insiderdeltaSEC filings, surfaced and scored

CoverageForm 410-K10-Q8-K13D13G13F

Terreno Realty Corp

TRNOCIK 0001476150 · Every Form 4 filed by insiders at this issuer. See financials →

Annual report (10-K)

Latest 10-K filed Feb 4, 2026. Sentiment + YoY language diff vs prior year. Read sections →

Signal:Neutral

Risk Factors:tone -0.0257Δ+0.000295% similar+32/-31 ¶

MD&A:tone 0.0010Δ-0.001891% similar+89/-95 ¶

Sentiment via Loughran-McDonald lexicon · YoY diff via Jaccard similarity + paragraph set difference.

Recent 8-K announcements

Per-item disclosure feed. Item 2.02 is the earnings release.

May 6, 2026no items parsed Feb 17, 2026no items parsed Jan 8, 2026no items parsed Nov 5, 2025no items parsed May 7, 2025no items parsed

Top insiders

Most active reporters at Terreno Realty Corp

Name	Roles	Filings
Pasquale Douglas M	Director	6
Boston Gary N	Director	4
Oh Irene H	Director	4
Polk Dennis	Director	4
Weston Melinda	Officer	3

Showing 6-10 of 15

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Top performers

Insiders ranked by realized 90-day signed return on their open-market trades at Terreno Realty Corp. Minimum 3 scored trades. Returns are signed - a sale followed by a rally counts against the insider.

#	Insider	Trades	Win rate	Avg	Median	Best	Worst
1	Coke Michael A	3	67%	+2.0%	+7.5%	+11.2%	-12.6%

All filings

79 Form 4 / 4-A filings, newest first

Filed	Insider	Top transaction	Shares	Price	Value
Aug 7, 2025	Coke Michael A President · Director	AGrant	28,840	$0.00	$0
Aug 7, 2025	Baird W Blake CHAIRMAN AND CEO · Director	AGrant	28,840	$0.00	$0
Aug 4, 2025	Baird W Blake CHAIRMAN AND CEO · Director	FTax	6,469	$54.27	$351,073
Aug 4, 2025	Coke Michael A President · Director	FTax	8,589	$54.27	$466,125
Aug 4, 2025	Cannon Jaime Jackson CFO	FTax	4,165	$54.27	$226,035

Showing 16-20 of 79

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Real-time Form 4 intelligence. Smarter insider tracking.

Filed		Top transaction	Shares	Price	Value

YoY shift: Neutral

Year-over-year tone shift - average net-tone change across Risk Factors and MD&A vs the prior 10-K. This filing is -0.08pp more bearish than last year's.

Why YoY instead of absolute: the LM lexicon has ~6.6× more negative words than positive (legal/risk-disclosure language is heavy on hedging), so every 10-K reads bearish on raw tone. Year-over-year change strips that bias and surfaces the actual shift in management's framing.

Tone shift by section

The two components the gauge averages: how Risk Factors and MD&A each shifted in net tone versus last year's 10-K. The headline above is their average, so a green needle over a soft section just means the other section carried it.

Risk Factors

+0.02pp

Flat

Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.

MD&A

-0.18pp

Flat

Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.

Per-snippet highlights

Sentence-level sentiment highlighting with category and subcategory filters is coming once the snippet-scoring pipeline lands. For now, dig into the actual section text on the Sections tab.

Language change vs prior 10-K

Risk Factors (Item 1A) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase

Negative rising

adversely+3
challenges+2
barriers+2
adverse+1
delay+1

Positive rising

efficiencies+2
profitability+2
enhance+1
innovations+1

Risk Factors (Item 1A)

12,868 words

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Set forth below are the risks that we believe are material to our investors and they should be carefully considered. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and our ability to pay distributions on, and the per share trading price of, our common stock could be adversely affected. These risks are not all of the risks we face and other factors not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business if they occur. Investors should refer to the explanation of the qualifications and limitations on forward-looking statements beginning on page 4 and should also refer to future quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K for any material updates to these risk factors.

Risks Related to Our Business and Our Properties

Our long-term growth will depend, in part, upon future acquisitions of properties, and we may acquire properties that pose integration and other risks that could harm our business.

We intend to continue to acquire industrial properties in our six target markets. The acquisition of properties entails various risks, including the risks that our investments may not perform as well as we had expected, that we may be unable to quickly and efficiently integrate our new acquisitions into our existing operations and that our cost estimates for bringing an acquired property up to market standards may prove inaccurate. We may also own or acquire properties that are subject to contingent or pre-existing undisclosed liabilities including, but not limited to, liabilities for adverse environmental conditions, accrued but unpaid liabilities incurred in the ordinary course of business or tax liabilities. We may have no recourse, or only limited recourse, with respect to such unknown liabilities or may be unable to secure insurance coverage on the property in a sufficient amount to cover the liability, or at all. As a result, if a liability were asserted against us based upon ownership of any of these entities or properties, we might have to pay substantial sums to settle it, which could adversely affect our cash flows. There is no assurance we would successfully overcome these risks or any other problems encountered with these acquisitions.

In addition, we cannot assure you of the availability of investment opportunities in our targeted markets at attractive pricing levels, or at all. As a result of competition in our targeted markets, we may be unable to acquire properties as we desire or the purchase price may be significantly elevated. In the event that such opportunities are not available in our targeted markets as we expect, our ability to execute our business plan and realize our projections for growth may be materially adversely affected.

The availability and timing of cash distributions is uncertain and is limited by the requirements of Maryland law .

We have made regular quarterly cash distributions (which we also refer to as dividends) to our stockholders, and we intend to continue to pay regular quarterly cash distributions. Our corporate strategy is to fund the payment of quarterly distributions entirely from distributable cash flows. However, our board of directors has the sole discretion to determine the timing, form and amount of any cash distributions and may fund our quarterly distributions from a combination of available cash flows, net of recurring capital expenditures and/or proceeds from borrowings and property dispositions or may retain any portion of our distributable cash flows for working capital. We cannot assure our stockholders that sufficient funds will be available to pay distributions or that the level of any distributions we do make will increase or even be maintained over time, any of which could materially and adversely affect the market price of our shares of common stock.

Our ability to pay distributions on our stock is also limited by applicable Maryland law, under which we generally may not make a distribution on our stock if, after giving effect to the distribution, we would not be able to pay our debts as they become due in the usual course of business or our total assets would be less than the sum of our total liabilities plus, unless the terms of such class or series provide otherwise, the amount that would be needed to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of the holders of shares of any class or series of preferred stock then outstanding, if any, with preferences senior to those of our outstanding stock.

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Our investments are concentrated in the industrial real estate sector, and our business would be adversely affected by an economic downturn in that sector.

Our investments in real estate assets are concentrated in the industrial real estate sector. This concentration may expose us to the risk of economic downturns in this sector to a greater extent than if our business activities included a more significant portion of other sectors of the real estate industry.

Any future pandemic, epidemic or outbreak of any highly infectious disease could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows and the business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of our tenants.

The extent to which any future pandemic, epidemic or outbreak of any highly infectious disease impacts our operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted accurately, including the scope, severity and duration of such pandemic, the actions taken to contain the pandemic or mitigate its impact, and the direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic and containment measures, among others. Any future pandemic, epidemic or outbreak of any highly infectious disease may materially and adversely affect our businesses, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows and may also have the effect of heightening many of the risks described below and within this “Risk Factors” section.

Events or occurrences that affect areas in which our properties are located may materially adversely impact our financial results.

In addition to general regional, national and international economic conditions that may materially adversely affect our business and financial results, our operating performance may be materially adversely impacted by adverse economic conditions in the specific markets in which we operate and particularly in the markets in which we have significant concentrations of properties. For example, as of December 31, 2025, approximately 17.9% of our rentable square feet and approximately 42.7% of our improved land parcels were located in New York City/Northern New Jersey, representing a combined percentage of approximately 26.6% of our total annualized base rent. See “Item 2 - Properties” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding our ownership of properties in our markets. Any downturn in the economy in the real estate market or any of the markets in which we own properties and any failure to accurately predict the timing of any economic improvement in these markets could cause our operations and our revenue and cash available for distribution to our stockholders to be materially adversely affected.

We may be unable to renew leases, lease vacant space, including vacant space resulting from tenant defaults, or re-lease space as leases expire.

We cannot assure you that leases at our properties will be renewed or that such properties will be re-leased at net effective rental rates equal to or above the then current average net effective rental rates, or at all. In addition, we may be required to grant concessions or fund improvements. If the rental rates for our properties decrease, our tenants do not renew their leases or we do not re-lease a significant portion of our available space, including vacant space resulting from tenant defaults, and space for which leases are scheduled to expire, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, cash available for distribution to stockholders, per share trading price of our common stock and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations could be materially adversely affected. In addition, if we are unable to renew leases or re-lease a property, the resale value of that property could be diminished because the market value of a particular property will depend in part upon the value of the leases of such property.

We may be required to fund future tenant improvements, and we may not have funding for those improvements.

When a tenant at one of our properties does not renew its lease or otherwise vacates its space in one of our buildings in the future, it is likely that, in order to attract one or more new tenants, we will be required to expend funds to construct new tenant improvements in the vacated space. We may also be required to fund tenant improvements to retain tenants. Although we intend to manage our cash position or financing availability to pay for any improvements required for re-leasing, we cannot assure our stockholders that we will have adequate sources of funding available to us for such purposes in the future.

We face potential adverse effects from the bankruptcies or insolvencies of tenants or from tenant defaults generally.

We are dependent on tenants for our revenues, including certain significant tenants and single tenants that occupy entire properties. As a result, the bankruptcy or insolvency of our tenants, or tenant defaults generally, may adversely affect the

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income produced by our properties. In the event of a tenant default, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord and may incur substantial costs, including litigation and related expenses, in protecting our investment and re-leasing our property.

Our tenants, particularly those that are highly leveraged, could file for bankruptcy protection or become insolvent in the future. Under bankruptcy law, a tenant cannot be evicted solely because of its bankruptcy but the bankrupt tenant may be authorized to reject and terminate its lease with us. In such case, our claim against the bankrupt tenant for unpaid and future rent would be subject to a statutory cap that might be substantially less than the remaining rent actually owed under the lease, and, even so, our claim for unpaid rent would likely not be paid in full. This shortfall could force us to find an alternative source of revenues to pay any mortgage loan or operating expenses on the property, adversely affect our cash flows and results of operations and could cause us to reduce the amount of distributions to stockholders.

Declining real estate valuations and impairment charges could adversely affect our earnings and financial condition.

We review the carrying value of our properties when circumstances, such as adverse market conditions, indicate potential impairment may exist. We base our review on an estimate of the future cash flows (excluding interest charges) expected to result from the real estate investment’s use and eventual disposition. We consider factors such as future operating income, trends and prospects, as well as the effects of leasing demand, competition and other factors. If our evaluation indicates that we may be unable to recover the carrying value of a real estate investment, an impairment loss will be recorded to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the property. These losses would have a direct impact on our net income because recording an impairment loss results in an immediate negative adjustment to net income. The evaluation of anticipated cash flows is highly subjective and is based in part on assumptions regarding future occupancy, rental rates and capital requirements that could differ materially from actual results in future periods. A worsening real estate market may cause us to reevaluate the assumptions used in our impairment analysis. Impairment charges could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash available for distribution, including cash available for us to pay distributions to our stockholders and per share trading price of our common stock.

We utilize local third-party managers for day-to-day property management for substantially all of our properties.

Although we may directly manage certain properties, in general, we prefer to utilize local third-party managers for day-to-day property management. To the extent we utilize third-party managers, our cash flows from our industrial properties may be adversely affected if our managers fail to provide quality services. In addition, our managers or their affiliates may manage, and in some cases may own, invest in or provide credit support or operating guarantees to industrial properties that compete with our industrial properties, which may result in conflicts of interest and decisions regarding the operation of our industrial properties that are not in our best interests.

Our development, redevelopment, renovation or expansion strategies may not be successful.

We may pursue development or redevelopment opportunities or construct expansions or improvements of industrial properties that we own. These activities are subject to risks, including, but not limited to, the risks that: we will expend money and time on projects that do not perform as expected; the actual construction or operating costs, including labor and material costs, will be higher than originally estimated; we may experience delays in obtaining construction materials; we may fail to obtain, or experience delays in obtaining, any necessary permits and authorizations; permits and authorizations may be subject to stringent conditions that could impede or delay our progress; we are unable to complete construction on the timeframe we expect, or at all; occupancy and rental rates may not meet expectations; and we may be unable to obtain financing on favorable terms, or at all, for such projects.

We may not acquire the industrial properties that we have entered into agreements or non-binding letters of intent to acquire.

We have entered, and may in the future enter, into agreements and non-binding letters of intent with third-party sellers to acquire properties as more fully described under the heading “Material Cash Commitments” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. There is no assurance that we will acquire the properties under contract and non-binding letters of intent because the proposed acquisitions are subject to the completion of satisfactory due diligence and various closing conditions, and in the case of properties under non-binding letters of intent, our entry into purchase and sale agreements with respect to the properties. There is no assurance that such proposed acquisitions, if completed, will be completed on the timeframe or terms we expect. If we do not complete the acquisition of the properties under contract or non-binding letters of intent, we will have incurred expenses without our stockholders realizing any benefit from the acquisition of such properties.

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We depend on key personnel.

Our success depends to a significant degree upon the contributions of our senior management team whose continued service is not guaranteed. The loss of services from our senior management team or our inability to find suitable replacements could adversely impact our financial condition and cash flows. Further, such a loss could be negatively perceived in the capital markets, which may also adversely impact our financial condition and cash flows.

The use of artificial intelligence presents risks and challenges that may adversely impact our business and operating results or that of our tenants.

We may adopt and integrate generative artificial intelligence and machine learning (collectively, “AI”) tools into our operations to enhance efficiencies and streamline existing systems. However, the development and maintenance of AI tools may entail substantial risks. While these tools hold promise in optimizing processes and driving efficiencies, as with many technological innovations, they also pose inherent risks. These include, but are not limited to, the potential for inaccuracy, bias, intellectual property infringement, or misappropriation, as well as concerns regarding data privacy and cyber security.

We face risks associated with security breaches through cyber-attacks, cyber intrusions or otherwise, as well as other significant disruptions of our information technology (“IT”) networks and related systems.

Our IT networks and related systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to perform day-to-day operations and, in some cases, may be critical to the operations of certain of our tenants. We face risks associated with security breaches, whether through cyber-attacks or intrusions, malware, computer viruses, attachments to e-mails, people with access or who gain access to our systems and other significant disruptions of our IT networks and related systems. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased, which, in turn, may lead to increased costs to protect our network and systems. Recent developments in the cyber threat landscape include the use of AI, as well as an increased number of cyber extortion and ransomware attacks, with the potential for higher financial ransom demand amounts and increasing sophistication and variety of ransomware techniques and methodologies. Further, any adoption of AI by us or by third parties may pose new security challenges. Additionally, third-party security events at our vendors or other service providers could impact our data and operations via unauthorized access to, or loss or other compromise of information or disruption of services. Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of our IT networks and related systems, and we have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption, including but not limited to password protection, ongoing training modules throughout the year, frequent backups and a redundant data system, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. A security breach or other significant disruption involving our IT networks and related systems could significantly disrupt the proper functioning of our networks and systems and, as a result, disrupt our operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow, financial condition and results of operations.

We may from time to time be subject to litigation that may negatively impact our cash flow, financial condition, results of operations and market price of our common stock.

We may from time to time be a defendant in lawsuits and regulatory proceedings relating to our business. Due to the inherent uncertainties of litigation and regulatory proceedings, we cannot accurately predict the ultimate outcome of any such litigation or proceedings. An unfavorable outcome could negatively impact our cash flow, financial condition, results of operations and trading price of our common stock.

Risks Related to Financing and Capital

If we cannot obtain additional financing, our growth will be limited.

If adverse conditions in the credit markets, in particular with respect to real estate, materially deteriorate, our business could be materially and adversely affected. Our long-term ability to grow through investments in industrial properties, including our ability to realize our projections for growth, will be limited if we cannot obtain additional financing on favorable terms, or at all. In the future, we will rely on equity and debt financing, including issuances of common and perpetual preferred stock, borrowings under our revolving credit facility, term loans, issuances of unsecured debt securities and debt secured by individual properties or pools of properties, and recycling of capital to finance our acquisition, development, redevelopment, renovation and expansion activities and for working capital. If we are unable to obtain equity or debt financing from these or other sources, or to refinance existing indebtedness upon maturity, our financial condition and results of operations would likely be adversely affected. Any additional debt we incur will increase our leverage and likelihood of default. Market conditions may make it

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difficult to obtain additional financing, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing or that we will be able to obtain it on favorable terms.

In addition, to qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our taxable income (determined before the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gains) each year to our stockholders, and we generally expect to make distributions in excess of such amount. As a result, our ability to retain earnings to fund acquisitions, development, redevelopment, renovation and expansion, if any, or other capital expenditures will be limited.

Debt service obligations could adversely affect our overall operating results, may require us to sell industrial properties and could adversely affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders and the market price of our shares of common stock.

Our business strategy contemplates the use of both non-recourse secured debt and unsecured debt to finance long-term growth. As of December 31, 2025, we had total debt, net of deferred financing costs and unamortized fair value adjustment, of approximately $943.3 million, which consisted of revolving credit facility borrowings, term loan borrowings, senior unsecured note borrowings and a mortgage loan payable. While over the long term we intend to limit the sum of the outstanding principal amount of our consolidated indebtedness and the liquidation preference of any outstanding shares of preferred stock to less than 30% of our total enterprise value, our governing documents contain no limitations on the amount of debt that we may incur, and our board of directors may change our financing policy at any time without stockholder approval. We also intend to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio in excess of 2.0x and a net debt-to-adjusted EBITDA ratio below 4.5x and limit the principal amount of our outstanding floating rate debt to less than 20% of our total consolidated indebtedness but our board of directors may modify or eliminate these limitations at any time without the approval of our stockholders. As a result, we may be able to incur substantial additional debt, including secured debt, in the future. Our existing debt, and the incurrence of additional debt, could subject us to many risks, including the risks that:

• our cash flows from operations will be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest;

• our debt may increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions;

• we may be required to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations to payments on our debt, thereby reducing cash available for distribution to our stockholders, funds available for operations and capital expenditures, future business opportunities or other purposes;

• the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of the debt being refinanced; and

• the use of leverage could adversely affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders and the market price of our shares of common stock.

Certain of our debt, such as our term loans, senior unsecured notes and mortgage loan, require that the principal be repaid at the maturity of the loan, rather than amortized via principal payments over the term of the loan. As of December 31, 2025, the financing arrangements of our outstanding indebtedness could require us to make lump-sum payments of approximately $947.9 million at maturity dates that range from 2026 to 2031. If we do not have sufficient funds to repay existing or future debt at maturity, including debt under our credit facility, term loans and senior unsecured notes, it may be necessary to refinance the debt through additional debt or raise additional funds through equity financings. If the credit environment is constrained at the time of any refinancing, we could have a very difficult time refinancing debt on acceptable terms, or at all. For example, if prevailing interest rates or other factors result in higher interest rates on refinancings, the increase in interest expense would adversely affect our cash flows, and, consequently, cash available for distribution to our stockholders. If we are unable to refinance our debt on acceptable terms, we may be forced to choose from a number of unfavorable options, including agreeing to otherwise unfavorable financing terms on new debt or disposing of one or more of our industrial properties on disadvantageous terms, potentially resulting in losses. We may also place mortgages on our properties that we own to secure a revolving credit facility or other debt. To the extent we cannot meet any future debt service obligations, we will risk losing some or all of our industrial properties that may be pledged to secure our obligations to foreclosure.

Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including general economic conditions and policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies. Higher interest rates could increase debt service requirements on any floating rate debt that we incur, which could reduce the amounts available for distribution to our stockholders, as well as reduce funds available for our operations, future business opportunities, or other purposes. In addition, an increase in interest rates could decrease the amount third parties are willing to pay for our assets, thereby limiting our ability to implement our business strategy, recycle capital and/or change our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions.

The agreements relating to our existing debt contain, and we expect that agreements relating to our future indebtedness will contain, covenants that could limit our operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders .

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We have a credit facility, which consists of a $100.0 million term loan that matures in January 2027, a $100.0 million term loan that matures in January 2028, a $200.0 million term loan that matures in January 2031 and a revolving credit facility with $600.0 million in borrowing capacity that matures in January 2029. As of December 31, 2025, the revolving credit facility had an outstanding balance of approximately $200.0 million. We also have $475.0 million of senior unsecured notes outstanding as well as an outstanding mortgage loan with a total contractual principal amount of approximately $72.9 million. We have agreed to guarantee the obligations of the borrower (a wholly-owned subsidiary) under our revolving credit facility, our term loans and our senior unsecured notes. Our revolving credit facility, our term loans and our senior unsecured notes contain, and we expect that our agreements for future indebtedness will contain, financial and operating covenants, such as fixed charge coverage and debt ratios and other limitations that will limit or restrict our ability to make distributions or other payments to our stockholders and may restrict our investment activities. For example, our credit facility restricts distributions if we are in default. These covenants may limit our operating and financial flexibility and our ability to respond to changes in our business or competitive activities in the future and may also restrict our ability to engage in transactions that we believe would otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders or obtain necessary funds.

Failure to meet our financial covenants could result from, among other things, changes in our results of operations, the incurrence of additional debt or changes in general economic conditions. If we violate covenants or if there is an event of default under our credit facility, our term loans, our senior unsecured notes, or in our future agreements, we could be required to repay all or a portion of our indebtedness before maturity and might be unable to arrange financing for such repayment on attractive terms, if at all. In addition, the note purchase agreements with respect to our existing senior unsecured notes contain, and any unsecured debt agreements we enter into in the future may contain, specific cross-default provisions with respect to specified other indebtedness, giving the unsecured lenders the right to declare a default if we are in default under other loans in some circumstances. Defaults under our debt agreements could materially and adversely affect our cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

We may acquire outstanding debt or provide a loan, in each case secured by an industrial property, which will expose us to risks.

We may acquire outstanding debt secured by an industrial property from lenders and investors or provide a loan secured by industrial property if we believe we can acquire ownership of the underlying property through foreclosure, deed-in-lieu of foreclosure or other means. If we acquire such debt or provide such a loan, borrowers may seek to assert various defenses to our foreclosure or other actions, and we may not be successful in acquiring the underlying property on a timely basis, or at all, in which event we could incur significant costs and experience significant delays in acquiring such properties, all of which could adversely affect our financial performance and reduce our expected returns from such investments. In addition, we may not earn a current return on such investments particularly if the loan that we acquire or provide is in, or goes into, default.

If we provide debtor-in-possession financing or provide a loan, a default by the borrower could adversely affect our cash flows.

We may on a limited basis provide debtor-in-possession financing to a property owner that has filed for bankruptcy or make a loan secured by real estate that we might otherwise purchase directly. We expect that any such loans would be secured by one or more properties that we intend to acquire and that we would have the option to acquire such property in lieu of the repayment of such loan. Any default by the borrower under any such loan could negatively impact our cash flows and our ability to make cash distributions to our stockholders and result in litigation and related expenses. Although we would expect to acquire the secured property upon a borrower’s default, there is no assurance that we will successfully foreclose on a property, and any such foreclosure could result in significant expenses.

Adverse changes in our credit rating could negatively affect our financing activity.

Fitch Ratings assigned us an issuer rating of BBB+ with a stable outlook. A security rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating agency. Our credit rating can affect the amount of capital we can access, as well as the terms and pricing of any debt we may incur. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our current credit rating, and in the event our credit rating is downgraded, we would likely incur higher borrowing costs and may encounter difficulty in obtaining additional financing. Also, a downgrade in our credit rating may trigger additional payments or other negative consequences under our existing and future credit facilities and debt instruments. For example, if our credit rating is downgraded to below investment grade levels, we may not be able to obtain or maintain extensions on certain of our existing debt. Adverse changes in our credit rating could negatively impact our refinancing activities, our ability to manage our debt maturities, our future growth, our financial condition, the market price of our stock and our acquisition activities.

Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may adversely affect results of operations.

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We may seek to manage our exposure to interest rate volatility by using interest rate hedging arrangements, such as cap contracts and swap agreements. We do not currently have any hedging arrangements in place but have previously used interest rate caps to hedge the variable cash flows associated with our term loans. Any future hedging arrangements we enter into may not be effective in reducing our exposure to interest rate changes and a court could rule that such arrangements are not legally enforceable. Hedging may reduce overall returns on our investments and the failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may materially adversely affect our results of operations.

Our existing stockholders may experience dilution if we issue additional common stock.

Sales of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock in the public market, including the issuance of our common stock in connection with property, portfolio or business acquisitions, the issuance and vesting of any restricted stock granted to employees under our 2025 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2025 Plan”) and the issuance of our common stock upon the vesting of awards under our Amended and Restated Long-Term Incentive Plan, may be dilutive to existing stockholders and could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

We may issue preferred stock or debt securities and may also incur other future indebtedness which would rank senior to our common stock upon liquidation and may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Holders of our common stock are not entitled to preemptive rights or other protections against dilution. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and any shares of preferred stock, and lenders with respect to other borrowings, including our existing credit facility and mortgage loans payable, will receive distributions of our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock. In addition, future offerings of debt securities or the incurrence of additional indebtedness may reduce the market price of our common stock. Shares of our preferred stock, if issued in the future, could have a preference on liquidating distributions and a preference on dividend payments that could limit our ability to pay a dividend or make another distribution to the holders of our common stock and, as a result, may reduce the market price of our common stock.

Volatility in the capital and credit markets could materially and adversely impact us.

The capital and credit markets have experienced, and may continue to experience, extreme volatility and disruption from time to time, which may make it more difficult for us to raise equity capital, hinder our ability to borrow money, obtain new debt financing or refinance our maturing debt on favorable terms, or at all. Market turmoil and tightening of credit, which have occurred in the past, can also lead to an increased lack of consumer confidence and widespread reduction of business activity generally, which also could materially and adversely impact us, including our ability to acquire and dispose of assets on favorable terms or at all. Volatility in capital and credit markets may also have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

Risks Related to the Real Estate Industry

Investments in real estate properties are subject to risks that could adversely affect our business.

Investments in real estate properties are subject to varying degrees of risk and our performance and value are subject to general economic conditions and risks associated with our properties. While we seek to minimize these risks through geographic diversification of our portfolio, market research and our asset management capabilities, these risks cannot be eliminated. Factors that may affect real estate values and cash flows include:

• downturns in national, regional and local economic conditions (particularly increases in unemployment);

• the attractiveness of our properties to potential tenants and competition from other industrial properties;

• changes in supply of, or demand for, similar or competing properties in an area;

• bankruptcies, financial difficulties or lease defaults by the tenants of our properties;

• adverse capital and credit market conditions, which may restrict our operating activities;

• changes in interest rates, availability and terms of debt financing, including periods of high or rising interest rates;

• changes in operating costs and expenses and our ability to control rents, including periods of high and persistent inflation;

• changes in, or increased costs of compliance with, governmental rules, regulations and fiscal policies, including changes in tax, tariff, real estate, environmental and zoning laws, and our potential liability thereunder;

• increasing costs of maintaining, insuring, renovating and making improvements to our properties;

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• unanticipated changes in costs associated with known adverse environmental conditions or retained liabilities for such conditions;

• tenant turnover;

• re-leasing that may require concessions or reduced rental rates under the new leases due to reduced demand;

• our ability to renovate and reposition our properties due to changes in the business and logistical needs of our tenants;

• technological changes, such as reconfiguration of supply chains, autonomous vehicles, robotics, 3D printing or other technologies;

• disruptions in the global supply chain caused by political, regulatory or other factors, including geopolitical issues, terrorism and domestic terrorist attacks;

• disruptions to political, governmental or regulatory systems, including shutdowns of the government and its agencies; and

• the effects of deflation, including credit market dislocation, weakened consumer demand and a decline in general price levels.

In addition, from time to time, we have observed economic uncertainty and geopolitical issues in the United States and abroad, including the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and disruption in the Middle East. If such uncertainties or issues continue or are heightened, it could lead to sustained periods of economic slowdown or recession, continued inflation and higher interest rates or declining demand for real estate. The occurrence of such events or public perception that any of these events may occur could result in a general decrease in rents or an increased occurrence of defaults under existing leases, which would materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Future terrorist attacks or wars may also result in declining economic activity, which could reduce the demand for, and the value of, our properties and adversely impact our tenants, including their ability to meet obligations under their leases. For these and other reasons, we cannot assure our stockholders that we will be profitable or that we will realize growth in the value of our properties.

Actions by our competitors may decrease or prevent increases in the occupancy and rental rates of our properties.

We compete with other developers, owners and operators of real estate, some of which own properties similar to our properties in the same markets in which the properties we own are located. If our competitors offer space at rental rates below current market rates or below the rental rates we will charge the tenants of our properties, we may lose existing or potential tenants, and we may be pressured to reduce our rental rates or offer tenant concessions or favorable lease terms in order to retain tenants when such tenants’ leases expire or attract new tenants. As a result of these actions by our competitors, our financial condition, cash flows, cash available for distribution, trading price of our common stock and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations could be materially adversely affected.

Real estate investments are not as liquid as other types of assets, which may reduce economic returns to investors.

Real estate investments are not as liquid as other types of investments and significant expenditures associated with real estate investments, such as mortgage payments, real estate taxes and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in income from the investments. In addition, we intend to comply with the safe harbor rules relating to the number of properties that can be disposed of in a year, the tax bases and the costs of improvements made to these properties, and meet other tests which enable a REIT to avoid punitive taxation on the sale of assets. Thus, our ability at any time to sell assets may be restricted. This lack of liquidity may limit our ability to vary our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic, financial, investment or other conditions and, as a result, could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and our ability to pay distributions on, and the market price of, our common stock.

Uninsured or underinsured losses relating to real property may adversely affect our returns.

We will attempt to ensure that all of our properties are adequately insured to cover casualty losses. We carry property and rental loss, liability and terrorism insurance resulting from certain perils such as fire, windstorm, flood, earthquake and terrorism; commercial general liability insurance; and environmental insurance, as appropriate where each of our properties are located. However, there are certain losses, including losses from floods, hurricanes, fires, earthquakes and other natural disasters, acts of war, acts of terrorism or riots, that are not generally insured against or that are not generally fully insured against because it is not deemed economically feasible or prudent to do so. In addition, changes in the cost or availability of insurance could expose us to uninsured casualty losses. Under those circumstances, the insurance proceeds we receive might be inadequate to restore our economic position on the damaged or destroyed property and we may not have access to an alternative source of funding to repair or reconstruct the damaged property. In the event that any of our properties incurs a casualty loss that is not fully covered by insurance, the value of our assets will be reduced by the amount of any such uninsured loss, and we

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could experience a significant loss of capital invested and potential revenues in these properties and could potentially remain obligated under any recourse debt associated with the property. Inflation, changes in building codes and ordinances, environmental considerations and other factors might also keep us from using insurance proceeds to replace or renovate a property after it has been damaged or destroyed. Any such losses could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and ability to pay distributions on, and the market price of, our common stock.

We own properties in Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area and Seattle, which are located in areas that are known to be subject to earthquake activity. Although we carry replacement-cost earthquake insurance on all of our properties located in areas historically subject to seismic activity, subject to coverage limitations and deductibles that we believe are commercially reasonable, we may not be able to obtain coverage to cover all losses with respect to such properties on economically favorable terms, which could expose us to uninsured casualty losses. We intend to evaluate our earthquake insurance coverage annually in light of current industry practice.

Environmentally hazardous conditions may adversely affect our operating results.

Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, a current or previous owner or operator of real property may be liable for the cost of investigating, removing or remediating hazardous or toxic substances on such property. Such laws often impose liability whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. Even if more than one person may have been responsible for the contamination, each person covered by applicable environmental laws may be held responsible for all of the clean-up costs incurred. In addition, third parties may sue the owner or operator of a site for damages based on personal injury, natural resource or property damage or other costs, including investigation and clean-up costs, resulting from the environmental contamination. The presence of hazardous or toxic substances on one of our properties, or the failure to properly remediate a contaminated property, could give rise to a lien in favor of the government for costs it may incur to address the contamination, or otherwise adversely affect our ability to sell or lease the property or borrow using the property as collateral. Environmental laws also may impose restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated. A property owner who violates environmental laws may be subject to sanctions which may be enforced by governmental agencies or, in certain circumstances, private parties. In connection with the acquisition and ownership of our properties, we may be exposed to such costs. The cost of defending against environmental claims, of compliance with environmental regulatory requirements or of remediating any contaminated property could materially adversely affect our business, assets or results of operations and, consequently, amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.

Environmental laws in the United States also require that owners or operators of buildings containing asbestos properly manage and maintain the asbestos, adequately inform or train those who may come into contact with asbestos and undertake special precautions, including removal or other abatement, in the event that asbestos is disturbed during building renovation or demolition. These laws may impose fines and penalties on building owners or operators who fail to comply with these requirements and may allow third parties to seek recovery from owners or operators for personal injury associated with exposure to asbestos. Some of our properties may contain asbestos-containing building materials.

We invest in properties historically used for industrial, manufacturing and commercial purposes. Some of these properties contain, or may have contained, underground storage tanks for the storage of petroleum products and other hazardous or toxic substances. All of these operations create a potential for the release of petroleum products or other hazardous or toxic substances. Some of our properties may be adjacent to or near other properties that have contained or currently contain underground storage tanks used to store petroleum products or other hazardous or toxic substances. In addition, certain of our properties may be on or are adjacent to or near other properties upon which others, including former owners or tenants of such properties, have engaged, or may in the future engage, in activities that may release petroleum products or other hazardous or toxic substances. As needed, we may obtain environmental insurance policies on commercially reasonable terms that provide coverage for potential environmental liabilities, subject to the policy’s coverage conditions and limitations. From time to time, we may acquire properties, or interests in properties, with known adverse environmental conditions where we believe that the environmental liabilities associated with these conditions are quantifiable and that the acquisition will yield a superior risk- adjusted return. In such an instance, we underwrite the costs of environmental investigation, clean-up and monitoring into the cost. Further, in connection with property dispositions, we may agree to remain responsible for, and to bear the cost of, remediating or monitoring certain environmental conditions on the properties.

We generally obtain Phase I environmental site assessments on each property prior to acquiring it and we generally anticipate that the properties that we may acquire in the future may be subject to a Phase I or similar environmental assessment by independent environmental consultants at the time of acquisition. Phase I assessments are intended to discover and evaluate information regarding the environmental condition of the surveyed property and surrounding properties. Phase I assessments generally include a historical review, a public records review, an investigation of the surveyed site and surrounding properties, and preparation and issuance of a written report, but do not include soil sampling or subsurface investigations and typically do

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not include an asbestos survey. Even if none of our environmental assessments of our properties reveal an environmental liability that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations taken as a whole, we cannot give any assurance that such conditions do not exist or may not arise in the future. Material environmental conditions, liabilities or compliance concerns may go undetected by the environmental assessment or arise after the environmental assessment has been completed. Moreover, there can be no assurance that (i) future laws, ordinances or regulations will not impose any material environmental liability or (ii) the environmental condition of our properties will not be affected by tenants, by the condition of land or operations in the vicinity of such properties (such as releases from underground storage tanks), or by third parties unrelated to us.

Costs of complying with governmental laws and regulations with respect to our properties may adversely affect our income and the cash available for any distributions.

All real property and the operations conducted on real property are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations. Tenants’ ability to operate and to generate income to pay their lease obligations may be affected by permitting and compliance obligations arising under such laws and regulations. Some of these laws and regulations may impose joint and several liability on tenants, owners or operators for the costs to investigate or remediate contaminated properties, regardless of fault or whether the acts causing the contamination were legal. Leasing our properties to tenants that engage in industrial, manufacturing and commercial activities will cause us to be subject to the risk of liabilities under environmental laws and regulations.

Some of these laws and regulations have been amended so as to require compliance with new or more stringent standards as of future dates. Compliance with new or more stringent laws or regulations or stricter interpretation of existing laws may require us to incur material expenditures. In addition, there are various local, state and federal fire, health, life-safety and similar regulations with which we may be required to comply and which may subject us to liability in the form of fines or damages for noncompliance. Any material expenditures, fines or damages we must pay will reduce our ability to make distributions and may reduce the value of our common stock. In addition, changes in these laws and governmental regulations, or their interpretation by agencies or the courts, could occur.

Furthermore, while leases with our tenants generally include provisions to obligate the tenants to comply with all laws and operate within a defined use, there is no guaranty that the tenants will comply with the terms of their leases. Moreover, our tenants may disregard the use restrictions contained in their leases and conduct operations not contemplated by the lease, including highly hazardous uses, despite our efforts to prohibit certain uses. We may also incur costs to bring a property into legal compliance even though the tenant may have been contractually required to comply and pay for the cost of compliance.

We are exposed to the potential impacts of climate change and climate-change related risks, which may result in unanticipated losses that could affect our business and financial condition.

Government authorities and various interest groups are promoting laws and regulations relating to climate change, including regulations aimed at limiting greenhouse gas emissions and the implementation of “green” building codes, due to concerns over contributions to climate change. In addition, laws and regulations at the federal, state and local level aimed at increasing climate-related disclosures, may increase compliance and data collection costs if, and when, such laws and regulations become effective. Further, such laws and regulations may require us to make improvements to our existing properties or result in increased capital expenditures in order to comply with such regulations, as well as increased operating costs that we may not be able to effectively pass on to our tenants. In addition, such laws and regulations could impose substantial costs on our tenants, including, for example, an increase in the cost of the fuel and other energy purchased by our tenants. Any such increased costs could impact the financial condition of our tenants and their ability to meet their lease obligations and also affect our ability to lease or re-lease our properties.

We may be exposed to physical risks from possible future changes in climate, which could increase our operating costs, impact our tenants’ ability to pay rent and adversely affect our ability to lease, develop or dispose of our properties. Our properties may be exposed to rare catastrophic weather events, such as severe storms, wildfires or floods, which may result in uninsured or underinsured losses. If the frequency of extreme weather events increases, our exposure to these events could increase. Some of our properties may also be subject to risks from rising sea levels. In addition, many state and local governments are adopting or considering adopting regulations requiring that property owners and developers include in their development or redevelopment plans resiliency measures to address climate-change related risks. If such regulations apply to any of our properties, we may be required to incur substantial costs to address such regulations.

Compliance or failure to comply with regulatory requirements could result in substantial costs.

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We are required to comply with many regulations made by various regulatory entities, including (but not limited to) the Americans with Disabilities Act, The Fair Housing Amendment of 1988, various California energy efficiency standards such as The Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings, Title 24, and/or other similar regulations. Noncompliance could result in the imposition of fines or the award of damages to private litigants. If we are required to incur additional costs and make unanticipated expenditures or substantial modifications to our properties to comply with such regulatory requirements, our financial condition, cash flows, results of operations, the market price of our shares of common stock and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders could be adversely affected.

We may be unable to sell a property if or when we decide to do so, including as a result of uncertain market conditions, which could adversely affect the return on an investment in our common stock.

We expect to hold the various real properties in which we invest until such time as we decide that a sale or other disposition is appropriate given our investment objectives. Our ability to dispose of properties on advantageous terms or at all depends on factors beyond our control, including competition from other sellers that are divesting similar assets in the same markets and/or at valuations below our valuations for comparable assets and the availability of attractive financing for potential buyers of our properties. Due to the uncertainty of market conditions which may affect the future disposition of our properties, we cannot assure our stockholders that we will be able to sell such properties at a profit, or at all, in the future.

Furthermore, we may be required to expend funds to correct defects or to make improvements before a property can be sold and may not have the funds available to correct such defects or to make such improvements. In acquiring a property, we may agree to restrictions that prohibit the sale of that property for a period of time or impose other restrictions, such as a limitation on the amount of debt that can be placed or repaid on that property. These provisions would restrict our ability to sell a property.

Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure

Our board of directors may change significant corporate policies without stockholder approval.

Our investment, financing, borrowing and distribution policies and our policies with respect to all other activities, including growth, debt, capitalization and operations, are determined by our board of directors. These policies may be amended or revised at any time and from time to time at the discretion of the board of directors without notice to, or a vote of, our stockholders. In addition, the board of directors may change our governance policies, including our conflict of interest policies, provided that such changes are consistent with applicable legal and regulatory requirements, including the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange. A change in these policies could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, per share trading price of our common stock and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay distributions to our stockholders.

We could increase the number of authorized shares of stock and issue stock without stockholder approval.

Subject to applicable legal and regulatory requirements, our charter authorizes our board of directors, without stockholder approval, to increase the aggregate number of authorized shares of stock or the number of authorized shares of stock of any class or series, to issue authorized but unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and to classify or reclassify any unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and to set the preferences, rights and other terms of such classified or unclassified shares. Our board of directors could establish a series of preferred stock that could, depending on the terms of such series, delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.

Certain provisions of Maryland law could inhibit changes in control.

Certain provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law (“MGCL”), may delay or prevent a change of control, including, among other provisions, the following:

• “ Business Combination ” provisions that, subject to limitations, prohibit certain business combinations between us and an “interested stockholder” (as defined under the MGCL) or an affiliate of an interested stockholder for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder, and thereafter may impose special stockholder voting requirements unless certain minimum price conditions are satisfied; and

• “ Control Share ” provisions that provide that “control shares” of our company acquired in a “control share acquisition” (each as defined under the MGCL) have no voting rights except to the extent approved by our

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stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding all interested shares.

We have opted out of the business combination and control share provisions of the MGCL by resolution of our board of directors and pursuant to a provision in our bylaws, respectively. However, in the future, only upon the approval of our stockholders, our board of directors may by resolution elect to opt-in to the business combination provisions of the MGCL and we may, only upon the approval of our stockholders, by amendment to our bylaws, opt-in to the control share provisions of the MGCL. Our board of directors has also adopted a resolution prohibiting us from electing to be subject to the provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL, without the approval of our stockholders, that would permit our board of directors to classify the board without stockholder approval. Such provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL could have an anti-takeover effect.

In addition, the provisions of our charter on removal of directors and the advance notice provisions of our bylaws could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control of our company that might involve a premium price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their best interest. Likewise, if our board of directors, with stockholder approval, as applicable, were to opt in to the business combination or control share provisions of the MGCL or the provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL, these provisions of the MGCL could have similar anti-takeover effects.

Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to take action against our directors and officers are limited.

Maryland law provides that a director or officer has no liability in that capacity if he or she satisfies his or her duties to us and our stockholders. Our charter limits the liability of our directors and officers to us and our stockholders for monetary damages, except for liability resulting from (i) actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services; or (ii) a final judgment based upon a finding of active and deliberate dishonesty by the director or officer that was material to the cause of action adjudicated.

In addition, our charter authorizes us, and our bylaws require us, to indemnify our directors and officers for actions taken by them in those capacities to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law. Accordingly, in the event that actions taken in good faith by any of our directors or officers impede the performance of our company, your ability to recover damages from such director or officer will be limited. In addition, we may be obligated to advance the defense costs incurred by our directors and executive officers, and may, in the discretion of our board of directors, advance the defense costs incurred by our employees and other agents in connection with legal proceedings.

Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT

Failure to qualify as a REIT would cause us to be taxed as a regular C corporation, which would substantially reduce funds available for distributions to stockholders.

We believe that our organization and method of operation have enabled and will continue to enable us to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT. However, we cannot assure you that we will qualify as such. This is because qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Code as to which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations and involves the determination of facts and circumstances not entirely within our control. Future legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions may significantly change the tax laws or the application of the tax laws with respect to qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes or the U.S. federal income tax consequences of such qualification.

If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and are unable to obtain relief under certain statutory provisions, we will face serious tax consequences that will substantially reduce the funds available for distributions to our stockholders because:

• we would not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to stockholders in computing our taxable income and would be subject to federal and state income tax at regular corporate rates; and

• we could not elect to qualify as a REIT for four taxable years following the year during which we were disqualified.

In addition, we would no longer be required to pay distributions. As a result of all these factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT could impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital, and it could adversely affect the value of our common stock.

In addition, we currently hold certain of our properties indirectly through subsidiaries that intend to qualify as REITs for federal income tax purposes, and we may in the future hold other properties through REIT subsidiaries. Failure of any of these

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REIT subsidiaries to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes could jeopardize our status as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may face other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flows.

Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may be subject to certain U.S. federal, state and local taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income, tax on income from some activities conducted as a result of a foreclosure, and state or local income, property and transfer taxes. Our tax liabilities may increase as a result of changes in state and local tax laws or regulations, or, in the case of property taxes, as our properties are assessed or reassessed by taxing authorities. Any of these taxes would decrease cash available for distributions to stockholders.

We may be subject to a 100% penalty tax on any prohibited transactions that we enter into, or may be required to forego certain otherwise beneficial opportunities in order to avoid the penalty tax on prohibited transactions.

If we have acquired or held property primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, we may be subject to a 100% prohibited transactions tax under U.S. federal tax laws on the gain from disposition of the property unless the disposition qualifies for one or more safe harbor exceptions for properties that have been held by us for at least two years and satisfies certain additional requirements.

The potential application of the prohibited transactions tax could cause us to forego potential dispositions of property or to forego other opportunities that might otherwise be attractive to us, or to hold investments or undertake such dispositions or other opportunities through a TRS, which would generally result in such TRS incurring corporate income taxes.

REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our liquidity and may force us to borrow funds or sell assets during unfavorable market conditions.

In order to maintain our REIT status and to meet the REIT distribution requirements, we may need to borrow funds on a short-term basis or sell assets, even if the then-prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings or sales. To qualify as a REIT, we generally must distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our net taxable income each year, excluding capital gains. In addition, we will be subject to corporate income tax to the extent we distribute less than 100% of our net taxable income including any net capital gain. We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the requirements of the Code for REITs and to minimize or eliminate our corporate income tax obligation to the extent consistent with our business objectives. Our cash flows from operations may be insufficient to fund required distributions as a result of differences in timing between the actual receipt of income and the recognition of income for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the effect of non-deductible capital expenditures, the creation of reserves, required debt service or amortization payments. The insufficiency of our cash flows to cover our distribution requirements could have an adverse impact on our ability to raise short- and long-term debt or sell equity securities in order to fund distributions required to maintain our REIT status. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which distributions paid by us in any calendar year are less than the sum of 85% of our ordinary income, 95% of our capital gain net income and 100% of our undistributed income from prior years.

Dividends payable by REITs generally do not qualify for reduced tax rates.

Currently, the maximum tax rate for certain qualified dividends payable to U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates generally is 20%. Ordinary dividends payable by REITs, however, are generally not eligible for such reduced rates and therefore are taxable as ordinary income when paid to such stockholders. However, a deduction of up to 20% (subject to certain limitations) is available on most ordinary REIT dividends and certain trade or business income of non-corporate taxpayers. Additionally, to the extent such dividends are attributable to certain dividends that we receive from a TRS, such dividends generally will be eligible for the reduced rates that apply to qualified dividend income. The more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate dividends could cause investors who are individuals, trusts and estates or are otherwise sensitive to these lower rates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stock of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the stock of REITs, including our common stock.

We may choose to pay dividends in our stock instead of cash, in which case stockholders may be required to pay income taxes in excess of any cash dividends they receive.

We may distribute taxable dividends that are payable in stock. Taxable stockholders receiving taxable stock dividends will be required to include the full amount of the dividend as ordinary income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, stockholders may be required to pay income taxes with

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respect to such dividends in excess of any cash dividends received. If a U.S. stockholder sells the stock that it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of our stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to certain non-U.S. stockholders, we may be required to withhold U.S. federal income tax with respect to such dividends. In addition, if a significant number of our stockholders sell common stock in order to pay taxes owed on dividends, it may put downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock.

Complying with the REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities or to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.

To qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our capital stock. In order to meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our performance.

In particular, we must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified real estate assets. The remainder of our investments in securities (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the total voting power or more than 10% of the total value, in each case, of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, no more than 25% of the value of our total assets can be represented by the securities of one or more TRSs and no more than 25% of the value of our total assets can be represented by unsecured debt of publicly offered REITs, in each case, at the close of each calendar quarter. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of such quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.

A failure to comply with the limits relating to TRSs would jeopardize our REIT qualification and may result in the imposition of certain taxes.

As a REIT, we are subject to a variety of limitations on our ownership of TRSs and operations with respect to any TRSs that we own, and failure to comply with these limitations may subject us to additional taxes, the amount of which could be substantial, or, potentially, loss of REIT status. While we anticipate that we will comply with these limitations, we can provide no assurances in this regard.

The ability of our board of directors to revoke our REIT qualification without stockholder approval may subject us to U.S. federal income tax and reduce distributions to our stockholders.

Our charter provides that our board of directors may revoke or otherwise terminate our REIT election, without the approval of our stockholders, if it determines that it is no longer in our best interest to continue to be qualified as a REIT. If we cease to be a REIT, we would become subject to U.S. federal and state corporate income tax on our taxable income and would no longer be required to distribute most of our taxable income to our stockholders, which may have adverse consequences on our total return to our stockholders and on the market price of our common stock.

We may face risks in connection with Section 1031 Exchanges.

We may engage in one or more real estate transactions intended to qualify for U.S. federal income tax deferral as a “like-kind exchange” under Section 1031 of the Code. If a transaction that is intended to qualify for deferral under Section 1031 is later determined to have been taxable, we may face adverse consequences. Additionally, if the laws applicable to such transactions are amended or repealed, we may not be able to dispose of properties on a tax-deferred basis.

We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could reduce the market price of our common stock.

At any time, the U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs (or otherwise affecting our business or affecting our stockholders) or the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended. We cannot predict when or if any new U.S. federal income tax law, regulation, or administrative interpretation, or any amendment to any existing U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, will be adopted, promulgated or become effective and any such law, regulation,

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or interpretation may take effect retroactively. We and our stockholders could be adversely affected by any such change in, or any new, U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation.

General Risks

Our business could be adversely impacted if we have deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls over financial reporting.

The design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting may not prevent all errors, misstatements or misrepresentations. While management will continue to review the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting, there can be no guarantee that our internal controls over financial reporting will be effective in accomplishing all control objectives all of the time. Deficiencies, including any material weakness, in our internal controls over financial reporting which may occur in the future could result in misstatements or restatements of our financial statements or a decline in our stock price.

Trade policies, tariffs and related government actions may cause a decline in economic activity and disrupt supply chains, which could have a material adverse impact on our business.

The U.S. government has continued to evaluate and effectuate changes to international trade policy and in some cases to renegotiate, or potentially terminate, certain existing bilateral or multi-lateral trade agreements and treaties with foreign countries, and has made proposals and taken actions related thereto. During 2025, new tariffs were imposed in the United States for imports from a broad range of countries and on certain materials. Several countries also implemented or proposed retaliatory tariffs on imports from the United States and introduced additional trade barriers. Tariffs on imported goods imposed by the United States or by foreign countries could further increase costs, decrease margins, reduce the competitiveness of products and services offered by our current and future tenants and adversely affect the revenues and profitability of our tenants whose businesses rely on goods imported from such impacted jurisdictions or exported to foreign countries.

In addition, there is uncertainty as to further actions that may be taken by the United States and by foreign countries with respect to trade policy and tariffs. Further governmental actions related to the imposition of tariffs or other trade barriers or changes to international trade agreements or policies could further increase costs, decrease margins, reduce the competitiveness of products and services offered by our current and future tenants and adversely affect the revenues and profitability of companies whose businesses rely on goods imported from outside of the United States or exported to foreign countries. Any of these impacts could depress economic activity, including consumption, and have a material adverse effect on the businesses of our current and future tenants as well as on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile and may trade at prices that are higher or lower than our net asset value per share.

The market price of our common stock may be volatile. In addition, the trading volume in our common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations. If the market price of our common stock declines, you may be unable to resell your shares at or above the price you paid for such shares. We cannot assure you that the market price of our common stock will not fluctuate or decline in the future.

Additionally, the market value of the equity securities of a REIT is based upon the market’s perception of the REIT’s growth potential and its current and potential future cash distributions, whether from operations, sales or refinancings, and upon the real estate market value of the underlying assets. Our common stock may trade at prices that are higher or lower than our net asset value per share. To the extent we retain operating cash flows for investment purposes, working capital reserves or other purposes, these retained funds, while increasing the value of our underlying assets, may not correspondingly increase the market price of our common stock.

Some of the factors that could negatively affect our share price or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our common stock include: our financial condition, performance, liquidity and prospects; actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results or distributions; changes in our funds from operations (“FFO”), or earnings; publication of research reports about us or the real estate industry; changes in earnings estimates by analysts and our ability to meet analysts’ earnings estimates; increases in market interest rates that lead purchasers of our shares to demand a higher yield; the market for similar securities issued by REITs; the attractiveness of REIT securities in comparison to the securities of other companies, taking into account, among other things, the higher tax rates imposed on dividends paid by REITs; government legislation, action or regulation; our issuance of debt or preferred equity securities; the realization of any of the other risk factors presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K; and general market, including capital market and real estate market, and economic conditions.

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Language change vs prior 10-K

MD&A (Item 7) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase

Negative rising

termination+14
bad+3
terminations+3
terminated+2
closing+1

Positive rising

stabilized+1
improved+1
greatest+1
satisfactory+1

MD&A (Item 7)

12,618 words

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion in conjunction with the sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “Risk Factors”, “Forward-Looking Statements”, “Business” and our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements reflecting current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results and the timing of events may differ materially from those contained in these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Overview

We acquire, own and operate industrial real estate in six major coastal U.S. markets: New York City/Northern New Jersey, Los Angeles, Miami, San Francisco Bay Area, Seattle, and Washington, D.C. We invest in several types of industrial real estate, including warehouse/distribution (approximately 80.5% of our total annualized base rent as of December 31, 2025), flex (including light industrial and research and development, or R&D) (approximately 3.4%), transshipment (approximately 6.0%) and improved land (approximately 10.1%). We target functional properties in infill locations that may be shared by multiple tenants and that cater to customer demand within the various submarkets in which we operate. Infill locations are geographic locations surrounded by high concentrations of already developed land and existing buildings. As of December 31, 2025, we owned a total of 309 buildings (including one building held for sale) aggregating approximately 19.8 million square feet, 46 improved land parcels consisting of approximately 147.0 acres and six properties under development or redevelopment. As of December 31, 2025, our buildings and improved land parcels were approximately 96.1% and 95.4% leased, respectively, to 683 customers, the largest of which accounted for approximately 4.9% of our total annualized base rent.

We are an internally managed Maryland corporation and elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code, commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2010.

Our Investment Strategy

We selected our target markets by drawing upon the experience of our executive management investing and operating in over 50 global industrial markets located in North America, Europe and Asia, the fundamentals of supply and demand, and in anticipation of trends in logistics patterns resulting from population changes, regulatory, geopolitical and physical constraints, changes in technology, e-commerce, the economic and environmental benefits of reducing vehicle miles traveled and other factors. We believe that our target markets have attractive long term investment attributes. We target assets with characteristics that include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Located in high population coastal markets;

• Close proximity to transportation infrastructure (such as sea ports, airports, highways and railways);

• Situated in supply-constrained submarkets with barriers to new industrial development, as a result of physical and/or regulatory constraints;

• Functional and flexible layout that can be modified to accommodate single and multiple tenants;

• Acquisition price at a discount to the replacement cost of the property;

• Potential for enhanced return through re-tenanting or operational and physical improvements; and

• Opportunity for higher and better use of the property over time.

In general, we prefer to utilize local third-party property managers for day-to-day property management and as a source of acquisition opportunities. We believe outsourcing property management is cost effective and provides us with operational flexibility. We may directly manage properties in the future if we determine such direct property management is in our best interest.

We have no current intention to acquire undeveloped or unimproved industrial land or to pursue greenfield ground up development. Nevertheless, we pursue development, redevelopment, renovation and expansion opportunities of properties that we own, acquire properties and improved land parcels with the intent to redevelop in the near-term, and acquire adjacent land to expand our existing facilities.

We expect that we will continue to acquire the significant majority of our investments as equity interests in individual properties or portfolios of properties. We may acquire industrial properties through the acquisition of other corporations or entities that own industrial real estate. We will opportunistically make investments in debt secured by industrial real estate that would otherwise meet our investment criteria with the intention of ultimately acquiring the underlying real estate. We currently do not intend to target specific percentages of holdings of particular types of industrial properties. This expectation is based upon prevailing market conditions and may change over time in response to different prevailing market conditions.

The properties we acquire may be stabilized (fully leased) or unstabilized (have near term lease expirations, be partially or fully vacant and may require physical repositioning).

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We sell properties from time to time when we believe the prospective total return from a property is particularly low relative to its market value and/or the market value of the property is significantly greater than its estimated replacement cost. Capital from such sales is reinvested into properties that are expected to provide better prospective returns or returned to shareholders. We have disposed of 45 properties since inception in 2010 for an aggregate sales price of approximately $1.1 billion and a total gain of approximately $570.7 million.

2025 Developments

Acquisition Activity

During 2025, we acquired 12 industrial properties and one portfolio of industrial properties for a total purchase price of approximately $683.5 million. The properties were acquired from unrelated third parties using existing cash on hand, net proceeds from dispositions, net proceeds from the issuance of common stock and debt. The following table sets forth the industrial properties we acquired during 2025:

Property Name

Location

Acquisition Date

Number of

Buildings

Square

Feet

Improved Land Acreage

Purchase Price

(in thousands) 1

Stabilized

Cap Rate 2

9660 153rd Avenue NE

Redmond, WA

April 9, 2025

43-27 33rd Street

Long Island City, Queens, NY

April 24, 2025

11100 Hindry Avenue

Los Angeles, CA

June 6, 2025

11-40 Borden Avenue

Long Island City, Queens, NY

June 18, 2025

3500 West MacArthur Boulevard

Santa Ana, CA

June 20, 2025

49-10 27th Street

Long Island City, Queens, NY

June 30, 2025

3700 & 3730 Redondo Beach Ave

Redondo Beach, CA

August 8, 2025

Multi-market portfolio

Various

August 12, 2025; September 9, 2025

258 Littlefield Ave

South San Francisco, CA

September 5, 2025

250 S Maple Avenue

South San Francisco, CA

October 15, 2025

4-28 33rd Street

Long Island City, Queens, NY

November 17, 2025

2300 Craftsman Circle 3

Hyattsville, MD

December 4, 2025

510 Andover Park West

Tukwila, WA

December 12, 2025

Total/Weighted Average

1 Excludes intangible liabilities and unamortized mortgage fair value adjustments, if any. The total aggregate initial investment was approximately $728.5 million, including $13.7 million in capitalized closing costs and acquisition costs and $32.9 million in assumed intangible liabilities and $1.6 million in other credits related to near term capital expenditures, free rent and tenant improvements at multiple properties.

2 Stabilized capitalization rates, referred to herein as stabilized cap rates, are calculated, at the time of acquisition, as annualized cash basis net operating income for the property stabilized to market occupancy (generally 95%) divided by the total acquisition cost for the property. Total acquisition cost basis for the property includes the initial purchase price, the effects of marking assumed debt to market, buyer’s due diligence and closing costs, estimated near-term capital expenditures and leasing costs necessary to achieve stabilization. We define cash basis net operating income for the property as net operating income excluding straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles. These stabilized cap rates are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions and are not guarantees of future performance,

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which may be affected by known and unknown risks, trends, uncertainties, and factors that are beyond our control, including risks related to our ability to meet our estimated forecasts related to stabilized cap rates and those risk factors contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in our other public filings.

3 Redevelopment of this property commenced upon acquisition.

Development and Redevelopment Activity

As of December 31, 2025, we had six properties under development or redevelopment that, upon completion, will consist of nine buildings aggregating approximately 1.2 million square feet. The following table summarizes certain information with respect to the properties under development or redevelopment as of December 31, 2025:

Property Name

Total Expected

Investment

(in thousands) 1

Amount Spent to Date (in thousands) 2

Estimated

Stabilized Cap

Rate 3

Estimated Post-Development Square Feet

Estimated

Stabilization

Quarter

% Pre-leased as of December 31, 2025

Properties under development or redevelopment:

Countyline Phase IV 4

Countyline Building 32

Countyline Building 34

Countyline Building 35

Countyline Building 36

Craftsman Circle

139th Street 5

Total/Weighted Average

1 Excludes below-market lease adjustments recorded at acquisition. Total expected investment for the properties includes the initial purchase price, buyer’s due diligence and closing costs, estimated near-term redevelopment expenditures, capitalized interest and leasing costs necessary to achieve stabilization.

2 Excludes below-market lease adjustments recorded at acquisition and infrastructure costs of approximately $1.1 million incurred for the Countyline Phase IV project.

3 Estimated stabilized cap rates are calculated as estimated annualized cash basis net operating income for the properties stabilized to market occupancy (generally 95%) divided by the total acquisition cost for the property. We define cash basis net operating income for the property as net operating income excluding straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles. These estimated stabilized cap rates are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions and are not guarantees of future performance, which may be affected by known and unknown risks, trends, uncertainties, and factors that are beyond our control, including risks related to our ability to meet our estimated forecasts related to stabilized cap rates and those risk factors contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in our other public filings.

4 “Countyline Phase IV” is a 121-acre project entitled for 2.2 million square feet of industrial distribution buildings located in Miami’s Countyline Corporate Park (“Countyline”), immediately adjacent to our seven buildings within Countyline. Countyline Phase IV, a landfill redevelopment adjacent to Florida’s Turnpike and the southern terminus of I-75, is expected to contain ten LEED-certified industrial distribution buildings at completion.

5 This redevelopment property was initially acquired in 2017 for a total initial investment, including closing costs and acquisition costs, of approximately $39.9 million. The property was in the operating portfolio until January 2024 when redevelopment commenced. The amount spent to date includes the total initial investment and capital expenditures incurred prior to redevelopment and excludes accumulated depreciation recorded since acquisition. The Company expects a total incremental investment of approximately $64.0 million.

During 2025, we completed development and redevelopment of three properties. Additionally, we moved the Paterson Plank III redevelopment property to the operating portfolio as it had been vacant for one year after completion. The total expected investment in Paterson Plank III was $35.2 million. The following table summarizes certain information with respect to the completed development and redevelopment properties during the year ended December 31, 2025:

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Property Name

Location

Total Expected

Investment (in

thousands) 1

Estimated

Stabilized Cap

Rate 2

Post-Development Square Feet

Completion Quarter

East Garry Avenue

Santa Ana, CA

Countyline Building 33

Hialeah, FL

49-10 27th Street

Long Island City, Queens, NY

Total/Weighted Average

1 Total expected investment for the properties includes the initial purchase price, buyer’s due diligence and closing costs, redevelopment expenditures, capitalized interest and leasing costs necessary to achieve stabilization.

2 Estimated stabilized cap rates are calculated as estimated annualized cash basis net operating income for the properties stabilized to market occupancy (generally 95%) divided by the total acquisition cost for the property. We define cash basis net operating income for the property as net operating income excluding straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles. These stabilized cap rates are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions and are not guarantees of future performance, which may be affected by known and unknown risks, trends, uncertainties, and factors that are beyond our control, including risks related to our ability to meet our estimated forecasts related to stabilized cap rates and those risk factors contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in our other public filings.

We capitalized interest associated with development, redevelopment and expansion activities of approximately $5.0 million, $11.0 million and $8.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Disposition Activity

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we sold eight properties for a total aggregate sales price of approximately $386.4 million, resulting in a total aggregate gain of approximately $238.4 million. The following table sets forth the markets in which the industrial properties were sold during 2025 (dollars in thousands):

Market

Number of Properties

Number of Buildings

Total Sales Price

Total Gain

New York City/Northern New Jersey

Los Angeles

Miami

San Francisco Bay Area

Seattle

Total

The following summarizes the condensed results of operations of the properties sold during the year ended December 31, 2025 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

For the Year Ended December 31,

Rental revenues

Tenant expense reimbursements

Property operating expenses

Depreciation and amortization

Income from operations

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Credit Facility

Subsequent to December 31, 2025, on January 7, 2026, we entered into a Fourth Amendment to the Sixth Amended and Restated Senior Credit Agreement in order to, among other things, add a $200 million term loan maturing on January 15, 2031. Interest on the term loan, is generally to be paid based upon, at the Company’s option, either (i) SOFR plus the applicable SOFR margin or (ii) the applicable base rate, which is the greatest of the administrative agent’s prime rate, 0.50% above the federal funds effective rate, thirty-day SOFR plus the applicable SOFR margin for SOFR rate loans under the Amended Facility plus 1.25%, or 1.25% per annum. The applicable SOFR margin will range from 1.15% to 1.65% for the term loans depending on the ratio of the Company’s outstanding consolidated indebtedness to the value of the Company’s consolidated gross asset value. Additionally, the ten basis point SOFR credit spread adjustment premium was eliminated on all credit facility borrowings, including term loans. Proceeds from the $200.0 million term loan were used to reduce borrowings under the $600.0 million revolving credit facility and for general corporate purposes.

ATM Program

We have an at-the-market equity offering program (the "$500 Million ATM Program") pursuant to which we may issue and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $500.0 million (approximately $157.2 million remaining as of December 31, 2025) in amounts and at times as we determine from time to time. We intend to use the net proceeds from the offering of the shares under the $500 Million ATM Program, if any, for general corporate purposes, which may include future acquisitions, developments and redevelopments and repayment of indebtedness, including borrowings under our revolving credit facility. During the three months ended December 31, 2025, we issued an aggregate of 700,000 shares of common stock at a weighted average offering price of $62.27 per share under the $500 Million ATM Program, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $43.0 million and paying total compensation to the applicable sales agents of approximately $0.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we issued an aggregate of 4,206,371 shares of common stock at a weighted average offering price of $66.81 per share under the $500 Million ATM Program, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $276.9 million and paying total compensation to the applicable sales agents of approximately $4.1 million.

Share Repurchase Program

We have a share repurchase program authorizing us to repurchase up to 3,000,000 shares of our outstanding common stock from time to time through December 31, 2026. Purchases made pursuant to this program, if any, will be made in either the open market or in privately negotiated transactions as permitted by federal securities laws and other legal requirements. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases will be determined by us in our discretion and will be subject to economic and market conditions, stock price, applicable legal requirements and other factors. The program may be suspended or discontinued at any time. As of December 31, 2025, we had not repurchased any shares of our common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program.

Dividend and Distribution Activity

Subsequent to December 31, 2025, on February 3, 2026, our board of directors declared a cash dividend in the amount of $0.52 per share of our common stock payable on April 10, 2026 to the stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 27, 2026.

The following table sets forth the cash dividends paid or payable per share during the year ended December 31, 2025:

For the Three Months Ended

Security

Dividend per

Declaration Date

Record Date

Date Paid

March 31, 2025

Common Stock

February 4, 2025

March 27, 2025

April 4, 2025

June 30, 2025

Common Stock

May 6, 2025

June 27, 2025

July 11, 2025

September 30, 2025

Common Stock

August 5, 2025

September 29, 2025

October 10, 2025

December 31, 2025

Common Stock

November 4, 2025

December 15, 2025

January 9, 2026

Contractual Commitments

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Subsequent to December 31, 2025, as of February 3, 2026, the Company had three outstanding contracts with third-party sellers to acquire three industrial properties for a total purchase price of approximately $113.2 million, as described under the heading “Material Cash Commitments” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Additionally, we have approximately $8.8 million of dispositions under contract where due diligence has been completed and $11.1 million of dispositions under contract where due diligence has commenced. There is no assurance that we will acquire or dispose of the properties under contract because the proposed acquisitions and dispositions are subject to the completion of satisfactory due diligence.

Outlook

Current operating conditions in our six markets for our business have stabilized and there are reasons for optimism within our submarkets. We believe that on average, the rental rates we are likely to achieve on new or renewed leases for our 2026 expirations will be above the rates currently paid for the same space. Notwithstanding, new speculative development continues which will slow potential rent growth from what it would be without such new development.

We see attractive acquisition opportunities. Nevertheless, our acquisition volume will be dependent on both the quality and pricing of the opportunity set and the price of our stock relative to net asset value (“NAV”). Those conditions, not knowable in advance, will determine our results. We will continue to sell assets and redeploy the capital to enhance NAV per share growth or return the capital to shareholders. We entered 2026 with our balance sheet well positioned for growth as we have $200.0 million outstanding on our $600.0 million revolving credit facility and a cash balance of approximately $25.0 million.

Within our six markets we have increasingly focused on urban infill locations. While our net growth will remain limited to a size where we can make directly informed operational decisions, we feel more strongly today than we did sixteen years ago about the long-term investment merits of our strategy and the growth opportunities ahead. We are mindful, always, that it is per share rather than aggregate results that matter.

We believe in the long-term prospects of our functional, extremely infill coastal assets. We believe in sound balance sheet management. We believe in the benefits of our market-leading corporate governance and exceptionally aligned executive management compensation. As a result, we are enthusiastic about the future and our ability to produce superior results for our shareholders over time.

Our outlook is subject to the risks set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the risks set form in “Item 1A - Risk Factors”.

Inflation

The U.S. economy experienced a significant increase in inflation rates in recent years. While inflation levels began to decrease in 2024, they remain elevated relative to the years preceding 2021. A wide variety of industries and sectors have been, and will continue to be, affected by recently increasing commodity prices. Elevated inflation has, and may continue to, result in increased construction costs, including tenant improvements and capital projects, goods and labor, and operating costs. Most of our leases require the tenants to pay their share of operating expenses, including common area maintenance, real estate taxes and insurance, thereby reducing our exposure to increases in costs and operating expenses resulting from inflation. In addition, leases with respect to approximately 68.9% of our total rentable square feet and improved land acreage expire within five years, which enables us to seek to replace existing leases with new leases at the then-existing market rate.

Financial Condition and Results of Operations

We derive substantially all of our revenues from rents received from tenants under existing leases on each of our properties. These revenues include fixed base rents and recoveries of certain property operating expenses that we have incurred and that we pass through to the individual tenants. Approximately 96.8% of our leased space includes fixed rental increases or Consumer Price Index-based rental increases. Lease terms typically range from three to ten years.

Our primary cash expenses consist of our property operating expenses, which include: real estate taxes, repairs and maintenance, management expenses, insurance, utilities, general and administrative expenses, which include compensation costs, office expenses, professional fees and other administrative expenses, acquisition costs, which include third-party costs paid to brokers and consultants, and interest expense, primarily on our revolving credit facility, term loans, mortgage loan and senior unsecured notes.

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Our consolidated results of operations often are not comparable from period to period due to the impact of property acquisitions at various times during the course of such periods. The results of operations of any acquired property are included in our financial statements as of the date of its acquisition.

The analysis of our results below for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 includes the changes attributable to same store properties. The same store pool for the comparison of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 includes all properties that were owned and in operation as of December 31, 2025 and since January 1, 2024 and excludes properties that were either disposed of prior to, held for sale to a third party or in development or redevelopment as of December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, the same store pool consisted of 236 buildings aggregating approximately 14.1 million square feet representing approximately 71.1% of our total square feet owned and 42 improved land parcels consisting of approximately 142.5 acres representing approximately 96.9% of our total acreage owned. As of December 31, 2025, the non-same store properties, which we acquired, developed or redeveloped, or sold during 2025 and 2024 or which were held for sale or in development or redevelopment as of December 31, 2025, consisted of 73 buildings aggregating approximately 5.7 million square feet, four improved land parcels consisting of approximately 4.5 acres and six properties under development or redevelopment. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, our consolidated same store pool occupancy was approximately 97.2% and 98.2%, respectively.

Our future financial condition and results of operations, including rental revenues, straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles, may be impacted by the acquisitions of additional properties, and expenses may vary materially from historical results.

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2025 to the Year Ended December 31, 2024:

For the Year Ended December 31,

$ Change

% Change

(Dollars in thousands)

Rental revenues 1

Same store

Non-same store operating properties 2

Total rental revenues

Tenant expense reimbursements 1

Same store

Non-same store operating properties 2

Total tenant expense reimbursements

Total revenues

Property operating expenses

Same store

Non-same store operating properties 2

Total property operating expenses

Net operating income 3

Same store

Non-same store operating properties 2

Total net operating income

Other costs and expenses

Depreciation and amortization

General and administrative

Acquisition costs and other

Total other costs and expenses

Other income (expense)

Interest and other income

Interest expense, including amortization

Gain on sales of real estate investments

Total other income

Net income

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1 Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842), Targeted Improvements, allows us to elect not to separate lease and non-lease rental income. All rental income earned pursuant to tenant leases is reflected as one line, “Rental revenues and tenant expense reimbursements” on our accompanying consolidated statements of operations. We believe that the above presentation of rental revenues and tenant expense reimbursements is not, and is not intended to be, a presentation in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). We believe this information is frequently used by management, investors, and other interested parties to evaluate our performance. See “Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies” in our notes to consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our adoption of this standard.

2 Includes 2025 and 2024 acquisitions and dispositions, four improved land parcels, six properties under development or redevelopment and one building held for sale as of December 31, 2025.

3 Includes straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a definition and reconciliation of net operating income and same store net operating income from net income and a discussion of why we believe net operating income and same store net operating income are useful supplemental measures of our operating performance.

Revenues. Total revenues increased approximately $93.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily due to property acquisitions during 2025 and 2024, increased revenue on new and renewed leases and lease termination fees. The increase in total revenues was partially offset by property dispositions during 2025. Cash rents on new and renewed leases totaling approximately 2.7 million square feet and 24.4 acres commencing during the year ended December 31, 2025 increased approximately 25.4% compared to the previous rental rates. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, approximately $14.4 million and $8.3 million, respectively, was recorded in straight-line rental revenues related to contractual rent abatements given to certain tenants and approximately $13.6 million and $0.7 million, respectively, was recorded in lease termination revenue. The increase in lease termination revenue was primarily due to a lease termination which occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2025 of $13.5 million, partially offset by a $1.3 million termination fee we paid as part of a lease buy out at two properties. Total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were partially offset by approximately $7.8 million and $3.1 million, respectively, of bad debt expense and straight-line rent write-offs for terminated leases. Bad debt expense for the three months and year ended December 31, 2025 was approximately $2.0 million and $5.6 million, respectively.

Property operating expenses. Total property operating expenses increased approximately $17.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the prior year. The increase in total property operating expenses was primarily due to property acquisitions during 2025 and 2024 as well as increases in real estate taxes. The increase in total property operating expenses was partially offset by property dispositions during 2025.

Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization increased approximately $27.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily due to property acquisitions during 2025 and 2024, partially offset by property dispositions during 2025.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses increased approximately $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily due to increased compensation expenses, including increased restricted stock amortization, LTIP expense and bonus expense, and an increase in salaries compared to the prior year.

Interest and other income. Interest and other income decreased approximately $6.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily due to lower cash and cash equivalent balances throughout 2025.

Interest expense, including amortization. Interest expense increased approximately $11.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the prior year. This was primarily due to higher outstanding debt during the year ended December 31, 2025, as well as a decrease in capitalized interest for the development and redevelopment properties.

Gain on sales of real estate investments. Gain on sales of real estate investments increased approximately $193.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the prior year. We recognized an aggregate gain of approximately $238.4 million from the sale of eight properties during the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to an aggregate gain of approximately $45.4 million from the sale of four properties during the prior year.

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Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2024 to the Year Ended December 31, 2023:

Discussion of the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 was included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 beginning on page 41 under Part II, Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, which was filed with the SEC on February 5, 2025.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The primary objective of our financing strategy is to maintain financial flexibility with a conservative capital structure using retained cash flows, proceeds from dispositions of properties, long-term debt and the issuance of common and perpetual preferred stock to finance our growth. Over the long-term, we intend to:

• limit the sum of the outstanding principal amount of our consolidated indebtedness and the liquidation preference of any outstanding perpetual preferred stock to less than 30% of our total enterprise value;

• maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio in excess of 2.0x;

• maintain a net debt-to-adjusted EBITDA ratio below 4.5x;

• limit the principal amount of our outstanding floating rate debt to less than 20% of our total consolidated indebtedness; and

• have staggered debt maturities that are aligned to our expected average lease term (five to seven years), positioning us to re-price parts of our capital structure as our rental rates change with market conditions.

We intend to preserve a flexible capital structure with a long-term goal to maintain our investment grade rating and be in a position to issue additional unsecured debt and perpetual preferred stock. We may also assume debt in connection with property acquisitions which may have a higher loan-to-value ratio.

We expect to meet our short-term liquidity requirements generally through net cash provided by operations, existing cash balances and, if necessary, short-term borrowings under our revolving credit facility. We believe that our net cash provided by operations will be adequate to fund operating requirements, pay interest on any borrowings and fund distributions in accordance with the REIT requirements of the federal income tax laws. In the near-term, we intend to fund future investments in properties, property developments and redevelopments and scheduled debt maturities with cash on hand, term loans, senior unsecured notes, borrowings under our revolving credit facility, perpetual preferred and common stock issuances and, from time to time, property dispositions. We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements, including with respect to other investments in industrial properties, property acquisitions, property developments and redevelopments, renovations and expansions and scheduled debt maturities, through borrowings under our revolving credit facility, periodic issuances of common stock, perpetual preferred stock, and long-term unsecured and secured debt, and, from time to time, with proceeds from the disposition of properties. The success of our acquisition strategy may depend, in part, on our ability to obtain and borrow under our revolving credit facility and to access additional capital through issuances of equity and debt securities.

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors.

Equity Sources of Liquidity

The following sets forth certain information regarding our current at-the-market common stock offering program as of December 31, 2025:

ATM Stock Offering Program

Date Implemented

Maximum Aggregate Offering Price (in thousands)

Aggregate Common Stock Available (in thousands)

$500 Million ATM Program

August 28, 2024

The tables below set forth the activity under our at-the-market common stock offering programs during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively:

For the Year Ended

Shares Sold

Weighted Average

Price Per Share

Net Proceeds

(in thousands)

Sales Commissions

(in thousands)

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

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Debt Sources of Liquidity

As of December 31, 2025, we had $50.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in July 2026, $50.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in October 2027, $100.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in July 2028, $100.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in December 2029, $125.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in August 2030, and $50.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in July 2031 (collectively, the “Senior Unsecured Notes”).

As of December 31, 2025, the Sixth Amended and Restated Senior Credit Agreement (as amended, the “Amended Facility”) consists of a $600.0 million revolving credit facility that matures in January 2029, a $100.0 million term loan that matures in January 2027 and a $100.0 million term loan that matures in January 2028. As of December 31, 2025, there were $200.0 million of borrowings outstanding on the revolving credit facility and $200.0 million of borrowings outstanding on the term loans. As of December 31, 2024, there were $82.0 million of borrowings outstanding on the revolving credit facility and $200.0 million of borrowings outstanding on the term loans.

On January 7, 2026, we entered into the Fourth Amendment to the Amended Facility (the “Fourth Amendment”) adding a $200.0 million term loan maturing on January 15, 2031. Following the Fourth Amendment, the Amended Facility consists of a $600.0 million revolving credit facility that matures in January 2029, a $100.0 million term loan that matures in January 2027, a $100.0 million term loan that matures in January 2028, and a $200.0 million term loan that matures in January 2031. Additionally, the Amended Facility includes an accordion feature pursuant to which the aggregate amount of the Amended Facility may be increased by up to an additional $1.0 billion to a maximum aggregate amount not to exceed $2.0 billion, subject to the approval of the administrative agent and the identification of lenders willing to make available additional amounts. Outstanding borrowings under the Amended Facility are limited to the lesser of (i) the sum of the $600.0 million revolving credit facility, the $100.0 million term loan maturing in January 2027, the $100.0 million term loan maturing in January 2028, and the $200.0 million term loan maturing in January 2031 or (ii) 60.0% of the value of the unencumbered properties. Interest on the Amended Facility, including the term loans, is generally to be paid based upon, at our option, either (i) SOFR plus the applicable SOFR margin or (ii) the applicable base rate, which is the greatest of the administrative agent’s prime rate, 0.50% above the federal funds effective rate, thirty-day SOFR plus the applicable SOFR margin for SOFR rate loans under the Amended Facility plus 1.25%, or 1.25% per annum. The applicable SOFR margin will range from 1.00% to 1.45% for the revolving credit facility and 1.15% to 1.65% for the term loans, depending on the ratio of our outstanding consolidated indebtedness to the value of our consolidated gross asset value. Proceeds from the $200.0 million term loan were used to reduce borrowings under the $600.0 million revolving credit facility and for general corporate purposes.

The Amended Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes are guaranteed by us and by substantially all of the current and to-be-formed subsidiaries of the borrower that own an unencumbered property. The Amended Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes are not secured by our properties or by interests in the subsidiaries that hold such properties. The Amended Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes include a series of financial and other covenants with which we must comply. We were in compliance with the covenants under the Amended Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had a mortgage loan payable with a total contractual principal amount of approximately $72.9 million which bears interest at a contractual fixed interest rate of 3.9% and matures in March 2028. The mortgage was assumed in an acquisition and was recorded at fair value in the amount of $69.2 million using an effective interest rate of 5.6%. The unamortized fair value adjustment as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 was approximately $2.5 million and $3.6 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we held cash and cash equivalents totaling approximately $25.0 million and $18.1 million, respectively.

The following tables summarize our debt maturities and principal payments as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025, and market capitalization, capitalization ratios, Adjusted EBITDA, interest coverage, fixed charge coverage and debt ratios as of and for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

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Credit

Facility 1

Term Loan 1

Senior

Unsecured

Notes

Mortgage

Loan

Payable

Total Debt

Thereafter

Subtotal

Unamortized fair value adjustment

Total Debt

Deferred financing costs, net

Total Debt, net

Weighted average interest rate

1 As of February 3, 2026, there were $50.0 million of borrowings outstanding on the revolving credit facility and $400.0 million of borrowings outstanding on the term loans.

As of December 31, 2025

As of December 31, 2024

Total Debt, net

Less: Cash and cash equivalents

Net Debt

Equity

Common Stock

Shares Outstanding 1

Market Price 2

Total Equity

Total Market Capitalization

Total Debt-to-Total Investments in Properties 3

Total Debt-to-Total Market Capitalization 4

Floating Rate Debt as a % of Total Debt 5

Net Income

Adjusted EBITDA 6

Interest Coverage 7

Fixed Charge Coverage 8

Net Debt-to-Adjusted EBITDA 9

Weighted Average Maturity of Total Debt (years)

1 Includes 478,223 and 426,388 shares of unvested restricted stock outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Also includes 527,547 and 497,190 shares held in the Deferred Compensation Plan as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

2 Closing price of a share of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, in dollars per share.

3 Total debt-to-total investments in properties is calculated as total debt, net of deferred financing costs, divided by total investments in properties, including one property held for sale as of December 31, 2025.

4 Total debt-to-total market capitalization is calculated as total debt, net of deferred financing costs, divided by total market capitalization.

5 Floating rate debt as a percentage of total debt is calculated as floating rate debt, net of deferred financing costs, divided by total debt, net of deferred financing costs.

6 Earnings before interest, taxes, gains (losses) from sales of property, depreciation and amortization, acquisition costs and stock-based compensation (“Adjusted EBITDA”) for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

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See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a definition and reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA from net income and a discussion of why we believe Adjusted EBITDA is a useful supplemental measure of our operating performance.

7 Interest coverage is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA divided by interest expense, including amortization. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a definition and reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA from net income and a discussion of why we believe Adjusted EBITDA is a useful supplemental measure of our operating performance.

8 Fixed charge coverage is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA divided by interest expense, including amortization plus capitalized interest. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a definition and reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA from net income and a discussion of why we believe Adjusted EBITDA is a useful supplemental measure of our operating performance.

9 Net debt-to-Adjusted EBITDA is calculated as net debt divided by annualized Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the definitions of Adjusted EBITDA and net debt, a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA from net income and a discussion of why we believe Adjusted EBITDA and net debt are useful supplemental measures of our operating performance.

The following table sets forth the cash dividends paid or payable per share during the years ended December 31, 2025:

For the Three

Months Ended

Security

Dividend per

Declaration Date

Record Date

Date Paid

March 31, 2025

Common Stock

February 4, 2025

March 27, 2025

April 4, 2025

June 30, 2025

Common Stock

May 6, 2025

June 27, 2025

July 11, 2025

September 30, 2025

Common Stock

August 5, 2025

September 29, 2025

October 10, 2025

December 31, 2025

Common Stock

November 4, 2025

December 15, 2025

January 9, 2026

For the Three

Months Ended

Security

Dividend per Share

Declaration Date

Record Date

Date Paid

March 31, 2024

Common Stock

February 6, 2024

March 28, 2024

April 5, 2024

June 30, 2024

Common Stock

May 7, 2024

June 28, 2024

July 12, 2024

September 30, 2024

Common Stock

August 6, 2024

September 30, 2024

October 11, 2024

December 31, 2024

Common Stock

November 5, 2024

December 13, 2024

January 7, 2025

Sources and Uses of Cash

Our principal sources of cash are cash from operations, borrowings under loans payable, draws on our Amended Facility, common and preferred stock issuances, proceeds from property dispositions and issuances of unsecured notes. Our principal uses of cash are asset acquisitions, developments and redevelopments, debt service, capital expenditures, operating costs, corporate overhead costs and common stock dividends.

Cash From Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities totaled approximately $271.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to approximately $232.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase in cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 is primarily attributable to additional cash flows generated from the properties acquired during 2025 and 2024 and increased rents on new and renewed leases at our same store properties.

Cash From Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $452.4 million and $915.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Such amounts consisted primarily of cash paid for property acquisitions of approximately $693.6 million and $814.5 million and additions to capital improvements of approximately $133.4 million and $172.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Such amounts were partially offset by proceeds from sales of real estate investments during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 of approximately $374.6 million and $71.9 million, respectively.

Cash From Financing Activities. Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $187.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, which consisted primarily of approximately $276.9 million in net proceeds from the issuance of common stock, and $422.5 million in revolving credit facility borrowings, partially offset by approximately $203.9 million in equity dividend payments, and repayment of $304.5 million of borrowings on the revolving credit facility. Net cash provided by

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financing activities was approximately $534.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, which consisted primarily of approximately $737.0 million in net proceeds from the issuance of common stock, and $110.0 million in revolving credit facility borrowings, partially offset by approximately $175.0 million in equity dividend payments, repayment of a $100.0 million tranche of the Senior Unsecured Notes, and repayment of $28.0 million of borrowings on the revolving credit facility.

Critical Accounting Policies And Estimates

Below is a discussion of the accounting policies that we believe are critical. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Capitalization of Costs. We capitalize costs directly related to the development, redevelopment, renovation and expansion of our investment in real estate. Costs associated with such projects are capitalized as incurred. If the project is abandoned, these costs are expensed during the period in which the development, redevelopment or expansion project is abandoned. Costs considered for capitalization include, but are not limited to, construction costs, interest, real estate taxes and insurance, if appropriate. These costs are capitalized only during the period in which activities necessary to ready an asset for its intended use are in progress. In the event that the activities to ready the asset for its intended use are suspended, the capitalization period will cease until such activities are resumed. Costs incurred for maintaining and repairing properties, which do not extend their useful lives, are expensed as incurred.

Interest is capitalized based on actual capital expenditures from the period when development, redevelopment, renovation or expansion commences until the asset is ready for its intended use, at the weighted average borrowing rate during the period.

Property Acquisitions. Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business requires that when substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (or disposed of) is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, the integrated set of assets and activities is not considered a business. To be a business, the set of acquired activities and assets must include inputs and one or more substantive processes that together contribute to the ability to create outputs. We have determined that our real estate property acquisitions will generally be accounted for as asset acquisitions under the clarified definition. Upon acquisition of a property we estimate the fair value of acquired tangible assets (consisting generally of land, buildings and improvements) and intangible assets and liabilities (consisting generally of the above and below-market leases and the origination value of all in-place leases). We determine fair values using Level 3 inputs such as replacement cost, estimated cash flow projections and other valuation techniques and applying appropriate discount and capitalization rates based on available market information. Mortgage loans assumed in connection with acquisitions are recorded at their fair value using current market interest rates for similar debt at the date of acquisition. Acquisition-related costs associated with asset acquisitions are capitalized to individual tangible and intangible assets and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis and acquisition-related costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred.

The fair value of the tangible assets is determined by valuing the property as if it were vacant. Land values are derived from current comparative sales values, when available, or management’s estimates of the fair value based on market conditions and the experience of our management team. Building and improvement values are calculated as replacement cost less depreciation, or management’s estimates of the fair value of these assets using discounted cash flow analyses or similar methods. The fair value of the above and below-market leases is based on the present value of the difference between the contractual amounts to be received pursuant to the acquired leases (using a discount rate that reflects the risks associated with the acquired leases) and our estimate of the market lease rates measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the leases plus the term of any below-market fixed rate renewal options. The above and below-market lease values are amortized to rental revenues over the remaining initial term plus the term of any below-market fixed rate renewal options that are considered bargain renewal options of the respective leases. The origination value of in-place leases is based on costs to execute similar leases, including commissions and other related costs. The origination value of in-place leases also includes real estate taxes, insurance and an estimate of lost rental revenue at market rates during the estimated time required to lease up the property from vacant to the occupancy level at the date of acquisition.

Impairment. Carrying values for financial reporting purposes are reviewed for impairment on a property-by-property basis whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a property may not be fully recoverable. Examples of such events or changes in circumstances may include classifying an asset to be held for sale, changing the intended hold period or when an asset remains vacant significantly longer than expected. The intended use of an asset either held for sale or held for use can significantly impact how impairment is measured. If an asset is intended to be held for the long-term, the recoverability is based on the undiscounted future cash flows. If the asset carrying value is not supported on an undiscounted future cash flow basis, then the asset carrying value is measured against the lower of cost or the present value of expected cash

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flows over the expected hold period. An impairment charge to earnings is recognized for the excess of the asset’s carrying value over the lower of cost or the present values of expected cash flows over the expected hold period. If an asset is intended to be sold, impairment is determined using the estimated fair value less costs to sell. The estimation of expected future net cash flows is inherently uncertain and relies on assumptions, among other things, regarding current and future economic and market conditions and the availability of capital. We determine the estimated fair values based on its assumptions regarding rental rates, lease-up and holding periods, as well as sales prices. When available, current market information is used to determine capitalization and rental growth rates. If available, current comparative sales values may also be used to establish fair value. When market information is not readily available, the inputs are based on our understanding of market conditions and the experience of our management team. Actual results could differ significantly from our estimates. The discount rates used in the fair value estimates represent a rate commensurate with the indicated holding period with a premium layered on for risk.

Revenue Recognition. We record rental revenue from operating leases on a straight-line basis over the term of the leases and maintain an allowance for estimated losses that may result from the inability of our tenants to make required payments. If tenants fail to make contractual lease payments that are greater than our allowance for doubtful accounts, security deposits and letters of credit, then we may have to recognize additional doubtful account charges in future periods. We monitor the liquidity and creditworthiness of our tenants on an on-going basis by reviewing their financial condition periodically as appropriate. Each period we review our outstanding accounts receivable, including straight-line rents, for doubtful accounts and provide allowances as needed. We also record lease termination fees when a tenant has executed a definitive termination agreement with us and the payment of the termination fee is not subject to any conditions that must be met or waived before the fee is due to us. If a tenant remains in the leased space following the execution of a definitive termination agreement, the applicable termination will be deferred and recognized over the term of such tenant’s occupancy.

Tenant expense reimbursement income includes payments and amounts due from tenants pursuant to their leases for real estate taxes, insurance and other recoverable property operating expenses and is recognized as revenues during the same period the related expenses are incurred.

Material Cash Commitments

Subsequent to December 31, 2025, as of February 3, 2026, we had three outstanding contracts with third-party sellers to acquire three industrial properties for a total purchase price of approximately $113.2 million. There is no assurance that we will acquire the properties under contracts because the proposed acquisitions are subject to due diligence and various closing conditions.

The following table summarizes our material cash commitments due by period as of December 31, 2025 (dollars in thousands):

Material Cash Commitments

Less than 1

Year

1-3 Years

3-5 Years

More than 5

Years

Total

Debt

Debt interest payments

Operating lease commitments

Material construction contracts

Purchase obligations 1

Total

1 As of February 3, 2026.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We use the following non-GAAP financial measures that we believe are useful to investors as key supplemental measures of our operating performance: funds from operations, or FFO, Adjusted EBITDA, net operating income, or NOI, same store NOI, cash-basis same store NOI and net debt. FFO, Adjusted EBITDA, NOI, same store NOI, cash-basis same store NOI and net debt should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance in accordance with GAAP. Further, our computation of FFO, Adjusted EBITDA, NOI, same store NOI, cash-basis same store NOI and net debt may not be comparable to FFO, Adjusted EBITDA, NOI, same store NOI, cash-basis same store NOI and net debt reported by other companies.

We compute FFO in accordance with standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit”), which defines FFO as net income (loss) (determined in accordance with GAAP), excluding gains (losses) from sales of property and impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate, plus depreciation and amortization on real estate assets and

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after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures (which are calculated to reflect FFO on the same basis). We believe that presenting FFO provides useful information to investors regarding our operating performance because it is a measure of our operations without regard to specified non-cash items, such as real estate depreciation and amortization and gain or loss on sale of assets.

We believe that FFO is a meaningful supplemental measure of our operating performance because historical cost accounting for real estate assets in accordance with GAAP implicitly assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, many industry investors and analysts have considered the presentation of operating results for real estate companies that use historical cost accounting alone to be insufficient. As a result, we believe that the use of FFO, together with the required GAAP presentations, provide a more complete understanding of our operating performance.

The following table reflects the calculation of FFO reconciled from net income for the three months and years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands except per share data):

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For the Three Months Ended December 31,

$ Change

% Change

$ Change

% Change

Net income

Gain on sales of real estate investments

Depreciation and amortization

Non-real estate depreciation

Allocation to participating securities 1

FFO attributable to common stockholders

Basic FFO per common share

Diluted FFO per common share

Basic weighted average common shares outstanding

Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding

For the Year Ended December 31,

$ Change

% Change

$ Change

% Change

Net income

Gain on sales of real estate investments

Depreciation and amortization

Non-real estate depreciation

Allocation to participating securities 1

FFO attributable to common stockholders

Basic FFO per common share

Diluted FFO per common share

Basic weighted average common shares outstanding

Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding

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1 To be consistent with our policies of determining whether instruments granted in share-based payment transactions are participating securities and accounting for earnings per share, the FFO per common share is adjusted for FFO distributed through declared dividends (if any) and allocated to all participating securities (weighted average common shares outstanding and unvested restricted shares outstanding) under the two-class method. Under this method, allocations were made to 476,627, 426,670 and 419,230 of weighted average unvested restricted shares outstanding for the three months ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and 455,244, 429,748 and 393,059 of weighted average unvested restricted shares outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

FFO increased by approximately $24.5 million and $52.9 million for the three months and year ended December 31, 2025, respectively, compared to the same periods from the prior year due primarily to property acquisitions during 2024 and 2025 as well as same store NOI growth of approximately $20.9 million and $30.3 million for the three months and year ended December 31, 2025, respectively, compared to the same periods from the prior year. The increase in FFO was partially due to lease termination income of approximately $12.6 million and $13.1 million for the three months and year ended December 31, 2025, respectively. The increase in lease termination revenue was primarily due to lease terminations which occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2025 of $13.8 million. In connection with the lease terminations, we also recorded a net increase in revenue of approximately $5.8 million from the write-off of the below market leases, net of straight-line rent write-offs. The increase in lease termination revenue was partially offset by a $1.3 million termination fee we paid as part of a lease buy out at two properties. The combined net impact of lease terminations during the three months ended December 31, 2025 was approximately $18.4 million. The FFO increase was partially offset by increased weighted average common shares outstanding and increased general and administrative expenses due to increased restricted stock amortization and other compensation expenses, including an increase in LTIP expense and an increase in the number of employees and salaries for the three months and year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the same periods from the prior year. The increase in FFO was partially offset by approximately $3.8 million and $7.8 million of bad debt expense and straight-line rent write-offs for terminated leases for the three months and year ended December 31, 2025. Bad debt expense for the three months and year ended December 31, 2025 was approximately $2.0 million and $5.6 million, respectively.

We compute Adjusted EBITDA as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, gain on sales of real estate investments, acquisition costs and stock-based compensation. We believe that presenting Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors regarding our operating performance because it is a measure of our operations on an unleveraged basis before the effects of tax, gain (loss) on sales of real estate investments, non-cash depreciation and amortization expense, acquisition costs and stock-based compensation. By excluding interest expense, Adjusted EBITDA allows investors to measure our operating performance independent of our capital structure and indebtedness and, therefore, allows for more meaningful comparison of our operating performance between quarters and other interim periods as well as annual periods and for the comparison of our operating performance to that of other companies, both in the real estate industry and in other industries. As we are currently in a growth phase, acquisition costs are excluded from Adjusted EBITDA to allow for the comparison of our operating performance to that of stabilized companies.

The following table reflects the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA reconciled from net income for the three months and years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

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For the Three Months Ended December 31,

$ Change

% Change

$ Change

% Change

Net income

Gain on sales of real estate investments

Depreciation and amortization

Interest expense, including amortization

Stock-based compensation

Acquisition costs and other

Adjusted EBITDA

For the Year Ended December 31,

$ Change

% Change

$ Change

% Change

Net income

Gain on sales of real estate investments

Depreciation and amortization

Interest expense, including amortization

Stock-based compensation

Acquisition costs

Adjusted EBITDA

We compute NOI as rental revenues, including tenant expense reimbursements, less property operating expenses. We compute same store NOI as rental revenues, including tenant expense reimbursements, less property operating expenses on a same store basis. NOI excludes depreciation, amortization, general and administrative expenses, acquisition costs and interest expense, including amortization. We compute cash-basis same store NOI as same store NOI excluding straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles. The same store pool includes all properties that were owned and in operation as of December 31, 2025 and since January 1, 2024 and excludes properties that were either disposed of prior to, held for sale to a third party or in development or redevelopment as of December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, the same store pool consisted of 236 buildings aggregating approximately 14.1 million square feet representing approximately 71.1% of our total square feet owned and 42 improved land parcels containing approximately 142.5 acres representing approximately 96.9% of our total acreage owned. The same store pool for the comparison of the three months and years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 includes all properties that were owned and in operation as of December 31, 2024 and since January 1, 2023 and excludes properties that were either disposed of prior to, held for sale to a third-party or in development or redevelopment as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the same store pool consisted of 242 buildings aggregating approximately 14.5 million square feet representing approximately 75.5% of our total square feet owned and 44 improved land parcels containing approximately 139.5 acres representing approximately 92.6% of our total acreage owned. We believe that presenting NOI, same store NOI and cash-basis same store NOI provides useful information to investors regarding the operating performance of our properties because NOI excludes certain items that are not considered to be controllable in connection with the management of the properties, such as depreciation, amortization, general and administrative expenses, acquisition costs and interest expense. By presenting same store NOI and cash-basis same store NOI, the operating results on a same store basis are directly comparable from period to period.

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The following table reflects the calculation of NOI, same store NOI and cash-basis same store NOI reconciled from net income for the three months and years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

For the Three Months Ended December 31,

$ Change

% Change

$ Change

% Change

Net income 1

Depreciation and amortization

General and administrative

Acquisition costs and other

Total other income and expenses

Net operating income

Less non-same store NOI

Same store NOI

Less straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles 6

Cash-basis same store NOI

Less termination fee income

Cash-basis same store NOI excluding termination fees

1 Includes approximately $12.9 million, $0.2 million and $0.2 million of lease termination income for the three months ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

2 Includes 2025 and 2024 acquisitions and dispositions, four improved land parcels, six properties under development or redevelopment and one building held for sale as of December 31, 2025.

3 Includes 2024 and 2023 acquisitions and dispositions, three improved land parcels consisting of approximately 11.1 acres, six properties under development or redevelopment, approximately 22.4 acres of land for future development and one building held for sale as of December 31, 2024.

4 Includes $12.6 million and $0.2 million of lease termination income for the three months ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

5 Includes $0.2 million of lease termination income for the both three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

6 Includes straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles for the same store pool only.

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For the Year Ended December 31,

$ Change

% Change

$ Change

% Change

Net income 1

Depreciation and amortization

General and administrative

Acquisition costs and other

Total other income and expenses

Net operating income

Less non-same store NOI

Same store NOI

Less straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles 6

Cash-basis same store NOI

Less termination fee income

Cash-basis same store NOI excluding termination fees

1 Includes approximately $13.6 million, $0.7 million and $0.6 million of lease termination income for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

2 Includes 2025 and 2024 acquisitions and dispositions, four improved land parcels, six properties under development or redevelopment and one building held for sale as of December 31, 2025.

4 Includes $13.1 million and $0.7 million of lease termination income for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

5 Includes approximately $0.7 million and $0.4 million of lease termination income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

6 Includes straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles for the same store pool only.

Cash-basis same store NOI increased by approximately $14.7 million for the three months ended December 31, 2025 compared to the same period from the prior year primarily due to increased rental revenue on new and renewed leases and contractual rent increases on pre-existing leases. For the three months ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, total contractual rent abatements of approximately $2.6 million and $1.4 million, respectively, were given to certain tenants in the same store pool and approximately $12.6 million and $0.2 million, respectively, in lease termination income was received from certain tenants in the same store pool. The increase in lease termination revenue was primarily due to a lease termination which occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2025 of $13.5 million, partially offset by a $1.3 million termination fee we paid as part of a lease buy out at two properties. Approximately $0.2 million of the increase in cash-basis same store NOI for the three months ended December 31, 2025 related to properties that were acquired vacant or with near term expirations in 2024. Additionally, during the three months ended December 31, 2025, we gave contractual rent abatements of approximately $1.5 million (approximately 260 bps) to tenants with new leases at our Manhattan, Countyline Building 30 and Morton properties. The aggregate rent change for these leases is approximately 76.1%.

Cash-basis same store NOI increased by approximately $26.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily due to increased rental revenue on new and renewed leases and contractual rent increases on pre-existing leases. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, total contractual rent abatements of approximately $6.1 million and $3.9 million, respectively, were given to certain tenants in the same-store pool. For both the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, approximately $13.1 million in lease termination income was received from certain tenants in the

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same store pool. The increase in lease termination revenue was primarily due to a lease termination which occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2025 of $13.5 million, partially offset by a $1.3 million termination fee we paid as part of a lease buy out at two properties. In addition, approximately $1.1 million of the increase in cash-basis same store NOI for the year ended December 31, 2025 related to properties that were acquired vacant or with near term expirations in 2024.

We compute net debt as total debt, less deferred financing costs and cash and cash equivalents. We believe that presenting net debt provides useful information to investors regarding our ability to repay our outstanding consolidated indebtedness. See “Debt Sources of Liquidity” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a reconciliation of net debt from total debt.

Terreno Realty Corp

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