ARX Accelerant Holdings - 10-K

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our business faces many risks, and our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks or uncertainties, as well as by risks or uncertainties not currently known to us, or that we do not currently believe are material. The disclosure included herein reflect our beliefs and opinions as to factors that could materially and adversely affect the Company and its securities in the future. References to past events are provided by way of example only and are not intended to be a complete listing or a representation as to whether or not such factors have occurred in the past or their likelihood of occurring in the future. This Annual Report on Form 10-K also contains forward-looking statements and estimates that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of specific factors, including the risks and uncertainties described below.

Summary of Risk Factors

The following summarizes risks and uncertainties that could adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. You should read this summary together with the detailed description of each risk factor contained in this section. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to:

• Our Risk Exchange has a limited operating history, which makes it difficult to evaluate its prospects, potential for expansion to new Members and product offerings as well as the future prospects of our overall business, and unsuccessful expansion efforts may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects;

• A decline in our financial strength rating may adversely affect the volume of business we can write;

• Certain Members may choose to leave our Risk Exchange after their contractual commitments have expired, which would adversely affect our results of operations and our ability to offer attractive risk opportunities to our Risk Capital Partners;

• If we are unable to continue enhancing our technology-based solutions at a pace that allows us to remain attractive to our Members, or continue to gain internal efficiencies and effective internal controls that promote the utility of the analytics we provide to Members, our operating results, relationships with our Members and growth could be adversely affected;

• If our Members do not provide the data they are contractually obligated to provide or the data provided by our Members is inaccurate or incomplete, our Risk Exchange and participating Risk Capital Partners may be unable to accurately price the risk transferred through our Risk Exchange;

• If our Members do not maintain consistency in the level of skill and expertise they demonstrate, or adhere to the underwriting guidelines of our Risk Exchange, our Members may experience higher loss ratios and our reputation and relationships with insurance carriers, reinsurers, other Members, other Risk Capital partners, and brokers could be harmed;

• We have expanded rapidly in recent years, and we may not be able to continue to attract Risk Capital Partners at the same rate or of the same quality to facilitate similar growth in the future continue maintaining a capital-efficient model;

• Our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected if we do not accurately assess the underwriting risk we retain;

• We may be unable to purchase third-party reinsurance in amounts we desire on commercially acceptable terms or on terms that adequately protect us, and may not have sufficient third-party reinsurance coverage provided by risk capital partners accessing our Risk Exchange, in each case, and this potential inability may cause us to retain more risk than we expect or have forecast, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition;

• Severe weather events, climate change and other natural or man-made catastrophes could materially increase our losses and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations;

• The performance of our investment portfolio is subject to interest rate, credit and market risks that could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition;

• We have experienced rapid growth in recent years, and our recent growth rates may not be indicative of our future growth. As our costs increase, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve, and if achieved, maintain, profitability;

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• We are subject to economic and reputational harm if companies with which we do business (including our Members and our Risk Capital Partners) engage in negligent, grossly negligent, misleading or fraudulent behavior and damage to our reputation could have a material adverse effect on our business;

• If we are unable to leverage our information systems to enhance the information benefits available to our Members and Risk Capital Partners through our Risk Exchange, our results may be adversely affected;

• Our future success depends on our ability to continue to develop and implement technology, and to maintain the confidentiality of this technology;

• Prolonged or severe social or political unrest and broader geopolitical risks may create uncertainty and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition;

• Our businesses are subject to governmental regulation, changes in which could reduce our profitability, limit our growth, or increase competition;

• As we continue to grow our Member base, we anticipate expanding into new geographies that could give rise to additional regulatory, risk and other issues, which may materially affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects;

• Changes in tax laws or policy or interpretations of such laws could materially reduce our earnings, affect our operations, increase our tax liability and adversely affect our cash flows;

• While we were not a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) in 2025 and do not expect to be a PFIC in 2026 or in future years, U.S. persons who own our Class A common shares may be subject to adverse tax consequences if Accelerant is considered a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any year in which they acquire or hold shares;

• The dual-class structure of our common shares and the concentration of voting control with our principal shareholder limits the ability of other shareholders to influence corporate matters; and

• As a newly public company, we are subject to extensive reporting and compliance obligations, and any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could adversely affect investor confidence and the market price of our Class A common shares.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Risks Related to Our Risk Exchange and Our Members

Our Risk Exchange has a limited operating history, which makes it difficult to evaluate its prospects, potential for expansion to new Members and product offerings, as well as the future prospects of our overall business. Any expansion efforts that are unsuccessful may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our business strategy is focused on the expansion of our Risk Exchange, which has a limited operating history. Our Risk Exchange is a new idea in the specialty insurance market, has been built with reality-developed applications, and our portfolio is currently focused on low-volatility, low-severity SME risks. We have limited experience in many aspects of its operation. Any aspect of our Risk Exchange model that does not achieve expected results, including our ability to sustain and adapt the technology underlying it and to continue to attract Members and Risk Capital Partners to it, may have a material and adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. It is therefore difficult to effectively assess our future prospects.

Our targeted market of users of our Risk Exchange may not be familiar with our platform and accordingly may have difficulty distinguishing the services and offerings available through our Risk Exchange from similar insurance services and offerings. Convincing current and future Members and Risk Capital Partners of the value of using our Risk Exchange will be critical to increasing the number of Members, and therefore the premiums written through the Risk Exchange and, correspondingly, the continued success and expansion of our business.

Given the lack of operating history of the Risk Exchange and the evolving nature of the markets in which our business operates, our business is subject to risks and challenges including our ability to, among other things:

• increase awareness of the capabilities of our Risk Exchange;

• manage the increased volume of business on our Risk Exchange and its future growth;

• maintain and evaluate the robustness of our Risk Exchange;

• increase the revenues generated from use of the platform’s services by Members;

• maintain and enhance its relationships with our business partners;

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• compete with competitors who may develop alternatives for managing and marketing to Risk Capital Partners;

• improve the Risk Exchange’s operational efficiency; and

• attract, retain, and motivate talented employees to support the growth of the Risk Exchange.

The addition of any products to our portfolio that may result in a higher loss ratio may be less attractive for our Members and Risk Capital Partners, and may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

While we have had success in the current offerings of our Risk Exchange, we may in the future prudently grow beyond the specialty insurance market, and any new products we offer may result in a higher loss ratio than our current specialty insurance market offerings. These new products may result in a higher loss ratio, which may be less attractive for our Members and Risk Capital Partners, and may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

A decline in our financial strength rating may adversely affect the volume of business we can write.

Participants in the insurance industry use ratings from independent ratings agencies, such as A.M. Best, as an important means of assessing the financial strength and quality of insurers. In setting its ratings, A.M. Best performs quantitative and qualitative analysis of a company’s balance sheet strength, operating performance and business profile. A.M. Best’s rating process also includes comparisons of an insurer to its peers and industry standards as well as assessments of operating plans, philosophy, and management. A.M. Best financial strength ratings range from “A++” (Superior) to “F” (the latter assigned to insurance companies that have been publicly placed in liquidation). As of December 31, 2025, A.M. Best has assigned Accelerant a group financial strength rating of “A-” (Excellent) with a stable outlook as an insurance holding company system. A.M. Best expects us to maintain the strongest level of risk-adjusted capitalization over the longer term, as measured by Best’s Capital Adequacy Ratio (“BCAR”), with capital supporting business growth. A.M. Best assigns ratings that are intended to provide an independent opinion of an insurance company’s ability to meet its obligations to policyholders and are not evaluations directed to investors and are not recommendations to buy, sell, or hold our Class A common shares or any other securities we may issue. A.M. Best periodically reviews our financial strength rating and may revise our rating downward at their discretion based primarily on its analyses of our balance sheet strength, operating performance, and business profile. There are specific building blocks A.M. Best reviews, including capital adequacy, operating performance, operating profile and enterprise risk management, as well as other factors that could affect their analyses such as:

• if we change our business practices from our organizational business plan in a manner that no longer supports A.M. Best’s rating;

• if unfavorable financial, regulatory or market trends affect us, including excess market capacity;

• if we have adverse loss development that is materially in excess of our recorded loss reserves;

• if we have unresolved issues with government regulators;

• if we are unable to retain our senior management or other key personnel;

• if our investment portfolio incurs significant losses or our liquidity is limited;

• if A.M. Best alters its methodology for evaluating reinsurance recoverables; or

• if A.M. Best alters its capital adequacy assessment methodology in a manner that would adversely affect our rating.

These and other factors could result in a downgrade of our financial strength rating. A downgrade or withdrawal of our rating could result in any of the following consequences, among others:

• causing our current and future distribution partners, Members, and insureds to choose other, more highly rated competitors;

• increasing the cost or reducing the availability of reinsurance to us; or

• severely limiting or preventing us from writing new and renewal insurance contracts.

In addition, in view of the earnings and capital pressures experienced by many financial institutions, including insurance companies, it is possible that rating organizations will heighten the level of scrutiny that they apply to such institutions, increase the frequency and scope of their credit reviews, request additional information from the companies that they rate or increase the capital and other requirements employed in the rating organizations’ models for maintenance of certain ratings levels. We can offer no assurance that our rating will remain at its current level and future reviews may result in adverse ratings consequences, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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Certain Members may choose to leave our Risk Exchange after their contractual commitments have expired, which would adversely affect our results of operations and our ability to offer attractive risk opportunities to our Risk Capital Partners.

Members enter into exclusivity agreements on a five-year rolling basis to remain on our Risk Exchange, which we typically renew annually. Members may choose to leave our Risk Exchange after the exclusivity period has ended. While we have found that the terms of the exclusivity period are currently favorable to facilitate faster, more profitable growth, market or other forces, including the deterioration of the pricing and economic terms that are offered to our Members, may cause Members to choose not to renew their contracts, or cause us to reduce the duration of time for which we may contractually bind our Members. Our success is largely dependent on our relationships with Members and Risk Capital Partners and on our reputation for providing high-quality services to both. Many of our Members and Risk Capital Partners are businesses that interact in industry groups or trade associations and actively share information among themselves about the quality of service they receive from their vendors, including at the Member events we host and on our Risk Exchange. Therefore, if any Member or risk capital partner is not satisfied with our services or products, it may negatively affect our relationships with multiple other Members or potential Members, which in turn may adversely affect our results of operations.

If we are unable to continue enhancing our technology-based solutions at a pace that allows us to remain attractive to our Members, or continue to gain internal efficiencies and effective internal controls that promote the utility of the analytics we provide to Members, our operating results, relationships with our Members and growth could be adversely affected.

Our future success depends, in significant part, on our ability to anticipate and effectively respond to the threats and opportunities presented by digital disruption, “big data,” data analytics, AI and other developments in technology, particularly in the insurance industry. These may include new applications or insurance-related services based on AI, machine learning, robotics, blockchain or new approaches to data mining. We may be exposed to competitive risks related to the adoption and application of new technologies by established market participants, or new entrants such as technology and “insurtech” companies, data-mining companies and others. For example, we have invested significantly into our Risk Exchange. Other companies may be developing platforms that may compete with our Risk Exchange, and their success in this space may adversely impact our ability to differentiate our services to our Members. Innovations in software, cloud computing, or other technologies that alter how our services are delivered could significantly undermine our investment in this business if we are slow to innovate or unable to take advantage of these developments.

We must also develop, enhance, and implement technology solutions and technical expertise among our employees that anticipate and keep pace with rapid and continuing changes in technology, industry standards, Member preferences, and internal control standards. We may not be successful in anticipating or responding to these developments on a timely and cost-effective, basis and our ideas and innovations may not be accepted in the marketplace. Additionally, the effort to gain technological expertise and develop new technologies in our business requires us to incur significant expenses. Investments in technology systems may not deliver the benefits or perform as expected once completed, or may become obsolete more quickly than expected, which could result in operational difficulties or additional costs. If we cannot offer new technologies as quickly as our competitors, or if our competitors develop more effective or cost-efficient technologies or other product offerings, we could experience a material adverse effect on our operating results, Member relationships and growth.

In some cases, we depend on key third-party vendors and partners to provide technology and other support for our strategic initiatives. If these third parties fail to perform their obligations or cease to work with us, or fail to protect our data, confidential and propriety information, our ability to execute on our strategic initiatives could be adversely affected. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Technology and Intellectual Property—Loss of key vendor relationships or failure of a vendor to protect our data, confidential and proprietary information could affect our operations.”

The rapid development and implementation of artificial intelligence applications and technologies poses business, regulatory and safety risks to our business, results of operation, financial condition and prospects.

Recent and continuing developments in artificial intelligence and its implementation in business settings represents an increasing risk. From a business perspective, the rapid development of artificial intelligence increases the risk of competition and market disruption. It is possible that artificial intelligence creates risk profiles more quickly and reduces the cycle times for completing the purchase of an insurance policy. Smaller insurance carriers may grow rapidly with this enhanced technology. From a regulatory perspective, new laws or government policies may impede our ability to implement artificial intelligence technologies. Artificial intelligence may be used to make fraudulent claims or facilitate fraud in the claims cycle. Moreover, our use of artificial intelligence systems to automate, streamline processes and increase efficiency may increase the likelihood of system failures or errors in our processes.

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If our Members do not provide the data they are contractually obligated to provide or the data provided by our Members is inaccurate or incomplete, our Risk Exchange and participating Risk Capital Partners may be unable to accurately price the risk transferred through our Risk Exchange.

Our Risk Exchange runs on data provided by our Members, which comes from disparate and complex data environments. Though we have developed technology to ingest and synthesize this data into a single, digestible data set, if the data our Risk Exchange captures is faulty or incomplete, the integrity of our Risk Exchange and its ability to analyze the data may be adversely affected. Additionally, although contractually obligated to do so, our Members may, in certain instances, be unable or unwilling to provide some or all of the data they are obligated to provide. Furthermore, as we gain new Members, there is no assurance that new Members will be able to provide data as accurately or promptly as those Members we have attracted to date. If the data we receive from our Members and Risk Capital Partners is inaccurate, incomplete or not timely, our current Members may choose to leave our Risk Exchange, our Risk Capital Partners may mis price risk leading to their dissatisfaction or departure, and our reputation may be harmed, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

If our Members do not maintain consistency in the level of skill and expertise they demonstrate, or adhere to the underwriting guidelines of our Risk Exchange, our Members may experience higher loss ratios and our reputation and relationships with insurance carriers, reinsurers, other Members, other Risk Capital partners, and brokers could be harmed.

Our ability to attract Risk Capital Partners to our Risk Exchange is substantially dependent on our Members’ ability to effectively evaluate risks within the guidelines of our Risk Exchange. Our business depends, in part, on the accuracy and success of our Members’ underwriting models and their skill in implementing them. We evaluate prospective Members through a rigorous due diligence process before onboarding them to our Risk Exchange. However, if our Members do not perform with the expected level of skill, if any of the models or tools that they use contain programming or other errors or are ineffective, or if the data that we expect to be provided by Members or third parties is incorrect or stale, our pricing and approval process could be negatively affected, resulting in higher loss ratios and other adverse outcomes for those Members. This could damage our reputation and relationships with Risk Capital Partners, other Members, and potential future counterparties, which could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

In addition, if any of our Members fail to comply with the underwriting guidelines of our Risk Exchange and the terms of their appointments, we and our Risk Capital Partners could be bound to a particular risk or number of risks that we did not anticipate when the insurance products were developed, and may be subject to litigation or other claims arising from any failures in compliance. Such actions or failure to act by our Members and resulting losses could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

We have generated net losses in the past and may incur losses in the future.

We incurred a net loss of $1.35 billion (although such net loss included a $1.38 billion expense related to a non-cash compensation charge for the value of profits interest award that were distributed to certain executives and employees which were offset by a capital contribution) and $64.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2023, respectively. We generated net income $22.9 million for the 2024. We had an accumulated deficit of $1.54 billion as of December 31, 2025 (which was significantly influenced by the profits interest charge). We expect to make significant investments to further develop and expand our business. In particular, we expect in the foreseeable future to continue to expend substantial financial and other resources on the development of our technology and data analytics capabilities, growing the reach and capabilities of our existing Members, adding new Members to our Risk Exchange, expanding our product portfolio and expanding into new geographies. As a public company, we also incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. Accordingly, we may not maintain profitability and we may incur significant losses in the future. Additionally, if we do not maintain profitability, we may need to raise additional capital to support new business and the aforementioned initiatives, and this may reduce our ability to grow as quickly, or to grow at all.

Our current market share and profitability may decrease as a result of disintermediation within the insurance industry, including increased competition from insurance companies, technology companies, and participants in the financial services industry, as well as the shift away from traditional insurance markets.

The insurance intermediary business is highly competitive, and we actively compete with numerous firms for new Members and Risk Capital Partners, many of which have relationships with other insurance companies or have a significant presence in specialty insurance markets that may give them an advantage over us. Other competitive concerns include the quality of our products and services, our pricing, our ability to expand our offerings and the entrance of technology companies into the insurance intermediary business. In addition, the financial services industry may experience further consolidation, and we therefore may encounter increased competition from insurance companies and firms in the financial services industry, as a

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growing number of larger financial institutions offer a wider variety of financial services, including insurance intermediary services.

Furthermore, there has been an increase in alternative insurance markets, such as self-insurance, captives, risk retention groups, parametric insurance, and non-insurance capital markets. While we compete in these segments on a fee-for-service basis, we cannot be certain that such alternative markets will provide the same level of insurance coverage or profitability as traditional insurance markets.

Our MGA incubator, Mission Underwriters, depends on our ability to identify and partner with specialty underwriting talent, and if we do not identify the correct partners to participate in the Mission platform, or if our competitors attract this underwriting talent instead, it could affect the returns on our equity ownership interests in these Mission entities and accordingly our business, results of operations, financial condition, prospects and reputation.

Mission Underwriters is our MGA incubator that seeks out talented teams of Mission Members and supports them with the tools and resources needed to form their own MGAs that are then jointly owned by us and the underwriters. Mission Underwriters depends on our ability to identify and partner with specialty underwriting talent. By doing so, we are able to directly capitalize on the industry trend of specialized underwriting talent leaving traditional insurance carriers to start their own independent underwriters. Our primary means of identifying such underwriters is our reliance on the Accelerant management team’s knowledge of the specialty insurance markets in which we operate. Such knowledge includes an awareness of high-quality underwriters in these markets. We supplement this market awareness with arrangements with a number of specialist recruiters that seek out underwriters that match our desired profile. Our ongoing recruitment efforts will continue to be important as we grow; we do not currently expect any of the associated recruitment costs to increase materially in the future, although there may be unanticipated factors or circumstances beyond our control that result in increased costs in this area. Mission Underwriters attracts specialty underwriters with its independence, turnkey back office, and equity incentivization combined with the overall Accelerant value proposition. In addition, although we carefully vet potential Mission Members through a rigorous due diligence process before they are onboarded, we may fail to properly identify those who will be able to and successfully operate as Mission Members. Choosing ineffective Mission Members may cause our Risk Capital Partners to reduce, or altogether cease, usage of our Risk Exchange and negatively impact the returns on our equity investments in our Mission Members.

Additionally, our competitors that operate with different business models may have more robust financial, technical, and marketing resources than we do, which may allow them to attract potential Mission Members to their businesses. If we do not identify potential Mission Members, or our competitors are able to attract them instead, it could affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, prospects, and reputation.

Our ability to add new Members to our Risk Exchange may slow over time, which would limit our growth and materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

A substantial amount of our growth has been due to successfully adding new Members to our Risk Exchange. We carefully vet existing MGAs through a rigorous diligence process when selecting new Members. As we continue to add new Members, it may become harder to find high-quality MGAs that meet the requirements of our diligence process. It may also be harder to convey the appeal of our Risk Exchange to potential new Members. Any failure on our part to recognize or respond to these challenges may adversely affect our ability to add new Members to our Risk Exchange and may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

On average, it takes 14 weeks to onboard a Member to our Risk Exchange. However, there have been, and in the future, may be, instances in which a Member has not been able to successfully integrate into our Risk Exchange. We believe there is demand in other specialty insurance markets that would support the continued expansion of our Risk Exchange, but to the extent these markets are not driven primarily by MGA business, it may be more difficult to add new Members to our Risk Exchange. Additionally, to the extent we encounter difficulties in the Member onboarding process, Members may not be able to perform at the level we expect, and this may impair our relationships with these Members and with our Risk Capital Partners. If the ability for new Members to quickly join our Risk Exchange is impaired, they may no longer want to join, which may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our holding of Member and Risk Capital Partner funds exposes us to complex fiduciary regulations and the potential for losses.

Premium generated from Members is centrally managed by our agencies. Consequently, at any given time, we may hold certain funds of our Members and Risk Capital Partners, which subjects us to various regulatory regimes governing the holding and management of these funds, including under the purview of the Financial Services Authority and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). These entities face the risk of loss if banks do not honor our escrow and trust deposits. The banks may hold a significant amount of these deposits in excess of the federal deposit insurance limit. If any of our depository

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banks were to become unable to honor any portion of our deposits, our Members and Risk Capital Partners could seek to hold us responsible for such amounts and, if the Members or Risk Capital Partners prevailed in their claims, we could be subject to significant losses.

If new regulations are enacted that affect the ability of our Members to operate, it could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our operations, and our Members in particular, are subject to extensive laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we all operate, including in relation to changing capital requirements. Legislators, regulators, and self-regulatory organizations have in the past, and may in the future, consider various proposals that may affect the ability of our Members to underwrite claims, and new laws and regulations may affect or significantly limit their ability to do so. It is uncertain whether and how these and other such proposals or changes in legislation or regulation would apply to our Members, but to the extent they affect the ability of our Members to operate, this could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Risks Related to Our Risk Capital Partners

We have expanded rapidly in recent years, and we may not be able to continue to attract Risk Capital Partners at the same rate or of the same quality to facilitate similar growth in the future or continue maintaining a capital-efficient model.

Since 2020, we have grown the number of Risk Capital Partners operating on our Risk Exchange from 28 to 95 as of December 31, 2025. Our Risk Capital Partners generally each hold an “A-” or better A.M. Best rating or are acting on a fully collateralized basis. There is no assurance that we will continue to add Risk Capital Partners to our Risk Exchange at the same rate we have historically, or that prospective Risk Capital Partners will be of the same level of quality as those we have attracted to date. Lower quality Risk Capital Partners may subject us to additional counterparty risk, such as through engaging in sub-standard, non-market or even fraudulent practices or through increased likelihood of default. This may translate to reduced underwriting capacity or quality and reliability of the capital available to our Members, which would result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our business model contemplates adding additional Risk Capital Partners to the Risk Exchange to reinsure the growing volume of premiums in the Risk Exchange portfolio, while also increasing the proportion of premiums written directly and retained by primary insurance companies on the Risk Exchange. If we are unable to grow the volume of premiums written directly and retained by primary insurance companies on our Risk Exchange and the proportion of premiums written by Accelerant-owned insurance companies does not decrease, we will need to rely more heavily on the Risk Capital Partners currently on our Risk Exchange and potentially hold more regulatory capital at Accelerant Underwriting. Additionally, if we were to lose one of our existing Risk Capital Partners, an increase in Accelerant GWP could lead to a concentration of counterparties that could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We may not be able to continue to attract institutional investors to Flywheel Re, or those investors may insist in the future on terms that are less economically attractive to us.

Flywheel Re is an unconsolidated reinsurance sidecar entity that we formed in 2022. The Flywheel Re reinsurance treaty has been extended and upsized through additional capital from new and existing institutional investors, with the most recent upsizing in March 2026 to support business assumed by Flywheel Re over a multi-year risk period scheduled to end in 2028. While Accelerant holds no equity interest in Flywheel Re and does not exercise control over Flywheel Re, approximately 25% of our risk capital was sourced from Flywheel Re as of December 31, 2025, creating more predictability and stability in capacity availability, enabling institutional investors to access risk through our Risk Exchange. If we are unable to continue developing unique risk transfer solutions like Flywheel Re, our ability to retain existing and attract new institutional investors and reinsure risks to them could be adversely affected. To the extent we are unable to attract new Risk Capital Partners in the form of institutional investors, we may not be able to find new capital commitments to provide necessary risk capital. In the future, we may be unable to continue to attract additional institutional investors to contribute capital to Flywheel Re or institutional investors who contribute capital to Flywheel Re may insist on terms that are less economically attractive to us. Our business may be harmed if additional institutional investors are not attracted to Flywheel Re or if there is a dependence upon a limited number of institutional investors.

Certain Risk Capital Partners may look to directly interact with our Members outside of the arrangements dictated by our Risk Exchange or pursue other disintermediation strategies, including leaving our Risk Exchange entirely, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Historically, all of the insurance risk underwritten by Members was written by Accelerant-owned insurance companies licensed to insure business written by each Member, and was concurrently ceded through quota share arrangements to Risk

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Capital Partners. Since 2023, we have expanded our third-party participation (including direct third-party participation) in our Risk Exchange to 30% of Exchange Written Premium for the year ended December 31, 2025, which has increased interaction between our Members and Risk Capital Partners. Our agreements with Members prohibit them from entering into similar contracts without our prior consent, require Members to cede all insurance business of a type that is permitted to be written, and requires our Members to allow us to quote competitive terms for any new proposed binding authority before inviting any other insurer to do so. However, if certain Risk Capital Partners choose to interact directly with our Members outside our Risk Exchange or pursue other disintermediation strategies, it could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

Our business, and therefore our financial condition and results of operations, may be adversely affected by a reduction in insurer and reinsurer capacity.

Our results of operations depend on the continued capacity of insurance and reinsurance carriers to adequately and appropriately underwrite risk and provide coverage, which may depend, in turn, on those insurance and/or reinsurance companies’ ability to procure reinsurance. Capacity could also be reduced by insurance or reinsurance companies failing or withdrawing from writing certain coverages that are ultimately offered to policyholders. We have no control over these matters. To the extent that reinsurance becomes less widely available or significantly more expensive, we may not be able to procure the amount or types of reinsurance that we require and the coverage our Members underwrite for policyholders may be too expensive or more limited than is acceptable.

The failure of Risk Capital Partners to pay claims in an accurate and timely fashion could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Risk Capital Partners on our Risk Exchange must evaluate and pay claims that are made under bound policies in an accurate and timely fashion. Many factors affect their ability to pay claims in an accurate and timely fashion, including the training and experience of claims representatives, the effectiveness of their management, and their ability to develop or select and implement appropriate procedures and systems to support claims administration and other functions. Failure to pay claims in an accurate and timely fashion could lead to regulatory and administrative actions or material litigation, which could harm our Members and also undermine our reputation in the marketplace, and accordingly, materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

We may lose Risk Capital Partners as a result of consolidation within the insurance and reinsurance industries.

We have historically relied on reinsurance arrangements for a significant amount of our risk capital. There has been considerable consolidation in the reinsurance industry in recent years, driven primarily by smaller reinsurers lacking the scale and diversification to succeed in the current market. We expect this trend to continue. As a result, we may lose some of our current counterparties that are ultimately acquired by other firms who have their own operations or established relationships with other platforms. To date, our business has not been materially affected by consolidation among insurers or reinsurers, however, we cannot assure you that we will not be affected by industry consolidation that may occur in the future. Such consolidation could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Changes in reinsurance regulation could limit the availability of risk capital in the future.

The reinsurance business in which many of our Risk Capital Partners are engaged is highly regulated. The extent of regulation varies across the jurisdictions in which we and our Members operate, but generally is governed by laws that delegate regulatory, supervisory and administrative authority to insurance departments and similar regulatory agencies. Legislators, regulators and self-regulatory organizations have in the past, and may in the future, consider various proposals that may affect the ability of our Risk Capital Partners to participate on our Risk Exchange and of our reinsurers, such as Flywheel Re, to access premium written or reinsured by us on the Risk Exchange platform. Any negative changes in these laws or regulations could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition. Many jurisdictions require foreign or unregistered reinsurers to post collateral or security for their reinsurance obligations. The ability for Accelerant entities primarily engaged in reinsurance business to write reinsurance may be limited if they cannot arrange for sufficient security or collateral to support their reinsurance obligations.

U.S.-based activities of our Members or ceding companies on the Risk Exchange may be attributed to a non-U.S. Risk Capital Partner for tax purposes in certain circumstances, and our ability to grow the Risk Exchange may be limited as a result.

U.S.-based activities of our Members or ceding companies on the Risk Exchange could, in certain circumstances, be attributed to a non-U.S. Risk Capital Partner and cause it to be subject to U.S. federal income tax. This would not be the case, however, with respect to U.S.-based activities of a Member or ceding company that is considered an independent agent of a non-U.S. Risk Capital Partner eligible for benefits under a U.S. income tax treaty. Therefore, prospective non-U.S., non-treaty

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eligible Risk Capital Partners may be unwilling to participate in the Risk Exchange, may require U.S. ceding companies to retain some portion of the risk that is reinsured, or may otherwise seek assurances the activities of such ceding companies will not be attributed to them for these purposes. The foregoing tax considerations may limit the pool of prospective Risk Capital Partners and our ability to grow the Risk Exchange may be limited as a result. In addition, risk retention by ceding companies on the Risk Exchange may be in tension with our capital-efficient business model.

Risks Related to Underwriting Activities

Our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected if we do not accurately assess the underwriting risk we retain and establish adequate premium rates. Decreases in pricing for property and casualty insurance may reduce our net income.

Our underwriting performance in respect of the policies underwritten by our Members and retained by our own insurance and reinsurance companies, either directly or assumed from Risk Exchange Insurers, is dependent on our ability to accurately assess the risks associated with these policies. We rely on the experience of our Members’ underwriting personnel in assessing those risks. In addition, our Members’ employees make decisions and choices in the ordinary course of our underwriting activities that potentially expose us to underwriting risk. If our Members misunderstand the nature or extent of the risks that they underwrite, they may fail to establish appropriate premium rates or other pricing elements, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may be unable to purchase third-party reinsurance in amounts we desire on commercially acceptable terms or on terms that adequately protect us, and may not have sufficient third-party reinsurance coverage provided by Risk Capital Partners accessing our Risk Exchange, in each case, and this potential inability may cause us to retain more risk than we expect or have forecasted, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We strategically secure reinsurance from third parties, which enhances our business by protecting our capital from severity events (either large single-event losses or catastrophes). Reinsurance involves transferring, or ceding, a portion of our risk exposure on policies that we write to another reinsurer, in exchange for a premium paid to the reinsurer. We reinsured 89%, 91% and 89% of Accelerant GWP for years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Under our reinsurance arrangements, we hold $69.5 million in trust to support reinsurance recoverables as of December 31, 2025. The collateral is all in fixed income securities allowed under Section 114 trusts under the model laws of the NAIC. Relatedly, we have entered into reinsurance agreements with our Risk Exchange Insurers consisting of either stop-loss or quota share reinsurance. When we reinsure this business, we place the majority of it with third-party reinsurers or institutional investors. If we are unable to renew our expiring contracts, enter into new reinsurance arrangements on acceptable terms, or expand our existing reinsurance coverage where necessary, our loss exposure could increase, which would increase our potential losses related to loss events. If we are unwilling to bear an increase in loss exposure, we may need to reduce the level of our underwriting commitments, both of which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

There may be situations in which reinsurers exclude certain coverages from, or alter terms in, the reinsurance contracts we enter with them. As a result, we, like other insurance companies, could write insurance policies which, to some extent, do not have the benefit of reinsurance protection. These gaps in reinsurance protection could expose us to greater risk and greater potential losses.

Unexpected changes in the interpretation of the coverage or provisions of the policies we underwrite, including loss limitations and exclusions, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

There can be no assurances that loss limitations or exclusions in our policies will be enforceable in the manner we intend. As industry practices and legal, judicial, social, and other conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage may emerge. For example, many of our policies limit the period during which a policyholder may bring a claim, which may be shorter than the statutory period under which such claims can be brought against our policyholders, and other policies now contain a COVID-19 specific exclusion. While these limitations and exclusions help us assess and mitigate our loss exposure, it is possible that a court or regulatory authority could nullify or void a limitation or exclusion, or legislation could be enacted that modifies or bars the use of such limitations or exclusions. These types of governmental actions could result in higher than anticipated losses and loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”), which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations, or the results of operations of our Risk Capital Partners. In addition, court decisions may read policy exclusions narrowly to expand coverage, thereby requiring insurers to create and write new exclusions.

These issues may adversely affect our business by either broadening coverage beyond our Members’ underwriting intent or by increasing the frequency or severity of claims. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until after Accelerant-owned insurance companies or our Risk Capital Partners have issued insurance contracts that are affected by the

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changes. As a result, the full extent of liability under these insurance contracts may not be known for many years after a contract is issued.

The movement in our individual Member commission structures could materially affect the commissions retained on written premiums.

Our individual Member commission structures typically allow our Members to receive a higher commission if the quality of their business underwritten through our Risk Exchange is high and a lower commission if the quality is low. Additionally, our typical reinsurance contracts may have us owing commission back to our reinsurers if the actual loss ratio of the covered contracts is higher than our expected loss ratio or vice versa. The movements on these two variables could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. There is a scenario in which we could owe more commission to Members and receive less from reinsurers.

The failure of any of the loss limitation methods we employ could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

As part of our overall risk strategy, we purchase excess of loss protection from third-party reinsurers to mitigate the impact of a significant loss event(s) beyond those that we reasonably anticipate at the time of underwriting. Market conditions beyond our control, including the price and availability of capacity, may affect the amount of excess of loss protection we are able to purchase. While we maintain coverage with an excess of loss program, if the frequency and severity of global catastrophes and significant loss events increases, such coverage may be insufficient to cover our losses. If we are not able to effectively mitigate our loss limitation exposure, in the event of such losses, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially affected.

Our losses and loss expense reserves may be inadequate to cover our actual losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our success depends on our ability to accurately assess the risks related to the businesses and people that our insurance carrier subsidiaries insure. We establish losses and LAE reserves for the best estimate of the ultimate payment of all claims that have been incurred, or could be incurred in the future, and the related costs of adjusting those claims, as of the date of our financial statements. As of December 31, 2025, our reserve for unpaid losses and LAE was $2.01 billion. Loss reserves are inherently uncertain as they represent management’s estimates of losses that will not become known until claims settlements in the future, and therefore do not represent an exact calculation of liability. Rather, reserves represent an estimate of what we expect the ultimate settlement and administration of claims will cost us, and our ultimate liability may be greater or less than our estimate.

As part of the reserving process, we review historical data and consider the impact of such factors as:

• claims inflation, which is the sustained increase in cost of materials, labor, medical services and other components of claims cost;

• claims development patterns by line of business, as well as frequency and severity trends;

• pricing for our products;

• legislative and regulatory activity;

• social and economic patterns; and

• litigation, judicial and regulatory trends.

These variables are affected by both internal and external events that could increase our exposure to losses, and we continually monitor our loss reserves using new information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques and modeling simulations. This process assumes that past experience (adjusted for the effects of current developments, anticipated trends, and current and anticipated market conditions) is an appropriate basis for predicting future events. There is, however, no precise method for evaluating the impact of any specific factor on the adequacy of loss reserves, and actual results may deviate, perhaps substantially, from our reserve estimates. For instance, the following uncertainties may have an impact on the adequacy of our reserves:

• When a claim is received, it may take considerable time to fully assess the extent of the covered loss suffered by the insured. Consequently, estimates of loss associated with specified claims can increase as new information emerges over time, which could cause the reserves for the claim to become inadequate.

• From time to time, courts enforce new theories of liability retroactively. The failure of any of the loss limitations or exclusions we employ, or changes in other claims or coverage issues, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

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• Volatility in the financial markets, economic events and other external factors may result in an increase in the number of claims and/or severity of the claims reported.

• If claims were to become more frequent, even if we had no liability for those claims, the cost of evaluating such claims could escalate beyond the amount of the loss adjustment expense reserves we have established. As we enter new lines of business, or as a result of new theories of claims, we may encounter an increase in claims frequency and greater claims handling costs than we had anticipated.

Inflation has an adverse impact on the cost of insured losses and expected future insured losses. Though we attempt to increase premium rates to reflect the impact of inflation on expected losses, we may not be able to do so and there can be no assurances that any such premium rate increases will be adequate to offset the impact of inflation on our financial performance.

If any of our reserves should prove to be inadequate, we will be required to increase our reserves resulting in a reduction in our net income and shareholders’ equity in the period in which the deficiency is identified. Elevated inflationary conditions could, among other things, cause loss costs and thus reserves to increase in magnitude. Future loss experience substantially in excess of established reserves could also have a material adverse effect on our future earnings, liquidity, and/or our financial ratings.

Our reinsurers may not reimburse us for claims on a timely basis, or at all, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The reinsurance contracts that we enter into to help manage our risks require us to pay premiums to the reinsurance carriers who will in turn reimburse us for a portion of covered policy claims. In many cases, a reinsurer will be called upon to reimburse us for policy claims many years after we have paid reinsurance premiums to the reinsurer. Although reinsurance makes the reinsurer liable to us to the extent the risk is transferred or ceded to the reinsurer, it does not relieve us (the ceding insurer) of our primary liability to our policyholders. Our current reinsurance program is designed to limit our financial risk. However, our reinsurers may not pay claims we incur on a timely basis, or they may not pay some or any of these claims. For example, reinsurers may default in their financial obligations to us in the event of insolvency, insufficient liquidity, operational failure, political and/or regulatory prohibitions, fraud, asserted defenses based on agreement wordings or the principle of utmost good faith, asserted deficiencies in the documentation of agreements or other reasons. Any disputes with reinsurers regarding coverage under reinsurance contracts could be time-consuming, costly, and uncertain of success. These risks could cause us to incur increased net losses, and, therefore, adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. As of December 31, 2025, we had $2.28 billion of aggregate reinsurance recoverables.

In July 2023, we became aware that one of our reinsurance partners may have been the victim of a fraudulent scheme related to falsified letters of credit (which were used as collateral in our reinsurance agreements with such reinsurance partner). Thereafter, we confirmed that the letters of credit provided on behalf of such reinsurance partner were fraudulent. As a result, we determined that $23 million of reinsurance recoverables were not effectively collateralized. We immediately demanded that the affected reinsurance partner provide valid replacement collateral to support the impacted reinsurance coverage. During this time, we engaged with regulators of our impacted U.S. insurance companies, notably the Department of Insurance of Arkansas for ASIC, and then subsequently filed the relevant quarterly statutory financial statements and did not admit the reinsurance recoverables subject to the falsified letters of credit. Accordingly, the surplus of ASIC dropped below the minimum surplus requirements for certain states. In August 2023, ASIC filed its third quarter financial statements, which reflected the reduction of ASIC’s statutory capital. ASIC members and brokers were notified of the fact that ASIC statutory capital had fallen below the $45 million statutory requirement mandated by the state of California. By September 2023, surplus lines brokers were able to place insurance coverage with ASIC once we replaced the reinsurer and the collateral. While we do not believe these circumstances had a material adverse impact on our business, to the extent any of our reinsurance partners are subject to similar circumstances in the future, we may suffer a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

While as of December 31, 2025 we believe we no longer carry any exposure to the fraudulent instruments, there can be no assurance that we would not experience a similar result in the future. We have evaluated our internal due diligence processes related to verification of the validity of all reinsurance letters of credit and made improvements to enable us to identify and prevent the use of such fraudulent instruments in our reinsurance transactions more effectively. However, if our due diligence process improvements are not adequate to identify and prevent possible future fraudulent schemes of this nature, we could become a victim of such fraud, thereby increasing our financial risk and negatively impacting our profitability or regulatory compliance. In addition, future incidents of this nature could have a negative impact on the reinsurance industry as a whole and possibly constrain the availability of reinsurance coverage.

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Severe weather conditions, including the effects of climate change and catastrophes, as well as man-made events, such as terrorism, may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The ability to effectively underwrite, model and price risk becomes more challenging as exposure to the risk of severe weather conditions, earthquakes and man-made catastrophes becomes more prominent in the insurance industry. Catastrophes can be caused by natural events such as severe winter weather, tornadoes, windstorms, earthquakes, hailstorms, severe thunderstorms and fires, or man-made events such as terrorist attacks, explosions, war and riots.

Climate change has contributed to an increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters and the creation of uncertainty as to future trends and exposures. Over the past several years, changing weather patterns and climatic conditions, such as global warming, have added to the unpredictability and frequency of natural disasters in certain parts of the world, including the markets in which we operate. This effect has led to conditions in the ocean and atmosphere, including warmer-than-average sea-surface temperatures and low wind shear that increase hurricane activity. As such, climate change presents significant financial implications for our Members in areas such as underwriting, claims and investments, as well as risk capacity, financial reserving and operations. We are also subject to losses occurring as a result of man-made events, including acts of terrorism, military actions, civil unrest, cyber event, explosions, destruction of infrastructure and biological, chemical or radiological events.

The occurrence of any severe weather event or man-made catastrophic event could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Additionally, any increased frequency and severity of any such event could have a material adverse effect on our ability to predict, quantify, reinsure and manage catastrophe risk and may materially increase our losses resulting from such catastrophe events. The concentrations of exposure that produce the largest modeled losses to our portfolio are hurricane and other weather events along the Atlantic seaboard, wildfire prone areas in California or other states, U.S. severe convective storms, UK wind and flood, and European wind and flood, among others. For the 2025 treaty year, our U.S. property catastrophe excess of loss retention is expected to be $40 million up to a modeled 1-in-240 year gross loss occurrence. Our EEA/UK property catastrophe excess of loss retention is expected to be $48 million up to a modeled 1-in-170 year gross loss occurrence.

In addition, lawmakers and regulators have imposed and may continue to impose new requirements or issue new guidance aimed at addressing or mitigating climate change-related risks and efforts undertaken in response thereto. Additional actions by governments, regulators and international standard setters could result in substantial additional regulation to which we and our Members may be subject. It is also possible that the laws and regulations adopted in these jurisdictions regarding climate change-related risks will differ from one another, and that they could be inconsistent with the laws and regulations of other jurisdictions in which we operate.

The possibility of such legal changes is part of the more general transition risk that climate change entails. Transition risk is the risk inherent in the transition to a low-carbon and more climate-resilient economy. It involves not only the aforementioned legal and government policy changes, but also developments in technology and the financial markets. For instance, several large institutional investors have shifted away from certain sectors. Such changes could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

In addition, severe weather and other effects of climate change result in more frequent and more severe damages, leading to lawsuits, more aggressive attorney involvement in insurance claims, expanded theories of liability, higher jury awards, lawsuit abuse and third-party litigation finance, all of which create the potential for a large rise in the total number of claims brought against us. More severe damages and a rise in the type and severity of claims could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

General Risks

We have experienced rapid growth in recent years, and our recent growth rates may not be indicative of our future growth. As our costs increase, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve, and if achieved, maintain, profitability.

We have experienced significant revenue growth in recent years. Our total revenues grew 51% in 2025 from $603 million in 2024 to $913 million in 2025, and 75% in 2024 from $344 million in 2023. As we continue to scale our business, our annual growth rate is likely to moderate. In future periods, we may not be able to sustain revenue growth consistent with recent history, or at all. We believe our revenue growth depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our ability to:

• price our products effectively so that we are able to attract and retain Members without compromising our profitability;

• attract new Members and Mission Members, successfully deploy and implement our products, obtain Member renewals, and provide our Members with excellent support and tailored services;

• attract and retain talented Member managers, executives and other employees;

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• attract and retain Risk Capital Partners;

• enhance our information, training and communication systems to ensure that our employees are well coordinated and can effectively communicate with Members and each other;

• improve our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures to ensure timely and accurate reporting of our operational and financial results;

• successfully create new distribution channels;

• successfully introduce new products and enhance existing products;

• successfully introduce our products to new markets inside and outside the United States;

• successfully compete against larger companies and new market entrants; and

• increase awareness of our brand.

We may not successfully accomplish any of these objectives and as a result, it is difficult for us to forecast our future results of operations. Our historical growth rate should not be considered indicative of our future performance and may decline in the future. In future periods, our revenue could grow more slowly than in recent years or decline for any number of reasons, including those outlined above. We also expect our operating expenses to increase in future periods, particularly as we continue to operate as a public company, continue to invest in research, development and technology infrastructure and expand our operations internationally. If our revenue growth does not increase to offset these anticipated increases in our operating expenses, our business, results of operations and financial position will be harmed, and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability. In addition, the additional expenses we will incur may not lead to sufficient additional revenue to maintain historical revenue growth rates and profitability.

As we expand our business, it is important that we continue to maintain a high level of service to our Members and Risk Capital Partners and maintain Member and Risk Capital Partners satisfaction. If we are not able to continue to provide high levels of service to our Members and Risk Capital Partners, our reputation, as well as our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

We are subject to economic and reputational harm if companies with which we do business (including our Members and our Risk Capital Partners) engage in negligent, grossly negligent, misleading or fraudulent behavior and damage to our reputation could have a material adverse effect on our business.

In operating our Risk Exchange, we rely on our Members and Risk Capital Partners to provide their contractually obligated services and accurate data. If one or more of these constituencies, whether negligently or intentionally, fails to provide the services it has offered, capital as agreed, mishandles or misappropriates funds, or otherwise fails to properly provide products and services as expected, we face potential liability for damages and reputational harm. In addition, the failure of our Members or other intermediaries to satisfy their contractual obligations could expose us to third-party risk.

Our ability to attract and retain Members, Risk Capital Partners, employees and investors is highly dependent upon the external perceptions of our level of service, trustworthiness, business practices, financial condition and other subjective qualities. Negative perceptions or publicity regarding these matters could erode trust and confidence and damage our reputation among existing and potential Members, capital providers and other constituencies, which, in turn, could make it difficult for us to maintain existing Members and attract new ones. Damage to our reputation due to a failure to proactively communicate to stakeholders on changes in strategy and business plans could further affect the confidence of our Members, Risk Capital Partners, regulators, creditors, investors and other parties that are important to our business, having a material adverse effect on our business, ability to raise capital, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business may face significant competitive pressures in the future.

MGA activity, binding authority, underwriting management and other intermediary and underwriting and claims administration specialties are highly competitive. We believe that our ability to compete is dependent on the quality of our people, service, product features, price, commission structure, financial strength and the ability to access certain specialty insurance markets. We compete with a large number of national, regional and local organizations in the insurance industry. New or increased competition from these organizations or other entities that emerge, or regulatory or other industry developments, could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We rely on third parties to perform key functions of our business operations enabling our provision of services to our Members and Risk Capital Partners. These third parties may act in ways that could harm our business.

We rely on third parties, including Pro Global and in some cases subcontractors, to provide services, data and information such as technology, information security, funds transfers, data processing, support functions and administration that are

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critical to the operations of our business. These third-party service providers include data providers, plan trustees, payroll service providers, benefits administrators, software and system vendors, health plan providers, and providers of human resources, among others. Some of these third parties help us collect, process, transmit and store large quantities of personal financial information and other confidential and sensitive data about our customers, which must be protected by our information technology systems. Pro Global provides basic operational support for pre-processing of bordereaux files as part of our core business processes. As we do not fully control the actions of these third parties, we are subject to the risk that their decisions, actions or inactions may adversely impact us, and replacing these service providers could create significant delay and expense. Additionally, information technology systems are potentially vulnerable to damage, breakdown or interruption from a variety of sources, including but not limited to: cyberattacks, ransomware, malware, security breaches, sophisticated social engineering, denial-of-service attacks, theft or misuse, unauthorized access or improper actions by insiders or employees, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state-supported actors, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication, and electrical failures or other compromise. A failure by third parties to comply with service-level agreements or regulatory or legal requirements in a high-quality and timely manner, particularly during periods of our peak demand for their services, could result in economic and reputational harm to us. In addition, we face risks as we transition from in-house functions to third-party support functions and providers that there may be disruptions in service or other unintended results that may adversely affect our business operations. These third parties face their own technology, operating, business and economic risks, and any significant failures by them, including the improper use or disclosure of our confidential Member, employee or company information, could cause harm to our business and reputation. An interruption in or the cessation of service by any service provider as a result of systems failures, cybersecurity incidents, capacity constraints, financial difficulties, or for any other reason could disrupt our operations, impact our ability to offer certain products and services, and result in contractual or regulatory penalties, liability claims from Members or employees, damage to our reputation, and harm to our business.

Additionally, while we select our Members and third-party vendors carefully, cyberattacks and security breaches at a Member or vendor could adversely affect our ability to deliver products and services to our Members and otherwise conduct our business put our systems at risk. The types of incidents affecting us, our Members or our third-party vendors could result in intellectual property or other confidential information being lost, stolen, or otherwise compromised, including Member, employee or company data and we may not be able to (timely) detect incidents in our information technology systems or assess the severity or impact of a breach in a timely manner. We may also have insufficient recourse against third parties and may be required to expend substantial resources to mitigate the impact of such an event, and to develop and implement protections to prevent future events of this nature from occurring. Any significant system or network disruption due to a breach in the security of our information technology systems could have a negative impact on our reputation, regulatory compliance status, operations, sales and operating results, or result in additional legal liability including regulatory sanctions. We believe we are not reliant on any third-party vendors from owned or affiliated entities.

There is ongoing litigation relating to COVID-19 being brought against participants in the insurance industry, and as we approach the end of statutory defined periods in which claims can be brought, our potential loss exposure becomes more clear, yet may result in significant losses.

As certainty around the COVID-19 pandemic increases, there has been no material change to our assessment of the risk of losses over the last 12 months and litigation has slowed. For claims based on a March 2020 occurrence, most of the statutory limitations expire by April 2026 (based on a six year limitation from the onset of the initial pandemic events), resulting in many previous notifications being statute barred and no further claims from that first occurrence able to be made after that date. The limitation for notifications based on occurrences later into 2020 or early 2021 are expected to have limitation periods that run later into 2026 or early 2027 at which time new claims pertaining to these occurrences will also be statute barred. Actively litigated cases continue to be dealt with in tranches with the policyholders’ legal representatives, and negotiations are taking place well within current reserve parameters.

Business interruption insurance is the primary loss covered by the products issued by our Members. While we began to include COVID-19 specific exclusions in the business interruption policies written by Accelerant Underwriting after the onset of the pandemic, there was uncertainty in our potential exposure for certain business interruption insurance policies written prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. One of our Members extended coverage on business interruption policies for a carry-over period prior to adding a COVID-19 specific exclusion. Such policies were reinsured by one of our Risk Capital Partners. Currently, language similar to the language included in this Member’s policies is being considered by the UK courts and findings are interpreted by the market. If the UK courts were to apply a broader or different interpretation to the language of the business interruption policies than we have previously applied, any liability we have under claims asserted with respect to this Member’s policies could result in significant losses, thereby materially and adversely affecting our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

During the period commencing in December 2018 to March 2020, the Company issued 35,683 policies with attaching business interruption coverage, which were generally limited to £50 thousand ($63 thousand) per policy. Total coverage limits

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for the underlying policies were £1.78 billion ($2.22 billion) as of December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, the Company received 3,443 notifications of claims, and paid or reserved approximately €20.38 million ($23.93 million) in respect of such claims. Our policy and coverage limits and notifications of claims reserve are generally presented in British pound sterling or Euros, and our consolidated financial statements are presented in United States dollars. We translate our policy and coverage limits and notifications of claims reserves into United States dollars based on the exchange rate as of December 31, 2025. This amount represents a combination of claims paid, legal fees and the Company’s outstanding indemnity reserves for valid claims reported to date. Losses incurred would be subject to third-party (re)insurance, whereby our net exposure would be expected to be less than 10% of the total.

Pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases and the measures to mitigate their spread could materially adversely affect our business, results of operation and financial condition and those of our Members and Risk Capital Partners.

The global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and measures to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 caused unprecedented disruptions to the global and U.S. economies and significantly impacted the global supply chain. Future pandemics and other outbreaks of contagious diseases could result in similar or worse impacts and significant business and operational disruptions, including business closures, supply chain disruptions, travel restrictions, stay-at-home orders and limitations on the availability of workforces. If significant portions of our workforce are unable to work effectively, including because of illness or quarantines or from the impacts of any potential future pandemics and other outbreaks of contagious diseases, our business could be materially adversely affected. It is possible that future pandemics and other outbreaks of contagious diseases could cause disruption in Members’ businesses; cause delay or limit the ability of Members to perform, including in making timely payments. Future pandemics and other outbreaks of contagious diseases could impact capital markets, which may impact our, our Members’ and/or our Risk Capital Partners’ financial position. Future pandemics and other outbreaks of contagious diseases may also have the effect of exacerbating several of the other risks we face as discussed in this disclosure.

Our international operations expose us to various international risks, including exchange rate fluctuations, that could adversely affect our business.

Our operations are conducted in numerous geographies including the United States, United Kingdom, Europe, Canada and Australia. Accordingly, we are subject to regulatory, legal, economic and market risks associated with operating in foreign countries, including the potential for:

• adverse effects of currency fluctuations;

• disparate tax regimes;

• unexpected wage inflation or job turnover and legal and compliance costs and risks;

• extensive and conflicting regulations in the countries in which we do business;

• penalties resulting from noncompliance with sanctions, bribery and anti-money laundering regulations;

• imposition of investment requirements or other restrictions by foreign governments;

• longer payment cycles;

• greater difficulties in collecting accounts receivable;

• insufficient demand for our services in foreign jurisdictions;

• our ability to execute effective and efficient cross-border sourcing of services on behalf of our Members;

• actions effecting the flow of services and currency;

• the reliance on or use of third parties to perform services on our behalf; and

• restrictions on the import and export of technologies and trade barriers.

Approximately 44% and 34% of our revenues for years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, were generated outside of North America. We are exposed to currency risk from the potential changes between the exchange rates of the U.S. Dollar, Canadian Dollar, British Pound, Euro, Swedish Krona, Danish Krone and other European currencies. Exchange rate movements may change over time, and they could have an adverse impact on our financial results and cash flows reported in U.S. dollars. Our U.S. operations earn revenue and incur expenses primarily in U.S. dollars. Due to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, we are subject to economic exposure as well as currency translation exposure on the net operating results of our operations. Because our non-U.S. based revenue is exposed to foreign exchange fluctuations, exchange rate movement can have an impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.

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Our performance can be affected by global economic conditions as well as geopolitical tensions and other conditions with global reach. In recent years, concerns about the global economic outlook have adversely affected economic markets and business conditions in general. Geopolitical tensions, such as Russia’s incursion into Ukraine, tension between the United States and China, enhanced conflict in the Middle East, economic sanctions, the volatility of oil prices, heightened concerns about cyber-attacks, inflation and hyper-inflation have resulted in market volatility and higher interest rates, increasing global tensions and growing uncertainty for global commerce and instability in the global capital markets. Sustained or worsening of these and other global economic conditions and increasing geopolitical tensions may negatively impact our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Adverse economic factors, including recession, inflation, periods of high unemployment or lower economic activity, and the resurgence of tariffs could result in the sale of fewer policies than expected or an increase in the frequency of claims and premium defaults, and even the falsification of claims or a combination of these effects, which, in turn, could affect our growth and profitability.

Factors such as business revenue, economic conditions, the volatility and strength of the capital markets, trade disputes, including the imposition of new or increased tariffs, economic protectionism generally and inflation can affect our business and the economic environment. These same factors affect our ability to generate revenue and profits. In an economic downturn that is characterized by higher unemployment, declining spending and reduced corporate revenue, the demand for insurance products is generally adversely affected, which directly affects our premium levels and profitability. Negative economic factors may also affect our ability to receive the appropriate rate for the risk we insure with our policyholders and may adversely affect the number of policies we can write, and our opportunities to underwrite profitable business. In an economic downturn, our policyholders may have less need for insurance coverage, may cancel existing insurance policies, modify their coverage or not renew the policies they hold with us. Existing policyholders may exaggerate or even falsify claims to obtain higher claims payments. In addition, if certain segments of the economy, such as the construction or energy production and servicing segments (which would affect several of the industries we serve at one time) were to significantly decline, it could adversely affect our results. Severe inflation or unexpected and sustained inflation could materially impact both our assets and liabilities. While inflation has trended downwards in recent years, the current geopolitical environment increases uncertainty in financial markets with the resurgence of trade tariffs and the potential for global supply-chain disruptions. These outcomes may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

The occurrence of prolonged or severe social or political unrest may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Potential causes of social or political unrest in major jurisdictions include, but are not limited to, movements for social justice, climate change inaction, economic downturn, labor shortages, supply chain disruption, and mandatory public health measures. Such risk is amplified by the speed of modern communication and social media: unrest in one jurisdiction could easily spread to another. Social unrest and the protests involved may cause physical conflict and violence, which in turn could result in property damage impacting our underwriting results and operations.

Geopolitical risks create uncertainty that may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We define geopolitical risk as the risk associated with tension between states, conflicts, wars and terrorist acts that affect the normal and peaceful course of international relations. Geopolitical risk includes the possibility of political polarization, nationalism, populism, and the economic fallout from state conflict. Geopolitical risk captures both the risk that these events materialize, and the new risks associated with an escalation of existing events. In the context of the current global political climate, the top geopolitical risk themes are as follows: U.S.-China strategic competition, Russia-Ukraine, U.S. activity (military or otherwise) in the Americas, and Middle East regional war. The key risks are higher inflation, economic protectionism, financial market turmoil, cyberattacks, supply chain disruption, slower growth and recession.

We maintain cash, cash equivalents and investments at financial institutions and are exposed to credit risk in the event of default by such financial institutions.

We maintain cash, cash equivalents and investments, including funds held in a fiduciary capacity, with various global financial institutions. We are exposed to credit risk in the event of default by financial institutions to the extent that cash balances with individual financial institutions are in excess of amounts that are insured. If such institutions were to fail, we could lose all or a portion of amounts held in excess of any such insurance limits. Any material loss that we may experience in the future as a result could additionally have an adverse effect on our ability to pay or could temporarily or permanently delay payments of our operational expenses and other payments, including in connection with any dividends we elect to pay, payments to our vendors and employees and cause other operational impacts.

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Performance of our investment portfolio is subject to a variety of investment risks that may adversely affect our financial results and our financial condition.

Our results of operations depend, in part, on the performance of our investment portfolio, which includes investments in high-grade debt securities and investments in private equity funds focused on insurance technology ventures and in certain MGAs that form part of our distribution network. We seek to hold a diversified portfolio of high-quality investments that is managed by professional investment advisory management firms in accordance with the risk appetite of our Board of Directors (the “Board of Directors”), and with our investment guidelines, which is routinely reviewed by our Investment Committee. However, our investments are subject to general economic conditions and market risks as well as risks inherent to specific securities. Our primary market risk exposures are to changes in interest rates and pricing of equities and bonds.

During 2025 and 2024, the U.S. Federal Reserve cut interest rates. Should rates continue to decline, including in a reversal of monetary policy actions taken in recent years by the U.S. Federal Reserve to slow inflation, a low interest rate environment could place pressure on our net investment income, particularly as it relates to these securities and short-term investments, which, in turn, may adversely affect our operating results and our financial condition. Recent and future increases in interest rates could cause the values of our fixed maturity securities portfolios to decline, with the magnitude of the decline depending on the duration of securities included in our portfolio and the amount by which interest rates increase. Some fixed income securities have call or prepayment options, which create possible reinvestment risk in declining rate environments. Other fixed income securities, such as residential mortgage-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities in which we hold investments carry prepayment risk or, in a rising interest rate environment, may not prepay as quickly as expected.

All of our fixed maturity securities, including those held in separately managed accounts are subject to credit risk. Credit risk is the risk that certain investments may default or become impaired due to deterioration in the financial condition of one or more issuers of the securities we hold, or due to deterioration in the financial condition of an insurer that guarantees an issuer’s payments on such investments. Downgrades in the credit ratings of fixed maturity securities (where rated) could also have a significant negative effect on the market valuation of such securities.

The above market and credit risks could reduce our net investment income and result in realized investment losses. Our investment portfolio is subject to increased valuation uncertainties when investment markets are illiquid, as is the case with our fixed maturity securities held to maturity and separately managed accounts. The valuation of investments is more subjective when markets are illiquid, thereby increasing the risk that the estimated fair value (i.e., the carrying amount) of the securities we hold in our portfolio do not reflect prices at which actual transactions would occur.

Risks for all types of securities are managed through the delegation of Board Risk Appetite and the application of our investment guidelines, which establishes investment parameters that include but are not limited to, maximum percentages of investments in certain types of securities and minimum levels of credit quality, which are within applicable guidelines established by the NAIC and applicable insurance regulatory authorities. In addition, on a quarterly basis our Investment Committee reviews our Enterprise Based Asset Allocation models to assist in overall risk management.

Although we seek to preserve our capital, we cannot be certain that our investment objectives will be achieved, and results may vary substantially over time. In addition, although we seek to employ investment strategies that are not correlated with our insurance and reinsurance exposures, losses in our investment portfolio may occur at the same time as underwriting losses and, therefore, exacerbate the adverse effect of the losses on us.

We could be forced to sell investments to meet our liquidity requirements.

We invest the premiums we receive from our insureds until they are needed to pay policyholder claims. Consequently, we seek to manage the duration of our investment portfolio based on the duration of our losses and LAE reserves to provide sufficient liquidity and avoid having to liquidate investments to fund claims. Risks such as inadequate losses and LAE reserves or unfavorable trends in litigation could potentially result in the need to sell investments to fund these liabilities. We may not be able to sell our investments at favorable prices or at all. Sales could result in significant realized losses depending on the conditions of the general market, interest rates and credit issues with individual securities, which could create losses that impact capital or otherwise reduce the effective yield on our investment.

Our inability to successfully recover from a disaster or other business continuity problem, should we suffer from such an event, could cause material financial loss, loss of human capital, regulatory actions, reputational harm or legal liability.

Our operations are dependent upon our ability to protect our personnel and technology infrastructure against damage from business continuity events that could have a significant disruptive effect on our operations. Should we experience a local or regional disaster or other business continuity problem, such as a security incident or attack, a natural disaster, climate event, terrorist attack, civil unrest, pandemic, power loss, telecommunications failure, or other natural or man-made disaster, our

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continued success will depend, in part, on the availability of our personnel and the proper functioning of computer systems, telecommunications, and other related systems and operations. In events like these, while our operational size and our existing backup systems provide us with some degree of flexibility, we still can experience near-term operational challenges in particular areas of our operations. We could potentially lose access to key executives, personnel or Members data or experience material adverse interruptions to our operations or delivery of services to our Members in a disaster recovery scenario. A disaster on a significant scale or affecting certain of our key employees, or our inability to successfully recover should we experience a disaster or other business continuity problem, could materially interrupt our business operations and cause material financial loss, loss of human capital, regulatory actions, reputational harm, damaged relationships with our Members, or legal liability. We have certain disaster recovery procedures in place and insurance to protect against such contingencies. However, such procedures may not be effective and any insurance or recovery procedures may not continue to be available at reasonable prices and may not address all such losses.

We depend on the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to transfer funds to us to meet our obligations, and the ability of our insurance company subsidiaries to pay dividends to us is restricted by law.

We are a holding company that transacts the majority of our business through operating subsidiaries. Our ability to meet our operating and financing cash needs depends on the surplus and earnings of our subsidiaries, and upon the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to us. Payments of dividends by our insurance company subsidiaries depends on their ability to meet applicable regulatory standards and receive regulatory approvals, and are restricted by state and other insurance laws, including laws establishing minimum solvency and liquidity thresholds. In addition, our insurance subsidiaries could be subject to contractual restrictions in the future, including those imposed by indebtedness we may incur in the future. Our insurance subsidiaries may also face competitive pressures in the future to maintain insurance financial stability or strength ratings. These restrictions and other regulatory requirements would affect the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to make dividend payments and we may not receive dividends in the amounts necessary to meet our obligations.

We may not be able to raise sufficient funding to our working capital needs and maintain regulatory compliance or consummate potential future acquisitions. Additional financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain additional capital may force us to limit or terminate our operations.

We may not be able to raise sufficient funding for us to fund the working capital and maintain the statutory capital requirements of our business. We may continue to seek funding through equity or debt financings, collaborative or other arrangements, or through other sources of financing. Additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. In the case of equity financings, dilution to our shareholders could result. In the case of debt financings, we may be subject to covenants that restrict our ability to freely operate our business. Any failure to raise capital as and when needed would have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects and on our ability to pursue our business plans and strategies.

If we cannot maintain the valuable aspects of our culture as we grow, our business may be harmed.

We believe that our culture, including our management philosophy, has been a critical component to our success and that our culture creates an environment that drives and perpetuates our overall business strategy. We have invested substantial time and resources in building our team, and we expect to continue to hire aggressively as we expand in both the United States and internationally. As we grow mature as a public company and grow internationally, we may find it difficult to maintain the valuable aspects of our culture.

Furthermore, our operations are conducted by a fully remote workforce that we believe is instrumental to maintaining our culture. However, failure to preserve our culture could harm our future success, including our ability to retain and recruit personnel, innovate and operate effectively and execute our business strategy. If we are unsuccessful in recruiting, hiring, training, managing and integrating new employees, or retaining our existing employees, or if we fail to preserve the valuable aspects of our culture, it could materially impair our ability to service and attract new Members and Risk Capital Partners, all of which would materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Risks Related to Our Technology and Intellectual Property

If we are unable to leverage our information systems to enhance the information benefits available to our Members and Risk Capital Partners through our Risk Exchange, our results may be adversely affected.

To leverage our underwriting knowledge in providing information services to our Members, we must continue to implement and enhance information systems that can analyze data to provide information useful to our Risk Exchange Members. This may require frequent upgrades to the Risk Exchange and updating other information systems that we rely upon in providing our services. Delays or other problems we might encounter in implementing these upgrades and updates could adversely affect our ability to deliver timely information to our Members, which may result in them reducing the amount of premium

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placed through our Risk Exchange, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

Our future success depends on our ability to continue to develop and implement technology, and to maintain the confidentiality of this technology.

Our future success depends on our ability to continue to develop, implement, and maintain the confidentiality of our proprietary technology. For example, we are continuing to develop our cloud-native, digital platform that offers Risk Exchange participants a single, secure place to operate. We expect that as AI-driven technology and services gain market acceptance in the insurance industry, new competitors will arise. Changes to existing laws, their interpretation or implementation, or the introduction of new laws could impede our use of this technology or require that we disclose our proprietary technology to our competitors, which could negatively impact our competitive position and result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. In most jurisdictions, government regulatory authorities have the power to interpret and amend laws and regulations applicable to the processing of data. Such authorities may require us to incur substantial costs to comply with such laws and regulations. Regulatory statutes are broad in scope and subject to differing interpretation. In some areas of our business, we act on the basis of our own or the industry’s interpretations of applicable laws or regulations, which may conflict from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In the event those interpretations eventually prove different from the interpretations of regulatory authorities, we may be penalized or precluded from carrying on our previous activities. Our E&O insurance coverage covering certain security and privacy damages and claim expenses may not be sufficient to compensate for all liabilities we may incur.

Loss of key vendor relationships or failure of a vendor to protect our data, confidential and proprietary information could adversely affect our operations.

We rely on services and products provided by many vendors in the United States and abroad. These include, for example, vendors of computer hardware and software, and vendors and/or outsourcing of services such as claim adjustment services and investment management services. In the event that any vendor suffers a bankruptcy or otherwise becomes unable to continue to provide products or services, or fails to protect our confidential, proprietary, and other information, we may suffer operational impairments and financial losses. In addition, while we generally monitor vendor risk, including the security and stability of our critical vendors, we may fail to properly assess and understand the risks and costs involved in the third-party relationships, and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We anticipate that we will continue to rely on third-party software in the future. Although we believe that there are commercially reasonable alternatives to the third-party software we currently license, this may not always be the case, or it may be difficult or costly to replace. In addition, integration of new third-party software may require significant work and require substantial investment of our time and resources. Use of additional or alternative third-party software would require us to enter into license agreements with third parties, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Many of the risks associated with the use of third-party software cannot be eliminated, and these risks could negatively affect our business.

Failure to obtain, maintain, protect, defend, or enforce our intellectual property rights, or allegations that we have infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated the intellectual property rights of others, could harm our reputation, ability to compete effectively, business, and financial condition.

Our success and ability to compete depends in part on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect, defend, and enforce our intellectual property. To protect our intellectual property rights, we rely on a combination of trademark laws, copyright laws, trade secret protection, confidentiality agreements and other contractual arrangements with our affiliates, employees, Members, strategic partners and others, as well as internal policies and procedures regarding our management of intellectual property. However, the protective steps that we take may be inadequate to deter misappropriation of our proprietary information, and any infringement, misappropriation or dilution of our intellectual property could materially and adversely harm our business. In addition, we may be unable to detect the unauthorized use of, or take appropriate steps to enforce, our intellectual property rights. Further, we operate in many foreign jurisdictions and effective trademark, copyright, and trade secret protection may not be available in every country or jurisdiction in which we offer our services. Policing unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult, expensive, and time-consuming, and we may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect our intellectual property rights.

Failure to protect our intellectual property adequately could harm our reputation and affect our ability to compete effectively. Although our important brand names, including “Accelerant” and “Mission Underwriters” are registered or we intend to register for trademark protection, our competitors and other third parties may misappropriate our intellectual property. In addition, even if we initiate litigation against third parties, such as suits alleging infringement, misappropriation, or other violation of our intellectual property, we may not prevail. Litigation brought to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time-consuming and distracting to management. Our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights

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may be met with defenses, counterclaims, and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Additionally, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. An adverse determination of any litigation proceedings could put our intellectual property at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our related intellectual property at risk of not issuing or being cancelled. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our Class A common shares. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

We operate in many foreign jurisdictions and effective trademark, copyright, and trade secret protection may not be available in every country or jurisdiction in which we offer our services. Failure to protect our intellectual property adequately could harm our reputation and affect our ability to compete effectively.

Meanwhile, third parties may assert intellectual property-related claims against us, including claims of infringement, misappropriation, or other violation of their intellectual property, which may be costly to defend, could require the payment of damages, legal fees, settlement payments, royalty payments, and other costs or damages, including treble damages if we are found to have willfully infringed certain types of intellectual property, and could limit our ability to use or offer certain technologies, products, or other intellectual property. Any intellectual property claims, including a cease-and-desist letter we have received regarding the right to use the mark Risk Exchange, with or without merit, could be expensive, take significant time and divert management’s resources, time, and attention from other business concerns. Moreover, other companies, including our competitors, may have the capability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights and to defend claims that may be brought against them. Successful challenges against us could require us to modify or discontinue our use of technology or business processes where such use is found to infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate the rights of others, or require us to purchase costly licenses from third parties, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Even if a license is available to us, it could be non-exclusive thereby giving our competitors and other third parties access to the same technologies licensed to us, and we may be required to pay significant upfront fees, milestone payments or royalties, which would increase our operating expenses. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

We rely on the use of credit scoring in pricing and underwriting certain of our insurance policies by Accelerant’s owned insurance companies and reinsurance companies, and any legal or regulatory requirements that restrict our ability to access credit score information could decrease the accuracy of our pricing and underwriting process and thus decrease our profitability.

We use credit scoring as a factor in pricing and underwriting decisions where allowed by state law. Consumer groups and regulators have questioned whether the use of credit scoring unfairly discriminates against some groups of people and are calling for laws and regulations to prohibit or restrict the use of credit scoring in underwriting and pricing. Laws or regulations that significantly curtail or regulate the use of credit scoring, if enacted in a large number of states in which we operate, could impact the integrity of our pricing and underwriting processes, which could, in turn, materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, and our profitability over time.

Our employees could take excessive risks, which could negatively affect our financial condition and business.

Our Underwriting segment is in the business of binding certain risks. The employees who conduct our business, including executive officers and other members of management, underwriters, product managers and other employees, do so in part by making decisions and choices that involve exposing us to risk. These include decisions such as setting underwriting guidelines and standards, product design and pricing, determining which business opportunities to pursue, and other decisions. We endeavor, in the design and implementation of our compensation programs and practices, to avoid giving our employees incentives to take excessive risks. Employees may, however, take such risks regardless of the structure of our compensation programs and practices. Similarly, although we employ controls and procedures designed to monitor employees’ business decisions and prevent them from taking excessive risks, these controls and procedures may not be effective. If our employees take excessive risks, the impact of those risks could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and business operations.

Future acquisitions or investments contain inherent strategic, execution, and compliance risks that could disrupt our business and harm its financial condition.

We may pursue acquisitions or investments to grow our business or as part of the MGA Operations segment’s efforts to capture the economics of select Members. There is no guarantee that these acquisitions or investments will achieve the desired return sought. These acquisitions or investments could also cause additional risk due to the liabilities or unforeseen expenses that such acquisitions or investments may bring, such as higher-than-expected costs due to market competition for

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the acquisition/investment, regulatory approval requirements, delays in implementation, lost opportunities that could have been pursued with cash being used for other purposes, litigation or regulatory enforcement post-acquisition or investment, contingent liabilities, implementation cost, misalignment of culture, loss of technology through theft or trade secrets exchanged, loss of key partners/vendors, currency exchange rate for foreign investment, timing within overall economic environment, carrying costs, and tax liabilities. Additionally, the risks from future acquisitions or investments could result in impairment charges against goodwill or increases in the liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet, as well as missed earnings results.

Our business and operations could suffer in the event of a system or information security failure or in the event that we are the target of a cyberattack.

We utilize information technology systems and networks to process, transmit, and store electronic information in connection with our business activities. As use of digital technologies has increased, cyber incidents, including deliberate attacks and attempts to gain unauthorized access to computer systems and networks, have increased in frequency and sophistication. These threats pose a risk to the security of our systems and networks and the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of our data. The Company’s CISO has primary responsibility over the Company’s cybersecurity and cyber risk management, which includes implementing a company-wide information security strategy and program. The CISO provides reports of key metrics and related updates to our Board of Directors on a quarterly basis and more frequently as and when required. The volume and sophistication of cyberattacks continues to accelerate and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in preventing cyber-attacks or successfully mitigating their effects.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems, and those of our vendors, are vulnerable to damage from cyber-attack, computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war, and telecommunication and electrical failures. Furthermore, our personal or other sensitive information or systems could be exposed or subject to attack as a result of breaches of our security measures and computer systems or those of our vendors. Any such system failure, accident, or security breach could cause interruptions in our operations, including the availability of our Risk Exchange or result in a material disruption of our operations. Additionally, a data security incident could also lead to public exposure of personal information and result in harm to our reputation and business, compel us to comply with federal and state breach notification laws and foreign law equivalents including the EU GDPR and/or the UK GDPR, subject us to investigations and mandatory corrective action, or otherwise subject us to liability under laws and regulations that protect the privacy and security of personal information, which could disrupt our business, result in increased costs or loss of revenue, and/or result in significant financial exposure. Furthermore, the costs of maintaining or upgrading our cybersecurity systems (including the recruitment and retention of experienced information technology professionals, who are in high demand) at the level necessary to keep up with our expanding operations and prevent against potential attacks are increasing, and despite our best efforts, our network security and data recovery measures and those of our third-party service providers may still not be adequate to protect against such security breaches and disruptions, which could cause material harm to our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Requirements

Our businesses are subject to significant governmental regulation, changes in which could reduce our profitability, limit our growth, or increase competition.

Our businesses are subject to legal and regulatory oversight throughout the world, including by U.S. state insurance regulators, Belgian insurance regulators, the NBB, the Financial Services and Markets Authority, insurance regulators throughout the European Economic Area (the “EEA”), under the Belgian Code of Companies and Associations, the Belgian Act of March 13, 2016 on the Status and Supervision of Insurance and Reinsurance Undertakings, under the UK Companies Act and the rules and regulations promulgated by the Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”) and the Prudential Regulation Authority (the “PRA”), the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (the “FCPA”) in the U.S., the Bribery Act of 2010 in the UK, the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act of 1999 (as amended) in Canada and a variety of other laws, rules and regulations addressing, among other things, licensing, data privacy and protection, cybersecurity, AI, anti-corruption, wage and hour standards, employment and labor relations, sanctions, anti-competition, and anti-corruption. Maintaining compliance with these legal and regulatory oversight schemes as they evolve could reduce our profitability or limit our growth by: increasing the costs of legal and regulatory compliance; limiting or restricting the products or services we sell, the markets we serve or enter, the methods by which we sell our products and services, the prices we can charge for our services, or the form of compensation we can accept from our Risk Capital Partners; or by subjecting our businesses to the possibility of legal and regulatory actions or proceedings.

Certain of our businesses are subject to compliance with laws and regulations enacted by U.S. federal and state governments, the EEA/UK or other jurisdictions or enacted by various regulatory organizations or exchanges relating to the privacy and security of the personal information of employees or others (for example, the California Consumer Privacy Act,

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The New York State Department of Financial Services’ cybersecurity regulation, the EU General Data Protection Regulation, the UK Data Protection Act 2018 and the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act in Canada). See “Business—Regulation” for more information regarding applicable privacy regulations.

In addition, we established a subsidiary in Puerto Rico that owns and operates our Risk Exchange. Though it is not currently subject to specific regulatory oversight as a broker or insurer, it is possible that may change, in which case we would become subject to further regulations that could cause us to alter or curtail our activities, or require additional expenditures for compliance purposes.

The variety of applicable privacy and information security laws and regulations exposes us to heightened regulatory scrutiny, requires us to incur significant technical, legal and other expenses in an effort to ensure and maintain compliance and will continue to impact our business in the future by increasing legal, operational and compliance costs. While we have taken steps to comply with privacy and information security laws, we cannot guarantee that our efforts will meet the evolving standards imposed by data protection and other regulatory authorities. If we are found not to be in compliance with these privacy and security laws and regulations, we may be subject to additional potential private consumer, business partner or securities litigation, regulatory inquiries, and governmental investigations and proceedings, regulatory sanctions, and we may incur damage to our reputation. Any such developments may subject us to material fines and other regulatory penalties and/or civil and criminal liability, including in some jurisdictions, personal liability for individual members of management and other individuals in leadership roles, may divert management’s time and attention, and lead to enhanced regulatory oversight, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, reputation, and liquidity. Additionally, we expect that developments in privacy and cybersecurity worldwide will increase the financial and reputational implications in the event of a significant breach of our or our third-party suppliers’ information technology systems.

There has also been increased scrutiny, including from regulators, regarding the use of algorithms, AI, diligence of data sets, oversight of data vendors, and other “big data” techniques such as using “big data” to set product pricing. Our ability to procure and use data to gain insights into and manage our business may be limited in the future by regulatory scrutiny regarding “big data.” Moreover, regulators are increasing scrutiny and considering regulation of the use of AI technologies. We cannot predict what, if any, actions may be taken with regard to “big data,” but such developments could impact our operations, increase legal risk or reputational harm or have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our acquisitions of, and investments in, new businesses and our continued operational changes and entry into new jurisdictions and new service offerings increase our legal and regulatory compliance complexity, as well as the type of governmental oversight to which we may be subject.

Our continuing ability to provide insurance and underwriting services in the jurisdictions in which we operate depends on our compliance with the rules and regulations promulgated from time to time by the regulatory authorities in each of these jurisdictions. Also, we can be affected indirectly by the governmental regulation and supervision of insurance companies. For instance, if we are providing managing general underwriting services for an insurer, we may have to contend with regulations affecting that insurer.

As we continue to grow our Member base, we anticipate expanding into new geographies that could give rise to additional regulatory, risk and other issues, which may materially affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

As we continue to grow our Member base, we will have to devote resources to identifying and exploring these perceived opportunities. To the extent these new Members are in new geographies, we may also have to acquire any necessary operational licenses and governmental approvals to operate our Risk Exchange or otherwise engage with Members in those geographies. In addition, we will be required to comply with laws and regulations of jurisdictions that may differ from the ones in which we currently operate. We anticipate that further geographic expansion of our Members and our Risk Exchange will give rise to additional regulatory, risk and other issues. There also can be no assurance that we would be able to successfully expand our operations in any new geographic markets.

In particular, we have expanded into the Canadian market by the acquisition of a licensed insurance entity. We have set up the requisite infrastructure to begin Canadian operations. Expansion to include Members located and to operate our Risk Exchange in Canada requires oversight from the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions and the federal Minster of Finance, as well as coordination with each of the ten provinces and three territories in Canada that each regulate market conduct within their own province and territory. Compliance with these additional laws and regulations, as well as Canadian oversight related to personal information protection and data privacy has resulted in a substantial investment of time from our senior management, capital and other resources. This, along with similar experiences in other jurisdictions in the future, may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

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Our insurance and reinsurance company subsidiaries and agency subsidiaries are subject to extensive regulation, which may adversely affect our ability to operate and achieve our business objectives. In addition, if we fail to comply with these regulations, we may be subject to penalties, including fines and suspensions, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to the insurance laws and regulations in a number of jurisdictions worldwide. Existing laws and regulations, among other things, limit the amount of dividends and capital that can be paid to us by our reinsurance subsidiaries, prescribe solvency and capital adequacy standards, impose restrictions on the amount and type of investments that can be held to meet solvency and capital adequacy requirements, require the maintenance of reserve liabilities, impact our corporate governance, restrict our market conduct practices, and require pre-approval of acquisitions, reinsurance transactions and certain affiliate transactions. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations, make any required notifications, or maintain appropriate authorizations, licenses, and/or exemptions under applicable laws and regulations may cause governmental authorities or other regulatory authorities to preclude or suspend our insurance or reinsurance subsidiaries from carrying on some or all of their activities, place one or more of them into rehabilitation or liquidation proceedings, impose monetary penalties or other sanctions on them or our affiliates, or commence insurance company delinquency proceedings against our insurance or reinsurance subsidiaries. The application of these laws and regulations by various governmental or other regulatory authorities may affect our liquidity and restrict our ability to expand our business operations through acquisitions or to pay dividends on our common shares. Furthermore, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements is likely to result in significant expenses, which could have a negative impact on our profitability. To further understand these regulatory requirements, see “Business—Regulation.” elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K In some instances, where there is uncertainty as to applicability of laws and regulations, we follow practices based on our interpretations of regulations or practices that we believe generally to be followed by the industry. These practices may turn out to be different from the interpretations of regulatory authorities.

Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are subject to risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements, based upon the “risk-based capital model” adopted by the NAIC, and other minimum capital and surplus restrictions imposed under Arkansas, Delaware and Puerto Rico law. These requirements establish the minimum amount of RBC necessary for a company to support its overall business operations. It identifies P&C insurers that may be inadequately capitalized by looking at certain inherent risks of each insurer’s assets and liabilities and its mix of net written premium. Insurers falling below a calculated threshold may be subject to varying degrees of regulatory action, including supervision, rehabilitation or liquidation. Failure to maintain our RBC at the required levels could cause insurance regulators to intervene in the management of our business and, ultimately, adversely affect the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to maintain regulatory authority to conduct our business and our A.M. Best rating.

The applicable regulators in the UK and EEA expect firms to avoid actions that jeopardize compliance with their statutory objectives and applicable rules and regulations and have extensive powers to intervene in the affairs of a regulated firm. When the regulator, which has authorized an insurance undertaking and as a result is empowered to exercise supervision over it, in either the UK or the EEA is concerned that an insurer may present a risk, this may lead to negative consequences, including the requirement to maintain a higher level of regulatory capital (via capital “add-ons” under the Solvency II Directive (as defined below)) to match the higher perceived risks and enforcement action where the risks identified breach applicable rules and regulations. In the case of a breach of our license requirements or obligations arising from the applicable rules and regulations, we may be subject to regulatory sanctions, including (public) formal warnings, orders to adopt a certain course of conduct, incremental penalties and administrative fines, revocation of an undertaking license and, in the case of insurers, where the breach relates to material prudential shortcomings, emergency measures (including the appointment of an administrator or the imposition of measures aimed at winding-up the undertaking). Any such events could adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

Our Canadian insurance subsidiary is regulated at both the federal and provincial/territorial level under regulation and supervisory requirements which, among other things, require it to maintain an adequate amount of capital (calculated in accordance with the minimum capital test). The Insurance Companies Act of Canada provides

the Superintendent of Financial Institutions with a range of discretionary intervention powers which may be exercised over an insurance company subject to its jurisdiction, including the power to require enhanced supervision, increase capital, restrict select business operations, order the development of a contingency plan and ultimately assume control of an insurance company in circumstances the Superintendent deems warrant such action.

In the Cayman Islands, our reinsurance subsidiary is subject to minimum capital and surplus requirements and must adhere to a range of legislative and regulatory requirements. A failure to meet these requirements could subject the reinsurer to, among others, increased regulatory scrutiny, a requirement to take steps to rectify any area(s) of non-compliance, the removal of a director, a suspension of license and the appointment of a receiver or person to assume control of its affairs.

We believe it is likely there will continue to be regulatory intervention in our industry in the future, and these initiatives could adversely affect our business. Additional laws and regulations have been and may continue to be enacted that may have

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adverse effects on our operations, financial condition, statutory capital adequacy, and liquidity. We cannot predict the exact nature, timing or scope of these initiatives; however, we believe it is likely that there will continue to be increased regulatory intervention in our industry in the future, and these initiatives could adversely affect our ability to operate our business.

For additional information regarding insurance laws and regulations that we are subject to, see “Business—Regulation.” elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our business is subject to risks related to legal proceedings and governmental inquiries.

We are subject to litigation, regulatory, and other governmental investigations and claims arising in the ordinary course of our business operations. The risks associated with these matters often may be difficult to assess or quantify and the existence and magnitude of potential claims often remain unknown for substantial periods of time. While we have insurance coverage for some of these potential claims, others may not be covered by insurance, insurers may dispute coverage, or any ultimate liabilities may exceed our coverage. We may be subject to actions and claims relating to the sale of insurance or our other operations, including the suitability of such products and services. Actions and claims may result in the rescission of such sales; consequently, our Members and Risk Capital Partners may seek to recoup commissions or other compensation paid to us, which may lead to legal action against us. The outcome of such actions cannot be predicted, and such claims or actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

We must comply with and are affected by various laws and regulations, as well as regulatory and other governmental investigations, that impact our operating costs, profit margins and our internal organization and operation of our business. The insurance industry has been subject to a significant level of scrutiny by various regulatory and governmental bodies, including state attorneys general offices and state departments of insurance, concerning certain practices within the insurance industry. These practices include, without limitation, the receipt of supplemental and contingent commissions by insurance brokers and agents from insurance companies and the extent to which such compensation has been disclosed (in jurisdictions where there is such a disclosure requirement), the collection of broker fees, which we define as fees separate from commissions charged directly to Members for efforts performed in the issuance of new insurance policies, bid rigging and related matters. From time to time, our subsidiaries receive informational requests from governmental authorities.

There have been a number of revisions to existing laws as well as or proposals to modify or enact new laws and regulations regarding insurance agents and brokers. These actions have imposed in the past, and may continue to impose, additional obligations on our ability to receive fees that are based on the volume, consistency, and profitability of business that we generate.

We cannot predict the impact that any new laws, rules, or regulations may have on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects. Given the current regulatory environment and the number of our subsidiaries operating in local markets throughout the U.S. and abroad, it is possible that we will become subject to further governmental inquiries and subpoenas and have lawsuits filed against us. Regulators may raise issues during investigations, examinations or audits that could, if determined adversely, have a material impact on us. The interpretations of regulations by regulators may change and statutes may be enacted with retroactive impact. We could also be materially adversely affected by any new industrywide regulations or practices that may result from these proceedings.

Our involvement in any investigations and lawsuits would cause us to incur additional legal and other costs and, if we were found to have violated any laws, we could be required to pay fines, damages and other costs, perhaps in material amounts, or, in certain cases, restrictions or revocations of the licenses or authorizations of insurers, insurance agents or brokers. Regardless of final costs, these matters could have a material adverse effect on us by exposing us to negative publicity, reputational damage, harm to relationships with our Members, or diversion of personnel and management resources.

We are subject to a number of, and may in the future be subject to, E&O claims as well as other contingencies and legal proceedings which, if resolved unfavorably to us, could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

We assist our Members with various insurance-related matters, including providing access to capacity, overseeing claims arising under policies issued by that capacity, and facilitating reinsurance placements. E&O claims against us may result in potential liability for damages arising from these services. E&O claims could include, for example, the failure of our employees or sub-agents, whether negligently or intentionally, to properly exercise our delegated authority to underwrite or bind coverage, issue policies or other documents or provide proper notices to insureds, as well as properly exercise our delegated authority to handle claims. In addition, we are subject to other types of claims, litigation, and proceedings in the ordinary course of business, which along with E&O claimants may seek damages, including punitive damages, in amounts that could, if awarded, have a material adverse impact on our financial position, earnings and cash flows. In addition to potential liability for monetary damages, such claims or outcomes could harm our reputation or divert management resources away from operating our business.

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We have historically purchased, and continue to purchase, insurance to cover E&O claims to provide protection against certain losses that arise in such matters. As of December 31, 2025, our group E&O insurance policy (also known as Professional Indemnity) tower has a $20 million limit in the aggregate, and we are responsible for paying a self-insured retention of up to $1 million per claim for claims brought in the U.S. and Canada, and $250 thousand per claim for claims brought in the rest of the world. We purchase a Technology E&O (Cyber) insurance policy for the group with an aggregate limit of $15 million per claim with a $125 thousand retention. In addition, due to regulatory requirements in specific countries, we purchase local E&O insurance policies in certain jurisdictions. This includes a policy for Accelerant Agency (Canada) Ltd., with a CAD $6 million limit in the aggregate with a self-insured retention of up to CAD $50 thousand per claim for claims brought in Canada. We purchase a local policy in Ireland for Accelerant Agency Limited, with a $5 million (£3.717 million) limit in the per claim and no aggregate limit. We are responsible for paying a self-insured retention of up to $150 thousand (£112 thousand) per claim. We also purchase a local policy in the UK for Accelerant Agency Limited UK Branch with a $5 million (£3.717 million) limit per claim and no aggregate limit. We are responsible for paying a self-insured retention of up to $150 thousand (£112 thousand) per claim for claims brought in the United Kingdom. If we exhaust or materially deplete our coverage under our E&O policies, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. Accruals for these exposures, when applicable, have been recorded to the extent that losses are deemed probable and are reasonably estimable. These accruals are adjusted from time to time as developments warrant and may also be adversely affected by disputes we may have with our insurers over coverage.

Proposed tort reform legislation, if enacted, could decrease demand for casualty insurance, thereby reducing our commission revenues.

Legislation concerning tort reform has been considered, from time to time, in the United States Congress and in several state legislatures. Among the provisions considered in such legislation have been limitations on damage awards, including punitive damages, and various restrictions applicable to class action lawsuits. Enactment of these or similar provisions by Congress, or by states in which we sell insurance, could reduce the demand for casualty insurance policies or lead to a decrease in policy limits of such policies sold, thereby reducing our commission revenues.

Because we are a holding company and some of our operations are conducted by our insurance subsidiaries, our ability to achieve liquidity at the holding company, including the ability to pay dividends and service our debt obligations, to a limited extent, depends, in part, on our ability to obtain cash dividends or other permitted payments from our insurance subsidiaries.

The continued operation and growth of our business will require substantial capital. Accordingly, we do not intend to declare and pay cash dividends on our common shares in the foreseeable future. Because we are a holding company with no business operations of our own, our ability to pay dividends to shareholders and meet our debt payment obligations is dependent upon dividends and other distributions from our subsidiaries. With respect to our insurance carrier subsidiaries, U.S. state insurance laws, including the laws of Arkansas and Delaware, restrict the ability of ASIC and ANIC to determine how we declare shareholder dividends. State insurance regulators require insurance companies to maintain specified levels of statutory capital and surplus. Dividend payments are further limited to that part of available policyholder surplus that is derived from net profits on our business. State insurance regulators have broad powers to prevent the reduction of statutory surplus to levels that regulators consider to be inadequate, and there is no assurance that dividends up to the maximum amounts calculated under any applicable formula would be permitted. Moreover, state insurance regulators that have jurisdiction over the payment of dividends by our insurance subsidiaries may in the future adopt statutory provisions more restrictive than those currently in effect. In addition, dividends and other distributions from our subsidiaries may be subject to incremental income or withholding taxes, which may reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our shareholders.

Our carriers located in jurisdictions outside the United States are similarly restricted under local law in their ability to pay dividends and other distributions, and such dividends and other distributions may similarly be subject to incremental income or withholding taxes in those other jurisdictions (subject to relief being available under applicable double taxation treaties) which may reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our shareholders.

Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon results of operations, financial condition, contractual restrictions pursuant to our debt agreements, our indebtedness, restrictions imposed by applicable law, and other factors our Board of Directors deems relevant, and, as noted above will be subject to regulatory oversight.

Regulations affecting insurance carriers with which we place business impact how we conduct our operations.

Insurers are also heavily regulated by state insurance departments for solvency issues, reserve requirements and market conduct practices, among other things. We cannot guarantee that all insurance carriers with which we do business comply with regulations instituted by state insurance departments. We may need to expend resources to address questions or concerns regarding our relationships with these insurers, diverting management resources away from operating our business.

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We may face increasing scrutiny and evolving expectations from investors, customers, regulators and other stakeholders regarding environmental, social and governance matters.

There is increasing scrutiny and evolving expectations from investors, customers, regulators, and other stakeholders on environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) practices and disclosures, including those related to environmental stewardship, climate change, diversity, equity and inclusion, racial justice, workplace conduct, and other social and political mandates. Legislators and regulators have imposed and likely will continue to impose ESG-related legislation, rules and guidance, which may conflict with one another and impose additional costs on us, block or impede our business opportunities, or expose us to new or additional risks. Moreover, certain organizations that provide information to investors have developed ratings for evaluating companies on their approach to different ESG matters. A lack of ratings or unfavorable ratings of our company or our industry may lead to negative investor sentiment and the diversion of investment to other companies or industries. Further, our insureds include a wide variety of industries, including potentially controversial industries. Damage to our reputation as a result of our provision of policies to certain insureds could result in decreased demand for our insurance products.

Additionally, certain states have adopted laws or regulations that would restrict business dealings with, and investments in, entities determined to be boycotting companies involved in fossil fuel-based energy or other industries or to have taken public stances with regard to certain ESG issues. If we are unable to meet these standards, expectations, laws or regulations, some of which may be in contradiction with each other, it could result in adverse publicity, reputational harm, loss of business opportunities, or loss of customer and/or investor confidence, each of which individually or in the aggregate could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Economic substance legislation of the Cayman Islands and other recently-enacted legislation and regulations may adversely impact us or our operations.

The Cayman Islands enacted the International Tax Co-operation (Economic Substance) Act (As Revised) (the “Economic Substance Act”) aimed at addressing concerns raised by the Council of the European Union as to offshore structures engaged in certain activities that attract profits without real economic activity. The Economic Substance Act is supplemented by the issuance of related Guidance on Economic Substance for Geographically Mobile Activities, version 3.2 of which was issued in July 2022. We are currently subject to the Economic Substance Act. Given our business activities and operations may change from time to time, it is difficult to predict if we will continue to be subject to the Economic Substance Act and the impact that the Economic Substance Act could have on us and our subsidiaries. For example, compliance with any applicable obligations may create significant additional costs that may be borne by us or otherwise affect our management and operation. We will continue to consider the implications of the Economic Substance Act on our business activities and operations and reserve the right to adopt such arrangements as we deem necessary or desirable to comply with any applicable requirements.

Anti-Money Laundering Matters

If any person in the Cayman Islands knows or suspects, or has reasonable grounds for knowing or suspecting that another person is engaged in criminal conduct or money laundering, or is involved with terrorism or terrorist financing and property, and the information for that knowledge or suspicion came to their attention in the course of business in the regulated sector, or other trade, profession, business or employment, the person will be required to report such knowledge or suspicion to (i) the Financial Reporting Authority of the Cayman Islands (“FRA”), pursuant to the Proceeds of Crime Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands, if the disclosure relates to criminal conduct or money laundering, or (ii) a police officer of the rank of constable or higher, or the FRA, pursuant to the Terrorism Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands, if the disclosure relates to involvement with terrorism or terrorist financing and property. The failure of us or any of our officers to comply could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide that the courts of the Cayman Islands will be the exclusive forum for certain disputes between us and our shareholders, which could limit our shareholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for complaints against us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the courts of the Cayman Islands shall have exclusive jurisdiction over any claim or dispute arising out of or in connection with our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association or otherwise related in any way to each shareholder’s shareholding in us, including but not limited to (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of any fiduciary or other duty owed by any of our current or former directors, officers or other employees to us or our shareholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Companies Act or our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us governed by the internal affairs doctrine (as such concept is recognized under the laws of the United States of America) and that each shareholder irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the Cayman Islands over all such claims or disputes. The forum selection provision in our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association will not apply to any action or suit brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Securities

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Act, Exchange Act or any claim for which the federal district courts of the United States of America are, as a matter of the laws of the United States, the sole and exclusive forum for determination of such a claim.

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association also provide that, without prejudice to any other rights or remedies that we may have, each of our shareholders acknowledges that damages alone would not be an adequate remedy for any breach of the selection of the courts of the Cayman Islands as exclusive forum and that accordingly we shall be entitled, without proof of special damages, to the remedies of injunction, specific performance or other equitable relief for any threatened or actual breach of the selection of the courts of the Cayman Islands as exclusive forum.

This choice of forum provision may increase a shareholder’s cost and limit the shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any of our shares or other securities, whether by transfer, sale, operation of law or otherwise, shall be deemed to have notice of and have irrevocably agreed and consented to these provisions. There is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provisions, and the enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ charter documents has been challenged in legal proceedings. It is possible that a court could find this type of provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable, and if a court were to find this provision in our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could have an adverse effect on our business and financial performance.

Risks Related to Taxation

We are subject to taxation in multiple jurisdictions. As a result, any adverse development in the tax laws of any of these jurisdictions or any disagreement with our tax positions could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects. In addition, there is tax risk associated with the reporting of cross-border arrangements among us and our subsidiaries.

We are subject to taxation in, and to the tax laws and regulations of, multiple jurisdictions as a result of the international scope of our operations and our corporate structure. Adverse developments in these laws or regulations, or any change in position regarding the application, administration or interpretation thereof, in any applicable jurisdiction, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects. Moreover, the tax authorities in any applicable jurisdiction may disagree with the positions we have taken or intend to take regarding the tax treatment or characterization of any of our transactions. If any applicable tax authorities were to successfully challenge the tax treatment or characterization of any of our transactions, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

In addition, we conduct operations through our subsidiaries in various tax jurisdictions, and consider transfer pricing implications of such operations where applicable. If two or more affiliated companies are located in different countries, the tax laws or regulations of each country generally will require that transfer prices be the same as those between unrelated companies dealing at arms’ length and that appropriate documentation is maintained to support the transfer prices. While we believe that we operate in compliance with applicable transfer pricing laws and intend to continue to do so, our transfer pricing procedures are not binding on applicable tax authorities. If tax authorities in any of these countries were to successfully challenge our transfer prices as not reflecting arms’ length transactions they could require us to adjust our transfer prices and thereby reallocate our income to reflect these revised transfer prices. If the country from which the income is reallocated does not agree with the reallocation, both countries could tax the same income, resulting in double taxation. If tax authorities were to allocate income to a higher tax jurisdiction, subject our income to double taxation or assess interest and penalties, it would increase our consolidated tax liability, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Accelerant and certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries may be subject to U.S. federal income taxation which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

Accelerant and our non-U.S. subsidiaries that are classified as foreign corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes intend to operate in a manner that will not cause them to be treated as engaged in a trade or business within the United States or subject to current U.S. federal income taxation on their net income. However, because there is considerable uncertainty as to when a foreign corporation is engaged in a trade or business within the United States under applicable law and the determination is highly factual and must be made annually, there can be no assurance that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) will not contend successfully that Accelerant or any of such non-U.S. subsidiaries is engaged in a trade or business in the United States. If Accelerant or any of its non-U.S. subsidiaries that are classified as foreign corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes are considered to be engaged in a trade or business in the United States, the applicable entity could be subject to U.S. federal income taxation on a net basis on its income that is effectively connected with such U.S. trade or business (including branch profits tax on the portion of its earnings and profits that is attributable to such income). Any such

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U.S. federal income taxation could result in substantial tax liabilities and consequently could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of future operations.

U.S. tax-exempt organizations that own our Class A common shares may recognize unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”).

A U.S. tax-exempt organization that directly or indirectly owns our Class A common shares generally will recognize UBTI and be subject to additional U.S. tax filing obligations to the extent such tax-exempt organization is required to take into account any of our insurance income or related person insurance income (“RPII”) pursuant to the controlled foreign corporation (“CFC”) and RPII rules described below.

As of December 31, 2025 we had net deferred tax assets of $78 million, net of a valuation allowance of $46 million, which may become devalued if either Accelerant does not generate sufficient future taxable income or applicable corporate tax rates are reduced (or applicable tax laws otherwise change).

We had net deferred tax assets of $78 million as of December 31, 2025 and also apply valuation allowances to our deferred tax assets (principally consisting of unutilized net operating losses). These predominantly arise from new business challenges on our owned insurance companies where operating expenses exceeded the initial underwriting profits recognized in the period. Utilization of most deferred tax assets is dependent on generating sufficient future taxable income in the appropriate jurisdiction and/or entity and in the appropriate character (e.g., capital vs. ordinary income). If it is determined that it is more likely than not that sufficient future taxable income will not be generated, we would be required to increase the applicable valuation allowance. Most of our deferred tax assets are determined by reference to applicable corporate income tax rates, in particular the U.S. corporate income tax rates. Accordingly, in the event of new legislation that reduces any such corporate income tax rates, the carrying value of certain deferred tax assets would decrease. A material devaluation in our deferred tax assets due to either insufficient taxable income or lower corporate tax rates would have an adverse effect on Accelerant’s results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in tax laws or policy or interpretations of such laws could materially reduce our earnings, affect our operations, increase our tax liability and adversely affect our cash flows.

Changes in tax laws or policy could have a material adverse effect on our profitability and financial condition, and could result in our subsidiaries incurring materially higher taxes.

The U.S. federal income tax laws and interpretations thereof are subject to change, which may have retroactive effect and could materially affect us.

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “OBBBA”) was signed into law in July 2025. Among other changes, the OBBBA restores immediate expensing of domestic research and development costs and modifies certain international tax provisions. While we currently anticipate no immediate material financial impact of this legislation, regulations or administrative guidance promulgated pursuant to the OBBBA may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, the U.S. Congress, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) and other government bodies and organizations in jurisdictions where we and our affiliates are established, invest or conduct business continue to recommend and implement changes related to the taxation of multinational companies. For example, the member countries of the G20/OECD Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (the “Inclusive Framework”) have developed a two-pillar approach to address the tax challenges arising from the digitalization of the economy. “Pillar One” addresses nexus and profit allocation challenges, while “Pillar Two” addresses perceived base erosion.

Under the Pillar One proposals, multinational enterprises (“MNEs”) with an annual global revenues in excess of 20 billion euros would become subject to rules allocating 25% of profits in excess of a 10% profit margin to the jurisdictions where the customers and users of those MNEs are located. The Pillar One proposals provide for exclusions for MNEs carrying on specific low-risk activities, including “Regulated Financial Services”; therefore we do not anticipate a material impact on insurance and reinsurance groups. However, while the OECD continues to seek agreement regarding the form and timing of implementation of Pillar One, no proposal has yet been achieved. The form, scope and timing of measures to implement Pillar One and their impact on our business and the taxes we pay remain unclear and subject to ongoing negotiations and, therefore, we cannot currently determine whether these measures have an adverse effect on our business.

Pillar Two is aimed at ensuring that MNEs with annual global revenues of at least 750 million euros are subject to a minimum effective tax rate of 15% in the jurisdictions in which they operate. Pillar Two proposes that participating jurisdictions introduce three interlocking domestic rules: (i) a qualifying domestic minimum top-up tax (“QDMT”), which imposes a “top-up” tax on an entity in the implementing jurisdiction which has an effective tax rate below 15%, (ii) an income inclusion rule (“IIR”), which imposes “top-up” tax on a parent entity in the implementing jurisdiction in respect of the low-taxed income of a subsidiary, and (iii) an “undertaxed payments” rule (“UTPR”), which denies deductions or requires an equivalent adjustment

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by an entity in the implementing jurisdiction to the extent the low-taxed income of an affiliate is not subject to tax under an IIR. Pillar Two also includes a treaty-based “subject to tax” rule (“STTR”) that allows source jurisdictions to impose limited source taxation on certain related party payments subject to tax below a minimum rate. Various participating jurisdictions have already implemented or are in the process of implementing the Pillar Two rules by adopting QDMT, IIR and/or UTPR rules in their domestic legislation, with these rules beginning to come into effect in certain jurisdictions starting from 2024. A limited number of Inclusive Framework members have either signed or expressed an intention to sign a multilateral convention to implement the STTR, although the timeline for implementation of the STTR remains uncertain.

The OECD continues to release administrative guidance which clarifies (and in some cases amends previously released guidance) on the application of the model Pillar Two rules, and jurisdictions enacting legislation in respect of Pillar Two have sought to implement these updates (either by way of legislative amendment or the release of further domestic guidance). We expect that the OECD will continue to release updates to its administrative guidance which may result in further amendments to the Pillar Two rules as they apply in relevant jurisdictions. For example, in January 2026, members of the Inclusive Framework agreed several amendments to the Pillar Two rules aimed at simplification, reducing compliance burdens and ensuring fair treatment of substance-based tax incentives. This package includes a permanent simplified effective tax rate safe harbor which will apply from the beginning of 2027 (or the beginning of 2026 in certain circumstances). Another significant new safe harbor will enable certain MNE groups which are parented in a jurisdiction which has a qualifying tax regime to elect for relevant group entities to be deemed to have a top up tax of zero for the purposes of the IIR and UTPR for financial years commencing on or after January 1, 2026. As of January 1, 2026, only the U.S. (which does not apply the Pillar Two rules) has been designated as having a qualifying tax regime for this purpose, with the effect that certain U.S. headquartered groups will not be subject to taxes under IRR or UTPR rules applicable to group entities.

As such, several aspects of the Pillar Two rules and the application of the Pillar Two rules to our businesses, including whether some or all of our business and the companies in which we invest fall within the scope of the exclusions therefrom, currently remain uncertain and subject to legislative and interpretive change. The release of further updates to the model Pillar Two rules and adoption of Pillar Two legislation (including IIR or UTPR regimes) by additional jurisdictions may also give rise to consequential amendments to tax laws (other than those which seek to enact or modify Pillar Two rules) in other jurisdictions.

The Pillar One and Pillar Two proposals form part of the OECD’s broader Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (“BEPS”) Project, which has been running since 2015. The implementation of the recommendations of the BEPS Project by OECD member countries has given rise to significant changes in domestic and international tax laws in recent years, including a number of Directives of the European Union (currently at various stages of implementation by Member States) which address matters such as anti-hybrid legislation and tax substance and a Multilateral Convention affecting the interpretation of many international tax treaties. The impact of the BEPS Project on our business will require ongoing assessment.

Our UK and non-UK operations may be affected by changes in UK tax law.

None of our entities should be treated as being resident in the UK for UK tax purposes, except for our subsidiaries that are incorporated in the UK, Accelerant Holdings, Accelerant Holdings (Cayman) Ltd and Mission Worldwide Holdings (together, the “UK Resident Entities”). Although Accelerant Holdings, Accelerant Holdings (Cayman) Ltd and Mission Worldwide Holdings are not incorporated in the UK, their affairs have been, and it is the intention that their affairs will be conducted so that their central management and control is exercised in the UK and, as a result, they are each treated as a resident in the UK for UK tax purposes.

Accordingly, the UK Resident Entities are expected to generally be subject to UK tax in respect of their worldwide income, profits and gains. Any change in the basis or rate of UK corporation tax or His Majesty’s Revenue and Customs’ (“HMRC”) practice and interpretation of UK tax law could materially adversely affect the business, prospects, financial condition and/or results of operations of the UK Resident Entities or their ability to provide returns to shareholders. The UK corporation tax rate is currently 25%.

There is U.S. federal income tax risk associated with reinsurance transactions, intercompany transactions and distributions between U.S. companies and their non-U.S. affiliates.

Certain U.S. companies that make deductible payments to related non-U.S. companies are subject to the Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse Tax (the “BEAT”). The BEAT is generally equal to the excess of a 10.5% tax on the taxpayer’s “modified taxable income” over the taxpayer’s regular tax liability (reduced by certain credits), with “modified taxable income” being computed without regard to certain deductions for “base erosion payments”.

The BEAT applies to deductions arising out of “any premium or other consideration” paid or accrued to a related foreign reinsurer.

Both our U.S. and non-U.S. ceding companies reinsure business to Accelerant affiliates. We have structured our internal reinsurance in a manner intended to ensure that our non-U.S. reinsurers reinsure business only from other non-U.S. ceding

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companies for U.S. federal income tax purposes. There can be no assurances our structuring efforts will be successful. If we are not able to structure our internal reinsurance in this manner, or the IRS were to successfully assert that our non-U.S. reinsurers reinsure our U.S. ceding companies for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we could be required to pay additional tax, and our financial condition and results from operations could be materially adversely affected.

In addition, the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), permits the IRS to reallocate, recharacterize or adjust items of income, deduction or certain other items related to a reinsurance agreement between related parties to reflect the proper “amount, source or character” for each item. If the IRS were successfully to challenge our intercompany reinsurance arrangements between our subsidiaries, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Generally, distributions by our U.S. subsidiaries to our non-U.S. subsidiaries are subject to a 30% U.S. federal withholding tax on the gross amount of any distribution that is treated as a dividend or dividend-equivalent payment for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, we believe that we and the entities through which we hold our U.S. subsidiaries are eligible for a 5% rate of withholding on dividends under the U.S.-UK Tax Treaty unless we have owned shares representing at least 80% of the voting power of a U.S. subsidiary paying a dividend for the 12-month period ending on the date the dividend was declared, in which case there would be no U.S. withholding on such dividend under the U.S.-UK Tax Treaty. We intend to manage our affairs in a manner that is intended to allow such entities to qualify for such reduction in or exemption from U.S. withholding tax under the U.S.-UK Tax Treaty. No assurances can be made, though, that (i) we will qualify for benefits under the U.S.-UK Tax Treaty, (ii) the U.S.-UK Tax Treaty will provide relief from this potential withholding tax or (iii) we would qualify for similar relief under another tax treaty if benefits under the U.S.-UK Tax Treaty were unavailable, in each case, for a taxable year that includes a distribution from our U.S. subsidiaries. Certain U.S. to non-U.S. reinsurance arrangements may also be subject to a 30% U.S. federal withholding tax. We may therefore be limited in our ability to move cash efficiently from our U.S. subsidiaries or to make distributions with respect to our Class A common shares.

Our annual effective income tax rate can change materially as a result of changes in our mix of U.S. and non-U.S. earnings and other factors, including changes in U.S. and foreign tax laws and changes made by regulatory authorities.

Our overall effective income tax rate is equal to our total tax expense as a percentage of total earnings before tax. However, income tax expense and benefits are not recognized on a global basis but rather on a jurisdictional or legal entity basis. Losses in one jurisdiction may not be used to offset profits in other jurisdictions and may cause an increase in our effective tax rate and give rise to a tax expense even though the Company has cumulative losses. Changes in the mix of earnings (or losses) between jurisdictions and assumptions used in the calculation of income taxes, among other factors, could have a significant effect on our overall effective income tax rate.

U.S. persons who own our Class A common shares may be subject to U.S. federal income taxation at ordinary income rates on a disproportionate share of our undistributed earnings and profits attributable to RPII.

If Accelerant Re Cayman, Accelerant Insurance Europe SA, AIUK, Accelerant Insurance Company of Canada or Accelerant Re I.I. (each, a “Non-U.S. Carrier” and collectively, the “Non-U.S. Carriers”) is treated as recognizing RPII in a taxable year and such Non-U.S. Carrier is treated as a CFC for purposes of taking into account RPII (a “RPII CFC”) for such taxable year, each U.S. person that owns any of our Class A common shares directly or indirectly through certain entities must generally include in gross income its pro rata share of the RPII (with certain adjustments), determined as if the RPII were distributed proportionately only to all RPII Shareholders (as defined below), regardless of whether that income is distributed. For this purpose, any of our subsidiaries that is a Non-U.S. Carrier generally will be treated as a RPII CFC if U.S. persons who own (or are treated as owning) any of our Class A common shares or Class B common shares (each such persons, a “RPII Shareholder”) in the aggregate own (or are treated as owning) 25% or more of the total voting power or value of such Non-U.S. Carrier’s stock on any day of its taxable year. Based on our expected ownership, we expect the Non-U.S. Carriers will be treated as RPII CFCs for the current and all future years.

RPII generally is any income of a non-U.S. corporation attributable to insuring or reinsuring risks of a U.S. person that owns (or is treated as owning) stock of such non-U.S. corporation, or risks of a person that is “related” to such a U.S. person. For this purpose, (1) a person is “related” to another person if such person “controls,” or is “controlled” by, such other person, or if both are “controlled” by the same persons, and (2) “control” of a corporation means ownership (or deemed ownership) of stock possessing more than 50% of the total voting power or value of such corporation’s stock and “control” of a partnership, trust or estate for U.S. federal income tax purposes means ownership (or deemed ownership) of more than 50% by value of the beneficial interests in such partnership, trust or estate.

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The RPII rules will not apply with respect to a Non-U.S. Carrier for a taxable year if (1) at all times during its taxable year less than 20% of the total combined voting power of all classes of such Non-U.S. Carrier’s voting stock and less than 20% of the total value of all of its stock is owned (directly or indirectly) by persons who are (directly or indirectly) insured under any policy of insurance or reinsurance issued by such Non-U.S. Carrier or who are related persons to any such person or (2) the Non-U.S. Carrier’s RPII (determined on a gross basis) is less than 20% of its insurance income (as so determined) for the taxable year, determined with certain adjustments.

Our Non-U.S. Carriers generally provide reinsurance to our other subsidiaries and affiliates. If such other subsidiaries or affiliates were treated as related (as defined above) to a RPII Shareholder, or our Non-U.S. Carriers reinsured risks of our RPII Shareholders or their related persons, earnings from such reinsurance would constitute RPII. However, we do not believe any of our subsidiaries or affiliates will be treated as “related” to a RPII Shareholder based on the expected ownership of our shares, nor do we anticipate that our Non-U.S. Carriers will reinsure the risks of our RPII Shareholders in any material amount.

Based on the foregoing, we do not expect U.S. Holders to have RPII inclusions. Nonetheless, we cannot provide assurances that our Non-U.S. Carriers will not recognize RPII due to uncertainty about the proportions of future ownership of our shares and the complexity of certain attribution rules that apply for purposes of determining whether a RPII Shareholder would be considered to have control of and, therefore, be related to our subsidiaries or affiliates for purposes of the RPII rules, or that we will qualify for either of the RPII exceptions above in the event that our Non-U.S. Carriers recognize RPII. Moreover, certain recently issued proposed regulations would expand the scope of RPII to include premium and investment income attributable to a reinsurance policy that directly or indirectly provides coverage to a “related insured”, which would be defined to include a person (other than a publicly traded company) that is more than 50% owned (or treated as more than 50% owned) in the aggregate by United States shareholders of the non-U.S. corporation providing the reinsurance. If finalized in their current form, such regulations may require U.S. persons that own any of our Class A common shares directly or indirectly to include in gross income their pro rata share of the RPII (with certain adjustments), determined as if the RPII were distributed proportionately only to all RPII Shareholders, regardless of whether that income is distributed. It is not certain whether such regulations will be adopted in their proposed form or what changes or clarifications might ultimately be made thereto or whether any such changes, as well as any interpretation or application of the RPII rules by the IRS, the courts, or otherwise, might have retroactive effect.

In addition, following the passage of the OBBBA, the calculation of a RPII Shareholder’s pro rata share of RPII is unclear in certain material respects. Shareholders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the RPII rules to them.

U.S. persons who dispose of our Class A common shares may be required to treat any gain as ordinary income for U.S. federal income tax purposes and must comply with other specified reporting requirements.

If a U.S. person disposes of shares in a non-U.S. corporation that is a RPII CFC at any time when the U.S. person owned any shares in the corporation during the five-year period ending on the date of disposition, any gain from the disposition will generally be treated as a dividend to the extent of the U.S. person’s share of the corporation’s undistributed earnings and profits that were accumulated during the period that the U.S. person owned the disposed shares (possibly whether or not those earnings and profits are attributable to RPII). Such dividend may also be taxed at ordinary income rates to the extent it is not treated as “qualified dividend income.” In addition, the shareholder will be required to comply with specified reporting requirements, regardless of the amount of shares owned. Because Accelerant is not itself directly engaged in the insurance business, we do not believe that these rules apply to a disposition of our Class A common shares, although we cannot assure you that the IRS will not successfully assert that these rules apply to a disposition of our Class A common shares in light of the insurance and reinsurance activities of our Non-U.S. Carriers.

While we were not a passive foreign investment company ("PFIC") in 2025 and do not expect to be a PFIC in 2026 or subsequent taxable years, U.S. persons who own our Class A common shares may be subject to adverse tax consequences if Accelerant is considered a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any year in which they acquire or hold shares.

If Accelerant is considered a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a U.S. person who directly or, in certain cases, indirectly owns our Class A common shares could be subject to adverse tax consequences, including a greater tax liability than might otherwise apply, an interest charge on certain taxes that are deemed deferred as a result of Accelerant’s non-U.S. status and additional information reporting obligations, regardless of the number of shares owned. In general, a non-U.S. corporation will be a PFIC during a taxable year if (i) 75% or more of its gross income constitutes passive income or (ii) 50% or more of its assets produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. For these purposes, passive income generally includes interest, dividends and other investment income. However, income derived in the active conduct of an insurance business by a “qualifying insurance corporation” is not treated as passive income (the “Insurance Exception”). In addition, passive income does not include income of a “qualifying domestic insurance corporation” (“QDIC”). The PFIC provisions also contain a look-through rule under which a non-U.S. corporation will be treated as if it received directly its proportionate share

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of the income, and held its proportionate share of the assets, of another corporation if it owns at least 25% of the value of the stock of such other corporation. Accelerant does not expect to be considered a PFIC for its current taxable year or any subsequent taxable year. However, because this determination is made annually at the end of each taxable year and is dependent on a number of factors, there can be no assurance that Accelerant will not be considered a PFIC in any taxable year. Moreover, our Non-U.S. Carriers will need to be considered engaged in the active conduct of an insurance business and have applicable insurance liabilities that exceed a certain percentage of their total assets to qualify for the Insurance Exception, among other requirements. It is possible that a Non-U.S. Carrier does not satisfy such requirements in a given taxable year, in which case such a Non-U.S. Carrier may be treated as a PFIC and the PFIC status of Accelerant could be adversely affected as a result.

U.S. persons who own 10% or more of our shares, by vote or by value, will be subject to U.S. federal income taxation at ordinary income rates on our undistributed earnings and profits.

In general, a “10% U.S. Shareholder” (as defined below) of a non-U.S. corporation that is a CFC at any time during a taxable year must include in its gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes its pro rata share of the CFC’s “subpart F income” and net CFC “tested income” (with various adjustments) with respect to any shares that such 10% U.S. Shareholder owns in such non-U.S. corporation (directly or indirectly through certain entities) during any period of such non-US corporation's taxable year, even if the subpart F income or net CFC tested income is not distributed. A “10% U.S. Shareholder” generally is a U.S. person that owns (directly, indirectly through non-U.S. entities or by attribution by application of the constructive ownership rules of section 958(b) of the Code (i.e., “constructively”)) at least 10% of the total combined voting power or value of all classes of stock of a non-U.S. corporation. “Subpart F income” of a CFC generally includes “foreign personal holding company income” (such as interest, dividends and other types of passive income), as well as insurance and reinsurance income (including underwriting and investment income), and net CFC tested income is generally any income of the CFC other than subpart F income and certain other categories of income. An entity treated as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes generally is considered a CFC if 10% U.S. Shareholders own (directly, indirectly through non-U.S. entities or constructively), in the aggregate, more than 50% of the total combined voting power of all classes of voting stock of that non-U.S. corporation or more than 50% of the total value of all stock of that non-U.S. corporation. However, for the purposes of taking into account insurance income, these 50% thresholds are generally reduced to 25%. Further, special rules apply for purposes of taking into account any RPII of a non-U.S. corporation, as described above.

Whether Accelerant and our non-U.S. subsidiaries that are classified as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes are CFCs for a taxable year will depend upon facts regarding our direct and indirect shareholders, about which we have limited information. Accordingly, no assurance can be provided that Accelerant and such subsidiaries will not be CFCs. In the event Accelerant or such subsidiary is a CFC, any 10% U.S. Shareholders of Accelerant will generally be required to include in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes for each taxable year their pro rata shares of all or a portion of the subpart F income and net CFC tested income generated by Accelerant and such subsidiary (with various adjustments), regardless of whether any distributions are made to such 10% U.S. Shareholders. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of these rules to them.

In addition , a non-U.S. corporation will be treated as a “foreign controlled foreign corporation” (“FCFC”) if it is not a CFC and “foreign controlled United States shareholders” (as defined below) collectively own, directly, indirectly through certain entities or constructively (by application of the rules set forth in Section 958(b) of the Code, generally applying to options, family members, partnerships, estates, trusts or corporations, other than Section 958(b)(4) of the Code, generally prohibiting the attribution to U.S. partnerships, estates, trusts and corporations stock owned by non-U.S. partners, beneficiaries or shareholders), more than 50% of the total combined voting power or total value of the corporation’s stock. Under Section 951B(b) of the Code, any United States person (as defined in Section 957(c) of the Code) who owns directly, indirectly through certain entities or constructively (by application of the rules described in the preceding sentence) 50% or more of the total combined voting power or value of all classes of stock of the non-U.S. corporation will be considered to be a “Foreign Controlled United States Shareholder”. In general, the rules described above with respect to United States Shareholders of CFCs also apply to Foreign Controlled United States Shareholders of FCFCs.

We do not expect to be a FCFC, although we may not have enough information about our ownership to determine such status. If we are, any holder that may be a Foreign Controlled United States Shareholder may have inclusions under the rules described above.

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Risks Related to Our Class A Common Shares

The dual class structure of our common shares has the effect of concentrating voting control with the shareholders affiliated with Altamont Capital, including control over decisions that require the approval of shareholders; this will limit your ability to influence corporate matters submitted to a shareholder vote.

Each of our Class B common shares is entitled to ten votes, and each of our Class A common shares, which are the shares owned by the public shareholders, is entitled to one vote. Affiliates of Altamont Capital control approximately 76.7% of the combined voting power of our outstanding common shares.

Pursuant to our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, each holder of our Class B common shares shall have the right to convert each of its Class B common shares into one Class A common share, at any time, upon notice to us. Additionally, Class B common shares will automatically convert into Class A common shares, on a one-for-one basis, upon transfer (other than a permitted transfer) of Class B common shares; or upon the earlier of (i) the time Class B common shareholders cease to own 50% of the Class B common shares owned by such holders, in aggregate, immediately upon the closing of our initial public offering or (ii) the date which is the third anniversary of the consummation of our initial public offering (July 2028), after which time (in each case) there will be a single class of common shares with one vote per share. The conversion of Class B common shares to Class A common shares will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those individual holders of Class B common shares who retain their shares in the long-term.

Because of the ten-to-one voting ratio between our Class B common shares and our Class A common shares, Altamont Capital (which holds the majority of our outstanding Class B common shares) controls a majority of the combined voting power of our common shares and therefore exerts substantial influence over matters submitted to our shareholders so long as Altamont Capital owns a requisite percentage of our total outstanding common shares (in the form of either Class B common shares or Class A common shares). Concentrated control may limit your ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future.

An active trading market for our Class A common shares may not be maintained.

Our Class A common shares have only been trading on the NYSE since July 2025, and we cannot assure our shareholders that an active trading market will be sustained. Whether an active public market for our Class A common shares will be maintained depends on a number of factors, including the extent of institutional investor interest in us, the attractiveness of our equity securities in comparison to other equity securities, our financial performance and general equity and bond market conditions. If an active trading market for our Class A common shares is not maintained, our shareholders may have difficulty selling our Class A common shares, which could adversely affect the price that our shareholders receive for such shares.

Applicable insurance laws could make it difficult to effect a change of control of our Company.

The insurance laws and regulations of the various jurisdictions in which our insurance subsidiaries are organized could delay or impede a business combination involving us. In the U.S., state insurance laws prohibit an entity from acquiring control of an insurance company without the prior approval of the domestic insurance regulator. Under most states’ statutes, an entity is presumed to have control of an insurance company if it owns, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the voting stock of that insurance company or its parent company. These and other regulatory restrictions could delay, deter or prevent a potential merger or sale of our company, even if our Board of Directors decides that it is in the best interests of shareholders for us to merge or be sold. These restrictions could also delay sales by us or acquisitions by third parties of our insurance subsidiaries.

Our operating results and share price may be volatile, or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Our quarterly operating results could fluctuate in the future . In addition, securities markets worldwide have experienced, and are likely to continue to experience, significant price and volume fluctuations. This market volatility, as well as general economic, market or political conditions, could subject the market price of our shares to wide price fluctuations regardless of our operating performance. A number of factors could negatively affect the price per share of our Class A common shares, including:

• market conditions in the broader stock market;

• actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly financial and operating results;

• introduction of new products or services by us or our competitors;

• issuance of new or changed securities analysts’ reports or recommendations;

• results of operations that vary from expectations of securities analysts and investors;

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• guidance, if any, that we provide to the public, any changes in this guidance or our failure to meet this guidance;

• strategic actions by us or our competitors;

• announcement by us, our competitors or our acquisition targets;

• sales, or anticipated sales, of large blocks of our Class A common shares, including by our directors, executive officers, and principal shareholders;

• additions or departures in our Board of Directors, senior management or other key personnel;

• regulatory, legal, or political developments;

• public response to press releases or other public announcements by us or third parties, including our filings with the SEC;

• litigation and governmental investigations;

• changing economic conditions;

• changes in accounting principles;

• any indebtedness we may incur or securities we may issue in the future;

• default under agreements governing our indebtedness;

• exposure to capital and credit market risks that adversely affect our investment portfolio or our capital resources;

• changes in our A.M. Best or credit ratings; and

• other events or factors, including those from natural disasters, war, acts of terrorism, or responses to these events.

In addition, the stock markets, including the NYSE, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities. In times of stock price volatility, shareholders can often institute securities class action litigation against the issuer of such stock. If any of our shareholders bring a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit. Such a lawsuit could also divert the time and attention of our management from our business, which could significantly harm our profitability and reputation.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they publish unfavorable research or reports, or they adversely change their recommendations regarding our Class A common shares, or if our results of operations do not meet their expectations, the market price for our Class A common shares and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Class A common shares will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. As a newly public company, we may be slow to attract research coverage. If any of the analysts who may cover us provide inaccurate or unfavorable research, issue an adverse opinion regarding our share price or if our results of operations do not meet their expectations, our share price could decline. Moreover, if one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.

The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our Class A common shares could adversely affect their market price.

Sales of substantial amounts of our Class A common shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our Class A common shares and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future.

In addition, an aggregate of 50,963,139 of our Class A common shares, representing 44.5% of our outstanding Class A common shares, are pledged to secure obligations of certain of our executive officers, including all three of our Co-Founders, as well as an additional employee, under loan agreements with third-party lenders. 49,123,519 Class A common shares, or 42.9% of our outstanding Class A common shares are beneficially owned by Jeff Radke, our Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer and a member of our Board of Directors, Christopher Lee-Smith, our Co-Founder and Head of Distribution and a member of our Board of Directors, and Frank O’Neill, our Co-Founder and Chief Underwriting Officer. All parties, including Messrs. Radke, Lee-Smith and O’Neill, are, as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, in compliance with all obligations under the terms of their loan agreements.

If any of the borrowers defaults on obligations under these agreements, the third-party lenders may exercise their rights under the applicable loan agreement. Any exercise of these rights could adversely affect the market price of our Class A common shares.

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Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, you must rely on price appreciation of our Class A common shares for return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain all of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our Class A common shares as a source for any future dividend income.

Our Board of Directors has complete discretion regarding dividend distributions. Even if our Board of Directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of we receive from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors, as well as regulatory restrictions on the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to issue dividends.

Our success depends on our ability to retain, attract and develop experienced and qualified personnel, including our senior management team and other personnel.

We depend upon our senior management team who possess extensive knowledge and a deep understanding of our business and strategy, and the insurance market as a whole. The unexpected loss of any of our senior management team could have a disruptive effect adversely impacting our ability to manage our business effectively. Competition for experienced professional personnel in the insurance industry is intense, and we are constantly working to retain and attract these professionals. If we cannot successfully do so, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be adversely affected.

We may change our underwriting guidelines or strategy without shareholder approval.

Our management has the authority to change our underwriting guidelines or our strategy without notice to our shareholders and without shareholder approval. As a result, we may make fundamental changes to our operations without shareholder approval, which could result in our pursuing a strategy or implementing underwriting guidelines that may be materially different from the strategy described in the section entitled “Business” or elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our Class A common shares.

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. In addition, our Board of Directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preference shares in one or more classes and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our common shares. Preference shares could be issued quickly with terms having the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of our company or making removal of management more difficult. Our Board of Directors also has the power, without shareholder approval, to set the terms of any such preference shares that may be issued, including voting rights, dividend rights, preferences over our common shares with respect to dividends or if we liquidate, dissolve or wind up our business and other terms. If we issue preference shares in the future that have preference over our common shares with respect to the payment of dividends or upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, or if we issue preference shares with voting rights that dilute the voting power of our common shares, the rights of holders of our common shares or the price of our Class A common shares could be adversely affected.

Our principal shareholders have substantial influence over our company. Their interests may not be aligned with the interests of our other shareholders, and they could prevent or cause a change of control or other transactions.

As of December 31, 2025, affiliates of Altamont Capital beneficially own an aggregate of 90,916,841 Class B common shares, representing 76.7% of the combined voting power of our common shares outstanding. Altamont Capital has a significant influence in determining the outcome of any corporate transaction or other matter submitted to the shareholders for approval, including mergers, consolidations, the election of directors and other significant corporate actions. Altamont Capital also has the power to prevent or cause a change in control for so long as Altamont Capital beneficially owns a majority of our total outstanding common shares and will retain significant influence over such a decision after they cease to own a majority. Without the consent of Altamont Capital, we may be prevented from entering into transactions that could be beneficial to us or our minority shareholders. The interests of our largest shareholders may differ from the interests of our other shareholders. The concentration in the ownership of our Class A common shares and Class B common shares may cause a material decline in the value of our Class A common shares.

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Altamont Capital and its affiliates engage in a broad spectrum of activities, including investments in industries in which we operate. In the ordinary course of their business activities, Altamont Capital and its affiliates may engage in activities where their interests conflict with our interests or those of our other shareholders, such as investing in or advising businesses that directly or indirectly compete with certain portions of our business or are suppliers or partners of ours. Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide that none of Altamont Capital, any of its affiliates or any director who is not employed by us will have any duty to refrain from engaging, directly or indirectly, in the same business activities or similar business activities or lines of business in which we operate. Altamont Capital and its affiliates also may pursue acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to our business, and, as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us. In addition, Altamont Capital and its affiliates may have an interest in pursuing acquisitions, divestitures and other transactions that, in its judgment, could enhance its investment, even though such transactions might involve risks to you.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands with limited liability. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Cayman Islands Companies Act (As Revised) (the “Cayman Companies Act”) and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law differ from what they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more prescriptive and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have the standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of the register of members of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the U.S. Currently, we do not plan to rely on home country practice with respect to any corporate governance matter. However, if we choose to follow our home country practice in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

As a result of all of the above, public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management, members of the Board of Directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

As a newly public company, we are subject to extensive regulatory and compliance requirements that place significant demands on our resources and management and may adversely affect our business and operating results.

As a newly public company, we are subject to the reporting and compliance requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the listing standards of the NYSE and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these requirements has increased, and will continue to increase, our legal, accounting, financial reporting and compliance costs and require significant management time and attention, which may divert management’s focus from operating and growing our business.

We are required to maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. Although we have implemented controls and procedures designed to address these requirements, our controls may not be effective in preventing or detecting errors or misstatements, and we may identify deficiencies or material weaknesses in the future that require remediation. While we currently qualify as an emerging growth company and are not yet required to have our independent registered public accounting firm attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, we will be subject to this requirement once we no longer qualify as an "emerging growth company". Any failure to maintain effective internal controls could adversely affect our ability to report our financial results accurately and timely and could result in a loss of investor confidence.

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In addition, laws, regulations and standards relating to public company governance, disclosure and reporting continue to evolve, and compliance with new or changing requirements may increase our costs, require changes to our systems and processes and expose us to increased risk of regulatory scrutiny. Being a public company has also increased the cost of obtaining director and officer liability insurance and may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified directors, particularly audit committee members, and experienced executive officers.

We have a history of losses, which may limit our ability to develop our Risk Exchange and inhibit us from making investments in developing and expanding our business.

We have a history of losses and may incur additional losses in the near term as we continue to make investments to grow our business. Despite these investments, we may not succeed in increasing our revenue on the timeline that we expect or in an amount sufficient to remain profitable. If we are unable to remain profitable, this may limit our ability to develop our Risk Exchange, sign up new Members and Risk Capital Partners and grow our revenues. Future net losses may also lead to a reduction in premiums written through the Risk Exchange, which would inhibit us from making investments in developing and expanding our business, and may also lead to a change in our A.M. Best or credit ratings.

Changes in accounting practices and future pronouncements may materially affect our reported financial results.

Developments in accounting practices may require us to incur considerable additional expenses to comply, particularly if we are required to prepare information relating to prior periods for comparative purposes or to apply the new requirements retroactively. The impact of changes in current accounting practices and future pronouncements cannot be predicted but may affect the calculation of net income, shareholder’s equity and other relevant financial statement line items.

Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are required to comply with statutory accounting principles (“SAP”). SAP and various components of SAP are subject to constant review by the NAIC and its task forces and committees, as well as state insurance departments, in an effort to address emerging issues and otherwise improve financial reporting. Various proposals are pending before committees and task forces of the NAIC, some of which, if enacted and adopted on a state level, could have negative effects on insurance industry participants. The NAIC continuously examines existing laws and regulations. We cannot predict whether or in what form such reforms will be enacted and, if so, whether the enacted reforms will positively or negatively affect us.

As a result of becoming a public company, we are obligated to develop and maintain proper and effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. Our controls and procedures may not be effective, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our Class A common shares.

We have designed our disclosure controls and procedures to reasonably assure that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. Any disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP. We are also engaged in the intensive process of compiling the system and processing documentation necessary to perform the evaluation needed to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We may not be able to complete our evaluation, testing and any required remediation in the time required. If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which would cause the value of our Class A common shares to decline, and we may be subject to investigation or sanctions by the SEC.

We will be required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of the fiscal year that coincides with the filing of our second annual report on Form 10-K (or our 2026 Form 10-K). This assessment will need to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. We will also be required to disclose changes made in our internal control and procedures on a quarterly basis. However, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act until the later of the year following this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or the date we no longer qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act if we take advantage of the exemptions contained in the JOBS Act. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed or operating.

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Additionally, the existence of any material weakness or significant deficiency would require management to devote significant time and incur significant expense to remediate any such material weaknesses or significant deficiencies and management may not be able to remediate any such material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in a timely manner. The existence of any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting could also result in errors in our financial statements that could require us to restate our financial statements, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and cause shareholders to lose confidence in our reported financial information, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business and share price.

We are an “emerging growth company” and we expect to elect to comply with reduced public company reporting requirements, which could make our Class A common shares less attractive to investors.

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act, and, as such, we have elected to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may continue to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, among others, (1) not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (2) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our periodic reports and proxy statements and (3) exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We may continue to be an emerging growth company for up to five years after the first sale of our Class A common shares pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act, which fifth anniversary will occur in 2030. However, if certain events occur prior to the end of such five-year period, including if we become a "large accelerated filer," our annual reported revenue in our consolidated financial statements exceeds $1.235 billion or we issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt in any three-year period, we would cease to be an emerging growth company prior to the end of such five-year period. We have made certain elections with regard to the reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and may elect to take advantage of other reduced disclosure obligations in future filings. As a result, the information that we provide to holders of our Class A common shares may be different than you might receive from other public reporting companies in which you hold equity interests. We cannot predict if investors may find our Class A common shares less attractive as a result of reliance on these exemptions. If some investors find our Class A common shares less attractive as a result of any choice we make to reduce disclosure, there may be a less active trading market for our Class A common shares and the market price for our Class A common shares may be more volatile.

We are a “controlled company” and, as a result, we are exempt from obligations to comply with certain corporate governance requirements.

We are a “controlled company” for purposes of the NYSE listing requirements, and as such, we are exempt from the obligation to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirements that a majority of our Board of Directors consists of independent directors, and that we have nominating and compensation committees that are each composed entirely of independent directors. These exemptions do not modify the requirement for a fully independent audit committee (which we have). Similarly, once we are no longer a “controlled company,” we must comply with the independent board committee requirements as they relate to the nominating and compensation committees, on a phase-in schedule as set forth in the NYSE listing requirements, with the trigger date being the date we are no longer a “controlled company.” Additionally, we will have 12 months from the date we cease to be a “controlled company” to have a majority of independent directors on our Board of Directors. Additionally, other than Altamont Capital and any of its affiliates, no holder of common shares or any of its affiliates shall be permitted to hold greater than 9.9% of the aggregate combined voting power of Accelerant (the “Voting Power Threshold”), and any votes to which such holder would otherwise be entitled in excess thereof shall be disregarded.

Certain of our directors have relationships with Altamont Capital, which may cause conflicts of interest with respect to our business.

Two of our directors are affiliated with Altamont Capital, our majority shareholder and an affiliate of our controlling shareholder. Our Altamont Capital directors have fiduciary duties to us and, in addition, have duties to Altamont Capital. As a result, these directors may face real or apparent conflicts of interest with respect to matters affecting both us and Altamont Capital, whose interests may be adverse to ours in some circumstances.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are a Cayman Islands company and a portion of our assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this

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kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets. We have been advised by our Cayman Islands legal counsel, Maples and Calder (Cayman) LLP, that the courts of the Cayman Islands are unlikely (i) to recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts of the United States predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any State; and (ii) in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, to impose liabilities against us predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any State, so far as the liabilities imposed by those provisions are penal in nature. In those circumstances, although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, the courts of the Cayman Islands will recognize and enforce a foreign money judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits based on the principle that a judgment of a competent foreign court imposes upon the judgment debtor an obligation to pay the sum for which judgment has been given provided certain conditions are met. For a foreign judgment to be enforced in the Cayman Islands, such judgment must be final and conclusive and for a liquidated sum, and must not be in respect of taxes or a fine or penalty, inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same matter, impeachable on the grounds of fraud or obtained in a manner, and or be of a kind the enforcement of which is, contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands (awards of punitive or multiple damages may well be held to be contrary to public policy). A Cayman Islands Court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere.

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Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and our results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This management's discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to those differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in the sections titled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Additionally, our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future.

Overview

Accelerant Holdings, together with its subsidiary companies, connects Members with Risk Capital Partners through its Risk Exchange. We, together with our Risk Capital Partners, provide property and casualty insurance to policyholders via our network of Members, which are typically MGAs. We focus on small-to-medium sized commercial clients primarily in the US, EU, Canada and the UK.

Significant Events and Transactions

Initial Public Offering

We completed our IPO in July 2025. For additional information regarding the IPO, including related net proceeds, equity impact, use of proceeds and expenses associated with the Accelerant Holdings LP distribution and our equity award plans, refer to Note 16 and Note 21 to our consolidated annual financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Upsizing of Flywheel Re

The Flywheel Re reinsurance treaty has been extended and upsized through additional capital from new and existing institutional investors, with the most recent upsizing in March 2026 to support business assumed by Flywheel Re over a multi-year risk period scheduled to end in 2028. Flywheel Re is a Cayman Islands special purpose reinsurance company that provides committed multi-year collateralized quota share capacity, capitalized by long-term institutional investors, and it is not consolidated in our financial statements.

Overview of Accelerant

We operate a data-driven risk exchange that connects selected specialty insurance underwriters (the “supply side” of our platform) with Risk Capital Partners (the “demand side” on our platform). Our Risk Exchange reduces information asymmetries and operational barriers present in the traditional insurance value chain by leveraging proprietary technology to share actionable high-fidelity data and insights with platform participants.

The Accelerant Risk Exchange simplifies the traditional insurance value chain which is fragmented, costly, and inflexible. Legacy technology, excessive intermediation, and misaligned incentives cause data leakage, high costs, and wasted resources for participants. Our technology-powered platform addresses these issues by connecting our Members, and Risk Capital Partners, including insurers, reinsurers, and institutional investors. On the supply side of our Risk Exchange, we deliver a full service offering to our Members that includes insights and analytics, distribution management, operational resources, and the commitment of stable underwriting capacity. Our offerings free our Members to focus on growing their businesses through their core expertise of profitable underwriting. On the demand side of our Risk Exchange, we offer Risk Capital Partners an attractive, validated, and diversified portfolio of specialty insurance premium that may otherwise be difficult to access elsewhere. Risk Capital Partners who provide capacity through our Risk Exchange pay us fees to source, manage, and monitor risks on their behalf that recur when the underlying policies renew.

By harnessing our proprietary technology, access to data, and industry experience, we believe we have created the preeminent marketplace of the specialty insurance industry. As of December 31, 2025, we had 280 Members (an increase of 15 Members since September 30, 2025) and 95 Risk Capital Partners on our platform. We have grown Exchange Written Premium at a 187% compounded annual growth rate since our inception. As we mature and continue to scale our business, we expect our annual growth rate to moderate.

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Our Members (“Supply Side” of the Risk Exchange)

The vast majority of our Members are independent third parties in which Accelerant has no ownership stake. We refer to these Members as “Independent Members.” Each Independent Member enters into a long-term contract with Accelerant where it agrees to underwrite certain types of policies through the Risk Exchange. Generally, these contracts are five years in duration and subject to annual renewal, with Accelerant retaining a right to terminate early for performance reasons. For a large majority of the gross written premium produced by Independent Members, Accelerant has an exclusive arrangement to write such policy types with the Independent Member. Additionally, Accelerant has the right of first refusal to offer on the Risk Exchange any new products an Independent Member may launch.

The remaining Members consist of “Mission Members” and “Owned Members.” Mission Members are Members started within Mission Underwriters, our MGA incubation platform. With Mission Underwriters, we support entrepreneurial specialty underwriters with start-up capital and operational tools and resources to form their own MGAs that are then jointly owned by Mission Underwriters and the specialty underwriters. Our primary means of identifying such underwriters is our reliance on the Accelerant management team’s knowledge of the specialty insurance markets, which includes reliance on certain historical metrics (such as loss ratios) from their underwriting track records at reputable incumbent institutions and, generally, prospective underwriters’ reputations among the industry, leveraging our experience and tenure in the space. Such knowledge includes an awareness of high-quality underwriters in these markets. Mission Underwriters attracts specialty underwriters with its independence, turnkey back office, and equity incentivization combined with the overall Accelerant value proposition. We supplement this market awareness with arrangements with a number of specialist recruiters that seek out underwriters that match our desired profile. While our ongoing recruitment efforts will continue to be important as we grow, we do not currently expect any associated recruitment costs to increase materially over time. Mission Underwriters owns the majority of the MGAs that it helped to create, with meaningful equity shared with management teams based on the performance of their MGA. Owned Members are Members in which we either have a minority ownership interest or controlling equity interest. Typically, our investments in Owned Members take the form of an initial minority ownership interest and a contractual call option for a controlling equity ownership interest over time.

The gross premium written by Independent Members and placed through the Risk Exchange is referred to as “Independent Premium.” The gross premium written by Mission Members and Owned Members and placed through the Risk Exchange is referred to as “Owned Premium.” Historically, Independent Premium has comprised the large majority of Exchange Written Premium and we expect this trend to continue over time.

Members and Exchange Written Premium Detail

Years Ended December 31,

($ in millions)

# of Members

Exchange Written Premium

# of Members

Exchange Written Premium

# of Members

Exchange Written Premium

Independent Members

Mission Members

Owned Members

Total

Exchange Premium Growth Rate

Our Risk Capital Partners (“Demand Side” of the Risk Exchange)

Currently, our Risk Capital Partners include third-party insurance companies, reinsurance companies, and institutional investors. As of December 31, 2025, 18 Risk Exchange Insurers (an increase of three and five Risk Exchange Insurers since September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively) accessed gross premium written directly from the Risk Exchange (on a primary insurance basis) rather than via reinsurance from Accelerant Underwriting, accounting for 30% of the premium written on the Risk Exchange for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to 16% for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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We refer to gross written premium written directly on behalf of Risk Exchange Insurers as “Third-Party Direct Written Premium.” All premiums written by Accelerant Underwriting, including that which is ultimately reinsured to institutional investors and third-party reinsurers, is referred to as “Accelerant GWP.” We expect the premium placed with Risk Exchange Insurers will increase in coming years, and as a result, the contribution from Third-Party Direct Written Premium will continue to increase. This is expected to lead to less overall revenue growth in our Underwriting segment, but more direct commission income within our Exchange Services segment.

For Accelerant Underwriting, we have historically targeted reinsuring approximately 90% of our gross premium written to institutional investors and third-party reinsurers, with Accelerant retaining approximately 10% of these gross premiums written. For the year ended December 31, 2025, Accelerant-Retained Exchange Premium represented 9% of Exchange Written Premium.

Our Business Model

We operate our business across three reportable segments – Exchange Services, which is the core of Accelerant, as well as MGA Operations and Underwriting. Exchange Services and MGA Operations are both fee-based businesses. Underwriting captures the net ceding commission income from reinsurers and Flywheel Re and net underwriting profit from retained business that is written or assumed by Accelerant Underwriting.

• Exchange Services: The Exchange Services segment includes the revenue and expenses associated with our Risk Exchange. The Risk Exchange is our operating platform that incorporates all of our technology, data ingestion, and agency operations that serve the needs of our Members and Risk Capital Partners. Risk Capital Partners writing premiums directly through the Risk Exchange pay us a fixed-percentage, volume-based fee for sourcing, managing and monitoring the business they write, which is netted by the amount the Risk Exchange pays in performance-based commissions to Members.

• MGA Operations: This segment reports all revenue and expenses from Mission Members and Owned Members in which we have majority ownership positions. Equity method accounting is used for Owned Members in which we have a minority equity ownership interest. The largest component of the segment is our investment in the 31 Mission Members as of December 31, 2025. There are 15 Owned Members as of December 31, 2025, of which nine are majority-owned and controlled by us and therefore consolidated in our financial statements.

• Underwriting: Our Underwriting segment includes all revenue and expenses associated with our Accelerant Underwriting companies (each of which solely operates through the Risk Exchange) and reinsurance companies. We view the Underwriting segment as a strategic capability and source of operational flexibility and alignment with current and prospective Risk Capital Partners. Accelerant Underwriting earns premiums and pays losses from business sourced and retained through the Risk Exchange. Accelerant Underwriting pays commissions to the Risk Exchange as consideration to access this business on market-consistent terms with Risk Exchange Insurers. This is offset by the ceding commission we receive from several third-party reinsurers including Flywheel Re, a reinsurance sidecar, for ceding premium and losses to them. The performance of our Underwriting segment will vary with the performance of the portfolio reinsured to Risk Capital Partners. We expect the portion of Risk Exchange premium underwritten by Accelerant Underwriting to decrease over time, relative to other segments, as Risk Exchange Insurers increase in number and grow their premium written through our Risk Exchange.

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A high-level view of our business model is included below (based on activity for the year ended December 31, 2025 disclosed in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K):

Notes :

(all amounts exclude general and administrative expenses)

(1) Calculated as Exchange Services direct commission income divided by Exchange Written Premium (rounded from 7.9%).

(2) Calculated as MGA Operations direct commission income, net investment income, net realized gains on investments, and net unrealized losses on investments (after excluding unrealized gains of $32.5 million attributable to investments accounted for under the measurement alternative) divided by Exchange Written Premium attributable to Mission Members and Owned Members (rounded from 17.8%).

(3) Calculated as net earned premium and ceding commission income, reduced by losses and loss adjustment expenses and the amortization of DAC, plus net investment income and net realized gains on investments expressed as a percentage of total Underwriting gross earned premium (rounded from 3.7%).

Key Factors that Could Affect Our Performance

Ability to Maintain and Grow Our Member Base

We believe there is a significant opportunity to attract new Members to the Risk Exchange and grow our existing Members. This is impacted by our ability to continue to deliver a holistic and compelling value proposition. We believe that existing and prospective Members will continue to be drawn to the Risk Exchange, and the growth of Members facilitated by our strong Member-centric service model, high value-add data and analytics capabilities, and ability to provide stable multi-year capacity.

Access to Third-Party Capital Providers to Support Members

Our future revenue growth also depends, in part, on our ability to expand our relationships with new and existing third-party capital providers to meet the growth of gross premiums sourced by our Members. We believe that the low-hazard, low-limit specialty business that we source from our Members will continue to attract these Risk Capital Partners. Since 2019, we have grown our Risk Capital Partners from two to 95 as of December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, we had 18 Risk Exchange Insurers.

Sourcing a Portfolio with Sustainable Loss Ratios

Our ability to maintain the support of Risk Capital Partners depends, in part, on maintaining an attractive ratio of gross premiums to gross losses and gross commissions that Risk Capital Partners pay to the Risk Exchange. We believe the historic quality of the portfolio written by our Members is reflected by the gross loss ratios of 51.3%, 54.3% and 51.3% for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We intend to leverage our data and analytics capability and our team of expert underwriters to continue to produce a portfolio with increasing diversification and attractive risk/return characteristics for our Risk Capital Partners.

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Investing in Technology Platform Capabilities

We continue to invest in our Risk Exchange to add capabilities and enhance the overall user experience of Risk Exchange participants and deepen our analytical and underwriting insights. Our ability to successfully attract high-quality specialty underwriters and risk capital depends on our ability to continue to develop value from our technology platform. We may choose to increase our level of investment in technology from past levels to enhance the platform capabilities and our competitive position. We believe that our ability to deliver platform capabilities that our Risk Exchange participants perceive as unique will continue in the future.

Costs of Being a Public Company

As we continue to operate as a public company, we will be required to continue to implement changes in certain aspects of our business and develop, manage, and train employees to comply with ongoing public company requirements. We have and will also continue to incur new expenses, including public reporting obligations, proxy statements, shareholder meetings, stock exchange fees, transfer agent fees, SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA") filing fees.

Key Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenue

Ceding commission income

We cede a significant portion of the premiums written on behalf of Accelerant Underwriting to third-party reinsurance companies or institutional investors through Flywheel Re. This generates positive ceding commissions which are recorded as a reimbursement for (and reduction of) the acquisition costs related to the reinsurance portion of the ceded insurance business. Ceding commissions that are in excess of the proportionate share of the DAC of the business ceded are deferred and amortized over the same period in which the related premium is earned. The amortization of this excess ceding commission income is recorded as “Ceding commission income” in the consolidated statements of operations within revenue. Certain ceding commissions are subject to sliding scale adjustments based on the actual loss experience of covered insurance contracts, which can result in the need for us to refund previous commissions received, resulting in a reduction of income in the determined period, or conversely, result in incremental commissions and related income. These adjustments often occur well after the ceding commissions are earned based on the development of insurance liabilities. In such instances, commission adjustments are not subject to deferral and are instead recorded directly as income or loss when determined. Accordingly, in all cases, we adjust ceding commissions as of the reporting date for our best estimate of loss experience for reinsured insurance policies.

Direct commission income

Accounting treatment of direct commissions received in the Exchange Services and the MGA Operations segments depends on whether the direct commission is being paid on an intercompany basis or by a third party.

Direct commissions paid by one Accelerant entity to another (referred to as “intercompany basis”) are required to be eliminated in consolidation pursuant to generally accepted accounting principles. These include fees paid by Accelerant Underwriting to the Risk Exchange, commissions paid by the Risk Exchange to Mission Members and/or to Owned Members, and fees paid by third party Risk Exchange Insurers to the Risk Exchange on premiums which are assumed by Accelerant Underwriting. These intercompany direct commissions are recognized under “Direct commission income” in our consolidated statements of operations under the segment to which they relate and are fully recognized by the segment when the services and related performance obligations are completed.

While these intercompany basis commissions are all eliminated on a consolidated basis, we nevertheless derive a significant economic benefit from these commissions. Unlike third parties, which bear the costs of the services performed by the Risk Exchange in the form of cash payments, we do not bear the cost of such services once fully eliminated, resulting in less commission amortization expense over the insurance policy term. This has the practical effect of increasing consolidated earnings as the corresponding premiums are earned. Direct commission income paid by third parties in the Exchange Services or MGA Operations segments on premiums that are otherwise not assumed by Accelerant Underwriting are fully recognized in the current period under “Direct commission income” in the statement of operations, to the extent that the underlying services and performance obligations to which they relate have been performed. As more business is written by Risk Exchange Insurers, we expect a higher proportion of direct commission income to be recognized on a consolidated basis (instead of being subject to elimination on an intercompany business basis, as discussed above).

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Net earned premiums

Net earned premiums represent the earned portion of GWP placed with Accelerant Underwriting companies, less the portion of our GWP that is ceded to third-party reinsurers under our quota share and excess of loss reinsurance agreements. Premiums are earned in proportion to the amount of insurance protection provided over the term of the insurance contract. Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums written applicable to the unexpired term of the related policy.

Net investment income

Net investment income represents interest earned from fixed maturity securities, short-term securities and other investments. Dividends from equity securities and other investments are also included in net investment income. Interest, dividend income and amortization of fixed maturity market premiums and discounts related to these securities are recorded in net investment income, net of investment management and custody fees. The principal factors that influence net investment income are the size of our investment portfolio and the yield on that portfolio.

We have certain unconsolidated investments within our MGA Operations segment and we account for these investments under the equity method, whereby we record our proportionate share of income or loss from such investments within net investment income (or the measurement alternative accounted for at fair value based on observable price changes or impairment whereby such amount is included in net unrealized gains or losses on investments). Any decline in value of equity method investments considered by management to be other than temporary is charged to income in the period in which it is determined.

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments

Our equity securities primarily consist of interests in investment funds that primarily invest in debt securities. The equity securities are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments. Realized gains and losses on disposition of investments are based on specific identification of investments sold.

We hold other investments such as limited partnership and private equity investments in operating entities whereby we elected the measurement alternative to carry such investments at cost, less any impairment and to mark to fair value when observable prices in identical or similar investments from the same issuer occur with changes in fair value recognized in net unrealized gains on investments.

Expenses

Losses and LAE

The reserves for losses and LAE include estimates for unpaid claims and claim expenses on reported losses as well as estimates of losses incurred but not reported (“IBNR”), net of reinsurance. These reserves represent our best estimates of the unpaid portion of ultimate costs of all reported and unreported losses incurred through the balance sheet date, and these estimates are based upon the assumption that past developments are an appropriate indicator of future events, among other factors. The reserves are based on individual claims, case reserves and other estimates reported, as well as actuarial estimates of ultimate losses.

Inherent in the estimates of ultimate losses are expected trends in claim severity and frequency and other factors which could vary significantly as claims are settled. Ultimate losses are estimates and may vary materially from the amounts provided in the consolidated financial statements. These estimates are reviewed regularly. As experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments, if any, are reflected in our consolidated statements of operations in the period in which they become known and are accounted for as changes in estimates. The unpaid losses and LAE are presented on an undiscounted basis.

Amortization of deferred acquisition costs

Policy acquisition costs represent the costs directly related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance contracts. The costs are deferred and amortized over the same period in which the related premiums are earned. These costs principally consist of commissions, fees, brokerage, premium tax expenses, and direct agency costs. The amounts presented within the consolidated balance sheets pertain to the DAC associated with the retained portion of insurance policies we issue, as the acquisition costs associated with the ceded portion of the insurance policies are offset by ceding commissions received from our reinsurance providers. Deferred policy acquisition costs are reviewed to determine if they are recoverable from future income, including investment income. Unrecoverable deferred policy acquisition costs, if any, are expensed in the period identified.

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General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses primarily consist of salaries, employee benefits and other general operating expenses that are expensed as incurred, and share-based compensation expenses. Generally, we expect our distribution, underwriting, and claims operating expenses to be most closely tied to growth of our membership and Risk Exchange premium volume. However, these and other functions within the Risk Exchange (including costs of supporting the development of the Risk Exchange), and our other segments have large, fixed-cost components that we believe will increase operating leverage as gross premiums continue to grow. Share-based compensation expenses represent amortization of the grant date fair value of equity awards granted to employees and directors, including restricted stock units, stock options, and other awards that can settle in cash or the common shares, over the requisite service period using the straight-line method. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. The portion of the awards that settle in our common shares are non-cash in nature. We expect share-based compensation expenses to fluctuate over time in connection with new equity grants, changes in our workforce, and the overall structure of our long-term incentive programs.

Interest expenses

Interest expenses primarily relate to amounts paid on our debt financing obligations, including amortized debt issuance costs.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization expenses primarily relate to amortization of capitalized technology development costs, as well as amortization of intangible assets associated with acquisitions of businesses (including our investments in Owned Members).

Profits interest distribution expenses

Projects interest distribution expenses consist of non-cash profits interest distribution expenses related to the settlement of all outstanding profits interest awards through the distribution of 65,270,453 of our Class A common shares held by Accelerant Holdings LP to certain of our officers and employees that fully vested upon the July 2025 IPO. The ultimate settlement of the profit interest awards was equity neutral as the contribution of the shares to officers and employees was reflected as a capital contribution to us by Accelerant Holdings LP in an equal and offsetting amount to the associated non-cash expense.

Other expenses

Other expenses represent costs related to our non-core business operations, primarily related to our global enterprise resource planning system and integrated financial reporting systems, and legal and advisory costs in connection with corporate development activities including mergers and acquisitions, capital raising activities and entity formations that support our growing business, as well as Mission profit sharing expenses. For the year ended December 31, 2025, other expenses included a termination fee payable to Altamont Capital of $25.0 million related to the then-existing management services agreement.

Income tax expense and deferred tax assets and liabilities

The provision for income tax consists of current and deferred tax expense. The calculation of current and deferred tax expense is based on tax rates and tax laws which have been enacted in the reporting period. Deferred tax assets and liabilities, result from temporary differences between the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements and the tax basis of assets and liabilities used in the various jurisdictional tax returns.

As of December 31, 2025, we had net deferred tax assets of $77.8 million and also apply valuation allowances to certain of our deferred tax assets of unutilized net operating losses (“NOLs”) and other basis differences in jurisdictions that have generated cumulative losses.

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Key Operating and Financial Metrics

We regularly review key operating and financial metrics to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends in our business, prepare financial projections and make strategic decisions. Our key operating and financial metrics include operational, GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures which are useful in evaluating our performance and our GAAP financial results discussed below.

As further discussed in “Segment Information — Consolidation and Elimination Adjustments” our consolidated results are subject to consolidation and elimination adjustments with respect to transactions among the businesses within our segments, notably between the Risk Exchange and Accelerant-owned insurance companies. We view the Adjusted EBITDA generated by our segments as representative of the economics that each would generate if they were independent companies and if the intersegment transactions were with third parties.

Years Ended December 31,

(in millions, unless indicated)

Number of members

Net revenue retention

Exchange written premium (2)

Accelerant direct written premium (2)

Third-party direct written premium (2)

Accelerant-retained exchange premium (2)

Exchange written premium growth rate (2)

Total revenues

Gross loss ratio

(Loss) income before income taxes

Net (loss) income

Non-GAAP financial measures (1)

Adjusted net income (loss) (1)

Adjusted EBITDA (1)

Adjusted EBITDA margin (1)

(1) Refer to “—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP financial measures” section for details on how non-GAAP measures are defined and reconciled to GAAP measures.

(2) See the definitions of Exchange Written Premium, Accelerant Direct Written Premium, Third-Party Direct Written Premium, Accelerant-Retained Exchange Premium, and Exchange Written Premium Growth Rate below for explanation of calculations and metrics.

Number of Members

We define the number of Members as those under contract with our Risk Exchange as of the period end date. We view the number of Members as an important metric to assess our financial performance because Member growth drives our revenue from fees, commissions, and net retained premiums; expands brand awareness and our market penetration; and generates additional data to continue to attract more risk capital and accelerate the compounding momentum of our platform.

As of December 31, 2025, we had 280 Members. Our Members wrote $4.19 billion of Exchange Written Premium for the year ended December 31, 2025. This compares to Exchange Written Premium of $3.11 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024, representing a 35% increase. Of our 280 Members, 31 are Mission Members, 15 are Owned Members, and 234 are Independent Members. Of the $4.19 billion in Exchange Written Premium for the year ended December 31, 2025, 70% was written by Accelerant Underwriting as Accelerant Direct Written Premium and 30% was written by our 18 Risk Exchange Insurers as Third-Party Direct Written Premium.

Number of MGA Operations Members

We define the number of MGA Operations members as the number of Mission Members and Owned Members under contract with the Risk Exchange as of the period end date.

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Net Revenue Retention

We define Net Revenue Retention, expressed as a percentage, as the current period’s Exchange Written Premium for Members that were actively writing Exchange Written Premium in the comparable period divided by these same Members’ prior-period Exchange Written Premium. This measure demonstrates an aggregate measure of the net growth of Exchange Written Premium from previously onboarded Members.

Exchange Written Premium

We define Exchange Written Premium as the total GWP written through the Accelerant Risk Exchange, including both gross premiums written on behalf of Accelerant Underwriting and written directly on behalf of Risk Exchange Insurers.

Accelerant Direct Written Premium

We define Accelerant Direct Written Premium, expressed as a percentage of Exchange Written Premium, as the GWP written directly by Accelerant Underwriting, the majority of which we cede directly to Risk Capital Partners through our reinsurance arrangements.

Third-Party Direct Written Premium

We define Third-Party Direct Written Premium, expressed as a percentage of Exchange Written Premium, as the GWP written directly with our Risk Exchange Insurers.

Accelerant-Retained Exchange Premium

We define Accelerant-Retained Exchange Premium, expressed as a percentage, as Accelerant GWP net of ceded written premium for the trailing twelve-month period, divided by total Exchange Written Premium for the trailing twelve-month period. This represents the percentage of total Exchange Written Premium that Accelerant-owned insurance companies retain relative to total written premiums. We expect this retained portion of Exchange Written Premium in the aggregate to decrease over time as Exchange Written Premium is increasingly written with existing and new Risk Exchange Insurers.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, Accelerant Underwriting reinsured 89% of Accelerant GWP to third-party reinsurers. Of this amount, 31% of our Accelerant GWP was ceded to Flywheel Re during the year ended December 31, 2025.

Exchange Written Premium Growth Rate

We define Exchange Written Premium Growth Rate, expressed as a percentage, as the increase in Exchange Written Premium in the current period compared to Exchange Written Premium from the comparable period in the prior year period. It is calculated as the difference between the current period's Exchange Written Premium and the comparable prior period's Exchange Written Premium, divided by the Exchange Written Premium of the prior period. This metric provides insight into the growth trajectory of our premium volumes generated through our Risk Exchange and serves as a key indicator of business expansion, Member acquisition, and existing Member growth.

Total Revenues

Total revenues consist of the following items: Ceding commission income; Direct commission income; Net earned premiums; Net investment income; Net realized gains on investments and Net unrealized (losses) gains on investments.

Gross Loss Ratio

Gross loss ratio is calculated as gross incurred losses and loss adjustment expense divided by gross earned premium, expressed as a percentage. Gross loss ratio excludes the impact of premium and loss and loss adjustment expense ceded to reinsurers. Gross loss ratio represents the percentage of gross premium earned during the period that will be required to pay current and future claims, based on management’s best estimates.

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Reconciliation of Non-GAAP financial measures

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income (Loss)

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income (Loss) are non-GAAP measures, which we believe should be used to evaluate our financial performance by excluding certain items that are related to our non-core business operations and therefore are not considered to be directly attributable to our underlying operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income (Loss) are internal performance measures used in the management of our operations. We believe that disclosing Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income (Loss) enables investors, analysts, rating agencies and other users of our financial information to more easily analyze our underlying business performance. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income (Loss) should not be used as substitutes for net income (loss), and other companies may define Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income (Loss) differently than we do.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as GAAP net income (loss) less the impact of depreciation and amortization, interest expenses, income tax expenses and the following items:

• Other expenses : Represents costs related to our non-core business operations, primarily related to our global enterprise resource planning system and integrated financial reporting systems, and legal and advisory costs in connection with corporate development activities including mergers and acquisitions, capital raising activities, entity formations that support our growing business, and Mission profit sharing expenses.

• Non-recurring profits interest distribution expenses resulting from the IPO : Represents non-cash profits interest distribution expenses related to the settlement of all outstanding profits interest awards through the distribution of 65,270,453 of our Class A common shares held by Accelerant Holdings LP to certain of our officers and employees that fully vested upon the IPO. These expenses were entirely offset by a corresponding capital contribution from Accelerant Holdings LP for that distribution of shares. These expenses only could occur at the date of the IPO and will not recur.

• Share-based compensation expenses included within general and administrative expenses : Represents non-cash expense related to the fair value of share-based awards granted to employees and directors, including restricted stock units and stock options and other awards that can settle in cash, recognized over the requisite service period for the awards.

• Net foreign currency exchange gains (losses) : The functional currency for each of our operating subsidiaries is generally the currency of the local operating environment. Transactions in currencies other than the local operation’s functional currency are remeasured into the functional currency, and the resulting foreign exchange gains or losses are reflected in net foreign currency exchange gains (losses). Such gains and losses are generally offset by the translation of our subsidiaries who have the corresponding reinsurance-related balances within their own functional currencies, whereby such effects are translated to other comprehensive income, yielding a much lower net impact on total comprehensive income and equity (such measure differs from Adjusted EBITDA as it includes the effect of interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, as well as foreign currency exchange gains (losses)).

We define Adjusted Net Income (Loss) as GAAP net income (loss) less the impact of other expenses, non-recurring profits interest distribution expenses, share-based compensation expenses, and the related tax effects.

Adjusted EBITDA Margin

We define Adjusted EBITDA Margin, a non-GAAP financial measure, as Adjusted EBITDA divided by total revenue. Adjusted EBITDA margin is an internal performance measure used in the management of our operations.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin should not be considered substitutes for the reported results prepared in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered in isolation or as alternatives to GAAP net income or net (loss) as indicators of our financial performance. Although we use Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin as financial measures to assess the performance of our business, such use is limited because it does not include certain material costs necessary to operate our business. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin should not be construed as indications that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. These non-GAAP financial measures, as determined and presented by us, may not be comparable to related or similarly titled measures reported by other companies. Set forth below are reconciliations of our most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP to these non-GAAP financial measures on a consolidated basis.

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The following table provides a reconciliation of net (loss) income to Adjusted net income (loss), Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023:

Years Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Net (loss) income

Adjustments:

Profits interest distribution expenses

Share-based compensation expenses (1)

Other expenses (2)

Tax effect of adjustments to net (loss) income (3)

Adjusted net income (loss)

Adjustments:

Add back tax effect of adjustments to net income (loss)

Income tax expense

Interest expenses

Depreciation and amortization

Net foreign exchange losses (gains)

Adjusted EBITDA

Total revenues

Adjusted EBITDA margin

(1) Share-based compensation expenses are included in "General and administrative" expenses in our consolidated Statement of Operations.

(2) Other expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:

Years Ended December 31,

(in millions)

System development non-operating costs

Professional costs related to corporate development and capital raise activities

Mission profit sharing expenses (including terminations)

Managed services agreement termination fee payable to Altamont

Individually insignificant costs

Total other expenses

(3) The tax effect of other expenses adjustments to net income (loss) for each period presented were calculated using the statutory tax rates for each of our legal entities where the expenses were incurred, including certain non-taxing jurisdictions. The statutory tax rates used in the calculations were adjusted in instances where our legal entities have applied full valuation allowances to their respective deferred tax assets of unutilized NOLs. As such, the tax effect for the respective years varies based on the jurisdictional mix of where the expenses were incurred in each year.

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Condensed Consolidated Results of Operations

The following tables reflect our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 in the format that we use to analyze our financial performance. This information is derived from our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP and included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Accelerant Holdings

Consolidated Statements of Operations Summary

Years Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Revenues

Ceding commission income

Direct commission income

Net earned premiums

Net investment income

Net realized gains on investments

Net unrealized gains on investments

Total revenues

Expenses

Losses and loss adjustment expenses

Amortization of deferred acquisition costs

General and administrative expenses (1)

Interest expenses

Depreciation and amortization

Profits interest distribution expenses (2)

Net foreign exchange losses (gains)

Other expenses

Total expenses

(Loss) income before income taxes

Income tax expense

Net (loss) income

Adjustment for net (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests

Deemed dividend upon redemption of Class C preference shares

Net (loss) income attributable to Accelerant common shareholders

(1) General and administrative expenses include share-based compensation expenses of $53.6 million and $8.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 , respectively.

(2) Non-cash profits interest distribution expenses related to the settlement of all outstanding profits interest awards through the distribution of 65,270,453 of our Class A common shares held by Accelerant Holdings LP to certain of our officers and employees that fully vested upon our July 2025 IPO. The ultimate settlement of the profit interest awards was equity neutral because the contribution of the shares to officers and employees was reflected as a capital contribution to us by Accelerant Holdings LP, which represented an equal and offsetting amount to the associated non-cash expense. For further information, refer to Note 21 in our consolidated annual financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Ceding Commission Income

Ceding commission income of $356.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $107.3 million (or 43.0%) from the prior year of $249.5 million due to the continued growth in our gross written premium base and the amount ceded to reinsurers. Ceding commission income for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 included an increase of $21.6 million and a reduction of $15.5 million, respectively, due to net sliding scale commission adjustments resulting from the loss experience of covered insurance contracts.

The following table presents the amounts of ceding commissions deferred and amortized for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

Years Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Balance as of January 1,

Deferral of excess ceding commission income over deferred acquisition costs

Amortization of deferred excess ceding commissions to income

Foreign currency translation

Balance as of December 31,

The amortization of the excess deferred ceding commissions is recorded as “Ceding commission income” in our consolidated statements of operations.

Direct Commission Income

Direct commission income of $162.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $95.3 million (or 142.9%) from the prior year of $66.7 million, primarily driven by commissions from third-party insurers and increased volume in our Exchange Services and MGA Operations segments on business written with unaffiliated entities.

Additionally, the amount of our business between Accelerant-affiliated entities (including from Underwriting to Exchange Services and Exchange Services to MGA Operations) increased year-over-year. However, all transactions between affiliated entities are fully eliminated in our consolidated results of operations. A discussion of the impact of consolidation and elimination adjustments is further discussed below under “— Segment Information — Consolidation and Elimination Adjustments.”

Net Earned Premium

Accelerant direct and assumed GWP of $3.38 billion for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $471.1 million (or 16.2%) from the prior year of $2.91 billion. The increase was driven primarily by new and existing Member growth. Since December 31, 2024, we have added 63 new Members, bringing the total number of Members to 280 as of December 31, 2025. This Member growth was driven b y our continued expansion across all of our markets.

Net written premium of $358.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $103.9 million (or 40.8%) from $254.6 million in the prior year as a result of GWP growth. We expect this retained portion of Exchange Written Premium in the aggregate to decrease over time as third-party insurance companies, writing directly on the Risk Exchange on a primary basis, continue to increase in number and grow their retention.

Net earned premium of $298.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $71.5 million (or 31.6%) from $226.6 million in the prior year as a result of the increased net written premium described above.

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The table below shows the amount of premium written on a gross and net basis, as well as net earned premium for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

Years Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Gross written premiums

Ceded written premiums

Net written premiums

Net earned premiums

Net Investment Income

Net investment income of $48.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $9.8 million (or 25.2%) from $38.9 million in the prior year. The increase was driven primarily by the increase in total average investments year-over-year. Refer to Note 4 to our consolidated annual financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Net Realized Gains on Investments

Net realized gains on investments of $7.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $6.0 million (or 315.8%) from $1.9 million in the prior year. The 2025 net realized gains on investments includes a gain of $2.7 million related to the sale of a portion of our interest in one of our owned MGA investments. Refer to Note 4 to our consolidated annual financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Net Unrealized Gains on Investments

Net unrealized gains on investments of $39.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $20.4 million (or 107.4%) compared to $19.0 million in the prior year. The 2025 amounts were primarily related to a gain of $29.9 million related to an observable price increase on one of our owned MGA investments accounted for under the measurement alternative and a gain of $8.4 million relating to an investment in a TPA . The 2024 amounts were also primarily related to observable price increases related to similar investments accounted for under the measurement alternative. Refer to Note 4 to our consolidated annual financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

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Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Net losses and LAE of $204.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $36.7 million (or 21.9%) compared to $167.3 million in the prior year. This increase was driven primarily by growth in our net earned premium base.

Gross incurred losses and LAE of $1.58 billion for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $372.2 million (or 30.7%) compared to the prior year of $1.21 billion, while ceded losses and LAE of $1.38 billion for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $335.5 million (or 32.1%) compared to the prior year of $1.04 billion under our external reinsurance program.

Our net loss ratios of 68.4% and 73.8% differ from the gross loss ratios of 51.3% and 54.3% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, primarily due to decisions that we make regarding the amount of excess of loss reinsurance secured (since this will reduce the amount of retained premiums we have). The decision to engage such reinsurance, which, in most cases, inures to the benefit of our Risk Capital Partners, supports our management of downside risk to large losses within our financial statements.

See “Segment Information—Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024—Underwriting” below for further information regarding our loss and loss adjustment expenses.

The table below reflects our net loss ratio for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

Years Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Gross incurred loss and LAE

Ceded incurred loss and LAE

Net incurred loss and LAE

Net loss ratio

Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs

Amortization of DAC of $80.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased by $1.1 million (or 1.4%) compared to $81.4 million in the prior year due to a decrease in our retention rate of net earned premium, partially offset by growth in our business.

The following table presents the amounts of acquisition costs deferred and amortized for insurance business retained by us for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

Years Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Balance as of January 1,

Direct commissions and other acquisition costs on retained business

Amortization of deferred acquisition costs

Foreign currency translation losses

Balance as of December 31,

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses of $400.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $151.1 million (or 60.6%) compared to $249.3 million in the prior year, although as noted below, when excluding the share-based compensation expenses, the increase was 44.0% which was lower than the 51.5% increase in total revenues.

The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to increases in employee compensation and benefits, driven by growth in headcount to support our growth across all markets, share-based compensation expenses, consisting of equity grants awarded prior to, in conjunction with, and subsequent to the IPO, consulting and professional fees, and other administrative expenses.

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The following table presents the components of general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

Years Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Employee compensation and benefits

Consulting and professional fees

Share-based compensation expenses

Other administrative expenses, net

Total general and administrative expenses

Interest Expenses

Interest expenses of $10.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased $1.2 million (or 9.9%) compared to $12.1 million in the prior year. The decline was driven primarily by lower interest rates year-over-year.

Depreciation & Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expenses of $35.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $8.6 million (or 32.3%) compared to $26.6 million in the prior year driven primarily by increased amortization of a larger balance of capitalized information technology development costs.

Profits Interest Distribution Expenses

Profits interest distribution expenses consisted of non-cash profits interest distribution expenses related to the settlement of all outstanding profits interest awards through the distribution of 65,270,453 of our Class A common shares held by Accelerant Holdings LP to certain of our officers and employees that fully vested upon the IPO. The ultimate settlement of the profits interest awards was equity neutral as the contribution of the shares to officers and employees was reflected as a capital contribution to us for those shares contributed by Accelerant Holdings LP in an equal and offsetting amount to the associated non-cash expense. For further information, refer to Note 21 to our consolidated annual financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Net Foreign Exchange (Gains) Losses

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we recognized net foreign exchange losses of $20.2 million and net foreign exchange gains of $5.1 million, respectively. As noted above, transactions in currencies other than the functional currency of our various international-based subsidiary companies are remeasured into their functional currency, and the resulting foreign exchange gains or losses are reflected in net foreign currency exchange gains (losses). Such gains and losses are generally offset by the translation of our subsidiary companies who have the corresponding reinsurance-related balances within their own functional currencies, whereby such effects are translated to other comprehensive income, yielding a much lower net impact on total comprehensive income and equity.

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, offsetting foreign exchange gains of $12.4 million and losses of $4.9 million were recognized in other comprehensive income related to foreign currency translation adjustments, respectively. Also included were $4.5 million of gains and $3.5 million of losses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to foreign exchange impacts related to unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities.

See "Foreign Exchange Currency Risk" below for further information regarding how we mitigate risks resulting from foreign exchange currency fluctuations.

Other Expenses

Other expenses of $104.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $65.1 million (or 166.9%) compared to $39.0 million in the prior year. The increase was driven primarily by a $25.0 million termination fee payable to Altamont related to a then-existing management services agreement and a $20.6 million increase in Mission profit sharing expenses, most of which was attributed to a $15.8 million charge for permanent settlement of certain of our Mission Member series profit sharing arrangements. Mission's profit sharing and award programs are a central part of our strategy to create long-term alignment with both Member series heads and key members of Mission's management team through performance-based incentives. Mission's business continues to perform well beyond our expectations and we view the issuance of such awards to represent significant long-term value for Accelerant.

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We also experienced increases in professional costs related to corporate development activities of $14.6 million, which included $5.0 million of expenses specifically related to our recently completed IPO that were not eligible for offset within equity, and a $5.3 million increase in system development non-operating expenses driven by costs associated with supporting the development and implementation of our integrated reinsurance and accounting systems.

Years Ended December 31,

(in millions)

System development non-operating costs

Professional costs related to corporate development and capital raise activities

Mission profit sharing expenses (including terminations)

Managed services agreement termination fee payable to Altamont

Individually insignificant costs

Total other expenses

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense was $23.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, representing an increase of $14.2 million (or 156.0%) compared to the prior year. Our consolidated effective tax rates (“ETRs”) were (1.8)% and 28.4%, respectively for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. The ETR for the year ended December 31, 2025 was impacted by certain discrete items related to non-deductible profits interest distribution expense and termination fee costs incurred in connection with our recent IPO and gains from the revaluation of other investments under the measurement alternative.

The comparability of our income tax expense and corresponding ETR to prior years was significantly impacted by our March 2025 change in the Accelerant Holdings and certain intermediary holding companies (together, the "Holding Companies") tax residency from the Cayman Islands to the UK, following approval of our Board of Directors. Upon becoming UK tax residents, the Holding Companies benefitted from operational efficiencies including, but not limited to, lower withholding tax rates applicable to dividend distributions from certain US subsidiaries under the US-UK tax treaty. In addition, the aggregate income (loss) of the Holding Companies became subject to UK income tax effective as of the March 2025 date of change to UK tax residency. The Holding Companies income or losses generate UK tax expense or tax benefits (to the extent that there is current or projected taxable income available in our UK operations).

In addition, and notably in periods prior to March 2025, the comparability of our tax expense and ETRs was challenged due to the mix of taxable income subject to tax in certain jurisdictions, losses incurred in zero tax rate jurisdictions and valuation allowances offsetting available carry-forward losses in certain jurisdictions. The relationship of our income tax expense to pre-tax income (loss) is atypical because our taxable income has predominately been generated in the US, UK, Ireland, and Puerto Rico resulting in income tax expense in those jurisdictions (entities in such jurisdictions are referred to as “tax-paying entities”).

Meanwhile, we have incurred operating losses in zero tax rate jurisdictions (such as in our corporate and reinsurance entities in the Cayman Islands resulting in no income tax benefit. We have also incurred pre-tax operating losses in Belgium and other jurisdictions where we have generated cumulative operating losses; however, in each of those cases, a valuation allowance has been recorded against the corresponding deferred tax assets (entities in these two types of jurisdictions are referred to as “non-tax paying entities”).

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Taxable losses in one jurisdiction generally cannot be applied to offset earnings in another. In certain other jurisdictions, losses in one entity may not be used to offset taxable income generated by another entity in that same jurisdiction.

The composition of our ETRs among our tax-paying and non-tax paying entities, which demonstrates the non-tax paying entities' effect on the total ETR, for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

Year Ended

December 31, 2025

Year Ended

December 31, 2024

(in millions)

Tax-paying entities

Nondeductible profits interests and termination fee expenses

Non-tax paying entities

Total

Tax-paying entities

Non-tax paying entities

Total

Income (loss) before income taxes

Income tax expense

Effective tax rate

The ETR for the year ended December 31, 2024 benefitted from a net release in our valuation allowance of $9.7 million as further described in Note 10 to our consolidated annual financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Enactment of new US tax legislation

On July 4, 2025, the US enacted the budget reconciliation package H.R.1, commonly referred to as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA"), which includes a number of income tax provisions, among others. We are still analyzing any potential impact of the tax provisions in the OBBBA, but we do not expect these provisions to have a material impact on our results from operations.

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Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Accelerant Holdings

Consolidated Statements of Operations Summary

Years Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Revenues

Ceding commission income

Direct commission income

Net earned premiums

Net investment income

Net realized gains on investments

Net unrealized gains on investments

Total revenues

Expenses

Losses and loss adjustment expenses

Amortization of deferred acquisition costs

General and administrative expenses (1)

Interest expenses

Depreciation and amortization

Net foreign exchange (gains) losses

Other expenses

Total expenses

Income (loss) before income taxes

Income tax expense

Net income (loss)

Adjustment for net loss attributable to non-controlling interests

Net income (loss) attributable to Accelerant common shareholders

(1) General and administrative expenses include share-based compensation expenses of $8.4 million and $4.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Ceding Commission Income

Ceding commission income of $249.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $85.3 million (or 51.9%) from the prior year as we continued to grow our premium base and the amount ceded to reinsurers. Ceding commission income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 included reductions of $15.5 million and $19.1 million, respectively, due to net sliding scale commission adjustments resulting from the loss experience of covered insurance contracts.

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The following table presents the amounts of ceding commissions deferred and amortized for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Years Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Balance as of January 1,

Deferral of excess ceding commission income over deferred acquisition costs

Amortization of deferred excess ceding commissions to income

Foreign currency translation

Balance as of December 31,

The amortization of the excess deferred ceding commissions is recorded as ceding commission income in our consolidated statements of operations.

Direct Commission Income

Direct commission income of $66.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $29.1 million (or 77.4%) compared to the prior year primarily due to commissions from third-party Risk Exchange business and increased volume in our Exchange Services and MGA Operations segments on business written with unaffiliated entities during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Additionally, the portion of our business between Accelerant-affiliated entities (including from Underwriting to Exchange Services and Exchange Services to MGA Operations) increased year-over-year. However, all transactions between affiliated entities are fully eliminated in our consolidated results of operations. A discussion of the impact of consolidation and elimination adjustments is further discussed below under “— Segment Information — Consolidation and Elimination Adjustments.”

Net Earned Premium

Accelerant direct and assumed GWP of $2.91 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $1.21 billion (or 71.2%) from the prior year primarily due to new and existing Member growth. Since December 31, 2023, 62 new Members were added, resulting in 217 Members as of December 31, 2024. This Member growth was driven by our continued expansion within the U.S. market, maintenance of our Member growth in Europe, and our recent expansion into Canada.

Net written premium of $254.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $63.7 million (or 33.4%) from the prior year as a result of GWP growth.

Net earned premium of $226.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $121.5 million (or 115.6%) from the prior year as a result of the increased net written premium described above.

The table below shows the amount of premium written on a gross and net basis, as well as earned premium for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Years Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Gross written premiums

Ceded written premiums

Net written premiums

Net earned premiums

Net Investment Income

Net investment income of $38.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $19.6 million (or 101.6%) compared to the prior year primarily due to the significant increase in investments. Refer to Note 4 to our annual consolidated financial statements for additional information.

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Net Realized Gains on Investments

Net realized gains on investments of $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $1.4 million (or 280.0%) as compared to 2023. Refer to Note 4 to our consolidated annual financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Net Unrealized Gains on Investments

Net unrealized gains on investments of $19.0 million increased $1.7 million (or 9.8%) compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to 2023. Refer to Note 4 to our consolidated annual financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Net losses and LAE of $167.3 million increased $87.0 million (or 108.3%) for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the prior year due to the increase in our net earned premium of $226.6 million and $105.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Gross incurred losses and LAE increased $534.9 million (or 79.0%), while ceded losses and LAE increased $447.9 million (or 75.0%) under our external reinsurance program.

Our net loss ratios of 73.8% and 76.4% differ from the gross loss ratios of 54.3% and 51.3% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, due to decisions that we make regarding the amount of excess of loss reinsurance secured (since this will reduce the amount of retained premiums we have). The decision to engage such reinsurance, which inures to the benefit of our risk capital partners, supports our management of downside risk to large losses within our financial statements.

See “Segment Information—Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023—Underwriting” below for further information regarding our loss and loss adjustment expenses.

The table below reflects our net loss ratio for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Years Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Gross incurred loss and LAE

Ceded incurred loss and LAE

Net incurred loss and LAE

Net loss ratio

Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs

Amortization of deferred acquisition costs of $81.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $31.5 million (or 63.1%) compared to the prior year due to the amortization of DAC from the increase in net earned premium.

The following table presents the amounts of acquisition costs deferred and amortized for insurance business retained by us for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Years Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Balance as of January 1,

Direct commissions and other acquisition costs on retained business

Amortization of deferred acquisition costs

Foreign currency translation losses

Balance as of December 31,

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General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses of $249.3 million increased by $66.8 million (or 36.6%) for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the prior year due to our continued expansion and overall growth. The year-over-year increase primarily related to employee compensation and benefit costs driven by growth in headcount to support our growth across all markets, while consulting, professional and other expenses also increased at a rate notably less than our overall increase in premium and revenue growth.

The following table presents the components of general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Years Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Employee compensation and benefits

Consulting and professional fees

Share-based compensation expenses

Other administrative expenses, net

Total general and administrative expenses

Interest Expenses

Interest expenses of $12.1 million increased $1.2 million (or 11.0%) for the year ended December 31, 2024 as a result of higher interest rates compared to the prior year.

Depreciation & Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expenses of $26.6 million increased $12.1 million (or 83.4%) for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the prior year primarily due to increased amortization of capitalized information technology development costs.

Other Expenses

Other expenses of $39.0 million decreased $7.3 million (or 15.8%) for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the prior year, primarily related to a decrease of $8.2 million in system development non-operating expenses, including certain costs associated with supporting the development and implementation of accounting and financial reporting systems, a decrease of $3.1 million in professional costs related to corporate development activities, and a decrease of $3.0 million in individually insignificant costs, partially offset by an increase of $7.0 million of Mission profit sharing expenses.

Years Ended December 31,

(in millions)

System development non-operating costs

Professional costs related to corporate development and capital raise activities

Mission profit sharing expenses

Individually insignificant costs

Total other expenses

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense of $9.1 million decreased $11.1 million (or 55.0%) for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the prior year, while the consolidated ETR were 28.4% and (46.0)%, respectively. However, as noted above the comparability of our tax expense and ETRs is often challenged due to the mix of taxable income subject to tax in certain jurisdictions, losses incurred in zero tax rate jurisdictions and valuation allowances offsetting available carry-forward losses in certain jurisdictions. In addition, tax expense and ETRs in 2024 and 2023 were impacted by valuation allowance adjustments during the respective years as disclosed in Note 10 to our consolidated annual financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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The relationship of our income tax expense to our pre-tax income (loss) is atypical because our taxable income has predominately been generated in the U.S., UK and Ireland resulting in income tax expense in those jurisdictions (which we refer to as “tax-paying entities”).

Meanwhile, we have incurred operating losses in zero tax rate jurisdictions (such as in our corporate and reinsurance entities in the Cayman Islands) resulting in no income tax benefit. We have also incurred pre-tax operating losses in Belgium and other countries with cumulative operating losses, however, in each case a valuation allowance has been recorded against the corresponding deferred tax assets in those jurisdictions (we refer to entities in these two types of jurisdictions as “non-tax paying entities”).

Taxable losses in one jurisdiction generally cannot be applied to offset earnings in another. In certain other jurisdictions, losses in one entity may not be used to offset taxable income generated by another entity in that same jurisdiction.

As noted in the table below, and especially for the year ended December 31, 2023, the ETR for the tax paying entities generally appears normal, while the aggregate or total tax ETR appears unusual because of the losses that do not receive offsetting tax benefits. The taxes in 2024 for the tax paying entities were also impacted by a tax benefit of $14.6 million that was recorded to reflect the adjustment of certain valuation allowances in the UK related to the integration of the UK Branch of Accelerant Insurance Europe Limited, which is domiciled in Belgium, within our UK tax group as well as underlying improvement in the UK Branch's operations. The UK Branch had previously been reported as a component of our overall Belgian operations, which record full valuation allowances due to recurring operating losses attributable to its underwriting operations. There were several other items impacting the ETRs in both periods (refer to the ETR reconciliation included in Note 10 to our annual consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information).

The following tables represent the composition of our ETRs among our tax-paying and non-tax paying entities, which demonstrates the non-tax paying entities' effect on the total ETR, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Year Ended December 31, 2024

Year Ended December 31, 2023

(in millions)

Tax-paying entities

Non-tax paying entities

Total

Tax-paying entities

Non-tax paying entities

Total

Income (loss) before income taxes

Income tax expense

Effective tax rate

Segment Information

We have three reportable segments, which align to the nature of the services we offer:

• Exchange Services – Our Exchange Services segment includes the fees paid by Risk Exchange Insurers and Accelerant Underwriting for sourcing, managing and monitoring the portfolio of business written by Members reduced by the expenses associated with providing these services.

• MGA Operations – Our MGA Operations segment includes the fees earned by Mission Members and Owned Members, predominantly for originating and underwriting a portfolio of insurance policies, reduced by the expenses associated with providing those services.

• Underwriting – Our Underwriting segment includes the revenue from net earned premium, investment income and the ceding commission paid to us by our third-party reinsurers and institutional investors, reduced by net incurred losses, the amortization of DAC and the general and administrative costs of operating our insurance and reinsurance companies.

Corporate functions, including holding company expenses, are included in Corporate and Other and our consolidation and eliminations adjustments for intersegment activity are shown separately from our reportable segments.

We consider the segment presentations of our Exchange Services, MGA Operations and Underwriting segments prior to elimination to be the best way to evaluate our business and how these business components would be presented if they were standalone operations. Such presentation is also representative of the results that would be generated from third parties as we build additional third-party insurance relationships through our Risk Exchange.

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The following includes the financial results of our three reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. Corporate functions and certain other businesses and operations are included in Corporate and Other.

Year Ended December 31, 2025

(in millions)

Exchange Services

MGA Operations

Underwriting

Total Segments

Corporate and Other (1)

Consolidation and elimination adjustments

Total

Revenues

Ceding commission income (2)

Direct commission income

Affiliated entities

Unaffiliated entities

Net earned premiums

Net investment income

Net realized gains on investments

Net unrealized gains on investments

Segment revenues

Losses and loss adjustment expenses

Amortization of deferred acquisition costs

General and administrative expenses (3) (4) (5)

Adjusted EBITDA

Interest expenses

Depreciation and amortization

Profits interest distribution expenses

Share-based compensation expenses (5)

Net foreign exchange losses

Other expenses (6)

Loss before income taxes

(1) Corporate and Other includes shared services and other activities, which represent business activities that do not meet the definition of a reportable segment.

(2) Ceding commission income of our Underwriting segment includes the effect of sliding scale adjustments based on actual loss experience. For further information on sliding scale commission adjustments, refer to Note 9 to our consolidated annual financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(3) General and administrative expenses is comprised of employee compensation and benefits, consulting and professional fees and all other administrative expenses. The composition of such amounts by each reportable segment was as follows:

(in millions)

Exchange Services

MGA Operations

Underwriting

Total

Employee compensation and benefits

Consulting and professional fees

Other administrative expenses

Total general and administrative expenses

(4) The consolidation and elimination adjustments for general and administrative expenses consist of expenses attributable to Exchange Services and MGA Operations that form components of acquisition costs of insurance policies that would be capitalized in consolidation, which are offset by adjustments as components of the other consolidation and elimination adjustments.

(5) Share-based compensation expenses are included in "General and administrative expenses" within the consolidated statements of operations (and excluded from the segment presentation above) .

(6) Other expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 consist of a $25.0 million termination fee for our former management services agreement contract with Altamont Capital, $20.0 million of system development non-operating expenses, $27.7 million of professional costs related to corporate development and capital raise activities (including $5.0 million specifically related to our IPO that were not eligible for capitalization as issuance costs), $27.6 million of

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Mission profits sharing expense (including $15.8 million related to the agreement to settle and terminate a portion of the outstanding profit sharing arrangements) and $3.8 million of individually insignificant costs.

Year Ended December 31, 2024

(in millions)

Exchange Services

MGA Operations

Underwriting

Total Segments

Corporate and Other (1)

Consolidation and elimination adjustments

Total

Revenues

Ceding commission income (2)

Direct commission income

Affiliated entities

Unaffiliated entities

Net earned premiums

Net investment income

Net realized gains on investments

Net unrealized (losses) gains on investments

Segment revenues

Losses and loss adjustment expenses

Amortization of deferred acquisition costs

General and administrative expenses (3) (4) (5)

Adjusted EBITDA

Interest expenses

Depreciation and amortization

Share-based compensation expenses (5)

Net foreign exchange gains

Other expenses (6)

Income before income taxes

(1) Corporate and Other includes shared services and other activities, which represent business activities that do not meet the definition of a reportable segment.

(2) Ceding commission income of our Underwriting segment includes the effect of sliding scale adjustments based on actual loss experience. For further information on sliding scale commission adjustments, refer to Note 9 to our consolidated annual financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(3) General and administrative expenses is comprised of employee compensation and benefits, consulting and professional fees and all other administrative expenses. The composition of such amounts by each reportable segment was as follows:

(in millions)

Exchange Services

MGA Operations

Underwriting

Total

Employee compensation and benefits

Consulting and professional fees

Other administrative expenses

Total general and administrative expenses

(4) The consolidation and elimination adjustments for general and administrative expenses consist of expenses attributable to Exchange Services and MGA Operations that form components of acquisition costs of insurance policies that would be capitalized in consolidation, which are offset by adjustments as components of the other consolidation and elimination adjustments.

(5) Share-based compensation expenses are included in "General and administrative expenses" within the consolidated statements of operations (and excluded from the segment presentation above) .

(6) Other expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 consists of $14.7 million of system development non-operating costs, $13.1 million of professional costs related to corporate development and capital raise activities, $7.0 million of Mission profits sharing expense, and $4.2 million of individually insignificant costs.

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Year Ended December 31, 2023

(in millions)

Exchange Services

MGA Operations

Underwriting

Total Segments

Corporate and Other (1)

Consolidation and elimination adjustments

Total

Revenues

Ceding commission income (2)

Net earned premiums

Direct commission income

Affiliated entities

Unaffiliated entities

Net investment income

Net realized gains on investments

Net unrealized gains on investments

Segment revenues

Losses and loss adjustment expenses

Amortization of deferred acquisition costs

General and administrative expenses (3) (4) (5)

Adjusted EBITDA

Interest expenses

Depreciation and amortization

Share-based compensation expenses (5)

Net foreign exchange losses

Other expenses (6)

Loss before income taxes

(1) Corporate and Other includes shared services and other activities, which represent business activities that do not meet the definition of a reportable segment.

(2) Ceding commission income of our Underwriting segment includes the effect of sliding scale adjustments based on actual loss experience. For further information on sliding scale commission adjustments, refer to Note 9 our consolidated annual financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(3) General and administrative expenses are comprised of employee compensation and benefits, consulting and professional fees and all other expenses. The composition of such amounts by each reportable segment was as follows:

Exchange Services

MGA Operations

Underwriting

Total

Employee compensation and benefits

Consulting and professional fees

Other expenses

Total general and administrative expenses

(4) The consolidation and elimination adjustments for general and administrative expenses consist of expenses attributable to Exchange Services and MGA Operations that form components of acquisition costs of insurance policies that would be capitalized in consolidation, which are offset by adjustments as components of the other consolidation and elimination adjustments.

(5) Share-based compensation expenses are included in "General and administrative expenses" within the consolidated statements of operations (and excluded from the segment presentation above).

(6) Other expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 consists of $22.9 million of system development non-operating costs, $16.2 million of professional costs related to corporate development activities, and $7.2 million of individually insignificant costs.

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Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Exchange Services

As noted above, our segment results are presented prior to elimination and, as such, a portion of Exchange Services direct commission income revenue was generated from transactions with Accelerant Underwriting, which is eliminated upon consolidation. Additionally, a portion of Exchange Services revenue is generated by activity with MGA Operations that is also eliminated upon consolidation, as further described below. The percentage of direct commission revenue from unaffiliated third parties continues to grow and was 24% for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase from 10% for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Exchange Services revenue grew by $112.2 million (or 50%) to $334.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to 2024. This growth is driven primarily by increases in direct commission income, supported by an increase in Members from 217 at December 31, 2024 to 280 at December 31, 2025 and Net Revenue Retention of 126% among continuing Members. As a result, Exchange Written Premium increased to $4.19 billion for the year ended December 31, 2025 (from $3.11 billion in 2024).

Third-Party Direct Written Premium from our 18 Risk Exchange Insurers comprised 30% of total direct written premium for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase from 16% in 2024. The year-over-year acceleration in Third-Party Direct Written Premium was driven primarily by the increased volume from Risk Exchange Insurers onboarded during 2024. Commission income is recognized in accordance with written premium when the performance obligations underlying the services have been satisfied. The increase in direct commission income from affiliated entities accounted for $51.8 million of the year-over-year growth in revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 2024.

Hadron, one of our Risk Exchange Insurers which is primarily owned by Altamont Capital Partners, accounted for $677.2 million and $215.6 million of Exchange Written Premium during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As other third-party insurers increase their participation on the Risk Exchange, Hadron's share of Third-Party Direct Written Premium has declined throughout 2025 from 67% at March 31, 2025, to 58% at June 30, 2025, 54% at September 30, 2025, and 47% at December 31, 2025.

General and administrative expenses for the segment increased to $110.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, over the prior year of $65.0 million, representing a 70% increase . These increases were largely driven by the expansion and scaling to support the growth of the Risk Exchange, whereby revenues grew 50% in 2025 compared to 2024.

We added to the talent and headcount of our data science, product and technology teams to expand our platform offering. We expect that these expenses will not vary directly with the size of the Exchange Written Premium once we have built the desired capabilities. We also added to our distribution, underwriting and claims teams, which are expected to grow more in line with the overall number of Members or size of the portfolio.

Adjusted EBITDA of $224.5 million for year ended December 31, 2025 increased $66.8 million, or 42%, compared to 2024. This growth was driven by increased Exchange Written Premium volumes which grew by $1.08 billion, or 35%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, driven by stable underlying margins and the aforementioned ramping of Risk Exchange Insurers onboarded during 2024, partially offset by higher year-over-year Member profit commission accruals, along with the increase in expenses noted above.

The year-over-year growth rate for the year ended December 31, 2025 reflects the impact of certain Member movements that adversely impacted the comparison of the 2025 Exchange Written Premium Growth Rate of 35% to the preceding periods. Specifically, at the end of the second quarter of 2025, we put a Member with below-average unit economics that had historically written $50 million to $55 million of premium per quarter on the Risk Exchange into runoff. Excluding that Member, Exchange Written Premium grew by $1.18 billion (or 41%) for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to 2024.

The Adjusted EBITDA margin was 67% for the year ended December 31, 2025, down from 71% from 2024 . This decline was driven primarily by increased expenses related to investments we are making in our Risk Exchange capabilities.

MGA Operations

As noted above, our segment results are presented prior to elimination and, as such, a portion of MGA Operations direct commission income revenue was generated from transactions between Accelerant-affiliated entities, which are eliminated upon consolidation. MGA Operations direct commission income from third parties has been increasing and accounted for 39% of the segment's direct commission income for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 31% in 2024.

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MGA Operations revenue grew by $99.4 million to $249.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily by growth in direct commission income (an increase of $66.8 million from the year ended December 31, 2024). As of December 31, 2025, we had 46 total Members in MGA Operations consisting of 15 Owned Members and 31 Mission Members. Direct commission income is recognized in accordance with written premium when the performance obligations underlying the services have been satisfied.

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025 includes $32.5 million of investment unrealized gains following observable price changes related to an owned MGA held as an investment that we account for under the measurement alternative. Refer to Note 4 to our consolidated annual financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

MGA Operations Adjusted EBITDA of $112.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $68.5 million compared to 2024, driven primarily by an increase in direct commission income of $66.8 million, which included a $43.7 million increase from Mission Underwriters, as well as an increase from our Owned Members of $23.1 million primarily due to organic growth, and an increase in unrealized gains of $29.4 million, primarily driven by the aforementioned investment gains, partially offset by a $30.9 million increase in general and administrative expenses.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, general and administrative expenses increased by $30.9 million to $136.5 million compared to the prior year, which was driven by the continued investment in Mission Underwriters. Specifically, Mission contributed $20.7 million of the year-over-year increase from the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to investments in newly acquired owned MGAs. The 29% increase in general and administrative expenses compared to a 45% increase in revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 2024, excluding the effects of the aforementioned gain on our MGA investment.

Adjusted EBITDA margin for the segment increased to 45% for the year ended December 31, 2025, up from 29% in 2024, driven by higher direct commission income and unrealized gains, partially offset by increased general and administrative expenses as the segment continues to scale its operations.

Underwriting

The Underwriting segment generated revenues of $430.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, representing growth of 26%, compared to revenues of $341.1 million in 2024.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, net earned premium increased by $71.5 million to $298.1 million due to our retained written premium growth over the preceding periods. Revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 also benefited from an increase of $12.9 million in ceding commission income as well as an aggregate increase in investment returns of $5.4 million compared to 2024.

The gross loss ratio on the gross premiums earned was 51.3% for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 54.3% in 2024. The corresponding net loss ratios (after impacts of our reinsurance programs) were 68.4% for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to 73.8% in 2024. Our net loss ratio differs from the gross loss ratio due to decisions that we make regarding the amount of excess of loss reinsurance secured (since this will reduce the amount of retained premiums we have). The decision to engage such reinsurance, which, in most cases, inures to the benefit of our Risk Capital Partners, supports our management of downside risk to large losses within our financial statements. While the cost of the excess of loss reinsurance that we incur is reflected in our earned premiums, any reimbursements for such excess of loss reinsurance in the form of the ceding commissions we receive from Risk Capital Partners are not reflected in either our gross or net loss ratio.

The components of our Underwriting segment gross and net loss ratios are set forth in the tables below for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

Year Ended December 31, 2025

(in millions)

Gross

Ceded - Quota Share

Ceded - Excess of Loss & Other

Net

Earned premium

Losses and loss adjustment expenses

Loss ratio

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Year Ended December 31, 2024

(in millions)

Gross

Ceded - Quota Share

Ceded - Excess of Loss & Other

Net

Earned premium

Losses and loss adjustment expenses

Loss ratio

Adjusted EBITDA for the Underwriting segment was $57.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, representing a relative increase of $78.3 million compared to the Adjusted EBITDA loss of $20.9 million in 2024. This improvement was driven by the aforementioned increase in revenue and decrease in operating expenses due to improved operating leverage as the segment continues to reach operational maturity.

Corporate and Other

Corporate and Other includes the general and administrative expenses and investment results of our holding companies.

Adjusted EBITDA loss from Corporate and Other was $65.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, representing an increase of $49.4 million as compared to 2024. This increase was driven primarily by increased costs to support the growth of the business and an aggregate decrease in investment returns of $5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025. The decrease in investment returns was driven primarily by lower unrealized gains on our investment in TPAs. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the realized gain was $8.4 million compared to $19.8 million in the prior year.

Consolidation and Elimination Adjustments

As noted above, our business includes transactions that occur among our various segments. Our Accelerant-owned insurance companies within our Underwriting segment accounted for the majority of our Exchange Written Premium during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 as we built out our business model and proved the value proposition for the connection of our Members and the Risk Exchange. We expect the amount of premium written with Risk Exchange Insurers to grow significantly over time. Similarly, Mission Members and Owned Members transact with our Risk Exchange in the sourcing of business. Our equity ownership interests in Mission Members and Owned Members allow us to participate in those commissions earned that otherwise would be paid to third parties or our Independent Members. The transactions among these entities must be eliminated in consolidation as they represent transactions among entities under common control. However, there are considerable benefits to these intercompany transactions, as we retain associated economics rather than incurring costs otherwise paid to third parties, thereby lowering our expense base.

The impacts to our financial statements can be observed in the consolidation and elimination adjustments column within our presentation of segments above. The following represents an explanation of the various components of activity for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Impacts to direct commission income for Exchange Services and MGA Operations

Revenue generated from transactions between Accelerant-affiliated entities (including from Underwriting to Exchange Services and Exchange Services to MGA Operations) was $379.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $299.1 million in 2024. These amounts were eliminated, reflected by a corresponding offsetting entry in the consolidation and elimination adjustments column above. We present the segment results on a standalone basis, as if they were transactions with third parties, to assess their individual performance as well as to derive insight on the results we expect in the future as more business is sourced from Risk Exchange Insurers.

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Impacts to ceding commission income and amortization of deferred acquisition costs

The operating results of our Underwriting segment presented above include the full commissions paid to Exchange Services in the form of deferred acquisition costs. These costs are required to be capitalized and then amortized over the related policy term. Ceding commissions received from third-party reinsurers are first offset against the deferred acquisition costs for the business ceded, with any resulting excess ceding commissions amortized over the corresponding policy term as ceding commission income. These two factors result in the Underwriting segment incurring higher amortization of DAC expense and lower ceding commission income due to the presentation of the segment’s operating results on a standalone basis. Commissions paid to affiliates are eliminated, resulting in lower consolidated deferred acquisition costs. These eliminations increased the amount of ceding commission income (adjustments to increase ceding commission income by $261.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $167.5 million in 2024, while the amortization of deferred acquisition costs were decreased by $33.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $22.8 million in 2024.

Impacts to general and administrative expenses

There are costs eliminated in consolidation which consist of expenses attributable to Exchange Services and MGA Operations that form components of acquisition costs of insurance policies that would be capitalized in consolidation, which are offset by adjustments as components of the other consolidation and elimination adjustments. These eliminations were $36.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $56.7 million in 2024.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Exchange Services

As noted above, our segment results are presented prior to elimination and, as such, a portion of Exchange Services direct commission income revenue was generated from transactions with Accelerant Underwriting, which is eliminated upon consolidation. Additionally, a portion of Exchange Services revenue is generated by activity with MGA Operations that is also eliminated upon consolidation, as further described below. In total, Exchange Services direct commission income from third parties were stable during the two years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 as we continued to attract third party insurers. Third party commission income accounted for 10% and 12% of the segment’s direct commission income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Exchange Services revenue grew by $99.4 million to $222.7 million or 81% for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to 2023. This growth is attributable to direct commission income and was driven by an increase in Members from 155 to 217 and Net Revenue Retention of 153% by continuing Members that drove Exchange Written Premium to $3.11 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $1.79 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023. Third-Party Direct Written Premium from our 13 third-party Risk Exchange Insurers comprised 16% of the total Exchange Written Premium for the year ended December 31, 2024. Revenues are recognized in accordance with written premium when the performance obligations underlying the services have been satisfied. The increase in direct commission income from affiliated entities accounted for $92.0 million of the year-over-year growth in revenue.

Expenses for the segment increased to $65.0 million the year ended December 31, 2024 from $36.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, largely driven by the expansion and year-over-year scaling to support the growth of the Risk Exchange.

We added to the talent and headcount of our data science, product and technology teams to expand our platform offering. We expect the expenses associated with these areas will not vary directly with the size of the Exchange Written Premium once we have built the desired capabilities. We also added to our distribution, underwriting and claims teams, which are expected to grow more in line with the overall number of Members or size of the portfolio.

Adjusted EBITDA of $157.7 million grew $70.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to 2023, as higher Exchange Written Premium volumes (an increase of 1.32 billion or 74%) at improved underlying margins primarily due to our increased Third-Party Direct Written Premium were partially offset by higher year-over-year Member profit commission accruals, along with the increase in general and administrative expenses noted above.

The Adjusted EBITDA margin for the segment for the year ended December 31, 2024 of 71% was flat compared to prior year as a result of the increased revenues being offset by the cost of investments we are making in our Risk Exchange capabilities.

MGA Operations

As noted above, our segment results are presented prior to elimination and, as such, a portion of MGA Operations direct commission income revenue was generated from transactions between Accelerant-affiliated entities, which are eliminated upon consolidation. MGA Operations direct commission income from third parties increased year-over-year and represented 31% and 23% of the segment’s direct commission income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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MGA Operations revenue grew by $37.6 million to $149.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, resulting from a $44.2 million increase relating to direct commission income, offset by a decrease in investment returns, which is net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains on investments, of $6.6 million primarily related to a net realized gain recognized in the prior year. The increase in direct commission income was driven primarily by strong Net Revenue Retention of 130% during the period for Mission Members and Owned Members. As of December 31, 2024, we had 47 total Members in MGA Operations consisting of 17 Owned Members and 30 Mission Members. This was an increase of 6 Members from December 31, 2023. Revenues are recognized in accordance with written premium when the performance obligations underlying the services have been satisfied.

The Adjusted EBITDA margin for the segment increased to 29% for the year ended December 31, 2024 (from 28% in the prior period) due to an increase in direct commission income, partially offset by an increase in general and administrative expenses as the segment continues to scale its operations. On average, we expect our Mission Members to be profitable in 18 months from the date of becoming a Member.

MGA Operations Adjusted EBITDA of $44.1 million increased by $12.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, due to a $44.2 million increase in direct commission income, which included a $10.9 million increase from our Owned Members due to organic growth, as well as growth in Mission Underwriters, which contributed $33.3 million to the increase in direct commission income, partially offset by a $25.0 million increase in general and administrative expenses as well as a decrease in investment returns of $6.6 million. The increase in general and administrative expenses was driven by the continued investment in Mission Underwriters which contributed $20.2 million of the year-over-year increase, primarily due to investments in newly acquired owned MGAs.

Underwriting

The Underwriting segment revenues of $341.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 grew by 69%, from $201.3 million for 2023. Net earned premium of $226.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $121.5 million from $105.1 million for 2023 due to our gross written premium growth during the year ended December 31, 2024. This overall premium growth had an associated positive impact on ceding commission income which increased $3.6 million over the comparative period. The remaining increase in revenue related to a $20.5 million increase in net investment income due to year-over-year improvements in market conditions and larger portfolio size, partially offset by a $5.9 million negative variance in net unrealized gains on investments.

The gross loss ratio on the gross premiums earned was 54.3% and 51.3% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, with our net loss ratio (after impacts of our reinsurance programs) of 73.8% and 76.4%, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Our net loss ratio differs from the gross loss ratio due to decisions that we make regarding the amount of excess of loss reinsurance secured (since this will reduce the amount of retained premiums we have). The decision to engage such reinsurance, which inures to the benefit of our risk capital partners, supports our management of downside risk to large losses. While the cost of the excess of loss reinsurance that we incur is reflected in our earned premiums, any reimbursements for such excess of loss reinsurance in the form of the ceding commissions we receive from risk capital partners are not reflected in either our gross or net loss ratio.

The components of our Underwriting segment gross and net loss ratios are set forth in the tables below for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Year Ended December 31, 2024

(in millions)

Gross

Ceded - Quota Share

Ceded - Excess of Loss & Other

Net

Earned premium

Losses and loss adjustment expenses

Loss ratio

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Year Ended December 31, 2023

(in millions)

Gross

Ceded - Quota Share

Ceded - Excess of Loss & Other

Net

Earned premium

Losses and loss adjustment expenses

Loss ratio

Adjusted EBITDA loss for the Underwriting segment of $20.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $17.5 million as compared to an Adjusted EBITDA loss of $3.4 million for 2023. The increase was driven by updated loss estimates and development and the related negative impact to sliding scale commissions primarily relating to EU and UK liability risks for the 2022 underwriting year for members that were discontinued or subject to significant responsive underwriting actions, as well as increased general and administrative expenses due to scaling of operations to support growth across our business model. Partially offsetting this decline was a $14.7 million improvement in investment returns driven by year-over-year market outperformance.

Corporate and Other

Corporate and Other includes the general and administrative expenses and investment results of our holding companies.

Adjusted EBITDA loss from Corporate and Other of $15.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $9.8 million as compared to 2023 primarily due to investment gains related to our combined investments in the equity and warrants of an emerging technology enabled third-party administrator (that also provides services to certain of our Members).

Consolidation and Elimination Adjustments

As noted above, our business includes transactions that occur among our various segments. Our Accelerant-owned insurance companies within our Underwriting segment accounted for the majority of our Exchange Written Premium during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 as we built out our business model and proved the value proposition for the connection of our Members and the Risk Exchange. We expect the amount of premium written with third-party Risk Exchange Insurers to grow significantly over time. Similarly, Mission Members and Owned Members transact with our Risk Exchange in the sourcing of business. Our equity ownership interests in Mission Members and Owned Members allow us to participate in those commissions earned that otherwise would be paid to third parties or our Independent Members. The transactions among these entities must be eliminated in consolidation as they represent transactions among entities under common control. However, there are considerable benefits to these intercompany transactions, as we retain associated economics rather than incurring costs otherwise paid to third parties, thereby lowering our expense base.

The impacts to our financial statements can be observed in the consolidation and elimination adjustments column within our presentation of segments above. The following represents an explanation of the various components of activity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Impacts to direct commission income for Exchange Services and MGA Operations

Revenue generated from transactions between Accelerant-affiliated entities (including from Underwriting to Exchange Services and Exchange Services to MGA Operations) of $299.1 million and $184.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, were eliminated, reflected by a corresponding offsetting entry in the consolidation and elimination adjustments column above. We present the segment results on a standalone basis, as if they were transactions with third parties, to assess their individual performance as well as to derive insight on the results we expect in the future as more business is sourced from third-party Risk Exchange Insurers.

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Impacts to ceding commission income and amortization of direct acquisition costs

The operating results of our Underwriting segment presented above include the full commissions paid to Exchange Services in the form of deferred acquisition costs. These costs are required to be capitalized and then amortized over the related policy term. Ceding commissions received from third-party reinsurers are first offset against the deferred acquisition costs for the business ceded, with any resulting excess ceding commissions amortized over the corresponding policy term as ceding commission income. These two factors result in the Underwriting segment incurring higher amortization of DAC expense and lower ceding commission income due to the presentation of the segment’s operating results on a standalone basis. Commissions paid to affiliates are eliminated, resulting in lower consolidated deferred acquisition costs. This elimination increased the amount of ceding commission income (adjustments to increase ceding commission income by $167.5 and $85.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively) and lowered amortization of deferred acquisition costs (adjustments to decrease amortization expense by $22.8 million and $18.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively).

Impacts to general and administrative expenses

There are various allocations of costs between the operating segments which are similarly eliminated in consolidation. These eliminations were $56.7 million and $26.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

General

Liquidity is a measure of a company’s ability to generate cash flows sufficient to meet short-term and long-term cash requirements of its business operations. Accelerant Holdings’ insurance and reinsurance operations are subject to regulation and supervision in each of the jurisdictions where they are domiciled and licensed to conduct business. See “Regulation.” Generally, regulatory authorities have broad supervisory and administrative powers over such matters as licenses, standards of solvency, premium rates, policy forms, investments, security deposits, methods of accounting, form and content of financial statements, reserves for unpaid loss and LAE, reinsurance, minimum capital and surplus requirements, dividends and other distributions to shareholders, periodic examinations, and annual and other report filings. In general, such regulation is for the protection of policyholders rather than shareholders. Accelerant Holdings supports its liquidity needs with available liquid cash resources and short duration, high quality fixed income portfolios.

Sources and uses of funds

Accelerant Holdings is a holding company with no substantial operations of its own and its assets consist primarily of its investments in subsidiaries. Its cash needs primarily consist of the payment of corporate expenses, interest payments on senior notes and strategic investment opportunities (i.e., into MGA Operations). We may receive cash through (1) issuance of mezzanine equity, permanent equity or debt securities, (2) loans from banks, (3) corporate service fees from our Exchange Services, MGA Operations and Underwriting segments, (4) payments from subsidiaries pursuant to our consolidated tax allocation agreements, and (5) dividends from subsidiaries within the Exchange Services, MGA Operations and Underwriting segments. We may use the proceeds from these sources to support business growth, invest in Member MGAs and Mission Underwriters, pay taxes, and for other business purposes.

The Exchange Services and MGA Operations segments generate cash from net commission income from the services provided to both affiliates and third parties.

Cash generated by our insurance and reinsurance operating subsidiaries is used primarily to settle loss and LAE, reinsurance premiums, acquisition costs, interest expense, taxes, and general and administrative expenses. The underwriting segment generates liquidity, as premiums are received in advance of the time that losses are paid.

We file a consolidated federal income tax return for our US subsidiaries, and under our corporate tax allocation agreement, each participant is charged or refunded taxes according to the amount that the participant would have paid or received had it filed on a separate return basis with the Internal Revenue Service.

As of December 31, 2025, we had $2.61 billion in investments, cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, compared to $1.88 billion as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2025 we had $523.8 million within current accounts and money-market accounts of non-regulated entities, primarily our agencies servicing the Risk Exchange and holding companies, included within the total cash and investments, compared to $266.7 million as of December 31, 2024.

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Financial Condition

Equity

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024 total equity was $726.4 million and $427.0 million, respectively. The change as of December 31, 2025 compared to 2024 was primarily due to $376.0 million related to the issuance of Class A common shares and net income excluding the profits interest expenses, as partially offset by $175.3 million related to the redemption of Class C convertible preference shares. As referenced previously, the profits interest charge of $1.38 billion that created an overall net loss was fully offset by a corresponding capital contribution, and therefore had no impact to net equity.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents balances of $1.80 billion and $1.27 billion, respectively. We have historically held a significant portion of our invested assets in cash equivalents (money market funds) to maintain adequate liquidity to fund ongoing large reinsurance disbursements, as money market yields have approximated those available on fixed maturity investments.

As of December 31, 2025, we had restricted cash and cash equivalents balances of $83.1 million. Cash and cash equivalents are comprised of amounts in interest-bearing deposit accounts with financial institutions insured by the FDIC up to $250 thousand per account. Restricted cash and cash equivalents are comprised of cash and money market funds that have been contributed toward trusts. Generally, our cash and cash equivalents in interest-bearing deposit accounts may exceed FDIC insurance limits exposing us to credit risk in the event of default by the financial institutions. We believe the risk of loss from such an event of default is minimal, however, we periodically review the financial stability of these institutions.

Investment Portfolio

Our invested assets consist of fixed maturity securities, short-term investments, equity method investments, equity securities, and other investments. As of December 31, 2025, 83% of our investments were comprised of $670.4 million of available for sale fixed maturity securities. Also included in our investments were $41.6 million of short-term investments available for sale, at fair value, $84.0 million of other investments, and $10.4 million of equity method investments.

Our investment portfolio has consistently maintained high credit quality and short duration investments that are positioned for capital preservation. We primarily invest in liquid, short- and medium-term securities, and investment-grade fixed income, bond fund investment vehicles with low duration and volatility with the primary objectives of matching assets with liabilities and covering near-term obligations. We limit our exposure to alternative investments. As of December 31, 2025, our cash and fixed income and short-term investments portfolio represented 96% of our total portfolio. 89% of our fixed income and short-term investments carried an S&P fixed income rating of A or higher, the balance of which was rated BBB or higher, and maintained a duration of 2.8 years.

The following table summarizes the components of our total investments and cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

(in millions)

Fair value

% of total

Fair value

% of total

Fixed maturity securities

Short-term investments

Equity method investments

Other investments

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

Total investments and cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

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Fixed maturity securities and Short-term investments

At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the fair values of fixed maturity and short-term investments were as follows:

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

(in millions)

Fair value

% of total

Fair value

% of total

Corporate

US government and agency

Non-US government and agency

Residential mortgage-backed

Commercial mortgage-backed

Other asset-backed securities

Total fixed maturity and short-term investments

The following table summarizes the credit quality of fixed maturity and short-term investments as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:

(in millions)

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Rating

Fair value

% of total

Fair value

% of total

AAA

BBB

Total fixed maturity and short-term investments

The amortized cost and fair values of fixed maturity and short-term investments by contractual maturity were as follows :

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

(in millions)

Amortized cost

Fair value

% of total

Amortized cost

Fair value

% of total

Due in one year or less

Due after one year through five years

Due after five years through ten years

Due after ten years

Residential mortgage-backed

Commercial mortgage-backed

Other asset-backed securities

Total

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Cash Flows

Our most significant source of cash inflow is from premiums received from our insureds, which, for most policies, we receive at the beginning of the coverage period. Our most significant cash outflow is for claims that arise when a policyholder incurs an insured loss. Because the payment of claims occurs after the receipt of the premium, with the potential for a multi-year timeline, we invest the cash in various investment securities that earn interest and dividends. We also use cash to pay commissions to brokers, as well as to pay for ongoing operating expenses such as salaries, consulting services and taxes. As described under “Reinsurance” below, we use reinsurance to manage the risk that we take on our policies. We cede, or pay out, part of the premiums we receive to our reinsurers and collect cash back when losses subject to our reinsurance coverage are paid.

Our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were:

Years Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash provided by (used in):

Operating activities

Investing activities

Financing activities

Effect of foreign currency rate change on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash

Operating Activities

We believe that claim payments will be sufficiently supported by annual positive cash flows from operating activities. However, should operating cash flows be insufficient to fund claim payment obligations, we would use alternative internal funding sources from cash and cash equivalent balances, liquidation of portfolio investments and potential external sources, such as credit facilities. Our fixed maturities portfolio is weighted towards conservative, high-quality securities. Management expects that, if necessary, the full value of cash, cash equivalents, short-term and fixed income investments could be available in two to three business days under normal market conditions.

Net cash proceeds from operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were $445.1 million, $785.7 million and $290.0 million, respectively. The year-over-year changes were driven primarily by timing differences in our insurance and reinsurance programs.

Investing Activities

Our portfolio is weighted towards conservative, high-quality securities as well as cash and cash equivalent investments, such as money market funds. We also hold investments in alternative securities that typically report on a consistent lag basis whereby their valuation may change in response to future financial performance of the investees.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, net cash used in investing activities was $173.6 million, which is primarily related to purchases of high-quality fixed maturity securities, partially offset by sales and maturities of fixed maturity securities.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash used in investing activities was $380.1 million, which is primarily related to the repositioning of the portfolio by divestment of mutual funds and subsequent purchase of separately managed portfolios mainly investing in high quality fixed maturity securities during the period, as we repositioned our investment mix.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in investing activities was $12.6 million, which is primarily related to the aforementioned divestment of mutual funds into separately managed portfolios mainly investing in high quality fixed maturity securities during the period.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $205.8 million and primarily related to the $392.0 million from the issuance of common shares, partially offset by $175.3 million related to the redemption of Class C preference shares, and $8.0 million of dividends paid to non-controlling interests.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 of $110.3 million was primarily due to the issuance of $114.5 million of convertible preference shares and contingently issuable warrants. Additionally, we issued debt of $49.7 million as partially offset by the repayment of debt of $50.4 million.

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Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 of $10.3 million was primarily due to $20.0 million related to the issuance of debt, as partially offset by $5.5 million of an acquisition of non-controlling interests and $2.9 million related to dividends paid to non-controlling interests.

Supplemental Non-Cash Activity Information

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, refer to the notes to the cash flow statement presented in our consolidated annual financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information related to significant non-cash investing and financing activities.

Reinsurance

As part of our strategy to engage with Risk Capital Partners, we offer quota share reinsurance contracts to these partners. We also purchase excess of loss reinsurance contracts for the business that we retain to further limit our exposure to potential large losses. Our reinsurance is primarily contracted under quota-share reinsurance treaties and excess of loss treaties. In quota-share reinsurance, the reinsurer agrees to assume a specified percentage of the ceding company’s losses arising out of a defined class of business in exchange for a corresponding percentage of premiums, net of a ceding commission. In excess of loss reinsurance, the reinsurer agrees to assume all or a portion of the ceding company’s losses, in excess of a specified amount. In excess of loss reinsurance, the premium payable to the reinsurer is negotiated by the parties based on their assessment of the amount of risk being ceded to the reinsurer because the reinsurer does not share proportionately in the ceding company’s losses.

We employ disciplined and principles-based reserving practices with effective controls and oversight. We actively manage risk through reinsurance, partnering primarily with reinsurers that maintain “A-” or better A.M. Best financial strength ratings, possess a history of strong credit quality or that fully collateralize their recoverables, all of which ensures high-quality recoverable assets and minimizes counterparty risk. We believe our high-quality balance sheet provides the foundation for consistently delivering financial performance and returns.

Credit risk exists with reinsurance ceded to the extent that any reinsurer is unable to meet the obligation assumed under the reinsurance agreements. An allowance is established for amounts deemed uncollectible. We evaluate the financial condition of our reinsurers and monitor concentration of credit risk arising from our exposure to individual reinsurers. To further reduce credit exposure to reinsurance recoverables balances, we have received letters of credit from certain reinsurers that are not authorized as reinsurers under US state insurance regulations.

Of the total reinsurance recoverables on paid and unpaid losses and LAE outstanding as of December 31, 2025, 57% were with reinsurers having an A.M. Best rating of "A-" (excellent) or better, and we require reinsurance recoverables with reinsurers that have an A.M. Best rating below "A-" or are not rated by A.M. Best to be subject to collateral arrangements through a combination of letters of credit, funds withheld arrangements or trust agreements. We consider such collateral arrangements, credit ratings assigned to reinsurers by A.M. Best and other historical default rate information in estimating the credit valuation allowance for reinsurance recoverables. The credit valuation allowance was $0.6 million and $0.4 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

We cede a significant portion of our insurance business to our unconsolidated collateralized reinsurance sidecar vehicle, Flywheel Re. Flywheel Re is a Cayman Islands special purpose reinsurance company that provides committed multi-year collateralized quota share capacity, capitalized by long-term institutional investors.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

As of December 31, 2025

Payment Due by Period ($ millions)

Total

Less than one year

1-3 years

3-5 years

After 5 years

Senior unsecured debt due 2029 (1)

Long-term unfunded investment commitments (2)

Estimated claims and claim-related commitments (3)

Total

(1) Amounts presented include estimated interest payments.

(2) We have invested in limited partnership agreements and can be called to fulfill the obligations at any time.

(3) Estimated timing of claim payments are based on historical payment patterns and exclude reinsurance recoveries. Claims payments do not have a contractual maturity and, as such, the amount and timing of associated cash flows may vary significantly from the amounts presented.

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Regulated deposits and restricted assets

Certain companies in the Group are required to maintain assets on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support our insurance and reinsurance operations. Securities on deposit for regulatory and other purposes were $5.2 million and $4.9 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which are included in "Fixed maturity securities available for sale, at fair value" in the consolidated balance sheets.

In addition, we have pledged cash and cash equivalents of $83.1 million, short-term investments of $0.9 million and fixed maturity securities of $25.8 million as of December 31, 2025 in favor of certain ceding companies to collateralize obligations. As of December 31, 2024, we had pledged cash and cash equivalents of $47.3 million, short-term investments of $17.2 million and fixed maturity securities of $33.0 million in favor of certain ceding companies to collateralize obligations.

Reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses

Reserves for losses and LAE represent our estimated indemnity cost and related adjustment expenses necessary to administer and settle claims. Our estimates are based upon individual case estimates for reported claims set by our claims specialists, adjusted with actuarial estimates for any further expected development on reported claims and for losses that have been incurred, but not yet reported. Actual losses and settlement expenses paid may deviate, perhaps substantially, from the reserve estimates reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Similarly, the timing for payment of our estimated losses is not fixed and is not determinable on an individual or aggregate basis due to the uncertainty inherent in the process of estimating such payments.

Reinsurance recoverables

Reinsurance recoverables on reserves for losses and LAE are reported separately as assets, instead of being netted with the related liabilities, since reinsurance does not discharge us of our liability to policyholders. The method for determining reinsurance recoverables for unpaid losses and LAE involves reviewing actuarial estimates of gross unpaid losses and LAE to determine our ability to cede unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses under our existing reinsurance contracts.

Debt

We have a credit agreement that consists of senior unsecured syndicated US dollar denominated loan facility with a September 2029 maturity date with an aggregate outstanding principal balance of $124.2 million, as well as a $50 million revolving credit facility (all of which was unutilized and available as of December 31, 2025). Each borrowing under the revolving credit facility may have a maturity of one, three or six months, at our election, but may not extend beyond the credit agreement’s maturity date. Such borrowings may be repaid early.

The senior unsecured debt represents an unsecured obligation and includes a delayed draw term loan ("DDTL") feature that allows us to withdraw predefined amounts. We may draw down up to an additional $75 million upon request, subject to the agreement of the lenders.

Partial quarterly repayments of the aggregate principal amount are required until the maturity date as reflected in the table above. Interest payments on the senior notes are due at the end of each period, being a certain month or quarter during which the applicable interest rate has been reset. The interest rate is subject to a sliding scale based on our consolidated senior debt to capitalization ratio and varies between a 3.4% and 4.0% spread in addition to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). Interest is calculated based on a 360-day year of twelve 30-day months. Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $10.9 million, $12.1 million and $10.9 million, respectively.

Subject to conditions of optional prepayment, we may voluntarily prepay the senior unsecured debt at any time and from time to time, prior to the maturity date without penalty. Any prepayment, in whole or in part, shall include any accrued and unpaid interest thereon to, but excluding, the prepayment date. Any amounts we prepay may not be reborrowed.

The senior notes contain certain restrictive and maintenance covenants customary for facilities of this type, including restrictions on minimum consolidated net worth, maximum leverage levels and a minimum interest coverage ratio. As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with all such covenants.

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Capital maintenance agreements

We have capital maintenance agreements with our insurance subsidiaries that obligate us to make capital contributions to our rated insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries to maintain surplus above our minimum regulatory and rating agency capital targets. These requirements are set by our Board of Directors. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we made capital contributions of $57.5 million to Accelerant Insurance UK Limited, $32.0 million to Accelerant Re. I.I. (Puerto Rico), $15.0 million to Accelerant National Insurance Company, $15.0 million to Accelerant Specialty Insurance Company, $10.0 million to Accelerant Re (Cayman) Ltd, and $2.2 million to Accelerant Insurance Company of Canada (such amounts include $15.0 million in capital movements between our Underwriting Segment insurance subsidiaries).

Ratings

Ratings by independent agencies are an important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies and reinsurance companies and are important to our ability attract Members and third-party capital providers. Rating organizations continually review the financial positions of insurers and reinsurers. These ratings reflect the rating agency’s views regarding balance sheet strength, operating performance, business profile and enterprise risk management. It is not an evaluation directed toward the protection of investors or a recommendation to buy, sell or hold our shares. Our insurance and reinsurance operating subsidiaries are assigned financial strength ratings by A.M. Best as follows:

Rating

Outlook

Accelerant Insurance Europe SA

"A-" (Excellent)

Stable

Accelerant Specialty Insurance Company

"A-" (Excellent)

Stable

Accelerant National Insurance Company

"A-" (Excellent)

Stable

Accelerant Re (Cayman) Ltd.

"A-" (Excellent)

Stable

Accelerant Insurance UK Limited

"A-" (Excellent)

Stable

Accelerant Insurance Company of Canada

"A-" (Excellent)

Stable

Accelerant Re. I.I. (Puerto Rico)

"A-" (Excellent)

Stable

These ratings reflect A.M. Best’s opinion of the ability of Accelerant Holdings and respective subsidiaries to pay claims and are not evaluations directed to security holders. A.M. Best maintains a letter-scale rating system ranging from “A++” (Superior) to “F” (in liquidation). “A–” is the fourth highest of 16 financial strength ratings assigned by A.M. Best, as last updated in June 2025. These ratings are subject to periodic review and may be revised downward or revoked at the sole discretion of A.M. Best.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined by applicable regulations of the SEC, which are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with US GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We base our estimates on our historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable after weighing up all relevant information. Actual results may differ from those estimates.

The accounting policies listed below involve significant estimates, and therefore are critical in understanding our financial performance and operational results. For additional information, refer to Note 2 to our consolidated annual financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Unpaid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses

We record loss reserves for our unpaid loss and LAE, which involves significant judgment and complex estimation processes. It represents management’s best estimate of the unpaid portion of ultimate costs, of all reported and unreported loss incurred through the balance sheet date and is based upon the assumption that past developments are an appropriate indicator of future events among other factors. The reserves are based on individual claims, case reserves and other reserves estimates reported, as well as actuarial estimates of ultimate losses.

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Inherent in the estimates of ultimate losses are expected trends in claim severity and frequency and other factors which could vary significantly as claims are settled. Ultimate losses may vary materially from the amounts provided in the consolidated financial statements. These estimates are reviewed regularly and as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments, if any, are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations in the period in which they become known and are accounted for as changes in estimates. The unpaid losses and LAE are presented on an undiscounted basis.

The process of establishing unpaid losses and LAE can be complex and is subject to considerable uncertainty, as it requires the use of informed estimates and judgments based on circumstances known at the date of accrual. These estimates and judgments are based on numerous factors and may be revised as additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed and as new or improved methodologies are developed. The adequacy of the reserves may be impacted by future trends in claims severity, frequency, payment patterns and other factors. These variables are affected by both external and internal events, including but not limited to, changes in the economic cycle, inflation, natural or human-made catastrophes and legislative changes.

The main risks and uncertainties are associated with limited historical data and new and evolving estimation processes. As such, we supplement our analysis using a combination of third-party data provided by Members and industry benchmark data as the basis for the selection of expected reporting patterns. We expect to continuously increase the use of our own data and experience as we accumulate such information over time. In addition, we incorporate our estimates of future trends in various factors such as loss frequency and severity in the evaluation process.

We review loss reserves in-depth every six months or more frequently depending on the facts and circumstances, with a high-level actual versus expected (“AvE”) analysis done in between the in-depth reviews. During in-depth reviews, all estimates are reviewed and adjusted as our own experience develops and market conditions change. During the high level AvE analysis we make changes for any material developments over the period (e.g., large losses, catastrophic events or significant market changes).

Total IBNR reserves are determined by subtracting payments and case reserves implied from the ultimate loss and LAE estimates. Ultimate loss and LAE are estimated utilizing generally accepted actuarial loss reserving methods. Our reserving methods include the Chain Ladder, Bornheutter-Ferguson and Initial Expected Loss Ratio methods. Reportable catastrophe losses are analyzed and reserved separately using a frequency and severity approach. The underlying premise of the Chain Ladder method is that future claims are best estimated using past development pattern, whereas the Bornheutter-Ferguson method employs a combination of past claims development and prior estimates of ultimate losses based on expected loss ratio. The methods all involve aggregating paid and case-incurred loss data by underwriting year and development month, segmented into Members and products or lines of business as deemed appropriate and material. The ultimate loss selections for each year tend to be based upon the Chain Ladder results for the older years and the Bornheutter-Ferguson method for the most recent years.

Because we have limited data to assess our own claims experience given the recently formed nature of the business, we use industry and peer-group data, in addition to our own data, as a basis for selecting our expected paid and reporting patterns.

Inflation rates in all major economic regions and the imposition (or threatened imposition) of tariffs add to the uncertainty of the future claim cost. Actuarial models base future emergence on historic experience, with adjustments for current trends, and the appropriateness of these assumptions has therefore involved more uncertainty in recent periods. We expect there will be impacts to the timing of loss emergence and ultimate loss ratios for certain underwritten coverages. The industry is experiencing new issues, including a backlog of civil court cases in most states, the extension of certain statutes of limitations and the impact on insureds from a significant reduction in economic activity. Our recorded reserves include consideration of these factors, but legislative, regulatory, or judicial actions could result in loss reserve deficiencies and reduce earnings in future periods.

The two categories of our loss reserves include case reserves and IBNR reserves. Our gross reserves for losses and LAE at December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $2.01 billion and $1.29 billion, 62% and 60% of which relates to IBNR, respectively. Our reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance, at December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $323.1 million and $224.9 million, 54% and 52% of which relates to IBNR, respectively.

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The following table summarizes our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, on a gross basis and net of reinsurance, as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

(in millions)

Gross

% of Total

Net

% of Total

Gross

% of Total

Net

% of Total

Case reserves

IBNR

Total

Case reserves are established for the individual claims that have been reported to us. Based on the information available and the status of the claims, case reserves are established by TPAs, who have the authority of handling smaller claims (typically up to $250 thousand per claim) or our claims teams, for large losses, through standard claim handling practices and professional judgment. As mentioned above, the estimates may be refined, and the ultimate value of claims liability may be adjusted either upward or downward as more information becomes available.

In case of catastrophes or other large losses, the additional IBNR in relation to those claims is estimated by the joint work of the claims, portfolio management, and actuarial teams, and those estimates are used in the final estimates provided to the finance team for recognition within our financial statements. Our internal threshold for catastrophe losses is $10 million of gross losses. We have had nine such events since inception: European flooding (July 2021), Storm Arwen (2021), Storm Eunice (February 2022), Hurricane Ian (September 2022), US winter storms (January 2024), Hurricane Helene (September 2024), California wildfires (January 2025), Storm Éowyn (January 2025) and Missouri Tornados (May 2025). In aggregate, these events led to $14 million of net incurred losses. Specifically, while we write insurance products in each of these potentially impacted areas, we also maintain significant reinsurance coverage such that our net exposure is limited. Our gross claims for these aggregate events are expected to be $154 million, which after application of actual and expected reinsurance, resulted in our net retained incurred loss amount of $14 million. In addition to our quota share cover, for the 2025 and prior treaty years, our US property catastrophe excess of loss retention for a modeled gross occurrence is expected to significantly reduce our net exposure to insignificant levels as part of our business model to limit our exposure to insurance risk.

In addition to the assumptions used in our data and reserves methodology, we used the following estimates to determine our unpaid loss and LAE: development patterns where we use Members’ experience and/or applicable industry information; inflation assumptions for each class of business and territory; rate changes as provided by Members and underwriting changes as evidence leading to the rate changes; business mix changes for various Members; large loss load calculated from historic average performance or similar class of business; and selected loss ratio that is representative.

The tables below represent the aggregated impact from potential deviations from our recorded net loss and LAE reserves as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:

Sensitivity factors are applied to our most recent underwriting year, and we believe these potential changes will not have a material impact on our liquidity. An increase in the gross loss of 3% in the most recent underwriting year would equate to an increase in the net loss and LAE reserve of $7.6 million.

December 31, 2025

Sensitivity (in millions)

Sensitivity for Ultimate Loss and LAE Sensitivity Factor

Net Loss and LAE Reserve

Increase/(Decrease) in Net Loss and LAE Reserve

Increase

Increase

Increase

Actual (Base Case)

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

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December 31, 2024

Sensitivity (in millions)

Sensitivity for Ultimate Loss and LAE Sensitivity Factor

Net Loss and LAE Reserve

Increase/(Decrease) in Net Loss and LAE Reserve

Increase

Increase

Increase

Actual (Base Case)

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

Reinsurance Recoverable on Unpaid Losses

In our Underwriting segment, we cede a large proportion of our GWP under various reinsurance contracts. These reinsurance agreements transfer portions of the underlying risk of the business that we underwrite and a share of premium to reinsurers, but they do not release or diminish our obligation to pay claims covered by the insurance policies. We are still primarily liable to the insured whether or not the reinsurer is able to meet its contractual obligations.

The quantum of ceded loss recoveries from our reinsurers are subject to uncertainty as our calculation of such amounts rely on similar estimates and methodologies as are used in estimating our gross loss reserves.

Additionally, there is a risk that one or more of our reinsurers may be unwilling or unable to pay their share of reinsurance recoverables. This risk is mitigated by placing our reinsurance with a diverse panel of reinsurers that are all either rated “A-” or better by A.M. Best or provide collateral to us to maximize the probability that reinsurance recoverables will be realized. We regularly monitor the financial condition of our reinsurers and we generally have special termination rights in our reinsurance treaties in the event of deterioration in the reinsurers’ credit worthiness, generally if the A.M. Best rating falls below “A-” or there is a reduction in the capital and surplus of the reinsurer of more than 20% of their prior year end capital and surplus. Despite these arrangements, there is a risk that a reduction in one or more reinsurers’ ability or willingness to pay our reinsurance recoverables could have a materially negative impact on our liquidity.

Impacts of Loss Ratio Estimates and Actual Loss Experience on Sliding Scale Commissions Impacting our Ceding Commission Income

We cede a significant portion of our premiums written to reinsurance companies. The ceding commissions are offset against DAC related to the insurance contracts subject to such reinsurance. Any excess ceding commissions over the related DAC are subject to deferral over the insurance premiums earning period. Certain of our reinsurance arrangements are subject to sliding scale commission amounts pursuant to the agreements with various reinsurers based on the actual loss experience of covered insurance contracts.

The contractual ceding commission amounts are expressed as a percentage of the underlying premiums by type of insurance policy. Further, the amount of ceding commissions may vary based on the volume of ceded premium and the loss ratio. As that loss ratio changes from the original expected contractual amount, the amount of ceding commission inversely changes (such that adverse experience in the subject loss ratio will result in a reduction in ceding commissions and conversely, any favorable experience in the subject loss ratio will result in an increase in ceding commissions).

The change in ceding commissions will result in a change to the deferred ceding commission liability to the extent that the underlying premiums are unearned and, conversely, will result in a direct change to income to the extent that the underlying premium has been earned. As such, the sliding scale commissions act as a substantive participation in the underlying loss experience of the underlying insurance contracts.

Our typical reinsurance treaties’ commissions vary based on the volume of ceded premium and the ratio of ceded loss to ceded premium. As that ratio decreases, the amount of commission increases. As of December 31, 2025, the average commission we receive is 50% of ceded premium at a 40% gross loss ratio and a minimum of 34% of ceded premium at gross loss ratios of 67% and above. The adjustment between the points is largely linear. We expect commissions of 43% of ceded premium at a gross loss ratio of 50%. There were no significant adverse adjustments to reinsurance commissions due to prior year claims experience during the year ended December 31, 2025.

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Our process for calculating changes in ceding commissions from our reinsurers is linked to the results of our actuarial reserving process for loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, which is updated each reporting period. On a quarterly basis, our actuaries produce an actuarial central estimate of the gross and net loss reserves for all contracts bound as of the evaluation date. The calculations also include estimates of loss-sensitive contingent terms such as sliding scale ceding commissions. Calculations are done on a contract-by-contract basis and reflect the most recent premium and loss information available at the evaluation date.

Valuation Allowance on Deferred Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities result from temporary differences between the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements and the tax basis of assets and liabilities used in the various jurisdictional tax returns. We recognize deferred tax assets to the extent we believe it is probable that future profits will be available to utilize these tax benefits. As of December 31, 2025, we had net deferred tax assets of $77.8 million.

A valuation allowance is set up for the portion of the asset that is more likely than not unrealizable, which reduces the total deferred tax asset to only the amount that we expect to realize. This allowance is assessed at each balance sheet date and is based on all available information including significant judgments related to the likely timing and level of forecasted taxable profits based on assumptions about future macroeconomic and Company-specific conditions and the associated future tax planning strategies. We subject the forecasts to stresses of key assumptions and evaluate the effect on tax attribute utilization. In performing our assessment of recoverability, we consider tax laws governing the utilization of net operating losses, capital losses and tax credit carryforwards in each applicable jurisdiction. The tax laws are subject to change, resulting in incremental uncertainty in our assessment of recoverability, along with the future tax planning strategies. If the actual taxable income in future periods differ from our forecast, it could impact our financial position in either a materially positive or negative way. As of December 31, 2025, our valuation allowance was $45.9 million. We intend to evaluate the realizability of our deferred tax asset quarterly through the assessment of the need for such a valuation allowance.