BHRB Burke & Herbert Financial Services Corp. - 10-K

Item 1A. Risk Factors

An investment in our Common Stock involves risks and uncertainties. In addition to the other information set forth in this Form 10-K, including information addressed under “Disclosure Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” investors in our Common Stock should carefully consider the factors discussed below. These factors could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, and capital position and could cause our actual results to differ materially from our historical results or the results contemplated by the forward-looking statements contained in our Form 10-K, in which case the trading price of our Common Stock could decline. The Risk Factors Summary that follows should be read in conjunction with the detailed description of risk factors following this summary section.

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Risk Factor Summary

o Risks Related to Our Lending Activities

• We may not be able to measure and limit our credit risk adequately.

• Our decisions regarding credit risk could be inaccurate and our allowance for credit losses may be inadequate.

• If our non-performing assets increase, our earnings will be adversely affected.

• Our focus on lending to small to medium-sized businesses may increase our credit risk.

• Adverse changes in the real estate market or economy in our market area could lead to higher levels of problem loans and charge-offs, adversely affecting our earnings and financial condition.

• We are exposed to higher credit risk by commercial real estate, commercial and industrial, and acquisition, construction & development-based lending, as well as large lending relationships.

• We engage in lending secured by real estate and may be forced to foreclose on the collateral.

• A significant percentage of our loans are attributable to a relatively small number of borrowers.

• The appraisals and other valuation techniques we use may not accurately reflect the net value of the asset.

o Risks Related to Funding and Liquidity

• Liquidity risk could impair our ability to fund operations and meet our obligations as they become due.

• Limits on our ability to use brokered deposits as part of our funding strategy may affect our profitability.

o Risks Related to Our Business, Industry, and Markets

• We operate in a highly competitive market and face increasing competition.

• Our financial performance may be negatively affected if we are unable to execute our strategy.

• Failure to keep up with the rapid technological changes in the financial services industry could have an adverse effect on our competitive position and profitability.

• We follow a relationship-based operating model; our ability to maintain our reputation is critical to the success of our business, and the failure to do so may materially adversely affect our performance.

• We are dependent on our management team and key employees.

• Changes in interest rates and monetary policy may negatively affect our earnings, income, financial condition, and the value of our assets.

• We are subject to physical and financial risks associated with climate change and other weather impacts.

o Risks Related to Our Operations

• We face risks related to our operational, technological, and organizational infrastructure.

• System failure or breaches of our network security, including as a result of cyber-attacks or data security breaches, could subject us to increased operating costs, litigation, and other liabilities.

• We rely on third parties to provide key components of our business infrastructure.

• We could be subject to losses, regulatory action, or reputational harm due to fraudulent and negligent acts on the part of loan applicants, our employees, and vendors.

• We are subject to claims and litigation pertaining to intellectual property.

• We may be adversely affected by the lack of soundness of other financial institutions and market participants.

• Our risk management framework may not be effective in mitigating risks and/or losses to us.

• Demand for the Company’s services is influenced by general economic and consumer trends.

• Our results may suffer if we do not effectively manage our expanded operations, including complying with any enhanced regulatory requirements.

o Risks Related to Our Regulatory Environment

• Our industry is highly regulated, and the regulatory framework, together with any future legislative or regulatory changes, may have a materially adverse effect on our operations.

• We are subject to stringent capital requirements, which could have an adverse effect on our operations.

• We face a risk of noncompliance and enforcement action with the BSA and other anti-money laundering statutes and regulations.

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• We are subject to laws regarding the privacy, information security, and protection of personal information.

• Our use of third-party vendors and our other ongoing third-party business relationships are subject to increasing regulatory requirements and attention.

• Regulatory requirements affecting our loans secured by commercial real estate could limit our ability to leverage our capital and adversely affect our growth and profitability.

• Evolving expectations from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders with respect to environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) practices may impose additional costs on us or expose us to new or additional risks.

o Risks Related to an Investment in Our Common Stock

• If we fail to design, implement, and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or remediate any future material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud.

• We may issue additional equity securities, or engage in other transactions, which could affect the priority of our Common Stock, which may adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock.

• An investment in our Common Stock is not an insured deposit and is not guaranteed by the FDIC.

• Holders of our junior subordinated debentures and preferred stock have rights that are senior to those of our common stockholders.

• Our Bylaws designate the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division, or in the event that court lacks jurisdiction, the Circuit Court of the City of Alexandria, Virginia, as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our shareholders, which may not be enforced and could discourage lawsuits against us and our directors and officers.

o Risks Relating to the Consummation of the LNKB Merger and the Company Following the LNKB Merger

• The Company and LNKB have, and the Company following the closing is expected to, incur substantial costs related to the LNKB Merger and integration.

• Combining the Company and LNKB may be more difficult, costly, or time-consuming than expected, and the Company and LNKB may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of the LNKB Merger.

• Our results following the LNKB Merger may suffer if we do not effectively manage our expanded operations.

• The continuing corporation may be unable to retain Company and/or LNKB personnel successfully after the LNKB Merger is completed.

• Regulatory approvals necessary for the LNKB Merger may not be received, may take longer than expected, or may impose conditions that are not presently anticipated.

• The Merger Agreement may be terminated and the LNKB Merger may not be completed.

• In connection with LNKB Merger, we will assume LNKB’s outstanding debt obligations.

• The Company and LNKB will be subject to business uncertainties and contractual restrictions while the LNKB Merger is pending.

• Our shareholders will have reduced ownership and voting interest in the continuing corporation after the consummation of the LNKB Merger and will exercise less influence over management.

• Interest rate volatility may adversely impact the fair value adjustments of investments and loans acquired in the LNKB Merger.

• The dilution caused by the issuance of the new shares of the Company’s Common Stock in connection with the LNKB Merger may adversely affect the market price of the Company’s Common Stock.

• Issuance of shares of the Company’s Common Stock in connection with the LNKB Merger may adversely affect the market price of the Company’s Common Stock.

• The market price of the Company’s Common Stock after the LNKB Merger may be affected by factors different from those currently affecting the shares of our Common Stock.

• Shareholder litigation could prevent or delay the completion of the LNKB Merger or otherwise negatively impact the business and operations of the Company and LNKB.

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Risk Related to Our Lending Activities

We may not be able to measure and limit our credit risk adequately, which could adversely affect our profitability.

Our business depends on our ability to successfully measure and manage credit risk. As a lender, we are exposed to the risk that the principal of, or interest on, a loan will not be paid timely, or at all, or that the value of any collateral supporting a loan will be insufficient to cover our outstanding exposure. In addition, we are exposed to risks with respect to the period of time over which the loan may be repaid, risks relating to proper loan underwriting, risks resulting from changes in economic and industry conditions, and risks inherent in dealing with individual loans and borrowers. The creditworthiness of a borrower is affected by many factors, including local market conditions and general economic conditions. Many of our loans are made to small to medium-sized businesses that may be less able to withstand competitive, economic, and financial pressures than larger borrowers. If the overall economic climate in the United States, generally, or in our market, specifically, experiences material disruption, our borrowers may experience difficulties in repaying their loans, the collateral we hold may decrease in value or become illiquid, and the level of non-performing loans, charge-offs, and delinquencies could rise and require significant additional provisions for expected credit losses. Additional factors related to the credit quality of multifamily residential, real estate construction, and other commercial real estate loans include the quality of management of the business and tenant vacancy rates.

The Chief Credit Officer is responsible for establishing credit risk policies and procedures, including underwriting guidelines and credit approval authority, and monitoring credit exposure and performance of the Company’s lending-related transactions. Credit risk policies and procedures and credit-related risks are reviewed and approved by multiple committees that assess credit risk and enterprise-wide risks. Our risk management practices, such as monitoring the concentration of our loans within specific markets and our credit approval, review, and administrative practices, may not adequately reduce credit risk, and our credit administration personnel, policies, and procedures may not adequately adapt to changes in economic or any other conditions affecting customers and the quality of the loan portfolio. A failure to effectively measure and limit the credit risk associated with our loan portfolio may result in loan defaults, foreclosures, and additional charge-offs, and may necessitate that we significantly increase our allowance for credit losses, each of which could adversely affect our net income. As a result, our inability to successfully manage credit risk could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our decisions regarding credit risk could be inaccurate and our allowance for credit losses may be inadequate, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and/or future prospects.

We attempt to maintain an appropriate allowance for credit losses to provide for our estimate of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. As of December 31, 2025, the allowance for credit losses was $67.8 million or 1.26% of total gross loans; however, there is no guarantee that it will be sufficient to address credit losses. The determination of the appropriate level of allowance for credit losses inherently involves a high degree of subjectivity and requires us to make significant estimates related to current and expected future credit risks and trends, all of which may undergo material changes. Continuing deterioration in economic conditions affecting borrowers and securities issuers; new information regarding existing loans, credit commitments and securities holdings; global pandemics; natural disasters and risks related to climate change; and identification of additional problem loans, ratings down-grades and other factors, both within and outside of our control, may require an increase in the allowances for credit losses on loans, securities, and off-balance sheet credit exposures. There is also the possibility that we have failed or will fail to accurately identify the appropriate economic indicators, to accurately estimate the timing of future changes in economic conditions, or to estimate accurately the impacts of future changes in economic conditions to our borrowers, which similarly could impact the accuracy of our loss forecasts and allowance estimates. There is no precise method of predicting credit losses, and therefore, we always face the risk that losses in future periods will exceed our allowance for credit losses and that we would need to make additional provisions to our allowance for credit losses, which would reduce our earnings. Our methodology for the determination of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is set forth in Note 4 — Allowance for Credit Losses in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Additionally, federal and state banking regulators, as an integral part of their supervisory function, periodically review the allowance for credit losses. These regulatory agencies may require us to increase our provision for credit losses or to recognize further loan charge-offs based upon their judgments, which may be different from ours. If we need to make significant and unanticipated increases in the loss allowance in the future, or to take additional charge-offs for which we have not established adequate reserves, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected at that time.

If our non-performing assets increase, our earnings will be adversely affected.

At December 31, 2025, we had $76.9 million in non-performing assets. Non-performing assets consist of non-accrual loans, loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest, and other real estate owned. Non-performing assets held by the Company will adversely affect our net income in various ways:

• We record interest income only on the cash basis or cost-recovery method for non-accrual loans and we do not record interest income for other real estate owned;

• We must provide for probable credit losses through a current period charge to the provision for credit losses;

• Non-interest expense increases when we write down the value of properties in our other real estate owned portfolio to reflect changing market values;

• There are legal fees associated with the resolution of non-performing assets, as well as carrying costs, such as taxes, insurance, and maintenance fees;

• The resolution of non-performing assets requires the active involvement of management, which can distract them from more profitable activity, and

• An increase in the level of nonperforming assets increases our risk profile and may affect the minimum capital levels our regulators believe are appropriate for us in light of such risks.

If borrowers become delinquent and do not pay their loans and we are unable to successfully manage our non-performing assets, our losses and non-performing assets could increase, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our focus on lending to small to medium-sized businesses may increase our credit risk.

We target our business development and marketing strategy primarily to serve the banking and financial services needs of small to medium-sized businesses. These businesses generally have fewer financial resources in terms of capital access or borrowing capacity than larger entities, frequently have smaller market shares than their competition, and may be more vulnerable to economic downturns. These businesses also often need substantial additional capital to expand or compete, and may experience substantial volatility in operating results. Any of these factors may impair their ability as a borrower to repay a loan. These factors may be especially true given the effects of global macroeconomic conditions, including volatility and market factors related to or caused by any health crises, global political conflict, rising interest rates, labor market volatility, and instability in financial markets. If general economic conditions in the markets in which we operate negatively impact this customer segment, our results of operations and financial condition and the value of our Common Stock may be adversely affected. Moreover, a portion of these loans have been made by us in recent years, and the borrowers may not have experienced a complete business or economic cycle. The deterioration of our borrowers’ businesses may hinder their ability to repay their loans with us, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Adverse changes in the real estate market or economy in our market area could lead to higher levels of problem loans and charge-offs, adversely affecting our earnings and financial condition.

A substantial portion of our loans are secured by real estate. These concentrations expose us to the risk that adverse developments in the real estate market, or in the general economic conditions in the areas where such real

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estate is located, or the continuation of such adverse developments, could increase the levels of non-performing loans and charge-offs, and reduce loan demand and deposit growth. In that event, we would likely experience lower earnings or losses. Additionally, if economic conditions in our market area deteriorate, or there is volatility or weakness in the economy or any significant sector of the economy in our markets, our ability to develop our business relationships may be diminished, the quality and collectability of our loans may be adversely affected, our provision for credit losses may increase, the value of collateral may decline, and loan demand may be reduced.

We are exposed to higher credit risk by commercial real estate, commercial and industrial, and acquisition, construction & development-based lending as well as large lending relationships.

Commercial real estate, commercial and industrial, and acquisition, construction & development-based lending usually involve higher credit risks than 1-4 family residential real estate lending. As of December 31, 2025, the following loan types accounted for the stated percentages of our loan portfolio: commercial real estate – 51.4%; owner-occupied commercial real estate – 11.0%; commercial and industrial – 8.6%; and acquisition, construction & development – 7.2%. These types of loans also involve larger loan balances to a single borrower or groups of related borrowers. These higher credit risks are further heightened when the loans are concentrated in a small number of larger borrowers leading to relationship exposure. As of December 31, 2025, we had 33 relationships that each had over $25 million of outstanding borrowings. While we are not dependent on any of these relationships and while none of these large relationships have directly impacted our allowance for credit losses, a deterioration of any of these large credits could require us to increase our allowance for credit losses or result in significant losses.

Commercial and industrial loans and owner-occupied commercial real estate loans are typically based on the borrowers’ ability to repay the loans from the cash flow of their businesses. These loans may involve greater risk because the availability of funds to repay each loan depends substantially on the success of the business itself, which in turn can be dependent upon general economic conditions remaining stable. In addition, the assets securing the loans depreciate over time, are difficult to appraise and liquidate, and fluctuate in value based on the success of the business.

Real estate construction and development loan lending involves additional risks because funds are advanced based on the security of the project, which is of uncertain value prior to its completion, and costs may exceed realizable values in declining real estate markets. Because of the uncertainties inherent in estimating construction costs (particularly given recent volatility in supply chains, the availability of raw materials, and general economic conditions) and the realizable market value of the completed project and the effects of governmental regulation of real property, it is relatively difficult to evaluate accurately the total funds required to complete a project and the related loan-to-value ratio. As a result, construction loans often involve the disbursement of substantial funds with repayment dependent, in part, on the success of the ultimate project and the ability of the borrower to sell or lease the property, rather than the ability of the borrower or guarantor to repay principal and interest. If our appraisal of the value of the completed project proves to be overstated or market values or rental rates decline, we may have inadequate security for the repayment of the loan upon completion of construction of the project. If we are forced to foreclose on a project prior to or at completion due to a default, we may not be able to recover all of the unpaid balance of, and accrued interest on, the loan, as well as related foreclosure and holding costs. In addition, we may be required to fund additional amounts to complete the project and may have to hold the property for an unspecified period of time while we attempt to dispose of it.

Additionally, commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, and acquisition, construction & development loans are more susceptible to a risk of loss during a downturn in the business cycle. Our underwriting, review and monitoring cannot eliminate all of the risks related to these loans. In particular, the banking regulatory agencies have expressed concerns about weaknesses in the commercial real estate market. Banking regulatory authorities typically give commercial real estate lending greater scrutiny and may require banks with higher levels of commercial real estate loans to implement enhanced risk management practices, including stricter underwriting, internal controls, risk management policies, more granular reporting, and portfolio stress testing, as well as possibly higher levels of allowances for losses and capital levels as a result of commercial real estate lending growth and exposure. If our banking regulators determine that our commercial real estate lending activities are particularly risky and are subject to heightened scrutiny, we may incur significant additional costs or be required to restrict certain of our commercial real estate lending activities.

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We engage in lending secured by real estate and may be forced to foreclose on the collateral and own the underlying real estate, subjecting us to the costs and potential risks associated with foreclosure and the ownership of real property.

Since we originate loans secured by real estate, we may have to foreclose on the collateral property to protect our investment and may thereafter own and operate such property, in which case we would be exposed to the risks inherent in the ownership of real estate. The amount that we, as a mortgagee, may realize after a foreclosure depends on factors outside of our control, including, but not limited to, general or local economic conditions, environmental cleanup liabilities, assessments, interest rates, real estate tax rates, operating expenses of the mortgaged properties, our ability to obtain and maintain adequate occupancy of the properties, zoning laws, governmental and regulatory rules, and natural disasters. For example, we could be subject to environmental liabilities with respect to these properties. If hazardous or toxic substances are found, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as personal injury and property damage. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses and may materially reduce the affected property’s value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our inability to manage the amount of costs or size of the risks associated with the ownership of real estate or write-downs in the value of other real estate owned (“OREO”) could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Additionally, consumer protection initiatives or changes in state or federal law may substantially increase the time and expenses associated with the foreclosure process or prevent us from foreclosing at all. A number of states in recent years have either considered or adopted foreclosure reform laws that make it substantially more difficult and expensive for lenders to foreclose on properties in default. Additionally, federal and state regulators have prosecuted or pursued enforcement action against a number of mortgage servicing companies for alleged consumer law violations. If new federal or state laws or regulations are ultimately enacted that significantly raise the cost of foreclosure or raise outright barriers to foreclosure, they could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

A significant percentage of our loans are attributable to a relatively small number of borrowers.

Our 10 largest borrowing relationships accounted for approximately 9.9% of our total loans at December 31, 2025. Our largest single borrowing relationship accounted for approximately 1.3% of our total loans at December 31, 2025. The loss of any combination of these borrowers, or a significant decline in their borrowings due to fluctuations related to their business needs or as a result of general economic conditions, could adversely affect our results of operations if we are unable to replace their borrowings with similarly priced new loans or investments. In addition, with this concentration of credit risk among a limited number of borrowers, we may face a greater risk of material credit losses if any one or several of these borrowers fail to perform in accordance with their loans, compared to a bank with a more diversified loan portfolio.

The appraisals and other valuation techniques we use in evaluating and monitoring loans secured by real property and other real estate owned may not accurately reflect the net value of the asset.

In considering whether to make a loan secured by real property, we generally require an appraisal of the property. However, an appraisal is only an estimate of the value of the property at the time the appraisal is made, and, as real estate values may change significantly in relatively short periods of time (especially in periods of heightened economic uncertainty), this estimate may not accurately reflect the net value of the collateral after the loan is made. As a result, we may not be able to realize the full amount of any remaining indebtedness when we foreclose on and sell the relevant property. In addition, we rely on appraisals and other valuation techniques to establish the value of OREO that we acquire through foreclosure proceedings and to determine loan impairments.

If any of these valuations are inaccurate, our consolidated financial statements may not reflect the correct value of our OREO, if any, and our allowance for credit losses may not reflect accurate loan impairments. Inaccurate valuation of OREO or inaccurate provisioning for credit losses could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The Company’s OREO amounted to $2.7 million as of December 31, 2025.

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Risk Related to Funding and Liquidity

Liquidity risk could impair our ability to fund operations and meet our obligations as they become due.

Liquidity is essential to our business. An inability to maintain sufficient deposits or raise funds through additional deposits, borrowings, the sale of loans, and other sources could have a substantial negative effect on our liquidity. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance our activities, or on terms that are acceptable to us, could be impaired by factors that affect us specifically, the financial services industry, or the economy, in general. Factors that could detrimentally affect our access to liquidity sources may be beyond our control and include, among other things, market disruptions, changes in our credit ratings, lack of sufficient qualifying collateral to support borrowings, competitive dynamics, reputational damage, the confidence of depositors in us or the financial-services industry, generally, a decrease in the level of our business activity as a result of a downturn in the markets in which our loans are concentrated, and an adverse regulatory action against us. Our ability to borrow could also be impaired by factors that are not specific to us, such as a disruption in the financial markets, increased inflation, tariffs or other disruptions to global trade, trade agreements or supply chains, geopolitical conflicts or tensions, rising interest rates, the state of the regulatory environment and monetary and fiscal policies, the possibility of the U.S. government defaulting on its debt, or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry or the global economy more broadly. If a large number of our depositors or depositors with a high concentration of deposits sought to withdraw their deposits suddenly, we could encounter difficulty meeting such a significant deposit outflow, which could negatively impact our profitability, reputation and liquidity. Significant unanticipated deposit outflows have occurred at other financial institutions, and may occur in the future, compounded by advances in technology that increase the speed at which deposits can be moved from bank to bank or outside the banking system, as well as the speed and reach with which information, concerns and rumors can spread through media, in each case potentially exacerbating liquidity concerns. While we believe our funding sources are adequate to meet any significant unanticipated deposit withdrawal, we may not be able to manage the risk of deposit volatility effectively, which could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance, or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties, or other companies in the financial services industry or the financial services industry, generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, have in the past, and may in the future, lead to market-wide liquidity problems.

Among other sources of funds, we rely heavily on deposits for funds to make loans and provide for our other liquidity needs. Core deposits are generally a low-cost and stable source of funding. However, loan demand may exceed the rate at which we are able to build core deposits for which there is substantial competition from a variety of different competitors, so we may rely on more interest-sensitive deposits, including brokered deposits, as sources of funds. Those deposits may not be as stable as other types of deposits, and in the future, depositors may not renew those deposits when they mature, or we may have to pay a higher rate of interest to attract or retain them or to replace them with other deposits or with funds from other sources. Not being able to attract deposits, or to retain or replace them as they mature, would adversely affect our liquidity. Funding costs may increase if we lose core deposits and are forced to replace them with more expensive sources. Depending on the interest rate environment and competitive factors, low-cost deposits may need to be replaced with higher cost funding, resulting in a decrease in net interest income and net income. As of December 31, 2025, approximately 32.1% of our deposits were uninsured and we rely on these deposits for liquidity.

Limits on our ability to use brokered deposits as part of our funding strategy may affect our profitability.

A “brokered deposit” is any deposit that is obtained from, or through the mediation or assistance of, a deposit broker. These deposit brokers attract deposits from individuals and companies throughout the country and internationally whose deposit decisions are based almost exclusively on obtaining the highest interest rates. We have used brokered deposits in the past, and we may continue to use brokered deposits as one of our funding sources to support future growth. As of December 31, 2025, brokered deposits represented approximately 1.0% of our total deposits.

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Banks may be restricted in their ability to accept brokered deposits, depending on their capital classification. “Well capitalized” banks are permitted to accept brokered deposits, but all banks that are not well capitalized could be restricted from accepting such deposits. Should we lose our “well capitalized” status, these restrictions could materially and adversely affect our ability to access lower costs funds, and thereby decrease our future earnings capacity.

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Risks Related to Our Business, Industry and Markets

We operate in a highly competitive market and face increasing competition from a variety of traditional and new financial services providers.

We operate in a competitive market for financial services and face intense competition from other financial institutions in making loans and attracting deposits, which can greatly affect pricing for our products and services and could adversely affect our cost of funds. Our principal competitors are commercial and community banks, credit unions, savings and loan associations, mortgage banking firms, online mortgage lenders, and consumer finance companies, including large national financial institutions that operate in our market. Many of these competitors are larger than us, have significantly more resources, greater brand recognition, more extensive and established branch networks or geographic footprints than we do, and may be able to attract customers more effectively than we can. Because of their scale, many of these competitors can be more aggressive than we can on loan and deposit pricing, and may better afford and make broader use of media advertising, support services, and electronic technology than we do. Also, many of our non-bank competitors have fewer regulatory constraints and may have lower cost structures. As a result, some of our competitors can offer products and services that we are unable to offer or to offer such products and services at more competitive rates. We expect competition to continue to increase as a result of legislative, regulatory, and technological changes, the continuing trend of consolidation in the financial services industry, and the continued emergence of alternative banking sources. Our profitability in large part depends upon our continued ability to compete successfully with traditional and new financial services providers, some of which maintain a physical presence in our market and others of which maintain only a virtual presence. Increased competition could require us to increase the rates we pay on deposits or lower the rates that we offer on loans, which could reduce our profitability.

Our financial performance may be negatively affected if we are unable to execute our strategy.

Our strategy is to grow organically and supplement that growth with select acquisitions, if available, such as the merger with Summit and the LNKB Merger. Our success depends primarily on generating loans and deposits of acceptable risk and expense. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in continuing our organic, or internal, growth strategy. Our ability to identify appropriate markets for expansion, recruit and retain qualified personnel, and fund growth at reasonable cost depends upon prevailing economic conditions, maintenance of sufficient capital, competitive factors, changes in banking laws, and other factors. In addition, our ability to manage growth successfully depends on a variety of factors, including whether we can maintain adequate capital levels, maintain cost controls, effectively manage asset quality, effectively manage increasing regulatory compliance requirements, and successfully integrate any businesses acquired into our organization, including the LNKB Merger. We cannot be certain of our ability to manage increased levels of assets and liabilities without increased expenses and higher levels of non-performing assets. We may be required to make additional investments in equipment and personnel to manage higher asset levels and loan balances, which may adversely affect earnings, shareholder returns, and our efficiency ratio. Increases in operating expenses or non-performing assets may decrease our earnings and the value of the Company’s capital stock.

Our ability to execute on our strategy will also depend, in part, on our ability to retain the talents and dedication of key employees currently employed by the Company. It is possible that these employees may decide not to remain with the Company. If the Company is unable to retain key employees, including management, who are critical to the future operations of the Company or, in the case of the LNKB Merger, to the successful integration of the Company and LNKB, the Company could face disruptions in its operations, loss of existing customers, loss of key information, expertise, or know-how, and unanticipated additional recruitment costs.

To the extent we are able to supplement organic growth with one or more acquisitions, including the LNKB Merger, we are and will be subject to risks commonly encountered in such transactions, including risks related to the time and expense of identifying, evaluating, and negotiating potential acquisitions, exposure to unknown or contingent liabilities of the target, difficulty of integrating the operations and personnel of the target, potential disruption of our ongoing business, failure to retain key personnel at the acquired business, and failure to realize any expected revenue increases, cost savings, and other projected benefits from an acquisition.

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Failure to keep up with the rapid technological changes in the financial services industry could have an adverse effect on our competitive position and profitability.

The financial services industry is undergoing rapid technological changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services, and we anticipate that new technologies will continue to emerge. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better serve customers and reduce costs. Our future success will depend, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands for convenience, as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations. Developing or acquiring access to new technologies and incorporating those technologies into our products and services, or using them to expand our products and services, may require significant investments, may take considerable time to complete, and ultimately, may not be successful. If we fail to maintain or enhance our competitive position with respect to technology, whether because of a failure to anticipate customer expectations, substantially fewer resources to invest in technological improvements than our larger competitors, or because our technological developments fail to perform as desired or are not rolled out in a timely manner, we may lose market share or incur additional expense. In addition, any future implementation of technological changes and upgrades to maintain current systems may cause operational and customer challenges upon implementation and for some time afterwards. Key challenges include service interruptions, transaction processing errors and system conversion delays, which may cause us to lose customers or fail to comply with applicable laws, and may cause us to incur additional expenses, which may be substantial and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and future prospects.

Recently, the financial services industry has experienced rapid developments in artificial intelligence, including agentic artificial intelligence. The use of artificial intelligence models developed by third parties introduces risks related to how those models are developed, trained, and deployed, including unauthorized material in training data and limited visibility into risk mitigation steps. The legal and regulatory environment for artificial intelligence is uncertain and rapidly evolving, potentially increasing compliance costs and risks of noncompliance. We may be exposed to the risk that generative artificial intelligence models may produce incorrect outputs, release confidential information, reflect biases, or otherwise cause harm. Their complexity may make it challenging to understand all outputs and comply with documentation or explanation requirements. Any of these risks could adversely affect our business, expose us to liability or other adverse legal or regulatory consequences, or otherwise adversely affect our financial results.

We follow a relationship-based operating model. Our ability to maintain our reputation is critical to the success of our business, and the failure to do so may materially adversely affect our performance.

We are a community bank, and our reputation is one of the most valuable components of our business. As such, we strive to conduct our business in a manner that enhances our reputation. This is done, in part, by recruiting, hiring, and retaining bankers and other associates who share our core values of being an integral part of the communities we serve, delivering superior service to our customers, and caring about our customers and associates. Furthermore, maintaining our reputation also depends on our ability to protect our brand name and associated trademarks.

However, reputation risk, or the risk to our business, earnings, and capital from negative public opinion surrounding our Company, and the financial services industry, generally, is inherent in our business. Negative public opinion can result from our actual or alleged conduct in any number of activities, including business and lending practices, corporate governance, and acquisitions, and from actions taken by government regulators and community organizations in response to those activities. Negative public opinion can adversely affect our ability to keep and attract customers and employees and can expose us to litigation and regulatory action. Although we take steps to minimize reputation risk in dealing with our customers and communities, this risk will always be present given the nature of our business. If our reputation is negatively affected by the actions of our employees, or otherwise, our business and operating results may be materially adversely affected.

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We are dependent on our management team and key employees.

We believe that our continued growth and future success will depend on the retention of our management team and key employees. Our management team and other key employees, including those who conduct our loan origination and other business development activities, have significant industry experience. We cannot ensure that we will be able to retain the services of any members of our management team or other key employees. Though we have employment agreements in place with certain members of our management team, they may still elect to leave at any time. The loss of any of our management team or our key employees could adversely affect our ability to execute our strategy, and we may not be able to find adequate replacements on a timely basis, or at all. Additionally, the loss of personnel with extensive customer relationships may lead to the loss of business if the customers were to follow the employee to a competitor.

Our future success also depends on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate, and retain key employees. Qualified individuals are in high demand, and we may incur significant costs to attract and retain them. Because the market for qualified individuals is highly competitive, we may not be able to attract and retain qualified officers or candidates. Failure to attract and retain a qualified management team and qualified key employees could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Changes in interest rates and monetary policy may negatively affect our earnings, income, and financial condition, as well as the value of our assets.

Our earnings and cash flows depend substantially upon our net interest income. Net interest income is the difference between interest income earned on interest-earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and interest expense paid on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowed funds. Interest rates are sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including general economic conditions, competition and policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies, and in particular, the policies of the Federal Reserve.

An important function of the Federal Reserve is to regulate the money supply and credit conditions. Among the instruments used by the Federal Reserve to implement these objectives are open market purchases and sales of U.S. government securities, adjustments of the discount rate and changes in banks’ reserve requirements against bank deposits. These instruments are used in varying combinations to influence overall economic growth and the distribution of credit, bank loans, investments and deposits. Their use also affects interest rates charged on loans or paid on deposits.

Until recently, we were in a rising rate environment. Interest rate increases often result in larger payment requirements for our borrowers, which increases the potential for default. At the same time, the marketability of the property securing a loan may be adversely affected by any reduced demand resulting from higher interest rates. In a rising interest rate environment, there may be an increase in prepayments on loans as borrowers refinance their loans at lower rates. In late 2024, the Federal Reserve’s interest rate policy shifted as inflationary pressure began to ease and economic growth moderated. Following a period of aggressive rate hikes aimed at curbing inflation in 2022 and 2023, the Federal Reserve began lowering rates in 2024, with the Federal Funds target rate ranging from 5.25% to 5.5% at year-end 2023, compared to its range of 4.25% to 4.50% at year-end 2024. Rate cuts continued through 2025, bringing the Federal Funds target rate down to a range of 3.5% to 3.75% as of December 31, 2025. Interest rate decreases can lead to increased prepayments of loans and mortgage-backed securities as borrowers refinance their loans to reduce borrowing costs. Under these circumstances, we are subject to reinvestment risk as we may have to redeploy such repayment proceeds into lower yielding loans or investments, which would likely hurt our income. It is unclear whether interest rates will continue to decline in 2026.

Changes in monetary policy, including changes in interest rates, could not only influence the interest we receive on loans and investment securities and the amount of interest we pay on deposits and borrowings, but such changes could also affect: (1) our ability to originate loans and obtain deposits; (2) the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities, including our securities portfolio; and (3) the average duration of our interest-earning assets. Interest-earning assets may be more responsive to changes in interest rates than interest-bearing liabilities, or vice versa (repricing risk). Individual interest rates or rate indices underlying various interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities may not change in the same degree over a given time period (basis risk), and interest rate

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relationships may change across the spectrum of interest-earning asset and interest-bearing liability maturities (yield curve risk), including a prolonged flat or inverted yield curve environment. Any substantial, unexpected, prolonged change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve have had a significant effect on the operating results of commercial banks in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future. The effects of such policies upon our business, financial condition and results of operations cannot be predicted.

We are subject to physical and financial risks associated with climate change and other weather and natural disaster impacts.

We are subject to the growing risk of climate change. Among the risks associated with climate change are more frequent severe weather events. Severe weather events such as hurricanes, tropical storms, tornados, winter storms, freezes, flooding and other large-scale weather catastrophes in our markets subject us to significant risks, and more frequent severe weather events magnify those risks. Large-scale weather catastrophes, or other significant climate change effects that either damage or destroy residential or multifamily real estate underlying mortgage loans or real estate collateral, could decrease the value of our real estate collateral or increase our delinquency rates in the affected areas and thus diminish the value of our loan portfolio. In addition, the effects of climate change may have a significant effect on our geographic markets and could disrupt our operations or the operations of our customers, third-party service providers, or supply chains, more generally. Those disruptions could result in declines in economic conditions in our geographic markets or industries in which our borrowers operate and impact their ability to repay loans or maintain deposits. Climate change could also impact our assets or employees directly or lead to changes in customer preferences that could negatively affect our growth or business strategies. In addition, our reputation and customer relationships could be damaged due to our practices related to climate change, including our or our customers’ involvement in certain industries or projects. Moreover, over the past few years, federal banking regulators increasingly focused on the physical and financial risks to financial institutions associated with climate change; although, expectations with respect to these matters has been changing, and it is difficult to predict changes in priorities and requirements with respect to these matters, including any changes in compliance costs relating to such changes. Additionally, some states have been, and may continue to be, active in climate-related regulation.

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Risks Related to Our Operations

We face risks related to our operational, technological, and organizational infrastructure.

Our ability to grow and compete is dependent on the Bank’s ability to build or acquire the necessary operational and technological infrastructure and to manage the cost of that infrastructure as we expand. In our case, operational risk can manifest itself in many ways, such as errors related to failed or inadequate processes, faulty or disabled computer systems, fraud by employees or outside persons, which may take many forms including check fraud, electronic fraud, wire fraud, social engineering, phishing and other dishonest acts, and exposure to external events. As discussed below, we are dependent on our operational infrastructure to help manage these risks. In addition, we are heavily dependent on the strength and capability of the technology systems that the Bank uses both to interface with customers and to manage internal financial and other systems. Our ability to develop and deliver new products that meet the needs of our existing customers and attract new ones depends on the functionality of our technology systems. Additionally, our ability to run our business in compliance with applicable laws and regulations depends on these systems.

We continuously monitor our operational and technological capabilities and make modifications and improvements as circumstances warrant. In some instances, the Bank may build and maintain these capabilities itself; however, we outsource many of these functions to third parties. These third parties may experience errors or disruptions, including cyber-attacks, that could adversely impact the Bank and over which the Bank may have limited control. We also face risk from the integration of new infrastructure platforms, including in connection with acquisitions, such as the LNKB Merger, and/or new third-party providers of such platforms into the Bank’s existing businesses.

Many of our larger competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. As a result, they may be able to offer additional or superior technologies or services compared to those that we provide, which could put us at a competitive disadvantage. Accordingly, we may lose customers seeking new technology-driven products and services to the extent we are unable to compete effectively.

System failure or breaches of our network security, including as a result of cyber-attacks or data security breaches, could subject us to increased operating costs, as well as litigation and other liabilities.

The computer systems and network infrastructure we use, as well as those of third parties on which we are highly dependent, may be vulnerable to physical theft, fire, power loss, telecommunications failure, or a similar catastrophic event, as well as security breaches, denial of service attacks, viruses, worms, and other disruptive problems caused by hackers or malicious actors. Any damage or failure that causes breakdowns or disruptions in our customer relationship management, general ledger, deposit, loan, and other systems could damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny for failure to comply with required information security standards, or expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on us.

Computer break-ins, phishing, and other disruptions could also jeopardize the security of information stored in and transmitted through our computer systems and network infrastructure. Information security risks have generally increased in recent years in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, the use of the Internet and telecommunications technologies to conduct financial transactions, and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, hackers, terrorists, activists, and other external parties. Our operations rely on the secure processing, transmission, and storage of confidential information in our computer systems and networks and the computer systems and networks of third parties. In addition, to access our products and services, our customers may use devices that are beyond our control systems. Although we believe we have robust information security procedures and controls, our technologies, systems, networks, and our customers’ devices have been subject to, and are likely to continue to be, the target of cyber-attacks or information security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss, or destruction of the Bank’s or our customers’ confidential, proprietary, and other information, or otherwise disrupt the Bank’s or our customers’ or other third parties’ business operations. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant

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additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities.

The Bank is under continuous threat of loss due to hacking and cyber-attacks, especially as we continue to expand customer capabilities to utilize internet and other remote channels to transact business. Two of the most significant cyber-attack risks that we face are e-fraud and loss of sensitive customer data. Loss from e-fraud occurs when cybercriminals extract funds directly from our customer accounts. Attempts to breach sensitive customer data, such as account numbers and social security numbers, present significant reputational, legal, and/or regulatory costs to us, if successful. Our risk and exposure to these matters remains heightened because of the evolving nature and complexity of these threats from cybercriminals and hackers, our plans to continue to provide internet banking and mobile banking channels, and our plans to develop additional remote connectivity solutions to serve our customers. We cannot assure that we will not be the victim of a material hacking or cyberattack that could cause us to suffer material losses or other harms. The occurrence of any cyber-attack or information security breach could result in potential liability to customers, reputational damage, and the disruption of our operations, and regulatory concerns, all of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

In addition, one or more of our third-party service providers may become subject to cyber-attacks or information security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of our or our customers’ confidential, proprietary and other information, or otherwise disrupt our or our customers’ or other third parties’ business operations. We do not control such service providers’ day-to-day operations and a successful attack or security breach at one or more of such third-party service providers is not within our control. The occurrence of any such breaches, disruption in services provided by such third parties or other failures could damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business, and expose us to additional regulatory scrutiny, civil litigation, and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on third parties to provide key components of our business infrastructure, and a failure of these parties to perform for any reason could disrupt our operations.

Third parties provide key components of our business infrastructure such as data processing, internet connections, network access, core application processing, statement production, and account analysis. Our business depends on the successful and uninterrupted functioning of our information technology and telecommunications systems and third-party servicers. The failure of these systems, or the termination of a third-party software license or service agreement on which any of these systems is based, could interrupt our operations. Because our information technology and telecommunications systems interface with and depend on third-party systems, we could experience service denials if demand for such services exceeds capacity, or such third-party systems fail or experience interruptions. Replacing vendors or addressing other issues with our third-party service providers could entail significant delay and expense. If we are unable to efficiently replace ineffective service providers, or if we experience a significant, sustained, or repeated system failure or service denial, it could compromise our ability to operate effectively, damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business, and subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny and possible financial liability, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We could be subject to losses, regulatory action, or reputational harm due to fraudulent and negligent acts on the part of loan applicants, our employees, and vendors.

In deciding whether to extend credit or enter into other transactions with clients and counterparties, and the terms of any such transaction, we may rely on information furnished by, or on behalf of, clients and counterparties, including financial statements, property appraisals, title information, employment and income documentation, account information, and other financial information. We may also rely on representations of clients and counterparties as to the accuracy and completeness of that information and, with respect to financial statements, on reports of independent auditors. Any such misrepresentation or incorrect or incomplete information, whether fraudulent or inadvertent, may not be detected prior to funding. In addition, one or more of our employees or vendors could cause a significant operational breakdown or failure, either as a result of human error or where an individual purposefully sabotages or fraudulently manipulates our loan documentation, operations, or systems.

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Whether a misrepresentation is made by the applicant or another third-party, we generally bear the risk of loss associated with the misrepresentation. A loan subject to a material misrepresentation is typically unsellable or subject to repurchase if it is sold prior to detection of the misrepresentation. The sources of the misrepresentations may also be difficult to locate, and we may be unable to recover any of the monetary losses we may suffer as a result of the misrepresentations. Any of these developments could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are subject to claims and litigation pertaining to intellectual property.

Banking and other financial services companies, such as ours, rely on technology companies to provide information technology products and services necessary to support their day-to-day operations. Technology companies frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of patent infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. In addition, patent holding companies seek to monetize patents they have purchased or otherwise obtained. Competitors of our vendors, or other individuals or companies, may from time to time claim to hold intellectual property sold to us by our vendors. Such claims may increase in the future as the financial services sector becomes more reliant on information technology vendors. The plaintiffs in these actions frequently seek injunctions and substantial damages.

Regardless of the scope or validity of such patents or other intellectual property rights, or the merits of any claims by potential or actual litigants, we may have to engage in protracted litigation. Such litigation is often expensive, time-consuming, disruptive to our operations, and distracting to management. If we are found to infringe one or more patents or other intellectual property rights, we may be required to pay substantial damages or royalties to a third-party. In certain cases, we may consider entering into licensing agreements for disputed intellectual property, although no assurance can be given that such licenses can be obtained on acceptable terms or that litigation will not occur. These licenses may also significantly increase our operating expenses. If legal matters related to intellectual property claims were resolved against us or settled, we could be required to make payments in amounts that could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may be adversely affected by the lack of soundness of other financial institutions or other market participants.

Our ability to engage in routine funding transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial soundness of other financial institutions. Financial services companies may be interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, and other relationships. We have exposure to different industries and counterparties, and through transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including broker-dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, clearing agencies, exchanges, and other financial intermediaries. As a result, defaults by, declines in the financial condition of, or even rumors or questions about one or more financial services companies, or the financial services industry, generally, could lead to market-wide liquidity problems and losses or defaults by us or other institutions. These losses could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our risk management framework may not be effective in mitigating risks and/or losses to us.

Our risk management framework is governed by various committees, including the Audit Committee, the Compensation Committee, the Nominating and Governance Committee, the Enterprise Risk Management Committee, the Credit Risk Management Committee, the Asset and Liability Management Committee, the Trust & Wealth Management Committee, the Technology Committee, and the Regulatory Risk Committee. The Chief Risk Officer has oversight responsibility for credit risk, enterprise risk, including regulatory risk, and asset and liability management risk, directly reporting to the Chief Executive Officer.

Our risk management framework is comprised of various processes, systems, and strategies, and is designed to manage the types of risk to which we are subject, including, among others, credit, market, liquidity, interest rate, operational, technology, and compliance. Our framework also includes financial or other modeling methodologies that involve management assumptions and judgment. Our risk management framework may not be effective under all circumstances. Our risk management framework may not adequately mitigate any risk or loss to us. If our risk management framework is not effective, we could suffer unexpected losses and our business, financial condition,

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and results of operations could be adversely affected. We may also be subject to potentially adverse regulatory consequences.

Demand for the Company’s services is influenced by general economic and consumer trends beyond the Company’s control, including disruptions in the financial services industry, in general, and events such as geopolitical conflict and global pandemics.

There can be no assurance that our business and corresponding financial performance will not be adversely affected by general economic or consumer trends or events, including those affecting the financial services industry. Over the past few years, global markets have seen extensive volatility owing to a variety of factors, including high inflation, trade policies and tariffs, volatility in the capital markets, the failure of financial institutions, volatility in the housing market, interest and currency rate fluctuations, labor availability, supply chain disruptions, global pandemics and public health crises and the responses thereto, weather catastrophes and geopolitical instability, including shutdowns and threats of shutdowns of the U.S. federal government, growing geopolitical tensions and conflicts, and acts of terrorism. These events have created, and may continue to create, significant disruption of the global economy and financial and labor markets. If such conditions continue, recur or worsen, this may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations. Furthermore, such economic conditions have produced downward pressure on share prices and on the availability of credit for financial institutions and corporations, while also driving up interest rates, further complicating borrowing and lending activities.

If current levels of market disruption and volatility continue or increase, the Company might experience reductions in business activity, increases in funding costs, decreases in asset values, additional write-downs and impairment charges, and lower profitability.

Our results may suffer if we do not effectively manage our expanded operations, including complying with any enhanced regulatory requirements.

The Company may face increased scrutiny from governmental authorities as a result of the size of its business, including if the total assets of the Company grow to exceed $10 billion as of December 31 of any calendar year. As a result of the LNKB Merger, the Company and the Bank are expected to have total assets exceeding $10 billion. Banks with $10 billion or more in total assets are, among other things: examined directly by the CFPB with respect to various federal consumer financial laws; subject to reduced dividends on any holdings of Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond common stock; subject to limits on interchange fees pursuant to Section 920 of the Electronic Funds Transfer Act (known as the Durbin Amendment); subject to certain enhanced prudential standards; no longer treated as a “small institution” for FDIC deposit insurance assessment purposes; and no longer eligible to elect to be subject to the CBLR. Compliance with these additional ongoing requirements may necessitate additional personnel, the design and implementation of additional internal controls, and the incurrence of significant expenses, which could have a significant adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

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Risks Related to our Regulatory Environment

Our industry is highly regulated, and the regulatory framework, together with any future legislative or regulatory changes, may have a materially adverse effect on our operations.

Both the Company and the Bank are subject to extensive regulation, supervision, and examination by the Federal Reserve, our primary federal regulator and the Virginia BFI, our chartering authority. The Bank is also subject to certain regulations of the FDIC, the insurer of the Bank’s deposits. Such regulation, supervision, and examination govern the activities in which we and the Bank may engage and are intended primarily for the protection of the depositors and borrowers of the Bank, the financial system, and the DIF rather than for holders of our Common Stock. Various consumer compliance laws also affect our operations. Our compliance with these regulations is costly and potentially restricts certain of our activities, including payment of dividends, mergers and acquisitions, investments, loans, interest rates charged, and locations of our offices. Regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in their supervisory and enforcement activities, including the imposition of restrictions on our operations, the classification of our assets, and determination of the level of our allowance for credit losses. Any change in such regulation and oversight, whether in the form of regulatory policy, regulations, legislation, or supervisory action, may have a material impact on our operations. The earnings of the Bank, and therefore the earnings of the Company, are affected by changes in federal and state legislation and the actions of various regulatory authorities.

We are subject to stringent capital requirements, which could have an adverse effect on our operations.

Federal regulations establish minimum capital requirements for insured depository institutions, including minimum risk-based capital and leverage ratios, and define “capital” for calculating these ratios. Not including the capital conservation buffer, the capital rules require community bank holding companies and community banks to maintain a common equity Tier 1 to risk-weighted assets ratio of at least 4.5%, a Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets ratio of at least 6.0%, a total capital to risk-weighted assets ratio of at least 8.0%, and a leverage ratio of Tier 1 capital to total consolidated assets of at least 4.0%. The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a ratio of common equity Tier 1 to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the conservation buffer would result in limitations on an institution’s ability to make capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments. In addition, for an insured depository institution to be “well capitalized” under the banking agencies’ “prompt corrective action” framework, it must have a common equity Tier 1 ratio of at least 6.5%, Tier 1 capital ratio of at least 8.0%, a total capital ratio of at least 10.0%, and a leverage ratio of at least 5.0%, and must not be subject to any written agreement, order or capital directive, or “prompt corrective action” directive issued by its primary federal or state banking regulator to meet and maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure.

The Federal Reserve requires a bank holding company to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary banks and to commit resources to support its subsidiary banks. Under the “source of strength” doctrine, the Federal Reserve may require a bank holding company to make capital injections into a subsidiary bank at times when the bank holding company may not be inclined to do so and may charge the bank holding company with engaging in unsafe and unsound practices for failure to commit resources to such a subsidiary bank. Accordingly, we could be required to provide financial assistance to the Bank if it experiences financial distress. A capital injection may be required at a time when our resources are limited, and we may be required to borrow the funds or raise capital to make the required capital injection.

Any new or revised standards adopted in the future may require us to maintain materially more capital, with common equity as a more predominant component, or manage the configuration of our assets and liabilities to comply with formulaic capital requirements. We may not be able to raise additional capital at all, or on terms acceptable to us. Failure to maintain capital to meet current or future regulatory requirements could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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We face a risk of noncompliance and enforcement action with the BSA and other anti-money laundering statutes and regulations.

The BSA, the USA PATRIOT Act, and other laws and regulations require financial institutions, among other duties, to institute and maintain an effective anti-money laundering program and to file reports, such as suspicious activity reports and currency transaction reports. We are required to comply with these and other anti-money laundering requirements. Our federal and state banking regulators, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, and other government agencies are authorized to impose significant civil money penalties for violations of anti-money laundering requirements. We are also subject to increased scrutiny of compliance with the regulations issued and enforced by OFAC, which is responsible for helping to ensure that U.S. entities do not engage in transactions with certain prohibited parties as defined by various Executive Orders and Acts of Congress. If our program is deemed deficient, we could be subject to liability, including fines, civil money penalties, and other regulatory actions, which may include restrictions on our business operations and our ability to pay dividends, restrictions on merger and acquisition activity, restrictions on expansion, and restrictions on entering new business lines. Failure to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could also have significant reputational consequences for us. Any of these circumstances could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are subject to laws regarding the privacy, information security, and protection of personal information and any violation of these laws or other incident involving personal, confidential, or proprietary information of individuals could damage our reputation and otherwise adversely affect our business.

Our business requires the collection and retention of large volumes of customer data, including personally identifiable information (“PII”), in various information systems that we maintain and in those maintained by third-party service providers. We also maintain important internal company data, such as PII about our employees and information relating to our operations. We are subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations governing the privacy and protection of PII of individuals (including customers, employees, and other third parties). For example, our business is subject to the GLB Act, which, among other things: (i) imposes certain limitations on our ability to share nonpublic PII about our customers with nonaffiliated third parties; (ii) requires that we provide certain disclosures to customers about our information collection, sharing, and security practices and afford customers the right to “opt out” of any information sharing by us with nonaffiliated third parties (with certain exceptions); and (iii) requires that we develop, implement, and maintain a written comprehensive information security program containing appropriate safeguards based on our size and complexity, the nature and scope of our activities, and the sensitivity of customer information we process, as well as plans for responding to data security breaches. Various federal and state banking regulators and states have also enacted data breach notification requirements with varying levels of individual, consumer, regulatory, or law enforcement notification in the event of a security breach.

Ensuring that our collection, use, transfer, and storage of PII complies with all applicable laws and regulations can increase our costs. Furthermore, we may not be able to ensure that customers and other third parties have appropriate controls in place to protect the confidentiality of the information that they exchange with us, particularly where such information is transmitted by electronic means. If personal, confidential, or proprietary information of customers or others were to be mishandled or misused (in situations where, for example, such information was erroneously provided to parties who are not permitted to have the information, or where such information was intercepted or otherwise compromised by third parties), we could be exposed to litigation or regulatory sanctions under privacy and data protection laws and regulations. Concerns regarding the effectiveness of our measures to safeguard PII, or even the perception that such measures are inadequate, could cause us to lose customers or potential customers and thereby reduce our revenues. Accordingly, any failure or perceived failure to comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws and regulations may subject us to inquiries, examinations, and investigations that could result in requirements to modify or cease certain operations or practices, or in significant liabilities, fines or penalties, and could damage our reputation and otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Our use of third-party vendors and our other ongoing third-party business relationships are subject to increasing regulatory requirements and attention.

We regularly use third-party vendors in our business, and we rely on some of these vendors for critical functions, including, but not limited to, our core processing function. Third-party relationships are subject to increasingly demanding regulatory requirements and attention by bank regulators. We expect our regulators to hold us responsible for deficiencies in our oversight or control of our third-party vendor relationships and in the performance of the parties with which we have these relationships. As a result, if our regulators conclude that we have not exercised adequate oversight and control over our third-party vendors or that such vendors have not performed adequately, we could be subject to administrative penalties or fines as well as requirements for consumer remediation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Regulatory requirements affecting our loans secured by commercial real estate could limit our ability to leverage our capital and adversely affect our growth and profitability.

The federal banking agencies have issued guidance regarding concentrations in commercial real estate lending for institutions that are deemed to have particularly high concentrations of commercial real estate loans within their lending portfolios. Under this guidance, an institution that has (i) total reported loans for construction, land development, and other land which represent 100% or more of the institution’s total risk-based capital; or (ii) total commercial real estate loans representing 300% or more of the institution’s total risk-based capital, where the outstanding balance of the institution’s commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased 50% or more during the prior 36 months, is identified as having potential commercial real estate concentration risk. An institution that is deemed to have concentrations in commercial real estate lending is expected to employ heightened levels of risk management with respect to its commercial real estate portfolios, and may be required to maintain higher levels of capital.

As of December 31, 2025, acquisition, construction & development loans were 39.2% of our total risk-based capital, and commercial real estate, including owner-occupied loans, were 340.9% of our total risk-based capital. Commercial real estate loans, including acquisition, construction & development and owner-occupied loans, have increased 181.7% during the prior 36 months, mostly due to the merger with Summit. If the LNKB Merger closes, our commercial real estate loans will further increase. We cannot guarantee that any risk management practices we implement will be effective in preventing losses relating to our commercial real estate portfolio. Management has extensive experience in commercial real estate lending and has implemented, and continues to maintain, heightened portfolio monitoring and reporting and strong underwriting criteria with respect to our commercial real estate portfolio. Nevertheless, we could be required to maintain higher levels of capital as a result of our commercial real estate concentration, which could limit our growth, require us to obtain additional capital, and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Evolving expectations from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders with respect to environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) practices may impose additional costs on us or expose us to new or additional risks.

As a regulated financial institution listed on a national exchange, we face evolving scrutiny from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders related to ESG practices and disclosure. Investor advocacy groups, investment funds, and influential investors are increasingly focused on these practices, especially as they relate to climate risk, hiring practices, the diversity of the work force, and racial and social justice issues, with various stakeholders advocating both for and against such policies. Recently, ESG regulations and rules have faced a political backlash and are increasingly being successfully challenged in court. Additionally, the U.S. presidential administration has moved to overturn and reject all efforts aimed at promoting diversity, equity and inclusion in the federal government and has advocated for the same in the private sector. While federal regulators have in past years called for increased ESG disclosure, it is expected that any federal ESG-related regulations under the current U.S. presidential administration will call for less disclosure or mandate the abandonment of ESG programs, while regulations at the state level will vary. Failure to adapt to or comply with regulatory requirements or investor or

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stakeholder expectations and standards could negatively impact our reputation, ability to do business with certain customers and business partners, and stock price.

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Risks Related to an Investment in Our Common Stock

If we fail to design, implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or remediate any future material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud.

Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable reports and prevent fraud. We may not be able to identify all significant deficiencies and/or material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the future, and our failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Moreover, as we continue to grow, our controls and procedures may become more complex and require additional resources to ensure they remain effective amid dynamic regulatory and other guidance.

In the normal course of our operations, we may identify deficiencies that would have to be remediated to satisfy the SEC rules for certification of our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is defined by the standards issued by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”), as a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting that results in a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As a consequence, we would have to disclose in periodic reports we file with the SEC any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. The existence of a material weakness would preclude management from concluding that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, and preclude our independent registered public accounting firm from rendering their report addressing an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, disclosures of deficiencies of this type in our SEC reports could cause investors to lose confidence in our financial reporting, and may negatively affect the market price of our Common Stock, and could result in the delisting of our securities from the securities exchanges on which they trade. Moreover, effective internal controls are necessary to produce reliable financial reports and to prevent fraud. If we have deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting, such deficiencies may adversely affect us.

We may issue additional equity securities, or engage in other transactions, which could affect the priority of our Common Stock, which may adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock.

Our Board may determine from time to time, that we need to raise additional capital by issuing additional shares of our Common Stock or other securities. Sales of substantial amounts of our Common Stock (including shares issued in connection with an acquisition), or the perception that such sales could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices of our Common Stock. We are not restricted from issuing additional shares of Common Stock, including securities that are convertible into, or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive Common Stock. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of any future offerings, or the prices at which such offerings may be effected. Any additional issuance of Common Stock could be dilutive to existing common shareholders. We may also issue, without shareholder approval, shares of preferred stock that will provide investors in such shares with rights, preferences, and privileges that are senior to, and that adversely affect, our then current common shareholders. Additionally, if we raise additional capital by making additional offerings of debt or preferred equity securities, upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and shares of preferred stock and lenders with respect to other borrowings will receive distributions of our available assets prior to the holders of our Common Stock, which ranks junior to our customer deposits and indebtedness. Additional equity offerings may dilute the holdings of our existing shareholders or reduce the market price of our Common Stock, or both. Holders of our Common Stock are not entitled to preemptive rights or other protections against dilution.

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An investment in our Common Stock is not an insured deposit and is not guaranteed by the FDIC, so you could lose some or all of your investment.

An investment in our Common Stock is not a deposit account or other obligation of the Bank and, therefore, is not insured against loss or guaranteed by the FDIC, any other deposit insurance fund, or by any other governmental, public, or private entity. An investment in our Common Stock is inherently risky for the reasons described herein. As a result, if you acquire our Common Stock, you could lose some or all of your investment.

Holders of our junior subordinated debentures and preferred stock have rights that are senior to those of our common stockholders.

We have three statutory business trusts for which we became sponsors in connection with the merger with Summit. The trusts have issued mandatorily redeemable securities (the “capital securities”) for which we are obligated to third-party investors related, and hold our junior subordinated debentures (the “debentures”). The debentures held by the trusts are their sole assets. Our subordinated debentures of these unconsolidated statutory trusts totaled approximately $19.6 million excluding the related fair value mark incurred as of acquisition, at December 31, 2025.

Payments of the principal and interest on the trust preferred securities of the statutory trusts are conditionally guaranteed by us. The junior subordinated debentures are senior to our shares of common stock. As a result, we must make payments on the junior subordinated debentures before any dividends can be paid on our Common Stock and, in the event of our bankruptcy, dissolution or liquidation, the holders of the junior subordinated debentures must be satisfied before any distributions can be made on our Common Stock. We have the right to defer distributions on the junior subordinated debentures (and the related trust preferred securities) for up to five (5) years, during which time no dividends may be paid on our Common Stock. See Note 7 — Borrowed Funds in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our trust preferred securities.

We also have 1,500 shares of our 6.0% Fixed Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series 2021 outstanding, which is senior to our Common Stock with respect to dividends upon liquidation or dissolution of the Company. While the regular dividends payable on such preferred stock are non-cumulative, we are not permitted to pay dividends on or repurchase our Common Stock to the extent we do not pay dividends on such preferred stock for each applicable dividend period.

Our Bylaws designate the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division, or in the event that court lacks jurisdiction, the Circuit Court of the City of Alexandria, Virginia, as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our shareholders, which may not be enforced and could discourage lawsuits against us and our directors and officers.

Our Bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division, or in the event that court lacks jurisdiction, the Circuit Court of the City of Alexandria, Virginia, will be the sole and exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of us, any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, employee, or other agent of ours to us or our shareholders, any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Virginia Stock Corporation Act (“VSCA”) or our Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws, or any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, including, without limitation, any action to interpret, apply, enforce, or determine the validity of the Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws, in each case subject to such court having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants in any such action. By its terms, the exclusive forum provision in our Bylaws would apply to claims made under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act. However, Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. In addition, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result of these provisions, the exclusive forum provisions may not apply to, and there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such exclusive forum provisions with respect to, suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the Securities Act or any other claim for which the federal and state courts have

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concurrent jurisdiction, and our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to this provision of our Bylaws. The exclusive forum provision may limit the ability of our shareholders to bring a claim in a judicial forum that such shareholders find favorable for disputes with us or our directors or officers and the provision may increase costs on a shareholder pursuing any claims against us, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors and officers. Alternatively, if a court were to find this exclusive forum provision inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings described above, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

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Risks Relating to the Consummation of the LNKB Merger and the Company Following the LNKB Merger

The Company and LNKB have, and the Company following the closing is expected to, incur substantial costs related to the LNKB Merger and integration.

The Company and LNKB have incurred and expect to incur significant non-recurring costs associated with the LNKB Merger. These costs include legal, financial advisory, accounting, consulting, and other advisory fees, severance/employee benefit-related costs, public company filing fees, and other regulatory fees, printing costs, and other related costs. Some of these costs are payable regardless of whether the LNKB Merger is completed and may adversely impact the Company’s earnings.

Following the closing, the Company is expected to incur substantial costs related to the integration of Burke & Herbert’s and LNKB’s businesses, including facilities and systems consolidation costs and employment-related costs. The Company and LNKB may also incur additional costs to maintain employee morale and to retain key employees. There are a large number of processes, policies, procedures, operations, technologies, and systems that may need to be integrated, including purchasing, accounting and finance, payroll, compliance, treasury management, branch operations, vendor management, risk management, lines of business, pricing, and benefits. While the Company and LNKB have assumed that a certain level of costs will be incurred, there are many factors beyond our control that could affect the total amount or the timing of the integration costs, and additional unanticipated costs may be incurred in the integration of the businesses of the Company and LNKB. Moreover, many of the costs that will be incurred are, by their nature, difficult to estimate accurately. There can be no assurances that the expected benefits and efficiencies related to the integration of the businesses will be realized to offset these transaction and integration costs over time. Anticipated future merger and integration-related pre-tax costs are currently estimated to be approximately $52.1 million.

Combining the Company and LNKB may be more difficult, costly, or time-consuming than expected, and the Company and LNKB may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of the LNKB Merger.

The success of the LNKB Merger will depend, in part, on the ability to realize the anticipated cost savings from combining the businesses of the Company and LNKB. To realize the anticipated benefits and cost savings from the LNKB Merger, the Company and LNKB must successfully integrate and combine their businesses in a manner that permits those cost savings to be realized without adversely affecting current revenues and future growth. If the Company and LNKB are not able to successfully achieve these objectives, the anticipated benefits of the LNKB Merger may not be realized fully, or at all, or may take longer to realize than expected.

A successful integration of LNKB’s business with the Company’s business will depend on the ability to consolidate operations, corporate cultures, systems and procedures and to eliminate redundancies and costs. The Company may not be able to combine each company’s business without encountering difficulties that could adversely affect the ability to maintain relationships with existing clients, customers, depositors and employees, such as:

• the loss of key employees;

• the disruption of operations and business;

• inability to maintain and increase competitive presence;

• loan and deposit attrition, customer loss and revenue loss;

• possible inconsistencies in standards, control procedures and policies;

• additional costs or unexpected problems with operations, personnel, technology and credit; and/or

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• problems with the assimilation of new operations, systems, sites or personnel, which could divert resources from banking operations.

Any disruption to the businesses could cause customers to remove their accounts and move their business to a competing financial institution. Integration efforts between the two companies may also divert management attention and resources. Additionally, general market and economic conditions or governmental actions affecting the financial industry generally may inhibit the successful integration of the Company and LNKB.

The Company and LNKB entered into the Merger Agreement with the expectation that the acquisition of LNKB by the Company will result in various benefits including, among other things, benefits relating to enhanced revenues, a strengthened market position for the continuing corporation, cross-selling opportunities, technological efficiencies, and operating efficiencies. Achieving the anticipated benefits of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement is subject to a number of uncertainties including whether the integration is completed in a timely, effective and efficient manner and general competitive conditions in the marketplace. An inability to realize the full extent of the anticipated benefits of the LNKB Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, as well as delays encountered in the integration process, could have an adverse effect upon the revenues, levels of expenses and operating results of the continuing corporation following the completion of the LNKB Merger, which may adversely affect the value of the common stock of the continuing corporation following the completion of the LNKB Merger. Additionally, upon consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the Company will make fair value estimates of certain assets and liabilities in recording the acquisition. Actual values of these assets and liabilities could differ from such estimates, which could result in the Company not achieving the anticipated benefits of the acquisition. Any cost savings that are realized may be offset by losses in revenues or other charges to earnings. In addition, the actual cost savings of the LNKB Merger could be less than anticipated, and integration may result in additional and unforeseen expenses.

The Company and LKNB have operated and, until the completion of the LNKB Merger, must continue to operate, independently. It is possible that the integration process could result in the loss of key employees, the disruption of each company’s ongoing businesses, or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures, and policies that adversely affect the companies’ ability to maintain relationships with clients, customers, depositors, and employees or to achieve the anticipated benefits and cost savings of the LNKB Merger. Integration efforts between the two companies may also divert management attention and resources. These integration matters could have an adverse effect on each of the Company and LNKB during this transition period and for an undetermined period after completion of the LNKB Merger on the continuing corporation.

Our results following the LNKB Merger may suffer if we do not effectively manage our expanded operations, including complying with any enhanced regulatory requirements.

Should the LNKB Merger successfully close, then following the LNKB Merger, the size of our business will increase beyond the current size of either our or LNKB’s business. Our future success as the continuing corporation will depend, in part, upon our ability to manage this expanded business, which may pose challenges for management, including challenges related to the management and monitoring of new operations and associated increased costs and complexity. There can be no assurances that the continuing corporation will be successful or that it will realize the expected operating efficiencies, revenue enhancement, or other benefits currently anticipated from the LNKB Merger.

The continuing corporation may also face increased scrutiny from governmental authorities as a result of the increased size of its business. As a result of the LNKB Merger, the continuing corporation is expected to have total assets exceeding $10 billion. Banks with $10 billion or more in total assets are, among other things: subject to reduced dividends on any holdings of Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond common stock; subject to limits on interchange fees pursuant to the Durbin amendment to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act; subject to certain enhanced prudential standards; no longer treated as a “small institution” for FDIC deposit insurance assessment purposes; examined directly by the CFPB with respect to various federal consumer financial laws; and no longer eligible to elect to be subject to the CBLR. Compliance with these additional ongoing requirements may necessitate additional personnel, the design and implementation of additional internal controls,

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and the incurrence of significant expenses, which could have a significant adverse effect on the continuing corporation’s financial condition or results of operations.

The continuing corporation may be unable to retain Company and/or LNKB personnel successfully after the LNKB Merger is completed.

The success of the LNKB Merger will depend, in part, on our ability to retain the talents and dedication of key employees currently employed by the Company and LNKB. It is possible that these employees may decide not to remain with the Company or LNKB, as applicable, while the LNKB Merger is pending or with the continuing corporation after the LNKB Merger is consummated. If the Company and LNKB are unable to retain key employees, including management, who are critical to the successful integration and future operations of the companies, the Company and LNKB could face disruptions in their operations, loss of existing customers, loss of key information, expertise, or know-how, and unanticipated additional recruitment costs. In addition, following the LNKB Merger, if key employees terminate their employment, the continuing corporation’s business activities may be adversely affected, and management’s attention may be diverted from successfully hiring suitable replacements, all of which may cause the continuing corporation’s business to suffer. The Company and LNKB also may not be able to locate or retain suitable replacements for any key employees who leave either company.

Regulatory approvals for the Holding Company Merger and the Bank Merger may not be received, may take longer than expected, or may impose conditions that are not presently anticipated or that could have an adverse effect on the continuing corporation following the LNKB Merger.

Before the LNKB Merger may be completed, various approvals, consents and non-objections must be obtained from regulatory authorities. In determining whether to grant these approvals, such regulatory authorities consider a variety of factors, including the regulatory standing of each party and other considerations. These approvals could be delayed or not obtained at all, including due to any or all of the following: an adverse development in either party’s regulatory standing, considerations related to the continuing corporation exceeding $10 billion in total assets, or any other factors considered by regulators when granting such approvals; governmental, political, or community group inquiries, investigations, or opposition; or changes in legislation or the political environment, generally.

Even if the approvals are granted, they may impose terms and conditions, limitations, obligations or costs, or place restrictions on the conduct of the continuing corporation’s business or require changes to the terms of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement. There can be no assurance that regulators will not impose any such conditions, limitations, obligations, or restrictions or that such conditions, limitations, obligations, or restrictions will not have the effect of delaying the completion of any of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, imposing additional material costs on or materially limiting the revenues of the continuing corporation following the LNKB Merger, or otherwise reduce the anticipated benefits of the LNKB Merger. In addition, there can be no assurance that any such conditions, limitations, obligations, or restrictions will not result in the delay or abandonment of the LNKB Merger. Additionally, the completion of the LNKB Merger is conditioned on the absence of certain orders, injunctions, or decrees by any court or governmental entity of competent jurisdiction that would prohibit or make illegal the completion of the LNKB Merger.

Despite the parties’ commitments to using their reasonable best efforts to respond to any request for information and resolve any objection that may be asserted by any governmental entity with respect to the Merger Agreement, neither party is required, under the terms of the Merger Agreement, to take any action, commit to take any action, or agree to any condition or restriction in connection with obtaining these approvals that would reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the continuing corporation and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, after giving effect to the Holding Company Merger and the Bank Merger (measured on a scale relative to LNKB and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole).

The Merger Agreement may be terminated in accordance with its terms and the LNKB Merger may not be completed. Such failure to complete the LNKB Merger could negatively impact the Company or LNKB.

The Merger Agreement is subject to a number of conditions which must be fulfilled in order to complete the LNKB Merger. Those conditions include: (i) approval by the Company’s and LNKB’s respective shareholders of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby; (ii) authorization for listing on Nasdaq of the shares

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of Company Common Stock that will be issuable pursuant to the Merger Agreement, subject to official notice of issuance; (iii) the receipt of the requisite regulatory approvals; (iv) effectiveness of the registration statement on Form S-4; and (v) the absence of any order, injunction, decree, or other legal restraint preventing the completion of the Holding Company Merger or the Bank Merger or making the completion of the Holding Company Merger or the Bank Merger illegal. Each party’s obligation to complete the LNKB Merger is also subject to certain additional customary conditions, including (a) subject to applicable materiality standards, the accuracy of the representations, and warranties of the other party, (b) the performance in all material respects by the other party of its obligations under the Merger Agreement, and (c) the receipt by each party of an opinion from its counsel to the effect that the LNKB Merger will qualify as a reorganization within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Code.

These conditions to the closing may not be fulfilled in a timely manner or at all, and, accordingly, the LNKB Merger may not be completed. In addition, the parties can mutually decide to terminate the Merger Agreement at any time, before or after the receipt of the requisite shareholder approvals, or the Company or LNKB may elect to terminate the Merger Agreement in certain other circumstances.

If the LNKB Merger is not completed for any reason, including as a result of the Company’s or LNKB’s shareholders failing to approve the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, there may be various adverse consequences and the Company and/or LNKB may experience negative reactions from the financial markets and from their respective customers and employees. For example, the Company’s or LNKB’s businesses may have been impacted adversely by the failure to pursue other beneficial opportunities due to the focus of management on the LNKB Merger, without realizing any of the anticipated benefits of completing the LNKB Merger. Additionally, if the Merger Agreement is terminated, the market price of the Company’s Common Stock or LNKB’s common stock could decline to the extent that current market prices reflect a market assumption that the LNKB Merger will be beneficial and will be completed. The Company and/or LNKB could also be subject to litigation related to any failure to complete the LNKB Merger or to proceedings commenced against the Company or LNKB to perform their respective obligations under the Merger Agreement. If the Merger Agreement is terminated under certain circumstances, either the Company or LNKB may be required to pay a termination fee of $14.2 million to the other party.

Additionally, each of the Company and LNKB has incurred and will incur substantial expenses in connection with the negotiation and completion of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, as well as the costs and expenses of preparing, filing, printing and mailing the joint proxy statement/prospectus, and all filing and other fees paid in connection with the LNKB Merger. If the LNKB Merger is not completed, the Company and LNKB would have to pay these expenses without realizing the expected benefits of the LNKB Merger.

In connection with the LNKB Merger, we will assume LNKB’s outstanding debt obligations, and our level of indebtedness following the completion of the LNKB Merger could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital and to meet our obligations under our existing indebtedness.

In connection with the LNKB Merger, we will assume LNKB’s outstanding indebtedness. Our existing debt, together with the assumption of LNKB’s outstanding indebtedness and any future incurrence of additional indebtedness, could have important consequences for the continuing corporation’s creditors and the continuing corporation’s shareholders. For example, it could:

• limit the continuing corporation’s ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, acquisitions, and general corporate or other purposes;

• restrict the continuing corporation from making strategic acquisitions or cause the continuing corporation to make non-strategic divestitures;

• restrict the continuing corporation from paying dividends to its shareholders;

• increase the continuing corporation’s vulnerability to general economic and industry conditions; and

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• require a substantial portion of cash flow from operations to be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on the continuing corporation’s indebtedness, thereby reducing the continuing corporation’s ability to use cash flows to fund its operations, capital expenditures, and future business opportunities.

The Company and LNKB will be subject to business uncertainties and contractual restrictions while the LNKB Merger is pending.

Uncertainty about the effect of the LNKB Merger on employees and customers may have an adverse effect on the Company and LNKB. These uncertainties may impair the Company’s or LNKB’s ability to attract, retain, and motivate key personnel until the LNKB Merger is completed, and could cause customers and others that deal with the Company or LNKB to seek to change existing business relationships with the Company or LNKB. In addition, subject to certain exceptions, the Company and LNKB have each agreed to operate its business in the ordinary course in all material respects and to refrain from taking certain actions that may adversely affect its ability to consummate the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement on a timely basis without the consent of the other party. These restrictions may prevent the Company and/or LNKB from pursuing attractive business opportunities that may arise prior to the completion of the LNKB Merger.

Our shareholders and LNKB shareholders will have reduced ownership and voting interest in the continuing corporation after the consummation of the LNKB Merger and will exercise less influence over management.

Our shareholders and LNKB shareholders currently have the right to vote in the election of the board of directors and on other matters affecting Burke & Herbert and LNKB, respectively. When the LNKB Merger is completed, each Burke & Herbert shareholder and each LNKB shareholder will become a holder of common stock of the continuing corporation, with a percentage ownership of the continuing corporation that is smaller than the holder’s percentage ownership of either the Company or LNKB individually, as applicable, prior to the consummation of the LNKB Merger. Based on the number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock and LNKB’s common stock outstanding as of the close of business on the respective record dates for each company’s special meeting of shareholders, and based on the number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock expected to be issued in the LNKB Merger, the former LNKB shareholders, as a group, are estimated to own approximately 25% of the fully diluted shares of the continuing corporation immediately after the LNKB Merger and current shareholders of the Company as a group are estimated to own approximately 75% of the fully diluted shares of the continuing corporation immediately after the LNKB Merger. Additionally, two LNKB continuing director will join the board of directors of the continuing corporation as of the effective time, and the board of directors of the continuing corporation will be expanded to 17 directors. Because of this, LNKB shareholders may have less influence on the management and policies of the continuing corporation than they now have on the management and policies of LNKB, and our shareholders may have less influence on the management and policies of the continuing corporation than they now have on the management and policies of the Company.

Interest rate volatility may adversely impact the fair value adjustments of investments and loans acquired in the LNKB Merger.

Upon the closing of the LNKB Merger, the continuing corporation will need to adjust the fair value of LNKB’s investment and loan portfolios. Volatility in the interest rate environment could have the effect of increasing the magnitude of the purchase accounting marks relating to such fair value adjustments, thereby increasing initial tangible book value dilution, extending the tangible book value earn-back period, and negatively impacting the continuing corporation’s capital ratios, which may result in the continuing corporation taking steps to strengthen its capital position.

The dilution caused by the issuance of shares of the Company’s Common Stock in connection with the LNKB Merger may adversely affect the market price of the Company’s Common Stock.

The dilution caused by the issuance of the new shares of the Company’s Common Stock to LNKB shareholders in connection with the payment of the LNKB Merger consideration may result in fluctuations in the market price of the Company’s Common Stock, including a stock price decrease.

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Issuance of shares of the Company’s Common Stock in connection with the LNKB Merger may adversely affect the market price of the Company’s Common Stock.

In connection with the payment of the LNKB Merger consideration, the Company expects to issue approximately 5.1 million shares of the Company’s Common Stock to LNKB shareholders. The issuance of these new shares of the Company’s Common Stock may result in fluctuations in the market price of the Company’s Common Stock, including a stock price decrease.

The market price of the Company’s Common Stock after the LNKB Merger may be affected by factors different from those currently affecting the shares of the Company’s Common Stock or LNKB common Stock.

At the effective time of the LNKB Merger, LNKB shareholders will become shareholders of the Company. The Company’s business differs from that of LNKB and certain adjustments may be made to the Company’s business as a result of the LNKB Merger. Accordingly, the results of operations of the continuing corporation and the market price of the Company’s Common Stock after the completion of the LNKB Merger may be affected by factors different from those currently affecting the independent results of operations of each of the Company and LNKB.

Shareholder litigation could prevent or delay the completion of the LNKB Merger or otherwise negatively impact the business and operations of the Company and LNKB.

Shareholders of the Company and/or of LNKB may file lawsuits against the Company, LNKB and/or the directors and officers of either company in connection with the LNKB Merger. One of the conditions to the closing is that no order, injunction or decree issued by any court or governmental entity of competent jurisdiction or other legal restraint preventing the consummation of the Holding Company Merger, the Bank Merger or any of the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement be in effect. If any plaintiff were successful in obtaining an injunction prohibiting the Company or LNKB defendants from completing the Holding Company Merger, the Bank Merger or any of the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, then such injunction may delay or prevent the effectiveness of the LNKB Merger and could result in significant costs to the Company and/or LNKB, including any cost associated with the indemnification of directors and officers of each company. The Company and LNKB may incur costs in connection with the defense or settlement of any shareholder lawsuits filed in connection with the LNKB Merger. Such litigation could have an adverse effect on the financial condition and results of operations of the Company and LNKB and could prevent or delay the completion of the LNKB Merger.

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Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations of the Company should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto presented in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . Historical results of operations and the percentage relationships among any amounts included, and any trends that may appear, may not indicate trends in operations or results of operations for any future periods. We are a financial holding company and we conduct all of our material business operations through the Bank. As a result, the discussion and analysis below primarily relate to activities conducted at the Bank.

We have made, and will continue to make, various forward-looking statements with respect to financial and business matters. Comments regarding our business that are not historical facts are considered forward-looking statements that involve inherent risks and uncertainties, see Disclosure Regarding Forward-Looking Statements . Actual results may differ materially from those contained in these forward-looking statements.

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Overview

Burke & Herbert Financial Services Corp. was organized as a Virginia corporation in 2022 to serve as the holding company for Burke & Herbert Bank & Trust Company. The Company became a bank holding company when it commenced operations on October 1, 2022, following a reorganization transaction in which it acquired control of the Bank under the BHCA. This transaction was treated as an internal reorganization as all shareholders of the Bank became shareholders of the Company. The Company has no material operations other than owning the Bank. In September 2023, the Company elected to become a financial holding company under the BHCA. As a financial holding company of a Virginia state bank, the Company is subject to regulation, supervision, and examination by the Federal Reserve and the Virginia BFI. The Bank is a Virginia chartered commercial bank that commenced operations in 1852. The Bank became a member of the Federal Reserve System on December 31, 2024. The Bank is subject to regulation, supervision, and examination by the Federal Reserve (through the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond) and the Virginia BFI.

The Bank’s primary market area includes northern Virginia and West Virginia, and it has over 77 branches and commercial loan offices across Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. The Company’s branch locations accept business and consumer deposits from a diverse customer base. The Company’s deposit products include checking, savings, and term certificate accounts. The Company’s loan portfolio includes commercial and consumer loans, a substantial portion of which are secured by real estate.

The Bank derives a significant portion of its income from interest received on loans and investments. The Bank’s primary source of funding is deposits, both interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing. In order to maximize the Bank’s net interest income, or the difference between the income on interest-earning assets and the expense of interest-bearing liabilities, the Bank must not only manage the volume of these balance sheet items, but also the yields earned on interest-earning assets and the rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities. To account for credit risk inherent in all loans, the Bank maintains an allowance for credit loss (“ACL”) to absorb expected credit losses on existing loans that may become uncollectible. The Bank establishes and maintains this ACL by charging a provision for credit losses against operating earnings. In order to maintain its operations and branch locations, the Bank incurs various operating expenses, which are further described within the “Results of Operations” later in this section.

As of December 31, 2025, we had total consolidated assets of $7.9 billion, gross loans of $5.4 billion, total deposits of $6.4 billion, and total shareholders’ equity of $854.6 million. As of December 31, 2025, we had 832 full-time equivalent employees. None of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.

Merger with Summit Financial Group, Inc.

On May 3, 2024, the Company completed its merger with Summit, pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Reorganization and accompanying Plan of Merger dated August 24, 2023 between the Company and Summit.

Pending Merger with LINKBANCORP, Inc.

On December 18, 2025, the Company and LNKB entered into the Merger Agreement, which provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein, LNKB will merge with and into the Company, with the Company as the surviving corporation. The LNKB Merger Agreement further provides that immediately following the Holding Company Merger, LINKBANK will merge with and into the Bank, with the Bank as the surviving bank.

Upon the terms and subject to the conditions of the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Holding Company Merger, each share of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of LNKB outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will be converted into the right to receive 0.1350 shares of the Company’s common stock. Holders of LNKB common stock will receive cash in lieu of fractional shares.

Completion of the LNKB Merger is subject to customary conditions, including receipt of the requisite approvals of the Company’s and LNKB’s shareholders, receipt of all required regulatory approvals.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our accounting and reporting policies conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and conform to general practices within the industry in which we operate. To prepare financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management makes estimates, assumptions, and judgments based on available information. These estimates, assumptions, and judgments affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes and are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements and, as this information changes, actual results could differ from the estimates, assumptions, and judgments reflected in the financial statements. In particular, management has identified several accounting policies that, due to the estimates, assumptions, and judgments inherent in those policies, are critical in understanding our financial statements.

Our most significant accounting policies are presented in the notes to the accompanying consolidated financial statements. These policies, along with the other disclosures presented in the financial statement notes and in this financial review, provide information on how significant assets and liabilities are valued in the financial statements and how those values are determined. Based on the valuation techniques used and the sensitivity of financial statement amounts to the methods, assumptions, and estimates underlying those amounts, we have identified business combination and goodwill, the determination of the allowance for credit losses, and income taxes to be the accounting areas that require the most subjective or complex judgments, and as such, could be most subject to revision as new information becomes available.

Business Combination and Goodwill

For acquisitions, we are required to record the assets acquired, including identified intangible assets such as core deposit intangibles, and the liabilities assumed at their respective fair values. The difference between consideration and the net fair value of assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Management uses significant estimates and assumptions to value such items, including projected cash flows, repayment rates, default rates and losses assuming default, discount rates, and realizable collateral values. The allowance for credit losses for purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans is recognized within acquisition accounting. The allowance for credit losses for non-PCD assets is recognized as provision for credit losses in the same reporting period as the acquisition. Fair value adjustments are amortized or accreted into the income statement over the estimated life of the acquired assets or assumed liabilities. The purchase date valuations and any subsequent adjustments determine the amount of goodwill recognized in connection with the acquisition. The use of different assumptions could produce significantly different valuation results, which could have material positive or negative effects on our results of operations. The carrying value of goodwill recorded must be reviewed for impairment on an annual basis, as well as on an interim basis if events or changes indicate that the asset might be impaired. An impairment loss must be recognized for any excess of carrying value over fair value of the goodwill.

The determination of fair values is based on valuations using management’s assumptions of future growth rates, future attrition, discount rates, multiples of earnings or other relevant factors. In addition, we engage third party specialists to assist in the development of fair values. Preliminary estimates of fair values may be adjusted for a period of time subsequent to the acquisition date if new information is obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date that, if known, would have affected the measurement of the amounts recognized as of that date. Adjustments recorded during this period are recognized in the current reporting period. Management uses various valuation methodologies to estimate the fair value of these assets and liabilities, and often involves a significant degree of judgment, particularly when liquid markets do not exist for the particular item being valued. Examples of such items include loans, deposits, identifiable intangible assets, and certain other assets and liabilities.

Changes in these factors, as well as downturns in economic or business conditions, could have a significant adverse impact on the carrying value of assets, including goodwill and liabilities, which could result in impairment losses affecting our financial statements as a whole and our banking subsidiary in which the goodwill resides.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses represents our estimate of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and projections including reasonable and

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supportable, reversion, and post-reversion forecasts. It is a valuation account that is deducted from the financial assets’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. Financial assets are charged-off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a financial asset is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

The Company’s loan portfolio is the largest financial asset that is in scope of this critical accounting estimate. Determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses is considered a critical accounting estimate, because it is based on the evaluation of the size and current risk characteristics of the loan portfolio, past events, current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts, and prepayment experience as related to credit contractual terms. Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant available information from internal and external sources. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses; adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics, such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, and delinquency levels, as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in unemployment rates, property values, or other relevant factors. The model methodology used for funded credits, along with taking into consideration the probability of drawdowns or funding on unfunded commitments and whether such commitments are irrevocable or not by the Company, is how the Company determines the allowance for credit losses for unfunded commitments. These evaluations are conducted at least quarterly and more frequently, if deemed necessary.

The Company is using an internally developed model that produces an estimate of the allowance for credit losses as the lifetime expected credit losses of the loan portfolio. This model uses a remaining useful life or weighted average remaining maturity (“WARM”) method within defined-contractual terms by federal call codes. The model forecasts net charge-off rates by call codes using ordinary least squares (“OLS”) regression models that use macroeconomic variables to forecast the Company’s and peer banks’ net charge-off rates. These models are used to produce reasonable and supportable forecasts of net charge-off rates. The macroeconomic variables utilized by the Company include variables that meet defined criteria in forecasting credit losses for our loan portfolio. These variables include, but are not limited to, unemployment rates, housing and commercial real estate prices, gross domestic product levels, equity market conditions or interest rates, as well as other variables that are portfolio-specific, such as those pertaining to commercial real estate or to residential loan portfolios. The Company sources the macroeconomic variables and the macroeconomic variable forecasts that it uses in its ACL model from the Standard & Poor’s Global Market Intelligence and from CoStar Group.

The Company currently has set an initial reasonable and supportable forecast period of two years with a subsequent straight-line loss-rate reversion for the following four quarters before then utilizing historical average loss rates in remaining periods of the modeled contractual terms. Based on management’s analysis, adjustments may be applied for additional factors impacting the risk of loss in the loan portfolio beyond information used to calculate reasonable and supportable forecast and the subsequent reversion to historical loss information on collectively evaluated loans. As the reasonable and supportable forecast and reversion period forecast reflects the use of the macroeconomic variable loss drivers, management may consider that an additional or reduced reserve is warranted through qualitative risk factors based on current and expected conditions, including those that utilize supplemental information relative to the macroeconomic variable loss drivers. Qualitative adjustments considered by management include the following: (i) management’s assessment of macroeconomic forecasts used in the model and how those forecasts align with management’s overall evaluation of current expected credit conditions; (ii) organization specific risks such as credit concentrations, collateral specific risks, nature and size of the portfolio, and external factors that may ultimately impact credit quality; and (iii) underwriting and delinquency trends. The qualitative factors applied at December 31, 2025, and the importance and levels of the qualitative factors applied, may change in future periods depending on the level of changes to items such as the uncertainty of economic conditions and management’s assessment of the level of credit risk within the loan portfolio as a result of such changes, compared to the amount of ACL calculated by the model. Management reviews supplemental data sources including historical net charge-off rates and data measuring other specific credit outcomes from its systems of record in supporting

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qualitative factors. However, qualitative factor evaluations are inherently imprecise and require significant management judgment.

See Note 1 — Nature of Business Activities and Significant Accounting Policies for more discussion of the qualitative factors along with information on the allowance for credit losses for the off-balance sheet credit exposures.

Income Taxes

The Company’s income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management’s best assessment of estimated taxes due. The calculation of each component of the Company’s income tax provision is complex and requires the use of estimates and judgments in its determination. As part of the Company’s evaluation and implementation of business strategies, consideration is given to the regulations and tax laws that apply to the specific facts and circumstances for any tax position under evaluation. Management closely monitors tax developments on both the federal and state level in order to evaluate the effect they may have on the Company’s overall tax position and the estimates and judgments used in determining the income tax provision and records adjustments as necessary.

Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences between the tax and financial statement recognition of revenue and expenses. In evaluating the Company’s ability to recover its deferred tax assets within the jurisdiction from which they arise, the Company must consider all available evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and the results of recent operations. A valuation allowance is recognized for a deferred tax asset if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. See Note 8 — Income Taxes , in Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company for additional information.

On July 4, 2025, the President signed H.R. 1, the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act,” into law. The legislation includes several changes to federal tax law that generally allow for more favorable deductibility of certain business expenses beginning in 2025, including, reinstatement of 100% bonus depreciation, and more favorable rules for determining the limitation on business interest expense. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on future periods.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP and also present certain non-GAAP financial measures that exclude certain items or otherwise include components that differ from the most directly comparable measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Non-GAAP measures are provided as additional useful information to assess our financial condition and results of operations (including period-to-period operating performance). These non-GAAP measures are not intended as a substitute for GAAP financial measures and may not be defined or calculated the same way as non-GAAP measures with similar names used by other companies. For more information, including the reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to their corresponding GAAP financial measures, see the respective sections where the measures are presented.

Commercial Real Estate Sector Concentration

In recent years, commercial real estate (“CRE”) markets have been impacted by economic disruptions, including those resulting from the effects of increases in remote work in urban centers and changes in the characteristics of certain urban centers. CRE loans are generally viewed as having a greater risk of default than other types of loans and depend on cash flows from the owner’s business or the property’s tenants to service the debt. The borrower’s cash flows may be affected significantly by general economic conditions. Adverse conditions in the real estate market or the general business climate and economy or in occupancy rates where the property is located could increase the likelihood of default. In particular, CRE office borrowers in central business districts have been impacted by decreased property valuations, oversupply due to remote work trends, and rising interest rates which has increased default rates and impeded their ability to secure new financing. CRE loans generally have large loan balances, and therefore, the deterioration of one or a few of these loans could cause a significant increase in the percentage of our non-performing loans. An increase in non-performing loans could result in a loss of earnings from

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these loans, an increase in the provision for loan losses, and an increase in charge-offs, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The Bank continues to monitor its commercial real estate portfolio by reviewing various credit risk and concentration reports. The Bank’s exposure to commercial real estate at December 31, 2025, was $2.8 billion or 51.4% of its gross loan portfolio, not including owner-occupied commercial real estate and acquisition, construction & development. Commercial real estate as a percentage of total assets at December 31, 2025, was 35.0%, not including owner-occupied commercial real estate and acquisition, construction & development. Including owner-occupied commercial real estate and acquisition, construction & development, total exposure was $3.7 billion or 69.6% of our total gross loans and 47.4% of total assets at December 31, 2025.

Loan balances by portfolio segment amortized cost (in thousands) and by percentage of our total gross loan portfolio at December 31, 2025, were as follows:

December 31, 2025

Amortized Cost

Percentage

Commercial real estate

Owner-occupied commercial real estate

Acquisition, construction & development

Commercial & industrial

Single family residential (1-4 units)

Consumer non-real estate and other

Total gross loans

Monitoring of the CRE concentration is performed at both the loan level and at the portfolio level. The Credit Risk Management team provides management and the Board with periodic reports on the credit portfolio, which include the CRE portfolio (including owner-occupied CRE and acquisition, construction & development loans). These reports provide an assessment of asset quality and risk rating migration and monitor concentrations against the board approved concentration limits (including sub-limits). The tables below present the Company’s commercial real estate, owner-occupied commercial real estate, and acquisition, construction & development portfolios by collateral type and geographic location as of December 31, 2025 (in thousands).

Commercial Real Estate by Collateral Type and Geographic Location

Other

Total

Percentage

Retail Real Estate

Multi-Family

Office Buildings/Condos

Hotels/Motels

Industrial/Warehouse

Self-Storage

Nursing-Assisted Living

Restaurants

Gas Stations

Other

Total

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Owner-Occupied Commercial Real Estate by Collateral Type and Geographic Location

Other

Total

Percentage

Office Buildings/Condos

Retail

Industrial/Warehouse

Gas Stations

Restaurants

Churches/Religious Organizations

Coal, oil, gas, and natural resource extraction

Private School

Other

Total

Acquisition, Construction & Development by Collateral Type and Geographic Location

Other

Total

Percentage

Multi-Family

Land

Office Buildings/Condos

Self-Storage

Retail Real Estate

Residential For-Sale

Other

Total

CRE loans are monitored through various processes that include payment monitoring, financial reporting, and covenant compliance monitoring, and annual reviews for larger relationships. Furthermore, construction loans are monitored throughout the life of the project and the construction loan administration function is centralized within the Credit Risk Management team. Monitoring the market conditions is also an important component of prudent CRE risk management. Quarterly construction progress reviews are also completed on all acquisition, construction & development loans. For each loan, management reviews the adequacy of the construction budget, adequacy of the interest reserve, pace of construction, and review of any loan covenants.

The Bank believes its underwriting and monitoring standards for commercial real estate loans are sufficient to evaluate its loan portfolio and keep it from incurring significant losses. The majority of the Company’s commercial real estate loans are in Virginia (approximately 48.9%), and it does not have significant exposure to any economic areas of the country that are underperforming the national economy. Additionally, the Bank’s overall exposure to the “Office Building/Condo” collateral type is 17.5% of total commercial real estate loans, including owner-occupied commercial real estate and acquisition, construction & development. The Bank believes that the combined loan portfolio is well-diversified, generally seasoned, manageable, and will outperform the industry in terms of performance through the economic cycle; however, our underwriting, review, and monitoring cannot eliminate all of the risks related to these loans. For further discussion see Item 1A, under the caption “Risk Factors” .

Liquidity Management

Liquidity is the ability of the Company to convert assets into cash or cash equivalents without significant loss and to raise additional funds by increasing liabilities. Liquidity management involves maintaining the Company’s ability to meet the day-to-day cash flow requirements of its customers, whether they are depositors wishing to

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withdraw funds or borrowers requiring funds to meet their credit needs. Without proper liquidity management, the Company would not be able to perform the primary function of a financial intermediary and would, therefore, not be able to meet the needs of the communities it serves.

The Company assesses the need for liquidity in a variety of scenarios. Those scenarios may include projected growth, credit deterioration, deposit decay, interest rate changes, and a variety of other economic scenarios that can impact the liquidity position of the Company. These analyses are performed on a quarterly basis in conjunction with the Company’s Asset/Liability meetings, and findings are reported to the Asset and Liability Management Committee (the “ALCO”) and to the Board. From time to time, management may change the frequency of such testing or update certain inputs as a result of abnormal market conditions.

Findings, as a result of the Company’s prudent liquidity modeling, may result in the change of certain products offered to customers or adjust the way the Company manages its balance sheet. Such changes could include adjusting interest rates offered on certain deposit products, changes to interest rates charged in lending activities, or the suspension of certain products and activities altogether. Times of significant economic stress may cause the mix of funding to shift and increase the likelihood of changes to certain products in order to manage the Company’s overall liquidity and capital position.

The asset portion of the balance sheet provides liquidity primarily through unencumbered securities available-for-sale, loan principal and interest payments, maturities and prepayments of investment securities, and, to a lesser extent, sales of investment securities available-for-sale. Other short-term investments available to the Company that could act as potential sources of liquidity are federal funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell, and maturing interest-bearing deposits with other banks.

The liability portion of the balance sheet provides liquidity through interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing deposit accounts and through FHLB and other borrowings. Brokered deposits, federal funds purchased, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and other short-term borrowings are additional sources of liquidity and basically represent the Company’s incremental borrowing capacity. These sources of liquidity are used as necessary to fund asset growth and meet short-term liquidity needs.

In addition to the Company’s financial performance and condition, liquidity may be impacted by the Company’s structure as a financial holding company that is a separate legal entity from the Bank. The Company requires cash for various operating needs that could include payment of dividends to its shareholders, the servicing of debt, and the payment of general corporate expenses. The primary source of liquidity for the Company is dividends paid by the Bank. Applicable federal and state statutes and regulations impose restrictions on the amount of dividends that may be paid by the Bank. In addition to the formal statutes and regulations, regulatory authorities also consider the adequacy of the Bank’s total capital in relation to its assets, deposits, and other such items. Any future dividends must be set forth in the Company’s capital plans before any dividends can be paid.

Management believes that the current sources of liquidity are adequate to meet the Company’s requirements and plans for continued growth. See Note 7 — Borrowed Funds and Note 14 — Commitments and Contingencies , in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding outstanding balances of sources of liquidity and contractual commitments and obligations.

Capital

The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Applicable capital rules under the Basel III Framework require the Company and the Bank to maintain minimum Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET 1”), Tier 1, and Total Capital ratios, along with a capital conservation buffer, effectively resulting in new minimum capital ratios. The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the conservation buffer (or below the combined capital conservation buffer and

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counter-cyclical capital buffer, when the latter is applied) will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases, and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall. The Basel III Framework also provide for a “counter-cyclical capital buffer” that is applicable to only certain covered institutions and does not have any current applicability to the Company or the Bank.

Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for “prompt corrective action,” the Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.

Additionally, federal banking laws require regulatory authorities to take “prompt corrective action” with respect to depository institutions that do not satisfy minimum capital requirements. The extent of these powers depends upon whether the institution in question is “well capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized,” or “critically undercapitalized,” as such terms are defined under federal banking agency regulations. Depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements will face constraints on payment of dividends, equity repurchases, and compensation based on the amount of shortfall. A depository institution that is not “well capitalized” is generally prohibited from accepting brokered deposits and offering interest rates on deposits higher than the prevailing rate in its market, may be subject to asset growth limitations, and may be required to submit capital restoration plans.

As of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the Bank complied with all regulatory capital standards and qualifies as “well capitalized”. Note 12 — Regulatory Capital Matters in Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contains additional discussion and analysis regarding the Company and the Bank’s regulatory capital requirements.

Effects of Inflation

The majority of assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature; therefore, a financial institution differs greatly from most commercial and industrial companies, which have significant investments in fixed assets or inventories that are greatly impacted by inflation. However, inflation does have an important impact on the growth of total assets in the banking industry and the resulting need to increase equity capital at higher-than-normal rates in order to maintain an appropriate equity-to-assets ratio. Inflation also affects other expenses that tend to rise during periods of general inflation.

Management believes the most significant potential impact of inflation on financial results is a direct result of the Company’s ability to manage the impact of changes in interest rates. Management attempts to maintain a balanced position between rate-sensitive assets and liabilities over an economic cycle in order to minimize the impact of interest rate fluctuations on net interest income. However, this goal can be difficult to completely achieve in times of rapidly changing interest rates and is one of many factors considered in determining the Company’s interest rate positioning.

Key Factors Affecting Financial Performance

We face a variety of risks that may impact various aspects of our financial performance from time to time. The extent of such impacts may vary depending on factors such as the current business and economic conditions, political and regulatory environment, and operational challenges. Many of these risks and our risk management strategies are described in more detail elsewhere in this Report.

Our success will depend upon, among other things, the following factors that we manage or control:

• Effectively managing capital and liquidity, including:

◦ Continuing to maintain and, over time, grow our deposit base as a low-cost stable funding source,

◦ Prudent liquidity and capital management to meet evolving regulatory capital, capital planning, stress testing, and liquidity standards, and

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◦ Actions we take within the capital and other financial markets,

• Our ability to manage any material costs related to the execution of our strategic priorities, including increased employees, infrastructure, compliance, and other costs in a profitable manner over the long term,

• Management of credit risk and interest rate risk in our portfolio,

• Our ability to continue to attract customers and compete with other banks and financial services providers in our markets,

• Our ability to manage and implement strategic business objectives within the changing regulatory environment,

• The impact of legal and regulatory-related contingencies,

• The appropriateness of critical accounting estimates and related contingencies,

• Our ability to manage operational risks related to new products and services, changes in processes and procedures, or the implementation of new technology, and

• The ability to make investments to promote compliance with existing and evolving regulatory requirements that will increase as the Company grows and will result in increased administrative expenses that we did not previously incur, which costs may materially increase our general and administrative expenses.

Our financial performance is also substantially affected by a number of external factors outside of our control, including the following:

• Economic conditions, and volatility in markets, including the effects of pandemics, wars, political conflicts, political instability, hostility and uncertainty both in the U.S. and abroad, government spending policies, trade policies, including tariffs and tariff counter-measures, and other barriers to trade (including the threat of such actions), the availability of labor, supply chain volatility, and any actions taken to mitigate and manage such impacts;

• The actions or inactions (including assumptions about potential actions or inactions) by the Federal Reserve, U.S. Treasury, and other government agencies, including those that impact money supply and market interest rates and inflation;

• The level of, and direction, timing, and magnitude of movement in interest rates and the shape of the interest rate yield curve;

• The functioning and other performance of and availability of liquidity in U.S. and global financial markets, including capital markets;

• Changes in the competitive landscape;

• Impacts of changes in federal, state, and local governmental policy, including on the regulatory landscape, capital markets, employment and unemployment levels in our markets, taxes, infrastructure spending, and social programs;

• The effect of climate change on our business and performance, including indirectly through impacts on our customers;

• The impact of market credit spreads on asset valuations,

• The ability of customers, counterparties, and issuers to perform in accordance with contractual terms and the resulting impact on our asset quality,

• Loan demand, utilization of credit commitments, and standby letters of credit, and

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• The impact on customers and changes in customer behavior due to changing business and economic conditions or regulatory or legislative initiatives.

The impact of these items, where material, is discussed in the applicable sections of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. For additional information on the risks we face, see Item 1A. — Risk Factors .

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Selected Financial Data

The following table sets forth selected historical consolidated financial information for each of the periods indicated. This information should be read together with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations , below, and with the accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K. The historical information indicated as of and for the years ended December 31, 2025, December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, has been derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2025, December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023. Historical results set forth below and elsewhere in this Form 10-K are not necessarily indicative of future performance.

As of December 31,

(In thousands, except ratios, share, and per share data)

Selected Financial Condition Data:

Total assets

Total cash and cash equivalents

Total investment securities, at fair value

Net loans

Company-owned life insurance

Premises and equipment, net

Total deposits

Short-term borrowings

Total shareholders’ equity

Common shareholders’ equity

As of or for the Year Ended December 31,

Selected Operating Data:

Interest income

Interest expense

Net interest income

Provision for credit losses

Total non-interest income

Total non-interest expense

Income before income taxes

Income tax expense

Preferred stock dividends

Net income applicable to common shares

Per Share Data:

Average shares of common stock outstanding, basic

Average shares of common stock outstanding, diluted

Total shares of common stock outstanding

Basic net income per common share

Diluted net income per common share

Dividends declared per common share

Common stock dividend payout ratio (1)

Book value per common share (at period end)

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As of or for the Year Ended December 31,

Performance Ratios:

Return on average assets

Return on average equity (2)

Interest rate spread (3)

Net interest margin (4)

Efficiency ratio (5)

Capital Ratios:

Common equity tier 1 (CET 1) capital to risk-weighted assets

Total risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets

Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets

Tier 1 capital to average assets (leverage ratio)

Asset Quality Ratios:

Allowance coverage ratio

Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of non-performing loans

Net charge-offs to average outstanding loans during the period

Non-performing loans as a percentage of total loans

Non-performing assets as a percentage of total assets

Other Data:

Number of full-service branches

Number of full-time equivalent employees

(1) Common stock dividend payout ratio represents per share dividends declared divided by diluted earnings per common share.

(2) Return on average equity computed using total average equity at period-end.

(3) The interest rate spread represents the difference between the fully taxable-equivalent weighted-average yield on interest-earning assets and the weighted-average cost of interest-bearing liabilities for the period.

(4) The net interest margin represents fully taxable-equivalent net interest income as a percent of average interest-earning assets for the period.

(5) The efficiency ratio represents non-interest expense as a percentage of the sum of net interest income and non-interest income.

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Results of Operations

Results of Operations for Years Ended December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024

General

Consolidated net income applicable to common shares for the year ended December 31, 2025, was $116.4 million compared to $35.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. The $81.4 million or 232.3% increase in net income applicable to common shares in 2025 compared to 2024 was primarily due to higher rates on interest-earning assets and a slight decrease in non-interest expense compared to the prior year ended December 31, 2024.

Net interest income totaled $295.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $226.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The $69.2 million increase in net interest income was primarily driven by higher rates which resulted in higher interest income on loans and securities, partially offset by higher deposit interest expense and higher interest expense on subordinated debt. Interest-bearing demand deposits and money market & savings accounts were the primary driver of increased net interest expense due mostly to an increase in rates, which was partially offset by a decline in volume.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recorded credit provision expense of $1.5 million compared to $24.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized a one-time CECL Day 2 provision for non-PCD assets acquired in the Summit merger, which resulted in a higher credit provision expense when compared to the year ended December 31, 2025.

Non-interest income increased by $10.8 million, or 30.8%, to $46.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $35.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in non-interest income was mostly due to the effect of the Summit merger and included increases in all categories of non-interest income except net gains on securities. The largest increase was income from company-owned life insurance of $3.4 million followed by an increase in other non-interest income of $3.1 million, and an increase in bank debit and other card revenue of $2.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. Net realized gains on the sale of securities decreased by $1.2 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.

Non-interest expense decreased by $2.3 million, or 1.1%, to $195.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $197.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease was mostly due to large decreases in equipment rentals, depreciation and maintenance, which decreased $7.3 million and other operating expense which decreased by $9.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. Increases were noted in other non-interest expense categories including salaries and wages which increased by $6.4 million, core deposit intangible amortization which increased by $4.1 million during the first full year following the Summit merger, occupancy, which increased by $2.9 million, and pensions and other employee benefits which increased by $1.3 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.

Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin

Net interest income is the principal component of the Company’s income stream and represents the difference, or spread, between interest and fee income generated from earning assets and the interest expense paid on deposits and borrowed funds. Net interest margin, stated as a percentage, is the yield obtained by dividing the difference between interest income generated on earning assets and the interest expense paid on all funding sources by average earning assets.

Fluctuations in interest rates as well as changes in the volume and mix of earnings assets and interest-bearing liabilities can impact net interest income and net interest margin. Management closely monitors both total net interest income and the net interest margin and seeks to maximize net interest income without exposing the Company to an excessive level of interest rate risk through our asset and liability policies. Interest rate risk is managed by monitoring the pricing, maturity, and repricing options of all classes of interest-bearing assets and liabilities.

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Net interest income totaled $295.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $226.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The $69.2 million increase in net interest income was primarily driven by higher interest income on loans and securities, partially offset by higher deposit interest expense. Interest income on loans increased by $71.6 million while interest income on securities increased $4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. Accretion income associated with acquired loans and borrowings totaled $39.8 million for the year ended, December 31, 2025 compared to $40.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Deposit interest expense increased by $3.3 million, while interest expense on subordinated debt assumed in the Summit merger led to an increase in interest expense of $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.

The tax adjusted net interest margin was 4.14% for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to 3.10% for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in tax-adjusted net interest margin was primarily driven by higher rates on interest-earning assets for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.

The yield for the year ended December 31, 2025, for the loan portfolio was 6.85% compared to 5.48% for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily the result of higher rates on loans, partially offset by lower volume.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, the tax-adjusted yield on the total investment securities portfolio was 3.96% compared to 3.36% for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to higher rates and was partially offset by lower volume.

The rate paid on interest-bearing deposits increased to 2.40% during the year ended December 31, 2025, from 2.27% during the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was a result of higher rates, partially offset by lower volume.

The rate paid on our short-term borrowings for the year ended December 31, 2025, was 3.90% compared to 3.35% for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was due to higher average rates for the year ended, December 31, 2025.

The weighted-average rate paid on subordinated debt and trust preferred securities acquired in the Summit merger was 9.85% for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 10.08% for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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The following table sets forth the major components of net interest income and the related yields and rates for the years ended December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, for comparison (dollars in thousands).

For the Years Ended

Average Outstanding Balance

Interest Income/Expense

Rate Earned/Paid

Average Outstanding Balance

Interest Income/Expense

Rate

Earned/

Paid

Assets:

Loans, gross (1)(2)

Tax-exempt loans (1)(2)(3)

Total loans

Interest-bearing deposits and fed funds sold

Taxable AFS securities and other securities (4)

Tax-exempt AFS securities (3)(4)

Total securities

Total interest-earning assets

Non-interest-earning assets

Total assets

Liabilities and shareholders’ equity:

Deposits:

Non-interest-bearing demand

Interest-bearing demand

Money market & savings

Brokered CDs & time deposits

Total interest-bearing deposits

Total deposits

Borrowings:

Short-term borrowings and other (5)

Subordinated debt and other

Total interest-bearing liabilities

Non-interest-bearing liabilities

Equity

Total liabilities and equity

Taxable-equivalent net interest income /net interest spread (6)

Taxable-equivalent net interest margin (7)

Taxable-equivalent net adjustment

Net interest income

Net interest-earning assets

(1) Non-accrual loans are included in average loan balances.

(2) Loan fees are included in the calculation of interest income.

(3) Yields and interest income on tax-exempt assets are computed on a taxable-equivalent basis assuming a 21% tax rate.

(4) Calculated based on fair value of investment securities.

(5) Short-term borrowings and other includes finance lease liabilities.

(6) The interest rate spread represents the difference between the fully taxable equivalent weighted-average yield on interest-earning assets and the weighted-average cost of interest-bearing liabilities for the period.

(7) The net interest margin represents fully taxable equivalent net interest income as a percent of average interest-earning assets for the period.

Taxable-equivalent net interest margin, as presented above, is calculated by dividing fully tax-equivalent (“FTE”) net interest income by total average earning assets. Net interest income, on an FTE basis, is a non-GAAP financial measure that the Company believes to provide a more accurate picture of the interest margin for comparative purposes. Management believes FTE net interest income is a standard practice in the banking industry,

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and when net interest income is adjusted on an FTE basis, yields on taxable, nontaxable, and partially taxable assets are comparable; however, the adjustment to an FTE basis has no impact on net income. FTE net interest income is calculated by adding the tax benefit on certain financial interest earning assets, whose interest is tax-exempt, to total interest income and then subtracting total interest expense. As a non-GAAP measure, FTE net interest income should not be considered as a substitute for the nearest comparable GAAP measure, net interest income. Net interest income shown elsewhere in this Form 10-K is GAAP net interest income. The following table reconciles GAAP net interest income to FTE net interest income (in thousands).

For the Years Ended

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

GAAP Financial Measurements

Interest Income - Loans

Interest Income - Tax-exempt loans

Interest Income - Taxable AFS securities and other securities

Interest Income - Tax-exempt AFS securities

Interest Income - Other interest income

Total Interest Income

Interest Expense - Deposits

Interest Expense - Borrowed funds

Interest Expense - Subordinated debt

Interest Expense - Other

Total Interest Expense

Total Net Interest Income

Non-GAAP Financial Measurements

Add: Tax Benefit on Tax-Exempt Interest Income - Securities

Total Tax Benefit on Tax-Exempt Interest Income (1)

Tax-Equivalent Net Interest Income

(1) Tax benefit was calculated using the federal statutory tax rate of 21%.

Rate/Volume Analysis

The following table sets forth the dollar difference in interest earned and paid for each major category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities for the noted periods and the amount of such change attributable to changes in average balances (volume) or changes in average interest rates. Interest income and interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, are annualized using an actual days over calendar year method. The volume variances are equal to the increase or decrease in average balance multiplied by current period rates, and rate variances are equal to the increase or decrease in rate times prior period average balances. Variances attributable to both rate and volume changes are calculated by multiplying the change in rate by the change in average balance and are allocated to the volume variance. See table below (in thousands).

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Year Ended December 31, 2025, Compared to December 31, 2024

Increase (Decrease) Due to Change in:

Average Volume

Average Rate

Net Change

Income from the interest-earning assets:

Loans, (1) gross

AFS Securities and other securities (1)

Interest-bearing deposits and fed funds sold

Total interest income on interest-earning assets

Expense from the interest-bearing liabilities:

Interest-bearing demand deposits

Money market & savings

Brokered CDs & time deposits

Total interest expense on interest-bearing deposits

Borrowings

Short-term borrowings

Subordinated debt and other

Total borrowings

Total interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities

Taxable-equivalent net interest income

(1) Yields and interest income on tax-exempt securities have been computed on a taxable-equivalent basis.

Interest Income

Total interest income was $445.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $367.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of 21.2%. The increase in interest income was primarily driven by higher rates which resulted in higher loan and security interest income. Interest income on securities increased by $4.1 million or 8.2% for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. Interest income on loans increased $71.6 million or 23.0% for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.

Interest Expense

Total interest expense was $149.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $140.4 million for the previous year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of 6.2%. The increase in interest expense was primarily driven by higher rates and was partially offset by volume. Interest expense on interest-bearing deposits increased by $3.3 million or 2.8% for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. Interest expense on borrowed funds increased by $2.3 million or 16.1% for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. Interest expense on subordinated debt acquired in the Summit merger led to an increase in interest expense of $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.

Provision for (Recapture of) Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses was $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $24.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized a one-time CECL Day 2 provision for non-PCD assets acquired in the Summit merger and acquired commitments for unfunded commitments, which resulted in a higher credit provision expense compared to the year ended December 31, 2025. See Note 4 — Allowance for Credit Losses in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

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Non-interest Income

The following table sets forth the various components of our non-interest income for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Years Ended December 31,

Increase (Decrease) 2025 vs. 2024

Amount

Percent

Fiduciary and wealth management

Service charges and fees

Net gains (losses) on securities

Income from company-owned life insurance

Bank debit and other card revenue

Other non-interest income

Total

Non-interest income increased by $10.8 million or 30.8% for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by the effect of the Summit merger, and included increases in all categories of non-interest income except net gains on securities. The largest increase was income from company-owned life insurance of $3.4 million followed by an increase in other non-interest income of $3.1 million, and an increase in bank debit and other card revenue of $2.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. See Note 22 — Revenue from Contracts with Customers in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. The Company realized a decrease of $1.2 million in net gains on securities for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to December 31, 2024.

Non-interest Expense

The following table sets forth the various components of our non-interest expense for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Years Ended December 31,

Increase (Decrease) 2025 vs. 2024

Amount

Percent

Salaries and wages

Pensions and other employee benefits

Occupancy

Equipment rentals, depreciation and maintenance

Core deposit intangible amortization

ATM, card, and network expense

FDIC and other regulatory assessments

Other operating

Total

Non-interest expense decreased by $2.3 million, 1.1% for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to December 31, 2024. The decrease was mostly due to large decreases in equipment rentals, depreciation and maintenance, which decreased $7.3 million and other operating expense which decreased by $9.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. See Note 20 — Other Operating Expenses in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on “Other” non-interest expense. Increases were noted in other non-interest expense categories including salaries and wages which increased by $6.4 million, core deposit intangible amortization which increased by $4.1 million during the first full year following the Summit merger, occupancy, which increased by $2.9 million, and pensions and other employee benefits which increased by $1.3 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.

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Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense was $27.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $23.4 million from the tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2024. For 2025 and 2024, our effective tax rates were 19.1% and 10.5%, respectively. An increase in income from operations led to an increase in the effective tax rate for 2025. The effective tax rate going forward will continue to depend on income from operations as well as any legislative corporate tax changes.

Results of Operations for Years Ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023

For a comparison of the 2024 results to the 2023 results and other 2023 information not included herein, refer to the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7 of the Company’s 10-K filed with the SEC on March 17, 2025.

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Analysis of Financial Condition for Years Ended December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024

Assets increased by $108.4 million to $7.9 billion as of December 31, 2025, compared to $7.8 billion as of December 31, 2024. The increase in assets was primarily due to an increase in the securities portfolio of $183.6 million, and an increase of $153.8 million in cash and cash equivalents, partially offset by a decrease in loans, net of ACL, of $284.3 million as of December 31, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024. Deposits decreased by $111.3 million and amounted to $6.4 billion at December 31, 2025, compared to $6.5 billion at December 31, 2024, while short-term borrowings increased by $85.0 million to $450.0 million as of December 31, 2025, compared to $365.0 million at December 31, 2024. Subordinated debt and subordinated debt owed to unconsolidated subsidiary trusts, which were assumed in the Summit merger, totaled $87.5 million at December 31, 2025, compared to $111.9 million at December 31, 2024, due to a redemption of subordinated debt in the second half of 2025.

Investment Securities

Our investment policy is established and reviewed annually by the Board. We are permitted under federal law to invest in various types of liquid assets, including United States Government obligations, securities of various federal agencies and of state and municipal governments, mortgage-backed securities, time deposits of federally insured institutions, certain bankers’ acceptances, and federal funds. Our securities are all classified as available-for-sale (“AFS”).

Our investments provide a source of liquidity because we can pledge them to support borrowed funds or can liquidate them to generate cash proceeds. Our investment portfolio is also a resource in managing interest rate risk because the maturity and interest rate characteristics of this asset class can be modified to match changes in the loan and deposit portfolios. The majority of our AFS investment portfolio is comprised of obligations of states and municipalities and residential mortgage-backed securities. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the unrealized losses on our holdings decreased $45.4 million from December 31, 2024 and amounted to $71.9 million as of December 31, 2025.

The Company determined that the declines in market value were due to increases in interest rates and market movements and not due to credit factors. Therefore, the Company has concluded that the unrealized losses for the AFS securities do not require an ACL at December 31, 2025, or at December 31, 2024. The Company has sufficient access to liquidity such that management does not believe it would be necessary to sell any of its investment securities at a loss to offset any unexpected deposit outflows. Management believes the structure of the Bank’s investment portfolio is appropriately aligned with the rest of the balance sheet to protect against significant and unexpected charges against earnings and capital.

The following tables reflect the amortized cost and fair market values for the total portfolio for each category of investment as of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

December 31, 2025

Amortized Cost

Gross Unrealized Gains

Gross Unrealized Losses

Fair Value

Securities Available-for-Sale

U.S. Treasuries and government agencies

Obligations of states and municipalities

Residential mortgage backed — agency

Residential mortgage backed — non-agency

Commercial mortgage backed — agency

Commercial mortgage backed — non-agency

Asset backed

Other

Total

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December 31, 2024

Amortized Cost

Gross Unrealized Gains

Gross Unrealized Losses

Fair Value

Securities Available-for-Sale

U.S. Treasuries and government agencies

Obligations of states and municipalities

Residential mortgage backed — agency

Residential mortgage backed — non-agency

Commercial mortgage backed — agency

Commercial mortgage backed — non-agency

Asset backed

Other

Total

The investment maturity table below summarizes contractual maturities for our investment securities at December 31, 2025. The actual timing of principal payments may differ from remaining contractual maturities because obligors may have the right to repay certain obligations with or without penalties. The overall weighted average duration of the Company’s investment portfolio is 4.7 years at December 31, 2025. The weighted-average yield below represents the effective yield for the investment securities and is calculated based on the amortized cost of each security (dollars in thousands). Interest on securities below excludes tax-equivalent adjustments.

December 31, 2025

One Year or Less

One to Five Years

Five to Ten Years

After Ten Years

Total

Amortized Cost

Weighted Average Yield

Amortized Cost

Weighted Average Yield

Amortized Cost

Weighted Average Yield

Amortized Cost

Weighted Average Yield

Amortized Cost

Weighted Average Yield

Securities Available-for-Sale

U.S. Treasuries and government agencies

Obligations of states and municipalities

Residential mortgage backed - agency

Residential mortgage backed - non-agency

Commercial mortgage backed - agency

Commercial mortgage backed - non-agency

Asset backed

Other

Total

Lending Activities

Our loan portfolio consists primarily of commercial real estate loans, but we offer a variety of loan products to meet the credit needs of our borrowers. The risks associated with lending activities differ among loan classes and are subject to the impact of changes in interest rates, market conditions of collateral securing the loans, and general economic conditions. Any of these factors may adversely impact a borrower’s ability to repay loans and also impact the associated collateral. Additional discussion on the classes of loans the Company makes and related risks is included in Note 1 — Nature of Business Activities and Significant Accounting Policies and Note 3 — Loans in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Loan balances by portfolio segment were as follows (in thousands):

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Commercial real estate

Owner-occupied commercial real estate

Acquisition, construction & development

Commercial & industrial

Single family residential (1-4 units)

Consumer non-real estate and other

Loans, gross

Allowance for credit losses

Loans, net

The loan portfolio, excluding ACL, decreased by $284.6 million from December 31, 2024, to December 31, 2025, primarily due to the Company exiting non-core loans. The Company has continued to grow organically by continuing to serve existing customers and new customers through our expansion into newer markets.

The following table shows the maturity distribution for total loans outstanding as of December 31, 2025. The maturity distribution is grouped by remaining scheduled principal payments that are due in the following periods. The principal balances of loans are indicated by both fixed and floating rate categories in the table below (in thousands).

December 31, 2025

Within One Year

One Year to Five Years

Five Years to 15 Years

After 15 Years

Fixed Rates

Adjustable Rates

Fixed Rates

Adjustable Rates

Fixed Rates

Adjustable Rates

Fixed Rates

Adjustable Rates

Total

Loans:

Commercial real estate

Owner-occupied commercial real estate

Acquisition, construction & development

Commercial & industrial

Total commercial loans

Single family residential (1-4 units)

Consumer non-real estate and other

Total loans

Asset Quality

The Company maintains policies and procedures to promote sound underwriting and mitigate credit risk. The Chief Credit Officer is responsible for establishing credit risk policies and procedures, including underwriting guidelines and credit approval authority, and monitoring credit exposure and performance of the Company’s lending-related transactions.

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A loan is placed on non-accrual status when (i) the Company is advised by the borrower that scheduled principal or interest payments cannot be met, (ii) when management’s best judgment indicates that payment in full of principal and interest can no longer be expected, or (iii) when any such loan or obligation becomes delinquent for 90 days, unless it is both well-secured and in the process of collection.

The Company’s asset quality remained strong through December 31, 2025. The Company’s non-performing assets, which includes non-performing loans consisting of non-accrual loans, loans that are more than 90 days past due and still accruing, and other real estate owned, as of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, totaled $76.9 million and $41.2 million, respectively. The increase in the non-performing asset balance is mostly due to an increase in non-accrual loans of $34.7 million as of December 31, 2025 when compared to December 31, 2024. Most of the other real estate owned assets of $2.7 million were assumed as part of the Summit merger.

The following table summarizes the Company’s non-performing assets as of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024 (in thousands).

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Non-accrual loans

90 days past due and still accruing

Total non-performing loans

Other real estate owned

Total non-performing assets

Allowance for Credit Losses

Refer to the discussion in the “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” section above and Note 1 — Nature of Business Activities and Significant Accounting Policies in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for management’s approach to estimating the allowance for credit losses.

The Company maintains the ACL at a level deemed adequate by management for expected credit losses. As disclosed in Note 1 and Note 4 in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, on January 1, 2023, the Company implemented CECL and increased the ACL, previously the allowance for credit losses, with a cumulative-effect adjustment to the ACL for credit losses of $4.4 million, which included a cumulative-effect adjustment to the ACL for off-balance sheet exposures of $274.8 thousand. The Company’s ACL is calculated quarterly with any adjustment recorded to the provision for credit losses in the consolidated Statement of Income. Management evaluates the adequacy of the ACL, utilizing a defined methodology to determine if it properly addresses the current and expected risks in the loan portfolio, which considers the performance of borrowers and specific evaluation of individually evaluated loans, including historical loss experiences, trends in delinquencies, non-performing loans and other risk assets, and qualitative factors. Risk factors are continuously reviewed and adjusted, as needed, by management when conditions support a change. Management believes its approach properly addresses relevant accounting and bank regulatory guidance for loans both collectively and individually evaluated.

Gross charged-off loans were $3.8 million, $1.8 million, and $194.0 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2025, December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively. The increase in charge-offs during 2025, when compared to 2024, was due to an increase in charge-offs related to owner occupied commercial real estate loans of $1.1 million, and consumer non real estate and other loans of $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. Gross recoveries totaled $1.3 million, $161.0 thousand, and $96.0 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2025, December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively. The ACL as a percentage of gross loans, net of unearned income, was 1.26%, 1.20%, and 1.21% as of December 31, 2025, December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $2.3 million, a provision for credit losses of $20.5 million, and a provision recapture of credit losses of $235.0 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2025,

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December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively. The increase in provision for the year ended December 31, 2024 was due to the Summit merger and the requirement to record an immediate provision expense for loans classified as non-PCD versus PCD loans where the Company is allowed to establish an adjustment to the ACL.

The following table summarizes the changes in the Company’s credit loss experience by portfolio for the year ended December 31, 2025, and the changes in the Company’s allowance for loan losses for the years ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

Loans outstanding at end of period

Balance of allowance at beginning of year

Initial CECL adjustment

Allowance established for acquired PCD loans

Loans charged-off

Commercial real estate

Owner-occupied commercial real estate

Acquisition, construction & development

Commercial & industrial

Residential

Consumer non-real estate and other

Total loans charged-off

Recoveries of loans charged-off

Commercial real estate

Owner-occupied commercial real estate

Acquisition, construction & development

Commercial & industrial

Residential

Consumer non-real estate and other

Total recoveries of loans charged-off

Net loan charge-offs (recoveries)

Provision for (recapture of) credit losses for the period

Ending allowance

Average loans outstanding during the period

Allowance coverage ratio (1)

Net charge-offs to average outstanding loans during the period (2)

Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of non-performing loans (3)

(1) The allowance coverage ratio is calculated by dividing the ACL at the end of the period by gross loans, net of unearned income at the end of the period.

(2) The Net charge-offs to average outstanding loans during the period is calculated by dividing total net loan charge-offs (recoveries) during the year by average gross loans outstanding during the year.

(3) The Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of non-performing loans ratio is calculated by dividing the ACL at the end of the period by non-accrual loans at the end of the period.

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The following table summarizes the ACL by portfolio with a comparison of the percentage composition in relation to total ACL and allowance for credit losses and total loans as of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands).

December 31, 2025

In thousands

Allowance for credit losses

Percent of Allowance in Each Category to Total Allocated Allowance

Percent of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans

Commercial real estate

Owner occupied commercial real estate

Acquisition, construction & development

Commercial & industrial

Residential

Consumer non real estate and other

Total

December 31, 2024

In thousands

Allowance for loan losses

Percent of Allowance in Each Category to Total Allocated Allowance

Percent of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans

Commercial real estate

Owner occupied commercial real estate

Acquisition, construction & development

Commercial & industrial

Residential

Consumer non real estate and other

Total

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company utilizes interest rate swap agreements as part of its asset/liability management strategy to help manage its interest rate risk position. The Company recognizes derivative financial instruments at fair value as either other assets or other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company’s use of derivative financial instruments is described more fully in Note 13 — Derivatives in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company enters into certain off-balance sheet arrangements in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These off-balance sheet arrangements include commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, and financial guarantees which would impact the Company’s liquidity and capital resources to the extent customers accept and/or use these commitments. See Note 14— Commitments and Contingencies in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of credit extension commitments. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the balance sheet. With the exception of these off-balance sheet arrangements, the Company has no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on the Company’s financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources.

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Funding Activities

The Company’s funding activities are monitored and governed through the Company’s asset/liability management process. Deposits are the primary source of funds for lending and investing activities; however, the Company will use borrowings to meet liquidity needs and for temporary funding. The Company has available secured lines of credit with the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, such as the Borrower-In-Custody program, the FHLB of Atlanta, and unsecured federal funds lines of credit from correspondent banking relationships. The Company also utilizes brokered time deposits. For more discussion of brokered time deposits, see the Deposits heading below this section.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company has available unused borrowing capacity of $4.6 billion through its available lines of credit with the FHLB of Atlanta, the Federal Reserve Borrower-In-Custody Program line, and unsecured federal fund lines of credit from correspondent banking relationships.

The following table shows certain information regarding short-term borrowings at year end 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Balance at end of period

Short-term borrowings

Weighted average interest rate at end of period

The following table shows certain information regarding long-term debt at year end 2025, and 2024, respectively (dollars in thousands):

Balance at end of period

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Subordinated debentures, net

Subordinated debentures owed to unconsolidated subsidiary trusts

Total long-term debt

Weighted average interest yield at end of period

Deposits

Total deposits decreased by $111.3 million from December 31, 2025, to December 31, 2024, primarily driven by a $180.4 million decrease in brokered deposits and a $43.6 million decrease in non-interest-bearing deposits, which was partially offset by a $106.6 million increase in interest-bearing deposits. The Company’s brokered deposits balance was $64.4 million and $244.8 million at December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. All of the Company’s brokered deposits are in the form of certificates of deposits that are insured by the FDIC. Excluding the brokered deposit balance, the Company’s total core deposit balance increased by $69.1 million from December 31, 2024 to December 31, 2025.

The following table sets forth the balance of each category of deposits as of the dates indicated (dollars in thousands).

Dec 31, 2025

Dec 31, 2024

Balance

Balance

Demand, non-interest-bearing

Demand, interest-bearing

Money market and savings

Brokered deposits

Time deposits, other

Total interest-bearing

Total Deposits

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The Company continues to seek organic growth in both interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing deposits consistent with our relationship-based strategy. Management evaluates its utilization of brokered deposits, taking into consideration the interest rate curve and regulatory views on non-core funding sources, and balances this funding source with its funding needs based on growth initiatives.

The Company has deposits that meet or exceed the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000 of $2.1 billion and $1.9 billion at December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024. The increase in uninsured deposits as of December 31, 2025 was due to the decline in brokered CDs which are fully insured, and an increase in core deposits, some of which are uninsured. The Company does not have material deposit concentration risk to any significant market, industry or individual at December 31, 2025.

The following table sets forth maturity ranges of time deposits, as of December 31, 2025, that meet or exceed the FDIC insurance limit (in thousands).

Dec 31, 2025

Due within 3 months or less

Due after 3 months and within 6 months

Due after 6 months and within 12 months

Due after 12 months

Total uninsured, time deposits

Shareholders’ Equity

Total shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2025, was $854.6 million, compared to $730.2 million at December 31, 2024. Shareholders’ equity increased by $124.5 million primarily due to the Company’s earnings from operations. Additionally, accumulated other comprehensive loss decreased by $36.8 million as a result of an increase in the fair value of investment securities available-for-sale.

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