Insiders ranked by realized 90-day signed return on their open-market trades at Tempur Sealy International, Inc.. Minimum 3 scored trades. Returns are signed - a sale followed by a rally counts against the insider.
Year-over-year tone shift - average net-tone change across Risk Factors and MD&A vs the prior 10-K. This filing is -0.16pp more bearish than last year's.
Why YoY instead of absolute: the LM lexicon has ~6.6× more negative words than positive (legal/risk-disclosure language is heavy on hedging), so every 10-K reads bearish on raw tone. Year-over-year change strips that bias and surfaces the actual shift in management's framing.
Tone shift by section
The two components the gauge averages: how Risk Factors and MD&A each shifted in net tone versus last year's 10-K. The headline above is their average, so a green needle over a soft section just means the other section carried it.
Real-time Form 4 intelligence. Smarter insider tracking.
Flat
Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
MD&A
-0.30pp
Flat
Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
Per-snippet highlights
Sentence-level sentiment highlighting with category and subcategory filters is coming once the snippet-scoring pipeline lands. For now, dig into the actual section text on the Sections tab.
Language change vs prior 10-K
Risk Factors (Item 1A) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase
Negative rising
negatively+2
inability+2
unable+1
failure+1
harm+1
Positive rising
success+1
easy+1
advantages+1
Risk Factors (Item 1A)
6,553 words
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
The following risk factors and other information included in this Report should be carefully considered. Please also see "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" on page 3 .
Risks related to our Business and Economic Environment
We operate in a highly competitive industry and if we are unable to compete successfully, we may lose customers and our sales may decline.
Participants in the mattress and pillow industries compete primarily on price, quality, brand name recognition, product availability and product performance across a range of distribution channels.
A number of our significant competitors offer mattress and pillow products that compete directly with our products. The effectiveness of our competition relative to our performance, including by established manufacturers or new entrants into the market, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and/or operating results. For example, market participants continue to improve their channels of distribution to optimize their reach to the consumer, including by pursuing online direct-to-consumer models. In addition, retailers in the U.S. and internationally have integrated vertically in the furniture and bedding industries, and it is possible that such vertical integration may provide conditions that would impact our net sales and results of operations. The pillow industry in particular is characterized by a large number of competitors, none of which is dominant. As such, conditions that substantially increase a single participant's market share could be to our financial performance. The highly competitive nature of the mattress and pillow industries means we are continually subject to the risk of of market share, of significant customers, reductions in margins and the to acquire new customers.
Language change vs prior 10-K
MD&A (Item 7) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase
Negative rising
divestiture+10
impairment+8
restructuring+6
loss+5
deficit+3
Positive rising
opportunity+3
improvement+1
opportunities+1
enhances+1
profitability+1
MD&A (Item 7)
10,775 words
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes thereto included elsewhere in this Report. Unless otherwise noted, all of the financial information in this Report is consolidated financial information for the Company, including Mattress Firm's financial results for the period February 5, 2025 through December 31, 2025 (the "stub period"). The forward-looking statements in this discussion regarding the mattress and pillow industries, our expectations regarding our future performance, liquidity and capital resources and other non-historical statements in this discussion are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties. See "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and Part I, ITEM 1A of this Report. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. For results of operations comparisons relating to years ending December 31, 2024 and 2023, refer to our annual report on Form 10-K, Part II, ITEM 7: Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2025.
In this discussion and analysis, we discuss and explain the consolidated financial condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, including the following topics:
• an overview of our business and strategy;
• results of operations, including our net sales and costs in the periods presented as well as changes between periods;
Loss of suppliers and disruptions in the supply of our raw materials and components has increased and may continue to increase our costs of sales and reduce our ability to compete effectively.
We acquire raw materials and components from a number of suppliers with manufacturing locations around the world. If we were unable to obtain raw materials and components from these suppliers for any reason, we would have to find replacement suppliers. Any substitute arrangements for raw materials and components might not be on terms as favorable to us. We maintain relatively small supplies of our raw materials and components at our manufacturing facilities, and any disruption in the shipment of supplies could interrupt production of our products, which in turn could result in a decrease of our sales or could cause an increase in our cost of sales, either of which could decrease our liquidity and profitability.
If a key supplier for an applicable component failed to supply components in the amount we require, this could significantly interrupt production of our products and increase our production costs in the near term. We have experienced and may continue to experience disruptions for a variety of reasons, including disruptions in international trade routes, changes in international trade duties and other aspects of international trade policy, labor shortages, natural disasters or climate change-related events (including severe weather events), pandemics and political events. If we are not able to successfully mitigate such supply chain risks, we could experience disruptions in production or increased costs, which may result in a decrease in our gross margin or reduced sales, and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Changes in economic conditions, including inflationary trends in the price of our input costs, such as raw materials, due to, among other things, current geopolitical events, have adversely affected our business and financial results and could continue to do so in the future.
The bedding industry is subject to volatility in the price of petroleum-based and steel products, which affects the cost of polyurethane foam, polyester and steel innerspring component parts. The price and availability of these raw materials are subject to market conditions affecting supply and demand. Given the significance of the cost of these materials to our products, volatility in the prices of the underlying commodities has and will significantly affect profitability.
The global economy continues to experience high rates of inflation, and inflationary pressure and price uncertainty may continue in 2026. We have experienced, and may continue to experience, volatility and increases in the price of certain of these raw materials as a result of global market and supply chain disruptions and the broader inflationary environment related to the ongoing macroeconomic conditions. Interest rates remain relatively high and may continue to remain at such levels. To the extent we are unable to absorb higher costs, or pass any such higher costs to our customers, our gross margin could be negatively affected, which could result in a decrease in our liquidity and profitability. In addition, monetary policies to counter inflation could negatively affect our borrowing costs and those of our customers and suppliers, as well as exchange rates and other macroeconomic factors.
Geopolitical developments, such as trade wars, the war in Ukraine conflicts in the Middle East (including disruptions to the Red Sea passage), have adversely impacted and could continue to adversely impact, among other things, our raw material, energy and transportation costs, certain of our suppliers, distributors, customers and local markets, global and local macroeconomic conditions and cause further supply chain disruptions (including by delaying the delivery times of raw materials needed for our business or our products to customers).
The Company may not realize the benefits it expects from the Mattress Firm Acquisition or acquisitions or other strategic transactions it may pursue in the future.
From time to time, the Company considers and may make acquisitions, such as our acquisition of Mattress Firm. The success of such acquisitions will depend upon a number of factors, some of which may not be within our control. For example, the success of our acquisition of Mattress Firm depends, in large part, on our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from combining our businesses. Our ability to realize these anticipated benefits depends on the successful integration of Mattress Firm with our businesses, which has been complex and time-consuming. This integration has involved numerous operational, strategic, financial, accounting, legal, tax and other risks, including liabilities assumed with the Mattress Firm Acquisition. Difficulties in combining the business of Mattress Firm and our ability to manage the combined company may result in the combined company performing differently than expected, in operational challenges or in the delay or failure to realize anticipated expense-related operating synergies and could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results.
Potential difficulties that may be encountered in the acquisition and merger process include, among other factors:
• the inability to obtain financing for potential acquisitions;
• delays in closing or the inability to close an acquisition for any reason, including third-party consents or approvals;
• the inability to successfully merge the acquired business, operationally and culturally, in a manner that permits us to achieve the financial results anticipated;
• the inability to deliver on our strategy as a combined company;
• complexities associated with managing a larger, more complex business, including the potential diversion of management's attention;
• not realizing anticipated operating synergies;
• the inability to retain key employees and otherwise combine personnel from the acquired companies;
• potential unknown liabilities and unforeseen expenses;
• merging relationships with customers, suppliers, distributors and business partners;
• performance shortfalls at one or any of the companies as a result of the diversion of management's attention caused by merging the acquired business' operations; and
• the disruption of, or the loss of momentum in, each company's ongoing business or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies.
We could also issue a significant number of shares of our common stock in the future in connection with acquisitions. Any of these issuances could dilute our existing stockholders, and such dilution could be significant. Moreover, such dilution could have a material adverse effect on the market price for the shares of our common stock.
In addition, in connection with the acquisition of Mattress Firm, we have committed to maintain a merchandising plan that provides 43% of horizontal premium ($1,500+) floor slots for the placement of third-party premium mattresses. Failure to comply with this commitment could result in legal or administrative proceedings, such as regulatory action or private litigation, and could harm our business, reputation and financial condition.
Risks related to operating our business
The performance of our business depends on our ability to implement strategic initiatives and actions taken to increase sales growth may not be effective.
The performance of our business depends upon a number of factors, including the following:
• our ability to continuously improve our products to offer new and enhanced consumer benefits and better quality;
• the ability of our current and future product launches to increase net sales;
• the effectiveness of our advertising campaigns and other marketing programs to build product and brand awareness, driving traffic to our distribution channels and increasing sales;
• our ability to successfully launch new products;
• our ability to compete in the mattress and pillow industry;
• our ability to continue to expand into new distribution channels and optimize our existing channels;
• our ability to continue to successfully execute our strategic initiatives;
• our ability to manage growth and limit cannibalization associated with new or expanded supply agreements;
• our ability to reduce costs, including the level of consumer acceptance of our products at optimal price points;
• our ability to successfully mitigate the impact of headwinds facing our business, including increased commodity prices and the influx of low-end, imported beds that compete with certain of our products;
• our ability to pursue, successfully integrate and capture the synergies from potential acquisition opportunities;
• general economic factors that impact consumer confidence, disposable income or the availability of consumer financing; and
• our ability to successfully open new stores and profitably operate existing stores.
Our new product launches may not be successful due to development delays, failure of new products to achieve anticipated levels of market acceptance and significant costs associated with failed product introductions, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
Each year we invest significant time and resources in research and development to improve our product offerings and launch new products. For example, in 2026, we plan to launch an all-new collection of Stearns & Foster products in North America, and in 2025, we launched an all-new collection of Sealy Posturepedic® products in North America. This all-new collection of Stearns & Foster products is designed to further elevate our high‑end traditional innerspring brand by introducing incremental technologies, expanding our range of hybrid offerings, and providing a refreshed aesthetic. This reinvention of the Sealy Posturepedic® brand is strategically aimed at reigniting growth in the mid-to-entry level market, which has experienced outsized pressures relative to other price points in recent years. The new collection incorporates innovative technologies, including our proprietary PrecisionFit™ coils that deliver superior support and exceptional comfort.
There are a number of risks that are inherent in our new product line introductions, including that the anticipated level of market acceptance may not be realized, which could negatively impact our sales. Further, introduction costs and manufacturing inefficiencies may be greater than anticipated, while the rollout of the product could be delayed, each of which could impact profitability.
We rely significantly on IT and we have experienced, and in the future could experience, cyber-based attacks which have and in the future could harm our ability to effectively operate our business.
We rely on IT systems to operate and manage our business and to process, maintain and safeguard information essential to our business as well as information relating to third-parties, including our customers, suppliers and employees. These systems are vulnerable to events beyond our reasonable control, including cyberattacks and security breaches. Such events have resulted, and in the future could result, in operational slowdowns, shutdowns or other difficulties; loss of sales, revenues or market share; compromise or loss of sensitive or proprietary information, including the misappropriation of our customers' or employees' personal information; destruction or corruption of data, including valuable business data; costs of remediation, upgrades, repair or recovery; breaches of obligations to third parties under privacy laws or contracts; exhaustion of insurance coverage and increased insurance premiums; fines or lawsuits; or other damage to our reputation or customer relationships; each of which, depending on the extent or duration of the event, could materially and adversely impact our business, operating results or financial condition.
We have been, and may in the future be, subject to cybersecurity incidents. As these attacks increase and become more sophisticated, the risks associated with such an event continue to increase, particularly as our digital business footprint expands. Our security measures and internal controls are designed to protect personal data, business information, including intellectual property, and other confidential information, to prevent data loss, and to prevent or detect security breaches. However, such measures and controls do not provide absolute security in preventing these cybersecurity events from occurring, particularly given that techniques used to access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently.
Moreover, we rely on third-party technology service providers in ordinary course operations of our Direct channel, such as website hosting, payment systems and digital advertising. Our third-party service providers may be victims to cybersecurity events from time to time, and failure to prevent, detect or remediate such events may disrupt our operations and could cause financial or reputational harm, including if insurance coverage is insufficient to cover all losses or all types of claims that may arise.
Cybersecurity events and breaches of our network or databases, or those of our third-party providers, have resulted and may in the future result in the risks discussed herein.
Furthermore, we are subject to a constantly evolving regulatory landscape of laws and regulations relating to IT security and personal data protection and privacy, including but not limited to the EU's GDPR and the CCPA, each of which have imposed new and expanded compliance requirements on companies, including us, that process personal data from citizens living in applicable jurisdictions. Any failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations relating to data security and privacy, due to various factors within or outside of our control, could result in costlyinvestigations from regulators and litigation, expose us to potentially significant penalties and result in negative publicity that could damage our reputation and credibility.
Deterioration in labor relations could disrupt our business operations and increase our costs, which could decrease our liquidity and profitability.
As of December 31, 2025, we had over 19,000 full-time employees. Our joint ventures also employ over 1,500 full-time employees. Approximately 14.7% of our employees are represented by various labor unions with separate collective bargaining agreements or government labor union contracts for certain international locations. Our North American collective bargaining agreements, which are typically three years in length, expire at various times during any given three-year period. Due to the large number of collective bargaining agreements, we are periodically in negotiations with certain of the unions representing our employees. We may at some point be subject to work stoppages by some of our employees and, if such events were to occur, there may be a material adverse effect on our operations and profitability. Further, we may not be able to renew our various collective bargaining agreements on a timely basis or on favorable terms, or at all. Any significant increase in our labor costs could decrease our liquidity and profitability and any deterioration of employee relations, slowdowns or work stoppages at any of our locations, whether due to union activities, employee turnover or otherwise, could result in a decrease in our net sales or an increase in our costs, either of which could decrease our liquidity and profitability.
We may face exposure to product liability claims and premises liability claims, which could reduce our liquidity and profitability and reduce consumer confidence in our products.
We face an inherent business risk of exposure to product liability claims if the use of any of our products results in personal injury or property damage. In the event that any of our products prove to be defective or otherwise fail to meet safety standards, we may be required to recall, redesign or even discontinue those products. We maintain insurance against product liability claims, but such coverage may not continue to be available on terms acceptable to us or be adequate for liabilities actually incurred. A successful claim brought against us in excess of available insurance coverage could impair our liquidity and profitability, and any claim or product recall that results in significant adverse publicity against us could result in consumers purchasing fewer of our products, which would also impair our liquidity and profitability.
We also face inherent business risks by operating physical stores that are open to the public. By opening retail stores, we have increased our exposure to premises liability claims. We maintain insurance against premises liability claims, but such coverage may not continue to be available on terms acceptable to us or be adequate for liabilities actually incurred.
If we are not able to protect our trade secrets or maintain our trademarks, patents and other intellectual property, we may not be able to prevent competitors from developing similar products or from marketing in a manner that capitalizes on our intellectual property rights, and this loss of a competitive advantage could decrease our profitability and liquidity.
We rely on patents and trade secrets to protect the design, technology and function of our products. To date, we have not sought U.S. or international patent protection for our principal product formula for Tempur® material and certain of our manufacturing processes. Accordingly, we may not be able to prevent others from developing certain visco-elastic material and products that are similar to or competitive with our products. Our ability to compete effectively with other companies also depends, to a significant extent, on our ability to maintain the proprietary nature of our owned and licensed intellectual property. We own a significant number of patents or have patent applications pending on some aspects of our products and certain manufacturing processes. However, the principal product formula and manufacturing processes for our Tempur® material are not patented and we must maintain these as trade secrets in order to protect this intellectual property. We own U.S. and foreign registered trademarks and service marks and have applications for the registration of trademarks and service marks pending domestically and abroad. We also license certain intellectual property rights from third parties.
Certain of our trademarks are currently registered in the U.S. and are registered or pending in foreign jurisdictions. Certain other trademarks are the subject of protection under common law. However, there can be no assurance that the steps we take to protect our trademarks in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions will be adequate to prevent third parties from copying or using our trademarks, including our retail and product brands, without authorization. Our rights to our trademarks could be circumvented, or violate the proprietary rights of others, or we could be prevented from using them if challenged. A challenge to our use of our trademarks could result in a negative ruling regarding our use of our trademarks, their validity or their enforceability, or could prove expensive and time consuming in terms of legal costs and time spent defendingagainst such a challenge. Any loss of trademark protection could result in a decrease in sales or cause us to spend additional amounts on marketing, either of which could decrease our liquidity and profitability. We have made and continue to make significant investments to promote our retail and product brands. For example, in 2025, we launched a new "Sleep Easy" advertising campaign to promote our Mattress Firm retail brand. If our brands are copied or used without authorization, we may be unable to realize the benefits of such investments, and the value of our brands, their reputation, our competitive advantages and our goodwill could be harmed. In addition, if we incur significant costs defending our brands and other trademarks, our liquidity and profitability could be adversely affected, and we may not have the financial resources necessary to enforce or defend our brands and other trademarks. Furthermore, our patents may not provide meaningful protection and patents may never issue from pending applications. It is also possible that others could bring claims of infringementagainst us, as our principal product formula and manufacturing processes are not patented, and that any licenses protecting our intellectual property could be terminated. If we are unable to maintain the proprietary nature of our intellectual property and our significant current or proposed products, this loss of a competitive advantage could result in decreased sales or increased operating costs, either of which would decrease our liquidity and profitability.
In addition, the laws of certain foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property rights and confidential information to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. or the EU. Third parties, including competitors, may assert intellectual property infringement or invalidityclaimsagainst us that could be upheld. Intellectual property litigation, which could result in substantial cost to and diversion of effort by us, may be necessary to protect our trade secrets or proprietary technology, or for us to defendagainst claimed infringement of the rights of others and to determine the scope and validity of others' proprietary rights. We may not prevail in any such litigation, and if we are unsuccessful, we may not be able to obtain any necessary licenses on reasonable terms or at all.
The loss of the services of any members of our executive management team could impair our ability to execute our business strategy and as a result, reduce our sales and profitability.
We depend on the continued services of our executive management team. Our executive team's leadership experience provides us with a competitive advantage, as the team sets clear initiatives for the organization and enhances high-performing teams by empowering them to act quickly, especially during challenging periods. The loss of key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our ability to execute our business strategy and on our financial condition and results of operations. We do not maintain key-person insurance for members of our executive management team.
Regulatory, Legal and Financial Risks
We may be adversely affected by fluctuations in exchange rates, which could affect our results of operations, the costs of our products and our ability to sell our products in foreign markets.
Approximately 20.6% of our net sales were generated outside of the U.S. in 2025. We conduct our business in a wide variety of currencies and are therefore subject to market risk relating to changes in foreign exchange rates. If the U.S. dollar strengthens relative to the Euro or other foreign currencies where we have operations, for example, there will be a negative impact on our operating results upon translation of those foreign operating results into the U.S. dollar. In 2025, foreign currency exchange rate changes negatively impacted our net income by approximately 1.1% and negatively impacted adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, by approximately 0.4%. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates could have an adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Except for the use of foreign exchange forwards contracts described immediately below, we do not hedge the translation of foreign currency operating results into the U.S. dollar.
We use foreign exchange forward contracts to manage a portion of the exposure to the risk of the eventual net cash inflows and outflows resulting from foreign currency denominated transactions among certain subsidiaries. These hedging transactions may not succeed or may be only partially successful in managing our foreign currency exchange rate risk.
Refer to "Management's Discussion and Analysis" included in Part II, ITEM 7 of this Report and "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" included in Part II, ITEM 7A of this Report for further discussion on the impact of foreign exchange rates on our operations.
Our leverage affects how we manage our business and may limit our flexibility.
We operate in the ordinary course of our business with a certain amount of leverage, including debt incurred to close the acquisition of Mattress Firm on February 5, 2025. Our degree of leverage could have important consequences, such as:
• increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic, industry or competitive developments;
• requiring a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, thereby reducing our ability to use our cash flow to fund our operations, capital expenditures and other business opportunities;
• making it more difficult for us to satisfy the obligations related to our indebtedness;
• restricting us from making strategic acquisitions or investments or causing us to make non-strategic divestitures;
• limiting our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, product development, debt service requirements, acquisitions and general corporate or other purposes;
• limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business or the industry in which we operate;
• exposing us to variability in interest rates, as a substantial portion of our indebtedness is and will be at variable rates; and
• limiting our ability to return capital to our stockholders, including through share repurchases and dividends.
In addition, the instruments governing our debt contain customary financial and other restrictive covenants, which limit our operating flexibility and could prevent us from taking advantage of business opportunities and reduce our flexibility to respond to changing business and economic conditions. Failure to comply with our debt covenants may result in a default or event of default under the related credit document. If such default or event of default is not cured or waived, as applicable, we may sufferadverse effects on our operations, business or financial condition, including acceleration of the maturity date of all amounts outstanding under our debt facilities. For further discussion regarding our debt covenants and compliance and the acquisition of Mattress Firm, refer to "Management's Discussion and Analysis" included in Part II, ITEM 7 of this Report, Note 6, "Debt," and Note 3, "Acquisitions and Divestitures," in our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, ITEM 8 of this Report.
We are subject to risks from our international operations, such as complying with U.S. and foreign laws, foreign exchange exposure, tariffs, increased costs, political risks, geopolitical conflicts and our ability to expand in certain international markets, which could impair our ability to compete and our profitability.
We are a global company, selling our products in approximately 100 countries worldwide. We generated approximately 20.6% of our net sales outside of the U.S. in the year ended December 31, 2025. We operate through multiple wholly owned subsidiaries and we also participate in international license and joint venture arrangements with independent third parties.
Our international operations are subject to the customary risks of operating in an international environment, including complying with U.S. laws affecting operations outside of the U.S., such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; complying with foreign laws and regulations, including disparate anti-corruption laws and regulations; and the potential imposition of trade or foreign exchange restrictions, tariffs and other tax increases, inflation, unstable political situations, labor issues and geopolitical conflicts (including the war in Ukraine and conflicts in the Middle East). We are also limited in our ability to independently expand in certain international markets where we have granted licenses to manufacture and sell Sealy® bedding products. Fluctuations in the rate of exchange between currencies in which we do business may affect our financial condition or results of operations.
Changes in international trade duties and other aspects of international trade policy, both in the U.S. and abroad, could materially impact our business. In particular, the imposition of new tariffs or increases in existing tariffs on products imported from countries where our suppliers operate increase the costs for raw materials and finished goods. These cost increases reduce our margins and may require us to raise prices, or make our products less competitive in the marketplace. In addition, other countries may change their business and trade policies in anticipation of or in response to increased import tariffs and other changes in trade policy and regulations already enacted or that may be enacted in the future. If we are unable to mitigate these risks through supply chain adjustments, pricing strategies or other measures, our financial performance and growth prospects could be negatively affected.
We are subject to various regulatory requirements, including, but not limited to, trade, environmental, health and safety requirements, any violation of which may require costly expenditures and expose us to liability.
We, and our products, are subject to extensive regulation in the U.S. by various federal, state and local regulatory authorities, including the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC"), the Consumer Product Safety Commission ("CPSC") and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and by similar international regulatory regimes, including the EU's General Product Safety Regulation. We are subject to various health and environmental provisions, such as California Proposition 65 (the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986) and in our international jurisdictions we are subject to the medical devices regulatory authorities such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency ("MHRA") and the International Chamber of Commerce Advertising and Marketing Communications Code. We are subject to laws and regulations both in the U.S. and internationally, relating to pollution, recycling, environmental protection and occupational health and safety, such as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, and Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals ("REACH"), amongst others. As a manufacturer of bedding and related products, we are subject to regulations governing the environment. Any violation or failure to comply with any of these regulatory requirements may result in liability exposure and costly expenditures to remediate or pay for liabilities. For example, if a release of hazardous substances occurs on or from our properties or any associated offsite disposal location, or if contamination from prior activities is discovered at any of our properties, we may be held liable if there has been a violation of the regulatory requirement, and the amount of such liability could be material. Further, any of the rules and regulatory requirements we are subject to may change from time to time, or may conflict. For example, our operations could be impacted by a number of pending legislative and regulatory proposals to address greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. and other countries, including the Kyoto Protocol.
We may not be in complete compliance with any such requirements, or at all times, and though we have made and will continue to make expenditures to comply with these regulatory requirements, violation of any of them or failure to comply could expose us to liability, subject us to monetary liabilities and could harm our business, reputation and financial condition.
Our pension plans are currently underfunded and we may be required to make cash payments to the plans, reducing our available cash.
We contribute to multi-employer pension plans according to collective bargaining agreements that cover certain union-represented employees. Participating in these multi-employer plans exposes us to potential liabilities if the multi-employer plan is unable to pay its underfunded obligations or we trigger a withdrawal event. The withdrawal liability is an exit fee for employers who cease contributions to multi-employer defined benefit pension plans with unfunded vested benefits. We participate in several plans which are in the Red Zone for 2025. A plan is in the Red Zone (Critical) if it has a current funded percentage of less than 65.0%. The following risks of participating in these multi-employer plans differ from single employer pension plan risks:
• Employer contributions to a multi-employer plan may be used to provide benefits to employees of other participating employers.
• If a participating employer stops contributing to a multi-employer plan, the remaining participating employers assume the unfunded obligations of the plan.
• If the multi-employer plan becomes significantly underfunded or is unable to pay its benefits, we may be required to contribute additional amounts in excess of the rate required by the collective bargaining agreements.
For more information, refer to Note 8, "Retirement Plans," in our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, ITEM 8 of this Report.
Challenges to our pricing or promotional allowance policies or practices could adversely affect our operations .
Certain of our retail pricing and promotional allowance policies or practices are subject to antitrust and consumer protection regulations in the U.S. and abroad. If regulators or private parties in any jurisdiction in which we do business initiate investigations or claims that challenge our pricing or promotional allowance policies or practices, our efforts to respond could force us to divert management resources and we could incur significant unanticipated costs. If such an investigation or claim were to result in a charge that our practices or policies were in violation of applicable antitrust, consumer protection or other laws or regulations, we could be subject to significant additional costs of defending such charges in a variety of venues and, ultimately, if there were a finding that we were in violation of antitrust, consumer protection or other laws or regulations, there could be an imposition of fines, and damages for persons injured, as well as injunctive or other relief. Any requirement that we pay fines or damages (which, under the laws of certain jurisdictions, may be trebled) could decrease our liquidity and profitability, and any investigation or claim that requires significant management attention or causes us to change our business practices could disrupt our operations or increase our costs, also resulting in a decrease in our liquidity and profitability. An antitrust or consumer protection class action or individual suit against us could result in potential liabilities, substantial costs, treble damages and the diversion of our management's attention and resources, regardless of the outcome.
Climate change and related environmental issues could have a material adverse impact on us.
Climate-related events, such as an increase in frequency and severity of storms, floods, wildfires, droughts, hurricanes, freezing conditions and other natural disasters, may have a long-term impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, such climate-related events could result in, among other things, physical damage to and complete or partial closure of one or more of our facilities, temporary or long-term disruption in the supply of products, increased insurance costs or loss of coverage, legal liability and reputational harm. While we seek to mitigate our business risks associated with climate events, we recognize that there are inherent climate-related risks regardless of where we conduct our business. Current or future insurance arrangements may not provide protection for costs that may arise from such events, particularly if such events are catastrophic in nature or occur in combination.
Further, the long-term effects of climate change on general economic conditions and the mattress and pillow industries in particular are unclear, and changes in the supply, demand or available sources of energy and the regulatory and other costs associated with energy production and other impacts of climate-related events may affect the availability or cost of goods and services, including natural resources and raw materials, necessary to run our business. While we continue to focus on strategies and systems to address the long-term risks posed by climate change, such as reducing our greenhouse gas emissions and packaging waste, there can be no assurance that such strategies and systems will adequately protect against such risks. Any
disruption in our operations or additional expenses caused by the long-term effects of climate change could have a material adverse effect on our operations.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
There can be no assurance as to the declaration or amount of future dividends.
We recently announced an increase in our quarterly dividend to $0.17 per share, effective for the first quarter of 2026. Any decision to declare and pay dividends, and the amount of any such dividends, will be dependent on a variety of factors, including compliance with Section 170 of the Delaware General Corporation Law; changes to our capital allocation policies; our results of operations, liquidity and cash flows; contractual restrictions in our debt agreements; economic conditions, including the impact of geopolitical uncertainty and related macroeconomic impacts on our business and financial condition; and other factors the Board of Directors may deem relevant. There can be no assurance that we will declare dividends in any particular amounts or at all, and changes in our dividend policy could adversely affect the market price for our stock.
Our share repurchase program is subject to suspension or termination at any time, and may not enhance long-term stockholder value.
Our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program in 2016 pursuant to which we are authorized to repurchase shares of our common stock. The share repurchase program may be suspended or terminated at any time. From 2016 through December 31, 2025, we had repurchased an aggregate of 55.3 million shares for approximately $2,388.9 million under our share repurchase program. For the year ended and as of December 31, 2025, we did not repurchase shares under our share repurchase program and had approximately $774.5 million remaining under the share repurchase authorization. Shares may be repurchased from time to time, in the open market or through private transactions, subject to market conditions, in compliance with applicable state and federal securities laws. The timing and amount of repurchases, if any, will depend upon several factors, including market and business conditions, restrictions in our debt agreements, the trading price of our common stock and the nature of other investment opportunities. Repurchases of our common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program could affect the market price of our common stock or increase its volatility. Although our share repurchase program is intended to enhance long-term stockholder value, there is no assurance that it will do so and short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the program's effectiveness.
Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain anti-takeover provisions, any of which could delay or discourage a merger, tender offer or assumption of control of the Company not approved by our Board of Directors that some stockholders may consider favorable.
Provisions of Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and by-laws could hamper a third party's acquisition of us, or discourage a third party from attempting to acquire control of us. You may not have the opportunity to participate in these transactions. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. These provisions include:
• our ability to issue preferred stock with rights senior to those of the common stock without any further vote or action by the holders of our common stock;
• the requirements that our stockholders provide advance notice and certain disclosures when nominating our directors; and
• the inability of our stockholders to convene a stockholders' meeting without the chairperson of the Board of Directors, the president, or a majority of the Board of Directors first calling the meeting.
Our Board of Directors could determine in the future that adoption of a stockholder rights agreement is in the best interest of our stockholders and any such stockholder rights agreement, if adopted, could render more difficult, or discourage, a merger, tender offer, or assumption of control of the Company that is not approved by our Board of Directors.
• expected sources of liquidity for future operations; and
• our use of certain non-GAAP financial measures.
Business Overview
General
We are the world's largest bedding company, dedicated to transforming how the world sleeps. With superior capabilities in design, manufacturing, distribution and retail, we deliver breakthrough sleep solutions and serve the evolving needs of consumers in over 100 countries worldwide through our fully-owned businesses, Tempur Sealy, Mattress Firm and Dreams.
We operate in three segments: Mattress Firm, Tempur Sealy North America and Tempur Sealy International. These segments are strategic business units that are managed separately. Our Mattress Firm segment consists of retail stores and distribution centers located in the U.S. Our Tempur Sealy North America segment consists of manufacturing, distribution and retail subsidiaries and licensees located in the U.S., Canada and Mexico (other than Mattress Firm retail and distribution locations). Our Tempur Sealy International segment consists of manufacturing, distribution and retail subsidiaries, joint ventures and licensees located in Europe, Asia-Pacific and Latin America (other than Mexico). Corporate operating expenses are not included in any of the segments and are presented separately as a reconciling item to consolidated results. We evaluate segment performance based on net sales, gross profit and operating income. For additional information refer to Note 15, "Business Segment Information," included in Part II, ITEM 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," of this Report.
Our portfolio includes the most highly recognized brands in the industry, including Tempur-Pedic®, Sealy® and Stearns & Foster®, and our global omni-channel platform enables us to meet consumers wherever they shop, offering a personal connection and innovation to provide a unique retail experience and tailored solutions.
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As of December 31, 2025, Somnigroup operated 2,852 company-owned stores, including 2,174 Mattress Firm stores, Tempur Sealy owned stores, Dreams stores and joint venture stores. Our distribution model operates through an omni-channel strategy. The Mattress Firm segment sells products through one channel: Direct. The Tempur Sealy North America and Tempur Sealy International segments sell products through two channels: Direct and Wholesale. The Direct channel includes product sales through company-owned stores, e-commerce and call centers. The Wholesale channel includes all product sales to third-party retailers, including third-party distribution, hospitality and healthcare.
General Business and Economic Conditions
We believe the bedding industry is structured for sustained growth, driven by product innovation, sleep technology advancements, consumer confidence, housing formations and population growth. In our opinion, the industry is no longer engaged in uneconomical retail store expansion, startups have shifted from uneconomical strategies to becoming profitable and legacy retailers and manufacturers have become skilled in producing profitable online sales.
Over the last decade, consumers have made the connection between a good night's sleep and overall health and wellness. As consumers make this connection, they are willing to invest more in their bedding purchases, which positions us well for long-term growth.
The global bedding industry was challenged in 2025 due to certain macroeconomic pressures on the consumer. Ongoing geopolitical conflicts, including trade disputes and the imposition of tariffs, along with the potential for U.S. government shutdowns, may also introduce further uncertainty for the consumer. We have taken actions to mitigate the impact of proposed tariffs, and we implemented pricing actions to mitigate the remaining impact. The majority of our products sold in the U.S. are also manufactured in the U.S. Accordingly, we believe proposed tariffs will not have a material impact on our results of operations in 2026. However, the duration and extent of tariffs remain uncertain, and we are continuing to evaluate the potential future impacts of the imposition of tariffs. We expect to outperform the bedding industry as a result of our investments in new product launches and continued investments in innovation, quality, advertising and customer service.
Acquisition of Mattress Firm
On February 5, 2025, we completed the acquisition of Mattress Firm for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $5.1 billion, net of cash acquired of $0.3 billion. The aggregate purchase price consisted of $3.1 billion in cash and approximately 34.2 million shares of our common stock valued at $65.65 per share, which represents the simple average of the opening and closing price per share of our common stock on the NYSE on the trading day immediately prior to the date of acquisition, with the value of any fractional shares paid in cash.
In connection with the consummation of the merger, we borrowed $625.0 million on the Delayed Draw Term A Loan and $679.5 million of revolving commitments under our senior credit facility. In addition, approximately $1,592.0 million of proceeds in respect of the Term B Loan were released from escrow. The proceeds of this financing were collectively used to fund a portion of the cash consideration, the repayment of Mattress Firm's debt and the payment of certain fees and expenses related to the merger.
Mattress Firm operates as a separate business segment. Mattress Firm's financial results for the stub period are included in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31 2025.
On May 1, 2025, we completed the previously announced divestiture of 73 Mattress Firm retail locations and our Sleep Outfitters subsidiary, which included 103 specialty mattress retail locations and seven distribution centers to MW SO Holdings Company, LLC ("Mattress Warehouse"). In the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded a $13.9 million loss on disposal of business associated with the divestiture, net of proceeds of $9.0 million, which did not have a material impact on our results of operations.
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Product Launches
In 2025, we launched an all-new collection of Sealy Posturepedic® products in North America. This reinvention of the Sealy Posturepedic® brand is strategically aimed at reigniting growth in the mid-to-entry level market, which has experienced outsized pressures relative to other price points in recent years. The new collection incorporates innovative technologies, including our proprietary PrecisionFit™ coils which were expertly designed to provide superior support.
In 2026, we plan to launch an all new collection of Stearns & Foster products in North America. This new line is designed to further elevate our high‑end traditional innerspring brand by introducing incremental technologies, expanding our range of hybrid offerings, and providing a refreshed aesthetic.
Omni-Channel Distribution
We employ a balanced omni-channel strategy, which we believe enhances the overall global sales potential and profitability of Somnigroup.
Our direct channel is led by over 2,100 Mattress Firm retail stores and e-commerce in the U.S. and over 200 Dreams locations and e-commerce in the U.K, with additional brick and mortar stores and e-commerce channels in many other key markets around the world. We see opportunity to continue to drive sales growth on a per store basis across our existing footprint. There may be opportunities to open a new store or relocate a store to further optimize economics in the U.S. and U.K., and we foresee meaningful opportunity to continue to expand our brick-and-mortar presence in other key markets worldwide. We also have opportunity to continue to drive sales through our e-commerce channels globally.
Our wholesale distribution is comprised of a diverse group of strong retail partners with more than 20,000 doors, primarily concentrated in the U.S. While we are well represented at third-party retailers in the U.S. today, there are opportunities to both increase the presence of our brands with retail partners and to sell into certain key retailers that do not have our products on their floors today. We also have significant opportunity to expand our third-party retail distribution in our international business.
In addition to offering a portfolio of some of the most highly recognized brands in the industry, we also offer non-branded products through our OEM business. These offerings include mattresses, pillows and other bedding products and components, at a wide range of price points. Our non-branded offerings complement our suite of branded products, expanding our capability to service third-party retailers and creating opportunity to capture manufacturing profits from bedding brands outside our own. We target obtaining a meaningful share of the OEM market in the long-term.
We have been focused on building our direct channel, both online and company-owned retail stores. The development of our online business has been particularly important as consumers have grown more comfortable shopping for bedding products online. Following the acquisition of Mattress Firm, over 60% of our global sales are direct-to-consumer and no customer represents more than 5% of global sales. Our expanded direct channel distribution complements our wholesale business, and we believe this balanced approach enhances the overall global sales potential and profitability of Somnigroup.
2025 Results of Operations
A summary of our results for the year ended December 31, 2025 include:
• Total net sales increased 51.6% to $7,476.5 million as compared to $4,930.9 million in 2024, primarily driven by the inclusion of $3,505.4 million of Mattress Firm sales for the stub period, offset by the elimination of $976.2 million of sales from the Tempur Sealy North America segment to the Mattress Firm segment for the stub period.
• Gross margin was 42.6% as compared to 41.1% in 2024. Adjusted gross margin, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, was 44.4% as compared to 41.9% in 2024.
• Operating income increased 19.0% to $754.9 million as compared to $634.2 million in 2024. Adjusted operating income, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, increased 41.2% to $1,018.7 million as compared to $721.3 million in 2024. Both were primarily driven by the inclusion of Mattress Firm and realized sales and cost synergies.
• Net income decreased 0.1% to $384.1 million as compared to $384.3 million in 2024. Adjusted net income, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, increased 24.2% to $565.3 million as compared to $455.1 million in 2024.
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• Earnings per diluted share ("EPS") decreased 14.8% to $1.84 as compared to $2.16 in 2024. Adjusted EPS, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, increased 5.9% to $2.70 as compared to $2.55 in 2024.
For a discussion and reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures as discussed above to the corresponding GAAP financial results, refer to the non-GAAP financial information set forth below under the heading "Non-GAAP Financial Information."
We may refer to net sales or earnings or other historical financial information on a "constant currency basis," which is a non-GAAP financial measure. These references to constant currency basis do not include operational impacts that could result from fluctuations in foreign currency rates. To provide information on a constant currency basis, the applicable financial results are adjusted based on a simple mathematical model that translates current period results in local currency using the comparable prior corresponding period's currency conversion rate. This approach is used for countries where the functional currency is the local country currency. This information is provided so that certain financial results can be viewed without the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency rates, thereby facilitating period-to-period comparisons of business performance. Constant currency information is not recognized under GAAP, and it is not intended as an alternative to GAAP measures. Refer to Part II, ITEM 7A of this Report for a discussion of our foreign currency exchange rate risk.
The following table sets forth the various components of our Consolidated Statements of Income and expresses each component as a percentage of net sales:
(in millions, except percentages and
Year Ended December 31,
per common share amounts)
Net sales
Cost of sales
Gross profit
Selling and marketing expenses
General, administrative and other expenses
Loss on disposal of business
Equity income in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates
Operating income
Other expense, net:
Interest expense, net
Other expense (income), net
Total other expense, net
Income before income taxes
Income tax provision
Net income before non-controlling interest
Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interest
Net income attributable to Somnigroup International Inc.
Earnings per common share:
Basic
Diluted
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic
Diluted
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NET SALES
Year Ended December 31,
Consolidated
Mattress Firm
Tempur Sealy
North America
Tempur Sealy International
(in millions)
Net sales by channel
Direct
Wholesale
Total net sales
Net sales increased 51.6%, and on a constant currency basis increased 51.1%. The change in net sales was driven by the following:
• Mattress Firm net sales were $3,505.4 million for the stub period.
• Tempur Sealy North America net sales decreased $1,087.7 million, or 28.7%. Net sales in the Wholesale channel decreased $1,011.6 million, or 30.9%, primarily driven by a 29.8% decline from the elimination of inter-segment sales to Mattress Firm of $976.2 million and the impacts of foreclosed distribution. Net sales in the Direct channel decreased $76.1 million, or 14.8%, primarily driven by a decrease in sales from the divestiture of Sleep Outfitters.
• Tempur Sealy International net sales increased $127.9 million, or 11.2%, primarily driven by expanded distribution. On a constant currency basis, International net sales increased 8.3%. Net sales in the Direct channel increased 8.8% on a constant currency basis. Net sales in the Wholesale channel increased 7.6% on a constant currency basis.
GROSS PROFIT
Year Ended December 31,
Margin Change
(in millions, except percentages)
Gross Profit
Gross Margin
Gross Profit
Gross Margin
Mattress Firm
Tempur Sealy North America
Tempur Sealy International
Consolidated gross margin
Costs associated with net sales are recorded in cost of sales and include the costs of producing, shipping, warehousing, receiving and inspecting goods during the period, as well as depreciation and amortization of long-lived assets used in the manufacturing process. Cost of sales also includes retail store occupancy costs such as rent, common area maintenance charges, real estate and other asset-based taxes, general maintenance, utilities, depreciation and certain insurance expenses.
Our gross margin is primarily impacted by the relative amount of net sales contributed by our premium or value products. Our value products have a significantly lower gross margin than our premium products. If sales of our value priced products increase relative to sales of our premium products, our gross margins will be negatively impacted across all segments.
Our gross margin is also impacted by fixed cost leverage based on manufacturing unit volumes; the cost of raw materials; operational efficiencies due to the utilization in our manufacturing facilities; product, brand, channel and country mix; foreign exchange fluctuations; volume incentives offered to certain retail accounts; participation in our retail cooperative advertising programs; vendor incentives earned on supply agreements; retail store fixed cost leverage based on unit volumes and costs associated with new product introductions. Future changes in raw material prices could have a significant impact on our gross margin. Our margins are also impacted by the growth in our Wholesale channel as sales in our Wholesale channel are at wholesale prices whereas sales in our Direct channel are at retail prices.
Gross margin improved 150 basis points. The principal factors impacting gross margin for each segment are discussed below:
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• Mattress Firm gross margin was 33.4% for the stub period.
• Tempur Sealy North America gross margin improved 1,250 basis points. The improvement in gross margin was primarily driven by the elimination of sales to Mattress Firm of 1,360 basis points and operational efficiencies of 100 basis points. These improvements were partially offset by expense deleverage of 70 basis points. Additionally, we incurred $78.0 million of one-time business combination accounting adjustments related to the Mattress Firm Acquisition.
• Tempur Sealy International gross margin improved 30 basis points. The improvement in gross margin was primarily driven by operational efficiencies.
OPERATING EXPENSES
Selling and marketing expenses include advertising and media production associated with the promotion of our brands, other marketing materials, such as catalogs, brochures, videos, product samples, direct customer mailings and point of purchase materials, and sales force compensation. We also include in selling and marketing expense certain new product development costs, including market research and new product testing.
General, administrative and other expenses include salaries and related expenses, information technology, professional fees, depreciation and amortization of long-lived assets not used in the manufacturing process, expenses for administrative functions and research and development costs.
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)
Consolidated
Mattress Firm
Tempur Sealy North America
Tempur Sealy International
Corporate
Operating expenses:
Advertising
Other selling and marketing
General, administrative and other
Total operating expense
Operating expenses increased $1,021.4 million, or 72.3%, and increased 400 basis points as a percentage of net sales. The primary drivers of changes in operating expenses by segment are discussed below:
• Mattress Firm operating expenses were $976.8 million for the stub period.
• Tempur Sealy North America operating expenses decreased $33.9 million, or 4.0%, and increased 780 basis points as a percentage of net sales. The decrease in operating expenses was primarily driven by decreases in bad debt expense related to retailer bankruptcies and other selling and marketing, partially offset by investments in advertising.
• Tempur Sealy International operating expenses increased $40.9 million, or 10.6%, and decreased 10 basis points as a percentage of net sales. The increase in operating expenses was primarily driven by investments in growth initiatives. Additionally, we recorded a $6.2 million impairment charge related to certain cloud-based computing arrangements.
• Corporate operating expenses increased $37.6 million, or 21.8%. The increase in operating expenses was primarily driven by increased costs related to the Mattress Firm Acquisition.
Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 were $32.9 million as compared to $30.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $2.1 million, or 6.8%.
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OPERATING INCOME
Year Ended December 31,
Margin Change
(in millions, except percentages)
Operating Income
Operating Margin
Operating Income
Operating Margin
Mattress Firm
Tempur Sealy North America
Tempur Sealy International
Corporate expenses
Total operating income
Operating income increased $120.7 million and operating margin declined 280 basis points. The increase was driven by the following:
• Mattress Firm operating income was $190.8 million and operating margin was 5.4% for the stub period. Additionally, we incurred a $4.1 million loss on disposal of business associated with the divestiture of 73 retail stores.
• Tempur Sealy North America operating income decreased $58.8 million and operating margin improved 430 basis points. The improvement in operating margin was primarily driven by the improvement in gross margin of 1,250 basis points, partially offset by operating expense deleverage of 780 basis points. Additionally, we incurred a $9.8 million loss on disposal of business associated with the divestiture of Sleep Outfitters.
• Tempur Sealy International operating income increased $26.3 million and operating margin improved 30 basis points. The improvement in operating margin was primarily driven by the improvement in gross margin of 30 basis points and operating expense leverage of 10 basis points, partially offset by Asia joint venture performance.
• Corporate operating expenses increased $37.6 million, which negatively impacted our consolidated operating margin. The increase in operating expenses was primarily driven by increased costs related to the Mattress Firm Acquisition.
INTEREST EXPENSE, NET
Year Ended December 31,
Percent Change
(in millions, except percentages)
Interest expense, net
Interest expense, net, increased $133.1 million, or 98.7%. The increase in interest expense, net, was primarily driven by increased average levels of outstanding variable rate debt as a result of the Mattress Firm Acquisition.
INCOME TAX PROVISION
Year Ended December 31,
Percent Change
(in millions, except percentages)
Income tax provision
Effective tax rate
Income tax provision includes income taxes associated with taxes currently payable and deferred taxes, and includes the impact of net operating losses for certain of our domestic and foreign operations.
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Our income tax provision decreased $22.9 million due to a decrease in income before income taxes. Our 2025 effective tax rate decreased 360 basis points as compared to 2024. The 2025 effective tax rate as compared to the U.S. federal statutory tax rate included a net favorable impact of discrete items, primarily related to excess tax benefits from the vesting of certain stock awards under our incentive stock compensation plan and other discrete items, including the impact of the Mattress Firm Acquisition. The 2024 effective tax rate as compared to the U.S. federal statutory tax rate also included a net favorable impact of discrete items, primarily related to excess tax benefits from the vesting of certain stock awards under our incentive stock compensation plan and other discrete items.
Refer to Note 13, "Income Taxes," in our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, ITEM 8 of this Report for further information.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity
Our principal sources of funds are cash flows from operations, supplemented with borrowings made pursuant to our credit facilities and cash and cash equivalents on hand. Principal uses of funds consist of payments of principal and interest on our debt facilities, share repurchases, capital expenditures and working capital needs.
Cash and Working Capital
Cash and cash equivalents were $134.9 million and $117.4 million, as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. We had a working capital deficit of $271.1 million as of December 31, 2025, as compared to working capital of $105.1 million as of December 31, 2024. The reduction in our working capital to a deficit position in 2025 was primarily driven by a $272.8 million increase in our short-term operating lease obligations as a result of the Mattress Firm Acquisition, and we will generally operate with a working capital deficit in the future.
The amount of cash and cash equivalents held by subsidiaries outside of the U.S. and not readily convertible into the U.S. dollar or other major foreign currencies is not material to our overall liquidity or financial position.
Cash Provided by (Used in) Continuing Operations
The table below presents net cash provided by (used in) operating, investing and financing activities from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)
Net cash provided by (used in) continuing operations:
Operating activities
Investing activities
Financing activities
Cash provided by operating activities increased $133.6 million in 2025 as compared to 2024, primarily driven by the Mattress Firm Acquisition and strong operational performance. Net income was unfavorably impacted by certain non-cash items, including an $84.4 million increase in depreciation and amortization expense and a $45.0 million increase in deferred income taxes, both of which were primarily driven by the Mattress Firm Acquisition.
Cash used in investing activities increased $2,927.6 million in 2025 as compared to 2024. The increase in cash used in investing activities was driven by cash used to partially fund the Mattress Firm Acquisition.
Cash provided by financing activities decreased $460.5 million in 2025 as compared to 2024. In 2025, we had net borrowings of $849.8 million as compared to net borrowings of $1,246.4 in 2024 in order to fund the Mattress Firm Acquisition. We repurchased shares of our common stock to satisfy tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of our long-term incentive plans for $132.4 million in 2025 as compared to $43.8 million in 2024. Additionally, we paid dividends to shareholders of $127.4 million in 2025 as compared to $92.7 million in 2024. Proceeds from exercise of stock options increased $49.0 million in 2025 as compared to 2024.
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Capital Expenditures
Capital expenditures were $166.9 million and $97.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. We currently expect our 2026 capital expenditures to be approximately $250 million, including $75 million of one-time investments to refresh Mattress Firm stores.
Indebtedness
Our total debt increased to $4,717.3 million as of December 31, 2025 from $3,844.5 million as of December 31, 2024. Total availability under our revolving senior secured credit facility was $638.7 million as of December 31, 2025. Refer to Note 6, "Debt" in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, ITEM 8 for further discussion of our debt.
On February 5, 2025, upon the consummation of the Mattress Firm Acquisition, we borrowed $625.0 million of our Delayed Draw Term A Loan commitments and $679.5 million of revolving commitments under the 2023 Credit Agreement. In addition, approximately $1,592.0 million of proceeds in respect of the Term B Loan were released from escrow. The proceeds of this financing were collectively used to fund a portion of the cash consideration for the acquisition, the repayment of Mattress Firm's debt and the payment of certain fees and expenses related to the acquisition.
As of December 31, 2025, our ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure defined in the 2023 Credit Agreement, was 3.21 times. This ratio is within the terms of the financial covenants for the maximum consolidated total net leverage ratio as set forth in the 2023 Credit Agreement, which limits this ratio to 5.00 times. As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with all of the financial covenants in our debt agreements, and we do not anticipate material issues under any debt agreements based on current facts and circumstances.
Our debt agreements contain certain covenants that limit restricted payments, including share repurchases and dividends. The 2023 Credit Agreement, 2029 Senior Notes and 2031 Senior Notes contain similar limitations which, subject to other conditions, allow unlimited restricted payments at times when the ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA remains below 3.75 times in the case of the 2023 Credit Agreement and remains below 3.50 times in the cases of the 2029 Senior Notes and 2031 Senior Notes. In addition, these agreements permit limited restricted payments under certain conditions when the ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA is above 3.75 times in the case of the 2023 Credit Agreement and above 3.50 times in the cases of the 2029 Senior Notes and 2031 Senior Notes. The limit on restricted payments under the 2023 Credit Agreement, 2029 Senior Notes and 2031 Senior Notes is in part determined by a basket that grows at 50% of adjusted net income each quarter, reduced by restricted payments that are not otherwise permitted.
For additional information, refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Information" below for the calculation of the ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA calculated in accordance with our 2023 Credit Agreement. Both consolidated indebtedness and adjusted EBITDA as used in discussion of the 2023 Credit Agreement are terms that are not recognized under GAAP and do not purport to be alternatives to net income as a measure of operating performance or total debt.
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Share Repurchase Program
Our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program in 2016 pursuant to which we were authorized to repurchase shares of our common stock, and the Board of Directors has authorized increases to this authorization from time to time. For the year ended December 31, 2025, we did not repurchase shares under our share repurchase program and had approximately $774.5 million remaining under our share repurchase program.
Share repurchases under this program may be made through open market transactions, negotiated purchases or otherwise, at times and in such amounts as management deems appropriate. These repurchases may be funded by operating cash flows and/or borrowings under our debt arrangements. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors including price, financing and regulatory requirements and other market conditions. The program is subject to certain limitations under our debt agreements. The program does not require the purchase of any minimum number of shares and may be suspended, modified or discontinued at any time without prior notice. Repurchases may be made under a Rule 10b5-1 plan, which would permit shares to be repurchased when we might otherwise be precluded from doing so under federal securities laws.
We manage our share repurchase program based on current and expected cash flows, share price and alternative investment opportunities. In 2026, we expect to return to our target leverage range of 2.0 to 3.0 times and allocate at least 50% of free cash flow, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, to dividends and share repurchases. For a complete description of our share repurchase program, please refer to ITEM 5 under Part II, "Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities," of this Report.
Future Liquidity Sources and Uses
As of December 31, 2025, we had $773.6 million of liquidity, including $134.9 million of cash on hand and $638.7 million available under our 2023 Credit Agreement. We believe that cash flow from operations, availability under our existing credit facilities and arrangements, current cash balances and the ability to obtain other financing, if necessary, will provide adequate cash funds for our foreseeable working capital needs, necessary capital expenditures, debt service obligations, share repurchases and dividend payments.
Our capital allocation strategy follows a balanced approach focused on supporting the business and returning shareholder value through strategic acquisition opportunities that enhance our global competitiveness, as well as quarterly dividends and opportunistic share repurchases. In 2026, we expect to return to our target leverage range of 2.0 to 3.0 times and allocate at least 50% of free cash flow, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, to dividends and share repurchases. During the first quarter of 2026, we will repurchase shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of certain long-term incentive awards in the ordinary course of business.
The Board of Directors declared a dividend of $0.17 per share for the first quarter of 2026. The dividend is payable on March 19, 2026 to shareholders of record as of March 5, 2026.
As of December 31, 2025, we had $4,717.3 million in total debt outstanding and consolidated indebtedness less netted cash, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, of $4,582.4 million. Leverage based on the ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, was 3.21 times for the year ended December 31, 2025. We currently expect our target leverage ratio to return to 2.0 to 3.0 times in the first half of 2026. Total cash interest payments related to our borrowings are expected to be approximately $225 million in 2026.
Our debt service obligations could, under certain circumstances, have material consequences to our stockholders. Similarly, our cash requirements are subject to change as business conditions warrant and opportunities arise. The timing and size of any new business ventures or acquisitions that we may complete may also impact our cash requirements and debt service obligations.
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Material Cash Requirements
Our material cash requirements as of December 31, 2025 are summarized below:
(in millions)
Payment Due By Period
Contractual Obligations
Thereafter
Total
Obligations
Debt (1)
Letters of credit
Interest payments (2)
Operating lease obligations
Finance lease obligations (3)
Pension obligations
Total (4)
(1) Debt excludes finance lease obligations and deferred financing costs.
(2) Interest payments represent obligations under our debt outstanding as of December 31, 2025, applying December 31, 2025 interest rates and assuming scheduled payments are paid as contractually required through maturity. Interest payments may differ in future periods as a result of financing activities required to fund our operations and capital allocation strategies.
(3) The payments due for finance lease obligations excludes $16.8 million in future payments for interest.
(4) Uncertain tax positions are excluded from this table given the timing of payments cannot be reasonably estimated.
Non-GAAP Financial Information
We provide information regarding adjusted net income, EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EPS, adjusted gross profit, adjusted gross margin, adjusted operating income (expense), adjusted operating margin, consolidated indebtedness and consolidated indebtedness less netted cash, which are not recognized terms under GAAP and do not purport to be alternatives to net income, earnings per share, gross profit, gross margin, operating income (expense) and operating margin as a measure of operating performance or an alternative to total debt as a measure of liquidity. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide investors with performance measures that better reflect our underlying operations and trends, providing a perspective not immediately apparent from net income, gross profit, gross margin, operating income (expense) and operating margin. The adjustments we make to derive the non-GAAP financial measures include adjustments to exclude items that may cause short-term fluctuations in the nearest GAAP financial measure, but which we do not consider to be the fundamental attributes or primary drivers of our business.
We believe that exclusion of these items assists in providing a more complete understanding of our underlying results from continuing operations and trends, and we use these measures along with the corresponding GAAP financial measures to manage our business, to evaluate our consolidated and business segment performance compared to prior periods and the marketplace, to establish operational goals and to provide continuity to investors for comparability purposes. Limitations associated with the use of these non-GAAP financial measures include that these measures do not present all of the amounts associated with our results as determined in accordance with GAAP. These non-GAAP financial measures should be considered supplemental in nature and should not be construed as more significant than comparable financial measures defined by GAAP. Because not all companies use identical calculations, these presentations may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies. For more information about these non-GAAP financial measures and a reconciliation to the nearest GAAP financial measure, please refer to the reconciliations on the following pages.
Key Highlights
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions, except percentages and per common share amounts)
% Change
% Change Constant Currency (1)
Net sales
Net income
Adjusted net income (1)
EPS
Adjusted EPS (1)
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Non-GAAP financial measure. Please refer to the reconciliations in the following tables.
Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EPS
A reconciliation of reported net income to adjusted net income and the calculation of adjusted EPS is provided below. We believe that the use of these non-GAAP financial measures provides investors with additional useful information with respect to the impact of various adjustments as described in the footnotes below.
The following table sets forth the reconciliation of our reported net income to adjusted net income and the calculation of adjusted EPS for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions, except per common share amounts)
Net income
Acquisition-related costs (1)
Transaction costs (2)
Business combination charges (3)
Loss on disposal of business (4)
Supply chain transition costs (5)
Disposition-related costs (6)
Transaction-related interest expense, net (7)
Cloud-based computing arrangements impairment (8)
Customer-related transition charges (9)
Operational start-up costs (10)
Cybersecurity event (11)
Adjusted income tax provision (12)
Adjusted net income
Adjusted earnings per share, diluted
Diluted shares outstanding
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In the year ended 2025, we recognized $114.2 million of acquisition-related costs following the Mattress Firm Acquisition, primarily related to one-time business combination accounting and purchase price allocation adjustments, professional fees and restructuring costs.
In the year ended 2025, we recorded $56.0 million of transaction costs primarily related to the Mattress Firm Acquisition and related divestitures. In the year ended 2024, we recorded $47.8 million of transaction costs, primarily related to legal and professional fees associated with the acquisition of Mattress Firm.
In the year ended 2025, we recognized $53.8 million of business combination charges related to the floor model transition associated with the refinement of Mattress Firm's multi-branded merchandising plan, the CEO transaction bonus, professional fees and restructuring costs.
In the year ended 2025, we recorded a $13.9 million loss on disposal of business, net of proceeds of $9.0 million, associated with the divestiture of 73 Mattress Firm stores and our Sleep Outfitters subsidiary.
In the years ended 2025 and 2024, we recorded $12.1 million and $9.5 million of supply chain transition costs associated with the consolidation of certain manufacturing facilities, respectively.
In the year ended 2025, we recorded $10.5 million of disposition-related costs, primarily related to retail store transition costs incurred for the divestiture to Mattress Warehouse.
In the year ended 2025, we incurred $6.8 million of transaction-related interest expense, net of interest income, related to the Term B Loan drawn and held in escrow. The proceeds of the Term B Loan were released upon the closing of the acquisition of Mattress Firm on February 5, 2025. In the year ended 2024, we incurred $9.8 million of transaction-related interest expense.
In the year ended 2025, we recorded $6.2 million of impairment charges related to certain cloud-based computing arrangements.
In the year ended 2024, we recorded $26.7 million of transition charges as a result of a customer's acquisition which foreclosed on our OEM distribution to this customer.
In the year ended 2024, we recorded $3.1 million of operational start-up costs related to the capacity expansion of our manufacturing and distribution facilities in the U.S.
In the year ended 2024, we received proceeds of $4.9 million for an insurance claim related to the previously disclosed cybersecurity event identified on July 23, 2023.
Adjusted income tax provision represents the tax effects associated with the aforementioned items and other non-recurring discrete items.
Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin, Adjusted Operating Income (Expense) and Adjusted Operating Margin
A reconciliation of gross profit and gross margin to adjusted gross profit and adjusted gross margin, respectively, and operating income (expense) and operating margin to adjusted operating income (expense) and adjusted operating margin, respectively, are provided below. We believe that the use of these non-GAAP financial measures provides investors with additional useful information with respect to the impact of various adjustments as described in the footnotes below.
The following table sets forth the reconciliation of our reported gross profit and operating income (expense) to the calculation of adjusted gross profit and adjusted operating income (expense) for the year ended December 31, 2025.
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FULL YEAR 2025
(in millions, except percentages)
Consolidated
Margin
Mattress Firm
Margin
Tempur Sealy North America
Margin
Tempur Sealy International
Margin
Corporate
Net sales
Gross profit
Adjustments:
Acquisition-related charges (1)
Business combination charges (2)
Disposition-related costs (3)
Supply chain transition costs (4)
Total adjustments
Adjusted gross profit
Operating income (expense)
Adjustments:
Acquisition-related charges (1)
Transaction costs (5)
Business combination charges (2)
Loss on disposal of business (6)
Disposition-related costs (3)
Cloud-based computing arrangements impairment (7)
Supply chain transition costs (4)
Total adjustments
Adjusted operating income (expense)
In the year ended 2025, we recognized $114.2 million of acquisition-related costs following the Mattress Firm Acquisition. Cost of sales included $95.4 million, primarily related to one-time business combination accounting and purchase price allocation adjustments. Operating expenses included $18.8 million of professional fees and restructuring costs.
In the year ended 2025, we recorded $53.8 million of business combination charges. Cost of sales included $30.1 million of charges primarily related to the floor model transition associated with the refinement of Mattress Firm's multi-branded merchandising plan. Operating expenses included $27.1 million related to the CEO transaction bonus, professional fees and restructuring costs. Other expenses consisted of a benefit of $3.4 million.
In the year ended 2025, we recorded $10.5 million of disposition-related costs, primarily related to retail store transition costs incurred for the divestiture to Mattress Warehouse. Cost of sales included $3.7 million of expenses and operating expenses included $4.6 million. Other expenses included $2.2 million.
In the year ended 2025, we recorded $12.1 million of supply chain transition costs associated with the consolidation of certain manufacturing facilities, with $3.5 million recorded in cost of sales and $1.6 million recorded in operating expenses. Other expenses included $7.0 million of costs, primarily related to a manufacturing facility lease termination.
In the year ended 2025, we recorded $58.9 million of transaction costs primarily related to the Mattress Firm Acquisition and related divestitures, including a $2.9 million benefit in other income.
In the year ended 2025, we recorded a $13.9 million loss on disposal of business, net of proceeds of $9.0 million, associated with the divestiture of 73 Mattress Firm stores and our Sleep Outfitters subsidiary.
In the year ended 2025, we recorded $6.2 million of impairment charges related to certain cloud-based computing arrangements.
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The following table sets forth the reconciliation of our reported gross profit and operating income (expense) to the calculation of adjusted gross profit and adjusted operating income (expense) for the year ended December 31, 2024.
FULL YEAR 2024
(in millions, except percentages)
Consolidated
Margin
Tempur Sealy North America
Margin
Tempur Sealy International
Margin
Corporate
Net sales
Gross profit
Adjustments:
Customer-related transition charges (1)
Supply chain transition costs (2)
Operational start-up costs (3)
Transaction costs (4)
Total adjustments
Adjusted gross profit
Operating income (expense)
Adjustments:
Transaction costs (4)
Customer-related transition charges (1)
Supply chain transition costs (2)
Operational start-up costs (3)
Total adjustments
Adjusted operating income (expense)
In the year ended 2024, we recorded $26.7 million of transition charges as a result of a customer's acquisition which foreclosed on our OEM distribution to this customer, with $21.9 million recorded in cost of sales and $4.8 million in operating expenses.
In the year ended 2024, we recorded $9.5 million of supply chain transition costs primarily in cost of sales associated with the consolidation of certain manufacturing facilities.
In the year ended 2024, we recorded $3.1 million of operational start-up costs in cost of sales for the capacity expansion of our manufacturing and distribution facilities in the U.S.
In the year ended 2024, we recorded $47.8 million of transaction costs, primarily related to legal and professional fees associated with the acquisition of Mattress Firm, with $2.4 million recorded in cost of sales and $45.4 million in operating expenses.
EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Consolidated Indebtedness Less Netted Cash
The following reconciliations are provided below:
• Net income to EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA
• Ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA
• Total debt, net to consolidated indebtedness less netted cash
We believe that presenting these non-GAAP measures provides investors with useful information with respect to our operating performance, cash flow generation and comparisons from period to period, as well as general information about our progress in reducing our leverage.
The 2023 Credit Agreement provides the definition of adjusted EBITDA. Accordingly, we present adjusted EBITDA to provide information regarding our compliance with requirements under the 2023 Credit Agreement.
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The following table sets forth the reconciliation of our reported net income to the calculations of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:
Year Ended
(in millions)
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
Net income
Interest expense, net
Transaction-related interest expense, net (1)
Income tax provision
Depreciation and amortization
EBITDA
Adjustments:
Acquisition-related costs (2)
Transaction costs (3)
Business combination charges (4)
Loss on disposal of business (5)
Supply chain transition costs (6)
Disposition-related costs (7)
Cloud-based computing arrangements impairment (8)
Customer-related transition charges (9)
Operational start-up costs (10)
Cybersecurity event (11)
Adjusted EBITDA
Adjustments for financial covenant purposes:
Loss from unrestricted subsidiary (12)
Earnings from Mattress Firm prior to acquisition (13)
Future cost synergies to be realized from Mattress Firm Acquisition (14)
Adjusted EBITDA per credit facility
Consolidated indebtedness less netted cash
Ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA
times
times
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In the year ended 2025, we incurred $6.8 million of transaction-related interest expense, net of interest income, related to the Term B Loan drawn and held in escrow. The proceeds of the Term B Loan were released upon the closing of the acquisition of Mattress Firm on February 5, 2025. In the year ended 2024, we incurred $9.8 million of transaction related interest expense.
In the year ended 2025, we recorded $114.2 million of acquisition-related costs following the Mattress Firm Acquisition, primarily related to one-time business combination accounting and purchase price allocation adjustments, professional fees and restructuring costs.
In the year ended 2025, we recorded $56.0 million of transaction costs primarily related to the Mattress Firm Acquisition and related divestitures. In the year ended 2024, we recorded $47.8 million of transaction costs, primarily related to legal and professional fees associated with the acquisition of Mattress Firm.
In the year ended 2025, we recorded $53.8 million of business combination charges primarily related to the floor model transition associated with the refinement of Mattress Firm's multi-branded merchandising plan, the CEO transaction bonus, professional fees and restructuring costs.
In the year ended 2025, we recorded a $13.9 million loss on disposal of business, net of proceeds of $9.0 million, associated with the divestiture of 73 Mattress Firm stores and our Sleep Outfitters subsidiary.
In the years ended 2025 and 2024, we recorded $12.1 million and $9.5 million of supply chain transition costs associated with the consolidation of certain manufacturing facilities, respectively.
In the year ended 2025, we recorded $10.5 million of disposition-related costs, primarily related to retail store transition costs incurred for the divestiture to Mattress Warehouse.
In the year ended 2025, we recorded $6.2 million of impairment charges related to certain cloud-based computing arrangements.
In the year ended 2024, we recorded $26.7 million of transition charges as a result of a customer's acquisition which foreclosed on our OEM distribution to this customer.
In the year ended 2024, we recorded $3.1 million of operational start-up costs for the capacity expansion of our manufacturing and distribution facilities in the U.S.
In the year ended 2024, we received proceeds of $4.9 million for an insurance claim related to the previously disclosed cybersecurity event identified on July 23, 2023.
A subsidiary in the Tempur Sealy North America business segment was accounted for as held for sale and designated as an unrestricted subsidiary under the 2023 Credit Agreement. Therefore, this subsidiary's financial results were excluded from our adjusted financial measures for covenant compliance purposes.
We completed the Mattress Firm Acquisition on February 5, 2025 and designated this subsidiary as restricted under the 2023 Credit Agreement. For covenant compliance purposes, we included $18.7 million of Mattress Firm adjusted EBITDA for the period prior to acquisition in our calculation of adjusted EBITDA per credit facility for the year ended December 31, 2025.
For the year ended 2025, we are permitted to include $100.0 million of future cost synergies expected to be realized in connection with acquisitions for the purpose of calculating adjusted EBITDA in accordance with the 2023 Credit Agreement.
Under the 2023 Credit Agreement, the definition of adjusted EBITDA contains certain restrictions that limit adjustments to net income when calculating adjusted EBITDA. For the year ended December 31, 2025, our adjustments to net income when calculating adjusted EBITDA did not exceed the allowable amount under the 2023 Credit Agreement.
The ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA was 3.21 times for the trailing twelve months ended December 31, 2025. The 2023 Credit Agreement requires us to maintain a ratio of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash to adjusted EBITDA of less than 5.00 times.
The following table sets forth the reconciliation of our reported total debt to the calculation of consolidated indebtedness less netted cash as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. "Consolidated Indebtedness" and "Netted Cash" are terms used in the 2023 Credit Agreement for purposes of certain financial covenants.
(in millions)
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
Total debt, net
Plus: Deferred financing costs (1)
Consolidated indebtedness
Less: Netted cash (2)
Consolidated indebtedness less netted cash
We present deferred financing costs as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the related debt in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For purposes of determining total debt for financial covenant purposes, we have added these costs back to total debt, net as calculated per the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Netted cash includes cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash for domestic and foreign subsidiaries designated as "Restricted Subsidiaries" in the 2023 Credit Agreement.
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Critical Accounting Estimates
Our management is responsible for our financial statements and has evaluated the accounting policies to be used in their preparation. Our management believes these policies are reasonable and appropriate. The following discussion identifies those accounting policies that we believe are critical in the preparation of our financial statements, the judgments and uncertainties affecting the application of those policies and the possibility that materially different amounts will be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires that management make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of commitments and contingencies at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Our actual results could differ from those estimates.
Business Combinations. We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that once control is obtained, all the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded at their respective fair values at the date of acquisition. The determination of fair values of identifiable assets and liabilities requires estimates and the use of valuation techniques when fair value is not readily available and requires a significant amount of management judgment. For the valuation of intangible assets acquired in the Mattress Firm Acquisition, we applied the income approach through a relief from royalty method. Although we believe these estimates of fair value are reasonable, actual financial results could differ from those estimates due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making such estimates. Changes in assumptions concerning future financial results or other underlying assumptions could have a significant impact on the determination of the fair values of the intangible assets acquired.
The excess of the purchase price over fair values of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. During the measurement period, which is up to one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill due to the use of preliminary information in our initial estimates. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to earnings.
Revenue Recognition . Sales of product are recognized when the performance obligations under the terms of the contract with the customer are satisfied, which is generally when control of the product has transferred to the customer. Transferring control of each product sold is considered a separate performance obligation. We transfer control and recognize a sale when the product ships to the customer or when the customer receives the product based upon agreed shipping terms. Each unit sold is considered an independent, unbundled performance obligation. We do not have any additional performance obligations other than product sales that are material in the context of the contract. We extend volume discounts to certain customers and reflect these amounts as a reduction of net sales as variable consideration.
We allow product returns through certain sales channels and on certain products. The accrued sales returns in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, which include a current balance in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and a non-current balance in other non-current liabilities, was $106.9 million and $44.2 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Estimated sales returns are provided at the time of sale based on historical sales channel return rates. Estimated future obligations related to these products are provided by a reduction of sales in the period in which the revenue is recognized. We considered the impact of recoverable salvage value on sales returns by product in determining its estimate of future sales returns. We recognized a return asset for the right to recover the goods returned by the customer. The right of return asset is recognized on a gross basis outside of the accrued sales returns and is not material to our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our level of sales returns differs by channel, with our Direct channel typically experiencing a higher rate of returns. In the event future sales returns claims are higher than our historical experiences, such as a 50 basis point increase, the impact would not be material to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The allowance for credit losses is our best estimate of the amount of estimated lifetime credit losses in our accounts receivable. The allowance for credit losses included in accounts receivable, net in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, was $39.2 million and $80.4 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. We regularly review the adequacy of our allowance for credit losses. We estimate losses over the contractual life using assumptions to capture the risk of loss, even if remote, based principally on how long a receivable has been outstanding. Account balances are charged off against the allowance for credit losses after all reasonable means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. As of December 31, 2025, our accounts receivable were substantially current. Other factors considered include historical write-off experience, current economic conditions and also factors such as customer credit, past transaction history with the customer and changes in customer payment terms.
The credit environment in which our customers operate has been relatively stable over the past few years. Historically, less than 1.0% of net sales ultimately prove to be uncollectible. Total bad debt expense was $5.6 million in 2025, $22.5 million in 2024 and $8.2 million in 2023. If circumstances change, for example, due to the occurrence of higher-than-expected defaults or a significant adverse change in a major customer's ability to meet our financial obligations such as bankruptcies, estimates of the recoverability of receivable amounts due could be reduced.
We have not made any material changes in the accounting methodology we use to measure the estimated liability for sales returns or allowance for credit losses during the past three fiscal years.
We do not believe there is a reasonable likelihood that there will be a material change in the future estimates or assumptions we use to establish the liability for sales returns and credit losses. However, if actual results are not consistent with our estimates or assumptions which are based on our historical experiences, we may be exposed to losses or gains that could be material.
Income Taxes . Accounting for income taxes requires recognition of deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities.
We recognize deferred tax assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, and these deferred tax assets typically represent items deducted currently from operating income in the financial statements that will be deducted in future periods in tax returns. A valuation allowance is recorded against certain deferred tax assets to reduce the consolidated deferred tax asset to an amount that will, more likely than not, be realized in future periods. At December 31, 2025, the valuation allowance of $48.7 million was primarily related to certain tax attributes both domestically and in various foreign jurisdictions. The valuation allowance is based, in part, on our estimate of future taxable income, the expected utilization of foreign and domestic tax loss carryforwards and credits and the expiration dates of such tax loss carryforwards.
We did not recognize tax benefits from uncertain tax positions within the provision for income taxes. We may recognize a tax benefit only if it is more likely than not the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such positions are then measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement. At December 31, 2025, our estimated gross unrecognized tax benefits were $30.7 million which, if recognized, would favorably impact our future earnings. Due to uncertainties in any tax audit outcome, our estimates of the ultimate settlement of our unrecognized tax positions may change and the actual tax benefits may differ significantly from the estimates.
Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment annually as of October 1 and whenever events or circumstances make it more likely than not that impairment may have occurred or when required by accounting standards.
We test goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level. Our reporting units are Mattress Firm, Tempur Sealy North America, Tempur Sealy International (excluding Dreams) and Dreams. Mattress Firm was added as a separate reporting unit upon acquisition of the business on February 5, 2025. We test individual indefinite-lived intangible assets at the brand level. These assessments may be performed quantitatively or qualitatively.
Using the quantitative approach, we make various estimates and assumptions in determining the estimated fair value of each reporting unit using a combination of discounted cash flow models and valuations based on earnings multiples for guideline public companies in each reporting unit's industry peer group, when externally quoted market prices are not readily available. Discounted cash flow models are reliant on various assumptions, including projected business results, long-term growth factors and weighted-average cost of capital. Management judgment is involved in estimating these variables, and they include inherent uncertainties as they are forecasting future events. We perform sensitivity analyses by using a range of inputs to confirm the reasonableness of the long-term growth rate and weighted average cost of capital. Additionally, we compare the indicated equity value to our market capitalization and evaluate the resulting implied control premium/discount to determine if the estimated enterprise value is reasonable compared to external market indicators.
Under the qualitative approach, we review macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions and entity specific factors, including strategies and financial performance for potential indicators of impairment.
In 2025, other than the addition of the Mattress Firm reporting unit, we did not make any changes to our reporting units or the accounting methodology we use to assess impairmentloss on goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. Prior to 2025, Management performed an assessment of the impairment of goodwill for our reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets using a quantitative approach, which indicated that the fair values of each of our reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets were substantially in excess of their carrying values. In 2025, we elected to qualitatively perform our annual impairment analysis for all reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets. Subsequent to our October 1, 2025 annual impairment test, no indications of impairment were identified.
We do not believe there is a reasonable likelihood that there will be a material change in the future estimates or assumptions we use to test for impairmentlosses on goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. However, if actual results are not consistent with our estimates or assumptions, we may be exposed to an impairment charge that could be material.
