assets Subject to Depreciation and Amortization : We review long-lived assets for impairment at least annually or whenever events, changes in circumstances or other indicators or evidence indicate that the carrying amount of our assets may not be recoverable.
We review our tower and data center portfolios, network location intangible and right-of-use assets for indicators of impairment at the lowest level of identifiable cash flows, typically at an individual tower or data center basis. Possible indicators include a site not having current tenant leases or having expenses in excess of revenues. A cash flow modeling approach is utilized to assess recoverability and incorporates, among other items, the location, the location demographics, the timing of additions of new tenants, lease rates and estimated length of tenancy and ongoing cash requirements.
We review our tenant-related intangible assets on a tenant by tenant basis for indicators of impairment, such as high levels of turnover or attrition, non-renewal of a significant number of contracts or the cancellation or termination of a relationship. We assess recoverability by determining whether the carrying amount of the tenant-related intangible assets will be recovered primarily through projected undiscounted future cash flows.
If the sum of the estimated undiscounted future cash flows of our long-lived assets is less than the carrying amount of the assets, an impairment loss may be recognized. Key assumptions included in the undiscounted cash flows are future revenue projections, estimates of ongoing tenancies and operating margins. An impairment loss would be based on the fair value of the asset, which is based on an estimate of discounted future cash flows to be provided from the asset. We record any related impairment charge in the period in which we identify such impairment.
• Impairment of Assets—Goodwill: We review goodwill for impairment at least annually (as of December 31) or whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Goodwill is recorded in the applicable segment and assessed for impairment at the reporting unit level. We employ a discounted cash flow analysis when testing goodwill for impairment. The key assumptions utilized in the discounted cash flow analysis include current operating performance, terminal revenue growth rate, management’s expectations of future operating results and cash requirements, the current weighted average cost of capital and an expected tax rate. We compare the fair value of the reporting unit, as calculated under an income approach using future discounted cash flows, to the carrying amount of the applicable reporting unit. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss would be recognized for the amount of the excess. The loss recognized is limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the results of our annual goodwill impairment test indicated that the carrying amount of our Spain reporting unit exceeded its estimated fair value, as calculated under an income approach using future discounted cash flows. As a result, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $80.0 million. The key assumptions utilized in the discounted cash flow analysis include current operating performance, terminal revenue growth rate, management’s expectations of future operating results and cash requirements, the current weighted average cost of capital and an expected tax rate. The reduction in the fair value of the Spain reporting unit was due to an increase in the weighted average cost of capital. The goodwill impairment charge in Spain was recorded in Goodwill impairment in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, we estimated the fair value of the Bangladesh reporting unit using, among other things, indications of value received from third parties in connection with the review of various strategic alternatives for our Bangladesh operations. As a result, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $6.5 million. The
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goodwill impairment charge is recorded in Other operating expense in the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2025.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, no other potential goodwill impairment was identified as the fair value of each of our reporting units was in excess of its carrying amount.
• Revenue Recognition: Our revenue is derived from leasing the right to use our communications sites, the land on which the sites are located, the land underlying our customers’ sites and the space in our data center facilities (the “lease component”) and from the reimbursement of costs incurred in operating the communications sites and data center facilities and supporting the customers’ equipment as well as other services and contractual rights (the “non-lease component”). Most of our revenue is derived from leasing arrangements and is accounted for as lease revenue unless the timing and pattern of revenue recognition of the non-lease component differs from the lease component. If the timing and pattern of the non-lease component revenue recognition differs from that of the lease component, we separately determine the stand-alone selling prices and pattern of revenue recognition for each performance obligation.
Our revenue from leasing arrangements, including fixed escalation clauses present in non-cancellable lease arrangements, is reported on a straight-line basis over the term of the respective leases when collectibility is probable. Escalation clauses tied to a consumer price index or other inflation-based indices, and other variable incentives present in lease agreements with our tenants, are excluded from the straight-line calculation. Total property straight-line revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were $101.0 million, $277.6 million and $465.4 million, respectively. Amounts billed upfront in connection with the execution of lease agreements are initially deferred and reflected in Unearned revenue in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and recognized as revenue over the terms of the applicable lease arrangements. Amounts billed or received for services prior to being earned are deferred and reflected in Unearned revenue in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets until the criteria for recognition have been met. Periodically, we provide lease incentives to our tenants. If incentives are present in our leases, they are evaluated to determine proper treatment and, to the extent present, are recorded in Other current assets and Other non-current assets in the consolidated balance sheets and amortized on a straight line basis over the corresponding lease term as a non-cash reduction to revenue.
We derive the largest portion of our revenues, corresponding trade receivables and the related deferred rent asset from a small number of customers in the telecommunications industry, with 59% of our revenues derived from four customers. In addition, we have concentrations of credit risk in certain geographic areas. We mitigate the concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade receivables and the related deferred rent assets by actively monitoring the creditworthiness of our customers. In recognizing customer revenue we assess the collectibility of both the amounts billed and the portion recognized on a straight-line basis. This assessment takes customer credit risk and business and industry conditions into consideration to ultimately determine the collectibility of the amounts billed. To the extent the amounts, based on management’s estimates, may not be collectible, recognition is deferred until such point as the uncertainty is resolved. Any amounts that were previously recognized as revenue and are subsequently determined to present a risk of collection are reserved as bad debt expense. Accounts receivable are reported net of allowances for doubtful accounts related to estimated losses resulting from a customer’s inability to make required payments and allowances for amounts invoiced whose collectibility is not reasonably assured.
• Rent Expense and Lease Accounting: Many of the leases underlying our tower sites and data centers have fixed rent escalations, which provide for periodic increases in the amount of ground rent payable over time. In addition, certain of our tenant leases require us to exercise available renewal options pursuant to the underlying ground lease if the tenant exercises its renewal option. Our calculation of the lease liability includes the term of the underlying ground lease plus all periods, if any, for which failure to renew the lease imposes an economic penalty to us such that renewal appears to be reasonably assured.
We recognize a right-of-use lease asset and lease liability for operating and finance leases. The right-of-use asset is measured as the sum of the lease liability, prepaid or accrued lease payments, any initial direct costs incurred and any other applicable amounts.
The calculation of the lease liability requires us to make certain assumptions for each lease, including lease term and discount rate implicit in each lease, which could significantly impact the gross lease obligation, the duration and the present value of the lease liability. When calculating the lease term, we consider the renewal, cancellation and termination rights available to us and the lessor. We determine the discount rate by calculating the incremental borrowing rate on a collateralized basis at the commencement of a lease or upon a change in the lease term.
• Income Taxes: Accounting for income taxes requires us to estimate the timing and impact of amounts recorded in our financial statements that may be recognized differently for tax purposes. To the extent that the timing of amounts
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recognized for financial reporting purposes differs from the timing of recognition for tax reporting purposes, deferred tax assets or liabilities are required to be recorded. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences and carryforwards are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities as a result of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We do not expect to pay federal income taxes on our REIT taxable income.
We periodically review our deferred tax assets, and we record a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Management assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to use the existing deferred tax assets. Valuation allowances would be reversed as a reduction to the provision for income taxes, if related deferred tax assets are deemed realizable based on changes in facts and circumstances relevant to the assets’ recoverability.
We recognize the benefit of uncertain tax positions when, in management’s judgment, it is more likely than not that positions we have taken in our tax returns will be sustained upon examination, which are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. We adjust our tax liabilities when our judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information or information not previously available. Due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the tax liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which additional information is available or the position is ultimately settled under audit.
Accounting Standards Update
For a discussion of recent accounting standards updates, see note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.
