insiderdeltaSEC filings, surfaced and scored

CoverageForm 410-K10-Q8-K13D13G13F

Univest Financial Corp

UVSPCIK 0000102212 · Every Form 4 filed by insiders at this issuer. See financials →

Annual report (10-K)

Latest 10-K filed Feb 23, 2026. Sentiment + YoY language diff vs prior year. Read sections →

Signal:Neutral

Risk Factors:tone -0.0317Δ-0.001987% similar+46/-36 ¶

MD&A:tone -0.0085Δ+0.000794% similar+34/-41 ¶

Sentiment via Loughran-McDonald lexicon · YoY diff via Jaccard similarity + paragraph set difference.

Recent 8-K announcements

Per-item disclosure feed. Item 2.02 is the earnings release.

Apr 24, 2026no items parsed Apr 23, 20262.02 · Results9.01 · Financial Statements and Exhibits Apr 2, 2026no items parsed Feb 10, 2026no items parsed Jan 29, 2026no items parsed

Top insiders

Most active reporters at Univest Financial Corp

Name	Roles	Filings
McCormick Patrick C	Officer	5
Turner Michael L.	Director	5
Wonderling Robert C	Director	5
Zimmerman Charles H	Director	5
Aichele William S	Director	4

Showing 11-15 of 21

Per pagePrevPage 3 of 5Next

Top performers

Insiders ranked by realized 90-day signed return on their open-market trades at Univest Financial Corp. Minimum 3 scored trades. Returns are signed - a sale followed by a rally counts against the insider.

#	Insider	Trades	Win rate	Avg	Median	Best	Worst
1	Paquin Natalye	20	65%	+6.7%	+4.3%	+32.3%	-24.3%
2	Keim Michael S	11	9%	-10.9%	-13.0%	+6.1%	-13.8%
3	Schweitzer Jeffrey M	13	15%	-9.7%	-12.5%	+6.1%	-15.4%

All filings

124 Form 4 / 4-A filings, newest first

Filed	Insider	Top transaction	Shares	Price	Value
May 7, 2026	Keim Michael S Senior EVP & COO	SSale	7,245	$38.7063	$280,427

Filed		Top transaction	Shares	Price	Value

YoY shift: Neutral

Year-over-year tone shift - average net-tone change across Risk Factors and MD&A vs the prior 10-K. This filing is -0.06pp more bearish than last year's.

Why YoY instead of absolute: the LM lexicon has ~6.6× more negative words than positive (legal/risk-disclosure language is heavy on hedging), so every 10-K reads bearish on raw tone. Year-over-year change strips that bias and surfaces the actual shift in management's framing.

Tone shift by section

The two components the gauge averages: how Risk Factors and MD&A each shifted in net tone versus last year's 10-K. The headline above is their average, so a green needle over a soft section just means the other section carried it.

Risk Factors

-0.19pp

Flat

Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.

MD&A

+0.07pp

Flat

Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.

Per-snippet highlights

Sentence-level sentiment highlighting with category and subcategory filters is coming once the snippet-scoring pipeline lands. For now, dig into the actual section text on the Sections tab.

Language change vs prior 10-K

Risk Factors (Item 1A) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase

Negative rising

adverse+5
negatively+3
negative+2
failures+2
expose+2

Positive rising

favorable+2
profitability+1
greater+1
gains+1
easily+1

Risk Factors (Item 1A)

9,379 words

Item 1A. Risk Factors

An investment in the Corporation's common stock is subject to risks inherent to the Corporation's business. Before making an investment, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information included or incorporated by reference in this report. This report is qualified in its entirety by these risk factors.

Risks Related to Market Interest Rates

Our results of operations may be adversely affected by credit losses relating to our investment portfolio.

We maintain an investment portfolio, including available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities. We are required to record charges to earnings if we determine a decline in fair value of these investments has resulted from credit losses. Numerous factors, including changes in market interest rates, the lack of liquidity for resales of certain investment securities, the absence of reliable pricing information for investment securities, adverse changes in the business climate, the impact of the imposition of tariffs, adverse regulatory or political actions, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, unanticipated changes in the competitive environment and limited investor demand, could have a negative effect on our investment portfolio. Credit loss charges would negatively impact our earnings and regulatory capital ratios.

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We are subject to interest rate risk.

Our profitability is dependent to a large extent on our net interest income. Like most financial institutions, we are affected by changes in general interest rates and by other economic factors beyond our control. Changes in interest rates influence not only the interest we receive on loans and investment securities and the amount of interest we pay on deposits and borrowings, but such changes could also affect our ability to originate loans and obtain and retain deposits and the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities. Although we have implemented strategies to reduce the potential effects of changes in interest rates on our results of operations, any substantial and prolonged change in market interest rates could adversely affect our operating results.

Net interest income may decline in a particular period if:

• in a declining interest rate environment, more interest-earning assets than interest-bearing liabilities reprice or mature, or

• in a rising interest rate environment, more interest-bearing liabilities than interest-earning assets re-price or mature.

Our net interest income may decline based on our exposure to a difference in short-term and long-term interest rates. When short-term rates are higher than long-term rates, that is referred to as an inverted yield curve. Should the yield curve invert, the difference between rates paid on deposits and received on loans could narrow significantly resulting in a decrease in net interest income and our profitability. Our interest-bearing liabilities generally have shorter contractual maturities than our interest-earning assets. This imbalance can create significant earnings volatility because market interest rates change over time. In a period of declining interest rates, the interest income we earn on our interest-earning assets may decrease more rapidly than the interest we pay on our interest-bearing liabilities, as borrowers prepay mortgage loans and as mortgage-backed securities and callable investment securities are called, requiring us to reinvest those cash flows at lower, prevailing interest rates. Conversely, in a period of rising interest rates, the interest income we earn on our interest-earning assets may not increase as rapidly as the interest we pay on deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities. In addition to these factors, if market interest rates rise rapidly, interest rate adjustment caps may limit increases in the interest rates on adjustable-rate loans, thus reducing our net interest income. In a period of rising interest rates, increases in interest rates may affect the ability of our borrowers to make loan repayments on adjustable-rate loans, as the interest owed on such loans would increase as interest rates increase. Furthermore, increases in interest rates may affect our ability to originate loans. Also, certain adjustable-rate loans re-price based on interest rate indices. This effect may also impact our net interest income when general interest rates continue to rise periodically.

Any substantial, unexpected or prolonged change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. While we pursue an asset/liability strategy designed to mitigate our risk from changes in interest rates, changes in interest rates can still have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in the estimated fair value of debt securities may reduce stockholders' equity .

At December 31, 2025, the Corporation maintained a debt securities portfolio of $494.3 million, of which $371.3 million was classified as available-for-sale. The estimated fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities portfolio may change depending on changes in interest rates, the credit quality of the underlying issuer, market liquidity and other factors. Stockholders' equity increases or decreases by the amount of the change in the unrealized gain or loss (the difference between the estimated fair value and the amortized cost) of the available-for-sale debt securities portfolio, net of the related tax expense or benefit, under the category of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). At December 31, 2025, accumulated other comprehensive income was $13.6 million related to unrealized holding gains in the available-for-sale investment securities portfolio. A decline in the estimated fair value of this portfolio will result in a decline in stockholders' equity, as well as book value per common share. The decrease will occur even though the securities are not sold.

Risks Related to Our Lending Activities

We are subject to lending risk.

Risks associated with lending are impacted by, among other things, changes in interest rates and economic conditions, which may adversely impact the ability of borrowers to repay outstanding loans and the value of the associated collateral. Various laws and regulations also affect our lending activities, and failure to comply with such applicable laws and regulations could subject us to enforcement actions and civil monetary penalties.

At December 31, 2025, approximately 79.7% of our loan and lease portfolio consisted of commercial, financial and agricultural, commercial real estate and construction loans and leases, which are generally perceived as having more risk of

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default than residential real estate loans. Commercial business, commercial real estate and construction loans are more susceptible to a risk of loss during a downturn in the business cycle. These types of loans involve larger loan balances to a single borrower or groups of related borrowers. These loans also expose us to greater credit risk than loans secured by residential real estate because the collateral securing these loans typically cannot be liquidated as easily as residential real estate. If we foreclose on these loans, our holding period for the collateral typically is longer than for a single or multi-family residential property because there are fewer potential purchasers of the collateral. Commercial real estate loans may be affected to a greater extent than residential loans by adverse conditions in real estate markets or the economy because commercial real estate borrowers' ability to repay their loans depends on development of their properties and the operation of the borrower's business.

Loans secured by properties where repayment is dependent upon payment of rent by third party tenants or the sale of the property may be impacted by loss of tenants or lower lease rates needed to attract new tenants.

Commercial business loans and leases are typically affected by the borrowers' ability to repay the loans from the cash flows of their businesses. These loans may involve greater risk because the availability of funds to repay each loan depends substantially on the success of the business itself. The collateral securing the loans and leases often depreciates over time, is difficult to appraise and liquidate and fluctuates in value based on the success of the business. In addition, many commercial business loans have a variable rate that is indexed off of a floating rate such as the Prime Rate or the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). If interest rates rise, the borrower's debt service requirement may increase, negatively impacting the borrower's ability to service their debt.

Risk of loss on a construction loan depends largely upon whether our initial estimate of the property's value at completion of construction equals or exceeds the cost of the property construction (including interest). During the construction phase, a number of factors can result in delays and cost overruns. If our estimates of value are inaccurate or if actual construction costs exceed estimates, the value of the property securing the loan may be insufficient to ensure full repayment when completed. Included in real estate-construction is tract development financing, which has greater risk because of the potential for diminished demand for residential housing and decreases in real estate valuations. When projects move slower than anticipated, the properties may have significantly lower values than when the original underwriting was completed, resulting in lower collateral values to support the loan. Extended time frames may also cause the interest carrying cost for projects to be higher than the builder projected, negatively impacting the builder's profit and cash flows and, therefore, their ability to make principal and interest payments.

An increase in nonperforming loans and leases from these types of loans could result in an increase in the provision for credit losses and an increase in loan and lease charge-offs. The risk of credit losses on loans and leases increases if the economy worsens.

Our allowance for credit losses on loans and leases may be insufficient, and an increase in the allowance would reduce earnings.

We maintain an allowance for credit losses on loans and leases. The allowance is established through a provision for credit losses on loans and leases based on management's evaluation of current expected credit losses in our loan portfolio factoring in current and forecasted economic conditions. The allowance is based upon a number of factors, including the size and composition of the loan and lease portfolio, asset classifications, economic trends, industry loss experience and trends, industry and geographic concentrations, collateral values, historical loan and lease loss experience and loan underwriting policies. In addition, we evaluate all loans and leases identified as not sharing similar risk characteristics with other pooled loans and leases and augment the allowance based upon our estimation of the potential loss associated with those individually analyzed loans and leases. Additions to our allowance for credit losses on loans and leases decrease our net income.

If the evaluation we perform in connection with establishing loan and lease loss reserves is wrong or the assumptions on which we rely prove to be incorrect, our allowance for credit losses on loans and leases may not be sufficient to cover our losses or adjustments may be necessary to address different economic conditions or adverse development in the loan portfolio, which would have an adverse effect on our operating results.

The regulators, in reviewing our loan and lease portfolio as part of a regulatory examination, may from time to time require us to increase our allowance for credit losses, thereby negatively affecting our earnings, financial condition and capital ratios. Moreover, additions to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in economic and real estate market conditions, new information regarding existing loans and leases, identification of additional impaired loans and leases and other factors, both within and outside of our control. Additions to the allowance would have a negative impact on our results of operations.

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Changes in economic conditions and the composition of our loan and lease portfolio could lead to higher loan charge-offs and/or an increase in our provision for credit losses, which may reduce our net income.

Changes in national and regional economic conditions could impact our loan and lease portfolios. For example, an increase in unemployment, an increase in inflation, potential recessionary conditions, the imposition of tariffs, a decrease in real estate values or changes in interest rates, as well as other factors, could weaken the economies of the communities we serve. Weakness in the market areas we serve could depress our earnings as customers may not demand our products or services, borrowers may not be able to repay their loans, the value of the collateral securing our loans to borrowers may decline and/or the quality of our loan portfolio may decline. Any of these scenarios could require us to charge-off loans, which could result in an increase to our provision for credit losses on loans and leases, which would reduce our net income and capital levels.

Concentrations of loans in certain industries could have adverse effects on credit quality.

The concentration and mix of our assets could increase the potential for credit losses. In the ordinary course of business, we may have heightened credit exposure to a particular industry, geography, asset class or financial market. Although there are limitations on the extent of total exposure to an individual consumer or business borrower, events adversely affecting specific customers or counterparties, industries, geographies, asset classes or financial markets, including a decline in their creditworthiness or a worsening overall risk profile, could materially affect us. The schedule on page 43 provides a break-out of our loan portfolio by certain loan and industry types.

We depend on the accuracy and completeness of information about customers and counterparties.

In deciding whether to extend credit or enter into other transactions with customers and counterparties, we rely on information furnished to us by or on behalf of customers and counterparties, including financial statements and other financial information. We also rely on representations of customers and counterparties as to the accuracy and completeness of that information and, with respect to financial statements, on reports of independent auditors. For example, in deciding whether to extend credit to clients, we may assume that a customer's audited financial statements conform to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP") and present fairly, in all material respects, the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the customer. Our earnings are significantly affected by our ability to properly originate, underwrite and service loans. Our financial condition, results of operations and capital could be negatively impacted to the extent we incorrectly assess the creditworthiness of our borrowers, fail to detect or respond to deterioration in asset quality in a timely manner, or rely on financial statements that do not comply with U.S. GAAP or are materially misleading.

We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with lending activities.

In the course of our business, we may foreclose and take title to real estate and could be subject to environmental liabilities with respect to these properties. We may be held liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for property damage, personal injury, investigation and clean-up costs incurred by these parties in connection with environmental contamination or the release of hazardous or toxic substances at a property. The costs associated with investigation or remediation activities could be substantial. In addition, if we are the owner or former owner of a contaminated site, we may be subject to claims by third parties based on damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination emanating from the property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability. Our policies and procedures require environmental factors to be considered during the loan application process. An environmental review is performed before initiating any commercial action; however, these reviews may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental . Possible remediation costs and liabilities could have a material effect on our financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Operations

Our controls and procedures may fail or be circumvented.

Our management and board review and update our internal controls over financial reporting, disclosure controls and procedures, and corporate governance policies and procedures. Any system of controls, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. Any failure to follow or circumvention of these controls, policies and procedures could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

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We may not be able to attract and retain skilled people.

We are dependent on the ability and experience of a number of key management personnel who have substantial experience with our operations, the financial services industry, and the markets in which we offer products and services. Competition for qualified employees and personnel in the banking industry is intense. The process of recruiting personnel with the combination of skills and attributes required to carry out our strategies is often lengthy. The loss of one or more senior executives or key managers may have an adverse effect on our businesses. We maintain change in control agreements and grant equity awards with time-based vesting with certain executive officers to aid in our retention of these individuals. Our success depends on our ability to continue to attract, manage, and retain these and other qualified management personnel.

A lack of liquidity could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Liquidity is essential to our business. We rely on our ability to generate deposits and effectively manage the repayment of our liabilities to ensure that there is adequate liquidity to fund operations. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale and maturities of loans and securities and other sources could have a substantial negative effect on liquidity. Our most important source of funds is our deposits. Deposit balances can decrease when customers perceive alternative investments as providing a better risk adjusted return, which are strongly influenced by such external factors as the direction and level of interest rates, local and national economic conditions and the availability and attractiveness of alternative investments. Further, the demand for deposits may be reduced due to a variety of factors such as negative trends in the banking sector, the level of and/or composition of our uninsured deposits, demographic patterns, changes in customer preferences, reductions in consumers' disposable income, the monetary policy of the FRB or regulatory actions that decrease customer access to particular products. If customers move money out of bank deposits and into other investments such as money market funds, we would lose a relatively low-cost source of funds, which would increase our funding costs and reduce net interest income. Any changes made to the rates offered on deposits to remain competitive with other financial institutions may also affect and liquidity. Other primary sources of funds consist of cash flows from operations, maturities and sales of investment securities and/or loans, brokered deposits, borrowings from the FHLB and/or FRB discount window, and unsecured borrowings. We also may borrow funds from third-party lenders, such as other financial institutions. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our activities, or on terms that are acceptable, could be by factors that affect us directly or the financial services industry or economy in general, such as in the financial markets or views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry, a decrease in the level of our business activity as a result of a in markets or by one or more regulatory actions us or the financial sector in general. Any in available funding could impact our ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet expenses, or to fulfill obligations such as meeting deposit withdrawal demands, any of which could have a material impact on our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we lose a significant portion of our low-cost deposits, it would negatively impact our liquidity and profitability.

Our profitability depends in part on our success in attracting and retaining a stable base of low-cost deposits. At December 31, 2025, 20% of our deposit base was comprised of noninterest-bearing deposits, of which 13% consisted of business deposits, which were primarily operating accounts for businesses, and 7% consisted of consumer deposits. The competition for these deposits is strong and customers are increasingly seeking investments with higher interest rates that are safe, including the purchase of U.S. Treasury securities and other government-guaranteed obligations, as well as the establishment of accounts at the largest, most well-capitalized banks. If we were to lose a significant portion of our low-cost deposits, it would negatively impact our liquidity and profitability.

Our information technology systems, and the systems of third parties upon which we rely, may experience a failure, interruption or breach in security, which could negatively affect our operations and reputation.

We heavily rely on information technology systems, including the systems of third-party service providers, to conduct our business. Any failure, interruption, or breach in security or operational integrity of these systems could result in failures or disruptions in our customer relationship management and general ledger, deposit, loan, and other systems. While we have policies and procedures designed to prevent or limit the impact of any failure, interruption, or breach in our security systems (including cyber-attacks), there can be no assurance that such events will not occur or if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed. Information security and cyber security risks have increased significantly in recent years because of new technologies and the increased number of employees working remotely and the increased use of the Internet and other electronic delivery channels (including mobile devices) to conduct financial transactions. Accordingly, we may be required to expend additional resources to our protective measures or to and remediate any information security or exposures. The occurrence of any system , , or in security could us to

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reputation risk, litigation, regulatory scrutiny and possible financial liability that could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Although we take protective measures to maintain the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information, our computer systems, software and networks may be vulnerable to unauthorized access, loss or destruction of data (including confidential client information), account takeovers, unavailability of service, computer viruses or other malicious code, cyber-attacks and other events that could have an adverse security impact. Furthermore, we may not be able to ensure that all of our clients, suppliers, counterparties and other third parties have appropriate controls in place to protect themselves from cyber-attacks or to protect the confidentiality of the information that they exchange with us, particularly where such information is transmitted by electronic means. Although we have developed, and continue to invest in, systems and processes that are designed to detect and prevent security breaches and cyber-attacks, a breach of our systems and global payments infrastructure or those of our fintech vendors and processors could result in: to us and our customers; of business and/or customers; to our reputation; the incurrence of additional expenses (including the cost of and remediation and the cost of notification to consumers, credit monitoring and forensics, and fees and imposed by the card networks); to our business; an to grow our online services or other businesses; additional regulatory , or ; and/or exposure to civil and possible financial liability - any of which could have a material effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. Although the impact to date for these types of events has not had a material impact on us, we cannot be sure this will be the case in the future.

Our risk and exposure to cyber-attacks or other information security breaches remains heightened because of, among other things, the evolving nature of these threats, our plans to continue to enhance our internet banking and mobile banking channel strategies, our expanded geographic footprint and that a portion of our employee base works remotely. There continues to be a rise in security breaches and cyber-attacks within the financial services industry, especially in the commercial banking sector. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities.

Disruptions or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support our businesses, customers or third parties, or cyber-attacks or security breaches of the networks, systems or devices that our customers or third parties use to access our products and services could result in customer attrition, financial losses, the inability of our customers or vendors to transact business with us, violations of applicable privacy and other laws, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs, and/or additional compliance costs, any of which could materially adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.

The failure to maintain current technologies, and the costs to update technology, could negatively impact the Corporation's business and financial results.

Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to effectively embrace technology to better serve customers and reduce costs. We have been required, and may be required in the future, to expend additional resources to employ the latest technologies. Failure to keep pace with technological change could potentially have an adverse effect on our business operations and financial condition and results of operations.

Our reliance on and integration of artificial intelligence ("AI") and machine learning ("ML") technologies expose us to various risks, including operational, data, regulatory, and reputational risks, which could materially affect our business and financial results.

• Operational and Model Risk: AI/ML models may rely on complex algorithms and vast datasets. Errors, biases, or generating false information in these models, or unexpected system failures, could lead to flawed decisions, financial losses, compliance failures, or degraded customer experiences, impacting profitability and client retention. We utilize certain AI/ML models provided by third-party vendors, including models used for credit scoring and fraud detection, and may use other AI/ML models in the future.

• Data Security and Privacy: AI systems may process sensitive customer data. Security breaches or unauthorized access to these systems could result in data theft, loss of intellectual property, and significant penalties, damaging customer trust.

• Regulatory and Compliance Risk: The regulatory landscape for AI is rapidly evolving. New laws could impose costly compliance burdens, restrict AI use, or introduce liabilities, particularly concerning algorithmic bias and fair lending practices (e.g., "digital redlining"), potentially increasing operational costs and limiting service offerings.

• Talent and Third-Party Risk: Attracting and retaining skilled AI professionals is crucial and competitive. We also depend on third-party AI vendors, creating dependency risks and potential issues with data handling, model reliability, and licensing, all of which could disrupt operations. While we do not currently develop AI or ML models internally,

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future expansion of our AI capabilities may require specialized technical skillsets, and we could face challenges attracting and retaining qualified AI talent if those needs arise.

• Reputational and Ethical Risk: Misuse of AI, biased outcomes, or privacy violations can harm our brand, erode customer confidence, and attract negative public attention, potentially affecting demand for our services.

If we cannot effectively manage these challenges, including adapting to rapid technological change and ensuring responsible AI governance, our reputation, competitive position, and financial performance could be significantly harmed.

Our Board of Directors relies on management and outside consultants in overseeing cybersecurity risk management.

The Board of Directors has established an Enterprise-Wide Risk Management Committee. The Chief Risk Officer is the primary management liaison to the Enterprise-Wide Risk Management Committee. The Enterprise-Wide Risk Management Committee provides oversight, from a risk perspective, of information systems security, among other things. In that regard, the Chief Information Security Officer provides information security updates to the Enterprise-Wide Risk Management Committee at each Enterprise-Wide Risk Management Committee meeting. We also engage outside consultants to support our cybersecurity efforts. While select members of the Enterprise-Wide Risk Management Committee have experience in cybersecurity risk management in other business entities comparable to the Corporation, directors rely on the Chief Risk Officer, the Chief Information Security Officer and consultants for cybersecurity guidance.

We are a community bank and our ability to maintain our reputation is critical to the success of our business. The failure to do so may materially adversely affect our performance.

We are a community bank, and our reputation is one of the most valuable components of our business. A key component of our business strategy is to rely on our reputation for integrity, reliability, customer service and knowledge of local markets to expand our presence by capturing new business opportunities from existing and prospective customers in our market area and contiguous areas. Threats to our reputation can come from many sources, including adverse sentiment about financial institutions generally, unethical practices, employee misconduct, failure to deliver minimum standards of service or quality, compliance deficiencies, cybersecurity incidents, errors in the use of artificial intelligence and questionable or fraudulent activities of our customers. In addition, third parties with whom the Corporation has relationships may take actions over which the Corporation has limited control that could impact perceptions about the Corporation or the financial services industry. The proliferation of social media may increase the likelihood that information about the Corporation, whether or not accurate, could impact the Corporation's reputation and business. publicity regarding our business, employees, or customers, with or without merit, may result in the of customers and employees, and increased governmental regulation, all of which could affect our business and operating results.

We borrow from the Federal Home Loan Bank, the Federal Reserve and correspondent banks, and these lenders could modify or terminate their current programs, which could have an adverse effect on our liquidity and profitability.

We utilize the FHLB for overnight borrowings and term advances. We also borrow from the Federal Reserve and from correspondent banks under our federal funds lines of credit. The amount loaned to us is generally dependent on the value of the collateral pledged as well as the FHLB's internal credit rating of the Bank. These lenders could reduce the percentages loaned against various collateral categories, could eliminate certain types of collateral and could otherwise modify or even terminate their loan programs, particularly to the extent they are required to do so, because of capital adequacy or other balance sheet concerns about us. Any change or termination of our borrowings from the FHLB, the Federal Reserve or correspondent banks would have an adverse effect on our liquidity and profitability.

Other Risks Related to Our Business

Natural disasters, acts of war or terrorism, outbreaks or escalations of hostilities and other external events could negatively impact us.

Natural disasters, acts of war or terrorism, outbreaks or escalations of hostilities, the emergence of widespread health emergencies or pandemics and other adverse external events could have a significant impact on our ability to conduct business. In addition, such events could affect the stability of our deposit base, impair the ability of borrowers to repay outstanding loans, impair the value of collateral securing loans, cause significant property damage, result in loss of revenue and/or cause us to incur additional expenses. We have established disaster recovery policies and procedures that are expected to mitigate events related to natural or man-made disasters; however, the occurrence of any such event and the impact of an overall economic decline resulting from such a disaster could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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Risks Related to Economic Conditions

Inflation can have an adverse impact on our business and on our customers.

Inflation risk can negatively impact the value of assets or income from investments as inflation decreases the value of money. Inflation rose sharply at the end of 2021 and remained elevated through the first half of calendar 2024, before beginning to moderate in the latter half of 2024 and into calendar 2025. However, inflation levels continue to exceed the Federal Reserve Board's long-term target of 2.0%. As discussed above under “Risks Related to Market Interest Rates – We are subject to interest rate risk,” as inflation increases and market interest rates rise the value of our investment securities, particularly those with longer maturities, would decrease, although this effect can be less pronounced for floating rate instruments. In addition, inflation generally increases the cost of goods and services we use in our business operations, such as electricity and other utilities, which increases our non-interest expenses. Furthermore, our customers are also affected by inflation and the rising costs of goods and services used in their households and businesses, which could have a negative impact on their ability to repay their loans with us.

Our earnings are impacted by general business and economic conditions.

Our operations and profitability are impacted by general business and economic conditions, including long-term and short-term interest rates, the shape of the interest rate curve, inflation, the imposition of tariffs or other domestic or international governmental policies, money supply, supply chain issues, political issues, legislative, tax, accounting and regulatory changes, fluctuations in both debt and equity capital markets, broad trends in industry and finance, values of real estate and other collateral and the strength of the U.S. economy and the local economies in which we operate, all of which are beyond our control. Negative changes in these general business and economic conditions could have the following consequences, any of which could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations:

• demand for the products and services may decline;

• our allowance for credit losses may increase;

• loan delinquencies, problem assets, and foreclosures may increase;

• our funding costs and noninterest expenses may increase;

• the value of our securities portfolio may decrease;

• collateral for loans, especially real estate, may decline in value, thereby reducing customers' borrowing power, and reducing the value of assets and collateral associated with existing loans; and

• the net worth and liquidity of loan guarantors may decline, impairing their ability to honor commitments.

Our profitability is affected by economic conditions in our markets.

Unlike larger regional banks that operate in large geographies, we provide banking and financial services to customers primarily in 19 counties in the Southeastern, Central and Western regions of Pennsylvania, three counties in New Jersey and five counties in Maryland. Because of our geographic concentration, a downturn in the local economies could make it more difficult to attract loans and deposits, and could cause higher losses and delinquencies on our loans than if the loans were more geographically diversified. Adverse economic conditions in the region, including, without limitation, declining real estate values or higher unemployment, could cause our levels of nonperforming assets and loan losses to increase. Regional economic conditions have a significant impact on the ability of borrowers to repay their loans as scheduled. A sluggish local economy could, therefore, result in losses that materially and affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Interruption of our customers' supply chains could negatively impact their business and operations and impact their ability to repay their loans.

Any material interruption in our customers' supply chains, such as a material interruption of the resources required to conduct their business, such as those resulting from interruptions in service by third-party providers, trade restrictions, such as increased tariffs or quotas, embargoes or customs restrictions, restrictions in federal subsidies or grants, social or labor unrest, natural disasters, epidemics or pandemics or political disputes and military conflicts, that cause a material disruption in our customers' supply chains, could have a negative impact on their business and ability to repay their borrowings with us. In the event of disruptions in our customers' supply chains, the labor and materials they rely on in the ordinary course of business may not be available at reasonable rates or at all. Additionally, changes in distribution of federal funds or freezing federal funds, including reductions in federal workforce causing , could have an effect on the ability of consumers and businesses to pay debts and/or affect the demand for loans and deposits.

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Risks Related to Regulation

The fiscal, monetary and regulatory policies of the federal government and its agencies could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

In addition to being affected by general economic conditions, our earnings and growth are affected by the policies of the FRB. An important function of the FRB is to regulate the money supply and credit environment. Among the instruments used by the FRB to implement these objectives are open market purchases and sales of U.S. Government securities, adjustments of the discount rate and changes in banks' reserve requirements against bank deposits. These instruments are used in varying combinations to influence overall economic growth and the distribution of credit, bank loans, investments and deposits. The FRB's policies determine in large part the cost of funds for lending and investing and the return earned on those loans and investments, both of which affect our net interest margin. Its policies can also adversely affect borrowers, potentially increasing the risk that they may fail to repay their loans. The monetary policies and regulations of the FRB have had a significant effect on the overall economy and the operating results of financial institutions in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future.

Additionally, Congress and the administration through executive orders controls fiscal policy through decisions on taxation and expenditures. Depending on industries and markets involved, changes to tax law and increased or reduced public expenditures could affect us directly or the business operations of our customers.

Changes in Federal Reserve and other governmental policies, fiscal policy, and our regulatory environment generally are beyond our control, and we are unable to predict what changes may occur or the manner in which any future changes may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in laws and regulations and the cost of regulatory compliance with new laws and regulations may adversely affect our operations and/or increase our costs of operations.

We are subject to extensive regulation, supervision, and examination by our regulators. Regulation by these agencies is intended primarily for the protection of our depositors and the deposit insurance fund and not for the benefit of our shareholders. The Bank's activities are also regulated under consumer protection laws applicable to our lending, deposit, and other activities. A material claim against the Bank under these laws or an enforcement action by our regulators could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. These regulations, along with the currently existing tax, accounting, securities, deposit insurance and monetary laws, rules, standards, policies, and interpretations, control the ways financial institutions conduct business, implement strategic initiatives, and prepare financial reporting and disclosures. Regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in their supervisory and enforcement activities, including the ability to impose restrictions on our operations and comment on the classification of our assets and the level of our allowance for credit losses. Changes in such regulation and oversight, whether in the form of regulatory or enforcement policy, new regulations, executive orders, legislation or supervisory action, may have a material impact on our operations. Further, compliance with such regulation may increase our costs and limit our ability to pursue business opportunities.

Non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions.

The USA PATRIOT and Bank Secrecy Acts require financial institutions to develop programs and procedures to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. If such activities are detected, financial institutions are obligated to file suspicious activity reports with the U.S. Treasury's Office of Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These rules require financial institutions to establish procedures for identifying and verifying the identity of customers seeking to open new financial accounts. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines or sanctions. While we have developed policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations, these policies and procedures may not be effective in preventing violations of these laws and regulations.

Risks Related to the Wealth Management Industry

Revenues and profitability from our wealth management business may be adversely affected by any reduction in assets under management, which could reduce fees earned.

The majority of the revenue from the wealth management business consists of trust, investment advisory and brokerage and other servicing fees. Substantial revenues are generated from investment management contracts with clients. Under these contracts, the investment advisory fees paid to us are typically based on the market value of assets under management. Assets

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under management may decline for various reasons including declines in the market value of the assets in the funds and accounts managed, which could be caused by price declines in the securities markets generally or by price declines in specific market segments. Assets under management may also decrease due to redemptions and other withdrawals by clients or termination of contracts. This could be in response to adverse market conditions or in pursuit of other investment opportunities. If our assets under management decline and there is a related decrease in fees, it will negatively affect our results of operations.

We may not be able to attract and retain wealth management clients.

Due to strong competition, our wealth management business may not be able to attract and retain clients. Competition is strong because there are numerous well-established and successful investment management and wealth advisory firms with which we compete, including commercial banks and trust companies, investment advisory firms, mutual fund companies, stock brokerage firms, and other financial companies. Many of our competitors have greater resources than we have.

Our ability to successfully attract and retain wealth management clients is dependent upon our ability to compete with competitors' investment products, our level of investment performance, our client services, our fees and marketing and distribution capabilities. If we are not successful, our results of operations and financial condition may be negatively impacted.

The wealth management business is subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by regulators, and any enforcement action or adverse changes in the laws or regulations governing our business could decrease our revenues and profitability.

The wealth management business is subject to regulation by regulatory agencies that are charged with safeguarding the integrity of the securities and other financial markets and with protecting the interests of customers participating in those markets. In the event of non-compliance with regulation, governmental regulators, including the SEC and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, may institute administrative or judicial proceedings that may result in censure, fines, civil money penalties, the issuance of cease-and-desist orders, the deregistration or suspension of the non-compliant introducing broker-dealer or investment adviser or other adverse consequences. The imposition of any such penalties or orders could have a material adverse effect on the wealth management segment's operating results and financial condition. The wealth management business also may be adversely affected as a result of new or revised legislation or regulations. Regulatory changes have imposed and may continue to impose additional costs, which could impact our .

Risks Related to the Insurance Industry

Revenues and profitability from our insurance business may be adversely affected by market conditions, which could reduce insurance commissions and fees earned.

The revenues of our fee-based insurance business are derived primarily from commissions from the sale of insurance policies, which commissions are generally calculated as a percentage of the policy premium. These insurance policy commissions can fluctuate as insurance carriers change the premiums on the insurance products we sell. Due to the cyclical nature of the insurance market and the impact of other market and macroeconomic conditions on insurance premiums, commission levels may vary. The reduction of these commission rates, along with general volatility and/or declines in premiums, may adversely impact our profitability.

Risks Related to Competition

We operate in a highly competitive industry and market area, which could adversely impact its business and results of operations.

We face substantial competition from a variety of different competitors. Our competitors, including commercial banks, community banks, savings institutions, credit unions, consumer finance companies, insurance companies, securities dealers, brokers, mortgage bankers, investment advisors, money market mutual funds and other financial technology and financial institutions, compete with us for loans and deposits and insurance and wealth management services. Increased competition in our markets may result in reduced loans and deposits, less wealth management fees or insurance revenues or may negatively impact the pricing of such products and services.

Many of these competing institutions have much greater financial and marketing resources than we have. Due to their size, many competitors can achieve larger economies of scale and may offer a broader range of products and services, more accessible branch locations, higher lending limits or more favorable pricing than we can. If we are unable to compete effectively in the offerings of our products and services, our business may be negatively affected. Additionally, these

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competitors may offer more favorable interest rates than we do, which could decrease the loans or deposits that we attract or require us to adjust our rates to retain and/or attract loans or deposits. Increased deposit competition could adversely affect our ability to generate the funds necessary for lending operations. As a result, we may need to seek other sources of funds that may be more expensive to obtain, which could increase the cost of funds and decrease profitability.

Some of the financial services organizations with which we compete are not subject to the same degree of regulation or tax structure as we are. As a result, these non-bank competitors have certain advantages over us in providing lower-cost products, accessing funding and in providing various services. The banking business in our primary market areas is very competitive, and the level of competition and their pricing structure facing us may increase further, which may limit our asset growth and financial results.

In addition, rapid technological changes and consumer preferences may result in increased competition. A number of well-funded technology focused companies are innovating the payments, distributed ledger, and cryptocurrency networks and are attempting to disintermediate portions of the traditional banking model. A shift in the mix of payment forms away from our products and services could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

Risks Related to Strategic Activities

The anticipated benefits of our digital initiatives may not be fully realized.

We have devoted substantial time and resources to our strategic digital initiatives. The success of these initiatives will depend on, among other things, whether our upgraded technology and digital solutions are received favorably by our customers and employees and improves their experiences and interactions with us. If we are unable to successfully achieve these objectives, the anticipated benefits of these initiatives may not be realized fully, or at all, or may take longer to realize than expected.

Our business strategy includes significant investment in growth plans, and our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively.

We expanded into the Western Pennsylvania and northern Maryland markets, and may further expand into additional markets as a result of our digital initiatives. Our growth initiatives require us to recruit experienced personnel. The failure to retain such personnel would place significant limitations on our ability to successfully execute our growth strategy. In addition, as we expand our lending beyond our current market areas, we could incur additional risk related to those new market areas. We may not be able to expand our market presence in our existing market areas or successfully enter new markets. A weak economy, low demand and competition for credit may impact our ability to successfully execute our growth plan and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and growth prospects. While we believe we have the executive management resources and internal systems in place to successfully manage our future growth, there can be no assurance growth opportunities will be available or that we will manage our growth. We regularly evaluate potential growth and expansion . If appropriate present themselves, we may engage in other business growth initiatives or undertakings. We may not identify appropriate , may not be to negotiate or finance such activities and such activities, if undertaken, may not be .

We may need to raise additional capital in the future and such capital may not be available when needed or at all.

Federal regulatory agencies have the authority to change the Corporation's and Bank's capital requirements and new accounting rules could have a negative impact on our regulatory capital ratios. Accordingly, we may need to raise additional capital in the future to provide us with sufficient capital resources to meet our commitments and business needs. We may also need to raise additional capital to support our continued growth. If we raise capital through the issuance of additional shares of our common stock or other securities, it would dilute the ownership interests of existing shareholders and may dilute the per share book value of our common stock. New investors may also have rights, preferences and privileges senior to our current shareholders, which may adversely impact our current shareholders. Our ability to raise additional capital, if needed, or at attractive prices, will depend on, among other things, conditions in the capital markets at that time, which are outside of our control, and our financial performance. An inability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms when needed could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Potential acquisitions may disrupt our business and dilute shareholder value.

We regularly evaluate opportunities to acquire banks and other complementary businesses. As a result, we may engage in negotiations or discussions that, if they were to result in a transaction, could have a material effect on our operating results and

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financial condition, including on our short- and long-term liquidity and capital structure. Our acquisition activities could be material to us. For example, we could issue additional shares of common stock in a merger transaction, which could dilute current shareholders' ownership interest and the per share book value of our common stock. Further, an acquisition could require us to use a substantial amount of cash, other liquid assets, and/or incur debt.

Our acquisition activities could involve a number of additional risks, including the risks of:

• Incurring time and expense associated with identifying and evaluating and negotiating potential transactions;

• Using estimates and judgments to evaluate credit, operations, management, and market risks with respect to the target institution or its assets, which later prove to be inaccurate;

• The time and expense required to integrate the operations and personnel of the combined businesses;

• Creating an adverse short-term effect on our results of operations;

• Failing to realize related revenue synergies and/or cost savings within expected time frames; and

• Losing key employees and customers or a reduction in our stock price as a result of an acquisition that is poorly received.

We may not be successful in overcoming these risks or any other problems encountered in connection with potential acquisitions. Our inability to overcome these risks could have an adverse effect on our ability to achieve our business strategy and could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

Our stock price can be volatile.

Our stock price can fluctuate in response to a variety of factors, some of which are not under our control. The factors that could cause our stock price to decrease include, but are not limited to:

• Our past and future dividend practice;

• Our financial condition, performance, creditworthiness and prospects;

• Variations in our operating results or the quality of our assets;

• General investor sentiment regarding the banking industry;

• Operating results that vary from the expectations of management, securities analysts and investors;

• Changes in expectations as to our future financial performance;

• Changes in financial markets related to market valuations of financial industry companies;

• The operating and securities price performance of other companies that investors believe are comparable to us;

• Future sales of our equity or equity-related securities;

• The imposition of tariffs and any retaliatory responses;

• Proposed or adopted legislative, regulatory or accounting changes or developments;

• The credit, mortgage and housing markets, the markets for securities relating to mortgages or housing, and developments with respect to financial institutions generally; and

• Changes in global financial markets and global economies and general market conditions, such as interest or foreign exchange rates, inflation, recessionary conditions, stock, commodity or real estate valuations or volatility and other geopolitical, regulatory or judicial events.

The limited liquidity of our common stock may limit your ability to trade our shares and may impact the value of our common stock.

While the Corporation's common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, the trading volume has historically been less than that of larger financial services companies, which may make it more difficult for investors to sell their common stock when they want and at prices they find attractive.

A public trading market having the desired characteristics of depth, liquidity and orderliness depends on the presence in the marketplace of willing buyers and sellers of our common stock at any given time. This presence depends on the individual decisions of investors and general economic and market conditions over which we have no control. Given the relatively low trading volume of our common stock, significant sales of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that those sales may occur, could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline or to be lower than it otherwise might be in the absence of those sales or perceptions.

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Anti-takeover provisions could negatively impact our shareholders.

Certain provisions in the Corporation's Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws, as well as federal banking laws, regulatory approval requirements, and Pennsylvania law, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire the Corporation, even if doing so would be perceived to be beneficial to our shareholders.

There may be future sales or other dilution of the Corporation's equity, which may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

The Corporation is generally not restricted from issuing additional common stock, including any securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive, common stock. The issuance of any additional shares of common stock or preferred stock or securities convertible into, exchangeable for or that represent the right to receive common stock or the exercise of such securities could be substantially dilutive to shareholders of our common stock. Holders of our shares of common stock have no preemptive rights that entitle holders to purchase their pro rata share of any offering of shares of any class or series. The market price of our common stock could decline as a result of offerings or because of sales of shares of our common stock made after offerings or the perception that such sales could occur. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, our shareholders bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting their stock holdings in us.

The Corporation relies on dividends from our subsidiaries for most of our revenue.

The Corporation is a bank holding company and our operations are conducted by our subsidiaries from which we receive dividends. The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends is subject to legal and regulatory limitations, profitability, financial condition, capital expenditures and other cash flow requirements. The ability of the Bank to pay cash dividends to the Corporation is limited by its obligation to maintain sufficient capital and by other restrictions on its cash dividends that are applicable to state member banks in the Federal Reserve System. If the Bank is not permitted to pay cash dividends to the Corporation, it is unlikely that we would be able to pay cash dividends on our common stock.

Language change vs prior 10-K

MD&A (Item 7) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase

Negative rising

repossessed+1
suspected+1
fraud+1

Positive rising

effective+1
benefit+1
favorable+1

MD&A (Item 7)

11,113 words

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(All dollar amounts presented in tables are in thousands, except per share data. "BP" equates to "basis points"; "N/M" equates to "not meaningful"; "—" equates to "zero" or "doesn't round to a reportable number"; and "N/A" equates to "not applicable." Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current-year presentation.)

The information contained in this report may contain forward-looking statements, including statements relating to the Corporation and its financial condition and results of operations that involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions. The Corporation's actual results may differ materially from those anticipated, expected or projected as discussed in forward-looking statements. A discussion of forward-looking statements and factors that might cause such a difference includes those discussed in Part I, "Forward-Looking Statements," Item 1A. "Risk Factors," as well as those within this Management's Discussion and Analysis ("MD&A") of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and elsewhere in this report.

Critical Accounting Policies

The discussion below outlines the Corporation's critical accounting policies. For further information regarding accounting policies, refer to Note 1, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" included in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

In order to prepare the Corporation's financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Corporation's financial statements. There are uncertainties inherent in making these estimates and assumptions. Certain critical accounting policies could materially affect the results of operations and financial condition of the Corporation should changes in circumstances require a change in related estimates or assumptions. The Corporation has identified the fair value measurement of investment securities available-for-sale and the calculation of the allowance for credit losses on loans and leases as critical accounting policies.

Fair Value Measurement of Investment Securities Available-for-Sale: The Corporation designates its investment securities as held-to-maturity, available-for-sale or trading. Each of these designations affords different treatment on the balance sheet and statement of income for market value changes affecting securities. Should evidence emerge that indicates that management's intent or ability to manage the securities as originally asserted is not supportable, securities with the held-to-maturity or available-for-sale designations may be re-categorized, which may result in adjustments to either the balance sheet or statement of income.

Fair values for securities are determined using independent pricing services and market-participating brokers. The independent pricing service utilizes evaluated pricing models that vary by asset class and incorporate available trade, bid and other market information for structured securities, cash flows and, when available, loan performance data. Because many fixed income securities do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing service's evaluated pricing applications apply information as applicable through processes, such as benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings, and matrix pricing, to prepare evaluations. If at any time, the pricing service determines that it does not have sufficient verifiable information to value a particular security, the Corporation will utilize valuations from another pricing service. Management has a sufficient understanding of the third-party service's valuation models, assumptions and inputs used in determining the fair value of securities to enable management to maintain an appropriate system of internal control.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loan and Leases: The Allowance for Credit Losses ("ACL") on loans and leases uses techniques that estimate losses on pools of loans and leases that share similar risk characteristics and specifically identify losses on individual loans and leases that do not share similar risk characteristics with others. The adequacy of these allowances is sensitive to changes in current and forecasted economic conditions that may affect the ability of borrowers to make contractual payments as well as the value of the collateral securing such payments. Management utilizes a discounted cash flow ("DCF") model to calculate the present value of the expected cash flows for pools of loans and leases that share similar risk characteristics and compares the results of this calculation to the amortized cost basis to determine its allowance for credit loss balance. The key assumptions used in the model are (1) probability of default, (2) loss given default, (3) prepayment and curtailment rates, (4) recovery delay (5) reasonable and supportable economic forecasts, (6) forecast reversion period, (7) expected recoveries on charged-off loans, and (8) discount rate. Although management believes it uses the best information available to establish the ACL, future adjustments to the ACL may be necessary and the Corporation’s results of operations could be adversely affected if circumstances differ substantially from the assumptions used in making the determinations. While management believes it has established the ACL in conformity with U.S. GAAP, our regulators, in reviewing the loan portfolio, may request us to increase our ACL based on judgments different from ours. In addition, because future events affecting

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borrowers and collateral cannot be predicted without uncertainty, the existing ACL may not be adequate or increases may be necessary should the quality of any loans or leases deteriorate or if there are changes to the assumptions noted above. Any material increase in the ACL would adversely affect the Corporation’s financial condition and results of operations.

The following table indicates the economic factors utilized in the Corporation's CECL model.

Economic Factors

At December 31, 2025

At December 31, 2024

Description of Economic Factors

Prepayment rates

Average total portfolio rate

Curtailment rates

Average total portfolio rate

Recovery delay

30 months

31 months

Average across all pools

Economic forecast

Moody's downside S2 weighted 42.5%, Baseline weighted 57.5%

Moody's downside S2 weighted 60%, Baseline weighted 40%

Moody's US Macro Forecast Narratives for December 2025 & 2024

Unemployment rates

Average of 4 quarter forecast period

GDP rates

Average of 4 quarter forecast period

House price index

Average of 4 quarter forecast period

Sensitivity Analysis

The below table indicates the impact to the allowance for credit losses on loans and leases if the factors described below were adjusted in the Corporation's CECL model.

Increase (Decrease) ($)

Adjustment Factor

Prepayment rates

If rates were adjusted across all pools by +/-100 basis points

Curtailment rates

If rates were adjusted across all pools by +/- 100 basis points

Recovery delay

If recovery delays were adjusted by +/- 3 months across all pools

Economic forecast

If Baseline forecasts were used instead of the weighted Downside/Baseline scenarios

Economic forecast

If S2 Downside forecasts were used instead of the weighted Downside/Baseline scenarios

Economic forecast

If S3 Downside forecasts were used instead of the weighted Downside/Baseline scenarios

Unemployment rates

If rates were increased across all pools by 100 basis points

Unemployment rates

If rates were decreased across all pools by 100 basis points

GDP rates

If the GDP forecast inputs were adjusted by +/- 100 basis points

House price index

If the HPI forecast inputs were adjusted by +/- 100 basis points

Reversion period

If the reversion period was increased by 2 quarters across all pools

Reversion period

If the reversion period was decreased by 2 quarters across all pools

Readers of the Corporation’s financial statements should be aware that the estimates and assumptions used in the Corporation’s current financial statements may need to be updated in future financial presentations for changes in circumstances, business or economic conditions in order to fairly represent the condition of the Corporation at that time.

General

The Corporation earns revenues primarily from the margins and fees generated from lending and depository services as well as fee-based income from trust, insurance, mortgage banking, treasury management and investment services. The Corporation seeks to achieve adequate and reliable earnings through business growth while maintaining adequate levels of capital and liquidity and limiting exposure to credit and interest rate risk.

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Selected Financial Data

As of or For the Years Ended December 31,

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

Results of Operations

Interest income

Interest expense

Net interest income

Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses

Net interest income after provision for credit losses

Noninterest income

Noninterest expense

Net income before income taxes

Income taxes

Net income

Financial Condition at Year End

Cash and cash equivalents

Investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses

Net loans and leases held for investment

Assets

Deposits

Borrowings

Shareholders' equity

Per Common Share Data

Average shares outstanding (in thousands)

Earnings per share – basic

Earnings per share – diluted

Dividends declared per share

Book value (at year-end)

Dividends declared to net income

Profitability Ratios

Return on average assets

Return on average equity

Average equity to average assets

Efficiency ratio

Asset Quality Ratios

Nonaccrual loans and leases to loans and leases held for investment

Nonperforming loans and leases to loans and leases held for investment (1)

Nonperforming assets to total assets (1)

Net charge-offs to average loans and leases outstanding

Allowance for credit losses, loans and leases to total loans and leases held for investment

Allowance for credit losses, loans and leases to nonaccrual loans and leases

Allowance for credit losses, loans and leases to nonperforming loans and leases (1)

(1) The Corporation adopted ASU 2022-02 "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures" effective January 1, 2023, which eliminated the category of troubled debt restructurings. Ratios at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were restated to exclude troubled debt restructured loans from nonperforming loans and nonperforming assets.

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Executive Overview

The Corporation's consolidated net income, earnings per share and return on average assets and average equity were as follows:

For the Years Ended December 31,

Amount of Change

Percent Change

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

Net income

Net income per share:

Basic

Diluted

Return on average assets

Return on average equity

2025 Overview

The Corporation reported net income of $90.8 million, or $3.13 diluted earnings per share, for 2025 compared to net income of $75.9 million, or $2.58 diluted earnings per share, for 2024.

The financial results for the year ended December 31, 2025 included bank owned life insurance ("BOLI") death benefit claims of $2.1 million, or $0.07 diluted earnings per share.

2024 Overview

The Corporation reported net income of $75.9 million, or $2.58 diluted earnings per share, for 2024 compared to net income of $71.1 million, or $2.41 diluted earnings per share, for 2023.

The financial results for the year ended December 31, 2024 included a $3.4 million net gain ($2.7 million after-tax), or $0.09 diluted earnings per share, generated from the sale of mortgage servicing rights associated with $591.1 million of serviced loans. Additionally, the financial results for the year ended December 31, 2024 included bank owned life insurance ("BOLI") death benefit claims of $241 thousand, or $0.01 diluted earnings per share.

Results of Operations

Net Interest Income

Net interest income is the difference between interest earned primarily on loans, leases and investment securities and interest paid on deposits, borrowings, long-term debt and subordinated notes. Net interest income is the principal source of the Corporation's revenue. Table 1 presents the Corporation's average balances, tax-equivalent interest income, interest expense, tax-equivalent yields earned on average assets, cost of average liabilities, and shareholders' equity on a tax-equivalent basis for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023. The tax-equivalent net interest margin is tax-equivalent net interest income as a percentage of average interest-earning assets. The tax-equivalent net interest spread represents the weighted average tax-equivalent yield on interest-earning assets less the weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities. The effect of net interest-free funding sources represents the effect on the net interest margin of net funding provided by noninterest-earning assets, noninterest-bearing liabilities and shareholders' equity. Table 2 analyzes the changes in the tax-equivalent net interest income for the periods broken down by their rate and volume components.

2025 versus 2024

Reported net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $240.2 million, an increase of $29.0 million, or 13.7%, from the prior year. Net interest income, on a tax-equivalent basis, for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $241.9 million, an increase of $29.5 million, or 13.9%, from the prior year. An increase in tax-equivalent interest income of $18.6 million was driven by increased loan yields, and increases in the average balance of average interest-earning assets, as well as a decrease of $10.9 million in interest expense, which was largely driven by a decrease in the cost of interest-bearing deposits and a decrease in the average balance of borrowings. This was offset by an increase in the average balance of deposits. The net interest margin on a tax-equivalent basis for the year ended December 31, 2025 was 3.14% compared to 2.86% for 2024.

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2024 versus 2023

Reported net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $211.2 million, a decrease of $8.8 million, or 4.0%, from the prior year. Net interest income, on a tax-equivalent basis, for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $212.3 million, a decrease of $8.9 million, or 4.0%, from the prior year. An increase in tax-equivalent interest income of $40.6 million, driven by increases in asset yields, including loan and investment yields, and increases in the average balance of average interest-earning assets was outpaced by an increase in interest expense of $49.5 million, which was largely driven by an increase in the cost of, and the average balances of, interest-bearing deposits. The net interest margin on a tax-equivalent basis for the year ended December 31, 2024 was 2.86% compared to 3.12% for 2023. The net interest margin decrease was attributable to the increase in interest rates and the liability sensitivity of the Corporation's balance sheet.

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Table 1—Average Balances and Interest Rates—Tax-Equivalent Basis

For the Years Ended December 31,

(Dollars in thousands)

Average

Balance

Income/

Expense

Average

Rate

Average

Balance

Income/

Expense

Average

Rate

Average

Balance

Income/

Expense

Average

Rate

Assets:

Interest-earning deposits with other banks

Obligations of states and political

subdivisions*

Other debt and equity securities

Federal Home Loan Bank, Federal Reserve Bank and other stock

Total interest-earning deposits, investments and other interest-earning assets

Commercial, financial and agricultural loans

Real estate—commercial and construction loans

Real estate—residential loans

Loans to individuals

Tax-exempt loans and leases

Lease financings

Gross loans and leases

Total interest-earning assets

Cash and due from banks

Allowance for credit losses, loans and leases

Premises and equipment, net

Operating lease right-of-use asset

Other assets

Total assets

Liabilities:

Interest-bearing checking deposits

Money market savings

Regular savings

Time deposits

Total time and interest-bearing deposits

Short-term borrowings

Long-term debt

Subordinated notes

Total borrowings

Total interest-bearing liabilities

Noninterest-bearing deposits

Operating lease liabilities

Accrued expenses and other liabilities

Total liabilities

Total interest-bearing liabilities and noninterest-bearing deposits ("Cost of Funds")

Shareholders' Equity:

Common stock

Additional paid-in capital

Retained earnings and other equity

Total shareholders' equity

Total liabilities and shareholders' equity

Net interest income

Net interest spread

Effect of net interest-free funding sources

Net interest margin

Ratio of average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities

*Obligations of states and political subdivisions are tax-exempt earning assets.

Notes: For rate calculation purposes, average loan and lease categories include deferred fees and costs and purchase accounting adjustments.

Net interest income includes net deferred costs amortization of $2.5 million, $2.7 million and $2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Nonaccrual loans and leases have been included in the average loan and lease balances. Loans held for sale have been included in the average loan balances.

Tax-equivalent amounts for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 have been calculated using the Corporation's federal applicable rate of 21%.

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Table 2—Analysis of Changes in Net Interest Income

The rate-volume variance analysis set forth in the table below compares changes in tax-equivalent net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 2024 and for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to 2023, indicated by their rate and volume components. The change in interest income/expense due to both volume and rate has been allocated proportionately.

For the Years Ended December 31, 2025 Versus 2024

For the Years Ended December 31, 2024 Versus 2023

(Dollars in thousands)

Volume

Change

Rate

Change

Total

Volume

Change

Rate

Change

Total

Interest income:

Interest-earning deposits with other banks

Obligations of states and political subdivisions

Other debt and equity securities

Federal Home Loan Bank, Federal Reserve Bank and other stock

Interest on deposits, investments and other interest-earning assets

Commercial, financial and agricultural loans

Real estate—commercial and construction loans

Real estate—residential loans

Loans to individuals

Tax-exempt loans and leases

Lease financings

Interest and fees on loans and leases

Total interest income

Interest expense:

Interest-bearing checking deposits

Money market savings

Regular savings

Time deposits

Total time and interest-bearing deposits

Short-term borrowings

Long-term debt

Subordinated notes

Interest on borrowings

Total interest expense

Net interest income

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Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $11.7 million, $5.9 million and $10.8 million, respectively. Net loan and lease charge-offs for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were $11.1 million, $3.8 million and $5.4 million, respectively. The year ended December 31, 2025 included a $6.8 million net charge-off recorded on a $23.7 million commercial loan relationship. The year ended December 31, 2023 included $2.4 million in charge-offs related to two nonaccrual commercial loans to one borrower. The following table details information pertaining to the Corporation's allowance for credit losses on loans and leases as a percentage of loans and leases held for investment at the dates indicated.

At December 31,

(Dollars in thousands)

Allowance for credit losses, loans and leases

Loans and leases held for investment

Allowance for credit losses, loans and leases / loans and leases held for investment

Noninterest Income

The following table presents noninterest income for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023:

For the Years Ended December 31,

$ Change

% Change

(Dollars in thousands)

Trust fee income

Service charges on deposit accounts

Investment advisory commission and fee income

Insurance commission and fee income

Other service fee income

Bank owned life insurance income

Net gain on sales of investment securities

Net gain on mortgage banking activities

Other income

Total noninterest income

2025 versus 2024

Noninterest income for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $87.9 million, a decrease of $194 thousand, or 0.2%, compared to 2024.

Other service fee income decreased $3.8 million, or 25.8%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily due to the net gain of $3.4 million generated from the sale of mortgage servicing rights associated with $591.1 million of serviced loans in the first quarter of 2024. Net gain on mortgage banking activities decreased $1.9 million, or 36.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily due to decreased salable volume and lower margins.

BOLI income increased $2.0 million, or 51.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily due to death benefit claims of $2.1 million received during the year. Investment advisory commission and fee income increased $1.6 million, or 7.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily due to increased assets under management and supervision driven by market appreciation. Service charges on deposit accounts increased $909 thousand, or 11.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily due to an increase of $976 thousand in treasury management fees. Other income increased $592 thousand, or 14.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily driven by a $620 thousand increase in fees on risk participation agreements for interest rate swaps due to increased demand.

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2024 versus 2023

Noninterest income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $88.1 million, an increase of $11.2 million, or 14.6%, compared to 2023.

Other service fee income increased $2.4 million, or 19.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to the net gain of $3.4 million generated from the sale of mortgage servicing rights associated with $591.1 million of serviced loans in the first quarter of 2024, partially offset by a $966 thousand decrease in servicing fees associated with these loans. Investment advisory commission and fee income increased $2.3 million, or 12.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to increased assets under management and supervision driven by new business and market appreciation. Net gain on mortgage banking activities increased $1.6 million, or 42.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to increased salable volume and favorable margins. Insurance commission and fee income increased $1.3 million, or 6.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to increases of $1.0 million in premiums for commercial lines and $435 thousand in contingent commission income. Service charges on deposit accounts increased $1.0 million, or 14.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to an increase of $950 thousand in treasury management fees.

Other income increased $1.2 million, or 40.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2024. Gains on the sale of Small Business Administration loans increased $1.9 million due to increased sale volume, partially offset by a $605 thousand decrease in interest rate swap income due to decreased demand.

Noninterest Expense

The following table presents noninterest expense for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023:

For the Years Ended December 31,

$ Change

% Change

(Dollars in thousands)

Salaries, benefits and commissions

Net occupancy

Equipment

Data processing

Professional fees

Marketing and advertising

Deposit insurance premiums

Intangible expenses

Restructuring charges

Other expense

Total noninterest expense

2025 versus 2024

Noninterest expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $203.0 million, an increase of $5.0 million, or 2.5%, compared to 2024.

Salaries, benefits and commissions increased $3.3 million, or 2.6%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily due to annual merit increases and an increase in incentive compensation due to increased profitability, partially offset by an increase in capitalized compensation driven by higher loan production. Other expense increased $1.2 million, or 4.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily driven by a $1.5 million increase in loan workout fees, partially offset by decrease in retirement plan costs of $463 thousand. Professional fees increased $815 thousand, or 12.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, due to increases of $563 thousand of consulting fees for data integration resources and $156 thousand for legal fees.

2024 versus 2023

Noninterest expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $198.0 million, an increase of $630 thousand, or 0.3%, compared to 2023.

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Salaries, benefits and commissions increased $3.6 million, or 3.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to an increase in incentive compensation due to increased profitability in the current year.

Professional fees decreased $739 thousand, or 10.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to a decrease of $1.0 million of consulting fees due to the costs of implementing our digital initiative in the prior year. Other expense decreased $842 thousand, or 2.9%, primarily driven by decreases in retirement plan costs of $857 thousand. Additionally, the year ended December 31, 2023 included $1.5 million in restructuring charges associated with the Corporation's financial service center optimization and expense management strategies deployed in response to macroeconomic headwinds.

Tax Provision

The provision for income taxes was $22.6 million, $19.4 million and $17.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, at effective rates of 19.9%, 20.3% and 19.8%, respectively. The effective tax rates reflected the benefits of tax-exempt income from investments in municipal securities and loans and leases. Excluding this impact, the effective tax rates were 21.7%, 22.1% and 21.7% for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rate for 2025 compared to 2024 was primarily due to the favorable impact from the proceeds of BOLI death benefits. The increase in the effective tax rate for 2024 compared to 2023 was primarily due to increases in state tax rates and the impact of stock-based compensation during the year.

Financial Condition

ASSETS

The following table presents assets at the dates indicated:

At December 31,

(Dollars in thousands)

$ Change

% Change

Cash and cash equivalents

Investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses

Federal Home Loan Bank, Federal Reserve Bank and other stock, at cost

Loans held for sale

Loans and leases held for investment

Allowance for credit losses, loans and leases

Premises and equipment, net

Operating lease right-of-use asset

Goodwill and other intangibles, net

Bank owned life insurance

Accrued interest receivable and other assets

Total assets

Cash and Interest-Earning Deposits

Cash and interest-earning deposits increased $224.9 million, or 68.4%, from December 31, 2024, primarily due to increased interest-earning deposits at the Federal Reserve Bank of $231.7 million due to increases in deposits outpacing loan growth, partially offset by the repayment of subordinated notes and long-term debt.

Investment Securities

Total investment securities at December 31, 2025 increased $2.3 million, or 0.5%, from December 31, 2024. Purchases of $60.3 million, which were primarily residential mortgage-backed securities, increases in the fair value of available-for-sale investment securities of $17.2 million and a reversal of provision for credit losses of $828 thousand were partially offset by maturities and pay-downs of $68.1 million, sales of $6.9 million and net amortization of purchased premiums and discounts of $1.0 million.

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Table 3—Investment Securities

The following table shows the carrying amount of investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses, at the dates indicated. Held-to-maturity, available-for-sale and equity security portfolios are combined.

At December 31,

(Dollars in thousands)

State and political subdivisions

Residential mortgage-backed securities

Collateralized mortgage obligations

Corporate bonds

Equity securities

Total investment securities

Table 4—Investment Securities (Yields)

The following table shows the maturity distribution and weighted average yields of investment securities at amortized cost at December 31, 2025. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because debt issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations without call or prepayment penalties. Therefore, the stated yield may not be recognized in future periods. Additionally, residential mortgage-backed securities, which are collateralized by residential mortgage loans, typically prepay at a rate faster than the stated maturity. The weighted average yield is calculated by dividing income, which has not been tax effected on tax-exempt obligations, within each contractual maturity range by the outstanding amount of the related investment. Held-to-maturity and available-for-sale portfolios are combined, net of allowance for credit losses.

1 Year or less

After 1 Year to 5 Years

After 5 Years to 10 Years

After 10 Years

(Dollars in thousands)

Amortized Cost

Weighted Average Yield

Amortized Cost

Weighted Average Yield

Amortized Cost

Weighted Average Yield

Amortized Cost

Weighted Average Yield

Residential mortgage-backed securities

Collateralized mortgage obligations

Corporate bonds

Total held-to- maturity and available-for-sale investment securities

At December 31, 2025, the Corporation had no reportable investments in any single issuer representing more than 10% of shareholders' equity.

Loans and Leases

Gross loans and leases held for investment at December 31, 2025 increased $88.2 million, or 1.3%, from December 31, 2024. The growth in gross loans and leases held for investment was primarily due to increases in construction, commercial real estate and home equity loans, partially offset by decreases in commercial and residential mortgage loans and lease financings.

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Table 5—Loan and Lease Maturities and Sensitivity to Changes in Interest Rates

The following table presents the maturity schedule of the loan and lease portfolio at December 31, 2025. Loans with variable rates or floating interest rates include adjustable rate instruments that may have longer than one month, and in some instances, multiple years of a fixed rate interest period.

(Dollars in thousands)

Total

Due in One Year or Less

Due after One Year to Five Years

Due After Five Years to Fifteen Years

Due After Fifteen Years

Loans and leases with fixed predetermined interest rates:

Commercial, financial and agricultural

Real estate-commercial

Real estate-construction

Real estate-residential secured for business purpose

Real estate-residential secured for personal purpose

Real estate-home equity secured for personal purpose

Loans to individuals

Lease financings

Loans and leases with fixed predetermined interest rates

Loans and leases with variable or floating interest rates:

Commercial, financial and agricultural

Real estate-commercial

Real estate-construction

Real estate-residential secured for business purpose

Real estate-residential secured for personal purpose

Real estate-home equity secured for personal purpose

Loans to individuals

Loans with variable or floating interest rates

Total gross loans and leases held for investment

Asset Quality

The Bank's strategy for credit risk management focuses on having well-defined credit policies and uniform underwriting criteria and providing prompt attention to potential problem loans and leases. Performance of the loan and lease portfolio is monitored on a regular basis by Bank management and lending officers.

Nonaccrual loans and leases are loans or leases for which it is probable that not all principal and interest payments due will be collectible in accordance with the original contractual terms. Factors considered by management in determining accrual status include payment status, borrower cash flows, collateral value and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due.

At December 31, 2025, nonaccrual loans and leases were $13.7 million and had a related allowance for credit losses on loans and leases of $3.0 million. At December 31, 2024, nonaccrual loans and leases were $12.7 million and had a related allowance for credit losses on loans and leases of $1.9 million. During the second quarter of 2025, a $23.7 million commercial loan relationship was placed on nonaccrual status due to, among other things, suspected fraud. Subsequent to the relationship being placed on nonaccrual status, a $7.3 million charge-off was recognized during the second quarter. During the third quarter of 2025, a $1.4 million residential property associated with this relationship was transferred to other real estate owned. During the fourth quarter, loans totaling $13.9 million associated with this relationship were paid off and a $449 thousand recovery was recognized. As of December 31, 2025, the $1.4 million residential property remains in other real estate owned and the carrying value of the asset is supported by the appraised value of real estate collateral. Individual reserves have been established based on current facts and management's judgments about the ultimate outcome of these credits, including the most recent known data available on any related underlying collateral and the borrower's cash flows. The amount of individual reserve needed for these credits could change in future periods subject to changes in facts and judgments related to these credits.

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Net loan and lease charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2025 were $11.1 million compared to net loan and lease charge-offs of $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Net charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2025 included a $6.8 million net charge-off recorded on a $23.7 million commercial loan relationship.

Other real estate owned was $23.9 million at December 31, 2025, compared to $20.1 million at December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2025, two nonaccrual residential real estate loans with a total carrying value of $3.9 million were transferred to OREO. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2025, two residential real estate properties with a total carrying value of $226 thousand were sold. Additionally, write-downs on repossessed assets totaled $44 thousand during the year. Repossessed assets were $65 thousand at December 31, 2025, compared to $76 thousand at December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2025, repossessed assets totaling $143 thousand were acquired and repossessed assets totaling $105 thousand were sold.

Table 6—Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans and Leases; Other Real Estate Owned; Repossessed Assets; and Related Ratios

The following table details information pertaining to the Corporation's nonperforming assets at the dates indicated.

At December 31,

(Dollars in thousands)

Nonaccrual loans held for sale

Nonaccrual loans and leases held for investment

Accruing loans and leases, 90 days or more past due

Total nonperforming loans and leases

Other real estate owned

Repossessed assets

Total nonperforming assets

Loans and leases held for investment

Allowance for credit losses, loans and leases

Nonaccrual loans and leases with partial charge-offs

Reserves on individually analyzed loans

Allowance for credit losses, loans and leases / loans and leases held for investment

Nonaccrual loans and leases / loans and leases held for investment

Allowance for credit losses, loans and leases / nonaccrual loans and leases

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Table 7—Loan Portfolio Overview

The following table provides summarized detail related to outstanding commercial loan balances segmented by industry description as of December 31, 2025:

(Dollars in thousands)

December 31, 2025

Industry Description

Total Outstanding Balance

% of Commercial Loan Portfolio

CRE - Retail

Animal Production

CRE - Multi-family

CRE - 1-4 Family Residential Investment

Hotels & Motels (Accommodation)

CRE - Office

CRE - Industrial / Warehouse

Specialty Trade Contractors

Nursing and Residential Care Facilities

Homebuilding (tract developers, remodelers)

Merchant Wholesalers, Durable Goods

Crop Production

Repair and Maintenance

Motor Vehicle and Parts Dealers

CRE - Mixed-Use - Commercial

CRE - Mixed-Use - Residential

Administrative and Support Services

Wood Product Manufacturing

Real Estate Lenders, Secondary Market Financing

Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services

Food Services and Drinking Places

Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing

Merchant Wholesalers, Nondurable Goods

Education

Amusement, Gambling, and Recreation Industries

Religious Organizations, Advocacy Groups

Miniwarehouse / Self-Storage

Personal and Laundry Services

Food Manufacturing

Machinery Manufacturing

Industries with >$50 million in outstandings

Industries with <$50 million in outstandings

Total Commercial Loans

Consumer Loans and Lease Financings

Total Outstanding Balance

Real Estate-Residential Secured for Personal Purpose

Real Estate-Home Equity Secured for Personal Purpose

Loans to Individuals

Lease Financings

Total Consumer Loans and Lease Financings

Total

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Table 8—Summary of Loan and Lease Loss Experience

The following table presents average loans and leases and loan and lease loss experience for the periods indicated.

For the Years Ended December 31,

(Dollars in thousands)

Average Loans

Net Charge-offs (Recoveries)

Net Charge-offs (Recoveries) to Average Loans

Average Loans

Net Charge-offs (Recoveries)

Net Charge-offs (Recoveries) to Average Loans

Average Loans

Net Charge-offs (Recoveries)

Net Charge-offs (Recoveries) to Average Loans

Commercial, financial and agricultural

Real estate-commercial

Real estate-construction

Real estate-residential secured for business purpose

Real estate-residential secured for personal purpose

Real estate-home equity secured for personal purpose

Loans to individuals

Lease financings

Total

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Corporation recorded charge-offs of $7.3 million related to a $23.7 million commercial loan relationship. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Corporation recorded charge-offs of $900 thousand related to five commercial loan relationships. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Corporation recorded charge-offs of $2.4 million related to two nonaccrual commercial loans to one borrower totaling $5.9 million.

Table 9—Allowance for Credit Losses On Loans and Leases

The following table summarizes the allocation of the allowance for credit losses on loans and leases, and the percentage of loans and leases in each major loan category to total loans and leases held for investment at the dates indicated.

At December 31,

(Dollars in thousands)

ACL

% of ACL to Total ACL

% of Loans to Total Loans

ACL

% of ACL to Total ACL

% of Loans to Total Loans

Commercial, financial and agricultural

Real estate-commercial

Real estate-construction

Real estate-residential secured for business purpose

Real estate-residential secured for personal purpose

Real estate-home equity secured for personal purpose

Loans to individuals

Lease financings

Total

At December 31, 2025, the allowance for credit losses on individually analyzed loans was $3.0 million, or 22.9% of the balance of individually analyzed loans of $13.2 million. At December 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses on individually analyzed loans was $1.9 million, or 16.1% of the balance of individually analyzed loans of $12.1 million.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill and other intangible assets have been recorded on the books of the Corporation in connection with acquisitions. There was no impairment of goodwill or identifiable intangibles recorded during 2023 through 2025. There can be no assurance that future impairment assessments or tests will not result in a charge to earnings.

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LIABILITIES

The following table presents liabilities at the dates indicated:

At December 31,

(Dollars in thousands)

$ Change

% Change

Deposits

Short-term borrowings

Long-term debt

Subordinated notes

Operating lease liabilities

Accrued interest payable and other liabilities

Total liabilities

Deposits

Total deposits increased $328.1 million, or 4.9%, from December 31, 2024, primarily due to increases in commercial, brokered and public funds deposits, partially offset by a decrease in consumer deposits. At December 31, 2025, noninterest-bearing deposits totaled $1.4 billion and represented 20.2% of total deposits, compared to $1.4 billion representing 20.9% at December 31, 2024. Unprotected deposits, which excludes insured, internal, and collateralized deposit accounts, totaled $1.6 billion and $1.5 billion at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. This represented 23.2% of total deposits at December 31, 2025 compared to 22.0% at December 31, 2024.

Table 10—Deposits

The following table summarizes the average amount of deposits for the periods indicated:

For the Years Ended December 31,

(Dollars in thousands)

Noninterest-bearing deposits

Interest-bearing checking deposits

Money market savings

Regular savings

Time deposits

Total average deposits

At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Corporation had $3.4 billion and $3.2 billion, respectively, in uninsured deposits in excess of the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Corporation had $281.9 million and $276.0 million, respectively, in time deposits in excess of $250,000 maturing disclosed in the table below. Brokered deposits in the amount of $405.1 million and $360.0 million at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, are not included in time deposits more than $250,000.

(Dollars in thousands)

For the Years Ended December 31,

Maturity Period

Due Three Months or Less

Due Over Three Months to Six Months

Due Over Six Months to Twelve Months

Due Over Twelve Months

Total

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Borrowings

Total borrowings decreased $62.2 million from December 31, 2024, primarily due to a $100.0 million redemption of previously issued subordinated notes partially offset by $50.0 million aggregate principal amount fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes issued in the third quarter of 2025, and pay-downs of $25.0 million in long-term debt. These decreases were partially offset by an increase of $13.2 million in customer repurchase agreements.

Short-term borrowings at December 31, 2025 consisted of $24.4 million of customer repurchase agreements. Long-term debt at December 31, 2025 consisted of $200.0 million of FHLB advances and $98.9 million of subordinated notes. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Bank had outstanding short-term letters of credit with the FHLB totaling $1.4 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively, which were utilized to collateralize public fund deposits and other secured deposits.

Other Liabilities

Other liabilities decreased $10.5 million, or 16.1%, from December 31, 2024, primarily due to a decrease in accrued interest payable on time deposits.

SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

The following table presents total shareholders' equity at the dates indicated:

At December 31,

(Dollars in thousands)

$ Change

% Change

Common stock

Additional paid-in capital

Retained earnings

Accumulated other comprehensive loss

Treasury stock

Total shareholders' equity

The increase in shareholders' equity at December 31, 2025 of $56.0 million from December 31, 2024 was primarily related to an increase in retained earnings of $65.4 million. Retained earnings was impacted by net income of $90.8 million, partially offset by $25.0 million in cash dividends paid during the year. Accumulated other comprehensive loss decreased by $18.5 million, which was primarily attributable to increases in the fair value of available-for-sale investment securities of $13.6 million, net of tax, and an increase in unrecognized actuarial losses related to the Corporation's pension plan of $3.9 million, net of tax. Treasury stock increased $29.1 million from December 31, 2024, related to repurchases of 1,129,217 shares at a cost of $34.6 million, offset by $5.5 million of stock issued under the dividend reinvestment plan and employee stock purchase plan, and stock-based incentive plan activity.

Discussion of Segments

The Corporation has three operating segments: Banking, Wealth Management and Insurance. Detailed segment information appears in Note 23, "Segment Reporting" included in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

The Banking segment reported pre-tax income of $115.6 million in 2025, $96.1 million in 2024 and $90.3 million in 2023. See the section of this Management's Discussion and Analysis under the heading "Results of Operations" and "Financial Condition" for a discussion of the key items impacting the Banking Segment.

The Wealth Management segment reported pre-tax income of $8.3 million in 2025, $6.1 million in 2024 and $5.0 million in 2023, which included noninterest income of $31.9 million in 2025, $29.9 million in 2024 and $26.8 million in 2023. Noninterest expense was $23.7 million in 2025, $23.9 million in 2024 and $21.8 million in 2023. The increases in noninterest income from 2024 and 2023 were primarily due to new customer relationships and appreciation of assets under management and supervision. Noninterest expense in 2025 compared to 2024 was relatively unchanged, while the increase in noninterest expense from 2023 to 2024 was primarily due to increases in salaries and commissions. Wealth Management assets under management and supervision were $5.9 billion as of December 31, 2025, $5.2 billion as of December 31, 2024 and $4.7 billion as of December 31, 2023.

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The Insurance segment reported pre-tax income of $5.5 million in 2025, $5.7 million in 2024 and $5.1 million in 2023, which included noninterest income of $22.5 million in 2025 and 2024 and $21.5 million in 2023. Noninterest expense was $16.9 million in 2025, $16.7 million in 2024 and $16.4 million in 2023. Noninterest income in 2025 compared to 2024 was relatively unchanged, reflecting an increase in revenue from commercial lines of $672 thousand being offset by a decrease in contingent commission income of $691 thousand. The increases in noninterest expense were primarily due to increases in salaries and commissions.

Capital Adequacy

Capital guidelines assign minimum capital requirements for categories of assets depending on their assigned risks. The components of risk-based capital for the Corporation are Tier 1 and Tier 2.

At December 31, 2025, the Corporation had a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 11.22% and total risk-based capital ratio of 13.86%. At December 31, 2024, the Corporation had a Tier 1 capital ratio of 10.85% and total risk-based capital ratio of 14.19%. The Corporation continues to be in the "well-capitalized" category under regulatory standards. Details on the capital ratios can be found in Note 21, "Regulatory Matters," included in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Form 10-K along with a discussion on dividend and other restrictions.

Asset/Liability Management

The primary functions of Asset/Liability Management are to minimize interest rate risk and to ensure adequate earnings, capital and liquidity while maintaining an appropriate balance of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Management's objective with regard to interest rate risk is to understand the Corporation's sensitivity to changes in interest rates and develop and implement strategies to minimize volatility while maximizing net interest income.

The Corporation uses gap analysis and earnings at risk simulation modeling to quantify exposure to interest rate risk. The Corporation uses the gap analysis to identify and monitor long-term rate exposure and uses a risk simulation model to measure short-term rate exposure. The Corporation runs various earnings simulation scenarios to quantify the impact of declining or rising interest rates on net interest income over a one-year and two-year horizon. The simulations use expected cash flows and repricing characteristics for all financial instruments at a point in time and incorporate company-developed, market-based assumptions regarding growth, pricing, and optionality such as prepayment speeds. As interest rates increase, fixed-rate assets tend to decrease in value; conversely, as interest rates decline, fixed-rate assets tend to increase in value.

Interest Rate Sensitivity

Interest rate sensitivity is a function of the repricing characteristics of the Corporation's assets and liabilities. Minimizing the balance sheet's maturity and repricing risk is a continual focus. The Corporation uses a variety of techniques to assist in identifying and evaluating the potential range of risk, including a maturity/repricing gap analysis as well as an Earnings at Risk analysis under various interest rate scenarios.

The gap analysis identifies repricing gaps in the Corporation’s balance sheet. All assets and liabilities are modeled to reflect some level of behavioral optionality, such as prepayments on loans, early call features on investments or potential pricing change and/or product change to interest-bearing deposits. The Corporation projects all noninterest-bearing deposits to be considered non-rate sensitive, while utilizing an all-encompassing deposit beta assumption that captures changes in interest expense that may occur as interest rates change or balances shift into other products. These assumptions are based upon historic behavior; however, they are inherently uncertain and thus cannot precisely predict the impact of changes in interest rates. While actual results will differ from simulated results due to customer behavioral change and/or market and regulatory influences, the following models are important tools to guide management.

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Table 11—Interest Rate Sensitivity Gap Analysis

The following table presents the Corporation's gap analysis at December 31, 2025:

(Dollars in thousands)

Within Three Months

After Three Months to Twelve Months

After One Year to Five Years

Over Five Years

Non-Rate Sensitive

Total

Assets:

Cash and due from banks

Interest-earning deposits with other banks

Investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses

Federal Home Loan Bank, Federal Reserve Bank and other stock, at cost

Loans held for sale

Loans and leases, net of allowance for credit losses

Other assets

Total assets

Liabilities and shareholders' equity:

Noninterest-bearing deposits

Interest-bearing demand deposits

Savings deposits

Time deposits

Borrowings

Other liabilities

Shareholders' equity

Total liabilities and shareholders' equity

Incremental gap

Cumulative gap

Cumulative gap as a percentage of interest-earning assets

The table above indicates that the Corporation holds a greater amount of liabilities that have the opportunity to reprice over assets in the next twelve months. This table is limited as it does not take into consideration the magnitude of the repricing change in relation to interest rate changes. Further, the estimated sensitivities are based upon a number of assumptions, including the timing and magnitude of interest rate changes, prepayments on loans receivable and securities, pricing strategies on loans receivable and deposits, and replacement of asset and liability cash flows. While the assumptions used are bank specific and based on current economic and local market conditions, there is no assurance as to the predictive nature of these conditions, including how customer preferences or competitor influences might change.

Table 12—Net Interest Income - Summary of Earnings at Risk Simulation

Management also performs a simulation of net interest income to measure interest rate exposure. The following table demonstrates the anticipated impact of an instantaneous and parallel interest rate shift, or "shock," to the yield curve on the Corporation's net interest income over the next twelve months. This simulation incorporates the same assumptions noted above and assumes a static balance sheet with no incremental growth in interest-earning assets or interest-bearing liabilities over the next twelve months.

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The changes to net interest income are shown in the below table at December 31, 2025. The results suggest the Corporation's year-end balance sheet is asset sensitive as net interest income is projected to increase in a rising rate environment. Actual results will likely be different than modeled due to numerous factors, including interest rates earned on new loans and investments as well as rates paid on new and existing deposits and new borrowings. The changes to net interest income shown below are in compliance with the Corporation's policy guidelines.

Estimated Change in Net Interest Income Over Next 12 Months

(Dollars in thousands)

Amount

Percent

Rate shock - Change in interest rates

+300 basis points

+200 basis points

+100 basis points

-100 basis points

-200 basis points

-300 basis points

The estimated sensitivities are based upon a number of assumptions, including the timing and magnitude of interest rate changes, prepayments on loans receivable and securities, pricing strategies on loans receivable and deposits, and replacement of asset and liability cash flows. While the assumptions used are bank specific and based on current economic and local market conditions, there is no assurance as to the predictive nature of these conditions, including how customer preferences or competitor influences might change.

Credit Risk

Originating loans exposes the Corporation to credit risk, which is the risk that the principal balance of a loan and any related interest will not be collected due to the inability of the borrower to repay the loan. The Corporation manages credit risk in the loan portfolio through adherence to consistent and conservative underwriting standards and policies established by the senior credit leadership and approved by the Board of Directors. Written loan policies establish underwriting standards, lending limits and other standards or limits as deemed necessary and prudent. While the Corporation has strict underwriting, review, and monitoring procedures in place, they cannot eliminate all of the risks related to these lending activities.

The Corporation's loan review department conducts ongoing, independent reviews of the lending process to ensure adherence to established policies and procedures, monitors compliance with applicable laws and regulations and provides objective measurement of the risk inherent in the loan portfolio.

The Corporation focuses on both assessing the borrower's capacity and willingness to repay and obtaining sufficient collateral. Commercial, financial and agricultural loans are generally secured by the borrower's assets and by personal guarantees. Commercial real estate, construction and residential real estate secured for business purposes loans are originated primarily within the Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware and New Jersey market areas at prudent loan-to-value ratios and are often additionally supported by guaranties. Management closely monitors the composition and quality of the total commercial loan portfolio to ensure that any credit concentrations by borrower or industry are identified and managed. See "Risk Factors" included herein under Item 1A for additional information on lending risk related to commercial loans.

The Corporation originates fixed-rate and adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans that are secured by the underlying 1- to 4-family residential properties for personal purposes. Credit risk exposure in this area of lending is minimized by the evaluation of the creditworthiness of the borrower, including debt-to-income ratios, credit scores and adherence to underwriting policies that emphasize conservative loan-to-value ratios of generally no more than 80%. Residential mortgage loans granted in excess of the 80% loan-to-value ratio are generally insured by private mortgage insurance.

Credit risk in the consumer loan portfolio is controlled by strict adherence to underwriting standards that consider debt-to-income levels and the creditworthiness of the borrower and, if secured, collateral values. In the home equity loan portfolio, combined loan-to-value ratios are generally limited to 80%, but may be increased to 85% for the Corporation's strongest profile borrowers. Other credit considerations and compensating factors may warrant higher combined loan-to-value ratios. These loans are included within the portfolio of loans to individuals.

The primary risks that are involved with lease financing receivables are credit underwriting and borrower industry concentrations. The Corporation has strict underwriting, review, and monitoring procedures in place to mitigate these risks.

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Risk also lies in the residual value of the underlying equipment. Residual values are subject to judgments as to the value of the underlying equipment that can be affected by changes in economic and market conditions and the financial viability of the residual guarantors and insurers. To the extent not guaranteed or assumed by a third party, or otherwise insured against, the Corporation bears the risk of ownership of the leased assets. This includes the risk that the actual value of the leased assets at the end of the lease term will be less than the residual value. The Corporation greatly reduces this risk primarily by using $1.00 buyout leases and equipment finance agreements, in which the entire cost of the leased equipment is included in the contractual payments, leaving no residual payment at the end of the lease term for the majority of the lease portfolio.

The Corporation closely monitors delinquencies as another means of maintaining asset quality. Collection efforts begin after a loan payment is missed, by attempting to contact borrowers. If collection attempts fail, the Corporation will proceed to gain control of collateral in a timely manner to minimize losses. While liquidation and recovery efforts continue, officers continue to work with the borrowers, if appropriate, to recover monies owed to the Corporation.

Liquidity

The Corporation, in its role as a financial intermediary, is exposed to certain liquidity risks. Liquidity refers to the Corporation's ability to ensure that sufficient cash flows and liquid assets are available to satisfy demand for loans, deposit withdrawals, repayment of borrowings, certificates of deposit at maturity, operating expenses and capital expenditures. The Corporation manages liquidity risk by measuring and monitoring liquidity sources and estimated funding needs on a daily basis. The Corporation has a contingency funding plan in place to address liquidity needs in the event of an institution-specific or a systemic financial crisis.

The Corporation and its subsidiaries maintain ample ability to meet the liquidity needs of its customers. Our most liquid assets, unencumbered cash and cash equivalents, were $549.2 million and $327.8 million at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Unencumbered securities classified as available-for-sale, which provide additional sources of liquidity, totaled $37.3 million and $55.4 million at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Further, the Corporation and its subsidiaries had committed borrowing capacity from the Federal Home Loan Bank, Federal Reserve Bank and a correspondent bank of $3.8 billion and $3.7 billion at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, of which $2.3 billion and $2.1 billion was available as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Corporation and its subsidiaries also maintained uncommitted funding sources from correspondent banks of $457.0 million at December 31, 2025 and $468.0 million at December 31, 2024. Future availability under these uncommitted funding sources is subject to the prerogatives of the granting banks and may be withdrawn at will.

Sources of Funds

Non-brokered deposits continue to be the largest significant funding source for the Corporation. These deposits are primarily generated from individuals, businesses, public funds and non-profit customers located in our primary service areas. The Corporation faces increased competition for these deposits from a large array of financial market participants, including banks, credit unions, savings institutions, mutual funds, security dealers and others.

As part of its diversified funding strategy, the Corporation also utilizes a mix of short-term and long-term wholesale funding providers. Wholesale funding includes federal funds purchases from correspondent banks, secured borrowing lines from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh and the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, and brokered deposits and other similar sources.

Cash Requirements

The Corporation has cash requirements for various financial obligations, including contractual obligations and commitments that require cash payments. The most significant contractual obligations, in both the under and over one-year time period, are for the Bank to repay certificates of deposit and short- and long-term borrowings. Certificates of deposit due within one year of December 31, 2025 totaled $960.1 million. If these deposits do not remain with the Bank, the Bank will be required to seek other sources of funds, which may be more expensive to obtain. The Bank anticipates meeting these obligations by utilizing on-balance sheet liquidity and continuing to provide convenient depository and cash management services through its financial center network, thereby replacing these contractual obligations with similar funding sources at rates that are competitive in our market. The Bank will also use borrowings and brokered deposits to meet its obligations.

Commitments to extend credit are the Bank's most significant commitment in both the under and over one-year time periods. These commitments do not necessarily represent future cash requirements in that these commitments often expire without being drawn upon.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For information regarding recent accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 1, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" of this Form 10-K.

Univest Financial Corp

Annual report (10-K)

Recent 8-K announcements

Top insiders

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All filings

Tone shift by section

Language change vs prior 10-K

Risk Factors (Item 1A)

Language change vs prior 10-K

MD&A (Item 7)

External resources

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