Real-time Form 4 intelligence. Smarter insider tracking.
YoY shift: Neutral
Year-over-year tone shift - average net-tone change across Risk Factors and MD&A vs the prior 10-K. This filing is 0.00pp more bearish than last year's.
Why YoY instead of absolute: the LM lexicon has ~6.6× more negative words than positive (legal/risk-disclosure language is heavy on hedging), so every 10-K reads bearish on raw tone. Year-over-year change strips that bias and surfaces the actual shift in management's framing.
Tone shift by section
The two components the gauge averages: how Risk Factors and MD&A each shifted in net tone versus last year's 10-K. The headline above is their average, so a green needle over a soft section just means the other section carried it.
Risk Factors
+0.00pp
Flat
Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
MD&A
+0.00pp
Flat
Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
Per-snippet highlights
Sentence-level sentiment highlighting with category and subcategory filters is coming once the snippet-scoring pipeline lands. For now, dig into the actual section text on the Sections tab.
Risk Factors (Item 1A)
20,686 words
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Set forth below are the risks that we believe are material to our stockholders. You should carefully consider the following risks in evaluating our Company and our business. The occurrence of any of the following risks could materially and adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, the market price of shares of our common stock, and our ability to, among other things, satisfy our debt service obligations and to make distributions to our stockholders, which in turn could cause our stockholders to lose all or a part of their investment. Some statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements in the following risk factors constitute forward-looking statements. Please refer to the section entitled "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" at the beginning of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Risks Related to Our Real Estate Business
Adverse economic and geopolitical conditions and dislocations in the credit markets could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
MD&A (Item 7)
13,062 words
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Business Description
We are a self-managed REIT with over four decades of experience managing high-quality properties located primarily in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States. As of December 31, 2025, our stabilized operating property portfolio was comprised of 46 retail properties, 14 office properties, and 11 multifamily properties. In addition to our operating property portfolio, we had three retail properties, two office properties, and three multifamily properties in various stages of predevelopment, development, redevelopment, or stabilization as of December 31, 2025. We also have historically provided general contracting services to third parties and invested in development projects through mezzanine lending arrangements and equity investments.
Substantially all of our assets are held by, and all of our operations are conducted through, our Operating Partnership. We are the sole general partner of our Operating Partnership and, as of December 31, 2025, we owned, through a combination of direct and indirect interests, 77.3% of the outstanding OP Units in our Operating Partnership.
We elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2013.
Our business has been, and may in the future be, affected by market and economic challenges experienced by the U.S. economy or the real estate industry as a whole. Such conditions may materially and adversely affect us as a result of the following potential consequences, among others:
• decreased demand for retail, office, and multifamily space, which would cause market rental rates and property values to be negatively impacted;
• reduced values of our properties may limit our ability to dispose of assets at attractive prices or obtain debt financing secured by our properties and may reduce the availability of unsecured loans;
• our ability to obtain financing on terms and conditions that we find acceptable, or at all, may be limited, which could reduce our ability to pursue acquisition and development opportunities and refinance existing debt, reduce our returns from our acquisition and development activities, and increase our future debt service expense; and
• one or more lenders under our credit facility (as defined below) could refuse to fund their financing commitment to us or could otherwise fail to do so, and we may not be able to replace the financing commitment of any such lenders on favorable terms or at all.
If the U.S. economy experiences an economic downturn, we may see increases in bankruptcies and defaults by our tenants, and we may experience higher vacancy rates and delays in re-leasing vacant space, which could negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
Our recently announced strategic repositioning may not be successfully executed and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, and ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
We recently announced a strategic plan to reposition the Company, which includes, among other things, the sale of our construction business, the planned disposition of our multifamily property portfolio and our mezzanine loan portfolio, the use of disposition proceeds to reduce our outstanding indebtedness, changes to our corporate branding and public market identity, and the adoption of a revised executive compensation program intended to support the execution of this strategy. This strategic repositioning involves significant risks and uncertainties, and there can be no assurance that we will successfully implement the plan on the timing, scope, or terms we currently anticipate, or at all.
As part of this strategy, we intend to sell all or a portion of our multifamily assets over time and use the proceeds primarily to reduce outstanding debt. Real estate investments are inherently illiquid, and market conditions for multifamily assets may be unfavorable, including as a result of elevated interest rates, constrained buyer financing, pricing volatility, or reduced transaction activity. As a result, we may be unable to complete these asset sales within anticipated timeframes, at prices we expect, or on terms acceptable to us, or we may be unable to complete such sales at all. The disposition process may also be lengthy and costly, require significant management time and attention, and expose us to transactional risks, including potential indemnification obligations, required capital expenditures, or other unanticipated costs. If we classify any assets as held for sale, we may be required to record impairment charges if their estimated fair value less costs to sell is below their carrying value.
Table of Contents
Delays in completing dispositions or lower-than-expected proceeds could limit our ability to reduce leverage as planned, adversely affect our liquidity and financial flexibility, and impair our ability to comply with financial covenants or execute other elements of our strategy. In addition, during the pendency of these dispositions, we may experience declines in revenues, net income, FFO, and cash available for distribution, and we may not be able to effectively time reductions in income from asset sales with corresponding improvements in our capital structure or operating performance.
We also intend to sell our mezzanine loan portfolio as part of this strategic repositioning. The disposition of these investments will reduce the interest income generated by our real estate financing investments, and there can be no assurance that the resulting reduction in income will be offset by improvements in our balance sheet, cost of capital, or long-term earnings profile. In addition, we may not be able to sell these investments on acceptable terms or at all, which could result in realized losses or additional impairments.
In connection with our strategic repositioning, we intend to rebrand the Company and change our corporate name and stock ticker symbol. These changes may result in a loss of brand recognition or brand equity, confusion among investors, tenants, lenders, or other stakeholders, reduced market visibility, or increased stock price volatility, any of which could adversely affect our access to capital, investor base, or market valuation.
We have also adopted a revised executive compensation program intended to align management incentives with the successful execution of our strategic plan. There can be no assurance that this compensation structure will effectively incentivize or retain key members of senior management or that management’s interests will be fully aligned with those of our stockholders. If we are unable to retain key personnel, or if management fails to execute the strategic plan effectively, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
If we are unable to complete the planned asset sales on acceptable terms or within expected timeframes, fail to achieve the anticipated reduction in leverage, experience sustained declines in earnings or cash flow, or otherwise fail to realize the intended benefits of our strategic repositioning, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, the market price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock, and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders could be materially and adversely affected.
We may be unable to identify and complete acquisitions of properties and development opportunities that meet our investment criteria, which may materially and adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow, and growth prospects.
Our business and growth strategy involves the development and selective acquisition of retail, office, and multifamily properties. We may expend significant management time and other resources, including out-of-pocket costs, in pursuing these investment opportunities. Our ability to complete development projects or acquire properties on favorable terms, or at all, may be exposed to the following significant risks:
• we may incur significant costs and divert management attention in connection with evaluating and negotiating potential acquisitions and development opportunities, including those that we are subsequently unable to complete;
• we have agreements for the acquisition or development of properties that are subject to conditions, which we may be unable to satisfy; and
• we may be unable to obtain financing on favorable terms or at all.
If we are unable to identify attractive investment opportunities and successfully develop new properties, our results of operations, cash flow, and growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
We may dispose of certain properties over time as we seek to pursue growth through our investment strategy. However, investments in real estate are illiquid, and it may not be possible to dispose of assets in a timely manner or on favorable terms, which could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.
Our ability to dispose of properties on advantageous terms depends on factors beyond our control, including competition from other sellers and the availability of attractive financing for potential buyers, and we cannot predict whether we will be able to sell any property we desire to for the price or on the terms set by us or acceptable to us, or the length of time needed to find a willing buyer and to close the sale. Upon sales of properties or assets, we may become subject to contractual indemnity obligations, incur unusual or extraordinary distribution requirements, be required to expend funds to correct defects or make capital improvements or, as a result of required debt repayment, face a shortage of liquidity. Therefore, as a result of the
Table of Contents
foregoing events or circumstances, we may not be able to achieve our strategic reshaping of our portfolio promptly, on favorable terms, or at all in response to changing economic, financial, and investment conditions, which may adversely affect our cash flows and our ability to make distributions to stockholders.
The geographic concentration of our portfolio could cause us to be more susceptible to adverse economic or regulatory developments in the markets in which our properties are located than if we owned a more geographically diverse portfolio.
The majority of the properties in our portfolio are located in Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina, which expose us to greater economic risks than if we owned a more geographically diverse portfolio. As of December 31, 2025, our properties in the Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina markets represented approximately 42%, 29%, and 13%, respectively, of the total rental revenues of the properties in our portfolio. Furthermore, many of our properties are located in the Town Center of Virginia Beach and Harbor Point at Baltimore, and the rental revenues from such properties represented 23% and 29%, respectively, of our total rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025. As a result of this geographic concentration, we are particularly susceptible to adverse economic, regulatory or other conditions in the Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina markets (such as periods of economic slowdown or recession, business layoffs or downsizing, industry slowdowns, relocations of businesses, increases in real estate and other taxes, and the cost of complying with governmental regulations or increased regulation), as well as to natural disasters that occur in these markets (such as hurricanes and other events). For example, the markets in Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina in which many of the properties in our portfolio are located contain high concentrations of military personnel and operations, and a reduction of the military presence or cuts in defense spending in these markets could have a material adverse effect on us. If there is a downturn in the economy in Virginia, Maryland, or North Carolina, our operations, revenue, and cash available for distribution, including cash available to pay distributions to our stockholders, could be materially and adversely affected. We cannot assure you that these markets will grow or that underlying real estate fundamentals will be favorable to owners and operators of retail, office, or multifamily properties. Our operations may also be adversely affected if competing properties are built in these markets. Moreover, submarkets within any of our target markets may be dependent upon a limited number of industries. Any adverse economic or real estate developments in our markets, or any decrease in demand for retail, office, or multifamily space resulting from the regulatory environment, business climate or energy or fiscal problems, could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations.
We may not be able to rebuild our existing properties to their existing specifications if we experience a substantial or comprehensive loss of such properties, including as a result of hurricanes or other disasters.
In the event that we experience a substantial or comprehensive loss of one of our properties, we may not be able to rebuild such property to its existing specifications. For example, all but one of the properties in our portfolio as of December 31, 2025 are located in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, which are areas particularly susceptible to hurricanes. While we carry insurance on certain of our properties, the amount of our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to fully cover losses from hurricanes and will be subject to limitations involving large deductibles or co-payments. Further, reconstruction or improvement of properties would likely require significant upgrades to meet zoning and building code requirements. Environmental and legal restrictions could also restrict the rebuilding of our properties.
We have a substantial amount of indebtedness outstanding, which may expose us to the risk of default under our debt obligations and may include covenants that restrict our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders.
As of December 31, 2025, we had total debt of approximately $1.5 billion, including amounts drawn under our credit facility, and we may incur significant additional debt to finance future appropriately leveraged acquisition and redevelopment activities. Excluding unamortized fair value adjustments and debt issuance costs, the aggregate outstanding principal balance of our debt was $1.5 billion as of December 31, 2025. Payments of principal and interest on borrowings may leave us with insufficient cash resources to operate our properties or to pay the dividends currently contemplated or necessary to maintain our REIT qualification. Our level of debt and the limitations imposed on us by our debt agreements could have significant adverse consequences, including the following:
• our cash flow may be insufficient to meet our required principal and interest payments;
• we may be unable to borrow additional funds as needed or on favorable terms, which could, among other things, adversely affect our ability to meet operational needs;
• we may be unable to refinance our indebtedness at maturity or the refinancing terms may be less favorable than the terms of our original indebtedness, particularly if interest rates remain elevated;
• we may be forced to dispose of one or more of our properties, possibly on unfavorable terms or in violation of certain covenants to which we may be subject;
Table of Contents
• we may default on our obligations, in which case the lenders or mortgagees may have the right to foreclose on any properties that secure the loans or collect rents and other income from our properties;
• we may violate restrictive covenants in our loan documents, which would entitle the lenders to accelerate our debt obligations or reduce our ability to pay, or prohibit us from paying, distributions to our stockholders; and
• our default under any loan with cross-default provisions could result in a default on other indebtedness.
If any one of these events were to occur, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations could be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, foreclosures could create taxable income without accompanying cash proceeds, which could hinder our ability to meet the REIT distribution requirements imposed by the Code. See "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources."
Failure to maintain our current credit rating could adversely affect our cost of funds, related margins, liquidity, and access to the debt capital markets.
Morningstar DBRS is expected to periodically evaluate our debt levels and other factors, which likely will include Morningstar DBRS’s assessment of our financial strength, liquidity, capital structure, asset quality, and sustainability of cash flow and earnings. Due to changes in these factors and market conditions, we may not be able to maintain our current credit rating, which could adversely affect our cost of funds and related margins, liquidity, and access to the debt capital markets.
Increases in interest rates, or failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes, will increase our interest expense and may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
We have incurred, and may in the future incur, additional indebtedness that bears interest at a variable rate. An increase in interest rates would increase our interest expense and increase the cost of refinancing existing debt and issuing new debt, which would adversely affect our cash flow and ability to make distributions to our stockholders. In addition, if we need to repay existing debt during periods of rising interest rates, we could be required to liquidate one or more of our investments at times that may not permit realization of the maximum return on such investments. The effect of prolonged interest rate increases could adversely impact our ability to make acquisitions and develop properties.
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we expect to continue to enter into hedging transactions to protect us from the effects of interest rate fluctuations on floating rate debt. Our existing hedging transactions have included, and future hedging transactions may include, entering into interest rate cap agreements or interest rate swap agreements, which involve risk. Our failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations. Additionally, as a result of rising interest rates, the cost of hedging transactions has increased significantly and may continue to increase.
Our growth depends on external sources of capital that are outside of our control and may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all, which could limit our ability to, among other things, meet our capital and operating needs or make the cash distributions to our stockholders necessary to maintain our qualification as a REIT.
In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are required under the Code to, among other things, distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gain. In addition, we will be subject to income tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, including any net capital gains. Because of these distribution requirements, we may not be able to fund future capital needs, including any necessary capital expenditures, from operating cash flow. Consequently, we intend to rely on third-party sources to fund our capital needs. We may not be able to obtain such financing on favorable terms or at all and any additional debt we incur will increase our leverage and likelihood of default. Our access to third-party sources of capital depends, in part, on:
• general market conditions;
• the market’s perception of our growth potential;
• our current debt levels;
• our current and expected future earnings;
• our cash flow and cash distributions; and
• the market price per share of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock.
Table of Contents
If we cannot obtain capital from third-party sources, we may not be able to acquire or develop properties when strategic opportunities exist, meet the capital and operating needs of our existing properties, satisfy our debt service obligations or make the cash distributions to our stockholders necessary to maintain our qualification as a REIT.
We may be unable to renew leases, lease vacant space, or re-lease space on favorable terms or at all as leases expire, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
As of December 31, 2025, approximately 4.6% of the square footage of the stabilized properties in our retail and office portfolios was available. Additionally, 6.3% and 9.9% of the ABR in our retail portfolio was scheduled to expire in 2026 and 2027, respectively, and 1.7% and 7.2% of the ABR in our office portfolio was scheduled to expire in 2026 and 2027, respectively. We cannot assure you that new leases will be entered into, that leases will be renewed, or that our properties will be re-leased at net effective rental rates equal to or above the current average net effective rental rates or that substantial rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights or below-market renewal options will not be offered to attract new tenants or retain existing tenants. In addition, our ability to lease our multifamily properties at favorable rates, or at all, may be adversely affected by the increase in supply of multifamily properties in our target markets. Our ability to lease our properties depends upon the overall level of spending in the economy, which is adversely affected by, among other things, job losses and unemployment levels, fears of a recession, personal debt levels, the housing market, stock market volatility, and uncertainty about the future. If rental rates for our properties decrease, our existing tenants do not renew their leases, or we do not re-lease a significant portion of our available space and space for which leases expire, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations could be materially and adversely affected.
Tenant demand in our office portfolio may decline due to disruptions to the office sector, which could materially and adversely affect us.
Companies have been increasing their utilization of work-from-home alternatives, videoconferencing, shared office spaces, co-working spaces, telecommuting, and flexible work schedules. To the extent these trends continue, tenant demand for our office space may be reduced, which could materially and adversely affect us.
The short-term leases in our multifamily portfolio expose us to the effects of declining market rents, which could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow and cash available for distribution.
Substantially all of the leases in our multifamily portfolio are for terms of 12 months or less. As a result, even if we are able to renew or re-lease apartment units as leases expire, our rental revenues will be impacted by declines in market rents more quickly than if all of our leases had longer terms, which could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow, and cash available for distribution.
Competition for property acquisitions and development opportunities may reduce the number of opportunities available to us and increase our costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our growth prospects.
The current market for property acquisitions and development opportunities continues to be extremely competitive. This competition may increase the demand for the types of properties in which we typically invest and, therefore, reduce the number of suitable investment opportunities available to us and increase the purchase prices for such properties in the event we are able to acquire or develop such properties. We face significant competition for attractive investment opportunities from an indeterminate number of investors, including publicly traded and privately held REITs, private equity investors, and institutional investment funds, some of which have greater financial resources than we do, a greater ability to borrow funds to make investments in properties than we do, and the ability to accept more risk than we can prudently manage, including risks with respect to the geographic proximity of investments and the payment of higher acquisition prices. This competition will increase if investments in real estate become more attractive relative to other forms of investment. If the level of competition for investment opportunities is significant in our target markets, it could have a material adverse effect on our growth prospects.
Increased competition and increased affordability of residential homes could limit our ability to retain our residents, lease apartment units, or increase or maintain rents at our multifamily apartment communities.
Our multifamily apartment communities compete with numerous housing alternatives in attracting residents, including other multifamily apartment communities and single-family rental units, as well as owner-occupied single-family and multifamily units. Competitive housing in a particular area and an increase in affordability of owner-occupied single-family and multifamily units due to, among other things, declining housing prices, oversupply, mortgage interest rates, and tax incentives
Table of Contents
and government programs to promote home ownership, could adversely affect our ability to retain residents, lease apartment units, and increase or maintain rents at our multifamily properties, which could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow, and cash available for distribution.
The failure of properties that we acquire or develop to meet our financial expectations could have a material adverse effect on us, including our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, ability to service our debt obligations, the per share trading price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock, and growth prospects.
Our acquisitions and development projects and our ability to successfully operate these properties may be exposed to the following significant risks, among others:
• we may acquire or develop properties that are not accretive to our results upon acquisition, and we may not successfully manage and lease those properties to meet our expectations;
• our cash flow may be insufficient to enable us to pay the required principal and interest payments on the debt secured by the property;
• we may spend more than budgeted amounts to make necessary improvements or renovations to acquired properties or to develop new properties;
• we may be unable to quickly and efficiently integrate new acquisitions or developed properties into our existing operations;
• market conditions may result in higher-than-expected vacancy rates and lower than expected rental rates; and
• we may acquire properties subject to liabilities without any recourse, or with only limited recourse, with respect to unknown liabilities such as liabilities for clean-up of undisclosed environmental contamination, claims by tenants, vendors, or other persons dealing with the former owners of the properties, liabilities incurred in the ordinary course of business, and claims for indemnification by general partners, directors, officers, and others indemnified by the former owners of the properties.
If we cannot operate acquired or developed properties to meet our financial expectations, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, ability to service our debt obligations, the per share trading price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock, and growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
We may be required to make rent or other concessions or significant capital expenditures to improve our properties in order to retain and attract tenants, which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
Upon expiration of our leases to our tenants, we may be required to make rent or other concessions, accommodate requests for renovations, build-to-suit remodeling, and other improvements, or provide additional services to our tenants, any of which would increase our costs. As a result, we may have to make significant capital or other expenditures in order to retain tenants whose leases expire and to attract new tenants in sufficient numbers. Additionally, we may need to raise capital to make such expenditures. If we are unable to do so or capital is otherwise unavailable, we may be unable to make the required expenditures. This could result in non-renewals by tenants upon expiration of their leases. If any of the foregoing were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
Failure to succeed in new markets may limit our growth.
We have acquired in the past, and we may acquire in the future if appropriate opportunities arise, properties that are outside of our primary markets. Entering into new markets exposes us to a variety of risks, including difficulty evaluating local market conditions and local economies, developing new business relationships in the area, competing with other companies that already have an established presence in the area, hiring and retaining key personnel, evaluating quality tenants in the area, and a lack of familiarity with local governmental and permitting procedures. Furthermore, expansion into new markets may divert management time and other resources away from our current primary markets. As a result, we may not be successful in expanding into new markets, which could adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
Real estate financing investments are subject to significant risks, and losses related to these investments could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We have originated mezzanine loans, preferred equity investments, or similar investments (together "real estate financing investments"), which take the form of subordinated loans secured by second mortgages on the underlying property or
Table of Contents
loans secured by a pledge of the ownership interests of either the entity owning the property or a pledge of the ownership interests of the entity that owns the interest in the entity owning the property. As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately $130.6 million in outstanding real estate financing investments. These types of investments involve a higher degree of risk than long-term senior mortgage loans secured by income-producing real property because the investment may become unsecured as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender. In addition, these investments may have higher "loan-to-value" ratios than conventional mortgage loans, with little or no equity invested by the borrower, increasing the risk of loss of principal. If a borrower defaults on our real estate financing investment or debt senior to our investment, or in the event of a borrower bankruptcy, our real estate financing investment will be satisfied only after the senior debt is paid in full. In the event of a bankruptcy of the entity providing the pledge of its ownership interests as security, we may not have full recourse to the assets of such entity, or the assets of the entity may not be sufficient to satisfy our real estate financing investment. As a result, we may not recover some or all of our initial investment. Additionally, in conjunction with certain investments, we have issued partial payment guarantees to the senior lender for the property, which may require us to make payments to the senior lender in the event of a default on the senior note. Finally, in connection with our real estate financing investments, we may have options to purchase all or a portion of the underlying property upon maturity of the investment; however, if a developer’s costs for a project are higher than anticipated, exercising such options may not be attractive or economically feasible, or we may not have sufficient funds to exercise such options even if we desire to do so. Significant losses related to real estate financing investments could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
A bankruptcy or insolvency of any of our significant tenants in our office or retail properties could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
If a significant tenant in our office or retail properties becomes bankrupt or insolvent, federal law may prohibit us from evicting such tenant based solely upon such bankruptcy or insolvency. In addition, a bankrupt or insolvent tenant may be authorized to reject and terminate its lease with us. Any claim against such tenant for unpaid, future rent would be subject to a statutory cap that might be substantially less than the remaining rent owed under the lease. If any of these tenants were to experience a downturn in its business or a weakening of its financial condition resulting in its failure to make timely rental payments or causing it to default under its lease, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment. In many cases, we may have made substantial initial investments in the applicable leases through tenant improvement allowances and other concessions that we may not be able to recover. Any such event could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
Many of our operating costs and expenses are fixed and will not decline if our revenues decline.
Our results of operations depend, in large part, on our level of revenues, operating costs, and expenses. The expense of owning and operating a property is not necessarily reduced when circumstances such as market factors and competition cause a reduction in revenue from the property. As a result, if revenues decline, we may not be able to reduce our expenses to keep pace with the corresponding reductions in revenues. Many of the costs associated with real estate investments, such as real estate taxes, insurance, loan payments, and maintenance generally will not be reduced if a property is not fully occupied or other circumstances cause our revenues to decrease, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
Most of our costs, such as operating and general and administrative expenses, interest expense, and real estate acquisition costs, are subject to inflation .
In 2025, the consumer price index rose by approximately 3% over the previous year, following 2024's increase in the index of 3%. Global supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, and increases in consumer demand still pose relevant risks in today's landscape despite relatively stable inflation year-over-year. A significant portion of our operating expenses are sensitive to inflation. Operating expenses include those for property-related contracted services such as janitorial and engineering services, utilities, repairs and maintenance, and insurance. Property taxes are also impacted by inflationary changes as taxes are regularly reassessed based on changes in the fair value of our properties. We also have ground lease expenses in certain of our properties. Ground lease costs are contractual, but in some cases, lease payments reset every few years based on changes on consumer price indices.
Our operating expenses, with the exception of ground lease rental expenses and multifamily properties, are typically recoverable through our lease arrangements, which allow us to pass through substantially all expenses associated with property taxes, insurance, utilities, repairs and maintenance, and other operating expenses (including increases thereto) to our tenants.
Table of Contents
Our remaining leases are generally gross leases, which provide for recoveries of operating expenses above the operating expenses from the initial year within each lease. During inflationary periods, we expect to recover increases in operating expenses from our triple net leases and our gross leases. In addition, our multifamily leases generally have lease terms ranging from 7 to 15 months with a majority having 12-month lease terms allowing negotiation of rental rates at term end, which we believe reduces our exposure to the effects of inflation, although an extreme and sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases. As a result, we do not believe that inflation would result in a significant adverse effect on our NOI and operating cash flows at the property level. However, there is no guarantee that our tenants would be able to absorb these expense increases and be able to continue to pay us their portion of operating expenses, capital expenditures, and rent.
Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation costs, technology services, and professional service fees. Annually, our employee compensation is adjusted to reflect merit increases; however, to maintain our ability to successfully compete for the best talent, rising inflation rates may require us to provide compensation increases beyond historical annual merit increases, which may unexpectedly or significantly increase our compensation costs. Similarly, technology services and professional service fees are also subject to the impact of inflation and expected to increase proportionately with increasing market prices for such services. Consequently, inflation is expected to increase our general and administrative expenses over time and may adversely impact our results of operations and operating cash flows.
Adverse conditions in the general retail environment could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
Approximately 39.8% of our NOI for the year ended December 31, 2025 was from retail properties. As a result, we are subject to factors that affect the retail sector generally as well as the market for retail space. The retail environment and the market for retail space have been, and in the future could be, adversely affected by weakness in the national, regional, and local economies, the level of consumer spending and consumer confidence, the adverse financial condition of some large retail companies, the ongoing consolidation in the retail sector, the excess amount of retail space in a number of markets, increasing competition from discount retailers, outlet malls, internet retailers, and other online businesses, and epidemics, pandemics and other health crises and measures intended to mitigate their spread. Increases in consumer spending via the internet may significantly affect our retail tenants’ ability to generate sales in their stores. New and enhanced technologies, including new digital and web services technologies, may increase competition for certain of our retail tenants. Further, the recent imposition by the United States of tariffs on imported goods, retaliatory tariffs by other countries, and global supply chain disruption could cause certain retail tenants to raise the prices on their products, lowering demand.
Any of the foregoing factors could adversely affect the financial condition of our retail tenants and the willingness of retailers to lease space in our retail properties, including the anchor stores or major tenants in our retail shopping center properties, the loss of which could result in a material impact on our retail tenants. In turn, these conditions could negatively affect market rents for retail space and could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
Mortgage debt obligations expose us to the possibility of foreclosure, which could result in the loss of our investment in a property or group of properties subject to mortgage debt.
Mortgage and other secured debt obligations increase our risk of property losses because defaults on indebtedness secured by properties may result in foreclosure actions initiated by lenders and ultimately our loss of the property securing any loans for which we are in default. Any foreclosure on a mortgaged property or group of properties could adversely affect the overall value of our portfolio of properties. For tax purposes, a foreclosure on any of our properties that is subject to a nonrecourse mortgage loan would be treated as a sale of the property for a purchase price equal to the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage. If the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage exceeds our tax basis in the property, we would recognize taxable income on foreclosure, but would not receive any cash proceeds, which could hinder our ability to meet the REIT distribution requirements imposed by the Code. Foreclosures could also trigger our tax indemnification obligations under the terms of our tax protection agreements with respect to the sales of certain properties.
Our credit facility, M&T term loan facility (as defined below), and TD term loan facility (as defined below) restrict our ability to engage in certain business activities, including our ability to incur additional indebtedness, make capital expenditures, and make certain investments.
Our credit facility, M&T term loan facility, and TD term loan facility contain customary negative covenants and other financial and operating covenants that, among other things:
• restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness;
Table of Contents
• restrict our ability to incur additional liens;
• restrict our ability to make certain investments (including certain capital expenditures);
• restrict our ability to merge with another company;
• restrict our ability to sell or dispose of assets;
• restrict our ability to make distributions to our stockholders; and
• require us to satisfy minimum financial coverage ratios, minimum tangible net worth requirements, and maximum leverage ratios.
These limitations restrict our ability to engage in certain business activities, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations. In addition, our credit facility, M&T term loan facility, and TD term loan facility may contain specific cross-default provisions with respect to specified other indebtedness, giving the lenders the right, in certain circumstances, to declare a default if we are in default under other loans.
An epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis and measures intended to prevent the spread of such an event could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations .
We face risks related to an epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis which has impacted, and in the future could impact, the markets in which we operate and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations. The impact of an epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis and measures intended to prevent the spread of such an event could materially and adversely affect our business in a number of ways. Our rental revenue and operating results depend significantly on the occupancy levels at our properties and the ability of our tenants to meet their rent obligations to us, which have been in certain cases, and could in the future be, adversely affected by, among other things, job losses, furloughs, store closures, lower incomes, uncertainty about the future as a result of an epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis and related governmental actions including evictionmoratoriums, shelter-in-place orders, prohibitions on charging certain fees, and limitations on collection laws and rent increases, which have in the past affected, and, may in the future affect, our ability to collect rent or enforce legal or contractual remedies for the failure to pay rent, which negatively impacted, and may in the future negatively impact, our ability to remove tenants who are not paying rent and our ability to rent their space to new tenants. In addition, the federal government has in the past allocated, and may in the future allocate, funds to rent relief programs to be run by state and local authorities. In certain locations, the funds available may not be sufficient to pay all past due rent and reallocation of such funds may result in markets in which we operate not having access to the funds anticipated. Further, certain of our tenants with past due rent have not qualified, and may not in the future qualify, to participate in such programs. In addition, some of such programs have required, and programs in the future may require, the forgiveness of a portion of the past due rent or agreeing to other limitations that may adversely affect our business in order to participate or may only provide funds to pay a portion of the past due rent. In addition, while certain locations have adopted programs that may reimburse past due rent owed by tenants who have left a community, such programs have only been adopted in a minority of our markets. Our development projects also have been and could in the future be adversely affected by factors related to an epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis, although, to date, such impacts have not been material. An epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis, or related impacts thereof also could adversely affect the businesses and financial conditions of our counterparties, including our joint venture partners and general contractors and their subcontractors, and their ability to satisfy their obligations to us and to complete transactions or projects with us as intended.
A cybersecurity incident or other technology disruptions could negatively impact our business, our relationships, and our reputation.
We use computers and computer networks in most aspects of our business operations. We also use mobile devices to communicate with our employees, suppliers, business partners, and tenants. These devices are used to transmit sensitive and confidential information including financial and strategic information about us, employees, business partners, tenants, and other individuals and organizations. Additionally, we utilize third-party service providers that host personally identifiable information and other confidential information of our employees, business partners, tenants, and others. We also maintain confidential financial and business information regarding us and persons and entities with which we do business on our information technology systems. Cybersecurity incidents, including physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, malware, attacks by hackers, ransomware attacks, phishing attacks, supply chain attacks, breaches due to employee error or misconduct and other similar breaches can create system disruptions, shutdowns or unauthorized access to information maintained in our information technology systems and in the information technology systems of our third-party service providers. We have in the past experienced cybersecurity incidents involving information technology systems, including through phishing attacks, but we have not experienced any material cybersecurity incidents. We expect cybersecurity incidents to continue to occur in the future and
Table of Contents
we are constantly attempting to mitigate efforts to infiltrate and compromise our information technology systems and data. The theft, destruction, loss, or release of sensitive and confidential information or operational downtime of the systems used to store and transmit our or our tenants’ confidential business and personal information could result in disruptions to our business, negative publicity, brand damage, violation of privacy laws, financial liability, difficulty attracting and retaining tenants, loss of business partners, and loss of business opportunities, any of which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations. Although we carry cybersecurity insurance that is designed to protect us against certain losses related to cybersecurity incidents, that insurance coverage may not be sufficient or available to cover all expenses or other losses or all types of claims that may arise in connection with cybersecurity incidents. Furthermore, in the future, such insurance may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.
Any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting could have an adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock.
Management is required to have an independent auditor assess the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”). We cannot give any assurances that material weaknesses will not be identified in the future in connection with our compliance with the provisions of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The existence of any material weakness described above would preclude a conclusion by management and our independent auditors that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting. Our management may be required to devote significant time and expense to remediate any material weaknesses that may be discovered and may not be able to remediate such material weaknesses in a timely manner. The existence of any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting could also result in errors in our financial statements that could require us to restate our financial statements, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations, and cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, any of which could lead to a decline in the per share trading price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock.
Our use of OP Units as consideration to acquire properties could result in stockholder dilution or limit our ability to sell such properties, which could have a material adverse effect on us.
We have acquired, and in the future may acquire, properties or portfolios of properties through tax deferred contribution transactions in exchange for OP Units. This acquisition structure may have the effect of, among other things, reducing the amount of tax depreciation we could deduct over the tax life of the acquired properties and requiring that we agree to protect the contributors’ ability to defer recognition of taxable gain through restrictions on our ability to dispose of the acquired properties or the allocation of partnership debt to the contributors to maintain their tax bases. These restrictions also could limit our ability to sell properties at a time, or on terms, that would be favorable absent such restrictions. In addition, future issuances of OP Units would reduce our ownership percentage in our Operating Partnership and affect the amount of distributions made to us by our Operating Partnership and, therefore, the amount of distributions we can make to our stockholders. To the extent that our stockholders do not directly own OP Units, our stockholders will not have any voting rights with respect to any such issuances or other partnership level activities of our Operating Partnership.
Our success depends on key personnel whose continued service is not guaranteed, and the loss of one or more of our key personnel could adversely affect our ability to manage our business and to implement our growth strategies or could create a negative perception of our company in the capital markets.
Our continued success and our ability to manage anticipated future growth depend, in large part, upon the efforts of key personnel who have extensive market knowledge and relationships and exercise substantial influence over our operational, financing, and development activity. Individuals currently considered key personnel each have a national or regional industry reputation that attracts business and investment opportunities and assists us in negotiations with lenders, existing and potential tenants, and industry personnel, and we have not currently entered into employment agreements with any of these individuals. If we lose their services, our relationships with such industry personnel could diminish.
Many of our other senior executives also have extensive experience and strong reputations in the real estate industry, which aid us in identifying opportunities, having opportunities brought to us, and negotiating with tenants and build-to-suit prospects. The loss of services of one or more members of our senior management team, or our inability to attract and retain highly qualified personnel, could adversely affect our business, diminish our investment opportunities, and weaken our relationships with lenders, business partners, existing and prospective tenants, and industry participants, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, and the per share trading price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock.
Table of Contents
Joint venture investments could be materially and adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority, our reliance on co-venturers’ financial condition, and disputes between us and our co-venturers.
In the past, we have, and in the future, we expect to, co-invest with third parties through partnerships, joint ventures or other entities, acquiring noncontrolling interests in or sharing responsibility for developing properties and managing the affairs of a property, partnership, joint venture, or other entity. In particular, in connection with the formation transactions related to our initial public offering, we provided certain of the prior investors with the right to co-develop certain projects with us in the future and the right to acquire a minority equity interest in certain properties that we may develop in the future, in each case under certain circumstances and subject to certain conditions set forth in the applicable agreement. Furthermore, we are often a joint venture partner in development projects. In the event that we co-develop a property together with a third party, we would be required to share a portion of the development fee. With respect to any such arrangement or any similar arrangement that we may enter into in the future, we may not be in a position to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the development, property, partnership, joint venture, or other entity.
Investments in partnerships, joint ventures or other entities may, under certain circumstances, involve risks not present where a third party is not involved, including the possibility that partners or co-venturers might become bankrupt or fail to fund their share of required capital contributions. Partners or co-venturers may have economic or other business interests or goals which are inconsistent with our business interests or goals and may be in a position to take actions contrary to our policies or objectives, and they may have competing interests in our markets that could create conflicts of interest. Such investments may also have the potential risk of impasses on decisions, such as a sale or financing, because neither we nor the partner(s) or co-venturer(s) would have full control over the partnership or joint venture. In addition, a sale or transfer by us to a third party of our interests in the joint venture may be subject to consent rights or rights of first refusal, in favor of our joint venture partners, which would in each case restrict our ability to dispose of our interest in the joint venture.
Where we are a limited partner or non-managing member in any partnership or limited liability company, if such entity takes or expects to take actions that could jeopardize our status as a REIT or require us to pay tax, we may be forced to dispose of our interest in such entity. Disputes between us and partners or co-venturers may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and directors from focusing their time and effort on our business. Consequently, actions by or disputes with partners or co-venturers might result in subjecting properties owned by the partnership or joint venture to additional risk. In addition, we may in certain circumstances be liable for the actions of our third-party partners or co-venturers. Our joint ventures may be subject to debt and, during periods of volatile credit markets, the refinancing of such debt may require equity capital calls.
Expectations of our company relating to environmental, social and governance factors may impose additional costs and expose us to new risks.
Certain investors, tenants, employees, and other stakeholders focus on corporate responsibility, specifically related to environmental, social and governance factors. V arious regulatory authorities also focus on such matters, and the activities and expense required to comply with new regulations or standards may be significant. Some investors may use these factors to guide their investment strategies and, in some cases, may choose not to invest in us if they believe our policies relating to corporate responsibility are inadequate. Third-party providers of corporate responsibility ratings and reports on companies have increased to meet growing investor demand for measurement of corporate responsibility performance. In addition, the criteria by which companies’ corporate responsibility practices are assessed may change, which could result in greater expectations of us and cause us to undertake costly initiatives to satisfy such new criteria. Alternatively, if we elect not to or are unable to satisfy such new criteria, investors may conclude that our policies with respect to corporate responsibility are inadequate. We may face reputational damage in the event that our corporate responsibility procedures or standards do not meet the standards set by various constituencies. Furthermore, if our competitors’ corporate responsibility performance is perceived to be greater than ours, potential or current investors may elect to invest with our competitors instead. In addition, we could fail, or be perceived to fail, in our achievement of initiatives or goals regarding environmental, social, and governance matters publicly communicated, including through our Sustainability Report, or we could be criticized for the scope of such initiatives or goals. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, tenants and other stakeholders or our initiatives are not executed as planned, our reputation and financial results could be materially and adversely affected.
Conversely, in recent years “anti-ESG” sentiment has gained momentum across the U.S., with several states and Congress having proposed or enacted “anti-ESG” policies, legislation, or initiatives or issued related legal opinions, and the Trump Administration having recently issued an executive order opposing diversity equity, and inclusion (“DEI”) initiatives in the private sector. Such anti-ESG and anti-DEI-related policies, legislation, initiatives, litigation, legal opinions, and scrutiny could result in additional compliance obligations, becoming the subject of investigations and enforcement actions, or sustaining reputational harm.
Table of Contents
We may be subject to ongoing or future litigation, including existing claims relating to the entities that owned the properties prior to our initial public offering and otherwise in the ordinary course of business, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, the per share trading price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
We may be subject to ongoing or future litigation, including existing claims relating to the entities that owned the properties and operated the businesses prior to our initial public offering and otherwise in the ordinary course of business. Some of these claims may result in significant defense costs and potentially significant judgments against us, some of which are not, or cannot be, insured against. We generally intend to vigorously defend ourselves; however, we cannot be certain of the ultimate outcomes of currently asserted claims or of those that may arise in the future. In addition, we may become subject to litigation in connection with the formation transactions related to our initial public offering in the event that prior investors dispute the valuation of their respective interests, the adequacy of the consideration received by them in the formation transactions or the interpretation of the agreements implementing the formation transactions. Resolution of these types of matters against us may result in our having to pay significant fines, judgments, or settlements, which, if uninsured, or if the fines, judgments, and settlements exceed insured levels, could adversely impact our earnings and cash flow, thereby having an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, the per share trading price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations. Certain litigation or the resolution of certain litigation may affect the availability or cost of some of our insurance coverage, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and cash flow, expose us to increased risks that would be uninsured, and adversely impact our ability to attract officers and directors.
Risks Related to the Real Estate Industry
Our business is subject to risks associated with real estate assets and the real estate industry, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
Our ability to pay expected dividends to our stockholders depends on our ability to generate revenues in excess of expenses, scheduled principal and interest payments on debt, and capital expenditure requirements. Events and conditions generally applicable to owners and operators of real property that are beyond our control may decrease cash available for distribution and the value of our properties. These events include many of the risks set forth above under "—Risks Related to Our Business," as well as the following:
• oversupply or reduction in demand for retail, office, or multifamily space in our markets;
• adverse changes in financial conditions of buyers, sellers, and tenants of properties;
• vacancies or our inability to rent space on favorable terms, including possible market pressures to offer tenants rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights, rights to reduce leased-space during their lease, or below-market renewal options, and the need to periodically repair, renovate, and re-lease space;
• increased operating costs, including insurance premiums, utilities, real estate taxes, and state and local taxes;
• increased property taxes due to property tax changes or reassessments;
• a favorable interest rate environment that may result in a significant number of potential residents of our multifamily apartment communities deciding to purchase homes instead of renting;
• rent control or stabilization laws or other laws regulating rental housing, which could prevent us from raising rents to offset increases in operating costs;
• civil unrest, acts of war, terrorist attacks, and natural disasters, including hurricanes, which may result in uninsured or underinsuredlosses;
• decreases in the underlying value of our real estate;
• changing submarket demographics; and
• changing traffic patterns.
In addition, periods of economic downturn or recession, rising interest rates or declining demand for real estate, or the public perception that any of these events may occur, could result in a general decline in rents or an increased incidence of defaults under existing leases, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
Illiquidity of real estate investments could significantly impede our ability to respond to adverse changes in the performance of our properties and harm our financial condition.
Table of Contents
The real estate investments made, and to be made, by us are difficult to sell quickly. As a result, our ability to promptly sell one or more properties in our portfolio in response to changing economic, financial, and investment conditions is limited. Return of capital and realization of gains, if any, from an investment generally will occur upon disposition or refinancing of the underlying property. We may be unable to realize our investment objectives by disposition or refinancing at attractive prices within any given period of time or may otherwise be unable to complete any exit strategy. In particular, our ability to dispose of one or more properties within a specific time period is subject to certain limitations imposed by our tax protection agreements, as well as weakness in or even the lack of an established market for a property, changes in the financial condition or prospects of prospective purchasers, changes in national or international economic conditions, and changes in laws, regulations or fiscal policies of jurisdictions in which the property is located.
In addition, the Code imposes restrictions on a REIT’s ability to dispose of properties that are not applicable to other types of real estate companies. In particular, the tax laws applicable to REITs effectively require that we hold our properties for investment, rather than primarily for sale in the ordinary course of business, which may cause us to forego or defer sales of properties that otherwise would be in our best interests or may subject us to penalties in the event any sales of our properties are not permitted under such laws. See “—The prohibited transactions tax may limit our ability to dispose of our properties.” Therefore, we may not be able to vary our portfolio in response to economic or other conditions promptly or on favorable terms.
Our tax protection agreements could limit our ability to sell or otherwise dispose of certain properties.
In connection with certain property acquisitions, we have entered into tax protection agreements that provide that if we dispose of any interest in certain protected properties in a taxable transaction within a certain period of the acquisition, subject to certain exceptions, we will indemnify the contributors for their tax liabilities attributable to the built-in gain that existed with respect to such property interests as of the time of the acquisition, and the tax liabilities incurred as a result of such tax protection payment, and may enter into similar agreements in connection with future property acquisitions. Therefore, although it may be in our stockholders’ best interests that we sell one of these properties, it may be economically prohibitive or unattractive for us to do so because of these obligations.
As an owner of real estate, we could incur significant costs and liabilities related to environmental matters.
Under various federal, state, and local laws and regulations relating to the environment, as a current or former owner or operator of real property, we may be liable for costs and damages resulting from the presence or discharge of hazardous or toxic substances, waste, or petroleum products at, on, in, under, or migrating from such property, including costs to investigate and clean up such contamination and liability for harm to natural resources. Such laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such contamination, and the liability may be joint and several. These liabilities could be substantial and the cost of any required remediation, removal, fines, or other costs could exceed the value of the property and our aggregate assets. In addition, the presence of contamination or the failure to remediate contamination at our properties may expose us to third-party liability for costs of remediation and personal or property damage or materially and adversely affect our ability to sell, lease, or develop our properties or to borrow using the properties as collateral. In addition, environmental laws may create liens on contaminated sites in favor of the government for damages and costs it incurs to address such contamination. Moreover, if contamination is discovered on our properties, environmental laws may impose restrictions on the manner in which the properties may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require substantial expenditures. See "Part I—Business—Regulation."
Some of our properties have been or may be impacted by contamination arising from current or prior uses of the property, or adjacent properties, for commercial or industrial purposes. Such contamination may arise from spills of petroleum or hazardous substances or releases from tanks used to store such materials. For example, some of the tenants of properties in our retail portfolio operate gas stations or other businesses that utilize storage tanks to store petroleum products, propane, or wastes typically associated with automobile service or other operations conducted at the properties, and spills or leaks of hazardous materials from those storage tanks could expose us to liability. See "Part I—Business—Regulation—Environmental Matters." In addition to the foregoing, while we obtained Phase I Environmental Site Assessments for each of the properties in our portfolio, the assessments are limited in scope and may have failed to identify all environmental conditions or concerns. For example, they do not generally include soil sampling, subsurface investigations or hazardous materials surveys. Furthermore, we do not have current Phase I Environmental Site Assessment reports for all of the properties in our portfolio and, as such, may not be aware of all potential or existing environmental contamination liabilities at the properties in our portfolio. As a result, we could potentially incur material liability for these issues.
As the owner of the buildings on our properties, we could face liability for the presence of hazardous materials, such as asbestos or lead, or other adverse conditions, such as poor indoor air quality, in our buildings. Environmental laws govern the
Table of Contents
presence, maintenance, and removal of hazardous materials in buildings, and if we do not comply with such laws, we could face fines for such noncompliance. Also, we could be liable to third parties, such as occupants of the buildings, for damages related to exposure to hazardous materials or adverse conditions in our buildings, and we could incur material expenses with respect to abatement or remediation of hazardous materials or other adverse conditions in our buildings. In addition, some of our tenants may routinely handle and use hazardous or regulated substances and wastes as part of their operations at our properties, which are subject to regulation. Such environmental and health and safety laws and regulations could subject us or our tenants to liability resulting from these activities. Environmental liabilities could affect a tenant’s ability to make rental payments to us, and changes in laws could increase the potential liability for noncompliance. This may result in significant unanticipated expenditures or may otherwise materially and adversely affect our operations, or those of our tenants, which could in turn have an adverse effect on us. If we incur material environmental liabilities in the future, we may face significant remediation costs, and we may find it difficult to sell any affected properties.
We are subject to risks from natural disasters, such as hurricanes and flooding, and the risks associated with the physical effects of climate change.
Natural disasters and severe weather such as flooding, earthquakes, tornadoes or hurricanes may result in significant damage to our properties. Many of our properties are located in Virginia Beach, Virginia, Baltimore, Maryland, and elsewhere in the Mid-Atlantic, which historically have experienced heightened risk for natural disasters like hurricanes and flooding. The extent of our casualty losses and loss in operating income in connection with such events is a function of the severity of the event and the total amount of exposure in the affected area. When we have geographic concentration of exposures, a single catastrophe (such as an earthquake) or destructive weather event (such as a tornado or hurricane) affecting a region may have a significant negative effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Our financial results may be adversely affected by our exposure to losses arising from natural disasters or severe weather.
We also are exposed to risks associated with inclement winter weather, particularly in the Mid-Atlantic, including increased costs for the removal of snow and ice. Inclement weather also could increase the need for maintenance and repair of our properties.
Lastly, to the extent that climate change does occur, its physical effects could have a material adverse effect on our properties, operations, and business. To the extent climate change causes changes in weather patterns, our markets could experience increases in storm intensity. These conditions could result in physical damage to our properties or declining demand for space in our buildings or the inability of us to operate the buildings at all in the areas affected by these conditions. Climate change also may have indirect effects on our business by increasing the cost of (or making unavailable) property insurance on terms we find acceptable, increasing the cost of energy, and increasing the cost of snow removal or related costs at our properties. Proposed legislation and regulatory actions to address climate change could increase utility and other costs of operating our properties which, if not offset by rising rental income, would reduce our net income. Should the impact of climate change be material in nature or occur for lengthy periods of time, our properties, operations, or business would be adversely affected.
We may be subject to unknown or contingent liabilities related to acquired properties and properties that we may acquire in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on us.
Properties that we have acquired and properties that we may acquire in the future may be subject to unknown or contingent liabilities for which we may have no recourse, or only limited recourse, against the sellers. In general, the representations and warranties provided under the transaction agreements related to the purchase of properties that we acquire may not survive the completion of the transactions. Furthermore, indemnification under such agreements may be limited and subject to various materiality thresholds, a significant deductible, or an aggregate cap on losses. As a result, there is no guarantee that we will recover any amounts with respect to losses due to breaches by the sellers of their representations and warranties. In addition, the total amount of costs and expenses that may be incurred with respect to liabilities associated with these properties may exceed our expectations, and we may experience other unanticipatedadverse effects, all of which may materially and adversely affect us.
Table of Contents
Our properties may contain or develop harmful mold or suffer from other air quality issues, which could lead to liability for adverse health effects and costs of remediation.
When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth may occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Some molds may produce airborne toxins or irritants. Indoor air quality issues can also stem from inadequate ventilation, chemical contamination from indoor or outdoor sources, and other biological contaminants such as pollen, viruses, and bacteria. Indoor exposure to airborne toxins or irritants above certain levels can be alleged to cause a variety of adverse health effects and symptoms, including allergic or other reactions. As a result, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants at any of our properties could require us to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold or other airborne contaminants from the affected property or increase indoor ventilation. In addition, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants could expose us to liability from our tenants, employees of our tenants, or others if property damage or personal injury is alleged to have occurred.
We may incur significant costs complying with various federal, state, and local laws, regulations, and covenants that are applicable to our properties.
Properties are subject to various covenants and federal, state, and local laws and regulatory requirements, including permitting and licensing requirements. Local regulations, including municipal or local ordinances, zoning restrictions, and restrictive covenants imposed by community developers may restrict our use of our properties and may require us to obtain approval from local officials or community standards organizations at any time with respect to our properties, including prior to developing or acquiring a property or when undertaking renovations of any of our existing properties. Among other things, these restrictions may relate to fire and safety, seismic, or hazardous material abatement requirements. There can be no assurance that existing laws and regulatory policies will not adversely affect us or the timing or cost of any future development, acquisitions, or renovations, or that additional regulations will not be adopted that increase such delays or result in additional costs. Our growth strategy may be affected by our ability to obtain permits, licenses, and zoning relief.
In addition, federal and state laws and regulations, including laws such as the ADA and the Fair Housing Amendment Act of 1988 ("FHAA"), impose further restrictions on our properties and operations. Under the ADA and the FHAA, all public accommodations must meet federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. Some of our properties may currently be in non-compliance with the ADA or the FHAA. If one or more of the properties in our portfolio is not in compliance with the ADA, the FHAA, or any other regulatory requirements, we may incur additional costs to bring the property into compliance, incur governmental fines or the award of damages to private litigants, or be unable to refinance such properties. In addition, we do not know whether existing requirements will change or whether future requirements will require us to make significant unanticipated expenditures that will adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure
Daniel Hoffler and his affiliates own, directly or indirectly, a substantial beneficial interest in our company on a fully diluted basis and have the ability to exercise significant influence on our company and our Operating Partnership, including the approval of significant corporate transactions.
As of December 31, 2025, Daniel Hoffler owned approximately 5.1% and, collectively, Messrs. Hoffler and Haddad owned approximately 7.4% of the combined outstanding shares of our common stock and OP Units (which OP Units may be redeemable for shares of our common stock). Consequently, these individuals may be able to significantly influence the outcome of matters submitted for stockholder action, including the approval of significant corporate transactions, including business combinations, consolidations, and mergers.
Conflicts of interest may exist or could arise in the future between the interests of our stockholders and the interests of holders of units in our Operating Partnership, which may impede business decisions that could benefit our stockholders.
Conflicts of interest may exist or could arise in the future as a result of the relationships between us and our affiliates, and our Operating Partnership or any partner thereof. Our directors and officers have duties to our company under Maryland law in connection with their management of our company. At the same time, we, as the general partner of our Operating Partnership, have fiduciary duties and obligations to our Operating Partnership and its limited partners under Virginia law and the partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership in connection with the management of our Operating Partnership. Our fiduciary duties and obligations as the general partner of our Operating Partnership may come into conflict with the duties of our directors and officers to our company. Messrs. Hoffler and Haddad own a significant interest in our Operating Partnership
Table of Contents
as limited partners and may have conflicts of interest in making decisions that affect both our stockholders and the limited partners of our Operating Partnership.
Under Virginia law, a general partner of a Virginia limited partnership has fiduciary duties of loyalty and care to the partnership and its partners and must discharge its duties and exercise its rights as general partner under the partnership agreement or Virginia law consistently with the obligation of good faith and fair dealing. The partnership agreement provides that, in the event of a conflict between the interests of our Operating Partnership or any partner, and the separate interests of our company or our stockholders, we, in our capacity as the general partner of our Operating Partnership, are under no obligation not to give priority to the separate interests of our company or our stockholders, and that any action or failure to act on our part or on the part of our directors that gives priority to the separate interests of our company or our stockholders that does not result in a violation of the contractual rights of the limited partners of the Operating Partnership under its partnership agreement does not violate the duty of loyalty that we, in our capacity as the general partner of our Operating Partnership, owe to the Operating Partnership and its partners.
Additionally, the partnership agreement provides that we will not be liable to the Operating Partnership or any partner for monetary damages for losses sustained, liabilities incurred, or benefits not derived by the Operating Partnership or any limited partner, except for liability for our intentionalharm or gross negligence. Our Operating Partnership must indemnify us, our directors and officers, and our designees from and against any and all claims that relate to the operations of our Operating Partnership, unless: (i) an act or omission of the person was material to the matter giving rise to the action and either was committed in bad faith or was the result of active and deliberatedishonesty, (ii) the person actually received an improper personal benefit in violation or breach of the partnership agreement, or (iii) in the case of a criminal proceeding, the indemnified person had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. Our Operating Partnership must also pay or reimburse the reasonable expenses of any such person upon its receipt of a written affirmation of the person’s good faith belief that the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification has been met and a written undertaking to repay any amounts paid or advanced if it is ultimately determined that the person did not meet the standard of conduct for indemnification. Our Operating Partnership will not indemnify or advance funds to any person with respect to any action initiated by the person seeking indemnification without our approval (except for any proceeding brought to enforce such person’s right to indemnification under the partnership agreement) or if the person is found to be liable to our Operating Partnership on any portion of any claim in the action.
Our charter contains certain provisions restricting the ownership and transfer of our stock that may delay, defer, or prevent a change of control transaction that might involve a premium price for our common stock or that our stockholders otherwise believe to be in their best interests.
Our charter contains certain ownership limits with respect to our stock. Our charter, among other restrictions, prohibits the beneficial or constructive ownership by any person of more than 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of any class or series of our stock, excluding any shares that are not treated as outstanding for federal income tax purposes. Our board of directors, in its sole and absolute discretion, may exempt a person, prospectively or retroactively, from this ownership limit if certain conditions are satisfied. This ownership limit as well as other restrictions on ownership and transfer of our stock in our charter may:
• discourage a tender offer or other transactions or a change in management or of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or that our stockholders otherwise believe to be in their best interests; and
• result in the transfer of shares acquired in excess of the restrictions to a trust for the benefit of a charitable beneficiary and, as a result, the forfeiture by the acquirer of certain of the benefits of owning the additional shares.
We could increase the number of authorized shares of stock, classify and reclassify unissued stock, and issue stock without stockholder approval.
Our board of directors, without stockholder approval, has the power under our charter to amend our charter to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we are authorized to issue. In addition, under our charter, our board of directors, without stockholder approval, has the power to authorize us to issue authorized but unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and to classify or reclassify any unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock into one or more classes or series of stock and set the preference, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends and other distributions, qualifications, or terms or conditions of redemption for such newly classified or reclassified shares. As a result, we may issue series or classes of common stock or preferred stock with preferences, dividends, powers, and rights, voting or otherwise, that are senior to, or otherwise conflict with, the rights of holders of our common stock. Although our board of directors has no such intention at the
Table of Contents
present time, it could establish a class or series of preferred stock that could, depending on the terms of such series, delay, defer, or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or that our stockholders otherwise believe to be in their best interests.
Certain provisions of Maryland law could inhibit changes of control, which may discourage third parties from conducting a tender offer or seeking other change of control transactions that could involve a premium price for our common stock or that our stockholders otherwise believe to be in their best interests.
Certain provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law (the "MGCL") may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making a proposal to acquire us or of impeding a change of control under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of shares of our common stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of such shares, including:
• "business combination" provisions that, subject to limitations, prohibit certain business combinations between us and an "interested stockholder" (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of our outstanding voting shares or an affiliate or associate of ours who was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 10% or more of the voting power of our then outstanding stock at any time within the two-year period immediately prior to the date in question) or an affiliate thereof for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder, and thereafter impose certain fair price and supermajority stockholder voting requirements on these combinations; and
• "control share" provisions that provide that holders of "control shares" of our company (defined as shares of stock that, when aggregated with other shares of stock controlled by the stockholder, entitle the stockholder to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a "control share acquisition" (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of ownership or control of issued and outstanding "control shares") have no voting rights with respect to their control shares, except to the extent approved by our stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding all interested shares.
By resolution of our board of directors, we have opted out of the business combination provisions of the MGCL and provided that any business combination between us and any other person is exempt from the business combination provisions of the MGCL, provided that the business combination is first approved by our board of directors (including a majority of directors who are not affiliates or associates of such persons). In addition, pursuant to a provision in our bylaws, we have opted out of the control share provisions of the MGCL. However, our board of directors may by resolution elect to opt in to the business combination provisions of the MGCL and we may, by amendment to our bylaws, opt in to the control share provisions of the MGCL in the future.
Certain provisions of the MGCL permit our board of directors, without stockholder approval and regardless of what is currently provided in our charter or bylaws, to implement certain corporate governance provisions, some of which are not currently applicable to us. If implemented, these provisions may have the effect of limiting or precluding a third party from making an unsolicited acquisition proposal for us or of delaying, deferring, or preventing a change in control of us under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of shares of our common stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then current market price. Our charter contains a provision whereby we elect, at such time as we become eligible to do so, to be subject to the provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL relating to the filling of vacancies on our board of directors.
Certain provisions in the partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership may delay, make more difficult, or prevent unsolicited acquisitions of us.
Provisions in the partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership may delay, make more difficult, or prevent unsolicited acquisitions of us or changes of our control. These provisions could discourage third parties from making proposals involving an unsolicited acquisition of us or change of our control, although some of our stockholders might consider such proposals, if made, desirable. These provisions include, among others:
• redemption rights;
• a requirement that we may not be removed as the general partner of our Operating Partnership without our consent;
• transfer restrictions on OP Units;
Table of Contents
• our ability, as general partner, in some cases, to amend the partnership agreement and to cause the Operating Partnership to issue units with terms that could delay, defer, or prevent a merger or other change of control of us or our Operating Partnership without the consent of the limited partners; and
• the right of the limited partners to consent to direct or indirect transfers of the general partnership interest, including as a result of a merger or a sale of all or substantially all of our assets, in the event that such transfer requires approval by our common stockholders.
The limited partners in our Operating Partnership (other than us) owned approximately 22.7% of the outstanding OP Units of our Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2025.
Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to take action against our directors and officers are limited.
Under Maryland law, generally, a director will not be liable if he or she performs his or her duties in good faith, in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in our best interests and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances. In addition, our charter limits the liability of our directors and officers to us and our stockholders for money damages, except for liability resulting from:
• actual receipt of an improperbenefit or profit in money, property or services; or
• active and deliberatedishonesty by the director or officer that was established by a final judgment as being material to the cause of action adjudicated.
Our charter authorizes us to indemnify our directors and officers for actions taken by them in those capacities to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law. Our bylaws require us to indemnify each director and officer, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, in the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made, or threatened to be made, a party by reason of his or her service to us. In addition, we may be obligated to advance the defense costs incurred by our directors and officers. We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our executive officers and directors whereby we agreed to indemnify our directors and executive officers to the fullest extent permitted by Maryland law against all expenses and liabilities incurred in their capacity as an officer or director, subject to limited exceptions. As a result, we and our stockholders may have more limited rights against our directors and officers than might otherwise exist absent the current provisions in our charter and bylaws and the indemnification agreements or that might exist with other companies.
We are a holding company with no direct operations and, as such, we will rely on funds received from our Operating Partnership to pay liabilities, and the interests of our stockholders will be structurally subordinated to all liabilities and obligations of our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries.
We are a holding company and conduct substantially all of our operations through our Operating Partnership. We do not have, apart from an interest in our Operating Partnership, any independent operations. As a result, we rely on cash distributions from our Operating Partnership to pay any dividends we might declare on shares of our common stock and preferred stock. We also rely on distributions from our Operating Partnership to meet any of our obligations, including any tax liability on taxable income allocated to us from our Operating Partnership. In addition, because we are a holding company, your claims as a stockholder will be structurally subordinated to all existing and future liabilities and obligations (whether or not for borrowed money) of our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries. Therefore, in the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation, or reorganization, our assets and those of our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries will be available to satisfy the claims of our stockholders only after all of our and our Operating Partnership’s and its subsidiaries’ liabilities and obligations have been paid in full.
Our Operating Partnership may issue additional OP Units to third parties without the consent of our stockholders, which would reduce our ownership percentage in our Operating Partnership and could have a dilutive effect on the amount of distributions made to us by our Operating Partnership and, therefore, the amount of distributions we can make to our stockholders.
As of December 31, 2025, we owned 77.3% of the outstanding OP Units in our Operating Partnership. We regularly have issued OP Units to third parties as consideration for acquisitions, and we may continue to do so in the future. Any such future issuances would reduce our ownership percentage in our Operating Partnership and could affect the amount of distributions made to us by our Operating Partnership and, therefore, the amount of distributions we can make to our stockholders. Because stockholders do not directly own OP Units, you do not have any voting rights with respect to any such issuances or other partnership level activities of our Operating Partnership.
Table of Contents
Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT
Failure to maintain our qualification as a REIT would cause us to be taxed as a regular corporation, which would substantially reduce funds available for distribution to our stockholders.
We have elected to be taxed and to operate in a manner that will allow us to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2013. We have not requested and do not plan to request a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS") that we qualify as a REIT. Therefore, we cannot be assured that we will qualify as a REIT, or that we will remain qualified as such in the future. If we fail to qualify as a REIT or otherwise lose our REIT status in any taxable year, we will face serious tax consequences that would substantially reduce the funds available for distribution to our stockholders for each of the years involved because:
• we would not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to stockholders in computing our taxable income and would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates;
• we could be subject to increased state and local taxes; and
• unless we are entitled to relief under certain U.S. federal income tax laws, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we failed to qualify as a REIT.
In addition, if we fail to qualify as a REIT, we will no longer be required to make distributions. As a result of all these factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT could impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital, and it would adversely affect the value of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock.
Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may face other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flows.
Even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain federal, state, and local taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income, tax on income from some activities conducted as a result of a foreclosure, and state or local income, property, and transfer taxes. In addition, our TRS will be subject to regular corporate federal, state, and local taxes. Any of these taxes would decrease cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractiveopportunities or liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
To qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders, and the ownership of our capital stock. In order to meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our performance.
In particular, we must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities, and qualified real estate assets. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities, securities of TRSs, and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities, securities of TRSs, and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, and for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 through December 31, 2025, no more than 20% of the value of our total assets can be represented by the securities of one or more TRSs. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2025, up to 25% of the value of our total assets can be represented by the securities of one or more TRSs. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and sufferingadverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.
The prohibited transactions tax may limit our ability to dispose of our properties.
A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property other than foreclosure property, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. We may be subject to the prohibited transaction tax equal to 100% of the net gain upon a disposition of real property. Although a safe harbor to the characterization of the sale of real property by a REIT as a prohibited transaction is available, we cannot assure you that we can comply with the safe harbor or that we will avoid owning property that may be characterized as held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Consequently, we may choose not to
Table of Contents
engage in certain sales of our properties or may conduct such sales through our TRS, which would be subject to federal and state income taxation.
Changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws, including the enactment of certain tax reform measures, could have an adverse impact on our business and financial results.
In recent years, numerous legislative, judicial and administrative changes have been made to the U.S. federal income tax laws applicable to investments in real estate and REITs, and it is possible that additional legislation may be enacted in the future. There can be no assurance that future changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws or regulatory changes will not be proposed or enacted that could impact our business and financial results. The REIT rules are regularly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department, which may result in revisions to regulations and interpretations in addition to statutory changes. If enacted, certain of such changes could have an adverse impact on our business and financial results.
We cannot predict whether, when, or to what extent any new U.S. federal tax laws, regulations, interpretations, or rulings will impact the real estate investment industry or REITs, including whether various favorable U.S. federal tax laws will be extended. Prospective investors are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the effect of potential future changes to the federal tax laws on an investment in our shares.
The ability of our board of directors to revoke our REIT qualification without stockholder approval may cause adverse consequences to our stockholders.
Our charter provides that our board of directors may revoke or otherwise terminate our REIT election, without the approval of our stockholders, if it determines that it is no longer in our best interests to continue to qualify as a REIT. If we cease to qualify as a REIT, we would become subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income and would no longer be required to distribute most of our taxable income to our stockholders, which may have adverse consequences on the total return to our stockholders.
Our ownership of our TRS will be subject to limitations and our transactions with our TRS will cause us to be subject to a 100% penalty tax on certain income or deductions if those transactions are not conducted on arm’s-length terms.
Overall, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 through December 31, 2025, no more than 20% of the value of a REIT’s assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRS. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2025, up to 25% of the value of a REIT’s assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRS. In addition, the Code limits the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to its parent REIT to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. The Code also imposes a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis. We will monitor the value of our respective investments in our TRS for the purpose of ensuring compliance with TRS ownership limitations and will structure our transactions with our TRS on terms that we believe are arm’s length to avoid incurring the 100% excise tax described above. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to comply with the 20% TRS limitation (25% TRS limitation for years beginning after December 31, 2025) or to avoid application of the 100% excise tax.
Shareholders may be restricted from acquiring or transferring certain amounts of our capital stock.
The restrictions on ownership and transfer in our charter may inhibit market activity in our capital stock and restrict our business combination opportunities.
In order to qualify as a REIT for each taxable year, five or fewer individuals, as defined in the Code, may not own, beneficially or constructively, more than 50% in value of our issued and outstanding stock at any time during the last half of a taxable year. Attribution rules in the Code determine if any individual or entity beneficially or constructively owns our capital stock under this requirement. Additionally, at least 100 persons must beneficially own our capital stock during at least 335 days of a taxable year. To help ensure that we meet these tests, our charter restricts the acquisition and ownership of shares of our capital stock.
Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our directors to take such actions as are necessary to preserve our qualification as a REIT. Unless exempted by our board of directors, our charter prohibits any person from beneficially or constructively owning more than 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of any class or series of our capital or preferred stock. Our board of directors may not grant an exemption from this restriction to any proposed transferee whose ownership in excess of 9.8% of the value of our outstanding shares would result in our failing to
Table of Contents
qualify as a REIT. This restriction, as well as other restrictions on transferability and ownership will not apply, however, if our board of directors determines that it is no longer in our best interests to continue to qualify as a REIT.
Dividends payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends.
The maximum tax rate applicable to "qualified dividend income" payable to U.S. stockholders that are taxed at individual rates is 20%. Dividends payable by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified dividend income. Instead, our ordinary dividends generally are taxed at the higher tax rates applicable to ordinary income, the current maximum rate of which is 37%. However, individual stockholders are generally allowed to deduct 20% of the aggregate amount of ordinary dividends distributed by us, subject to certain limitations, which would reduce the maximum marginal effective tax rate for individuals on the receipt of such ordinary dividends to 29.6%.
If our Operating Partnership failed to qualify as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, we would cease to qualify as a REIT and suffer other adverse consequences.
We believe that our Operating Partnership will be treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. As a partnership, our Operating Partnership will not be subject to federal income tax on its income. Instead, each of its partners, including us, will be allocated, and may be required to pay tax with respect to, its share of our Operating Partnership’s income. We cannot assure you, however, that the IRS will not challenge the status of our Operating Partnership or any other subsidiary partnership in which we own an interest as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, or that a court would not sustain such a challenge. If the IRS were successful in treating our Operating Partnership or any such other subsidiary partnership as an entity taxable as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, we would fail to meet the gross income tests and certain of the asset tests applicable to REITs and, accordingly, we would likely cease to qualify as a REIT. Also, the failure of our Operating Partnership or any subsidiary partnerships to qualify as a partnership could cause it to become subject to federal and state corporate income tax, which would reduce significantly the amount of cash available for debt service and for distribution to its partners, including us.
To maintain our REIT status, we may be forced to borrow funds during unfavorable market conditions, and the unavailability of such capital on favorable terms at the desired times, or at all, may cause us to curtail our investment activities or dispose of assets at inopportune times or on unfavorable terms, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
To qualify as a REIT, we generally must distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income each year, excluding net capital gains, and we will be subject to regular corporate income taxes to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income each year. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which distributions paid by us in any calendar year are less than the sum of (1) 85% of our ordinary income, (2) 95% of our capital gain net income and (3) 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. In order to maintain our REIT status and avoid the payment of income and excise taxes, we may need to borrow funds to meet the REIT distribution requirements even if the then prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings. These borrowing needs could result from, among other things, differences in timing between the actual receipt of cash and inclusion of income for federal income tax purposes, or the effect of non-deductible capital expenditures, the creation of reserves or required principal or amortization payments. These sources, however, may not be available on favorable terms or at all. Our access to third-party sources of capital depends on a number of factors, including the market’s perception of our growth potential, our current debt levels, the market price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock, and our current and potential future earnings. We cannot assure you that we will have access to such capital on favorable terms at the desired times, or at all, which may cause us to curtail our investment activities or dispose of assets at inopportune times or on unfavorable terms, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
Risks Related to Our Capital Stock
We may be unable to make distributions at expected levels, which could result in a decrease in the market price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock.
We intend to continue to pay regular quarterly distributions to our stockholders. All distributions will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will be based upon, among other factors, our historical and projected results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and liquidity, maintenance of our REIT qualification and other tax considerations, capital expenditure and other expense obligations, debt covenants, contractual prohibitions or other limitations, applicable law,
Table of Contents
and such other matters as our board of directors may deem relevant from time to time. If sufficient cash is not available for distribution from our operations, we may have to fund distributions from working capital, borrow to provide funds for such distributions, or reduce the amount of such distributions. To the extent we borrow to fund distributions, our future interest costs would increase, thereby reducing our earnings and cash available for distribution from what they otherwise would have been. If cash available for distribution generated by our assets is less than our current estimate, or if such cash available for distribution decreases in future periods from expected levels, our inability to make the expected distributions could result in a decrease in the market price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock.
Our ability to make distributions may also be limited by our credit facility. Under the terms of the credit facility, we may not pay cash dividends if a default has occurred and is continuing or would result therefrom. However, if certain defaults or events of default exist, we may pay cash dividends to the extent necessary to (i) maintain our status as a REIT and (ii) avoid federal or state income excise taxes.
As a result of the foregoing, we may not be able to make distributions in the future, and our inability to make distributions, or to make distributions at expected levels, could result in a decrease in the per share price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock.
The market price and trading volume of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock may be volatile and could decline substantially in the future.
The market price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock may be volatile in the future. In addition, the trading volume in our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. We cannot assure stockholders that the market price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock will not fluctuate or decline significantly in the future, including as a result of factors unrelated to our operating performance or prospects in 2026 compared to 2025. In particular, the market price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a number of factors, including, among others, the following:
• actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results or dividends;
• changes in our FFO, Normalized FFO, or earnings estimates;
• publication of research reports about us or the real estate industry;
• increases in market interest rates that lead purchasers of our shares to demand a higher yield;
• changes in market valuations of similar companies;
• adverse market views with respect to asset classes in which we invest;
• adverse market reaction to any additional debt we incur in the future;
• additions or departures of key management personnel;
• actions by institutional stockholders;
• speculation in the press or investment community;
• the realization of any of the other risk factors presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K;
• the extent of investor interest in our securities;
• the general reputation of REITs and the attractiveness of our equity securities in comparison to other equity securities, including securities issued by other real estate-based companies;
• changes in the federal government;
• our underlying asset value;
• investor confidence in the stock and bond markets generally;
• further changes in tax laws;
• future equity issuances;
• failure to meet earnings estimates;
• failure to meet and maintain REIT qualifications;
• changes in our credit ratings;
• general market and economic conditions;
• our issuance of debt securities or additional preferred equity securities; and
• our financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
In the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the price of their common stock. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources, which could have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, ability to service our debt obligations, and the per share trading price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock.
Table of Contents
The number of shares of our common stock available for future issuance or sale could adversely affect the per-share trading price of our common stock and our ability to obtain additional capital.
We cannot predict whether future issuances or sales of shares of our common stock or the availability of shares for resale in the open market will decrease the per-share trading price of our common stock. The issuance of substantial numbers of shares of our common stock in the public market, or upon redemption of OP Units for shares of our common stock, or the perception that such issuances might occur, could adversely affect the per-share trading price of our common stock. As of February 20, 2026, approximately 80,176,689 shares of our common stock were outstanding. In addition, approximately 21,209,375 OP Units were outstanding (other than OP Units held by us), all of which are eligible to be tendered for redemption for cash or, at our option, for shares of our common stock on a one-for-one basis, subject to certain limitations. Additionally, as of February 20, 2026, 2,291,851 LTIP Units in the Operating Partnership (“LTIP Units”) are outstanding. Subject to any agreed upon exceptions (including pursuant to the applicable LTIP Unit award agreement), once vested (subject to certain requirements), LTIP Units are convertible into OP Units on a one-for-one basis. As of February 20, 2026, none of the outstanding LTIP Units are eligible to be converted into OP Units (except in connection with a Change of Control (as defined in the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership)). We have an effective resale shelf registration statement pursuant to which we may issue freely tradeable shares of our common stock upon redemption of such OP Units. Accordingly, a substantial number of shares of our common stock could be issued in the future pursuant to such resale shelf registration statement. The sale of such shares, or the perception that such a sale may occur, could materially and adversely affect the per-share trading price of our common stock. In addition, as of February 20, 2026, 2,104,475 shares of our common stock and other equity-based awards were available for issuance in the future (including shares issuable upon the vesting of outstanding performance units) under our Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (our “Equity Plan”).
The redemption of OP Units (including OP Units issued upon conversion of LTIP Units) for shares of our common stock, the vesting of any restricted stock and performance units granted to certain directors, executive officers, and other employees under our Equity Plan, the issuance of our common stock or OP Units in connection with future property, portfolio, or business acquisitions, and other issuances of our common stock could have an adverse effect on the per-share trading price of our common stock. The existence of OP Units, LTIP Units, and shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our Equity Plan or upon redemption of OP Units may adversely affect the terms upon which we may be able to obtain additional capital through the sale of equity securities. In addition, future issuances of shares of our common stock may be dilutive to existing stockholders.
Increases in market interest rates may have a material adverse effect on the trading prices of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock as prospective purchasers of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock may expect a higher dividend yield and as an increased cost of borrowing may decrease our funds available for distribution.
One of the factors that will influence the trading prices of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock will be the dividend yield on the stock (as a percentage of the price of our common stock or Series A Preferred Stock, as applicable) relative to market interest rates. An increase in market interest rates may lead prospective purchasers of our common stock or Series A Preferred Stock to expect a higher dividend yield (with a resulting decline in the trading prices of our common stock or Series A Preferred Stock, as applicable) and higher interest rates would likely increase our borrowing costs and potentially decrease funds available for distribution. Thus, higher market interest rates could cause the market price of our common stock or Series A Preferred Stock to decrease.
We cannot guarantee that our Share Repurchase Program will be fully consummated or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value. Share repurchases could also increase the volatility of the trading price of our stock and could diminish our cash reserves.
In June 2023, our board of directors authorized the Share Repurchase Program (as defined below) to repurchase up to $50.0 million of our outstanding common stock and Series A Preferred Stock, with no expiration date. The Share Repurchase Program does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares or acquire shares over any specific period of time. The actual timing and amount of repurchases remain subject to a variety of factors, including stock price, trading volume, market conditions and other general business considerations. The Share Repurchase Program may be modified, suspended, or terminated at any time, and we cannot guarantee that the program will be fully consummated or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value. The Share Repurchase Program could affect the trading price of our stock and increase volatility, and any announcement of a termination of this program may result in a decrease in the trading price of our stock. In addition, the Share Repurchase Program could diminish our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities.
Table of Contents
Our Series A Preferred Stock is subordinate to our existing and future debt, and the interests of holders of our Series A Preferred Stock could be diluted by the issuance of additional shares of preferred stock and by other transactions.
Our Series A Preferred Stock ranks junior to all of our existing and future indebtedness, any classes and series of our capital stock expressly designated as ranking senior to our Series A Preferred Stock as to distribution rights and rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, and other non-equity claims on us and our assets available to satisfyclaimsagainst us, including claims in bankruptcy, liquidation, or similar proceedings. Subject to limitations prescribed by Maryland law and our charter, our board of directors is authorized to issue, from our authorized but unissued shares of capital stock, preferred stock in such classes or series as our board of directors may determine and to establish from time to time the number of shares of preferred stock to be included in any such class or series. The issuance of additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock or additional shares of capital stock ranking on parity with our Series A Preferred Stock would dilute the interests of the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock, and the issuance of shares of any class or series of our capital stock expressly designated as ranking senior to our Series A Preferred Stock as to distribution rights and rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, or the incurrence of additional indebtedness could adversely affect our ability to pay dividends on, redeem, or pay the liquidation preference on our Series A Preferred Stock. Other than the conversion right afforded to holders of our Series A Preferred Stock that may become exercisable in connection with a change of control (as defined in the articles supplementary designating the terms of our Series A Preferred Stock), none of the provisions relating to our Series A Preferred Stock contain any terms relating to or limiting our indebtedness or affording the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock protection in the event of a highly leveraged or other transaction, including a merger or the sale, lease, or conveyance of all or substantially all our assets, that might adversely affect the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock, so long as the rights of the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock are not materially and adversely affected.
Holders of our Series A Preferred Stock have extremely limited voting rights.
Our common stock is the only class of our securities that carry full voting rights. Voting rights for holders of our Series A Preferred Stock exist primarily with respect to the ability to elect, together with holders of our capital stock ranking on parity with our Series A Preferred Stock and having similar voting rights, two additional directors to our board of directors in the event that six quarterly dividends (whether or not consecutive) payable on our Series A Preferred Stock are in arrears, and with respect to voting on amendments to our charter or articles supplementary relating to our Series A Preferred Stock that materially and adversely affect the rights of the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock or create additional classes or series of our capital stock expressly designated as ranking senior to our Series A Preferred Stock as to distribution rights and rights upon our liquidation, dissolution, or winding up. Other than as described above and as set forth in more detail in the articles supplementary designating the terms of our Series A Preferred Stock, holders of our Series A Preferred Stock will not have any voting rights.
Holders of our Series A Preferred Stock may not be permitted to exercise conversion rights upon a change of control. If exercisable, the change of control conversion feature of our Series A Preferred Stock may not adequately compensate preferred stockholders, and the change of control conversion and redemption features of our Series A Preferred Stock may make it more difficult for a party to take over our company or discourage a party from taking over our company.
Upon the occurrence of a change of control (as defined in the articles supplementary designating the terms of our Series A Preferred Stock), holders of our Series A Preferred Stock will have the right to convert some or all of their Series A Preferred Stock into shares of our common stock (or equivalent value of alternative consideration). We have a special optional redemption right to redeem our Series A Preferred Stock in the event of a change of control, and holders of our Series A Preferred Stock will not have the right to convert any shares of our Series A Preferred Stock that we have elected to redeem prior to the change of control conversion date. Upon such a conversion, the holders will be limited to a maximum number of shares of our common stock equal to the 2.97796 (i.e. the "Share Cap"), subject to certain adjustments, multiplied by the number of our Series A Preferred Stock converted. If the Common Stock Price (as defined in the articles supplementary designating the terms of our Series A Preferred Stock) is less than $8.395 (which is approximately 50% of the per-share closing sale price of our common stock on June 10, 2019), subject to adjustment, each holder will receive a maximum of 2.97796 shares of our common stock per share of our Series A Preferred Stock, which may result in a holder receiving value that is less than the liquidation preference of our Series A Preferred Stock. In addition, those features of our Series A Preferred Stock may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making an acquisition proposal for our company or of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of our company under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-current market price or that stockholders may otherwise believe is in their best interests.
Our principal executive office is located at 222 Central Park Avenue, Suite 1000, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23462 in the Armada Hoffler Tower at the Virginia Beach Town Center. In addition, we have a construction office located at 1300 Thames Street, Suite 30, Baltimore, Maryland 21231 in Thames Street Wharf at Harbor Point. The telephone number for our principal executive office is (757) 366-4000. We maintain a website at ArmadaHoffler.com. The information on, or accessible through, our website is not incorporated into and does not constitute a part of this report.
Discontinued Operations
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All historical financial information has been retrospectively adjusted to reflect the general contracting and real estate services segment as discontinued operations. The decision to exit the general contracting and real estate services segment resulted in the reclassification of approximately $132.5 million in revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025 to discontinued operations.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. Our accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As disclosed in Note 2, the preparation of these financial statements requires us to exercise our best judgment in making estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses. We base our estimates on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis, based upon current available information. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
We believe the following accounting policies and estimates are the most critical to understanding our reported financial results as their effect on our financial condition and results of operations is material.
Rental Revenues
We lease our properties under operating leases and recognize base rents on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We also recognize revenue from tenant recoveries, through which tenants reimburse us for expenses paid by us such as utilities, janitorial, repairs and maintenance, security and alarm, parking lot and grounds, general and administrative, management fees, insurance, and real estate taxes on an accrual basis. Our rental revenues are reduced by the amount of any leasing incentives on a straight-line basis over the term of the applicable lease. We include a renewal period in the lease term only if it appears at
Table of Contents
lease inception that the renewal is reasonably certain. We begin recognizing rental revenue when the tenant has the right to take possession of or controls the physical use of the property under lease.
Rental revenue is recognized subject to management’s evaluation of tenant credit risk. The extended collection period for accrued straight-line rental revenue along with our evaluation of tenant credit risk may result in the nonrecognition of all or a portion of straight-line rental revenue until the collection of substantially all such revenue for a tenant is probable.
Operating Property Acquisitions
Acquisitions of operating properties have been and will generally be accounted for as acquisitions of a group of assets, with costs incurred to effect an acquisition, including title, legal, accounting, brokerage commissions, and other related costs being capitalized as part of the cost of the assets acquired. In connection with operating property acquisitions, we identify and recognize all assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their relative fair values as of the acquisition date. The purchase price allocations to tangible assets, such as land, site improvements, and buildings and improvements, are presented within income producing property in the consolidated balance sheets and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Acquired lease intangible assets are presented as a separate component of assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Acquired lease intangible liabilities are presented within other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. We amortize in-place lease assets as depreciation and amortization expense on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. We amortize above-market lease assets as reductions to rental revenues on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. We amortize below-market lease liabilities as increases to rental revenues on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. We amortize above and below-market ground lease assets as depreciation and amortization on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. We capitalize the costs related to operating property acquisitions that do not meet the definition of a business.
We value land based on a market approach, looking to recent sales of similar properties, adjusting for differences due to location, the state of entitlement, and the shape and size of the parcel. Improvements to land are valued using a replacement cost approach. The approach applies industry standard replacement costs adjusted for geographic specific considerations and reduced by estimated depreciation. The value of buildings acquired is estimated using the replacement cost approach, assuming the buildings were vacant at acquisition. The replacement cost approach considers the composition of the structures acquired, adjusted for an estimate of depreciation. The estimate of depreciation is made considering industry standard information and the expected useful lives of the assets. The value of acquired lease intangible assets and liabilities considers the estimated cost of leasing the properties as if the acquired buildings were vacant, as well as the value of the current leases relative to market-rate leases. The in-place lease value is determined using an estimated total lease-up time and lost rental revenues during such time. The value of current leases relative to market-rate leases is based on market rents obtained for comparable leases. Given the significance of unobservable inputs used in the valuation of acquired real estate assets, we classify them as Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy.
We value debt assumed in connection with operating property acquisitions based on a discounted cash flow analysis of the expected cash flows of the debt. Such analysis considers the contractual terms of the debt, including the period to maturity, credit characteristics, and other terms of the arrangements, which are Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy (as described in Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K).
Real Estate Impairment
We evaluate our real estate assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If such an evaluation is necessary, we compare the carrying amount of any such real estate asset with the undiscounted expected future cash flows that are directly associated with, and that are expected to arise as a direct result of, its use and eventual disposition. Our estimate of the expected future cash flows attributable to a real estate asset is based upon, among other things, our estimates regarding future market conditions, rental rates, occupancy levels, tenant improvements, leasing commissions, tenant concessions, and assumptions regarding the residual value of our properties. If the carrying amount of a real estate asset exceeds its associated undiscounted expected future cash flows, we recognize an impairmentloss to reduce the carrying amount of the real estate asset to its fair value based on marketplace participant assumptions.
Interest Income
Interest income on notes receivable is accrued based on the contractual terms of the loans and when, in the opinion of management, it is deemed collectible. Many loans provide for accrual of interest that will not be paid until maturity of the loan. Interest is recognized on these loans at the accrual rate subject to management's determination that accrued interest is ultimately collectible, based on the underlying collateral and the status of development activities, as applicable. If management cannot
Table of Contents
make this determination, recognition of interest income may be fully or partially deferred until it is ultimately paid. Interest income is also accrued as earned on interest-bearing deposits.
Expected Credit Losses
We evaluate the collectability of both the interest on and principal of each of our notes receivable based primarily upon the value of the underlying development project. We consider factors such as the progress of development activities, including leasing activities, projected development costs, and current and projected loan balances. We also consider historical industry data, such as loan defaults and losses experienced on loans secured by other development projects, and current economic conditions that may affect the collectability of the remaining cash flows. We measure expected credit losses to be incurred over the remaining contractual term based on the risk rating of each loan. See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for details on risk rating determination. If a loan is rated as substandard, we then estimate expected credit losses as the difference between the amortized cost basis of the outstanding loan and the estimated projected sales proceeds of the underlying collateral.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
For a summary of recent accounting pronouncements and the anticipated effects on our consolidated financial statements see Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
Segment Results of Continuing Operations
As of December 31, 2025, we operated our business in four segments: (i) retail real estate, (ii) office real estate, (iii) multifamily residential real estate, and (iv) real estate financing.
NOI is the primary measure used by our chief operating decision-maker to assess segment performance and allocate our resources among our segments. We calculate NOI as segment revenues less segment expenses. Segment revenues include rental revenues for our property segments and interest income for our real estate financing segment. Segment expenses include rental expenses and real estate taxes for our property segments and interest expense for our real estate financing segment. NOI is not a measure of operating income or cash flows from operating activities as measured by GAAP and is not indicative of cash available to fund cash needs. As a result, NOI should not be considered an alternative to cash flows as a measure of liquidity. Not all companies calculate NOI in the same manner. We consider NOI to be an appropriate supplemental measure to net income because it assists both investors and management in understanding the core operations of our real estate and real estate financing businesses. See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a reconciliation of NOI to net income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure.
We define same store properties as those that we owned and operated and that were stabilized for the entirety of both periods compared. We generally consider a property to be stabilized upon the earlier of: (i) the quarter after the property reaches 80% occupancy or (ii) the thirteenth quarter after the property receives its certificate of occupancy. Additionally, any property that is fully or partially taken out of service for the purpose of redevelopment or is impacted by significant disruptive events (e.g. fire, flood) is no longer considered stabilized until the redevelopment or repair activities are complete, the asset is placed back into service, and the stabilization criteria above are again met. A property may also be fully or partially taken out of service as a result of a partial disposition, depending on the significance of the portion of the property disposed. Finally, any property classified as held for sale is taken out of service for the purpose of computing same store operating results.
This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2025 and 2024 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2025 and 2024. Discussions of 2023 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2024 and 2023 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.
Table of Contents
Retail Segment Data
Retail rental revenues, property expenses, and NOI for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were as follows ($ in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
Rental revenues
Property expenses
NOI
Square feet (1)
Occupancy (1)
(1) Stabilized properties as of the end of the periods presented.
Rental revenues and NOI for the year ended December 31, 2025 are materially consistent with the year ended December 31, 2024. This is primarily due to the commencement of operations at Southern Post Retail, offset by the dispositions of Market at Mill Creek and Nexton Square.
Retail Same Store Results
Retail same store rental revenues, property expenses, and NOI for the comparative years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 and December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended
Years Ended
December 31,
December 31,
Change
Change
Rental revenues
Property expenses
Same Store NOI (3)
Non-Same Store NOI (3)
Segment NOI
(1) Same store excludes Southern Post Retail, Allied | Harbor Point Retail, Columbus Village II due to redevelopment, and Market at Mill Creek and Nexton Square due to their dispositions in December 2024.
(2) Same store excludes Chronicle Mill Retail, Southern Post Retail, The Interlock Retail, and Columbus Village II, as well as Nexton Square and Market at Mill Creek which were disposed in the fourth quarter of 2024.
(3) Same Store NOI for the year ended December 31, 2025 excludes a $1.3 million assignment fee received from a tenant at The Interlock Retail. The impact of the same is included in Non-Same Store NOI for the year ended December 31, 2025.
Same store rental revenues and same store NOI for the year ended December 31, 2025 are materially consistent with the year ended December 31, 2024.
Table of Contents
Office Segment Data
Office rental revenues, property expenses, and NOI for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were as follows ($ in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
Rental revenues
Property expenses
NOI
Square feet (1)
Occupancy (1)
(1) Stabilized properties as of the end of the periods presented.
Rental revenues and NOI for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $8.1 million, or 8.6%, and $5.3 million, or 8.7%, respectively, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increases in rental revenues and NOI resulted primarily due to the receipt of $3.8 million in termination and assignment fees from tenants at The Interlock Office and Wills Wharf Office, the commencement of operations at Southern Post Office, and the consolidation of Allied | Harbor Point Office Garage, as well as increased occupancy at Armada Hoffler Tower Office, The Interlock Office, and Thames Street Office.
Office Same Store Results
Office same store rental revenues, property expenses, and NOI for the comparative years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 and December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended
Years Ended
December 31,
December 31,
Change
Change
Rental revenues
Property expenses
Same Store NOI (3)
Non-Same Store NOI (3)
Segment NOI
(1) Same store excludes Southern Post Office and Allied | Harbor Point Office Garage.
(2) Same store excludes Chronicle Mill Office, Southern Post Office, and The Interlock Office.
(3) Same Store NOI for the year ended December 31, 2025 excludes $3.8 million in termination fees and assignment fees received from tenants at The Interlock Office and Wills Wharf Office. The impact of the same is included in Non-Same Store NOI for the year ended December 31, 2025.
Same store rental revenues and same store NOI for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $5.2 million, or 5.7%, and $3.7 million, or 6.3%, respectively, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increases in same store rental revenues and same store NOI resulted primarily due to the increased occupancy at Armada Hoffler Tower Office, The Interlock Office, and Thames Street Office.
Table of Contents
Multifamily Segment Data
Multifamily rental revenues, property expenses, and NOI for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were as follows ($ in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
Rental revenues
Property expenses
NOI
Apartment units/beds
Occupancy
Rental revenues and NOI for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $7.8 million, or 13.4%, and $3.3 million, or 9.8%, respectively, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increases in rental revenues and NOI resulted primarily due to the commencement of operations at Chandler Residences and the consolidation of Allied | Harbor Point.
Multifamily Same Store Results
Multifamily same store rental revenues, property expenses, and NOI for the comparative years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 and December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended
Years Ended
December 31,
December 31,
Change
Change
Rental revenues
Property expenses
Same Store NOI
Non-Same Store NOI
Segment NOI
(1) Same store excludes Chandler Residences, Allied | Harbor Point, Greenside Apartments, and Solis Gainesville II.
(2) Same store excludes Chronicle Mill Apartments and Chandler Residences.
Same store rental revenues and same store NOI for the year ended December 31, 2025 are materially consistent with the year ended December 31, 2024.
Real Estate Financing Segment Data
Real estate financing interest income, interest expense, and gross profit for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
Interest income
Interest expense
Segment gross profit
Operating margin
Real estate financing gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased 28.0% compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to decreased interest rates on Solis Gainesville II, The Allure at Edinburgh, and Solis
Table of Contents
Kennesaw during 2025, combined with the absence of income from the Solis City Park II investment following its redemption in 2024. These impacts were partially offset by higher principal balances across multiple investments.
Consolidated Results of Continuing Operations
The following table summarizes our results of continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 (in thousands). The 2024 and 2023 columns have been restated to exclude the general contracting and real estate services segment:
Years Ended December 31,
Change
Change
(Restated)
(Restated)
Revenues
Rental revenues
Interest income
Total revenues
Expenses
Rental expenses
Real estate taxes
Depreciation and amortization
General and administrative expenses
Acquisition, development, and other pursuit costs
Impairment charges
Total expenses
Gain on real estate dispositions, net
Operating income
Interest expense
Loss on extinguishment of debt
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities
Change in fair value of derivatives and other
Unrealized credit loss (provision)
Other income, net
Income before taxes
Income tax benefit (provision)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations
Discontinued operations:
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax
Net income
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in investment entities
Preferred stock dividends
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders and OP Unitholders
Table of Contents
Rental Revenues
Rental revenues by segment for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
Change
Change
Retail
Office
Multifamily
Rental revenues increased $12.9 million, or 5.0%, during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.
Retail rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 were materially consistent with the year ended December 31, 2024. This is primarily due to the commencement of operations at Southern Post Retail, offset by the dispositions of Market at Mill Creek and Nexton Square.
Office rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased 8.6% compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to the consolidation of Allied | Harbor Point Office Garage and the commencement of operations at Southern Post Office, as well as increased occupancy and rental rates at Armada Hoffler Tower Office, The Interlock Office, Thames Street Office, and Two Columbus Office.
Multifamily rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased 13.4% compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to the consolidation of Allied | Harbor Point and a full year of operations for Chandler Residences.
Interest Income
Interest income for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased $1.8 million, or 10.3%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to the redemption of the Solis City Park II investment in July 2024, as well as decreased
interest rates for Solis Gainesville II, The Allure at Edinburgh, and Solis Kennesaw, partially offset by increased principal balances for other real estate financing investments.
Rental Expenses
Rental expenses by segment for each of the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
Change
Change
Retail
Office
Multifamily
Rental expenses increased $4.5 million, or 7.2%, during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.
Retail rental expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased 4.3% compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to the dispositions of Nexton Square and Market at Mill Creek and decreased expenses at The Interlock Retail, partially offset by the commencement of operations at Southern Post Retail.
Office rental expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased 8.0% compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to the consolidation of Allied | Harbor Point Office Garage and the commencement of operations at Southern Post Office, as well as increased utilities at our Harbor Point properties.
Table of Contents
Multifamily rental expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased 17.1% compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to the consolidation of Allied | Harbor Point and a full year of operations for Chandler Residences.
Real Estate Taxes
Real estate taxes by segment for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
Change
Change
Retail
Office
Multifamily
Real estate taxes increased $1.8 million, or 7.7%, during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, consistent with new properties coming online.
Retail real estate taxes for the year ended December 31, 2025 were materially consistent with the year ended December 31, 2024.
Office real estate taxes for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased 9.3% compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to the consolidation of Allied | Harbor Point Office Garage.
Multifamily real estate taxes for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased 23.9% compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to the consolidation of Allied | Harbor Point and the commencement of operations at Chandler Residences in the latter half of 2024.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization for the year ended December 31, 2025 was materially consistent with the year ended December 31, 2024.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased 5.5% compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to the double-issuance of stock compensation due to a modification in the structure of executive compensation grants, including the impact of grants in the current year that are related to the prior year's performance and grants that are related to the current year's performance. New grants are now issued in the year in which performance relates. There also was a one-time acceleration of 100% of stock compensation awarded to our former Chief Executive Officer in relation to prior year performance, and a one-time special award granted in June 2025..
Acquisition, Development, and Other Pursuit Costs
Acquisition, development, and other pursuit costs for the year ended December 31, 2025 related primarily to pursuit costs on potential new construction contracts. Acquisition, development, and other pursuit costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 related to the write off of development costs related to an undeveloped land parcel in predevelopment located in Charlotte, North Carolina. Refer to Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information.
Impairment Charges
Impairment charges during the year ended December 31, 2025 relate to the leasehold improvements of our corporate offices due to the consolidation and relocation of the Company's operations to accommodate office space demand. Impairment charges during the year ended December 31, 2024 relate to the impairment of an undeveloped land parcel in predevelopment located in Charlotte, North Carolina. Refer to Note 6 in our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information.
Gain on Real Estate Dispositions, Net
Table of Contents
There was no gain on real estate dispositions, net for the year ended December 31, 2025. The gain on real estate dispositions, net for the year ended December 31, 2024 were due to the dispositions of the Market at Mill Creek and Nexton Square retail properties.
Non-Operating Income and Expenses
Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $6 million, or 8.0%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to increased outstanding debt associated with the acquisition of Allied | Harbor Point and a reduction in capitalized interest associated with a lower volume of assets under development. The increase was partially offset by declining SOFR rates on our variable-rate debt portfolio.
The loss on extinguishment of debt for the year ended December 31, 2025 was due to the repayment of the loan secured by the Southern Post mixed-use property. The loss on extinguishment of debt for the year ended December 31, 2024 was due to the repayment of the loans secured by the Chronicle Mill, Premier Retail and Apartments, Market at Mill Creek, Nexton Square, and Southgate Square properties.
Change in fair value of derivatives and other for the year ended December 31, 2025 includes an increase in interest receipts for non-designated derivatives due to a higher notional amount of derivatives not designated as cash flow hedges outstanding, and a decrease in the fair value of our derivative instruments due to decreases in the forward Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") curve.
Changes in unrealized credit loss provision for the year ended December 31, 2025 was primarily due to the release of the provision for Solis Gainesville II, which was acquired on December 10, 2025. See Note 8 and Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Changes in other income (expense), net for the year ended December 31, 2025 were immaterial.
Discontinued Operations - General Contracting and Real Estate Services Data
General contracting and real estate services revenues, expenses, and gross profit reported in discontinued operations, net for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were as follows ($ in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
General contracting and real estate services revenues
General contracting and real estate services expenses
Segment gross profit in discontinued operations
Operating margin (1) (2)
(1) 50% and 90% of gross profit attributable to our T. Rowe Price Global HQ and Allied | Harbor Point development projects, respectively, is not reflected within general contracting and real estate services revenues due to elimination. The Company is still entitled to receive cash proceeds in relation to the eliminated amounts. Prior to any gross profit eliminations attributable to these projects, operating margin for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 was 5.4%, 3.5%, and 3.7%, respectively.
(2) The operating margin percentage for the year ended December 31, 2025 is higher than typical levels due to the recognition of cost savings on a third-party project completed during the year.
General contracting and real estate services gross profit reported in discontinued operations, net, for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased $7.3 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily reflecting the reduction in revenue as third-party project backlog was completed. $1.9 million of the gross profit recognized for the year ended December 31, 2025 was due to savings recognized on the Solis Kennesaw contract during the period.
Table of Contents
The changes in third party construction backlog reported in discontinued operations, net for each of the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
Beginning backlog
New contracts/change orders
Work performed
Ending backlog
During the year ended December 31, 2025, we executed new contracts or change orders with Dominion Realty Partners totaling $61.4 million. Ending backlog as of December 31, 2025 included $2.8 million in contracts with Beatty Development Group, and $65.6 million in contracts with Dominion Realty Partners.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, we executed new contracts or change orders with Beatty Development Group related to the Harbor Point developments in Baltimore totaling $29.8 million in addition to the $0.4 million with Terwilliger Pappas in connection with the development of Solis Kennesaw, and $53.4 million with Dominion Realty Partners. Ending backlog as of December 31, 2024 included $23.2 million in contracts with Beatty Development Group, $78.6 million in contracts with Dominion Realty Partners, and $15.9 million in contracts with Terwilliger Pappas.
Summarized results of discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 are shown below (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
General contracting and real estate services revenues
General contracting and real estate services expenses
Non-operating income and expenses (1)
Income before taxes
Income tax provision
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax
(1) Non-operating income and expenses includes interest income, depreciation and amortization, general and administrative expenses, and acquisition, development, and other pursuit costs.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
We believe our primary short-term liquidity requirements consist of operating expenses and other expenditures associated with our properties, including tenant improvements, leasing commissions and leasing incentives, dividend payments to our stockholders required to maintain our REIT qualification, debt service, capital expenditures, new real estate development projects, mezzanine loan funding requirements, and strategic acquisitions. We expect to meet our short-term liquidity requirements through net cash provided by operations, reserves established from existing cash, borrowings available under our amended credit facility, and net proceeds from the opportunistic sale of common stock through our at-the-market continuous equity offering program (the "ATM Program"), which is discussed below.
Our long-term liquidity needs consist primarily of funds necessary for the repayment of debt at or prior to maturity, property development and acquisitions, tenant improvements, and capital improvements. We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements with net cash from operations, long-term secured and unsecured indebtedness, the issuance of equity and debt securities, and the opportunistic disposition of non-core properties. We also may fund property development and acquisitions and capital improvements using our credit facility pending long-term financing.
As of December 31, 2025, we had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $49.2 million available for both current liquidity needs as well as development and redevelopment activities. As of December 31, 2025, we also had restricted cash in escrow of $3.2 million, some of which is available for capital expenditures and certain operating expenses at our operating
Table of Contents
properties. As of December 31, 2025, we had $52.3 million of available borrowings under our revolving credit facility to meet our short-term liquidity requirements. During the three months ended December 31, 2025, we increased outstanding borrowings on our revolving credit facility by $41.0 million. On December 10, 2025, we borrowed $35.0 million under the revolving credit facility to finance the purchase of Solis Gainesville II. The remaining borrowings were used for general corporate purposes.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we began to implement a strategic transformation of the composition of borrowings by refinancing secured property debt with unsecured property debt in order to increase the flexibility of our financing cash flows. Additionally, we have begun transforming our debt portfolio from variable-rate to fixed-rate borrowings. We continued to implement this transformation during the year ended December 31, 2025 and intend to continue to implement the transformation during the year ended December 31, 2026. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we entered into $115.0 million of inaugural fixed-rate private placement notes. As of December 31, 2025, fixed-rate debt and variable-rate debt before the impact of derivatives represented 21.3% and 78.7%, respectively, compared to 17.0% and 83.0% as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2025, unsecured debt represented 61.3% of our total borrowings compared to 55.9% as of December 31, 2024. However, we intend to maintain a certain level of property secured debt as part of our risk management strategy.
ATM Program
On March 10, 2020, we commenced the ATM Program through which we may, from time to time, issue and sell shares of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $300.0 million, to or through our sales agents and, with respect to shares of our common stock, may enter into separate forward sales agreements to or through one or more forward purchasers.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, we did not issue any shares of common stock or Series A Preferred Stock under the ATM Program. Shares having an aggregate offering price of $178.5 million remained unsold under the ATM Program as of February 20, 2026.
Share Repurchase Program
On June 15, 2023, our board of directors authorized the $50.0 million Share Repurchase Program. Under the Share Repurchase Program, we may repurchase shares of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock from time to time in the open market, in block purchases, through privately negotiated transactions, the use of trading plans intended to qualify under Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, or other means permitted. The Share Repurchase Program does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares or acquire shares over any specific period of time. The Share Repurchase Program may be suspended or discontinued at any time by us and does not have an expiration date.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, we did not repurchase any shares of common stock or Series A Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2025, $37.4 million remained available for repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program.
Credit Facility
On August 23, 2022, we entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement"), which provides for a $550.0 million credit facility comprised of a $250.0 million senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the "revolving credit facility") and a $300.0 million senior unsecured term loan facility (the "term loan facility" and, together with the revolving credit facility, the "credit facility"), with a syndicate of banks. Subject to available borrowing capacity, we intend to use future borrowings under the credit facility for general corporate purposes, including funding acquisitions, mezzanine lending, and development and redevelopment of properties in our portfolio, and for working capital.
The credit facility includes an accordion feature that allows the total commitments to be increased up to $1.0 billion, subject to certain conditions, including obtaining commitments from any one or more lenders. The revolving credit facility has a scheduled maturity date of January 22, 2027, with two six-month extension options, subject to certain conditions, including payment of a 0.075% extension fee at each extension. The term loan facility has a scheduled maturity date of January 21, 2028.
On August 29, 2023, we increased the capacity of the revolving credit facility by $105.0 million by exercising the accordion feature in part, bringing the revolving credit facility capacity to $355.0 million and the total credit facility capacity to $655.0 million.
On June 14, 2024, the term loan facility commitment increased to $350.0 million as a result of an existing lender increasing its outstanding commitment.
Table of Contents
The revolving credit facility bears interest at SOFR plus a margin ranging from 1.30% to 1.85% and a credit spread adjustment of 0.10%, and the term loan facility bears interest at SOFR plus a margin ranging from 1.25% to 1.80% and a credit spread adjustment of 0.10%, in each case depending on our total leverage. We also are obligated to pay an unused commitment fee of 15 or 25 basis points on the unused portions of the commitments under the revolving credit facility, depending on the amount of borrowings under the revolving credit facility. If the Company or the Operating Partnership attains investment grade credit ratings from both S&P Global Ratings and Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., we may elect to have borrowings become subject to interest rates based on such credit ratings. Our unencumbered borrowing pool will support revolving borrowings of up to $293.3 million, as of December 31, 2025.
The Operating Partnership is the borrower under the credit facility, and its obligations under the credit facility are guaranteed by us and certain of our subsidiaries that are not otherwise prohibited from providing such guaranty.
The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and financial and other affirmative and negative covenants. Our ability to borrow under the credit facility is subject to our ongoing compliance with a number of financial covenants, affirmative covenants and other restrictions, including the following:
• Total leverage ratio of not more than 60% (or 65% for the two consecutive quarters following any acquisition with a purchase price of at least $100.0 million, but only up to two times during the term of the credit facility);
• Ratio of adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the Credit Agreement) to fixed charges of not less than 1.50 to 1.0;
• Tangible net worth of not less than the sum of (i) $825.2 million and (ii) an amount equal to 75% of the net equity proceeds received by us after June 30, 2022;
• Ratio of secured indebtedness (excluding the credit facility if it becomes secured indebtedness) to total asset value of not more than 40%;
• Ratio of secured recourse debt (excluding the credit facility if it becomes secured indebtedness) to total asset value of not more than 20%;
• Total unsecured leverage ratio of not more than 60% (or 65% for the two consecutive quarters following any acquisition with a purchase price of at least $100.0 million, but only up to two times during the term of the credit facility);
• Unencumbered interest coverage ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) of not less than 1.75 to 1.0;
• Maintenance of a minimum of at least 15 unencumbered properties (as defined in the Credit Agreement) with an unencumbered asset value (as defined in the Credit Agreement) of not less than $500.0 million at any time; and
• Minimum occupancy rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) for all unencumbered properties of not less than 80% at any time.
The Credit Agreement limits our ability to pay cash dividends if a default has occurred and is continuing or would result therefrom. However, if certain defaults or events of default exist, we may pay cash dividends to the extent necessary to (i) maintain our status as a REIT and (ii) avoid federal or state income excise taxes. The Credit Agreement also restricts the amount of capital that we can invest in specific categories of assets, such as unimproved land holdings, development properties, notes receivable, mortgages, mezzanine loans and unconsolidated affiliates, and restricts our ability to repurchase stock and units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership during the term of the credit facility.
We may, at any time, voluntarily prepay any loan under the credit facility in whole or in part without significant premium or penalty, except for those portions subject to an interest rate swap agreement.
The Credit Agreement includes customary events of default, in certain cases subject to customary periods to cure. The occurrence of an event of default, following the applicable cure period, would permit the lenders to, among other things, declare the unpaid principal, accrued and unpaid interest and all other amounts payable under the credit facility to be immediately due and payable.
We are currently in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement.
M&T Term Loan Facility
On December 6, 2022, we entered into a term loan agreement (the "M&T term loan agreement") with Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company, which provides a $100.0 million senior unsecured term loan facility (the "M&T term loan facility"), with the option to increase the total capacity to $200.0 million, subject to our satisfaction of certain conditions. The M&T term loan facility has a scheduled maturity date of March 8, 2027, with a one-year extension option, subject to our satisfaction of certain conditions, including payment of a 0.075% extension fee.
On June 21, 2024, the M&T term loan facility commitment increased to $135.0 million as a result of adding a new
Table of Contents
lender to the facility.
The M&T term loan facility bears interest at a rate elected by us based on term SOFR, Daily Simple SOFR, or the Base Rate (as defined below), and in each case plus a margin. A term SOFR or Daily Simple SOFR loan is also subject to a credit spread adjustment of 0.10%. The margin under each interest rate election depends on our total leverage. The "Base Rate" is equal to the highest of: (a) the rate of interest in effect for such day as publicly announced from time to time by M&T Bank as its “prime rate” for such day, (b) the Federal Funds Rate for such day, plus 0.50%, (c) one month term SOFR for such day plus 100 basis points and (d) 1.00%. We have elected for the loan to bear interest at term SOFR plus margin. If we attain investment grade credit ratings from both S&P Global Ratings and Moody's Investor Service, Inc., we may elect to have borrowings become subject to interest rates based on such credit ratings.
The Operating Partnership is the borrower under the M&T term loan facility, and its obligations under the M&T term loan facility are guaranteed by us and certain of its subsidiaries that are not otherwise prohibited from providing such guaranty.
The M&T term loan agreement contains customary representations and warranties and financial and other affirmative and negative covenants. Our ability to borrow under the M&T term loan facility is subject to ongoing compliance with a number of financial covenants, affirmative covenants, and other restrictions, including the following:
• Total leverage ratio of not more than 60% (or 65% for the two consecutive quarters following any acquisition with a purchase price of at least $100.0 million, but only up to two times during the term of the M&T term loan facility);
• Ratio of adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the M&T term loan agreement) to fixed charges of not less than 1.50 to 1.0;
• Tangible net worth of not less than the sum of (i) $825.2 million and (ii) an amount equal to 75% of the net equity proceeds received by us after June 30, 2022;
• Ratio of secured indebtedness (excluding the M&T term loan facility if it becomes secured indebtedness) to total asset value of not more than 40%;
• Ratio of secured recourse debt (excluding the M&T term loan facility if it becomes secured indebtedness) to total asset value of not more than 20%;
• Total unsecured leverage ratio of not more than 60% (or 65% for the two consecutive quarters following any acquisition with a purchase price of at least $100.0 million, but only up to two times during the term of the M&T term loan facility);
• Unencumbered interest coverage ratio (as defined in the M&T term loan agreement) of not less than 1.75 to 1.0;
• Maintenance of a minimum of at least 15 unencumbered properties (as defined in the M&T term loan agreement) with an unencumbered asset value (as defined in the M&T term loan agreement) of not less than $500.0 million at any time; and
• Minimum occupancy rate (as defined in the M&T term loan agreement) for all unencumbered properties of not less than 80% at any time.
The M&T term loan agreement limits our ability to pay cash dividends if a default has occurred and is continuing or would result therefrom. However, if certain defaults or events of default exist, we may pay cash dividends to the extent necessary to (i) maintain our status as a REIT and (ii) avoid federal or state income excise taxes. The M&T term loan agreement also restricts the amount of capital that we can invest in specific categories of assets, such as unimproved land holdings, development properties, notes receivable, mortgages, mezzanine loans and unconsolidated affiliates, and restricts our ability to repurchase stock and units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership during the term of the M&T term loan facility.
We may, at any time, voluntarily prepay the M&T term loan facility in whole or in part without premium or penalty, provided certain conditions are met.
The M&T term loan agreement includes customary events of default, in certain cases subject to customary cure periods. The occurrence of an event of default, if not cured within the applicable cure period, would permit the lenders to, among other things, declare the unpaid principal, accrued and unpaid interest, and all other amounts payable under the M&T term loan facility to be immediately due and payable. A default under the Credit Agreement would also constitute a default under M&T term loan agreement.
We are currently in compliance with all covenants under the M&T term loan agreement.
Table of Contents
TD Term Loan Facility
On May 19, 2023, we entered into a term loan agreement (the "TD term loan agreement") with Toronto Dominion (Texas) LLC, as administrative agent, and TD Bank, N.A. as lender, which provides a $75.0 million senior unsecured term loan facility (the "TD term loan facility"), with the option to increase the total capacity to $150.0 million, subject to our satisfaction of certain conditions. On June 26, 2025, we exercised our option to extend the maturity date of the TD term loan facility by one year, which will now mature on May 19, 2026. We paid a nominal extension fee.
The TD term loan facility bears interest at a rate elected by us based on term SOFR, Daily Simple SOFR, or the Base Rate (as defined below), and in each case plus a margin. A term SOFR or Daily Simple SOFR loan is also subject to a credit spread adjustment of 0.10%. The margin under each interest rate election depends on our total leverage. The "Base Rate" is equal to the highest of: (a) the Federal Funds Rate for such day, plus 0.50% (b) the rate of interest in effect for such day as publicly announced from time to time by the administrative agent as its “prime rate” for such day, (c) one month term SOFR for such day plus 100 basis points and (d) 1.00%. We have elected for the loan to bear interest at term SOFR plus margin. If we attain investment grade credit ratings from both S&P Global Ratings and Moody's Investor Service, Inc., we may elect to have borrowings become subject to interest rates based on such credit ratings.
On June 29, 2023, the TD term loan facility commitment increased to $95.0 million as a result of the addition of a second lender to the facility.
The Operating Partnership is the borrower under the TD term loan facility, and its obligations under the TD term loan facility are guaranteed by us and certain of its subsidiaries that are not otherwise prohibited from providing such guaranty.
The TD term loan agreement contains customary representations and warranties and financial and other affirmative and negative covenants. Our ability to borrow under the TD term loan facility is subject to ongoing compliance with a number of financial covenants, affirmative covenants, and other restrictions, including the following:
• Total leverage ratio of not more than 60% (or 65% for the two consecutive quarters following any acquisition with a purchase price of at least $100.0 million, but only up to two times during the term of the TD term loan facility);
• Ratio of adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the TD term loan agreement) to fixed charges of not less than 1.50 to 1.0;
• Tangible net worth of not less than the sum of (i) $825.2 million and (ii) an amount equal to 75% of the net equity proceeds received by us after June 30, 2022;
• Ratio of secured indebtedness (excluding the TD term loan facility if it becomes secured indebtedness) to total asset value of not more than 40%;
• Ratio of secured recourse debt (excluding the TD term loan facility if it becomes secured indebtedness) to total asset value of not more than 20%;
• Total unsecured leverage ratio of not more than 60% (or 65% for the two consecutive quarters following any acquisition with a purchase price of at least $100.0 million, but only up to two times during the term of the TD term loan facility);
• Unencumbered interest coverage ratio (as defined in the TD term loan agreement) of not less than 1.75 to 1.0;
• Maintenance of a minimum of at least 15 unencumbered properties (as defined in the TD term loan agreement) with an unencumbered asset value (as defined in the TD term loan agreement) of not less than $500.0 million at any time; and
• Minimum occupancy rate (as defined in the TD term loan agreement) for all unencumbered properties of not less than 80% at any time.
The TD term loan agreement limits our ability to pay cash dividends if a default has occurred and is continuing or would result therefrom. However, if certain defaults or events of default exist, we may pay cash dividends to the extent necessary to (i) maintain our status as a REIT and (ii) avoid federal or state income excise taxes. The TD term loan agreement also restricts the amount of capital that we can invest in specific categories of assets, such as unimproved land holdings, development properties, notes receivable, mortgages, mezzanine loans, and unconsolidated affiliates, and restricts our ability to repurchase stock and units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership during the term of the TD term loan facility.
We may, at any time, voluntarily prepay the TD term loan facility in whole or in part without premium or penalty, provided certain conditions are met.
The TD term loan agreement includes customary events of default, in certain cases subject to customary cure periods.
Table of Contents
The occurrence of an event of default, if not cured within the applicable cure period, would permit the lenders to, among other things, declare the unpaid principal, accrued and unpaid interest, and all other amounts payable under the TD term loan facility to be immediately due and payable. A default under the Credit Agreement would also constitute a default under the TD term loan agreement.
We are currently in compliance with all covenants under the TD term loan agreement.
Private Placement Notes
On July 22, 2025, we and the Operating Partnership entered into a note purchase agreement (the “Note Purchase Agreement”), with institutional investors, pursuant to which the Operating Partnership sold, and the institutional investors purchased, which $115.0 million aggregate principal amount of unsecured notes, consisting of (a) $25.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.57% Senior Notes, Series A, due July 22, 2028, (b) $45.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.78% Senior Notes, Series B, due July 22, 2030, and (c) $45.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.09% Senior Notes, Series C, due July 22, 2032 (collectively, the "Notes").
The Notes bear interest on the outstanding principal balance at the stated rates per annum from the date of issuance, payable semiannually on January 22 and July 22 of each year, commencing January 22, 2026 until such principal becomes due and payable. The Notes are the senior unsecured obligations of the Operating Partnership and rank at least pari passu in right of payment with all other unsecured senior indebtedness of the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership’s obligations under the Notes are guaranteed by us and certain of our subsidiaries that are not otherwise prohibited from providing such guaranty.
The Note Purchase Agreement contains customary representations and warranties. Under the Note Purchase Agreement, we are also subject to a number of financial covenants, affirmative covenants, and other restrictions, including the following, which are subject to a “most favored lender” provision, which automatically incorporates any changes to corresponding covenants under the Credit Agreement into the Note Purchase Agreement:
• Ratio of Secured Recourse Debt (as defined in the Note Purchase Agreement), excluding the Notes if they become Secured Indebtedness (as defined in the Note Purchase Agreement)), to total asset value of not more than 20%;
• Maintenance of a minimum of at least 15 Unencumbered Properties (as defined in the Note Purchase Agreement) with an Unencumbered Asset Value (as defined in the Note Purchase Agreement) of not less than $500.0 million at any time; and
• Minimum Occupancy Rate (as defined in the Note Purchase Agreement) for all Unencumbered Properties of not less than 80% at any time.
The following financial covenants are not subject to the most favored lender provision:
• Total leverage ratio of not more than 60% (or 65% for the two consecutive quarters following any acquisition with a purchase price of at least $100.0 million, but only up to two times during the term of the Note Purchase Agreement;
• Ratio of adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the Note Purchase Agreement) to Fixed Charges (as defined in the Note Purchase Agreement) of not less than 1.5 to 1.0;
• Tangible Net Worth (as defined in the Purchase Agreement) of not less than the sum of (i) $825.2 million and (ii) an amount equal to 75% of the net equity proceeds received by us after June 30, 2022;
• Ratio of Secured Indebtedness, excluding the Notes if they become Secured Indebtedness, to total asset value of not more than 40%;
• Total Unsecured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Note Purchase Agreement) of not more than 60% (or 65% for the two consecutive quarters following any acquisition with a purchase price of at least $100.0 million, but only up to two times during the term of the Note Purchase Agreement);
• Unencumbered Interest Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Note Purchase Agreement) of not less than 1.75 to 1.0;
The Note Purchase Agreement also restricts the amount of capital that we can invest in specific categories of assets, such as unimproved land holdings, development properties, notes receivable, mortgages, mezzanine loans and unconsolidated affiliates while the Notes are outstanding.
We may, at any time, voluntarily prepay all of, or from time to time any part of, any series of the Notes in an amount not less than 5% of the aggregate principal amount of such series of the Notes then outstanding in the case of a partial prepayment, at 100% of the principal amount so prepaid, plus the applicable Make‑Whole Amount (as defined in the Note
Table of Contents
Purchase Agreement), which will be calculated based on the prepayment date with respect to such principal amount, as set forth in the Note Purchase Agreement.
The Note Purchase Agreement includes customary events of default, including but not limited to non-payment, breach of covenants, representations or warranties, cross defaults, bankruptcy or other insolvency events, judgments, Employee Retirement Income Security Act 1974 (ERISA) events, and if any guarantee ceases to be in full force and effect. In certain cases, the events of default are subject to customary periods to cure. The occurrence of an event of default, if not cured within the applicable cure period, would permit holders of more than 50% in aggregate principal amount of the Notes to, among other things, declare the unpaid principal, accrued and unpaid interest, and all other amounts payable under the Notes to be immediately due and payable.
On July 22, 2025, we received the net proceeds from the private placement of the Notes, which were used to repay the $65.0 million construction loan secured by the Southern Post mixed-use property and to pay down our revolving line of credit.
We are currently in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement, the M&T term loan agreement, the TD term loan agreement, and the private placement.
Consolidated Indebtedness
The following table sets forth our consolidated indebtedness as of December 31, 2025 ($ in thousands):
Amount Outstanding
Interest Rate (1)
Effective Rate for Variable-Rate Debt
Maturity Date (2)
Balance at Maturity
Secured Debt
Encore Apartments & 4525 Main Street
February 10, 2026
The Everly
SOFR+
March 19, 2026
Thames Street Wharf
SOFR+
September 30, 2026
Constellation Energy Building
SOFR+
November 1, 2026
The Allied | Harbor Point
SOFR+
June 10, 2027
Liberty
SOFR+
September 27, 2027
Greenbrier Square
October 10, 2027
Lexington Square
September 1, 2028
Red Mill North
December 31, 2028
Premier Apartments and Retail
December 1, 2029
Greenside Apartments
December 15, 2029
Smith's Landing
June 1, 2035
The Edison
December 1, 2044
The Cosmopolitan
July 1, 2051
Total Secured Debt
Unsecured Debt
TD Unsecured Term Loan
SOFR+
May 19, 2026
Senior Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility
SOFR+
January 22, 2027
M&T Unsecured Term Loan
SOFR+
March 8, 2027
M&T Unsecured Term Loan (Fixed)
SOFR+
March 8, 2027
Senior Unsecured Term Loan
SOFR+
January 21, 2028
Senior Unsecured Term Loan (Fixed)
SOFR+
January 21, 2028
Senior Notes, Series A
July 22, 2028
Senior Notes, Series B
July 22, 2030
Senior Notes, Series C
July 22, 2032
Total - Unsecured Debt
Total Principal Balances
Other notes payable (6)
Unamortized GAAP Adjustments
Indebtedness, Net
(1) The Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") is determined by individual lenders.
(2) Does not reflect the effect of any maturity extension options.
(3) On February 13, 2026, the Company executed a 60-day extension on this loan.
Table of Contents
(4) On February 2, 2026, the Company executed a 1-year loan extension to March 17, 2027 and made a partial repayment of $2.0 million.
(5) Includes debt subject to interest rate swap locks.
(6) Represents the fair value of additional ground lease payments at 1405 Point over the approximately 37-year remaining lease term.
As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with all loan covenants on our outstanding indebtedness.
As of December 31, 2025, our scheduled principal repayments and maturities during each of the next five years and thereafter were as follows ($ in thousands):
Year (1)(2)(3)
Amount Due
Percentage of Total
Thereafter
Total
(1) Does not reflect the exercise of any maturity extension options.
(2) Includes debt incurred in connection with the development of properties.
(3) Debt principal payments and maturities exclude increased ground lease payments at 1405 Point which are classified as a note payable in our consolidated balance sheets.
Interest Rate Derivatives
As of December 31, 2025, the Company held the following interest rate swap agreements ($ in thousands):
Related Debt
Notional Amount
Index
Swap Fixed Rate
Debt Effective Rate
Effective Date
Expiration Date
Floating Rate Pool of Loans
1-month SOFR
Floating Rate Pool of Loans
1-month SOFR
Harbor Point Parcel 3 Senior Construction Loan
1-month SOFR
Allied Parcel 4 Loan
1-month SOFR
Thames Street Wharf Loan
Daily SOFR
Floating Rate Pool of Loans
1-month SOFR
M&T Unsecured Term Loan
1-month SOFR
Liberty Retail & Apartments Loan
1-month SOFR
Senior Unsecured Term Loan
1-month SOFR
Total
(1) The Company paid $5.5 million to reduce the swap fixed rate on July 28, 2025.
(2) The Company paid $1.5 million to reduce the swap fixed rate on July 28, 2025.
(3) Designated as a cash flow hedge.
(4) The Company paid $4.6 million to reduce the swap fixed rate on January 3, 2025.
(5) The Company novated an existing 3.43% fixed rate swap with a $100.0 million notional and assigned (A) $11.1 million notional to the loan secured by Market at Mill Creek, effective April 17, 2024 and (B) $21.0 million to the loan secured by Liberty Retail & Apartments, effective February 1, 2024. Once the Market at Mill Creek loan was repaid, the $67.9 million swap on the senior unsecured loan increased to $79.0 million.
Table of Contents
Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes the future payments for known contractual obligations as of December 31, 2025 (in thousands):
Payments due by period
Less than
More than
Contractual Obligations
1 year
1 year
Total
Principal payments and maturities of long-term indebtedness
Interest payments on long-term indebtedness (1) (2)
Ground and other operating leases
Tenant-related and other commitments
Total (3) (4)
(1) For long-term debt that bears interest at variable rates, we estimated future interest payments using the SOFR forward curve as of December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, SOFR was 3.69%.
(2) Assumes the $241.0 million revolving credit facility balance outstanding as of December 31, 2025 remains constant through maturity of the facility. Amounts also include unused credit facility fees assuming the balance outstanding as of December 31, 2025 remains constant through maturity of our revolving credit facility.
(3) Contractual obligations above do not include funding obligations to non-wholly owned projects as well as unfunded real estate financing investment commitments due to the uncertainty of the timing and amounts of certain of these obligations. Refer to "Item 1. Business" for information about our equity method investment project and real estate financing investments.
(4) Contractual obligations above exclude increased ground lease payments at 1405 Point, which is classified as a note payable in the consolidated balance sheets.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In connection with certain of our real estate financing activities and equity method investments, we have provided guarantees to pay portions of certain senior loans of third parties associated with the development projects. As of December 31, 2025, we had no outstanding guarantee liabilities.
Unfunded Loan Commitments
We may be a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financial needs of our borrowers. These commitments are not reflected on the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2025, our off-balance sheet arrangements consisted of $6.5 million of unfunded commitments of our notes receivable, all of which relates to unfunded contingencies. We consider the probability of contingency funding to be remote. We have recorded a less than $0.1 million credit loss reserve in conjunction with the total unfunded commitments. Such commitments are subject to our borrowers’ satisfaction of certain financial and nonfinancial covenants and involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. The commitments may or may not be funded depending on a variety of circumstances including timing, credit metric hurdles, and other nonfinancial events occurring.
Table of Contents
Cash Flows from Continuing Operations
Years Ended
December 31,
Change
($ in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations
Net cash used for investing activities of continuing operations
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities of continuing operations
Net change in cash and cash equivalents of discontinued operations
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period (including discontinued operations)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period (including discontinued operations)
Years Ended
December 31,
Change
($ in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations
Net cash used for investing activities of continuing operations
Net cash (used for) provided by financing activities of continuing operations
Net change in cash and cash equivalents of discontinued operations
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period (including discontinued operations)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period (including discontinued operations)
Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased by $17.7 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The change was primarily attributable to an increase in interest expense and timing of receipts and payables for the portfolio.
Net cash used for investing activities of continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $94.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The change was primarily attributable to less cash inflows during the current year due to the dispositions of Market at Mill Creek and Nexton Square and less notes receivables paydowns due to the repayment of Solis City Park II in 2024 and greater cash outflows during the current year due to the acquisition of Solis Gainesville II in December, the purchase of off-market interest rate derivatives, and increased spend on tenant and building improvements. These were partially offset by less capital spend on notes receivable issuances and development projects due to the commencement of operations at Southern Post and Chandler Residences.
Net cash provided by financing activities of continuing operations during the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $95.8 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The change was primarily attributable to the issuance of private placement bonds in July 2025, less debt repayments and extinguishments throughout the year, and less dividend payments throughout the year due to the right-size of the dividend in the first quarter of 2025, partially offset by less proceeds from issuances of common stock.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
FFO and Normalized FFO
We calculate FFO in accordance with the standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts ("Nareit"). Nareit defines FFO as net income (loss) (calculated in accordance with GAAP), excluding depreciation and
Table of Contents
amortization related to real estate, gains or losses from the sales of certain real estate assets, gains or losses from change in control, and impairment write-downs of certain real estate assets and investments in entities when the impairment is directly attributable to decreases in the value of depreciable real estate held by the entity.
FFO is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure. Management uses FFO as a supplemental performance measure because we believe that FFO is beneficial to investors as a starting point in measuring our operational performance. Specifically, in excluding real estate related depreciation and amortization and gains and losses from property dispositions which do not relate to or are not indicative of operating performance, FFO provides a performance measure that, when compared period-over-period, captures trends in occupancy rates, rental rates, and operating costs.
However, because FFO excludes depreciation and amortization and captures neither the changes in the value of our properties that result from use or market conditions nor the level of capital expenditures and leasing commissions necessary to maintain the operating performance of our properties, all of which have real economic effects and could materially impact our results from operations, the utility of FFO as a measure of our performance is limited. In addition, other equity REITs may not calculate FFO in accordance with the Nareit definition as we do, and, accordingly, our calculation of FFO may not be comparable to such other REITs’ calculations of FFO. Accordingly, FFO should be considered only as a supplement to net income as a measure of our performance. FFO should not be used as a measure of our liquidity, nor is it indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to pay dividends or service indebtedness. Also, FFO should not be used as a supplement to or substitute for cash flow from operating activities computed in accordance with GAAP.
We also believe that the computation of FFO in accordance with Nareit’s definition includes certain items that are not indicative of the results provided by our operating property portfolio and affect the comparability of our period-over-period performance. Accordingly, management believes that Normalized FFO is a more useful performance measure that excludes certain items, including but not limited to, acquisition, development, and other pursuit costs, debt extinguishment losses, prepayment penalties, impairment of intangible assets and liabilities, mark-to-market adjustments on interest rate derivatives not designated as cash flow hedges, amortization of payments made to purchase interest rate caps and swaps designated as cash flow hedges, provision for unrealized non-cash credit losses, amortization of right-of-use assets attributable to finance leases, severance related costs, and other non-comparable items. Stock compensation normalization accounts for the double-issuance of stock compensation due to a modification in the structure of executive compensation grants, removing the impact of grants in the current year that are related to the prior year's performance. New grants are now issued in the year in which performance relates. It also removes the impact of a one-time acceleration of 100% of stock compensation awarded to our former Chief Executive Officer in relation to prior year performance. This adjustment also specifically excludes the impact of the special award granted in June 2025 to a select group of employees including the executive officers. Other equity REITs may not calculate Normalized FFO in the same manner as we do, and, accordingly, our Normalized FFO may not be comparable to such other REITs' Normalized FFO.
Table of Contents
The following table sets forth a reconciliation of FFO and Normalized FFO for each of the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 to net income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure:
Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share and unit amounts)
Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders and OP Unitholders
Depreciation and amortization, net (1)
Loss (gain) on consolidation of real estate entities
Gain on operating real estate dispositions, net (2)
Impairment of real estate assets
FFO attributable to common stockholders and OP Unitholders
Acquisition, development, and other pursuit costs
Accelerated amortization of intangible assets and liabilities
Loss on extinguishment of debt
Unrealized credit loss (release) provision
Amortization of right-of-use assets - finance leases
Decrease (increase) in fair value of derivatives not designated as cash flow hedges
Stock compensation normalization
Amortization of interest rate derivatives on designated cash flow hedges
Severance related costs
Normalized FFO available to common stockholders and OP Unitholders
Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders and OP Unitholders per diluted share and unit
FFO attributable to common stockholders and OP Unitholders per diluted share and unit
Normalized FFO attributable to common stockholders and OP Unitholders per diluted share and unit
Weighted-average common shares and units - diluted
(1) The adjustment for depreciation and amortization excludes amortization of above and below-market ground lease assets. The adjustment for depreciation and amortization for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 excludes $1.0 million, $0.9 million and $0.9 million, respectively, of depreciation attributable to our partners.
(2) The adjustment for gain on operating real estate dispositions for the year ended December 31, 2023 excludes $0.7 million for the gains on the dispositions of non-operating parcels at the Market at Mill Creek and adjacent to Brooks Crossing Retail.
Inflation
Substantially all of our office and retail leases provide for the recovery of increases in real estate taxes and operating expenses. In addition, substantially all of the leases provide for annual rent increases. We believe that inflationary increases may be offset in part by the contractual rent increases and expense escalations previously described. In addition, our multifamily leases generally have lease terms ranging from 7 to 15 months with a majority having 12-month lease terms allowing negotiation of rental rates at term end, which we believe reduces our exposure to the effects of inflation, although
an extreme and sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases .
