AMT American Tower Corp /Ma/ - 10-K

ITEM 1A.

RISK FACTORS

Risks Related to Our Business Strategy

A significant decrease in leasing demand for our communications infrastructure would materially and adversely affect our business and operating results, and we cannot control that demand.

A significant reduction in leasing demand for our communications infrastructure would materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition. Factors that may affect such demand include:

• the ability and willingness of wireless and cloud service providers to maintain or increase capital expenditures on network infrastructure;

• the financial condition of communications service providers;

• increased mergers, consolidations or exits that reduce the number of communications service providers or increased use of network sharing among governments or communications service providers;

• a decrease in demand for wireless or colocation services, including due to general economic conditions, changes in global tariff or trade policies or regulations, disruption in the financial and credit markets or global social, political or health crises, inflation, slowing growth, high interest rates or recession;

• delays or changes in the deployment of next generation wireless technologies;

• technological changes, including artificial intelligence (“AI”), wireless equipment changes, satellite technology and an increase in the use of radio access network (“RAN”) sharing among wireless service providers;

• zoning, environmental, health, tax or other government regulations or changes in the application and enforcement thereof; and

• governmental licensing of spectrum or restriction or revocation of our customers’ spectrum licenses.

Our business, results of operations and financial condition could be negatively impacted by disputes with our customers.

In the ordinary course of our business, we occasionally experience disputes with our customers, generally regarding the interpretation of terms in our leases. Historically, we have resolved these disputes in a manner that did not have a material adverse effect on us or our relationships with our customers. However, it is possible that such disputes could lead to a termination of leases with those customers, a material adverse modification of the terms of those leases or a deterioration in our relationships with those customers that leads to a failure to obtain new business or maintain existing business with them, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. If we are forced to resolve any of these disputes through litigation or arbitration, our relationship with the applicable customer could be terminated or damaged, which could lead to decreased revenue or increased costs, resulting in a corresponding adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

For example, we are currently engaged in a legal dispute (the “Arbitration”) with one of our customers in Mexico, AT&T Comunicaciones Digitales, S. de R.L. de C.V. and related entities (collectively, “AT&T Mexico”). AT&T Mexico, which represented approximately $300 million of tenant revenue in 2025, is challenging the calculation of the monthly lease amount established under our Master Lease Agreement with AT&T Mexico (the “MLA”), as well as certain other provisions of the MLA, seeking rent abatement both retroactively and prospectively, and withheld certain tower rents during 2025. As previously discussed, on September 23, 2025, we and AT&T Mexico reached an agreement pursuant to which AT&T Mexico has remitted payment of the majority of the withheld tower rents and has resumed monthly payments of the majority of its owed tower rents. The remainder of the outstanding receivables and the future monthly unpaid tower rent amounts are being deposited into an irrevocable escrow account, overseen by an independent trustee, to be released in accordance with a final ruling in the Arbitration or by mutual consent of us and AT&T Mexico. We incurred approximately $30 million of reserves during the year ended December 31, 2025 related to this customer. We expect to record future reserves until the Arbitration is settled.

Additionally, on September 24, 2025, one of our U.S. customers, DISH Wireless L.L.C., a subsidiary of DISH Network Corporation (“DISH”), delivered a notice purporting to be excused from its contractual obligations under our Strategic Collocation Agreement entered into in March 2021 (the “SCA”). DISH has failed to meet its payment obligations, and as of January 2026 is in default under the SCA. We filed a complaint seeking a declaratory judgment that DISH has not been excused from its obligations under the SCA, that the SCA remains in full force and effect, and that DISH remains required to perform all of its obligations under the SCA. This matter is still pending.

The outcomes of these matters are uncertain, and there can be no assurance that our positions will be upheld. Adverse rulings in one or both of these disputes could have a material negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition.

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A substantial portion of our current and projected future revenue is derived from a small number of customers, and we are sensitive to adverse changes in the creditworthiness and financial strength of our customers.

A substantial portion of our total operating revenues is derived from a small number of customers. If any of these customers are unwilling or unable to perform their obligations under their agreements with us, our revenues, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, our growth projections are based on future revenue from a small number of customers, and such projections could be adversely impacted by adverse changes in the creditworthiness and financial strength of our customers.

The following is a list of significant customers (representing at least 10% of revenue in any of the last three years) and the percentage of our total revenues for the specified time periods received from these customers:

For the year ended December 31,

T-Mobile

Verizon Wireless

Telefónica

One or more of our customers, or their parent companies, may experience financial difficulties, file for bankruptcy, reduce or terminate their operations or exit certain markets as a result of a prolonged economic downturn, economic difficulties (such as those from the imposition of taxes, fees (including the cost of, and access to, spectrum), regulations or judicial interpretations of regulations, and any associated penalties or interest, which may be substantial) or otherwise. Impacts on the economic environment, such as inflation or rising interest rates, could materially and adversely affect our customers through disruptions of, among other things, their ability to procure their equipment through their supply chains, their ability to procure power and fuel and their ability to maintain liquidity and deploy network capital, with potential decreases in consumer spending contributing to liquidity risks. Such financial difficulties could result in uncollectible accounts receivable and an impairment of our deferred rent asset, tower asset, network location intangible asset, tenant-related intangible asset or goodwill. The loss of significant customers, or the loss of all or a portion of our anticipated lease revenues from certain customers, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Due to the long-term nature of our customer leases, we depend on the continued financial strength of our customers. Many communications service providers operate with substantial levels of debt. In our international operations, many of our customers are subsidiaries of global telecommunications companies. These subsidiaries may not have the explicit or implied financial support of their parent entities.

In addition, many of our customers and potential customers rely on capital raising activities to fund their operations and capital expenditures, which may be more difficult or expensive in the event of downturns in the economy or disruptions in the financial and credit markets, including those caused by factors such as inflation, currency devaluations and other foreign currency exchange rate volatility, higher interest rates and supply chain disruptions. If our customers or potential customers are unable to raise adequate capital to fund their business plans or face capital constraints, they may reduce their spending, file for bankruptcy, reduce or terminate their operations or exit certain markets, which could materially and adversely affect demand for our communications infrastructure and our services business. For example, during the second half of 2025, Echostar Corporation, parent company to DISH, announced agreements to sell a material amount of spectrum licenses, and subsequently began to abandon and decommission deployment of portions of its 5G VoNR and broadband network. DISH represented approximately 2% and 4% of our total annual property revenue and total annual U.S. & Canada property revenue, respectively, for 2025.

Increasing competition within our industries may materially and adversely affect our revenue.

Our industries are highly competitive and our customers have numerous alternatives in leasing communications infrastructure assets. Competition due to pricing or alternative contractual arrangements from peers could materially and adversely affect our lease rates. We may not be able to renew existing customer leases or enter into new customer leases, or if we are able to renew or enter into new leases, they may be at rates lower than our current rates or on less favorable terms than our current terms, resulting in an adverse impact on our results of operations and growth rate. During the year ended December 31, 2025, churn was approximately 2% of our tenant billings. An increase in our future churn rate resulting from non-renewal, or renegotiations at less favorable terms than our current rates, from one or more of our larger customers could materially and adversely impact our growth rate and revenue.

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In addition, some of our data center competitors may have significant advantages over us, including greater name recognition, longer operating histories, lower operating costs, lower levels of leverage, pre-existing relationships with current or potential customers, greater financial, marketing and other resources, access to better networks and access to less expensive power. These advantages could allow our data center competitors to respond more quickly or effectively to strategic opportunities and, as a result, we may lose existing or potential data center customers, incur costs to improve our data centers or be forced to reduce our rental rates. These risks are compounded by the fact that a significant percentage of our data center customer leases expire every year.

If our customers consolidate their operations, exit their businesses or share site infrastructure to a significant degree, our growth and revenue could be materially and adversely affected.

Significant consolidation among our customers could reduce demand for our communications infrastructure and may materially and adversely affect our growth and revenues. Certain combined companies have rationalized duplicative parts of their networks or modernized their networks, and these and other customers could determine not to renew, or attempt to cancel, avoid or limit leases or related payments with us. Additionally, some of our international customers may use consolidation and/or restructuring to address financial or other competitive pressures, which could in turn result in the sale of wireless assets. In the event a customer terminates, consolidates or restructures its business, or separately sells its spectrum or wireless assets, we may experience increased churn as a result. Our ongoing contractual revenues and our future results may be negatively impacted if a significant number of these leases are terminated or not renewed.

In addition, extensive sharing of site infrastructure through RAN sharing, roaming or resale arrangements among wireless service providers, including due to increases in advanced network technology such as 5G, as an alternative to leasing our communications sites, without compensation to us, may cause new lease activity to slow if carriers utilize shared equipment rather than deploy new equipment, or may result in the decommissioning of equipment on certain existing sites because portions of the customers’ networks may become redundant.

Competition to build or purchase assets could adversely affect our ability to achieve our return on investment criteria.

We may experience increased competition for contracts to build or acquire communications infrastructure assets, which could cause us to lose such contracts or make them significantly more costly. Some of our competitors are larger and may have greater financial resources than we do, while other competitors may apply less stringent investment criteria or less stringent contractual terms than we have. In addition, we may not anticipate or be able to address increased competition entering a particular market or competing for the build or acquisition of the same assets. Higher prices or less favorable terms for the construction or acquisition of assets or the failure to build or otherwise add new assets to our portfolio could make it more difficult to achieve our anticipated returns on investment or future growth, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

New technologies or changes, or lack thereof, in our or a customer’s business model could make our communications infrastructure leasing business less desirable and result in decreasing revenues and operating results.

The development and implementation of new technologies designed to enhance the efficiency of wireless networks or changes in a customer’s business model could reduce the need for tower-based wireless services, decrease demand for tower space or reduce previously obtainable lease rates. In addition, if the industry trends toward deploying increased capital to the development and implementation of new technologies, then customers may allocate less of their budgets to leasing space on our towers. Examples of these technologies include more spectrally efficient technologies, which could relieve a portion of our customers’ network capacity needs and, as a result, could reduce the demand for tower-based antenna space. Additionally, certain small cell complementary network technologies or satellite services could shift a portion of our customers’ network investments away from traditional tower-based networks, which may reduce the need for carriers to add more equipment at certain communications sites.

Moreover, the emergence of alternative technologies could reduce the need for tower-based broadcast services transmission and reception. Further, a customer may decide to cease outsourcing tower infrastructure or otherwise change its business model, which would result in a decrease in our revenue and operating results. Similarly, our data center site infrastructure may become antiquated or obsolete due to the development of new systems that deliver power to, or eliminate heat from, the servers and other customer equipment that we house or due to the development of new technology, such as AI, which is potentially more power-intensive, that requires levels of power and cooling density that our facilities may not be designed to provide. Our failure to innovate in response to the development and implementation of these or other new technologies or changes in a customer’s business model could have a material adverse effect on the growth of our business, results of operations or financial condition. Conversely, we may invest significant capital in technologies, platform expansion initiatives or new additions to our core

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business that may not provide expected returns or profitability, which could divert management attention and have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

Additionally, our customers may overestimate or overvalue the benefits and use of 5G networks and other new technology that are deployed onto our communications sites that, in turn, could adversely affect our customers' growth, thereby adversely affecting our growth.

Divestitures may materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

We continually evaluate the performance, capital needs and strategic fit of all of our businesses and, as a result of such evaluation, may sell some or all of the equity interests in a particular business or components of a business. In recent years, we have divested our Mexico fiber and Poland businesses in 2023, our Australia, India and New Zealand businesses in 2024 and our South Africa fiber business in 2025. Divestitures involve risks, including difficulties in the separation of operations, services, products and personnel, requirements to obtain consents from third parties or potential legal claims or regulatory requirements. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in managing these or any other significant risks that we may encounter related to the divestiture of a business. Any divestiture we undertake could materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and may also result in a diversion of management’s attention, operational difficulties and losses. Divestitures and our evaluation of assets or businesses in connection with potential divestitures may result in asset impairment charges, including those related to goodwill and other intangible assets, or losses realized in connection with a transaction, which could have an impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our use of joint ventures and strategic partnerships may expose us to risks associated with jointly owned investments.

We currently operate parts of our business through joint ventures with third party partners that we believe will complement or augment our existing business. For example, we have joint ventures in our Europe property segment, Data Center property segment and Africa & APAC property segment. As we continue to engage in and sustain partnership opportunities, our partners may have business or economic goals that are inconsistent or conflict with ours, be in positions to take action contrary to our interests, policies or objectives, have competing interests in our, or other, markets that could create conflict of interest issues, withhold consents contrary to our requests or become unable or unwilling to fulfill their commitments, any of which could present challenges with multiple partners or expose us to additional liabilities or costs, including requiring us to assume and fulfill the obligations of that partnership or to execute buyouts of our partners’ interests. Additionally, we may not realize any of the anticipated benefits of our joint ventures. Such investments and any future strategic partnerships and/or joint ventures subject us and the companies we manage to risks and uncertainties not otherwise present with other methods of investment.

Risks Related to Our Financial Performance or General Economic Conditions

Our leverage, debt service obligations and repurchase activity may materially and adversely affect our ability to raise additional financing to fund capital expenditures, future growth and expansion initiatives and may reduce funds available to satisfy our distribution requirements.

We have a substantial amount of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately $37.2 billion of consolidated debt and the ability to borrow additional aggregate amounts of approximately $9.6 billion under our $6.0 billion senior unsecured multicurrency revolving credit facility, as amended and restated in December 2021, as further amended (the “2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility”) and our $4.0 billion senior unsecured revolving credit facility, as amended and restated in December 2021, as further amended (the “2021 Credit Facility”), net of approximately $36.8 million of outstanding undrawn letters of credit.

Our leverage and debt service obligations could have significant negative consequences to our business, results of operations or financial condition, including:

• requiring the dedication of a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service our debt, thereby reducing the amount of our cash flow available for other purposes, including capital expenditures and REIT distributions;

• impairing our ability to meet one or more of the financial ratio covenants contained in our debt agreements or to generate cash sufficient to pay interest or principal due under those agreements, which could result in an acceleration of some or all of our outstanding debt and the loss of the towers securing such debt, as applicable, if a default remains uncured;

• limiting our ability to obtain additional debt or equity financing, thereby placing us at a possible competitive disadvantage to less leveraged competitors and competitors that may have better access to capital resources, including with respect to acquiring or building assets; and

• limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the markets in which we compete.

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We may need to raise additional capital through debt financing activities, asset sales or equity issuances, even if the then-prevailing market conditions are not favorable, to fund capital expenditures, future growth and expansion initiatives, required purchases of our partners’ interests and to satisfy our distribution requirements and debt service obligations and leverage requirements, including financial ratio covenants. An increase in our total leverage could lead to a downgrade of our credit rating below investment grade, which could negatively impact our ability to access credit markets or preclude us from obtaining funds on investment grade terms, rates and conditions or subject us to additional loan covenants, which could accelerate our debt repayment obligations. Further, certain of our current debt instruments limit the amount of indebtedness we and our subsidiaries may incur. Additional financing, therefore, may be unavailable, more expensive or restricted by the terms of our outstanding indebtedness.

Additionally, our Board has approved a share repurchase program allowing us to repurchase common stock through various methods, including open market purchases. The program does not require any specific amount or number of shares to be repurchased, and management will determine timing and volume based on market conditions and other factors. Repurchases could impact stock price, liquidity and cash reserves, potentially affecting future growth opportunities. While intended to enhance long-term shareholder value, there is no guarantee of success, and short-term price fluctuations could reduce the program’s effectiveness. Additionally, our share repurchase program could diminish our available cash, which may impact our ability to finance future growth and pursue possible future strategic opportunities and acquisitions.

Increased inflation and interest rates may adversely affect us by increasing costs beyond what we can recover through price increases.

The United States and other large global economies experienced historically high inflation in recent years. Future inflationary effects may be driven by, among other things, supply chain disruptions, changes in trade or tariff policies, governmental stimulus or fiscal policies, as well as ongoing global military conflicts. Inflation can materially and adversely affect us by increasing the costs of land, materials, labor and other costs required to manage and grow our business. In addition, should inflation rates exceed our fixed escalator percentages in markets where our leases include fixed escalators, our returns could be adversely affected. In an inflationary environment, depending on the terms of our contracts and other economic conditions, we may be unable to raise prices enough to keep up with the rate of inflation or our customers may be unwilling to pay contractual increases or demand discounts upon renewal, which would reduce our profit margins and returns. If we are unable to increase our prices to offset the effects of inflation, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. Inflation has also contributed to foreign currency exchange rate volatility, including in several of the markets where we operate. Inflation impacts could also create foreign exchange rate instability in our international markets, including in markets such as Africa and Latin America, that could, in turn, depress the value of that market’s currency, thereby adversely impacting our business, results of operations, financial condition or the underlying value of foreign subsidiaries.

In addition, inflation is often accompanied by higher interest rates. The combination of higher interest rates and high inflation could lead to an extended economic downturn, which could reduce our ability to incur debt or access capital and impact our results of operations and financial condition even after these conditions improve. Additionally, higher inflation or higher costs of capital could also impact the risk premiums or market returns on our assets. Changes in costs of capital could adversely impact the underlying value of our assets, which could in turn result in impairment charges.

Further, market volatility and disruption caused by factors such as inflation and fluctuating interest rates may impact our ability to raise additional capital through debt and equity financing activities or our ability to repay or refinance maturing liabilities, or impact the terms of any new obligations, which in turn may have an adverse impact on our credit ratings. Federal fund rates have been elevated for several years and, although there were several rate cuts in recent years, rates could remain at current levels for an extended period of time. An increase in rates can have a corresponding impact to our costs of borrowing and may have an adverse impact on our ability to raise funds through the offering of our securities or through the issuance of debt due to higher debt capital costs, diminished credit availability or less favorable equity markets. The extent to which these factors will impact our business and financial results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted at this time.

Restrictive covenants in the agreements related to our securitization transaction, our credit facilities and our debt securities could materially and adversely affect our business by limiting flexibility, and we may be prohibited from paying dividends on our common stock, which may jeopardize our qualification for taxation as a REIT.

The agreements related to our Trust Securitization (as defined below) include operating covenants and other restrictions customary for loans subject to rated securitizations. Among other things, the borrowers under the agreements are prohibited from incurring other indebtedness for borrowed money or further encumbering their assets. A failure to comply with the covenants in the agreements could prevent the borrowers from taking certain actions with respect to the secured assets and could prevent the borrowers from distributing any excess cash from the operation of such assets to us. If the borrowers were to

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default on any of the loans, the servicer on such loan could seek to foreclose upon or otherwise convert the ownership of the secured assets, in which case we could lose such assets and the cash flow associated with such assets.

The agreements for our credit facilities also contain restrictive covenants and leverage and other financial maintenance tests that could limit our ability to take various actions, including incurring additional debt, guaranteeing indebtedness or making distributions to stockholders, including our required REIT distributions, and engaging in various types of transactions, including mergers, acquisitions and sales of assets. Additionally, our credit facilities restrict our and our subsidiaries’ ability to incur liens securing our or their indebtedness. These covenants could have an adverse effect on our business by limiting our ability to take advantage of financing new tower or other communications infrastructure development, mergers and acquisitions or other opportunities. Our credit agreements also contain cross-default and/or cross-acceleration provisions, which may be triggered if we default on certain indebtedness in excess of certain thresholds. In the event of such a default, the resulting cross-defaults or cross-accelerations could have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Further, reporting and information covenants in our credit agreements and indentures require that we provide financial and operating information within certain time periods. If we are unable to provide the required information on a timely basis, we would be in breach of these covenants. For more information regarding the covenants and requirements discussed above, please see Item 7 of this Annual Report under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Factors Affecting Sources of Liquidity” and note 8 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

We also may enter into hedges for certain debt instruments, which may have an adverse impact on our results to the extent that the counterparties do not perform as expected at the inception of each hedge.

Risks Related to Laws and Regulations

Our foreign operations are subject to economic, political and other risks that could materially and adversely affect our revenues or financial position, including risks associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

Our international business operations and our potential expansion into additional new markets in the future expose us to potential adverse financial and operational problems not typically experienced in the United States. Our business is subject to risks associated with doing business internationally, including:

• uncertain, inconsistent or changing laws, regulations, rulings or methodologies impacting our existing and anticipated international operations, fees or other requirements directed specifically at the ownership and operation of communications infrastructure or our international acquisitions, any of which laws, fees or requirements may be applied retroactively or with significant delay;

• failure or inability to retain our tax status or to obtain an expected tax status for which we have applied;

• changes to applicable tax laws or successful challenges to how or where our profits are currently recognized, which could increase our overall taxes;

• expropriation resulting in government takeover of our or our customers’ operations;

• governmental regulation restricting foreign ownership or requiring reversion or divestiture;

• laws or regulations that tax or otherwise restrict repatriation of earnings or other funds or otherwise limit distributions of capital;

• changes in a specific country’s or region’s political or economic conditions, including inflation, currency devaluation, coup d’états and other violent and/or unplanned transitions of power;

• changes to zoning regulations or construction laws, which could be applied retroactively to our existing communications infrastructure;

• actions restricting or revoking our customers’ spectrum licenses, or alterations or interpretations thereof, or suspending or terminating business under prior licenses;

• failure to comply with anti-bribery laws such as the FCPA or similar local anti-bribery laws, or the Office of Foreign Assets Control requirements;

• failure to comply with data privacy laws or other protections of employee health and personal information;

• material site issues related to security, fuel availability and reliability of electrical grids;

• significant increases in, or implementation of new, license surcharges and similar fees or taxes on our revenue;

• anti-American sentiment or adverse impacts from United States trade or foreign policy, including the impacts of tariffs and retaliatory measures;

• loss of key personnel, including expatriates, in markets where talent is difficult or expensive to acquire; and

• price-setting or other similar laws or regulations for the sharing of passive infrastructure.

We also face risks associated with changes in foreign currency exchange rates, including those arising from the impacts of an inflationary and high interest rate environment on the global or regional economy and markets and on our operations, investments and financing transactions related to our international business. Volatility in foreign currency exchange rates can

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also affect our ability to plan, forecast and budget for our international operations and expansion efforts. Our revenues earned from our international operations are primarily denominated in their respective local currencies. We have not historically engaged in significant currency hedging activities relating to our non-U.S. Dollar operations, and a weakening of these foreign currencies against the U.S. Dollar would negatively impact our reported revenues, operating profits and income.

Our business, and that of our customers, is subject to laws, regulations and administrative and judicial decisions, and changes thereto, that could restrict our ability to operate our business as we currently do or impact our competitive landscape.

Our business, and that of our customers, is subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws, treaties and regulations and administrative and judicial decisions. In certain jurisdictions, these regulations, laws and treaties could be applied or be enforced retroactively. Zoning authorities and community organizations are sometimes opposed to the construction of communications sites in their communities, which can delay, prevent or increase the cost of new tower or data center construction, modifications, additions of new antennas to a site or site upgrades, thereby limiting our ability to respond to customer demands. Existing or new regulatory policies, regulations or laws may materially and adversely affect the timing, cost or completion of our communications sites or result in changes in the competitive landscape that may negatively affect our business. Noncompliance could result in the imposition of fines or an award of damages to litigants or result in decreased revenue or the potential loss of our sites. In addition, in certain jurisdictions, we and certain of our customers are required to pay annual licenses, fees or taxes, which may be subject to substantial increases by the government, or new fees may be enacted and applied retroactively. In some instances, government regulation restricting foreign ownership of our customers could result in loss of revenue or penalties. Governmental licenses may also be subject to periodic renewal and additional conditions to receive or maintain such license. Additionally, we have government customers for several of our communications sites and data centers, which subjects us to risks including early termination, audits, investigations, sanctions and penalties.

Our data centers segment is also subject to various federal, state and local environmental and health and safety laws and regulations in the United States, as set forth in Item 1A of this Annual Report under the caption “Risk Factors— Our data center segment contains certain operational differences from our tower leasing operations resulting in different operational risks. If we do not successfully operate our data center segment or identify or manage the related operational risks, such operations may produce results that are lower than anticipated.”

Furthermore, the tax laws, regulations, applicable license terms and conditions, and interpretations governing our business, and that of our customers, in jurisdictions where we operate, may change at any time, potentially with retroactive effect. The evolving nature of global tax laws and regulations and compliance approaches could have an impact on our financial results. This includes changes in tax laws, transfer pricing regulations, spectrum use terms, administrative compliance guidance or judicial interpretations thereof. In recent years, there have been some legislative proposals regarding tax laws applicable to REITs. Any increases in tax liability could reduce the amount of cash available for other purposes.

In addition, as of January 1, 2024, we and our subsidiaries, in principle, became subject to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (the “OECD”) Global Anti-Base Erosion Rules (the “Pillar 2 Rules”) as promulgated by jurisdictions. The Pillar 2 Rules can potentially lead to additional taxes (“Top-Up Tax”) when the effective tax rate (as defined by the Pillar 2 Rules) in a jurisdiction is below 15%. The Pillar 2 Rules, however, do not apply to “Excluded Entities” and certain subsidiaries of Excluded Entities. We believe we qualify as an Excluded Entity as a “Real Estate Investment Vehicle.” In the event certain subsidiaries do not qualify as Excluded Entities, available “Safe Harbor” rules could apply that would exempt the entities from any Top-Up Tax. For 2025, the Under-Taxed Payments Rule (UTPR) Safe Harbor excludes all US income from the Pillar 2 Rules. In addition, substantially all of our non-excluded, non-U.S. jurisdictions qualify for other Safe Harbors. The remaining jurisdictions that may not qualify would have immaterial Top-Up Taxes. Beginning in fiscal year 2026, the U.S. income of non-excluded entities may result in material Top-Up Taxes; however, on January 5, 2026, the OECD announced a comprehensive Side-by-Side Safe Harbor that, if enacted, would exempt U.S.-parented multinational companies from certain Top-Up Taxes under the Pillar 2 Rules beginning January 1, 2026. The Side-by-Side Safe Harbor is not an exemption from any qualified domestic minimum Top-Up Tax. The Side-by-Side Safe Harbor has yet to be enacted in any jurisdiction where we operate that has already implemented the Pillar 2 Rules. Additionally, the Pillar 2 Rules are still yet to be enacted in many of the jurisdictions in which we operate.

If we fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we will be subject to tax at corporate income tax rates, which may substantially reduce funds otherwise available, and even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we may face tax liabilities that impact earnings and available cash flow.

Commencing with the taxable year beginning January 1, 2012, we have operated as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. Qualification for taxation as a REIT requires the application of certain highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), which provisions may change from time to time, to our operations as well as

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various factual determinations concerning matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. Further, tax legislation may adversely affect our ability to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT or the benefits or desirability of remaining so qualified. There are few judicial or administrative interpretations of the relevant provisions of the Code.

If, in any taxable year, we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT and are not entitled to relief under the Code:

• we will not be allowed a deduction for distributions to stockholders and would be subject to federal and state income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates, which could be substantial in amount, and may require us to borrow additional funds or liquidate some investments to pay any additional tax liability and, accordingly, may reduce funds available for other purposes; and

• we will be disqualified from REIT tax treatment for the four taxable years immediately following the year during which we were so disqualified.

We are subject to certain federal, state, local and foreign taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income and state, local or foreign income, franchise, property and transfer taxes. While state and local income tax regimes often parallel the U.S. federal income tax regime for REITs, many of these jurisdictions differ in their treatment of REITs. For example, some state and local jurisdictions currently or in the future may limit or eliminate a REIT’s deduction for dividends paid, which could increase our income tax expense. We are also subject to the continual examination of our income tax returns by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and state, local and foreign tax authorities. The results of an audit and examination of previously filed tax returns and continuing assessments of our tax exposures may have an adverse effect on our provision for income taxes and cash tax liability.

Furthermore, we have owned and may from time to time own direct and indirect ownership interests in subsidiary REITs, which must also comply with the same REIT requirements that we must satisfy, together with all other rules applicable to REITs. If the subsidiary REIT is determined to have failed to qualify for taxation as a REIT and certain relief provisions do not apply, then the subsidiary REIT would be subject to federal income tax, which tax we would economically bear along with applicable penalties and interest. In addition, our ownership of shares in such subsidiary REIT would fail to be a qualifying asset for purposes of the asset tests applicable to REITs and any dividend income or gains derived by us from such subsidiary REIT may cease to be treated as income that qualifies for purposes of the 75% gross income test. These consequences could have a material adverse effect on our ability to comply with the REIT income and asset tests, and thus our ability to qualify for taxation as a REIT.

Complying with REIT requirements may limit our flexibility or cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities.

Our use of TRSs enables us to engage in non-REIT qualifying business activities. Under the Code, no more than 20% (25% beginning in 2026) of the value of the assets of a REIT may be represented by securities of one or more TRSs and no more than 25% of the value of the assets of the REIT may be represented by non-qualifying assets (including securities of one or more TRSs). This limitation may hinder our ability to make certain attractive investments or take advantage of acquisition opportunities, including the purchase of non-qualifying assets, the expansion of non-real estate activities and investments in the businesses to be conducted by our TRSs, and to that extent limit our opportunities and our flexibility to change our business strategy. Further, as a REIT, we must distribute to our stockholders an amount equal to at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined before the deduction for distributed earnings and excluding any net capital gain). To meet our annual distribution requirements, we may be required to distribute amounts that may otherwise be used for our operations, including amounts that may otherwise be invested in future acquisitions, capital expenditures or repayment of debt. As no more than 25% of our gross income may consist of dividend income from our TRSs and other non-qualifying types of income, our ability to receive distributions from our TRSs may be limited, which may impact our ability to fund distributions to our stockholders or to use income of our TRSs to fund other investments.

In addition, the majority of our income and cash flows from our TRSs are generated from our international operations. In many cases, there are local withholding taxes and currency controls that may impact our ability or willingness to repatriate funds to the United States to help satisfy REIT distribution requirements. Additionally, to the extent we have excess cash in foreign locations that could be used in, or is needed by, our U.S. or foreign operations, we may incur significant foreign taxes to repatriate these funds, which would reduce the net amount ultimately available for such purposes.

We could have liability under environmental and occupational safety and health laws.

Our operations are subject to various federal, state, local and foreign environmental and occupational safety and health laws and regulations, including those relating to the management, use, storage, disposal, emission and remediation of, and exposure to, hazardous and non-hazardous substances, materials and wastes. As the owner, lessee or operator of real property and facilities, including generators, we may be liable for substantial costs of investigation, removal or remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated by hazardous materials, and for damages and costs relating to off-site migration of hazardous materials, without regard to whether we, as the owner, lessee or operator, knew of, or were responsible for, the contamination. We may also be

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liable for certain costs of remediating contamination at third-party sites to which we sent waste for disposal, even if the original disposal may have complied with all legal requirements at the time. Many of these laws and regulations contain information reporting and record keeping requirements. We may not be at all times in compliance with all environmental requirements. Further, our data center properties are subject to various federal, state and local regulations, such as state and local fire and life safety regulations and ADA federal requirements. We may be subject to potentially significant fines or penalties if we fail to comply with any of these requirements.

The requirements of the environmental and occupational safety and health laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and could become more stringent in the future. In certain jurisdictions, these laws and regulations could be applied retroactively or be broadened to cover situations or persons not currently considered. It is possible that these requirements will change or that liabilities will arise in the future in a manner that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. While we maintain environmental and workers’ compensation insurance, we may not have adequate insurance to cover all costs, fines or penalties.

We may be adversely affected by regulations related to climate change.

Efforts to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, the use of fossil fuels or requirements to use alternative fuel to power energy resources that serve our data centers or the generators we use in our emerging markets to deliver primary power to our customers may have direct or indirect effects on our business by increasing the cost of compliance. Although in the United States, the current administration has taken steps to reconsider many greenhouse gas initiatives (including reporting and disclosure requirements), there is an increased focus by many foreign (including the European Union), state (including California and New York) and local governments, regulators, investors, employees, customers and other stakeholders regarding environmental and energy policies relating to climate change, greenhouse gas emissions and other climate-related matters, including policies related to disclosure requirements. Accordingly, we will need to be prepared to contend with overlapping, yet distinct, climate-related disclosure requirements in multiple jurisdictions. Although a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions standards and reporting obligations in the U.S. may be possible at the federal level in the short-term, foreign and state governmental initiatives are becoming more stringent and may require us and our customers to make capital expenditures, such as investing in internal compliance systems and investments in personnel, which would result in increased costs for us and our customers. Failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations or other requirements imposed on us could also lead to fines and/or lost revenue.

Risks Related to the Operation of Our Business

If we, or third parties on which we rely, experience technology failures, including cybersecurity incidents or the loss of personally identifiable information, we may incur substantial costs and suffer other negative consequences, which may include reputational damage.

As part of our normal business activities, including in our data centers, we rely on energy systems, cooling systems, communication networks, information technology and other computing resources, and collect, store, manage and otherwise process third-party data, including our customers’ data, our vendors’ data and our own data. We are vulnerable to physical or cybersecurity breaches, attacks, computer viruses, ransomware, malware, fraud, worms, adverse impacts of artificial intelligence, social engineering, denial-of-service attacks, malicious software programs, insider threats, unauthorized access and other cybersecurity incidents that could disrupt our, our customers’ or our vendors’ operations, expose us to liability and have a material adverse effect on our financial performance and operating results. These threats may result from human error, equipment failure, fraud or malice on the part of employees or third parties. A party who is able to compromise the security measures on our or our vendors’ networks or the security of our communications infrastructure could misappropriate our proprietary information or the personal information of our customers, our vendors, our employees or management, or cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations or our customers’ operations. As we provide assurances to our customers that we provide a high level of security, such a compromise could be particularly harmful to our brand and reputation. We may be required to expend significant capital and resources to address any breaches, protect against such threats or to alleviate problems caused by security breaches.

Globally, the frequency, severity and sophistication of cybersecurity incidents have increased, and these trends will likely continue, especially during times of geopolitical tension or instability among countries from which a number of recent cybersecurity events have been alleged to have originated. Such cyber-attacks could be in the form of espionage, phishing campaigns and otherwise. Additionally, the use of AI technologies has led to increased exposure to cybersecurity threats globally. AI systems may be used by threat actors to exploit vulnerabilities more efficiently or to facilitate increasingly

sophisticated cyberattacks, any of which could result in data breaches, operational disruptions or liability. We are continuously evaluating and enhancing our cybersecurity and information security systems and creating new systems and processes. However, there can be no assurance that these measures are or will be effective in preventing or limiting the impact of future

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cybersecurity incidents. As techniques used to breach security grow in frequency and sophistication, and are generally not recognized until launched against a target, we, or our vendors, may not be able to promptly detect that a cyber breach has occurred or implement security measures in a timely manner. If and when implemented, we, or our vendors, may not be able to determine the extent to which these measures could be circumvented. Any breaches that may occur could expose us to increased risk of lawsuits, regulatory penalties, loss of existing or potential customers, damage relating to loss of proprietary information, harm to our reputation and increases in our security costs or related insurance, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance and operating results. We offer managed services in certain of our data centers where we provide “remote hands” services for our customers. The access to our customers’ networks and data, which is gained from these services, creates some risk that our customers’ networks or data will be improperly accessed. If we were held responsible for any such breach, it could result in a significant loss to us, including damage to our customer relationships, harm to our brand and reputation and legal liability. Additionally, while we maintain insurance coverage for cybersecurity incidents, we may not have adequate insurance to cover the associated costs in the event of a breach resulting in loss of data, such as personally identifiable information or other such data protected by data privacy or other laws, and we may be liable for damages, fines and penalties for such losses under applicable regulatory frameworks.

Although we and our vendors have disaster recovery programs and security measures in place, if our computer systems and our backup systems are compromised, degraded, damaged, breached or otherwise cease to function properly, we could suffer interruptions in our operations, including our ability to correctly record, process and report financial information, our customers’ network availability may be impacted or we could unintentionally allow misappropriation of proprietary or confidential information (including information about our customers or landlords, or customer information on our fiber, data center or managed networks businesses), which could result in a loss of revenue, damage to our reputation, damage to our customer and vendor relationships, litigation, regulatory investigations and penalties under existing or future data privacy laws and require us to incur significant costs to remediate or otherwise resolve these issues.

Our data center segment contains certain operational differences from our tower leasing operations, resulting in different operational risks. If we do not successfully operate our data center segment or identify or manage the related operational risks, such operations may produce results that are lower than anticipated.

Over the last five years, we have significantly expanded our data centers business, which is a much less mature business for us than our tower leasing operations. Our data centers segment represented 10% of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025. The business model for our data center business contains certain differences from our business model for our tower leasing operations, including those relating to customer base, competition, contract terms (including requirements for service level agreements regarding data center uptime and network performance), upfront capital requirements, ongoing capital improvements, expenditures required for maintenance of data center power, cooling and network equipment, landlord demographics, deployment and ownership of certain network assets, operational oversight requirements and government regulations. As we continue to invest in our data center segment, we may be required to commit significant operational and financial resources to data center developments, generally 12 to 18 months before securing customer contracts. Additionally, investments in data centers developments require a longer time to achieve stabilization and underwritten development yields than the development of new towers. If customer demand in our markets is insufficient once the data centers are built, we may have difficulty realizing expected or reasonable returns on these investments.

Moreover, we rely on third parties, governmental entities and suppliers to provide sufficient power for our data centers and to support future expansion, which is different than our tower leasing operations. Difficulties in securing contracted energy or obtaining adequate capacity for future data center developments may adversely affect our operations, financial performance and customer relationships. Power constraints, delays, unfavorable contractual terms and increased costs from utility providers could limit our ability to identify suitable sites and expand, particularly as evolving technologies, such as AI, increase power requirements. Our ability to scale remains dependent on reliable energy access amid rising electrification trends and associated infrastructure challenges.

Additionally, we are currently engaging in, or contemplating, data center expansions and new ground-up data center builds in new and existing markets. The construction projects associated with such expansion initiatives expose us to many risks that differ from those for our tower leasing operations, such as delays in site readiness, utility power and power grid constraints, the potential requirement for on-site power generation solutions where utility power is unavailable, lack of availability and delays for data center equipment, unexpected budget changes and unanticipated customer requirements that would necessitate alternative data center design, making our sites less desirable or leading to increased costs in order to make necessary modifications or retrofits. Construction projects are dependent on permitting from public agencies and utility companies. Any delay in permitting could affect our growth. While we do not currently anticipate any material long-term negative impact on our business due to construction delays, these types of delays and stoppages related to permitting from public agencies and utility companies could have an adverse effect on our revenue or growth.

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Furthermore, we also may face pressure from certain stakeholders, such as the communities in which we operate, who are increasingly focused on climate change and shortages of power, land and water resources, which are different pressures than those faced by our tower leasing operations. Such pressure could lead to federal, state or municipal governments imposing more stringent regulations and requirements to control the growth and development of data centers in their communities. New builds and further expansion of data center operations in such markets are increasingly being evaluated and approvals, if required, may only be granted where we are not only able to demonstrate that our operations are efficient in their use of energy and water but also that they have and/or will bring positive and significant environmental, economic and social impact to their local community.

We have service level commitments to substantially all of our data center customers, and interruptions, equipment damage or staffing challenges could impair our ability to meet these obligations and lead to potential claims. Because our data centers are critical to many customers’ operations, such failures could result in lost profits or other consequential damages and diminish customer confidence, impacting our ability to retain and attract business. Additionally, we rely on third-party providers for internet, telecommunications and utilities, and any failure by these providers could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to protect our rights to the land under our towers and buildings in which our data centers are located, it could adversely affect our business and operating results.

Our real property interests relating to our towers consist primarily of leasehold and sub-leasehold interests, fee interests, easements, licenses and rights-of-way. A loss of these interests at a particular tower site may interfere with our ability to operate that tower site and generate revenues. For various reasons, we may not always have the ability to access, analyze and verify all information regarding titles and other issues prior to completing an acquisition of communications sites, which can affect our rights to access and operate a site. From time to time, we also experience disputes with landowners regarding the terms of easements or ground agreements for land under towers, which can affect our ability to access and operate tower sites. Further, for various reasons, landowners may not want to renew their ground agreements with us, they may lose their rights to the land, or they may transfer their land interests to third parties, including ground lease aggregators, which could affect our ability to renew ground agreements on commercially viable terms. A significant number of the communications sites in our portfolio are located on land we lease pursuant to long-term operating leases. Further, for various reasons, title to property interests in some of the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate may not be as certain as title to our property interests in the United States. Our inability to protect our rights to the land under our towers may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

We do not own the buildings for all of our data centers and our business could be harmed if we are unable to renew the leases for these data centers at favorable terms or at all, though we generally have the right to extend the terms of our leases when the primary terms of the leases expire. Failure to increase operating revenues to sufficiently offset any potential increase in lease costs, including as a result of the current inflationary environment, would adversely impact our operating income. We could also lose customers due to the disruptions in their operations caused by our inability to renew our data center leases.

Additionally, we rely on our landlords for basic maintenance of our leased data centers. If such landlords have not maintained our leased properties sufficiently, we may be forced into an early exit from one or more of these data centers, which could be disruptive to our business or cause us to incur additional costs.

Our business depends on effective data governance, and failures in our data governance frameworks could adversely affect our operations.

Our business depends on our ability to appropriately collect, manage, integrate and use data across our operations. We maintain data governance policies, steering committees and standards and controls designed to promote data quality and appropriate use. However, these frameworks may not operate as intended or keep pace with changes in our business, technology or regulatory environment. Insufficient controls over data access and usage (such as role-based entitlements, segregation of duties and monitoring) increase the likelihood of the perpetration of fraud, unauthorized changes to site inventories or records, data leakage involving sensitive customer, landlord or vendor information and operational disruptions to provisioning, energy management and service-level performance. Any material failure in these areas could negatively impact customers, drive delays and increase operating costs. Additionally, we utilize AI technologies that rely on access to and use of significant amounts of data, which in some cases include sensitive information. Inadequate safeguards over AI training data and model inputs or outputs could result in misuse of such data, algorithmic bias or violations of applicable privacy and data protection requirements. Moreover, errors or limitations in AI systems may unintentionally expose sensitive information, which could subject us to regulatory action, contractual claims or reputational harm. Failures or deficiencies in our data governance practices could result in inaccurate or inconsistent data, impaired decision‑making, operational disruptions, regulatory noncompliance or reputational harm, which could adversely affect our business.

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The transformation initiatives we undertake may not deliver the results we expect.

We continue to seek to drive organizational improvement through a variety of actions, including operational and digital transformation, integration activities, strategic initiatives and business and operating model assessments. These initiatives can be time-consuming, disruptive to operations, and costly in the short-term. Successfully implementing these and other initiatives throughout our operations is critical to our future competitiveness and our ability to achieve long-term profitability. However, we cannot be certain that these initiatives will be successful in creating profit margins sufficient to sustain our current operating structure and business. Additionally, our future success depends upon our ability to recruit and retain the services of, among others, personnel with IT, data centers and telecommunications-related skills. There may be competition in attracting qualified personnel, and we may experience difficulty retaining and motivating existing employees and attracting qualified personnel to fill key positions.

Our expansion initiatives involve a number of risks and uncertainties that could adversely affect our operating results, disrupt our operations or expose us to additional risk.

During the course of acquiring or building communications sites and other communications infrastructure assets, including data center facilities and related assets, in our existing markets and expansion into new markets, we are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including not meeting our return on investment criteria and financial objectives, increased costs, assumed liabilities and the diversion of managerial attention. Achieving the benefits of acquisition and platform expansion initiatives depends in part on timely and efficient integration of operations, data centers and telecommunications infrastructure assets and personnel. Integration may be difficult and unpredictable for many reasons, including, among other things, increased construction costs or supply chain disruptions, portfolios without requisite permits, differing systems, cultural differences, conflicting policies, procedures and operations or with incomplete information.

Significant acquisition-related integration costs, including certain nonrecurring charges such as costs associated with onboarding employees, integrating information technology systems, acquiring permits and visiting, inspecting, engineering and upgrading tower sites or other communications infrastructure assets, could materially and adversely affect our results of operations in the period in which such charges are recorded or our cash flow in the period in which any related costs are actually paid. Some of our acquired portfolios have included sites that do not meet our structural specifications, including sites that may be overburdened. In these cases, beyond additional capital expenditures, general liability risks associated with such portfolios will exist until such time as those portfolios are upgraded or otherwise remedied. In addition, integration may significantly burden management and internal resources, including through the potential loss or unavailability of key personnel.

Moreover, we may fail to successfully integrate the assets we acquire or fail to utilize such assets to their full capacity. If we are not able to meet these integration challenges, we may not realize the benefits we expect from our acquired portfolios and businesses, and our business, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected. Post-integration, certain operational complexities may remain into the mid- or long-term arising from the acquisition of assets from different sellers until they can be renegotiated, such as the requirement to manage multiple master lease agreements with differing terms with a single client.

As a result of our acquisitions, we have a substantial amount of intangible assets and goodwill. In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”), we are required to assess our goodwill and other intangible assets annually or more frequently in the event of circumstances indicating potential impairment to determine if they are impaired. If, as a result of the factors noted above, the testing performed indicates that an asset may not be recoverable or the carrying value exceeds the fair value, we would be required to record a non-cash impairment charge in the period the determination is made.

Our towers, data centers, other telecommunications assets or computer systems may be affected by natural disasters (including as a result of climate change), public perception of health risks and other unforeseen events for which our insurance may not provide adequate coverage or result in increased insurance premiums.

Our towers, data centers, other telecommunications assets and computer systems are subject to risks associated with natural disasters, such as hurricanes, ice and windstorms, tornadoes, floods, earthquakes and wildfires, as well as other unforeseen events, such as the potential adverse effects of pandemics and acts of terrorism. During the past several years, we have seen an increase in severe weather events and expect this trend to continue due to climate change. Additionally, certain natural disasters or unforeseen events could lead to supply chain delays or shortages, which could impact our operational and financial performance. Moreover, rising incidents of theft, vandalism and fiber cuts targeting our assets could disrupt service and increase costs that we may not be able to fully insure or pass on to customers, which could lead to reputational harm and impact our financial performance. Further, environmental liabilities, such as contamination, asbestos-containing building materials, lead or lead-based paint and mold or other air quality issues at some of our data centers, could arise and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and performance.

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While we maintain insurance coverage for certain natural disasters, we may not have adequate insurance to cover the associated costs of repair or reconstruction of sites or other telecommunications assets for a major future event, lost revenue, including from new customers that could have been added to our towers, data centers or other telecommunications assets but for the event, or other costs to remediate the impact of a significant event, such as wildfire damage caused by our towers. Further, we may be liable for damage caused by towers that collapse for any number of reasons including structural deficiencies, which could harm our reputation and require us to incur costs for which we may not have adequate insurance coverage.

Any damage or destruction to, or inability to access, our towers, data centers, other telecommunications assets or computer systems may cause supply chain delays or impact our ability to operate our business or provide services to our customers and lead to customer loss, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. Additionally, our communications sites could be subject to attacks instigated by claims that the deployment of 5G or similar networks is linked to adverse health effects.

Additionally, we must safeguard our customers’ infrastructure and equipment located in our data centers and ensure our data centers remain operational at all times. Problems at one or more of our data centers, whether or not within our control, could result in service interruptions or significant infrastructure or equipment damage. These could result from numerous factors, including limited power availability and grid distribution constraints due to high demand, human error, equipment failure, physical, electronic and cybersecurity breaches, fire, earthquake, hurricane, flood, tornado and other natural disasters, extreme temperatures, water damage, fiber cuts, power loss, terrorist acts, sabotage and vandalism, global pandemics or health emergencies and failure of business partners.

Negative public perception or regulations regarding perceived health risks from wireless technologies, including 5G, could slow wireless industry growth and adversely affect our business. Any finding or campaign suggesting radio frequency emissions pose health risks could harm customer relationships, reduce market acceptance and materially impact our operations and financial condition.

If we are unable or choose not to exercise our rights to purchase towers that are subject to lease and sublease agreements at the end of the applicable period, our cash flows derived from those towers will be eliminated.

Our communications real estate portfolio includes towers that we operate pursuant to lease and sublease agreements that include a purchase option at the end of the lease period. We may not have the required available capital to exercise our right to purchase the towers at the end of the applicable period, or we may choose, for business or other reasons, not to do so. If we do not exercise these purchase rights, and are unable to extend the lease or sublease or otherwise acquire an interest that would allow us to continue to operate these towers after the applicable period, we will lose the cash flows derived from the towers.

ITEM 7.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations that follow are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements. Actual results may differ from these estimates and such differences could be material to the financial statements. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report and the accompanying notes, and the information set forth under the caption “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” below.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we completed the sale of our fiber assets in South Africa (“South Africa Fiber”). Prior to the divestiture, the operating results of South Africa Fiber were included within the Africa & APAC property segment.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we completed the sale of ATC TIPL (as defined below). The divestiture qualified for presentation as discontinued operations. See Note 21 for further discussion. Prior to the divestiture and classification as discontinued operations, ATC TIPL’s operating results were included within the Africa & APAC property segment. Historical financial information included in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations has been adjusted to reflect the operating results of ATC TIPL as discontinued operations for all periods presented.

We report our results in six segments: U.S. & Canada property (which includes all assets in the United States and Canada, other than our data center facilities and related assets), Africa & APAC property, Europe property, Latin America property, Data Centers and Services. In evaluating financial performance in each business segment, management uses, among other factors, segment gross margin and segment operating profit (see note 19 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report).

Executive Overview

We are one of the largest global REITs and a leading independent owner, operator and developer of multitenant communications real estate. Our primary business is the leasing of space on communications sites to wireless service providers, radio and television broadcast companies, wireless data providers, government agencies and municipalities and tenants in a number of other industries. In addition to the communications sites in our portfolio, we manage rooftop and tower sites for property owners under various contractual arrangements. We also hold other telecommunications infrastructure and property interests that we lease primarily to communications service providers and third-party tower operators, and, as discussed further below, we hold a portfolio of highly interconnected data center facilities and related assets in the United States. Our customers include our tenants, licensees and other payers. We refer to the business encompassing the above as our property operations, which accounted for 97% of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 and includes our U.S. & Canada property, Africa & APAC property, Europe property and Latin America property segments and Data Centers segment.

We also offer tower-related services in the United States, including site application, zoning and permitting, structural and mount analyses, and construction management, together with program management offerings that support customer deployment needs from project scoping through construction. Our services operations primarily support our site leasing business, including the addition of new tenants and equipment on our sites.

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The following table details the number of communications sites, excluding managed sites, that we owned or operated as of December 31, 2025:

Number of

Owned Towers

Number of

Operated

Towers (1)

Number of

Owned DAS Sites

U.S. & Canada:

Canada

United States

U.S. & Canada total

Africa & APAC:

Bangladesh

Burkina Faso

Ghana

Kenya

Niger

Nigeria

Philippines

South Africa

Uganda

Africa & APAC total

Europe:

France

Germany

Spain

Europe total

Latin America:

Argentina

Brazil

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Mexico

Paraguay

Peru

Latin America total

Total

(1) Approximately 98% of the operated towers are held pursuant to long-term finance leases, including those subject to purchase options.

As of December 31, 2025, our property portfolio included 30 operating data center facilities across eleven markets in the United States that collectively comprise approximately 3.7 million NRSF of data center space, as detailed below:

Number of

Data Centers

Total NRSF (1)

(in thousands)

San Francisco Bay, CA

Los Angeles, CA

Northern Virginia, VA

New York, NY

Chicago, IL

Denver, CO

Boston, MA

Orlando, FL

Atlanta, GA

Miami, FL

Washington, D.C.

Total

(1) Excludes approximately 0.4 million of office and light-industrial NRSF.

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In most of our markets, our tenant leases for our communications sites with wireless carriers generally have initial non-cancellable terms of five to ten years with multiple renewal terms. Accordingly, the vast majority of the revenue generated by our property operations during the year ended December 31, 2025 was recurring revenue that we should continue to receive in future periods. Most of our tenant leases for our communications sites have provisions that periodically increase or “escalate” the rent due under the lease, typically based on (a) an annual fixed escalation (averaging approximately 3% in the United States), (b) an inflationary index in most of our international markets, or (c) a combination of both. In addition, certain of our tenant leases provide for additional revenue primarily to cover costs, such as ground rent or power and fuel costs.

Based upon existing customer leases and foreign currency exchange rates as of December 31, 2025, we expect to generate over $54 billion of non-cancellable customer lease revenue over future periods, before the impact of straight-line lease accounting.

The revenues generated by our property operations may be affected by cancellations of existing tenant leases. As discussed above, most of our tenant leases with wireless carriers and broadcasters are multiyear contracts, which typically are non-cancellable; however, in some instances, a lease may be cancelled upon the payment of a termination fee.

Revenue lost from either tenant lease cancellations or the non-renewal of leases or rent renegotiations, which we refer to as churn, has historically not had a material adverse effect on the revenues generated by our consolidated property operations. During the year ended December 31, 2025, churn was approximately 2% of our tenant billings, primarily driven by churn in our U.S. & Canada property segment, as discussed below.

AT&T Mexico Dispute. We are currently engaged in an Arbitration with AT&T Mexico. AT&T Mexico, which represented approximately $300 million of tenant revenue in 2025, is challenging the calculation of the monthly lease amount established under the MLA, as well as certain other provisions of the MLA, seeking rent abatement both retroactively and prospectively, and had been withholding tower rents since the start of 2025. We incurred approximately $30 million of reserves during the year ended December 31, 2025 related to this customer. We expect to record future reserves until the Arbitration is settled. We believe we have meritorious defenses to the claims raised in this Arbitration, are vigorously defending the full enforceability of the MLA and remain confident in the terms and conditions of the MLA. The Arbitration is scheduled for a hearing in August 2026.

On September 23, 2025, we and AT&T Mexico reached an agreement pursuant to which AT&T Mexico will remit payment of the majority of the withheld tower rents and will resume monthly payments of the majority of its owed tower rents. The remainder of the outstanding receivables and the future monthly tower rent amounts not remitted directly to us will be deposited into an irrevocable escrow account, overseen by an independent trustee, to be released in accordance with a final ruling in the Arbitration or by mutual consent of us and AT&T Mexico.

DISH Dispute. On September 24, 2025, DISH delivered a notice purporting to be excused from its contractual obligations under the SCA. DISH has failed to meet its payment obligations, and as of January 2026 is in default under the SCA. We remain confident that DISH has not been excused from its obligations under the SCA, and that the SCA remains in full force and effect. On October 20, 2025, we filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado seeking a declaratory judgment that DISH has not been excused from its obligations under the SCA, that the SCA remains in full force and effect, and that DISH remains required to perform all of its obligations under the SCA. DISH represented approximately 2% and 4% of our total annual property revenue and total annual U.S. & Canada property revenue, respectively, for 2025.

Property Operations Revenue Growth . Due to our diversified communications site portfolio, our tenant lease rates vary considerably depending upon numerous factors, including, but not limited to, amount, type and position of tenant equipment on the tower, remaining tower capacity and tower location. We measure the remaining tower capacity by assessing several factors, including tower height, tower type, environmental conditions, existing equipment on the tower and zoning and permitting regulations in effect in the jurisdiction where the tower is located. In many instances, tower capacity can be increased with relatively modest tower augmentation capital expenditures, which are often reimbursed to us.

The primary factors affecting the revenue growth of our property segments are:

• Growth in tenant billings, including:

• New revenue attributable to leasing additional space on our sites (“colocations”) and lease amendments;

• Contractual rent escalations on existing tenant leases, net of churn; and

• New revenue attributable to leases in place on day one on sites acquired or constructed since the beginning of the prior-year period.

• Revenue growth from our Data Centers segment in the United States, including rental and power revenue from new lease commencements and expansions, contractual rent and power escalations on existing leases, mark-to-market increases on renewing leases and increased interconnection services and solutions.

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• Revenue growth from other items, including additional tenant payments primarily to cover costs, such as ground rent or power and fuel costs included in certain tenant leases (“pass-through”), straight-line revenue and decommissioning, partially offset, in certain cases, by revenue reserve provisions.

We continue to believe that our site leasing revenue, which makes up the vast majority of our property segment revenue, is likely to increase due to the growing use of wireless services globally and our ability to meet the corresponding incremental demand for our communications real estate. By adding new tenants and new equipment for existing tenants on our sites, we are able to increase these sites’ utilization and profitability. We believe the majority of our site leasing activity will continue to come from wireless service providers, with tenants in a number of other industries contributing incremental leasing demand. Our site portfolio and our established tenant base provide us with new business opportunities, which have historically resulted in consistent and predictable organic revenue growth as wireless carriers seek to increase the coverage and capacity of their existing networks, while also deploying next generation wireless technologies. In addition, we intend to continue to supplement our organic growth by selectively developing or acquiring new sites in our existing and new markets where we can achieve our risk-adjusted return on investment objectives.

Property Operations Organic Revenue Growth . Consistent with our strategy to increase the utilization and return on investment from our sites, our objective is to add new tenants and new equipment for existing tenants through colocation and lease amendments. Our ability to lease additional space on our sites is primarily a function of the rate at which wireless carriers and other tenants deploy capital to improve and expand their wireless networks. This rate of wireless network investment is influenced by the growth of wireless services, the penetration of advanced wireless devices, the level of emphasis on network quality and capacity in carrier competition, the financial performance of our tenants and their access to capital and general economic conditions. According to industry data, recent aggregate annual wireless capital spending in the United States has averaged at least $30 billion, resulting in consistent demand for our sites.

Based on industry research and projections, we expect that a number of key industry trends will result in incremental revenue opportunities for us:

• Rapid growth in mobile data consumption continues to be driven by increasing smartphone and other advanced device penetration, the proliferation of bandwidth-intensive applications on these devices and the continuing evolution of the mobile ecosystem. We believe carriers will be compelled to deploy additional equipment on existing networks while also rolling out more advanced wireless networks to address coverage and capacity needs resulting from this increasing mobile data usage.

• The deployment of advanced mobile technology, such as 4G and 5G, will provide higher speed data services and further enable fixed broadband substitution. As a result, we expect that our tenants will continue deploying additional equipment across their existing networks.

• Wireless service providers compete based on the quality of their networks, which is driven by capacity and coverage. To maintain or improve their network performance as overall network usage increases, our tenants continue to deploy additional equipment across their existing sites while also adding new cell sites. We anticipate increasing network densification over the next several years, as existing network density is anticipated to be insufficient to account for rapidly increasing levels of wireless data usage.

• Continued spectrum acquisition and deployment by wireless service providers, which is expected to result in additional sites and equipment on existing sites as operators optimize network configuration and utilize the additional spectrum. We expect this to be particularly relevant in the context of higher-band spectrum such as 2.5 gigahertz (GHz) and C-Band being deployed for 5G, as these spectrum assets tend to have more limited propagation characteristics compared to the lower-band spectrum that has historically been deployed on our towers.

• Emerging next generation technologies, such as edge computing functionality, autonomous vehicle networks and a number of other internet-of-things, or IoT, applications and other potential use cases for wireless services requiring wireless connectivity. These technologies may create new and complementary use cases for our communications real estate over time, although these use cases are currently in nascent stages.

• Continued data growth, including through increased use of AI, and emerging high-performance, latency-sensitive applications, will drive an increased need for reliable, secure and interconnected data center solutions. We believe these trends will result in incremental utilization and interconnection demand at our data center facilities.

As part of our international expansion initiatives, we have targeted markets in various stages of network development to diversify our international exposure and position us to benefit from a number of different wireless technology deployments over the long term, while benefitting from our shared global experience, capabilities and services. In addition, we have focused on building relationships with large multinational carriers to increase the opportunities for growth or mutually beneficial transactional opportunities across common markets. We believe that consistent carrier network investments across our international markets will, over the long term, position us to generate meaningful organic revenue growth going forward.

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We believe that the network technology migration we have seen in the United States, which has led to significantly denser networks and meaningful new business commencements for us over a number of years, will be replicated in our international markets over time. As a result, we expect to be able to leverage our extensive international portfolio of approximately 108,000 communications sites and the relationships we have built with our carrier tenants to drive sustainable, long - term growth.

We have master lease agreements with many of our tenants for our communications sites that provide for consistent, long-term revenue and reduce the likelihood of non-contractual churn. Certain of those master lease agreements are comprehensive in nature and further build and augment strong strategic partnerships with our tenants while significantly reducing colocation cycle times, thereby providing our tenants with the ability to rapidly and efficiently deploy equipment on our sites.

Strong industry tailwinds also underpin our data center business. Our portfolio of highly interconnected data center facilities and related assets in the United States is well positioned to monetize elevated demand for hybrid-cloud and multi-cloud deployments, as well as demand from early-stage AI-related workloads like inferencing, machine learning models and GPU-as-a-Service from neo clouds. We believe it is important for AI workloads to be collocated with hybrid installations. Our data center facilities are well-suited for this, as they have a rich ecosystem of network and cloud interconnections coupled with purpose-built capacity designed to support AI and other higher-density deployments. These positive trends reinforce our expectation for our data centers to deliver long-term growth with attractive returns.

Demand for our communications infrastructure assets could be negatively impacted by a number of factors, including increased competition within our industries, an increase in network sharing or consolidation among our customers and financial difficulties for our customers, as set forth in Item 1A of this Annual Report under the captions “Risk Factors—If our customers consolidate their operations, exit their businesses or share site infrastructure to a significant degree, our growth and revenue could be materially and adversely affected,” “Risk Factors—Increasing competition within our industries may materially and adversely affect our revenue” and “Risk Factors—A substantial portion of our current and projected future revenue is derived from a small number of customers, and we are sensitive to adverse changes in the creditworthiness and financial strength of our customers.” In addition, the emergence and growth of new technologies could reduce demand for our sites, as set forth under the caption “Risk Factors—New technologies or changes, or lack thereof, in our or a customer’s business model could make our communications infrastructure leasing business less desirable and result in decreasing revenues and operating results.” Further, our customers may be subject to new regulatory policies from time to time that materially and adversely affect the demand for our communications infrastructure assets.

Property Operations New Site Revenue Growth. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we grew our portfolio of communications real estate through the acquisition and construction of approximately 2,230 communications sites globally. In a majority of our Africa & APAC, Europe and Latin America markets, the revenue generated from newly acquired or constructed sites resulted in increases in both tenant and pass-through revenues (such as ground rent or power and fuel costs) and expenses. We continue to evaluate opportunities to acquire communications real estate portfolios, both domestically and internationally, to determine whether they meet our risk-adjusted hurdle rates and whether we believe we can effectively integrate them into our existing portfolio.

New Sites (Acquired or Constructed)

U.S. & Canada

Africa & APAC (1)

Europe

Latin America

(1) For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, excludes approximately 90 and 865 new sites in India, respectively.

Property Operations Expenses. Direct operating expenses incurred by our property segments include direct site or facility level expenses and consist primarily of ground rent and power and fuel costs, some or all of which may be passed through to our customers, as well as property taxes and repairs and maintenance expenses. These segment direct operating expenses exclude all segment and corporate selling, general, administrative and development expenses, which are aggregated into one line item entitled Selling, general, administrative and development expense in our consolidated statements of operations. In general, our property segments’ selling, general, administrative and development expenses do not significantly increase as a result of adding incremental customers to our sites or facilities and typically increase only modestly year-over-year. As a result, leasing additional space to new customers on our sites or within our facilities provides significant incremental gross margin and cash flow. We may, however, incur additional segment selling, general, administrative and development expenses as we increase our presence in our existing markets or expand into new markets. Our profit margin growth is therefore positively impacted by the addition of new customers to our sites or facilities but can be temporarily diluted by our development or expansion activities.

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Services Segment Revenue Growth . As we continue to focus on growing our property operations, we anticipate that our services revenue will continue to represent a small percentage of our total revenues.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Included in our analysis of our results of operations are discussions regarding earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and accretion, as adjusted (“Adjusted EBITDA”), Funds From Operations, as defined by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit FFO”) attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders, Adjusted Funds From Operations (“AFFO”) attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders (“AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders”) and Segment gross margin.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as Net income before Income (loss) from equity method investments; Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes; Income tax benefit (provision); Other income (expense); Gain (loss) on retirement of long-term obligations; Interest expense; Interest income; Other operating income (expense), including Goodwill impairment; Depreciation, amortization and accretion; and stock-based compensation expense.

Nareit FFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders is defined as net income before gains or losses from the sale or disposal of real estate, real estate related impairment charges, real estate related depreciation, amortization and accretion, and including adjustments and distributions for unconsolidated affiliates and noncontrolling interests and adjustments for discontinued operations. In this section, we refer to Nareit FFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders as “Nareit FFO (common stockholders).”

We define AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders as Nareit FFO (common stockholders) before (i) straight-line revenue and expense; (ii) stock-based compensation expense; (iii) the deferred portion of income tax and other income tax adjustments; (iv) non-real estate related depreciation, amortization and accretion; (v) amortization of deferred financing costs, debt discounts and premiums and long-term deferred interest charges; (vi) other income (expense); (vii) gain (loss) on retirement of long-term obligations; and (viii) other operating income (expense); less cash payments related to capital improvements and cash payments related to corporate capital expenditures and including adjustments and distributions for unconsolidated affiliates and noncontrolling interests and adjustments for discontinued operations, which includes the impact of noncontrolling interests and discontinued operations on both Nareit FFO and the corresponding adjustments included in AFFO. In this section, we refer to AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders as “AFFO (common stockholders).”

We define Segment gross margin as segment revenue less segment operating expenses, excluding depreciation, amortization and accretion; selling, general, administrative and development expense; and other operating expenses.

Adjusted EBITDA, Nareit FFO (common stockholders), AFFO (common stockholders) and Segment gross margin are not intended to replace net income or any other performance measures determined in accordance with GAAP. None of Adjusted EBITDA, Nareit FFO (common stockholders), AFFO (common stockholders) or Segment gross margin represents cash flows from operating activities in accordance with GAAP and, therefore, these measures should not be considered indicative of cash flows from operating activities, as a measure of liquidity or a measure of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to make cash distributions. Rather, Adjusted EBITDA, Nareit FFO (common stockholders), AFFO (common stockholders) and Segment gross margin are presented as we believe each is a useful indicator of our current operating performance. We believe that these metrics are useful to an investor in evaluating our operating performance because (1) each is a key measure used by our management team for decision making purposes and for evaluating our operating segments’ performance; (2) Adjusted EBITDA is a component underlying our credit ratings; (3) Adjusted EBITDA is widely used in the telecommunications real estate sector to measure operating performance as depreciation, amortization and accretion may vary significantly among companies depending upon accounting methods and useful lives, particularly where acquisitions and non-operating factors are involved; (4) AFFO (common stockholders) is widely used in the telecommunications real estate sector to adjust Nareit FFO (common stockholders) for items that may otherwise cause material fluctuations in Nareit FFO (common stockholders) growth from period to period that would not be representative of the underlying performance of property assets in those periods; (5) Segment gross margin provides valuable insight into the site-level profitability of our assets (6) each provides investors with a meaningful measure for evaluating our period-to-period operating performance by eliminating items that are not operational in nature; and (7) each provides investors with a measure for comparing our results of operations to those of other companies, particularly those in our industry.

Our measurement of Adjusted EBITDA, Nareit FFO (common stockholders), AFFO (common stockholders) and Segment gross margin may not, however, be fully comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Reconciliations of Adjusted EBITDA, Nareit FFO (common stockholders) and AFFO (common stockholders) to net income and Segment gross margin to gross margin, the most directly comparable GAAP measures, have been included below.

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Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

For a discussion of our 2024 Results of Operations, including a discussion of our financial results for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, refer to Part I, Item 7 of our annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2025 (the “2024 Form 10-K”).

Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

(in millions, except percentages)

Revenue

Year Ended December 31,

Percent Change 2025 vs 2024

Property

U.S. & Canada

Africa & APAC (1)

Europe

Latin America

Data Centers

Total property

Services

Total revenues

(1)    Excludes the operating results of ATC TIPL, which are reported as discontinued operations. See Note 21 for further discussion.

Year ended December 31, 2025

U.S. & Canada property segment revenue increase of $0.6 million was attributable to:

• Tenant billings growth of $210.0 million, which was driven by:

◦ $158.7 million due to colocations and amendments;

◦ $52.8 million resulting from contractual escalations, net of churn; and

◦ $5.7 million generated from sites acquired or constructed since the beginning of the prior-year period (“newly acquired or constructed sites”);

◦ Partially offset by a decrease of $7.2 million from other tenant billings;

• Partially offset by a decrease of $209.1 million in other revenue, which includes a $175.8 million decrease due to straight-line accounting.

Segment revenue growth was partially offset by a decrease of $0.3 million attributable to the negative impact of foreign currency translation related to fluctuations in Canadian Dollar.

Africa & APAC property segment revenue growth of $214.9 million was attributable to:

• Tenant billings growth of $129.7 million, which was driven by:

◦ $53.7 million due to colocations and amendments;

◦ $43.5 million resulting from contractual escalations, net of churn;

◦ $23.1 million generated from newly acquired or constructed sites; and

◦ $9.4 million from other tenant billings;

• An increase of $24.7 million in other revenue, primarily attributable to a decrease in revenue reserves related to customers in Burkina Faso and Kenya; and

• An increase of $15.7 million in pass-through revenue.

Segment revenue growth included an increase of $44.8 million, attributable to the impact of foreign currency translation, which included, among others, positive impacts of $27.6 million related to fluctuations in Ghanaian Cedi, $9.3 million related to fluctuations in Ugandan Shilling, $6.8 million related to fluctuations in Kenyan Shilling and $4.4 million related to fluctuations in West African CFA Franc, partially offset by negative impacts of $7.0 million related to fluctuations in Nigerian Naira.

Europe property segment revenue growth of $103.0 million was attributable to:

• Tenant billings growth of $39.8 million, which was driven by:

◦ $19.0 million due to colocations and amendments;

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◦ $11.3 million resulting from contractual escalations, net of churn; and

◦ $10.9 million generated from newly acquired or constructed sites;

◦ Partially offset by a decrease of $1.4 million from other tenant billings;

• An increase of $14.5 million in other revenue; and

• An increase of $10.1 million in pass-through revenue, primarily attributable to an increase in energy costs.

Segment revenue growth included an increase of $38.6 million attributable to the positive impact of foreign currency translation related to fluctuations in Euro (“EUR”).

Latin America property segment revenue decrease of $75.3 million was attributable to:

• A decrease of $71.6 million in other revenue, primarily attributable to an increase in revenue reserves related to customers in Brazil and Mexico and a decrease in tenant settlements in Brazil; and

• A decrease of $56.2 million, attributable to the impact of foreign currency translation, which included, among others, negative impacts of $32.2 million related to fluctuations in Brazilian Real and $29.1 million related to fluctuations in Mexican Peso, partially offset by positive impacts of $5.6 million related to fluctuations in Peruvian Sol;

• Partially offset by:

• Tenant billings growth of $36.5 million, which was driven by:

◦ $26.8 million due to colocations and amendments;

◦ $13.3 million from contractual escalations, net of churn; and

◦ $0.7 million generated from newly acquired or constructed sites;

◦ Partially offset by a decrease of $4.3 million from other tenant billings; and

• An increase of $16.0 million in pass-through revenue.

Data Centers segment revenue growth of $128.3 million was attributable to:

• An increase of $74.5 million in rental, related and other revenue, primarily due to new lease commencements, customer expansions and rent increases upon customer renewals;

• An increase of $36.8 million in power revenue from new lease commencements, increased power consumption and pricing increases from existing customers;

• An increase of $16.2 million in interconnection revenue, primarily due to customer interconnection net additions and set-up fees; and

• An increase of $0.8 million in straight-line revenue.

Services segment revenue growth of $145.9 million was primarily attributable to increases in construction management services, site application, zoning and permitting services and structural and mount analyses services.

Gross Margin

Year Ended December 31,

Percent Change 2025 vs 2024

Property

U.S. & Canada

Africa & APAC (1)

Europe

Latin America

Data Centers

Total property

Services

(1)    Excludes the operating results of ATC TIPL, which are reported as discontinued operations. See Note 21 for further discussion.

Year ended December 31, 2025

• The U.S. & Canada property segment gross margin was relatively consistent as compared to the prior-year period.

• The increase in Africa & APAC property segment gross margin was primarily attributable to the increase in revenue described above, partially offset by an increase in direct expenses of $48.5 million, primarily due to an increase in costs associated with pass-through revenue, including fuel and utility costs, and an increase in repair and maintenance spending. Direct expenses were also negatively impacted by $17.5 million from the impact of foreign currency translation.

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• The increase in Europe property segment gross margin was primarily attributable to the increase in revenue described above, partially offset by an increase in direct expenses of $20.4 million, primarily due to an increase in costs associated with pass-through revenue, including energy costs and an increase in land rent costs. Direct expenses were also negatively impacted by $14.4 million from the impact of foreign currency translation.

• The decrease in Latin America property segment gross margin was primarily attributable to the decrease in revenue described above, partially offset by a decrease in direct expenses of $4.1 million. Direct expenses also benefited by $15.1 million from the impact of foreign currency translation.

• The increase in Data Centers segment gross margin was primarily attributable to the increase in revenue described above, partially offset by an increase in direct expenses of $11.6 million, primarily due to an increase in costs associated with power revenue, including utility costs, partially offset by a decrease in property taxes primarily as a result of a one-time benefit of $26.0 million due to final resolution of revised real property valuations related to the CoreSite Acquisition. Direct expenses also benefited by a legal settlement and resolution of a utility back billing matter.

• The increase in Services segment gross margin was primarily attributable to the increase in revenue described above, partially offset by an increase in direct expenses of $81.4 million.

Selling, General, Administrative and Development Expense (“SG&A”)

Year Ended December 31,

Percent Change 2025 vs 2024

Property

U.S. & Canada

Africa & APAC (1)

Europe

Latin America

Data Centers

Total property

Services

Other

Total selling, general, administrative and development expense

(1)    Excludes the operating results of ATC TIPL, which are reported as discontinued operations. See Note 21 for further discussion.

Year Ended December 31, 2025

• The increase in our U.S. & Canada property segment SG&A was primarily driven by increased personnel and related costs to support our business, increased canceled construction costs and a net increase in bad debt expense, partially offset by decreased professional services costs.

• The increase in our Africa & APAC property segment SG&A was primarily driven by increased local tax and professional services costs and increased canceled construction costs, partially offset by decreased personnel and related costs.

• The increase in our Europe property segment SG&A was primarily driven by increased canceled construction costs and the negative impact of foreign currency translation, partially offset by decreased professional services costs.

• The decrease in our Latin America property segment SG&A was primarily driven by a net decrease in bad debt expense of $7.1 million, decreased personnel and related costs, lower canceled construction costs and a benefit from the impact of foreign currency translation, partially offset by increased local tax and professional services costs, including legal fees in Mexico.

• The increase in our Data Centers segment SG&A was primarily driven by increased personnel and related costs to support our business, partially offset by a legal settlement in the period.

• The increase in our Services segment SG&A was primarily driven by increased personnel and related costs to support our business.

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• The decrease in other SG&A was primarily attributable to a decrease in stock-based compensation expense of $18.5 million, primarily driven by the reversal of previously recognized stock-based compensation expense associated with awards forfeited in connection with the departure of our Executive Vice President and President, APAC due to such role being eliminated, as discussed in note 12 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report, and a decrease in other corporate SG&A, partially offset by an increase in personnel and related costs to support our business.

Operating Profit

Year Ended December 31,

Percent Change 2025 vs 2024

Property

U.S. & Canada

Africa & APAC (1)

Europe

Latin America

Data Centers

Total property

Services

(1)    Excludes the operating results of ATC TIPL, which are reported as discontinued operations. See Note 21 for further discussion.

Year Ended December 31, 2025

• The decrease in operating profit for our U.S. & Canada property segment was primarily attributable to an increase in our segment SG&A, partially offset by an increase in our segment gross margin.

• The increases in our Africa & APAC property segment, Europe property segment, Data Centers segment and our Services segment were primarily attributable to increases in our segment gross margin, partially offset by increases in our segment SG&A.

• The decrease in operating profit for our Latin America property segment was primarily attributable to a decrease in our segment gross margin, partially offset by a decrease in our segment SG&A.

Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion

Year Ended December 31,

Percent Change 2025 vs 2024

Depreciation, amortization and accretion

The increase in depreciation, amortization and accretion expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 was primarily attributable to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.

Other Operating Expense

Year Ended December 31,

Percent Change 2025 vs 2024

Other operating expense

The decrease in other operating expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 was primarily attributable to the gain on the sale of South Africa Fiber of $53.6 million, partially offset by an increase in impairment charges of $32.1 million.

Total Other Expense

Year Ended December 31,

Percent Change 2025 vs 2024

Total other expense

Total other expense consists primarily of interest expense and realized and unrealized foreign currency gains and losses. We record unrealized foreign currency gains or losses as a result of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations primarily associated with our intercompany notes and similar unaffiliated balances denominated in a currency other than the subsidiaries’ functional currencies.

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The increase in total other expense during the year ended December 31, 2025 was primarily due to foreign currency losses of $809.4 million in the current period, as compared to foreign currency gains of $308.3 million in the prior-year period, partially offset by a decrease in net interest expense of $43.9 million, primarily due to a decrease in our average debt outstanding. Total other expense during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 also include gains from equity securities in the United States of $232.6 million and $70.4 million, respectively.

Income Tax Provision

Year Ended December 31,

Percent Change 2025 vs 2024

Income tax provision

Effective tax rate

As a REIT, we may deduct earnings distributed to stockholders against the income generated by our REIT operations. Consequently, the effective tax rate on income from continuing operations for each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 differs from the federal statutory rate.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, the increase in the income tax provision was primarily attributable to (i) increased earnings in certain foreign jurisdictions, (ii) taxes incurred as a result of the sale of South Africa Fiber, (iii) additions to reserves for uncertain tax positions, (iv) gains from equity securities in the United States and (v) the reversal of permanent reinvestment assertions in Nigeria, partially offset by a net benefit from the application of tax law changes primarily in Germany and a decrease in withholding taxes from equity distributions due in part to the ATC TIPL Transaction.

Loss from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes

On January 4, 2024, we, through our subsidiaries, ATC Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd. and ATC Telecom Infrastructure Private Limited (“ATC TIPL”), which held our operations in India, entered into an agreement with Data Infrastructure Trust (“DIT”), an infrastructure investment trust sponsored by an affiliate of Brookfield Asset Management, pursuant to which DIT agreed to acquire a 100% ownership interest in ATC TIPL (the “ATC TIPL Transaction”). Per the terms of the agreement, total aggregate consideration represented up to approximately 210 billion Indian Rupees (“INR”) (approximately $2.5 billion), including the value of the VIL OCDs and the VIL Shares (each as defined and further discussed below), payments on certain existing customer receivables, the repayment of existing intercompany debt and the repayment, or assumption, of our existing term loan in India, by DIT.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, ATC TIPL distributed approximately 29.6 billion INR (approximately $354.1 million) to us, which included the value of the VIL Shares and the VIL OCDs and the satisfaction of the economic benefit associated with the rights to payments on certain existing customer receivables. The distributions were deducted from the total aggregate consideration received by us at closing.

The ATC TIPL Transaction received all government and regulatory approvals during the three months ended September 30, 2024. On September 12, 2024, we completed the ATC TIPL Transaction and received total consideration of 182 billion INR (approximately $2.2 billion). We used the proceeds from the ATC TIPL Transaction to repay existing indebtedness under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a loss on the sale of ATC TIPL of $1.2 billion, which primarily included the reclassification of our cumulative translation adjustment in India upon exiting the market of $1.1 billion.

The following table presents key components of Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes in the consolidated statements of operations:

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Year Ended December 31,

Percent Change 2025 vs 2024

Revenue

Cost of operations

Depreciation, amortization and accretion

Selling, general, administrative and development expense

Other operating expense

Loss on sale of ATC TIPL

Operating loss

Interest income

Interest expense

Other income, net

Loss from discontinued operations before taxes

Income tax provision

Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes

(1)    Includes the results of operations for ATC TIPL through September 12, 2024.

Following the rulings by the Supreme Court of India regarding carriers’ obligations for the adjusted gross revenue fees and charges prescribed by the court, we experienced variability and a level of uncertainty in collections in India. In the third quarter of 2022, one of our largest customers in India, Vodafone Idea Limited (“VIL”), communicated that it would make partial payments of its contractual amounts owed to us (the “VIL Shortfall”). We recorded reserves in late 2022 and the first half of 2023 for the VIL Shortfall. In the second half of 2023, VIL began making payments in full of its monthly contractual obligations owed to us. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we deferred recognition of revenue of approximately $27.3 million, net of recoveries, related to VIL in India. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized approximately $95.7 million of this previously deferred revenue. We have fully recognized this previously deferred revenue.

In February 2023, and as amended in August 2023, VIL issued optionally convertible debentures (the “VIL OCDs”) to ATC TIPL in exchange for VIL’s payment of certain amounts towards accounts receivables. The VIL OCDs were issued for an aggregate face value of 16.0 billion INR (approximately $193.2 million on the date of issuance). On March 23, 2024, we converted an aggregate face value of 14.4 billion INR (approximately $172.7 million) of VIL OCDs into 1,440 million shares of equity of VIL (the “VIL Shares”). On April 29, 2024, we completed the sale of 1,440 million VIL Shares at a price of 12.78 INR per share. The net proceeds for this transaction were approximately 18.0 billion INR (approximately $216.0 million at the date of settlement) after deducting commissions and fees. On June 5, 2024, we completed the sale of the remaining aggregate face value of 1.6 billion INR (approximately $19.2 million) of the VIL OCDs. The net proceeds for this transaction, excluding accrued interest, were approximately 1.8 billion INR (approximately $22.0 million at the date of settlement) after deducting fees. None of the VIL Shares or the VIL OCDs remained outstanding. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized a gain of $46.4 million on the sale of the VIL Shares and the VIL OCDs.

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Net Income / Adjusted EBITDA and Net Income / Nareit FFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders / AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders

Year Ended December 31,

Percent Change 2025 vs 2024

Net income

Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes

Income tax provision

Other expense (income)

Interest expense

Interest income

Other operating expense

Depreciation, amortization and accretion

Stock-based compensation expense

Adjusted EBITDA (1)

(1)    Excludes the operating results of ATC TIPL, which are reported as discontinued operations. See Note 21 for further discussion.

Year Ended December 31,

Percent Change 2025 vs 2024

Net income (1)

Real estate related depreciation, amortization and accretion

Losses from sale or disposal of real estate and real estate related impairment charges (2)

Adjustments and distributions for unconsolidated affiliates and noncontrolling interests (3)

Adjustments for discontinued operations (4)

Nareit FFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders

Straight-line revenue

Straight-line expense

Stock-based compensation expense

Deferred portion of income tax and other income tax adjustments (5)

Non-real estate related depreciation, amortization and accretion

Amortization of deferred financing costs, capitalized interest, debt discounts and premiums and long-term deferred interest charges

Other expense (income) (6)

Other operating income (7)

Capital improvement capital expenditures

Corporate capital expenditures

Adjustments and distributions for unconsolidated affiliates and noncontrolling interests (8)

Adjustments for discontinued operations (9)

AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders

AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders from continuing operations

AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders from discontinued operations

(1)    For the year ended December 31, 2024, includes Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes of $978.3 million.

(2)    For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, includes impairment charges of $100.7 million and $68.6 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2025, includes a gain on the sale of South Africa Fiber of $53.6 million.

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(3)    Includes distributions to noncontrolling interest holders, distributions related to the outstanding mandatorily convertible preferred equity in connection with our agreements with certain investment vehicles affiliated with Stonepeak Partners LP and adjustments for the impact of noncontrolling interests on Nareit FFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders.

(4)    For the year ended December 31, 2024, includes (i) real estate related depreciation, amortization and accretion for discontinued operations of $91.3 million, (ii) losses from the sale or disposal of real estate and real estate related impairment charges for discontinued operations of $1.2 billion. For the year ended December 31, 2024, includes a loss on the sale of ATC TIPL of $1.2 billion.

(5)    For the year ended December 31, 2025, includes adjustments for (i) $0.3 million of taxes paid in Singapore related to the ATC TIPL Transaction, (ii) $25.8 million of taxes paid in South Africa, which were incurred as a result of the sale of South Africa Fiber, (iii) $30.4 million of taxes paid related to the sale of equity securities in the U.S. and (iv) $6.5 million of other tax adjustments. For the year ended December 31, 2024, includes adjustments for withholding taxes paid in Singapore of $36.4 million, which were incurred as a result of the ATC TIPL Transaction. We believe that these tax payments are nonrecurring, and do not believe these are an indication of our operating performance. Accordingly, we believe it is more meaningful to present AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders excluding these amounts.

(6)    Includes losses (gains) on foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations of $809.4 million and $(308.3) million, respectively.

(7)    Primarily includes acquisition-related costs, integration costs and disposition costs.

(8)    Includes adjustments for the impact of noncontrolling interests on other line items, excluding those already adjusted for in Nareit FFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders.

(9)    Includes the impact of discontinued operations associated with other line items, excluding the impact already included in Nareit FFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders.

Year Ended December 31, 2025

The increase in net income was primarily due to losses from discontinued operations, net of tax, as a result of the ATC TIPL Transaction in the prior year.

The decrease in net income from continuing operations was primarily due to (i) changes in other income (expense), primarily due to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and (ii) an increase in the income tax provision, partially offset by (y) an increase in segment operating profit and (z) a decrease in interest expense.

The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily attributable to an increase in our gross margin, partially offset by an increase in SG&A, excluding the impact of stock-based compensation expense of $25.8 million.

The increase in AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders was primarily attributable to (i) an increase in our operating profit, excluding the impact of straight-line accounting, and (ii) decreases in cash paid for interest and cash paid for income taxes, partially offset by (x) a decrease in AFFO attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders from discontinued operations as a result of the sale of ATC TIPL in the third quarter of 2024, (y) an increase in capital improvement capital expenditures and (z) an increase in distributions and adjustments for noncontrolling interests, including distributions to noncontrolling interest holders in our Data Centers segment.

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Segment Gross Margin Reconciliation

Gross margin is defined as revenue less costs of operations inclusive of real estate related depreciation, amortization and accretion. Segment gross margin excludes depreciation, amortization and accretion.

Property

Total

Property

Services

Total

Year ended December 31, 2025

U.S. & Canada

Africa & APAC

Europe

Latin America

Data Centers

Gross margin

Real estate related depreciation, amortization and accretion

Segment gross margin

Property

Total

Property

Services

Total

Year ended December 31, 2024

U.S. & Canada

Africa & APAC (1)

Europe

Latin America

Data Centers

Gross margin

Real estate related depreciation, amortization and accretion

Segment gross margin

(1) Excludes the operating results of ATC TIPL, which are reported as discontinued operations. See Note 21 for further discussion.

Property

Total

Property

Services

Total

Year ended December 31, 2023

U.S. & Canada

Africa & APAC (1)

Europe

Latin America

Data Centers

Gross margin

Real estate related depreciation, amortization and accretion

Segment gross margin

(1) Excludes the operating results of ATC TIPL, which are reported as discontinued operations. See Note 21 for further discussion.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

For a discussion of our 2024 Liquidity and Capital Resources, including a discussion of cash flows for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, refer to Part I, Item 7 of the 2024 Form 10-K.

Overview

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we increased our financial flexibility and our ability to grow our business while maintaining our long-term financial policies. Our significant 2025 financing transactions included:

• Redemption of our 2.950% senior unsecured notes due 2025 (the “2.950% Notes”), our 2.400% senior unsecured notes due 2025 (the “2.400% Notes”), our 1.375% senior unsecured notes due 2025 (the “1.375% Notes”), our 4.000% notes due 2025 (the “4.000% Notes”) and our 1.300% senior unsecured notes due 2025 (the “1.300% Notes”);

• Repayment of $525.0 million aggregate principal amount outstanding under our Secured Tower Revenue Notes, Series 2015-2, Class A (the “Series 2015-2 Notes”);

• Registered public offering in an aggregate principal amount of $3.0 billion, including 500.0 million EUR, of senior unsecured notes with maturities ranging from 2030 to 2035; and

• Amendment of the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility, the 2021 Credit Facility and the 2021 Term Loan (as defined below) to, among other things, (i) extend the maturity dates and (ii) update the Applicable Margins (as defined in the loan agreements).

The following table summarizes our liquidity as of December 31, 2025 (in millions):

Available under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility

Available under the 2021 Credit Facility

Letters of credit

Total available under credit facilities, net

Cash and cash equivalents

Total liquidity

Subsequent to December 31, 2025, we made additional borrowings of $600.0 million under the 2021 Credit Facility and net borrowings of $135.0 million under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility. The borrowings were used to repay existing indebtedness and for general corporate purposes.

Summary cash flow information is set forth below for the years ended December 31, (in millions):

Net cash provided by (used for):

Operating activities

Investing activities (1)

Financing activities

Net effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash

(1)    For the year ended December 31, 2024, includes $2.2 billion of proceeds from the ATC TIPL Transaction.

We use our cash flows to fund our operations and investments in our business, including maintenance and improvements, communications site and data center construction, managed network installations and acquisitions. Additionally, we use our cash flows to make distributions, including distributions of our REIT taxable income to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT under the Code. We may also periodically repay or repurchase our existing indebtedness or equity. We typically fund our international expansion efforts primarily through a combination of cash on hand, intercompany debt and equity contributions.

On an on-going basis, we also perform a comprehensive assessment of our global operations to ensure our portfolio is positioned to drive sustained growth and achieve our risk-adjusted return objectives. This assessment may result in our decision to divest a portion, or all, of certain assets, including our South Africa Fiber business in 2025, our Australia and New Zealand businesses in 2024, the ATC TIPL Transaction, and our Mexico fiber and Poland businesses in 2023 and repurpose proceeds, and potential future capital, to other capital priorities.

As of December 31, 2025, we had total outstanding indebtedness of $37.4 billion, with a current portion of $3.4 billion. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we generated sufficient cash flow from operations, together with borrowings under our

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credit facilities, proceeds from our debt issuances and cash on hand, to fund our acquisitions, capital expenditures and debt service obligations, as well as our required distributions. We believe the cash generated by operating activities during the year ending December 31, 2026, together with our borrowing capacity under our credit facilities, will suffice to fund our required distributions, capital expenditures, debt service obligations (interest and principal repayments) and signed acquisitions.

As of December 31, 2025, we had $1.5 billion of cash and cash equivalents held by our foreign subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2025, we had $140.7 million of cash and cash equivalents held by our joint ventures, of which $91.3 million was held by our foreign joint ventures. Certain foreign subsidiaries may pay us interest or principal on intercompany debt. Additionally, in the event that we repatriate funds from our foreign subsidiaries, we may be required to accrue and pay certain taxes.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2025, cash provided by operating activities increased $173.5 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The primary factors that impacted cash provided by operating activities as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, include:

• an increase in our operating profit, including the impact of straight-line accounting; and

• decreases in cash paid for interest and cash paid for taxes;

partially offset by:

◦ a reduction of cash flows from ATC TIPL as a result of the sale in 2024; and

◦ an increase in cash required for working capital, primarily as a result of an increase in prepaid and other assets and a decrease in accounts payable.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Our significant investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2025 are highlighted below:

• We spent approximately $454.2 million for acquisitions.

• We received approximately $137.7 million from the sale of South Africa Fiber and approximately $159.6 million from the sale of equity securities in the U.S.

• We spent $1.7 billion for capital expenditures, as follows (in millions):

Discretionary capital projects (1)

Ground lease purchases (2)

Capital improvements and corporate expenditures (3)

Redevelopment

Start-up capital projects

Total capital expenditures

(1) Includes the construction of 1,918 communications sites globally and approximately $608.9 million of spend related to data center assets.

(2) Includes $36.0 million of perpetual land easement payments reported in Deferred financing costs and other financing activities in the cash flows from financing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

(3) Includes $4.3 million of finance lease payments reported in Repayments of notes payable, credit facilities, senior notes, secured debt, term loans and finance leases in the cash flows from financing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

We plan to continue to allocate our available capital, after satisfying our distribution requirements, among investment alternatives that meet our return on investment criteria, while maintaining our commitment to our long-term financial policies. Accordingly, we expect to continue to deploy capital through our annual capital expenditure program, including land purchases and new site and data center facility construction, and through acquisitions. We also regularly review our portfolios as to capital

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expenditures required to upgrade our infrastructure to our structural standards or address capacity, structural or permitting issues.

We expect that our 2026 total capital expenditures will be as follows (in millions):

Discretionary capital projects (1)

Ground lease purchases

Capital improvements and corporate expenditures

Redevelopment

Start-up capital projects

Total capital expenditures

(1)    Includes the construction of approximately 1,700 to 2,300 communications sites globally and approximately $695 million of anticipated spend related to data center assets.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Our significant financing activities were as follows (in millions):

Year Ended December 31,

Proceeds from issuance of senior notes, net

Borrowings under (repayments of) credit facilities, net

Repayments of term loans (1)

Repayments of securitized debt

Repayments of senior notes

Purchases of common stock

Distributions paid on common stock

(1) For the year ended December 31, 2024, includes the repayments of the 825.0 million EUR unsecured term loan, as amended in December 2021, and the 10.0 billion INR unsecured term loan in India, which was repaid in connection with the completion of the ATC TIPL Transaction.

Securitization

American Tower Secured Revenue Notes and Repayment of Series 2015-2 Notes —In May 2015, GTP Acquisition Partners I, LLC, one of our wholly owned subsidiaries, refinanced existing debt with cash on hand and proceeds from a private issuance (the “2015 Securitization”) of (i) $350.0 million of American Tower Secured Revenue Notes, Series 2015-1, Class A, which were subsequently repaid on the June 2020 payment date, and (ii) $525.0 million of the Series 2015-2 Notes. On the June 2025 payment date, we repaid $525.0 million aggregate principal amount outstanding under the Series 2015-2 Notes, pursuant to the terms of the agreements governing such securities. The repayment was funded with borrowings under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility and cash on hand. Following such repayment, no notes were outstanding under the 2015 Securitization.

Senior Notes

Repayments of Senior Notes

Repayment of 2.950% Senior Notes— On January 14, 2025, we repaid $650.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2.950% Notes upon their maturity. The 2.950% Notes were repaid using cash on hand and borrowings under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility. Upon completion of the repayment, none of the 2.950% Notes remained outstanding.

Repayment of 2.400% Senior Notes— On March 14, 2025, we repaid $750.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2.400% Notes upon their maturity. The 2.400% Notes were repaid using proceeds from the issuance of the 4.900% Notes and the 5.350% Notes (each as defined below). Upon completion of the repayment, none of the 2.400% Notes remained outstanding.

Repayment of 1.375% Senior Notes —On April 3, 2025, we repaid 500.0 million EUR aggregate principal amount of the 1.375% Notes upon their maturity. The 1.375% Notes were repaid using borrowings under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility and cash on hand. Upon completion of the repayment, none of the 1.375% Notes remained outstanding.

Repayment of 4.000% Senior Notes —On May 30, 2025, we repaid $750.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 4.000% Notes upon their maturity. The 4.000% Notes were repaid using borrowings under the 2021 Credit Facility and cash on hand. Upon completion of the repayment, none of the 4.000% Notes remained outstanding.

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Repayment of 1.300% Senior Notes —On September 12, 2025, we repaid $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 1.300% Notes upon their maturity. The 1.300% Notes were repaid using borrowings under the 2021 Credit Facility. Upon completion of the repayment, none of the 1.300% Notes remained outstanding.

Repayment of 4.400% Senior Notes —On February 13, 2026, we repaid $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 4.400% senior unsecured notes due 2026 (the “4.400% Notes”) upon their maturity. The 4.400% Notes were repaid using borrowings under the 2021 Credit Facility and cash on hand. Upon completion of the repayment, none of the 4.400% Notes remained outstanding.

Offerings of Senior Notes

4.900% Senior Notes and 5.350% Senior Notes Offering— On March 14, 2025, we completed a registered public offering of $650.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.900% senior unsecured notes due 2030 (the “Initial 4.900% Notes”) and $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.350% senior unsecured notes due 2035 (the “Initial 5.350% Notes”). The net proceeds from this offering were approximately $988.9 million, after deducting commissions and estimated expenses. We used the net proceeds to repay the 2.400% Notes, to repay existing indebtedness under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility and for general corporate purposes.

On September 16, 2025, we completed a registered public offering of $200.0 million aggregate principal amount through a reopening of the Initial 4.900% Notes (the “Reopened 4.900% Notes” and, collectively with the Initial 4.900% Notes, the “4.900% Notes”) and $375.0 million aggregate principal amount through a reopening of the Initial 5.350% Notes (the “Reopened 5.350% Notes” and, collectively with the Initial 5.350% Notes, the “5.350% Notes”). The net proceeds from this offering were approximately $587.8 million, after deducting commissions and estimated expenses. We used the net proceeds to repay existing indebtedness under the 2021 Credit Facility and for general corporate purposes.

3.625% Senior Notes Offering— On May 30, 2025, we completed a registered public offering of 500.0 million EUR (approximately $567.4 million at the date of issuance) aggregate principal amount of 3.625% senior unsecured notes due 2032 (the “3.625% Notes). The net proceeds from this offering were approximately 496.8 million EUR (approximately $563.7 million at the date of issuance), after deducting commissions and estimated expenses. We used the net proceeds to repay existing indebtedness under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility and for general corporate purposes.

4.700% Senior Notes Offering— On December 5, 2025, we completed a registered public offering of $850.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.700% senior unsecured notes due 2032 (the “4.700% Notes,” and, collectively with the 4.900% Notes, the 5.350% Notes and the 3.625% Notes, the “Notes”). The net proceeds from this offering were approximately $839.5 million, after deducting commissions and estimated expenses. We used the net proceeds to repay existing indebtedness under the 2021 Credit Facility.

The key terms of the Notes are as follows:

Senior Notes

Aggregate Principal Amount (in millions)

Issue Date and Interest Accrual Date

Maturity Date

Contractual Interest Rate

First Interest Payment

Interest Payments Due (1)

Par Call Date (2)

4.900% Notes (3)

March 14, 2025

March 15, 2030

September 15, 2025

March 15 and September 15

February 15, 2030

5.350% Notes (3)

March 14, 2025

March 15, 2035

September 15, 2025

March 15 and September 15

December 15, 2034

3.625% Notes (4)

May 30, 2025

May 30, 2032

May 30, 2026

May 30

March 30, 2032

4.700% Notes

December 5, 2025

December 15, 2032

June 15, 2026

June 15 and December 15

October 15, 2032

(1) Accrued and unpaid interest on U.S. Dollar (“USD”) denominated notes is payable in USD semi-annually in arrears and will be computed from the issue date on the basis of a 360-day year comprised of twelve 30-day months. Interest on EUR denominated notes is payable in EUR annually in arrears and will be computed on the basis of the actual number of days in the period for which interest is being calculated and the actual number of days from and including the last date on which interest was paid on the notes, beginning on the issue date.

(2) We may redeem the Notes at any time, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes plus a make-whole premium, together with accrued interest to the redemption date. If we redeem the Notes on or after the par call date, we will not be required to pay a make-whole premium.

(3) The Initial 4.900% Notes and the Initial 5.350% Notes were issued on March 14, 2025. The Reopened 4.900% Notes and the Reopened 5.350% Notes were issued on September 16, 2025. The first interest payments made on September 15, 2025 related solely to the Initial 4.900% Notes and the Initial 5.350% Notes. The first interest payments on the Reopened 4.900% Notes and the Reopened 5.350% Notes are due on March 15, 2026.

(4) The 3.625% Notes are denominated in EUR; dollar amounts represent the aggregate principal amount at the issuance date.

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If we undergo a change of control and corresponding ratings decline, each as defined in the applicable supplemental indenture for the Notes, we may be required to repurchase all of the Notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest (including additional interest, if any), up to but not including the repurchase date. The Notes rank equally in right of payment with all of our other senior unsecured debt obligations and are structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other obligations of our subsidiaries.

Each applicable supplemental indenture contains certain covenants that restrict our ability to merge, consolidate or sell assets and our (together with our subsidiaries’) ability to incur liens. These covenants are subject to a number of exceptions, including that we and our subsidiaries may incur certain liens on assets, mortgages or other liens securing indebtedness if the aggregate amount of indebtedness secured by such liens does not exceed 3.5x Adjusted EBITDA, as defined in the applicable supplemental indenture.

Bank Facilities

Amendments to Bank Facilities— On January 28, 2025, we amended our (i) 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility, (ii) 2021 Credit Facility and (iii) $1.0 billion unsecured term loan, as amended and restated in December 2021, as further amended (the “2021 Term Loan”).

These amendments, among other things,

i. extend the maturity dates of the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility and the 2021 Credit Facility to January 28, 2028 and January 28, 2030, respectively;

ii. extend the maturity date of the 2021 Term Loan to January 28, 2028; and

iii. update the Applicable Margins (as defined in the loan agreements).

2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility— As of December 31, 2025, we had the ability to borrow up to a total of $6.0 billion under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility, which includes a $3.5 billion sublimit for multicurrency borrowings, a $200.0 million sublimit for letters of credit and a $50.0 million sublimit for swingline loans. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we borrowed an aggregate of $2.4 billion, including 492.0 million EUR ($529.1 million as of the borrowing date) and repaid an aggregate of $2.0 billion, including 492.0 million EUR ($549.9 million as of the repayment date), of revolving indebtedness under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility. We used the borrowings to repay outstanding indebtedness, including the 2.950% Notes, the 1.375% Notes and the Series 2015-2 Notes, and for general corporate purposes. As of December 31, 2025, there are no EUR borrowings outstanding under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility.

2021 Credit Facility— As of December 31, 2025, we had the ability to borrow up to a total of $4.0 billion under the 2021 Credit Facility, which includes a $2.5 billion sublimit for multicurrency borrowings, $200.0 million sublimit for letters of credit and a $50.0 million sublimit for swingline loans. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we borrowed an aggregate of $3.7 billion and repaid an aggregate of $3.7 billion of revolving indebtedness under our 2021 Credit Facility. We used the borrowings to repay outstanding indebtedness, including the 4.000% Notes and the 1.300% Notes, and for general corporate purposes.

As of December 31, 2025, the key terms under the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility, the 2021 Credit Facility and the 2021 Term Loan were as follows:

Bank Facility

Outstanding Principal Balance ($ in millions)

Maturity Date

SOFR or EURIBOR borrowing interest rate range (1)

Base rate borrowing interest rate range (1)

Current margin over SOFR or EURIBOR and the base rate, respectively

2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility

January 28, 2028

0.875% and 0.000%

2021 Credit Facility

January 28, 2030

0.875% and 0.000%

2021 Term Loan

January 28, 2028

0.875% and 0.000%

(1) Represents interest rate above: (a) Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) for SOFR based borrowings, (b) Euro Interbank Offer Rate (“EURIBOR”) for EURIBOR based borrowings and (c) the defined base rate for base rate borrowings, in each case based on our debt ratings.

(2) Currently borrowed at SOFR.

(3) Subject to two optional renewal periods.

We must pay a quarterly commitment fee on the undrawn portion of each of the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility and the 2021 Credit Facility. The commitment fee for the 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility and the 2021 Credit Facility ranges from 0.080% to 0.200% per annum, based upon our debt ratings, and is currently 0.100%.

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The 2021 Multicurrency Credit Facility, the 2021 Credit Facility and the 2021 Term Loan and the associated loan agreements (the “Bank Loan Agreements”) do not require amortization of principal and may be paid prior to maturity in whole or in part at our option without penalty or premium. We have the option of choosing either a defined base rate, SOFR or EURIBOR as the applicable base rate for borrowings under these bank facilities.

Each Bank Loan Agreement contains certain reporting, information, financial and operating covenants and other restrictions (including limitations on additional debt, guaranties, sales of assets and liens) with which we must comply. Failure to comply with the financial and operating covenants of the loan agreements could not only prevent us from being able to borrow additional funds under the revolving credit facilities, but may constitute a default, which could result in, among other things, the amounts outstanding under the applicable agreement, including all accrued interest and unpaid fees, becoming immediately due and payable.

Other Subsidiary Debt— Each of the agreements governing the other subsidiary debt contains contractual covenants and other restrictions. Failure to comply with certain of the financial and operating covenants could constitute a default under the applicable debt agreement, which could result in, among other things, the amounts outstanding, including all accrued interest and unpaid fees, becoming immediately due and payable.

Bangladesh Term Loan— In March 2025, we entered into a 400.0 million BDT (approximately $3.3 million) term loan with a maturity date that is eight years from the date of the first draw thereunder (the “Bangladesh Term Loan”). On March 24, 2025, we borrowed 150.0 million BDT (approximately $1.2 million) under the Bangladesh Term Loan. The Bangladesh Term Loan bears interest at 13.50% per annum, subject to quarterly resets. Interest is payable quarterly. Any outstanding principal and accrued but unpaid interest will be due and payable in full at maturity. The Bangladesh Term Loan does not require amortization of principal and may be paid prior to maturity in whole or in part at our option without penalty or premium.

CoreSite DE1 Note— On April 1, 2025, in connection with our acquisition of a multi-tenant data center facility in Denver, Colorado, in which we previously leased space (“DE1”), we entered into an agreement to pay $5.0 million of purchase price to the seller in monthly installments through March 31, 2028 (the “CoreSite DE1 Note”). The CoreSite DE1 Note accrues interest at the prime rate as announced by Bank of America, N.A plus 200 basis points. As of December 31, 2025, the interest rate was 9.50% per annum. Interest is payable monthly in arrears. Any outstanding principal and accrued but unpaid interest will be due and payable in full at maturity. The CoreSite DE1 Note may be paid prior to maturity in whole or in part at our option without penalty or premium, provided that if such prepayment is made prior to April 1, 2027, we are required to pay any additional interest which would have accrued under the CoreSite DE1 Note in the ordinary course through April 1, 2027.

Stock Repurchase Programs —During the year ended December 31, 2025, we repurchased 2,036,100 shares of our common stock for an aggregate of $364.6 million, including commissions and fees, under both the 2011 Buyback and the 2017 Buyback. As of December 31, 2025, we have no amounts remaining under the 2011 Buyback.

Under the 2017 Buyback, we are authorized to purchase shares from time to time through open market purchases or in privately negotiated transactions not to exceed market prices and subject to market conditions and other factors. With respect to open market purchases, we may use plans adopted in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act in accordance with securities laws and other legal requirements, which allows us to repurchase shares during periods when it may otherwise be prevented from doing so under insider trading laws or because of self-imposed trading blackout periods.

Subsequent to December 31, 2025, through February 17, 2026, we repurchased 312,352 shares of our common stock for an aggregate of approximately $53.0 million, including commissions and fees, under the 2017 Buyback.

Through February 17, 2026, we have repurchased a total of 2,253,664 shares of our common stock under the 2017 Buyback for an aggregate of $400.0 million, including commissions and fees. We expect to continue to manage the pacing of the remaining $1.6 billion under the 2017 Buyback in response to general market conditions and other relevant factors. We expect to fund any further repurchases of our common stock through a combination of cash on hand, cash generated by operations and borrowings under our credit facilities. Purchases under the 2017 Buyback are subject to our having available cash to fund repurchases.

Sales of Equity Securities —We receive proceeds from sales of our equity securities pursuant to our employee stock purchase plan (the “ESPP”) and upon exercise of stock options granted under our equity incentive plan, as amended (the “2007 Plan”). During the year ended December 31, 2025, we received an aggregate of $41.7 million in proceeds upon exercises of stock options and sales pursuant to the ESPP.

Future Financing Transactions — We regularly consider various options to obtain financing and access the capital markets, subject to market conditions, to meet our funding needs. Such capital raising alternatives, in addition to those noted above, may include amendments and extensions of our bank facilities, entry into new bank facilities, transactions with private equity funds or partnerships, additional senior note and equity offerings and securitization transactions. No assurance can be given as to whether any such financing transactions will be completed or as to the timing or terms thereof.

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Distributions— As a REIT, we must annually distribute to our stockholders an amount equal to at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined before the deduction for distributed earnings and excluding any net capital gain). Generally, we have distributed, and expect to continue to distribute, all or substantially all of our REIT taxable income after taking into consideration our utilization of NOLs. We have distributed an aggregate of approximately $23.7 billion to our common stockholders, including the dividend paid in February 2026. The dividends paid to common stockholders in 2025 were primarily classified as ordinary income that may be treated as qualified REIT dividends under Section 199A of the Code and we currently expect the 2026 dividends to be similarly classified.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we paid $6.72 per share, or $3.1 billion, to our common stockholders of record. In addition, we declared a distribution of $1.70 per share, or $792.9 million, paid on February 2, 2026 to our common stockholders of record at the close of business on December 29, 2025.

We accrue distributions on unvested restricted stock units, which are payable upon vesting. The amount accrued for distributions payable related to unvested restricted stock units was $20.8 million and $22.5 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we paid $12.2 million of distributions upon the vesting of restricted stock units.

The amount, timing and frequency of future distributions will be at the sole discretion of our Board and will depend on various factors, a number of which may be beyond our control, including our financial condition and operating cash flows, the amount required to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT and reduce any income and excise taxes that we otherwise would be required to pay, limitations on distributions in our existing and future debt and preferred equity instruments, our ability to utilize NOLs to offset our distribution requirements, limitations on our ability to fund distributions using cash generated through our TRSs and other factors that our Board may deem relevant.

For more details on the cash distributions paid to our common stockholders during the year ended December 31, 2025, see note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

We utilize notional cash pooling arrangements with financial institutions for cash management purposes. These arrangements allow for cash withdrawals based upon aggregate cash balances on deposit at the same financial institution.

Material Cash Requirements — The following table summarizes material cash requirements from known contractual and other obligations as of December 31, 2025 (in millions):

Thereafter

Total

Debt obligations (1)

Operating lease obligations (2)

(1)    Includes aggregate principal maturities of long-term debt, including finance lease obligations (see note 8 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report).

(2)    Includes payments under non-cancellable initial terms, as well as payments for certain renewal periods at our option, which we expect to renew because failure to do so could result in a loss of the applicable communications sites and related revenues from tenant leases (see note 4 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report).

Distributions— We expect that our 2026 total distributions declared to our common stockholders will be $3.3 billion. The amount, timing and frequency of future distributions will be at the sole discretion of our Board.

Asset Retirement Obligations— We are required to remove our assets and remediate the leased sites upon which certain of our assets are located. As of December 31, 2025, the estimated undiscounted future cash outlay for asset retirement obligations was $4.6 billion.

Factors Affecting Sources of Liquidity

Our liquidity depends on our ability to generate cash flow from operating activities, borrow funds under our credit facilities and maintain compliance with the contractual agreements governing our indebtedness. We believe that the debt agreements discussed below represent our material debt agreements that contain covenants, our compliance with which would be material to an investor’s understanding of our financial results and the impact of those results on our liquidity.

Internally Generated Funds —Because the majority of our customer leases are multiyear contracts, a significant majority of the revenues generated by our property operations as of the end of 2025 is recurring revenue that we should continue to receive in future periods. Accordingly, a key factor affecting our ability to generate cash flow from operating activities is to maintain this recurring revenue and to convert it into operating profit by minimizing operating costs and fully achieving our operating efficiencies. In addition, our ability to increase cash flow from operating activities depends upon the demand for our

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communications infrastructure and our related services and our ability to increase the utilization of our existing communications infrastructure.

Restrictions Under Loan Agreements Relating to Our Credit Facilities —Each Bank Loan Agreement contains certain financial and operating covenants and other restrictions applicable to us and our subsidiaries that are not designated as unrestricted subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. These restrictions include limitations on additional debt, distributions and dividends, guaranties, sales of assets and liens. The Bank Loan Agreements also contain covenants that establish financial tests with which we and our restricted subsidiaries must comply related to total leverage and senior secured leverage, as set forth in the table below. As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with each of these covenants.

Compliance Tests For The 12 Months Ended

December 31, 2025

($ in billions)

Ratio (1)

Additional Debt Capacity Under Covenants (2)

Capacity for Adjusted EBITDA Decrease Under Covenants (3)

Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio

Total Debt to Adjusted EBITDA

Consolidated Senior Secured Leverage Ratio

Senior Secured Debt to Adjusted EBITDA

(1)    Each component of the ratio as defined in the applicable loan agreement.

(2)    Assumes no change to Adjusted EBITDA.

(3)    Assumes no change to our debt levels.

(4)    Effectively, however, additional Senior Secured Debt under this ratio would be limited to the capacity under the Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio.

The Bank Loan Agreements also contain reporting and information covenants that require us to provide financial and operating information to the lenders within certain time periods. If we are unable to provide the required information on a timely basis, we would be in breach of these covenants.

Failure to comply with the financial maintenance tests and certain other covenants of the Bank Loan Agreements could not only prevent us from being able to borrow additional funds under the revolving credit facilities, but may also constitute a default under these credit facilities, which could result in, among other things, the amounts outstanding, including all accrued interest and unpaid fees, becoming immediately due and payable. If this were to occur, we may not have sufficient cash on hand to repay such indebtedness. The key factors affecting our ability to comply with the debt covenants described above are our financial performance relative to the financial maintenance tests defined in the Bank Loan Agreements and our ability to fund our debt service obligations. Based upon our current expectations, we believe our operating results during the next 12 months will be sufficient to comply with these covenants.

Restrictions Under Agreements Relating to the Trust Securitization— The indenture and related supplemental indenture governing the loan agreement related to the securitization transactions completed in March 2018 (the “2018 Securitization”) and March 2023 (the “2023 Securitization” and, together with the 2018 Securitization, the “Trust Securitization”) (the “Securitization Loan Agreements”) include certain financial ratios and operating covenants and other restrictions customary for transactions subject to rated securitizations. Among other things, American Tower Asset Sub, LLC and American Tower Asset Sub II, LLC (together, the “AMT Asset Subs”) are prohibited from incurring other indebtedness for borrowed money or further encumbering their assets, subject to customary carve-outs for ordinary course trade payables and permitted encumbrances (as defined in the applicable agreements).

Under the Securitization Loan Agreements, amounts due will be paid from the cash flows generated by the assets securing the nonrecourse loan that secures the Secured Tower Revenue Securities, Series 2018-1, Subclass A (the “Series 2018-1A Securities”), the Secured Tower Revenue Securities, Series 2018-1, Subclass R (the “Series 2018-1R Securities” and, together with the Series 2018-1A Securities, the “2018 Securities”), the Secured Tower Revenue Securities 2023-1, Subclass A (the “Series 2023-1A Securities”), the Secured Tower Revenue Securities, Series 2023-1, Subclass R (the “Series 2023-1R Securities” and, together with the Series 2023-1A Securities, the “2023 Securities”) issued in the Trust Securitization (the “Loan”), as applicable, which must be deposited into certain reserve accounts, and thereafter distributed, solely pursuant to the terms of the applicable agreement. On a monthly basis, after paying all required amounts under the applicable agreement, subject to the conditions described in the table below, the excess cash flows generated from the operation of these assets are released to the AMT Asset Subs, which can then be distributed to us for use. As of December 31, 2025, $69.0 million held in such reserve accounts was classified as restricted cash.

Certain information with respect to the Trust Securitization is set forth below. The debt service coverage ratio (“DSCR”) is generally calculated as the ratio of the net cash flow (as defined in the applicable agreement) to the amount of interest, servicing

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fees and trustee fees required to be paid over the succeeding 12 months on the principal amount of the Loan that will be outstanding on the payment date following such date of determination.

Issuer or Borrower

Notes/Securities Issued

Conditions Limiting Distributions of Excess Cash

Excess Cash Distributed During Year Ended December 31, 2025

DSCR as of

December 31, 2025

Capacity for Decrease in Net Cash Flow Before Triggering Cash Trap DSCR (1)

Capacity for Decrease in Net Cash Flow Before Triggering Minimum DSCR (1)

Cash Trap DSCR

Amortization Period

(in millions)

(in millions)

(in millions)

Trust Securitization

AMT Asset Subs

Secured Tower Revenue Securities, Series 2023-1, Subclass A, Secured Tower Revenue Securities, Series 2023-1, Subclass R, Secured Tower Revenue Securities, Series 2018-1, Subclass A and Secured Tower Revenue Securities, Series 2018-1, Subclass R

1.30x, Tested Quarterly (2)

(1)    Based on the net cash flow of the issuer or borrower as of December 31, 2025 and the expenses payable over the next 12 months on the Loan.

(2)    If the DSCR were equal to or below 1.30x (the “Cash Trap DSCR”) for any quarter, all cash flow in excess of amounts required to make debt service payments, fund required reserves, pay management fees and budgeted operating expenses and make other payments required under the applicable transaction documents, referred to as excess cash flow, will be deposited into a reserve account (the “Cash Trap Reserve Account”) instead of being released to the applicable issuer or borrower. Once triggered, a Cash Trap DSCR condition continues to exist until the DSCR exceeds the Cash Trap DSCR for two consecutive calendar quarters.

(3)    An amortization period commences if the DSCR is equal to or below 1.15x (the “Minimum DSCR”) at the end of any calendar quarter and continues to exist until the DSCR exceeds the Minimum DSCR for two consecutive calendar quarters.

(4)    An amortization period exists if the outstanding principal amount has not been paid in full on the applicable anticipated repayment date and continues to exist until the principal has been repaid in full.

A failure to meet the noted DSCR tests could prevent the AMT Asset Subs from distributing excess cash flow to us, which could affect our ability to fund our capital expenditures, including tower construction and acquisitions and to meet REIT distribution requirements. During an “amortization period,” all excess cash flow and any amounts then in the applicable Cash Trap Reserve Account would be applied to pay the principal of the Loan on each monthly payment date, and so would not be available for distribution to us. Further, additional interest will begin to accrue with respect to the Loan from and after the anticipated repayment date at a per annum rate determined in accordance with the applicable agreement. Furthermore, if the AMT Asset Subs were to default on the Loan, the trustee may seek to foreclose upon or otherwise convert the ownership of all or any portion of the 5,023 broadcast and wireless communications towers and related assets that secure the Loan, in which case we could lose those sites and their associated revenue.

As discussed above, we use our available liquidity and seek new sources of liquidity to fund capital expenditures, future growth and expansion initiatives, satisfy our distribution requirements and repay or repurchase our debt. If we determine that it is desirable or necessary to raise additional capital, we may be unable to do so, or such additional financing may be prohibitively expensive or restricted by the terms of our outstanding indebtedness. Further, as discussed under Item 1A of this Annual Report under the caption “Risk Factors,” market volatility and disruption caused by inflation, high interest rates and supply chain disruptions may impact our ability to raise additional capital through debt financing activities or our ability to repay or refinance maturing liabilities, or impact the terms of any new obligations. If we are unable to raise capital when our needs arise, we may not be able to fund capital expenditures, future growth and expansion initiatives, satisfy our REIT distribution requirements and debt service obligations, or refinance our existing indebtedness.

In addition, our liquidity depends on our ability to generate cash flow from operating activities. As set forth under Item 1A of this Annual Report under the caption “Risk Factors,” we derive a substantial portion of our current and projected future revenue from a small number of customers and, consequently, a failure by a significant customer to perform its contractual obligations to us could adversely affect our cash flow and liquidity.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, as well as related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. We evaluate our policies and estimates on an ongoing basis. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We have reviewed our policies and estimates to determine our critical accounting policies for the year ended December 31, 2025. We have identified the following policies as critical to an understanding of our results of operations and financial condition. This is not a comprehensive list of our accounting policies. See note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report for a summary of our significant accounting policies. In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically dictated by GAAP, with no need for management’s judgment in its application. There are also areas in which management’s judgment in selecting any available alternative would not produce a materially different result.

• Impairment of Assets—Assets Subject to Depreciation and Amortization : We review long-lived assets for impairment at least annually or whenever events, changes in circumstances or other indicators or evidence indicate that the carrying amount of our assets may not be recoverable.

We review our tower and data center portfolios, network location intangible and right-of-use assets for indicators of impairment at the lowest level of identifiable cash flows, typically at an individual tower or data center basis. Possible indicators include a site not having current tenant leases or having expenses in excess of revenues. A cash flow modeling approach is utilized to assess recoverability and incorporates, among other items, the location, the location demographics, the timing of additions of new tenants, lease rates and estimated length of tenancy and ongoing cash requirements.

We review our tenant-related intangible assets on a tenant by tenant basis for indicators of impairment, such as high levels of turnover or attrition, non-renewal of a significant number of contracts or the cancellation or termination of a relationship. We assess recoverability by determining whether the carrying amount of the tenant-related intangible assets will be recovered primarily through projected undiscounted future cash flows.

If the sum of the estimated undiscounted future cash flows of our long-lived assets is less than the carrying amount of the assets, an impairment loss may be recognized. Key assumptions included in the undiscounted cash flows are future revenue projections, estimates of ongoing tenancies and operating margins. An impairment loss would be based on the fair value of the asset, which is based on an estimate of discounted future cash flows to be provided from the asset. We record any related impairment charge in the period in which we identify such impairment.

• Impairment of Assets—Goodwill: We review goodwill for impairment at least annually (as of December 31) or whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Goodwill is recorded in the applicable segment and assessed for impairment at the reporting unit level. We employ a discounted cash flow analysis when testing goodwill for impairment. The key assumptions utilized in the discounted cash flow analysis include current operating performance, terminal revenue growth rate, management’s expectations of future operating results and cash requirements, the current weighted average cost of capital and an expected tax rate. We compare the fair value of the reporting unit, as calculated under an income approach using future discounted cash flows, to the carrying amount of the applicable reporting unit. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss would be recognized for the amount of the excess. The loss recognized is limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the results of our annual goodwill impairment test indicated that the carrying amount of our Spain reporting unit exceeded its estimated fair value, as calculated under an income approach using future discounted cash flows. As a result, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $80.0 million. The key assumptions utilized in the discounted cash flow analysis include current operating performance, terminal revenue growth rate, management’s expectations of future operating results and cash requirements, the current weighted average cost of capital and an expected tax rate. The reduction in the fair value of the Spain reporting unit was due to an increase in the weighted average cost of capital. The goodwill impairment charge in Spain was recorded in Goodwill impairment in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we estimated the fair value of the Bangladesh reporting unit using, among other things, indications of value received from third parties in connection with the review of various strategic alternatives for our Bangladesh operations. As a result, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $6.5 million. The

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goodwill impairment charge is recorded in Other operating expense in the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2025.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, no other potential goodwill impairment was identified as the fair value of each of our reporting units was in excess of its carrying amount.

• Revenue Recognition: Our revenue is derived from leasing the right to use our communications sites, the land on which the sites are located, the land underlying our customers’ sites and the space in our data center facilities (the “lease component”) and from the reimbursement of costs incurred in operating the communications sites and data center facilities and supporting the customers’ equipment as well as other services and contractual rights (the “non-lease component”). Most of our revenue is derived from leasing arrangements and is accounted for as lease revenue unless the timing and pattern of revenue recognition of the non-lease component differs from the lease component. If the timing and pattern of the non-lease component revenue recognition differs from that of the lease component, we separately determine the stand-alone selling prices and pattern of revenue recognition for each performance obligation.

Our revenue from leasing arrangements, including fixed escalation clauses present in non-cancellable lease arrangements, is reported on a straight-line basis over the term of the respective leases when collectibility is probable. Escalation clauses tied to a consumer price index or other inflation-based indices, and other variable incentives present in lease agreements with our tenants, are excluded from the straight-line calculation. Total property straight-line revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were $101.0 million, $277.6 million and $465.4 million, respectively. Amounts billed upfront in connection with the execution of lease agreements are initially deferred and reflected in Unearned revenue in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and recognized as revenue over the terms of the applicable lease arrangements. Amounts billed or received for services prior to being earned are deferred and reflected in Unearned revenue in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets until the criteria for recognition have been met. Periodically, we provide lease incentives to our tenants. If incentives are present in our leases, they are evaluated to determine proper treatment and, to the extent present, are recorded in Other current assets and Other non-current assets in the consolidated balance sheets and amortized on a straight line basis over the corresponding lease term as a non-cash reduction to revenue.

We derive the largest portion of our revenues, corresponding trade receivables and the related deferred rent asset from a small number of customers in the telecommunications industry, with 59% of our revenues derived from four customers. In addition, we have concentrations of credit risk in certain geographic areas. We mitigate the concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade receivables and the related deferred rent assets by actively monitoring the creditworthiness of our customers. In recognizing customer revenue we assess the collectibility of both the amounts billed and the portion recognized on a straight-line basis. This assessment takes customer credit risk and business and industry conditions into consideration to ultimately determine the collectibility of the amounts billed. To the extent the amounts, based on management’s estimates, may not be collectible, recognition is deferred until such point as the uncertainty is resolved. Any amounts that were previously recognized as revenue and are subsequently determined to present a risk of collection are reserved as bad debt expense. Accounts receivable are reported net of allowances for doubtful accounts related to estimated losses resulting from a customer’s inability to make required payments and allowances for amounts invoiced whose collectibility is not reasonably assured.

• Rent Expense and Lease Accounting: Many of the leases underlying our tower sites and data centers have fixed rent escalations, which provide for periodic increases in the amount of ground rent payable over time. In addition, certain of our tenant leases require us to exercise available renewal options pursuant to the underlying ground lease if the tenant exercises its renewal option. Our calculation of the lease liability includes the term of the underlying ground lease plus all periods, if any, for which failure to renew the lease imposes an economic penalty to us such that renewal appears to be reasonably assured.

We recognize a right-of-use lease asset and lease liability for operating and finance leases. The right-of-use asset is measured as the sum of the lease liability, prepaid or accrued lease payments, any initial direct costs incurred and any other applicable amounts.

The calculation of the lease liability requires us to make certain assumptions for each lease, including lease term and discount rate implicit in each lease, which could significantly impact the gross lease obligation, the duration and the present value of the lease liability. When calculating the lease term, we consider the renewal, cancellation and termination rights available to us and the lessor. We determine the discount rate by calculating the incremental borrowing rate on a collateralized basis at the commencement of a lease or upon a change in the lease term.

• Income Taxes: Accounting for income taxes requires us to estimate the timing and impact of amounts recorded in our financial statements that may be recognized differently for tax purposes. To the extent that the timing of amounts

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recognized for financial reporting purposes differs from the timing of recognition for tax reporting purposes, deferred tax assets or liabilities are required to be recorded. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences and carryforwards are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities as a result of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We do not expect to pay federal income taxes on our REIT taxable income.

We periodically review our deferred tax assets, and we record a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Management assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to use the existing deferred tax assets. Valuation allowances would be reversed as a reduction to the provision for income taxes, if related deferred tax assets are deemed realizable based on changes in facts and circumstances relevant to the assets’ recoverability.

We recognize the benefit of uncertain tax positions when, in management’s judgment, it is more likely than not that positions we have taken in our tax returns will be sustained upon examination, which are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. We adjust our tax liabilities when our judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information or information not previously available. Due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the tax liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which additional information is available or the position is ultimately settled under audit.

Accounting Standards Update

For a discussion of recent accounting standards updates, see note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.