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YoY shift: Neutral
Year-over-year tone shift - average net-tone change across Risk Factors and MD&A vs the prior 10-K. This filing is -0.04pp more bearish than last year's.
Why YoY instead of absolute: the LM lexicon has ~6.6× more negative words than positive (legal/risk-disclosure language is heavy on hedging), so every 10-K reads bearish on raw tone. Year-over-year change strips that bias and surfaces the actual shift in management's framing.
Tone shift by section
The two components the gauge averages: how Risk Factors and MD&A each shifted in net tone versus last year's 10-K. The headline above is their average, so a green needle over a soft section just means the other section carried it.
Risk Factors
+0.03pp
Flat
Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
MD&A
-0.11pp
Flat
Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
Per-snippet highlights
Sentence-level sentiment highlighting with category and subcategory filters is coming once the snippet-scoring pipeline lands. For now, dig into the actual section text on the Sections tab.
Language change vs prior 10-K
Risk Factors (Item 1A) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase
Negative rising
adversely+2
closures+2
delay+1
delayed+1
instability+1
Positive rising
able+1
collaborations+1
alliances+1
achievement+1
efficiently+1
Risk Factors (Item 1A)
19,211 words
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
We are subject to various risks that could have a material adverse effect on our business, our financial condition and our results of operations. These risks could cause actual operating results to differ from those expressed in certain “forward looking statements” contained in this Annual Report as well as in other communications.
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Summary of Risk Factors
We have a limited operating history and have never generated any product revenue.
We will require substantial additional capital to fund our operations, and if we fail to obtain necessary financing, we may not be able to complete the development and commercialization of any of our product candidates.
Our recurring losses from operations have raised substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.
Our business is heavily dependent on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our product candidates.
We may not be successful in our efforts to identify and acquire or in-license additional product candidates or to enter into or strategic for the development and commercialization of any such future product candidates.
Language change vs prior 10-K
MD&A (Item 7) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase
Negative rising
termination+6
terminate+3
loss+2
unable+1
closed+1
Positive rising
able+2
achievement+2
benefit+2
effective+1
best+1
MD&A (Item 7)
8,496 words
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Management's discussion and analysis of results of operations and financial condition is intended to assist the reader in understanding and assessing significant changes and trends related to the results of operations and financial position of
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our Company. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with Item 8, "“Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."” Certain statements in this Item 7 constitute forward-looking statements. Various risks and uncertainties, including those discussed in "Forward-Looking Statements" and Item 1A, "“Risk Factors,"” may cause our actual results, financial position, and cash used in operations to differ materially from these forward-looking statements. Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and are presented in U.S. dollars.
General
We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of treatments for orphan dermatologic diseases. Our investigational therapies have proven mechanisms-of-action backed by decades of clinical experience and well-established CMC (chemistry, manufacturing and control) and safety profiles. We are initially focused on developing non-systemic treatments for rare dermatologic diseases including congenital ichthyosis or CI including X-linked recessive CI, or XLRI, and autosomal recessive CI, or ARCI and other sclerotic skin diseases. Our lead stage program is TMB-001. TMB-003 is our earliest stage program.
TMB-001, a patented topical formulation of isotretinoin using our patented IPEG™ delivery system, completed its Phase 2b clinical trial or the CONTROL study, in the fourth quarter of 2021, for the treatment of moderate to subtypes of CI, a group of rare genetic keratinization disorders that lead to dry, thickened, and scaling skin. This study demonstrated a clinically meaningful reduction in targeted and overall of CI along with a safety profile. A prior Phase 1/2 study involving 19 patients with CI demonstrated safety and a signal of preliminary efficacy of TMB-001, as well as minimal systemic absorption. The FDA (through its Orphan Products Grant program) awarded us a $1.5 million grant to support clinical trials evaluating TMB-001.
We face significant competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies that currently are targeting medical dermatological indications that we are studying.
We rely on our acquisition agreements with Patagonia to provide rights to certain intellectual property relating to certain of our product candidates and maintenance of our rights under those agreements requires substantial payments.
If we are unable to establish sales capabilities through third parties, we may not be able to market and sell our existing or future product candidates, if approved, or generate product revenue.
We rely on our management team and other key employees and will need additional personnel to grow our business.
Our business is subject to, and may be affected by, government regulation.
Any failure by us to protect our intellectual property rights or maintain the right to use certain intellectual property may negatively affect our ability to compete.
Failure to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting could have a materially adverse effect on our business, operating results and stock price.
Substantial future sales of shares of our common stock could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
Issuance of our common stock upon exercise of certain securities such as warrants, stock options, or variable appreciation rights, may depress the price of our common stock.
If we fail to effectively manage our growth, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be harmed.
Outbreaks of communicable diseases, including the COVID-19 pandemic, and adverse global conditions, including political and economic uncertainty, may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Risks Related to Our Business, Financial Position and Capital Requirements
We have a limited operating history and have never generated any product revenue.
We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history. We were formed in February 2019, and since inception, we have incurred significant net losses. As of December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $48.3 million. We have financed our operations in the last three years with approximately $46 million through capital contributions and a bridge loan.
Our ability to generate product revenue and become profitable depends upon our ability to successfully complete the development of, and obtain the necessary regulatory approvals for, our product candidates in development, including TMB-001 and TMB-003. We have never been profitable, have no products approved for commercial sale, and have not generated any product revenue.
Even if we receive regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we do not know when or if such product candidate will generate product revenue. Our ability to generate product revenue depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our ability to:
successfully complete pre-clinical studies and clinical trials and obtain and maintain regulatory approval for the marketing of our product candidates;
add operational, financial and management information systems personnel, including personnel to support our clinical, manufacturing and planned future commercialization efforts and operations as a public company;
establish or maintain collaborations, licensing or other arrangements;
initiate and continue relationships with third-party suppliers and manufacturers and have commercial quantities of our product candidates manufactured at acceptable cost and quality levels and in compliance with the FDA and other regulatory requirements;
launch commercial sales of our products, in collaboration with others, including establishing sales, marketing and distribution systems for our product candidates;
set an acceptable price for any approved product candidates and obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors;
achieve market acceptance of our products in the medical community and with third-party payors and consumers;
compete effectively against our current and future competitors;
manage the impact of public health issues, including the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and adverse global conditions, including political and economic uncertainty; and
maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio.
Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses, or when or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by the FDA or comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities to perform studies or clinical trials in addition to those that we currently anticipate. Even if any of our product candidates are approved for commercial sale, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with their commercial launch. If we cannot successfully execute any one of the foregoing, our business may not succeed and your investment will be negatively impacted.
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We will require substantial additional capital to fund our operations, and if we fail to obtain necessary financing, we may not be able to complete the development and commercialization of any of our product candidates.
We expect to spend substantial capital to complete the development of, seek regulatory approvals for and commercialize our lead product candidates, TMB-001 and TMB-003, as well as any of our other product candidates. We will require additional capital to complete the development and potential commercialization of our product candidates. Because the length of time and activities associated with successful development of our product candidates are highly uncertain, we are unable to estimate with certainty the actual funds we will require for development and any approved marketing and commercialization activities. Our future funding requirements, both near-and long-term, will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:
the outcome, costs and timing of clinical trial results for our current or future product candidates, including the timing, progress, costs and results of our Phase 3 ASCEND study;
the outcome, timing and cost of meeting regulatory requirements established by the FDA and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities;
the cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing our patents and other intellectual property rights, the cost of maintaining our intellectual property rights under our current license agreements and acquisition agreements;
the cost of defending potential intellectual property disputes, including patent infringement actions brought by third parties against us or any of our current or future product candidates;
the effect of competing market developments;
the cost and timing of completion of commercial-scale manufacturing activities if any of our products are approved for commercial sale;
the cost of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for our products through third parties if approved for commercial sale; and
the initiation, progress, timing and results of the commercialization of our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale.
We believe that our existing cash will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the second quarter of calendar year 2023. This estimate is based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. We cannot be certain that additional capital will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of any product candidate, or potentially discontinue operations altogether. In addition, attempting to secure additional capital may divert the time and attention of our management from day-to-day activities and harm our product candidate development efforts. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development and potential commercialization of our product candidates, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays, operating expenditures and capital requirements associated with our current product development programs.
We expect to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability. Our independent registered public accounting firm has expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
Investment in biopharmaceutical product development is highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that a product candidate will fail to gain regulatory approval or fail to become
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commercially viable. We have never generated any product revenue, and we cannot estimate with precision the extent of its future losses. We do not currently have any products that are available for commercial sale and we may never generate product revenue or achieveprofitability. Our net loss was approximately $19.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $48.3 million.
TMB-001 has not been approved for marketing in the United States and may never receive such approval. Although TMB-001 has an open IND and we are currently evaluating TMB-001 in our Phase 3 ASCEND study, TMB-001 may never receive FDA approval. As a result, we are uncertain when or if we will achieveprofitability and, if so, whether we will be able to sustain it.
We expect to continue to incur substantial and increasing losses through the commercialization of any of our product candidates, if approved. None of our product candidates have been approved for marketing anywhere in the world, and we may never receive such approval. As a result, we are uncertain when or if we will achieveprofitability and, if so, whether we will be able to sustain it. Our ability to generate product revenue and achieveprofitability is dependent on our ability to complete the development of our product candidates, obtain necessary regulatory approvals for such product candidates, and manufacture and successfully market our product candidates in collaboration with others. There can be no assurance that we will be profitable even if we successfully commercialize any of our product candidates. If we do successfully obtain regulatory approval to market any of our product candidates, our revenue will be dependent upon, in part and among other things, the size of the markets in the territories for which it gains regulatory approval, the number of competitors in such markets, the accepted price for any such product candidate and whether we own the commercial rights for those territories. If the indication approved by regulatory authorities is narrower than we expect, or the treatment population is narrowed by competition, physician choice or treatment guidelines, we may not generate significant revenue from sales of any of our product candidates, even if approved. Even if we do achieveprofitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Failure to become and remain profitable may adversely impact the market price of our common stock and our ability to raise capital and continue operations.
We expect that our research and development expenses in connection with our development programs for our various product candidates will continue to be significant. We also are required to make substantial payments under the agreements under which we acquired our principal intellectual property rights. In addition, as we prepare for and if we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur increased sales, marketing and manufacturing expenses. As a result, we expect to continue to incur significant and increasing operating losses and negative cash flows for the foreseeable future. These losses have harmed and will continue to harm our financial position and working capital.
Our independent registered public accounting firm has issued a going concern opinion on our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022, expressing substantial doubt that we can continue as an ongoing business due to insufficient capital for us to fund our operations.
Our business is heavily dependent on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our product candidates.
We currently have no products that are approved for commercial sale and may never be able to develop marketable products. We expect that a substantial portion of our efforts and expenditures will be devoted to the continued clinical evaluation and development of our lead product candidates TMB-001 and TMB-003 and the commercialization of such product candidates following regulatory approval, if received, as well as the continued clinical and preclinical evaluation of any of our other product candidates. Accordingly, our business currently depends heavily on the successful completion of our clinical trials and other development activities for our product candidates and subsequent regulatory approval and commercialization of such product candidates.
We cannot be certain that any of our product candidates will receive regulatory approval or be successfully commercialized even if such product candidates receive regulatory approval. The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, sale, marketing and distribution of products are, and will remain, subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory authorities in the United States and other countries that each have differing regulations. We are not permitted to market
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any of our product candidates in the United States until we receive approval of an NDA or in any foreign country until we receive the requisite approvals from the appropriate authorities in such countries for marketing authorization. In addition, we have not yet demonstrated our ability to complete later-stage or pivotal clinical trials for any of our product candidates.
We have not submitted an NDA for any of our product candidates to the FDA or any comparable application to any other regulatory authority. Obtaining approval of an NDA or similar regulatory approval is an extensive, lengthy, expensive and inherently uncertain process, and the FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities may delay, limit or deny approval of any of our product candidates for many reasons, including:
We may not be able to demonstrate that any of our product candidates are safe or effective as a treatment for any of our currently targeted indications to the satisfaction of the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities;
the relevant regulatory authorities may require additional pre-approval studies or clinical trials which would increase our costs and prolong its development timelines;
the results of our clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical or clinical significance required by the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities for marketing approval;
the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may disagree with the number, design, size, conduct or implementation of our clinical trials, including the design of our future pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials;
the contract research organizations and other vendors (collectively “CROs”) that we may retain to conduct clinical trials may take actions outside of our control, or otherwise commit errors or breaches of protocols, that adversely impact our clinical trials and ability to obtain market approvals;
the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may not find the data from nonclinical studies or clinical trials sufficient to demonstrate that the clinical and other benefits of these products outweigh their safety risks;
the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data or significance of results from the nonclinical studies and clinical trials of any product candidate, or may require that we conduct additional studies;
the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may not accept data generated from our clinical trial sites;
if our NDA or other foreign application is required to be reviewed by an advisory committee;
the FDA or other relevant regulatory authority, as the case may be, may have difficulties scheduling an advisory committee meeting in a timely manner or the advisory committee may recommend against approval of such application or may recommend that the FDA or other relevant regulatory authority, as the case may be, require, as a condition of approval, additional nonclinical studies or clinical trials, limitations on approved labeling or distribution and use restrictions;
the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may require development of a REMS, or its equivalent, as a condition of approval;
the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may require additional post-marketing studies and/or a patient registry, which would be costly;
the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may find the chemistry, manufacturing and controls data supporting our NDA insufficient to support the approval of our product candidates;
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the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may identify deficiencies in the manufacturing processes or facilities of our third-party manufacturers; or
the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities may change their approval policies or adopt new regulations.
Even if we do receive regulatory approval to market any product candidate, any such approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses or patient populations for which we may market the product. Accordingly, even if we are able to obtain the requisite financing to continue to fund our development programs, we cannot assure you that any of our product candidates will be successfully developed or commercialized.
In addition, because each of our product candidates targets one or more indications in the medical dermatology field, if any of our product candidates encounter safety or efficacy problems, developmental delays, regulatory issues, supply issues, or other problems, our development plans for the affected product candidate and some or all of our other product candidates could be significantly harmed, which would harm our business. Further, competitors who are developing products in the dermatology field or that target the same indications as us with products that have a similar mechanism of action may experience problems with its products that could identify problems that would potentially harm our business.
Our inability to obtain additional financing could adversely affect our ability to continue our drug development programs and could negatively impact the timing of our clinical results.
Our ability to meet our obligations and continue the research and development of our product candidates is dependent on our ability to continue to raise adequate financing. We may not be successful in obtaining such additional financing in the amount required at any time, or for any period, or, if available, that it can be obtained on terms satisfactory to us. In the event that we are unable to obtain such additional financing, we may be unable to continue our drug development programs and we may have to tailor such programs for our drug candidates based on the amount of funding we raise which could negatively impact the timing of our clinical results. In addition, we could be required to cease our operations.
Our acquisition agreements with Patagonia obligate us to make certain milestone payments prior to the time in which we will be generating revenue, which may cause development and marketing of our lead product candidates to not be economically viable.
We are obligated to pay certain milestone payments to Patagonia pursuant to two acquisition agreements. Zachary Rome, a former member of our board of directors and former Executive Vice-President and Chief Operating Officer serves as President of Patagonia and also maintains an ownership interest therein. Patagonia is entitled to up to $27.0 million of cash milestone payments relating to certain regulatory and commercial achievements of TMB-001, with the first being a payment of $4.0 million upon initiation of a Phase 3 pivotal trial, as agreed with the FDA.
On July 20, 2022, we entered into the Amendment to the Asset Acquisition Agreement with Patagonia. Pursuant to the Amendment, we and Patagonia extended the time for our payment of the first milestone payment, which became payable in the third quarter of 2022 upon us commencing patient enrollment in our Phase 3 ASCEND study in the second quarter of 2022. The first milestone payment became payable by us in two tranches, with $2.25 million due by September 1, 2022, and $2.065 million due by September 1, 2023. The first milestone payment was made on September 1, 2022. The next milestone payments relate to (i) a one-time payment of $7.0 million upon FDA approval of an NDA related to the product for the treatment of CI, or a substantially similar indication, and (ii) a one-time payment of $2.0 million upon EMA approval of an MMA related to the product for the treatment of CI, or a substantially similar indication.
Patagonia is also entitled to up to $10.25 million of cash milestone payments relating to certain regulatory and commercial achievements of TMB-003, with the first being a one-time payment of $250,000 upon the opening of an IND with the FDA.
Because certain of the milestone payments payable by us to Patagonia are due upon certain events related to the development and regulatory approval of our product candidates, we will be required to make such payments prior to the
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time at which we are able to generate revenue, if any, from sales any of our product candidates, if approved. There can be no assurance that we will have the funds necessary to make such payments, or be able to raise such funds when needed, on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Furthermore, if we are forced to raise additional funds, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts, or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise develop and market ourselves. If we are unable to raise additional funds or maintain sufficient liquidity to make our payment obligations if and when they become due, we may be in material breach of our acquisition agreements and our counterparties may seek legal action or remedies against us, which would harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
In addition, because the milestone payments due upon the achievement of certain events would be payable prior to the time in which we are able to generate revenue, such obligations under our agreements may cause the development and marketing of TMB-001 and TMB-003 to not be economically viable.
Raising additional funds by issuing equity securities may cause dilution to existing equity holders, raising additional funds through debt financings may involve restrictive covenants, and raising funds through lending and licensing arrangements may restrict our operations or require us to relinquish proprietary rights.
We expect that significant additional capital will be needed in the future to continue our planned operations. Until such time, if ever, that we can generate substantial product revenue, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, strategic alliances and license and development agreements or other collaborations. To the extent that we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, existing equity ownership may experience substantial dilution, and the securities may include preferred shares with liquidation or other preferences that could harm the rights of our securityholders. Additionally, any agreements for future debt or preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, declaring dividends, creating liens, redeeming our stock or making investments.
If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquishvaluable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts, or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise develop and market ourselves.
Issuance of our common stock upon exercise of convertible securities may depress the price of our common stock.
As of March 25, 2023, we had 3,007,620 shares of common stock issued and outstanding, outstanding, warrants to purchase 885,664 shares of common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $1.31 and outstanding stock options to purchase 89,632 shares of common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $37.37 per share. In addition, we have outstanding VARs convertible into an aggregate of 4,546 shares of common stock and 750 restricted stock units convertible into 750 shares of common stock. All warrants and stock options are convertible, or exercisable into, one share of common stock. The issuance of shares of our common stock upon the exercise of outstanding convertible securities could result in substantial dilution to our stockholders, which may have a negative effect on the price of our common stock.
Our stock price can be volatile, which increases the risk of litigation, and may result in a significant decline in the value of your investment.
The trading price of our common stock has historically been, and is likely to continue to be, highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in price in response to various factors, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. These fluctuations could cause you to lose part or all of your investment in our common stock. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:
price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;
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changes in the market valuations, stock market prices and trading volumes of similar companies;
actual or anticipated changes in our net loss or fluctuations in our operating results or in the expectations of securities analysts;
the issuance of new equity securities pursuant to a future offering, including potential issuances of preferred stock;
general economic conditions and trends;
major catastrophic events, including the impact of outbreaks of communicable diseases or possible effects from adverse global conditions, including political and economic uncertainty;
sales of large blocks of our stock;
additions or departures of key personnel;
announcements of new products or technologies, commercial relationships or other events by us or our competitors;
regulatory developments in the United States and other countries;
failure to maintain the listing of our common stock on the NYSE American or other national market system;
potential litigation matters or disputes;
changes in accounting principles; and
discussion of us or our stock price by the financial and scientific press and in online investor communities.
These broad market and industry factors may materially affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our development and operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against that company. Due to the volatility of our stock price, we are currently and may be the target of securities litigation in the future. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention in the future and resources from our business.
If we are unable to effectively maintain a system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial results and our stock price could be adversely affected.
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that we timely report information as specified in the rules and regulations of the SEC. We also maintain a system of internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable reports and prevent fraud. Any failure to address such difficulties encountered in maintaining operation of these internal controls over financial reporting, could harm our operations, decrease the reliability of our financial reporting, and cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations, which could adversely affect our business and reduce our stock price.
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We are subject to extensive and costly government regulation.
Product candidates employing our technology are subject to extensive and rigorous domestic government regulation including regulation by the FDA, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, other divisions of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, the United States Department of Justice, state and local governments, and their respective foreign equivalents. The FDA regulates the research, development, preclinical and nonclinical testing and clinical studies, manufacture, safety, effectiveness, record-keeping, reporting, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale, distribution, import, and export of pharmaceutical products. The FDA regulates small molecule chemical entities as drugs, subject to an NDA under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”). The FDA applies the same standards for biologics, requiring an IND application, followed by a Biologic License Application, or BLA, prior to licensure. Other products, such as vaccines, are also regulated under the Public Health Service Act. The FDA has conflated the standards for approval of NDAs and BLAs so that it requires the same types of information on safety, effectiveness, and CMCs. If products employing our technologies are marketed abroad, they will also be subject to extensive regulation by foreign governments, whether or not they have obtained FDA approval for a given product and its uses. Such foreign regulation may be equally or more demanding than corresponding United States regulation.
Government regulation substantially increases the cost and risk of researching, developing, manufacturing, and selling our products. The regulatory review and approval process, which includes preclinical and nonclinical testing and clinical studies of each product candidate, is lengthy, expensive, and uncertain. We or our collaborators must obtain and maintain regulatory authorization to conduct clinical studies. We or our collaborators must obtain regulatory approval for each product we intend to market, and the manufacturing facilities used for the products must be inspected and meet legal requirements. Securing regulatory approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical, nonclinical and clinical data and other supporting information for each proposed therapeutic indication in order to establish the product’s safety and efficacy, and in the case of biologics also potency and purity, for each intended use. The development and approval process takes many years, requires substantial resources, and may never lead to the approval of a product.
Even if we are able to obtain regulatory approval for a particular product, the approval may limit the indicated medical uses for the product, may otherwise limit our ability to promote, sell, and distribute the product, may require that we conduct costly post-marketing surveillance, and/or may require that we conduct ongoing post-marketing studies. Material changes to an approved product, such as, for example, manufacturing changes or revised labeling, may require further regulatory review and approval. Once obtained, any approvals may be withdrawn, including, for example, if there is a later discovery of previously unknown problems with the product, such as a previously unknown safety issue.
If we, our collaborators, or our contract manufacturing organizations ("CMOs") fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements at any stage during the regulatory process, such noncompliance could result in, among other things delays in the approval of applications or supplements to approved applications; refusal of a regulatory authority, including the FDA, to review pending market approval applications or supplements to approved applications; warning letters; fines; import and/or export restrictions; product recalls or seizures; injunctions; total or partial suspension of production; civil penalties; withdrawals of previously approved marketing applications or licenses; recommendations by the FDA or other regulatory authorities against governmental contracts; and/or criminalprosecutions.
We do not have, and may never obtain, the regulatory approvals we need to market our product candidates.
Following completion of clinical studies, the results are evaluated and, depending on the outcome, submitted to the FDA in the form of an NDA or BLA in order to obtain FDA approval of the product and authorization to commence commercial marketing. In responding to an NDA, the FDA may require additional testing or information, may require that the product labeling be modified, may impose post-approval study and other commitments or reporting requirements or other restrictions on product distribution, or may deny the application. The FDA has established performance goals for review of NDAs or BLAs: six months for priority applications and ten months for standard applications. However, the FDA is not required to complete its review within these time periods. The timing of final FDA review and action varies greatly but can take years in some cases and may involve the input of an FDA advisory committee of outside experts. Product sales in the United States may commence only when an NDA or BLA is approved.
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It is possible that none of our product candidates will be approved for marketing. Failure to obtain regulatory approvals, or delays in obtaining regulatory approvals, may adversely affect the successful commercialization of any drugs or biologics that we or our partners develop, may impose additional costs on us or our collaborators, may diminish any competitive advantages that we or our partners may attain, and/or may adversely affect our receipt of revenues or royalties.
If we are unable to file for approval of TMB-001 under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA or if we are required to generate additional data related to safety and efficacy in order to obtain approval under Section 505(b)(2), we may be unable to meet our anticipated development and commercialization timelines.
Our current plans for filing NDAs for our product candidates include efforts to minimize the data we will be required to generate in order to obtain marketing approval for our product candidates and therefore reduce the development time. We have held pre-IND meetings with the FDA to discuss, among other things, the regulatory pathways for TMB-001. The timelines for filing and review of our NDAs for TMB-001 are based on its plan to submit such NDAs under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA, which would enable us to rely in part on data in the public domain or elsewhere. We have not yet filed an NDA under Section 505(b)(2) for any of our product candidates. Depending on the data that may be required by the FDA for approval, some of the data may be related to products already approved by the FDA. If the data relied upon is related to products already approved by the FDA and covered by third-party patents, we would be required to certify that we do not infringe the listed patents or that such patents are invalid or unenforceable. As a result of the certification, the third-party would have 45 days from notification of our certification to initiate an action against us.
In the event that an action is brought in response to such a certification, the approval of our NDA could be subject to a stay of up to 30 months or more while we defendagainst such a suit. Approval of our product candidates under Section 505(b)(2) may therefore be delayed until patent exclusivity expires or until we successfullychallenge the applicability of those patents to such product candidates. Alternatively, we may elect to generate sufficient additional clinical data so that we no longer rely on data which triggers a potential stay of the approval of our product candidates. Even if no exclusivity periods apply to our applications under Section 505(b)(2), the FDA has broad discretion to require us to generate additional data on the safety and efficacy of our product candidates to supplement third-party data on which we may be permitted to rely. In either event, we could be required, before obtaining marketing approval for any of our product candidates, to conduct substantial new research and development activities beyond those we currently plan to engage in order to obtain approval of our product candidates. Such additional new research and development activities would be costly and time consuming.
We may not be able to realize a shortened development timeline for our product candidates, and the FDA may not approve an NDA based on our review of the submitted data. If products containing isotretinoin or rapamycin are withdrawn from the market by the FDA for any safety reason, we may not be able to reference such products to support a 505(b)(2) NDA for TMB-001 and we may need to fulfill the more extensive requirements of Section 505(b)(1). If we are required to generate additional data to support approval, we may be unable to meet our anticipated development and commercialization timelines, may be unable to generate the additional data at a reasonable cost, or at all, and may be unable to obtain marketing approval of our lead product candidates.
Even if we are able to commercialize any product candidate that we may develop, the product may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations, third-party payor reimbursement practices or healthcare reform initiatives that could harm our business.
The commercial success of our current or future product candidates will depend substantially, both domestically and abroad, on the extent to which the costs of our product candidates will be paid by health maintenance, managed care, pharmacy benefit and similar healthcare management organizations, or reimbursed by government health administration authorities (such as Medicare and Medicaid), private health coverage insurers and other third-party payors. If reimbursement is not available, or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our products. Even if coverage is provided, the approved reimbursement amount may not be high enough to allow us to establish and maintain pricing sufficient to realize a meaningful return on our investment.
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There is significant uncertainty related to third-party payor coverage and reimbursement of newly approved drugs. Marketing approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new drug products vary widely from country to country. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing or product licensing approval is granted. In some non-U.S. markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain marketing approval for a product in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay commercial launch of the product, possibly for lengthy time periods, which may negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the product in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more product candidates, even if our product candidates obtain marketing approval.
Our ability to commercialize our product candidates will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will cover and establish reimbursement levels. The healthcare industry is acutely focused on cost containment, both in the United States and elsewhere. Government authorities and third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications, which could affect our ability to sell our product candidates profitably. These payors may not view our products, if any, as cost-effective, and coverage and reimbursement may not be available to our customers, or may not be sufficient to allow our products, if any, to be marketed on a competitive basis. Cost-control initiatives could cause us to decrease the price we might establish for products, which could result in lower than anticipated product revenues. If the prices for our products, if any, decrease or if governmental and other third-party payors do not provide adequate coverage or reimbursement, our prospects for revenue and profitability will suffer.
There may also be delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the indications for which the drug is approved by the FDA or comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities. Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply that any drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Reimbursement rates may vary, by way of example, according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used. Reimbursement rates may also be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs or may be incorporated into existing payments for other services.
In addition, increasingly, third-party payors are requiring higher levels of evidence of the benefits and clinical outcomes of new technologies and are challenging the prices charged. We cannot be sure that coverage will be available for any product candidate that we may commercialize and, if available, that the reimbursement rates will be adequate. Further, the net reimbursement for drug products may be subject to additional reductions if there are changes to laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. An inability to promptly obtain coverage and adequate payment rates from both government-funded and private payors for any of our product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products and our overall financial condition.
We rely on our acquisition agreements to provide rights to certain intellectual property relating to our lead product candidates, TMB-001 and TMB-003. Any termination or loss of significant rights under any such agreements would adversely impact our development or commercialization of such product candidates.
We have acquired the rights to certain intellectual property relating to our lead product candidates, TMB-001 and TMB-003, from Patagonia through two acquisition agreements. If, for any reason, our acquisition agreements are terminated or we otherwise lose those rights, it would harm our business. In addition to financial obligations, our acquisition agreements impose on us obligations and restrictions relating to development, commercialization, funding, sublicensing, non-competition, intellectual property protection, payment and royalties and other matters. If we breach any material obligations, or use the intellectual property licensed to or acquired by us in an unauthorized manner, we may be required to pay damages to our collaborators and such collaborators may have the right to terminate the applicable licenses or rights,
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as applicable, which would result in us being unable to develop, manufacture and sell one or more of our product candidates, if approved.
We may not be successful in our efforts to identify and acquire or in-license additional product candidates, or to enter into collaborations or strategic alliances for the development and commercialization of any such future product candidates.
We may seek to identify and acquire or in-license novel product candidates in the medical dermatology field. The process by which we identify product candidates may fail to yield product candidates for clinical development for a number of reasons, including those discussed in these risk factors and also:
potential product candidates may, upon further study, be shown to have harmful side effects or other characteristics that indicate that they are unlikely to be products that will receive marketing approval and achieve market acceptance;
potential product candidates may not be effective in treating their targeted diseases; or
the acquisition or in-licensing transactions can entail numerous operational and functional risks, including exposure to unknown liabilities, disruption of our business, or incurrence of substantial debt or dilutive issuances of equity securities to pay transaction consideration or costs, higher than expected acquisition or integration costs.
We may choose to focus our efforts and resources on a potential product candidate that ultimately proves to be unsuccessful. We also cannot be certain that, following an acquisition or in-licensing transaction, we will achieve the revenue or specific net income that justifies such transaction. Further, time and resources spent identifying, acquiring and developing potential product candidates may distract management’s attention from our primary business or other development programs. If we are unable to identify and acquire suitable product candidates for clinical development, this would adversely impact our business strategy, our financial position and share price.
In the future, may decide to collaborate with other pharmaceutical companies for the development and potential commercialization of our product candidates in the United States or other countries or territories of the world. We will face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. We are exploring ways to efficiently fund the Company including entering into non-dilutive partnerhsips aor licensing agreements. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish a strategic partnership or other alternative arrangements for our product candidates because such product candidates may be deemed to be at too early of a stage of development for collaborative effort and third parties may not view our product candidates as having the requisite potential to demonstrate safety and efficacy. If and when we collaborate with a third party for development and commercialization of a product candidate, it can expect to relinquish some or all of the control over the future success of that product candidate to the third party. Our ability to reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors.
If we are not successful in attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel, we may not be able to successfully implement our business strategy.
Our ability to compete in the highly competitive pharmaceuticals industry depends in large part upon our ability to attract highly qualified managerial, scientific and medical personnel. In order to induce valuable employees to remain with us, we intend to provide employees with stock options that vest over time. The value to employees of stock options that vest over time will be significantly affected by movements in the price of the common stock that we will not be able to control and may at any time be insufficient to counteract more lucrative offers from other companies.
Our management team has expertise in many different aspects of drug development and commercialization. However, we will need to hire additional personnel as we further develop our drug candidates. Competition for skilled personnel in the pharmaceutical industry is intense and competition for experienced scientists may limit our ability to hire and retain highly
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qualified personnel on acceptable terms. Despite our efforts to retain valuable employees, members of its management, scientific and medical teams may terminate their employment with us on short notice. Our success also depends on our ability to continue to attract, retain and motivate highly skilled junior, mid-level, and senior managers as well as junior, mid-level, and senior scientific and medical personnel.
Other pharmaceutical companies with which we compete for qualified personnel have greater financial and other resources, different risk profiles, and a longer history in the industry than we do. Other pharmaceutical companies also may provide more diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement. Some of these characteristics may be more appealing to high-quality candidates than what we have to offer. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain high-quality personnel, the rate and success at which we can develop and commercialize product candidates would be limited.
We will need to grow the size of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth.
As of December 31, 2022, we had nine employees. As our development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, we will need to expand the size of our employee base for managerial, operational, sales, marketing, financial and other resources. Future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including the need to identify, recruit, maintain, motivate and integrate additional employees. In addition, our management may have to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from its day-to-day activities, including the additional requirements on management as a public company, and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. Our future financial performance, ability to commercialize our product candidates and our ability to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage our future growth.
Adverse global conditions, including economic uncertainty, may negatively impact our financial results.
Global conditions, dislocations in the financial markets, any negative financial impacts affecting United States corporations operating on a global basis as a result of tax reform or changes to existing trade agreements or tax conventions, or inflation, could adversely impact our business in a number of ways, including longer sales cycles, lower prices for our products, reduced licensing renewals, customer disruption or foreign currency fluctuations.
In addition, the global macroeconomic environment could be negatively affected by, among other things, the COVID-19 pandemic or other epidemics, instability in global economic markets, increased U.S. trade tariffs and trade disputes with other countries, instability in the global credit markets, supply chain weaknesses, instability in the geopolitical environment as a result of the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, the Russian invasion of the Ukraine and other political tensions, and foreign governmental debt concerns. Such challenges have caused, and may continue to cause, uncertainty and instability in local economies and in global financial markets.
More recently, the closures of Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, and Signature Bank and their placement into receivership with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC created bank-specific and broader financial institution liquidity risk and concerns. Although the Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve, and the FDIC jointly released a statement that depositors at SVB and Signature Bank would have access to their funds, even those in excess of the standard FDIC insurance limits, under a systemic risk exception, future adverse developments with respect to specific financial institutions or the broader financial services industry may lead to market-wide liquidity shortages, impair the ability of companies to access near-term working capital needs, and create additional market and economic uncertainty. There can be no assurance that future credit and financial market instability and a deterioration in confidence in economic conditions will not occur.
We face risks related to health epidemics and outbreaks of communicable diseases, including COVID-19, which could significantly disrupt our preclinical studies and clinical trials.
The duration and the geographic impact of the business disruption and related financial impact resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic cannot be reasonably estimated at this time and our business could be adversely impacted by its effects. In
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an effort to halt the outbreak of COVID-19, the United States has, at times, placed significant restrictions on travel and many businesses have announced extended closures which could adversely impact our operations. Enrollment of patients in our clinical trials may be delayed due to COVID-19. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the operations of the FDA and other health authorities may delay potential approvals of our clinical trial protocols. In addition, we rely on independent clinical investigators, contract research organizations and other third-party service providers to assist us in managing, monitoring and otherwise carrying out our nonclinical studies and clinical trials and the pandemic may affect their ability to devote sufficient time and resources to our programs.
Temporary closure of facilities at which our clinical trials are conducted, or restrictions on the ability of our employees,
clinicians or patients enrolled in our trials to travel could adversely affect our operations and our ability to conduct and
complete our clinical trials. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic, including insufficient vaccination of the general
population and the emergence of new variants, including the delta variant and the omicron variant, could affect the
health and availability of our workforce as well as those of the third parties on whom we rely. If new, more infectious or
severe variants emerge, it is possible that the impact of the pandemic on our business may increase or lengthen in
duration. As a result of the foregoing factors, the expected timeline for data readouts of our nonclinical studies and
clinical trials and certain regulatory filings may be negatively impacted, which would adversely affect our business.
International expansion of our business exposes us to business, legal, regulatory, political, operational, financial and economic risks associated with conducting business outside of the United States.
Part of our business strategy involves potential expansion internationally with third-party collaborators to seek regulatory approval for our product candidates outside the United States. Doing business internationally involves a number of risks, including but not limited to:
multiple conflicting and changing laws and regulations such as tax laws, export and import restrictions, employment laws, anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws, regulatory requirements and other governmental approvals, permits and licenses;
failure by us or our collaborators to obtain appropriate licenses or regulatory approvals for the sale or use of our product candidates, if approved, in various countries;
difficulties in managing foreign operations;
complexities associated with managing multiple payor-reimbursement regimes or self-pay systems;
financial risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty enforcing contracts and collecting accounts receivable and exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;
reduced protection for intellectual property rights;
natural disasters, political and economic instability, including wars, terrorism and political unrest, outbreak of disease, boycotts, curtailment of trade and other business restrictions; and
failure to comply with the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, including its books and records provisions and its anti-bribery provisions, the United Kingdom Bribery Act 2010, or U.K. Bribery Act, and similar anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws in other jurisdictions, for example by failing to maintain accurate information and control over sales or distributors’ activities.
Any of these risks, if encountered, could significantly harm our future international expansion and operations and, consequently, negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
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Our business and operations would suffer in the event of system failures, cyber-attacks or a deficiency in our cyber-security.
Our computer systems, as well as those of various third parties on which we rely, may sustain damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, data breaches, phishing attacks, cybercriminals, natural disasters (including hurricanes and earthquakes), terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. We rely on our third-party providers to implement effective security measures and identify and correct for any such failures, deficiencies or breaches. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. If such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our drug development programs. For example, the loss of nonclinical or clinical trial data from completed, ongoing or planned trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of personal, confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development of any product candidate could be delayed.
If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our drug candidates.
We face a potential risk of product liability as a result of the clinical testing of our drug candidates and will face much greater risk if we commercialize our drug candidates. For example, we may be sued if any product we develop or any materials that we use in our products allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability and a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfullydefend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our drug candidates. Even a successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:
decreased demand for our drug candidates;
injury to our reputation;
withdrawal of clinical trial participants;
costs to defend the related litigation;
a diversion of management’s time and our resources;
substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients;
product recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions;
the inability to commercialize our drug candidates; and
a decline in the value of our common stock.
Our inability to obtain and retain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of products we develop. We intend to obtain product liability insurance covering our clinical trials. Although we will maintain such insurance, any claim that may be brought against us could result in a court judgment or settlement in an amount that is not covered, in whole or in part, by our
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insurance or that is in excess of the limits of our insurance coverage. Our insurance policies also have various exclusions, and we may be subject to a product liability claim for which we haves no coverage. We may have to pay any amounts awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations or that are not covered by our insurance, and we may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay such amounts.
We may acquire businesses, assets or products, or form strategic alliances, in the future, and we may not realize the benefits of such acquisitions.
We may acquire additional businesses, assets or products, form strategic alliances or create joint ventures with third parties that we believe will complement or augment our existing business. If we acquire businesses with promising markets or technologies, we may not be able to realize the benefit of acquiring such businesses if we are unable to successfully integrate them with our existing operations and company culture. We cannot assure you that, following any such acquisition, we will achieve the expected synergies to justify the transaction.
Risks Related to Development, Regulatory Approval and Commercialization
If our studies encounter difficulties or fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of the FDA and comparable non-U.S. regulators, we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our product candidates.
We are not permitted to commercialize, market, promote or sell any product candidate in the United States without obtaining marketing approval from the FDA. Comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities impose similar restrictions. We may never receive such approvals. We must complete extensive preclinical development and clinical studies to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates in humans before we will be able to obtain these approvals.
Preclinical and clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete, can fail for many reasons, and is inherently uncertain as to outcome. We have not previously submitted an NDA to the FDA or similar drug approval filings to comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities for any product candidates.
Any inability to successfully complete preclinical and clinical development could result in additional costs to us and impair our ability to generate revenues from product sales, regulatory and commercialization milestones and royalties. In addition, if (1) we are required to conduct additional clinical studies or other testing of our product candidates beyond the studies and testing that we contemplate, (2) we are unable to successfully complete clinical studies of our product candidates or other testing, (3) the results of these studies or tests are unfavorable, uncertain or are only modestly favorable, or (4) there are unacceptable safety concerns associated with our product candidates, we, in addition to incurring additional costs, may:
be delayed in obtaining marketing approval for our product candidates;
not obtain marketing approval at all;
receive shorter periods of exclusive rights to commercialize our product candidates and experience greater and more competition from products from our competitors;
obtain approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as we intended or desired;
obtain approval with labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or significant safety warnings, including boxed warnings;
be subject to additional post-marketing testing or other requirements; or
be required to remove the product from the market after obtaining marketing approval.
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Enrollment and retention of patients in clinical trials is an expensive and time-consuming process and could be made more difficult or rendered impossible by multiple factors outside our control.
We may encounter delays or difficulties in enrolling, or be unable to enroll, a sufficient number of patients to complete any of our clinical trials on its current timelines, or at all, and even once enrolled we may be unable to retain a sufficient number of patients to complete any of our trials. Enrollment in our clinical trials may be slower than we anticipate, leading to delays in our development timelines. For example, we may face difficulty enrolling or maintaining a sufficient number of patients in our clinical trials due to the existing alternative treatments approved for the treatment of any of our targeted indications, such as topical corticosteroids or topical steroid-free therapies for atopic dermatitis or psoriasis, as patients may decline to enroll or decide to withdraw from our clinical trials due to the risk of receiving placebo. Patient enrollment and retention in clinical trials depends on many factors, including the size of the patient population, the nature of the trial protocol, our ability to recruit clinical trial investigators with the appropriate competencies and experience, the existing body of safety and efficacy data with respect to the study drug, the number and nature of competing treatments and ongoing clinical trials of competing drugs for the same indication, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial and the proportion of patients screened that meets those criteria, our ability to obtain and maintain patient consents, and our ability to successfully complete prerequisite studies before enrolling certain patient populations.
Furthermore, any negative results or new safety signals we may report in clinical trials of our product candidates may make it difficult or impossible to recruit and retain patients in other clinical trials. Similarly, negative results reported by our competitors about their drug candidates may negatively affect patient recruitment in our clinical trials. Also, marketing authorization of competitors in this same class of drugs may impair our ability to enroll patients into our clinical trials, delaying or potentially preventing it from completing recruitment of one or more of our trials.
Delays or failures in planned patient enrollment or retention may result in increased costs, program delays or both, which could have a harmful effect on our ability to develop our product candidates or could render further development impossible. In addition, we expect to rely on CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure proper and timely conduct of our future clinical trials, and, while we intend to enter into agreements governing their services, we will be limited in our ability to compel their actual performance.
We may not be able to meet requirements for the chemistry, manufacturing and control of our drug product candidates.
In order to receive approval of our products by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, we must show that we and our contract manufacturing partners are able to characterize, control and manufacture our drug products safely and in accordance with regulatory requirements. This includes synthesizing the active ingredient, developing an acceptable formulation, performing tests to adequately characterize the formulated product, documenting a repeatable manufacturing process, and demonstrating that our drug products meet stability requirements. Meeting these chemistry, manufacturing and control (“CMC”) requirements is a complex task that requires specialized expertise. If we are not able to meet the CMC requirements, we may not be successful in getting our products approved.
We face significant competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies that currently are targeting medical dermatological indications that we are studying, and our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete effectively.
The markets for dermatological therapies are competitive and are characterized by significant technological development and new product introduction. For example, there are several large and small pharmaceutical companies focused on delivering therapeutics for our targeted inflammatory and medical dermatological indications. We anticipate that, if we obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates, we will face significant competition from other approved therapies or drugs that become available in the future for the treatment of our target indications that we are studying. If approved, our product candidates may also compete with unregulated, unapproved and off-label treatments. Even if another branded or generic product or an over-the-counter, or OTC, product is less effective than our product candidates, a less effective branded, generic or OTC product may be more quickly adopted by physicians and patients than our competing product candidates based upon cost or convenience. Certain of our product candidates, if approved, will present novel therapeutic
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approaches for the approved indications and will have to compete with existing therapies, some of which are widely known and accepted by physicians and patients. To compete successfully in this market, we will have to demonstrate that the relative cost, safety and efficacy of our approved products, if any, provide an attractive alternative to existing and other new therapies to gain a share of some patients’ discretionary budgets and for physicians’ attention within their clinical practices. Some of the companies that offer competing products also have a broad range of other product offerings, large direct sales forces and long-term customer relationships with our target physicians, which could inhibit our market penetration efforts. Such competition could lead to reduced market share for our product candidates and contribute to downward pressure on the pricing of our product candidates, which could harm our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects.
There are currently no approved topical isotretinoin products available in the United States. We are currently aware of one other program that is active in the CI space that may compete with the TMB-001 program. The program in development is from Krystal Biotech, whose product KB105 is currently the subject of an ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial for the treatment of TGM1-deficient ARCI. KB105 is a replication-incompetent, non-integrating HSV-1 vector expressing human TGM1 formulated as a topical gel. The Phase 2 clinical trial involves a randomized, placebo-controlled intra-patient parallel study. Up to 15 children or adults, aged 6 months and older are planned for this Phase 2 study. The Phase 2 trial is expected to begin in March 2023 and finish in April 2024. As of March 2023, the trial was active but had not yet begun recruiting (NCT05735158). It is the belief of management that the TMB-001 program is significantly more advanced the KB105 program in terms of development timelines. We believe that the TMB-001 program has additional key differentiators that we believe to be relevant including: a broader range of disease states being studied (Lamellar Ichthyosis including the TGM1 mutations but also other mutations and XLRI); a topical formulation versus gene therapy and a known mechanism of action in the disease.
Many of our existing or potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do and significantly greater experience in the discovery and development of product candidates, as well as in obtaining regulatory approvals of those product candidates in the United States and in foreign countries. Many of our current and potential future competitors also have significantly more experience commercializing drugs that have been approved for marketing. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries could result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Competition may reduce the number and types of patients available to us to participate in clinical trials, because some patients who might have opted to enroll in our trials may instead opt to enroll in a trial being conducted by one of our competitors.
Due to less stringent regulatory requirements in certain foreign countries, there are many more dermatological products and procedures available for use in those international markets than are approved for use in the United States. In certain international markets, there are also fewer limitations on the claims that our competitors can make about the effectiveness of their products and the manner in which they can market their products. As a result, we expect to face more competition in these markets than in the United States.
Our ability to compete successfully will depend largely on our ability to:
develop and commercialize therapies that are competitive with other products in the market;
demonstrate through our clinical trials that our product candidates are differentiated from existing and future therapies;
attract qualified scientific, product development and commercial personnel;
obtain patent or other proprietary protection for our technologies and product;
obtain required regulatory approvals, including approvals to market our product candidates in ways that are differentiated from existing and future therapies and OTC products and treatments;
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successfully commercialize our product candidates, if approved; and
obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement from, and negotiate competitive pricing with, third-party payors.
The availability of our competitors’ products could limit the demand and the price we are able to charge for any product candidate we develop. The inability to compete with existing or subsequently introduced drugs or OTC treatments would have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.
If the market opportunities for our product candidates are smaller than we believe them to be, our revenues may be adversely affected and our business may suffer. Because the target patient populations of our product candidates are small, we must be able to successfully identify patients and capture a significant market share to achieve and maintain profitability.
We focus our research and product development on treatments for orphan dermatology indications. Our projections of both the number of people who have failed other therapies or have limited medical options, are based on estimates. These estimates may prove to be incorrect and new studies may change the estimated incidence or prevalence. The number of patients in the United States and elsewhere may turn out to be lower than expected or may not be otherwise amenable to treatment with our products, or new patients may become increasingly difficult to identify or gain access to, all of which would adversely affect our results of operations and business. Additionally, because our target patient populations are small, we will be required to capture a significant market share to achieve and maintain profitability.
The regulatory approval processes of the FDA and comparable foreign authorities are lengthy, time consuming and inherently unpredictable. Even if we obtain approval for a product candidate in one country or jurisdiction, we may never obtain approval for or commercialize it in any other jurisdiction, which would limit our ability to realize our full market potential.
Prior to obtaining approval to commercialize any of our product candidates in any jurisdiction, we or our collaborators must demonstrate with substantial evidence from well-controlled clinical trials, and to the satisfaction of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory agencies, that such product candidates are safe and effective for their intended uses. Results from nonclinical studies and clinical trials can be interpreted in different ways. Even if we believe the nonclinical or clinical data for a product candidate are promising, such data may not be sufficient to support approval by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. In order to market any products in any particular jurisdiction, we must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements on a country-by-country basis regarding safety and efficacy. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in any other country or jurisdiction outside the United States. In addition, clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries, and regulatory approval in one country does not guarantee regulatory approval in any other country. Approval processes vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and validation, as well as additional administrative review periods. Seeking regulatory approval could result in difficulties and costs for us and require additional nonclinical studies or clinical trials, which could be costly and time consuming. Regulatory requirements can vary widely from country to country and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products in those countries. We do not have any product candidates approved for sale in any jurisdiction, including in international markets, and we do not have experience in obtaining regulatory approval. If we fail to comply with regulatory requirements in international markets or to obtain and maintain required approvals, or if regulatory approvals in international markets are delayed, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of any product we develop will be unrealized.
We may not be able to obtain or maintain orphan drug designation or exclusivity for our product candidates.
We have obtained orphan drug designation for TMB-001 and TMB-003 and may seek additional orphan drug designation for other product candidates. Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the United States and Europe, may designate drugs for relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a product as an orphan drug if it is a drug intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally defined as a patient population of fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States. Generally, if a product with an orphan drug
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designation subsequently receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity, which precludes the FDA or the EMA from approving another marketing application for the same indication for that drug during that time period. For a product that obtains orphan drug designation on the basis of a plausible hypothesis that it is clinically superior to the same drug that is already approved for the same indication, in order to obtain orphan drug exclusivity upon approval, clinical superiority of such product to this same drug that is already approved for the same orphan indication must be demonstrated. The exclusivity period is seven years in the United States and ten years in Europe. The European exclusivity period can be reduced to six years if a drug no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation or if the drug is sufficiently profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified. Orphan drug exclusivity may be lost if the FDA or the EMA determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the drug to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition.
We cannot assure you that any future application with respect to any other product candidate will be granted. If we are unable to obtain orphan drug designation in the United States, we will not be eligible to obtain the period of market exclusivity that could result from orphan drug designation or be afforded the financial incentives associated with orphan drug designation. Even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the product from competition because different drugs can be approved for the same condition. Even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA can subsequently approve the same drug for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the later drug is clinically superior in that it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care.
Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval, along with the manufacturing processes, qualification testing, post-approval clinical data, labeling and promotional activities for such product, will be subject to continual and additional requirements of the FDA and other regulatory authorities.
These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information, reports, registration and listing requirements, good manufacturing practices, or GMP requirements relating to quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, and recordkeeping. Even if marketing approval of our product candidates is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to conditions of approval, or contain requirements for costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product. The FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of pharmaceutical products to ensure such products are marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling.
In addition, later discovery of previously unknown problems with our products, manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may lead to various adverse results, including:
restrictions on such products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes;
restrictions on the labeling or marketing of a product;
restrictions on product distribution or use;
requirements to conduct post-marketing clinical studies;
requirements to institute a REMS to monitor safety of the product post-approval;
warning letters issued by the FDA or other regulatory authorities;
withdrawal of the products from the market;
refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications that we submit;
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recall of products, fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenue;
suspension, revocation or withdrawal of marketing approvals;
refusal to permit the import or export of our products; and
injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminalpenalties.
If any of our product candidates receive marketing approval and we, or others, later discover that the drug is less effective than previously believed or causes undesirable side effects that were not previously identified, our ability to market such drug could be compromised.
Clinical studies of our product candidates are conducted in carefully defined subsets of patients who have agreed to enter into clinical studies. Consequently, it is possible that our clinical studies may indicate an apparent positive effect of a product candidate that is greater than the actual positive effect, if any, or alternatively fail to identify undesirable side effects. If, following approval of any of our product candidates, we, or others, discover that the drug is less effective than previously believed or causes undesirable side effects that were not previously identified, any of the following adverse events could occur:
regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the drug or seize the drug;
we may be required to recall the drug or change the way the drug is administered;
additional restrictions may be imposed on the marketing of, or the manufacturing processes for, the particular drug;
we may be subject to fines, injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminalpenalties;
regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as a "black box" warning or a contraindication;
we may be required to create a Medication Guide outlining the risks of the previously unidentified side effects for distribution to patients;
we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients;
the drug may become less competitive; and
our reputation may suffer.
Any of these events could have a material and adverse effect on our operations and business and could adversely impact the price of our common stock.
The FDA and other regulatory agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses. If we are found or alleged to have improperly promoted off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability.
The FDA and other regulatory agencies strictly regulate the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products, as our product candidates would be, if approved. In particular, a product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the FDA or such other regulatory agencies as reflected in the product’s approved labeling. If we are found to have promoted such off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability. The federal government has levied
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large civil and criminalfinesagainst companies for allegedimproper promotion and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. The FDA has also requested that companies enter into consent decrees or permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed or curtailed. If we cannot successfully manage the promotion of our product candidates, if approved, we could become subject to significant liability, which would harm our business and financial condition.
There are risks associated with scaling up manufacturing to commercial scale. If our contract manufacturers are unable to manufacture our drug candidates on a commercial scale, this could potentially delay regulatory approval and commercialization or materially adversely affect our results of operations.
There are risks associated with scaling up manufacturing to commercial volumes including, among others, cost overruns, technical problems with process scale-up, process reproducibility, stability issues, and lot consistency. We have limited experience contracting with third parties to manufacture our drug candidates and will need to be able to successfully do so. Even if we obtain regulatory approval for our drug candidates, there is no assurance that our contract manufacturers will be able to manufacture the approved products to specifications acceptable to the FDA or other regulatory authorities, to produce them in sufficient quantities to meet the requirements for the potential launch of the product or to meet potential future demand. If our manufacturers are unable to produce sufficient quantities of approved products for commercialization, either on a timely basis or at all, our commercialization efforts would be impaired, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
If we obtain approval to commercialize any of our products outside of the United States, a variety of risks associated with international operations could harm our business.
If any of our product candidates is approved for commercialization outside of the United States, we expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to entering into international business relationships, including:
different regulatory requirements for drug approvals and rules governing drug commercialization and manufacturing in foreign countries;
reduced or no protection of intellectual property rights;
unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory requirements;
economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;
compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;
foreign reimbursement, pricing and insurance regimes;
foreign taxes;
any foreign partners or collaborators not fulfilling their respective regulatory reporting requirements and any foreign regulatory authorities taking actions with respect to such failures, which would be reportable to the FDA;
any foreign partners or collaborators not informing us of any new post-marketing safety signals in a timely manner;
foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenue, and other obligations incident to doing business in another country;
workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States;
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potential noncompliance with the FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act or similar anti-bribery and anticorruption laws in other jurisdictions;
production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad; and
business interruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism, or natural disasters including earthquakes, typhoons, floods and fires.
Legislative and regulatory changes may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our drug candidates and affect the prices we may obtain.
In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval for our drug candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to profitably sell our drug candidates. In particular, legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to reduce government reimbursements for drugs, expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products.
Both Congress and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”), the agency that administers the Medicare program, from time to time consider legislation, regulations, or other initiatives to reduce drug costs under Medicare Parts B and D. There have been legislative proposals to repeal the “non-interference” provision of the MMA to allow CMS to leverage the Medicare market share to negotiate larger Part D rebates. Further cost reduction efforts could decrease the coverage and price that we receive for our drug candidates and could seriouslyharm our business. Private payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rates, and any reduction in reimbursement under the Medicare program may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors.
The 21 st Century Cures Act made changes to the FDA approval process for drugs and medical devices. We do not know whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals of our drug candidates, if any, may be. In addition, increased scrutiny by the U.S. Congress of the FDA’s approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us to more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements.
Our business also may be affected by legislative and regulatory changes at the state and local level. For example, several states have adopted or are considering adopting laws that require reporting of payments to healthcare professionals and/or require pharmaceutical companies to provide notice prior to raising prices and to justify price increases. We expect that additional healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, and in turn could significantly reduce the projected value of certain development projects and reduce our profitability.
Any fast track designation or grant of priority review status by the FDA may not actually lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, nor will it assure FDA approval of our product candidates. Additionally, our product candidates may treat indications that do not qualify for priority review vouchers.
In April 2022, the FDA granted Fast Track designation to TMB-001 for the treatment of XLRI and ARCI. In May 2022, the FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy designation to TMB-001 for the treatment of CI. We may also seek fast track designation for our other product candidates in the future or priority review of applications for approval of our product candidates for certain indications. If a drug is intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening condition and the drug demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for this condition, the drug sponsor may apply for FDA fast track designation. If a product candidate offers major advances in treatment, the FDA may designate us eligible for priority review. The FDA has broad discretion whether or not to grant these designations, so even if we believe a particular product candidate is eligible for these designations, we cannot assure you that the FDA would decide to grant them. Even
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if we do receive fast track designation or priority review, we may not experience a faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. The FDA may withdraw fast track designation if we believe that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program.
Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties
We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties to conduct our clinical studies, and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such studies.
We currently rely on CROs to conduct our clinical studies. We expect to continue to rely on third parties, such as CROs, clinical data management organizations, medical institutions and clinical investigators, to conduct our clinical studies. Our agreements with these third parties generally allow the third-party to terminate the agreement at any time. If we are required to enter into alternative arrangements because of any such termination the introduction of our product candidates to market could be delayed.
Our reliance on these third parties for research and development activities will reduce our control over these activities but will not relieve us of our responsibilities. For example, we design our clinical studies and will remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical studies are conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the study. Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with cGCPs for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical studies to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of study participants are protected. Our reliance on third parties that we do not control does not relieve us of these responsibilities and requirements. We are also required to register ongoing clinical studies and post the results of completed clinical studies on a government-sponsored database, Clinicaltrials.gov, within specified timeframes. Failure to do so can result in fines, adverse publicity and civil and criminal sanctions.
Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our clinical studies in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, marketing approvals for our product candidates and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully commercialize our product candidates.
We also expect to rely on other third parties to store and distribute drug supplies for our clinical studies. Any performance failure on the part of our distributors could delay clinical development or marketing approval of our product candidates or commercialization of our products, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential product revenue.
We may seek to enter into collaborations with third parties for the development and commercialization of our product candidates. If we fail to enter into such collaborations, or such collaborations are not successful, we may not be able to capitalize on the market potential of our product candidates.
We may seek third-party collaborators for development and commercialization of our product candidates. Our likely collaborators for any marketing, distribution, development, licensing or broader collaboration arrangements include large and mid-size pharmaceutical companies, regional and national pharmaceutical companies, non-profit organizations, government agencies, and biotechnology companies. We are currently party to a limited number of such arrangements and have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that our collaborators dedicate to the development or commercialization of our product candidates. Our ability to generate revenues from these arrangements will depend on our collaborators’ abilities to successfully perform the functions assigned to them in these arrangements.
Collaborations involving our product candidates currently pose, and will continue to pose, the following risks to us:
collaborators have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations;
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collaborators may not pursue development and commercialization of our product candidates or may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization programs based on preclinical or clinical study results, changes in the collaborators’ strategic focus or available funding, or external factors such as an acquisition that diverts resources or creates competing priorities;
collaborators may delay clinical studies, provide insufficient funding for a clinical study program, stop a clinical study or abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical studies or require a new formulation of a product candidate for clinical testing;
collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our product candidates if the collaborators believe that competitive products are more likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive than ours;
collaborators with marketing and distribution rights to one or more products may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of such product or products;
collaborators may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate its intellectual property or proprietary information or expose it to potential litigation;
collaborators may infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may expose it to litigation and potential liability;
disputes may arise between the collaborators and us that result in the delay or termination of the research, development or commercialization of our product candidates or that result in costlylitigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources; and
collaborations may be terminated and, if terminated, may result in a need for additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidates.
Collaboration agreements may not lead to development or commercialization of our product candidates in the most efficient manner or at all. If a collaborator of ours were to be involved in a business combination, the continued pursuit and emphasis on our product development or commercialization program could be delayed, diminished or terminated.
If we are not able to establish collaborations, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans.
Our drug development programs and the potential commercialization of our product candidates will require substantial additional cash to fund expenses. We may decide to collaborate with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for the development and potential commercialization of our product candidates.
We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Whether we reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend, among other things, upon its assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. Those factors may include the design or results of preclinical studies or clinical studies, the likelihood of approval by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States, the potential market for the subject product candidates, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and delivering such product candidate to patients, the potential of competing products, the existence of uncertainty with respect to its ownership of technology, which can exist if there is a challenge to such ownership without regard to the merits of the challenge and industry and market conditions generally. The collaborator may also consider alternative product candidates or technologies for similar indications that may be available to collaborate on and whether such a collaboration could be more attractive than the one with us for our product candidates. We may also be restricted under future license agreements from entering into agreements on certain terms with potential
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collaborators. Collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. In addition, there have been a significant number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future collaborators.
We may not be able to negotiate collaborations on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to do so, we may have to curtail the development of our product candidates, reduce or delay our development programs, delay our potential commercialization or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we may not be able to further develop our product candidates or bring them to market and generate product revenue.
Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property
It is difficult and costly to protect our intellectual property rights, and we cannot ensure the protection of these rights.
Our commercial success will depend, in part, on obtaining and maintaining additional patent protection for our technologies, products and processes, successfullydefending these patents against third-party challenges and successfully enforcing these patents against third party competitors. The patent positions of pharmaceutical companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal, scientific and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved. Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws may diminish the value of our intellectual property. Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowable in our pending applications or, the enforceability of our existing and future patents.
The degree of our current and future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights, permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage, or provide us with any competitive advantage at all. For example, others have filed, and in the future are likely to file, patent applications covering products and technologies, such as trifarotene and KB105 as described above, that are similar or competitive to our product candidates, or important to our business. We cannot be certain that any patents or patent application owned by a third party will not have priority over patents and patent applications filed by us, or that we will not be involved in interference, opposition or invalidity proceedings before United States or foreign patent offices.
We also rely on trade secrets to protect technology, especially in cases when we believe patent protection is not appropriate or obtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. While we require employees, academic collaborators, consultants and other contractors to enter into confidentiality agreements, we may not be able to adequately protect our trade secrets or other proprietary or licensed information. Typically, research collaborators and scientific advisors have rights to publish data and information in which we may have rights. If we cannot maintain the confidentiality of our proprietary technology and other confidential information, our ability to receive patent protection and our ability to protect valuable information owned by us may be imperiled. Enforcing a claim that a third-party entity illegally obtained and is using any of our trade secrets is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts are sometimes less willing to protect trade secrets than patents. Moreover, our competitors may independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how.
If we fail to maintain or obtain additional patent protection or trade secret protection for our technologies, third parties could use our proprietary information, which could impair our ability to compete in the market and adversely affect our ability to generate revenues and attainprofitability.
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If we fail to obtain or maintain patent protection or trade secret protection for our technologies, third parties could use our proprietary information, which could impair its ability to compete in the market and adversely affect its ability to generate revenues and attainprofitability.
We may also develop trademarks to distinguish our products from the products of our competitors. We cannot guarantee that any trademark applications filed by us or our business partners will be approved. Third parties may also oppose such trademark applications, or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that the trademarks we use are successfullychallenged, we could be forced to rebrand our products, which could result in loss of brand recognition, and could require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands. Further, we cannot provide assurance that competitors will not infringe the trademarks we use, or that we will have adequate resources to enforce these trademarks.
We have acquired portions of our intellectual property, and if we fail to comply with our obligations under these arrangements, we could lose such intellectual property rights or owe damages to the licensor and/or seller of such intellectual property.
We have entered into two acquisition agreements with Patagonia pursuant to which we acquired rights to certain intellectual property worldwide. These agreements are important to our business, and we may enter into additional acquisition agreements as well as license agreements and other intellectual property arrangements in the future. Certain of our in-licensed and acquired intellectual property covers, or may cover, other potential developmental candidates. Our existing acquisition agreements impose, and we expect that future agreements will impose, various milestone payment, royalty and other obligations on us. If there is any conflict, dispute, disagreement or issue of non-performance between us and our collaborators regarding our rights or obligations under such agreements, including any such conflict, dispute or disagreement arising from our failure to satisfy payment obligations under any such agreement, we may owe damages, our collaborators may have a right to terminate the affected license or rights, and our ability to utilize the affected intellectual property in our product discovery and development efforts and our ability to enter into collaboration or marketing agreements for an affected product candidate may be adversely affected.
Our product candidates may infringe the intellectual property rights of others, which could increase our costs and delay or prevent our development and commercialization efforts.
Our success depends in part on avoiding infringement of the proprietary technologies of others. The pharmaceutical industry has been characterized by frequent litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. Identification of third party patent rights that may be relevant to our proprietary technology is difficult because patent searching is imperfect due to differences in terminology among patents, incomplete databases and the difficulty in assessing the meaning of patent claims. Additionally, because patent applications are maintained in secrecy until the application is published, we may be unaware of third-party patents that may be infringed by commercialization of our product candidates. There may be certain issued patents and patent applications claiming subject matter that we may be required to license in order to research, develop or commercialize our product candidates, and we do not know if such patents and patent applications would be available to license on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any claims of patent infringement asserted by third parties would be time-consuming and may:
result in costlylitigation;
divert the time and attention of our technical personnel and management;
prevent us from commercializing a product until the asserted patent expires or is held finally invalid or not infringed in a court of law;
require us to cease or modify our use of the technology and/or develop non-infringing technology; or
require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements.
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Although no third party has asserted a claim of infringementagainst us, others may hold proprietary rights that could prevent our product candidates from being marketed. Any patent-related legal action against us claimingdamages and seeking to enjoin commercial activities relating to our product candidates or our processes could subject us to potential liability for damages and require us to obtain a license to continue to manufacture or market our product candidates. We cannot predict whether we would prevail in any such actions or that any license required under any of these patents would be made available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, we cannot be sure that it could redesign any of our product candidates or processes to avoid infringement, if necessary. Accordingly, an adverse determination in a judicial or administrative proceeding, or the failure to obtain necessary licenses, could prevent us from developing and commercializing any of our product candidates, which could harm our business, financial condition and operating results.
A number of companies have conducted research on dermatological therapies which resulted in the filing of many patent applications related to this research. If we were to challenge the validity of these or any issued United States patent in court, we would need to overcome a statutory presumption of validity that attaches to every issued United States patent. This means that, in order to prevail, we would have to present clear and convincing evidence as to the invalidity of the patent’s claims.
If we were to challenge the validity of these or any issued United States patent in an administrative trial before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board in the USPTO, we would have to prove that the claims are unpatentable by a preponderance of the evidence. There is no assurance that a jury and/or court would find in our favor on questions of infringement, validity or enforceability.
We may be subject to claimschallenging the inventorship of its patents and other intellectual property.
Although we are not aware of any asserted third-party claimschallenging inventorship on our patents or ownership of our intellectual property, we may in the future be subject to claims that former employees, strategic partners, commercial counterparties or other third parties associated with us or one of our predecessors in ownership of our product candidates have an interest in our patents or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. While it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we cannot fully control the enforcement of these policies by third parties with which we contract, nor can we be certain that assignment agreements between us and our employees, between us and our counterparties, or between our counterparties and their employees or between our predecessors of ownership and their employees and counterparties, will effectively protect our interests as to any party who conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. Among other issues, the assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing, the assignment agreements may be breached, or we may have disputes arise from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our product candidates. As we approach potential commercialization of our product candidates, we are more closely analyzing all facts that we believe might be used to assert an inventorship claim against us. Determinations like these involve complex sets of fact and applications of sometimes-unsettled patent law, resulting in inherent uncertainties regarding ownership rights. Determining the history of development of certain of our intellectual property is made more difficult by the fact that certain of our intellectual property was developed by other companies for other indications before being acquired by us. Consequently, we cannot be sure that we have all of the documentary records relevant to such an analysis.
If claimschallenging inventorship are made against us, we may need to resort to litigation to resolve those claims. If we fail in defendingagainst any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may losevaluable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of valuable intellectual property rights or the right to assert those rights against third-parties marketing competing products. Even if we are successful in defendingagainst such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.
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We may need to license intellectual property from third parties, and such licenses may not be available or may not be available on commercially reasonable terms.
A third party may hold intellectual property, including patent rights, that are important or necessary to the development of our product candidates. It may be necessary for us to use the patented or proprietary technology of third parties to commercialize our drug candidates, in which case we would be required to obtain a license from these third parties on commercially reasonable terms. Such a license may not be available, or it may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, in which case our business would be harmed.
The risks described elsewhere pertaining to our intellectual property rights also apply to the intellectual property rights that we in-license, and any failure by us or our licensors to obtain, maintain, defend and enforce these rights could harm our business. In some cases we may not have control over the prosecution, maintenance or enforcement of the patents that we license, and may not have sufficient ability to provide input into the patent prosecution, maintenance and defense process with respect to such patents, and our licensors may fail to take the steps that we believe are necessary or desirable in order to obtain, maintain, defend and enforce the licensed patents.
Changes in U.S. patent law or the patent law of other countries or jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.
The United States has recently enacted and implemented wide-ranging patent reform legislation. In addition, patent reform legislation may pass in the future that could lead to additional uncertainties and increased costs surrounding the prosecution, enforcement and defense of our patents and pending patent applications. The United States Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on actions by the United States Congress, the federal courts and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce patents that we have licensed or that we might obtain in the future. Similarly, changes in patent law and regulations in other countries or jurisdictions or changes in the governmental bodies that enforce them or changes in how the relevant governmental authority enforces patent laws or regulations may weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce patents that we have licensed or that we may obtain in the future. We cannot predict future changes in the interpretation of patent laws or changes to patent laws that might be enacted into law by United States and foreign legislative bodies. Those changes may materially affect our patents or patent applications and our ability to obtain additional patent protection in the future. The United States federal government retains certain rights in inventions produced with its financial assistance under the Bayh-Dole Act. The federal government retains a “nonexclusive, nontransferable, irrevocable, paid-up license” for its own benefit. The Bayh-Dole Act also provides federal agencies with “march-in rights.” March-in rights allow the government, in specified circumstances, to require the contractor or successors in title to the patent to grant a “nonexclusive, partially exclusive, or exclusive license” to a “responsible applicant or applicants.” If the patent owner refuses to do so, the government may grant the license itself.
Our intellectual property agreements with third parties may be subject to disagreements over contract interpretation, which could narrow the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology.
Certain provisions in our intellectual property agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could affect the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, or affect financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
There are risks to our intellectual property based on our international business operations.
There are risks to technology and intellectual property that may result from us conducting business outside the United States, particularly in jurisdictions that do not have comparable levels of protection of corporate proprietary information
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and assets such as intellectual property, trademarks, trade secrets, know-how and customer information and records. For instance, we may be exposed to material risks of theft of proprietary technology and other intellectual property, including technical data, business processes, data sets or other sensitive information. While these risks are common to many companies, conducting business in certain foreign jurisdictions, housing technology, data and intellectual property abroad, or licensing technology to joint ventures with foreign partners may have more significant exposure. The risk can be by direct intrusion wherein technology and intellectual property is stolen or compromised through direct intrusion including cyber intrusions and physical theft through corporate espionage, including with the assistance of insiders. In addition, our technology and intellectual property may be subject to theft or compromise via more indirect routes. For example, our products or components may be reverse engineered by joint venture partners or other parties, which could result in our patents being infringed or our know-how or trade secrets stolen.
We are a “smaller reporting company” and, as a result of the reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies, our common stock may be less attractive to investors.
We are a “smaller reporting company,” meaning that we are not an investment company, an asset-backed issuer, or a majority-owned subsidiary of a parent company that is not a “smaller reporting company,” and have either: (i) a public float of less than $250 million or (ii) annual revenues of less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and (A) no public float or (B) a public float of less than $700 million. As a “smaller reporting company,” we are subject to lesser disclosure obligations in our SEC filings compared to other issuers, including being able to provide simplified executive compensation disclosures in our filings and only being required to provide two years of audited consolidated financial statements in our annual reports. In addition, because our public float is less than $75 million, we are a “non-accelerated filer” under Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are exempt from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that independent registered public accounting firms provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Until such time as we cease to be a “smaller reporting company” or a “non-accelerated filer,” as applicable, such decreased disclosure in our SEC filings may make it harder for investors to analyze our operating results and financial prospects.
severe
severity
favorable
The product in its earliest stage in our pipeline is TMB-003, a proprietary formulation of Sitaxsentan, a new chemical entity in the U.S., which is a selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist. It is currently in preclinical development as a locally applied formulation for the treatment of sclerotic skin diseases. The two disease areas under consideration include: Lichen Sclerosis a rare chronic disease of vulvae and perianal areas, and Localized Scleroderma, a chromic connective tissue disease that also affects other organ systems.
In connection with the Merger (as defined below), we acquired the BPX-01 and BPX-04 assets. BPX-01 is a Phase 3 ready topical minocycline for the treatment of inflammatory lesions of acne vulgaris, and BPX-04 is a Phase 3 ready topical minocycline for the treatment of papulopustular rosacea. We are seeking to monetize these assets through a license, co-development, or sale.
Corporate History
We have a limited operating history as we were formed on February 26, 2019. Since inception, our operations have focused on establishing its intellectual property portfolio, including acquiring rights to the proprietary formulations of isotretinoin, rapamycin and Sitaxsentan, as described above, organization and staffing of the Company, business planning, raising capital, and conducting clinical trials. We have financed our operations with $46 million through capital contributions over the past three years.
Since inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. For the year ended December 31, 2022, our net loss was $19.4 million. As of December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $48.3 million. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. We anticipate that our expenses will increase significantly in connection with our ongoing activities, as we continue to develop the pipeline of programs.
Merger with BioPharmX Corporation
On May 18, 2020, we completed our business combination with BioPharmX Corporation (“BioPharmX”) in accordance with the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, dated as of January 28, 2020 by and among
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BioPharmX, Timber Pharmaceuticals, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Timber Sub”) and BITI Merger, Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of BioPharmX (“Merger Sub”), as amended on March 24, 2020 (and as subsequently amended on April 27, 2020 as amended, the “Merger Agreement”), pursuant to which Merger Sub merged with and into Timber Sub, with Timber Sub surviving as our wholly-owned subsidiary (the “Merger”). In connection with the Merger, BioPharmX effected a reverse stock split of the shares of common stock, at a ratio of 1-for-12 (the “2020 Reverse Stock Split”). Following the completion of the Merger, we changed our name to “Timber Pharmaceuticals, Inc.” and the officers and directors of Timber Sub became the officers and directors of our Company.
In connection with the Merger, the 11.68 VARs of Timber Sub that were outstanding immediately prior to Merger became denoted and payable in 7,353 shares of common stock at the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”). Further, the holder of the 1,819,289 preferred units of Timber Sub outstanding immediately prior to the Merger received 1,819 shares of the Series A preferred stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) at the Effective Time.
In connection with the Merger Agreement, on March 27, 2020, Timber Sub and BioPharmX entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”), with certain accredited investors (the “Investors”) pursuant to which Timber Sub issued to the Investors shares of Timber units immediately prior to the Merger and we issued to the Investors warrants to purchase shares of common stock on the tenth trading day following the consummation of the Merger (the “Investor Warrants”) in a private placement transaction for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $25 million . We issued to the Investors 167,695 Series A Warrants to purchase shares of common stock (“Series A Warrants”) and 140,844 Series B Warrants to purchase shares of common stock (“Series B Warrants”). The Series A Warrants have a 5-year term and an exercise price of $2.7953, subject to the number of shares and exercise price being reset based on our stock price after the Merger. The Series A Warrants were initially exercisable into 167,695 shares of common stock, subject to certain adjustments. The Series B Warrants had an exercise price per share of $0.05, were exercisable upon issuance and were initially convertible into 140,844 shares of common stock in the aggregate.
In addition, pursuant to the terms of the Securities Purchase Agreement, on May 22, 2020 we issued to the Investors warrants to purchase 8,275 shares of common stock (the “Bridge Warrants”) which had an exercise price of $111.81 per share, which was revised to $15.50 per share as a result of the November 2021 Offering, and subsequently revised to $1.00 per share as a result of the August 2022 Offering.
On July 17, 2020, we entered into an Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement (as amended, the “Registration Rights Agreement”) with the Investors. Pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement, we agreed to provide certain demand registration rights to the Investors relating to the registration of the shares underlying the Investor Warrants and the Bridge Warrants. In connection with the entry into the Registration Rights Agreement and pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement, we were restricted from various financing activities until August 16, 2022.
On November 19, 2020, we entered into a Warrant Waiver Agreement with each of the holders of the Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants (the “Warrant Waiver Agreement”) which modified the terms of the original agreement and eliminated further resets. The aggregate number of Series A Warrants issued was fixed at 403,564 and the warrant exercise price was fixed at $58.00. The aggregate number of Series B Warrants was fixed at 455,336. The exercise price of the Series B Warrants remained unchanged.
In addition, certain restrictions contained in the Series A Warrants, Series B Warrants and Securities Purchase Agreement were modified including the restrictions on our ability to issue additional equity securities in connection with a financing and our ability to complete a fundamental transaction. Subject to certain restrictions detailed in the Warrant Waiver Agreement, the restriction date for an equity financing or a fundamental transaction ended on April 30, 2021. We remain restricted with respect to conducting variable rate transactions until May 18, 2023.
Further, in connection with the Warrant Waiver Agreement we agreed to immediately register 227,668 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Series B Warrants. The warrant holders have additional demand registration rights as described in the Warrant Waiver Agreement. As of March 4, 2021, the Series B Warrants were exercised in full. As of December 31, 2022, 334,036 shares of common stock remain issuable upon exercise of the Series A Warrants.
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2022 Reverse Stock Split
On November 7, 2022, we filed the Certificate of Amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, which effected, at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on November 8, 2022, the 2022 Reverse Stock Split of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock at a ratio of one-for-fifty. The 2022 Reverse Stock Split did not affect our authorized common stock of 450,000,000 shares. Proportionate adjustments were made to the conversion rate, the per share exercise price and the number of shares issuable upon the vesting, exercise or conversion of our outstanding derivative securities in accordance with the 2022 Reverse Stock Split ratio.
As a result of the 2022 Reverse Stock Split, every fifty shares of common stock issued and outstanding was converted into one share of common stock. The 2022 Reverse Stock Split affected all stockholders uniformly and did not alter any stockholder’s percentage interest in our equity, except to the extent that the 2022 Reverse Stock Split would have resulted in some stockholders owning a fractional share. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the 2022 Reverse Stock Split. Stockholders who would otherwise have been entitled to a fractional share of common stock were instead entitled to receive a proportional cash payment. The common stock began trading on a post-split as-adjusted basis on November 9, 2022. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain compliance with the NYSE American continued listing standards, even after the implementation of the 2022 Reverse Stock Split.
All shares of common stock, including common stock underlying warrants, stock options, restricted stock units and VARs, as well as conversion ratios, exercise prices, conversion prices and per share information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K give retroactive effect to the 2022 Reverse Stock Split.
November 2021 Offering
On November 2, 2021, we entered into an underwriting agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC or Wainwright, as representative of the several underwriters named in Schedule I thereto, relating to the public offering, issuance and sale of shares of our common stock and, to certain investors, pre-funded warrants to purchase shares of common stock, and accompanying warrants to purchase shares of our common stock. After giving effect to the sale of additional shares pursuant to the exercise of the option by Wainwright that closed on November 9, 2021, the total number of shares of common stock (or common stock equivalents) sold by us in the offering was 539,063, together with the November Warrants to purchase up to 539,063 shares of common stock issued at the closing on November 5, 2021, for total gross proceeds of $17.25 million before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses, and net proceeds of approximately $15.8 million. As a result of the November 2021 offering, the exercise price of the Bridge Warrants was adjusted to $15.50 per share.
Each share of common stock and pre-funded warrant to purchase one share of common stock was sold together with a warrant to purchase one share of common stock. All the securities sold in the offering were sold by us. The public offering price of each share of common stock and accompanying November Warrant was $32.00 and $31.95 for each pre-funded warrant and accompanying November Warrant. The pre-funded warrants were immediately exercisable at a price of $0.05 per share of common stock and were exercised in full on November 5, 2021. The November Warrants were immediately exercisable at a price of $35.00 per share of common stock and expire five years from the date of issuance. As of December 31, 2022, no November Warrants have been exercised.
August 2022 Offering
On March 1, 2022, we entered into the Engagement Letter, as subsequently amended on June 30, 2022 , with Wainwright, pursuant to which Wainwright agreed to act as the exclusive placement agent on a reasonable best-efforts basis in connection with a public offering of common stock.
On August 8, 2022, we consummated the August 2022 Offering of (i) 931,667 shares of common stock, (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 401,667 shares of common stock and (iii) August Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,333,333 shares of common stock. Each share of common stock and pre-funded warrant to purchase one
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share of common stock was sold together with an August Warrant to purchase one share of common stock. All of the securities sold in the August 2022 Offering were sold by us. The public offering price of each share of common stock and accompanying August Warrant was $6.00 and $5.995 for each pre-funded warrant and accompanying August Warrant. The pre-funded warrants were immediately exercisable at a price of $0.005 per share of common stock and were exercisable at any time until all of the pre-funded warrants were exercised in full. The August Warrants are immediately exercisable at a price of $6.00 per share of common stock and will expire five years from the date of issuance. The shares of common stock and pre-funded warrants, and the accompanying August Warrants, were issued separately and were immediately separable upon issuance. All of the pre-funded warrants were exercised on August 8, 2022.
In connection with the August 2022 Offering, on August 4, 2022, we entered into securities purchase agreements with certain institutional investors in the August 2022 Offering. The net proceeds to us from the August 2022 Offering were approximately $6.9 million, after deducting placement agent fees and expenses and estimated offering expenses payable by us, excluding the proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the August Warrants.
We intend to use the net proceeds from the August 2022 Offering for research and development, including clinical trials, working capital and general corporate purposes. Further, the exercise price of the Bridge Warrants was reduced to the offering price per share of the August 2022 Offering less the Black Scholes value of the August Warrants issued in the August 2022 Offering which was $1.00. As of December 31, 2022, 1,309,333 shares of common stock remain issuable upon exercise of the August Warrants.
October 2022 Offering
On October 3, 2022, we entered into the October Securities Purchase Agreement with the October Investors to sell, in the Registered Direct Offering (i) 260,000 shares of common stock, and (ii) Series 1 Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 260,000 shares of Series 1 Warrant Shares. The Series 1 Warrants are immediately exercisable at an exercise price of $5.00 per share and will expire two and one-half years following the initial exercise date. The October Purchase Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and agreements of us and the October Investors, and customary indemnification rights and obligations of the parties. Total gross proceeds from the Registered Offering, before deducting the placement agent’s fees and other estimated offering expenses, was $1.3 million. The Registered Offering closed on October 3, 2022.
In “the Concurrent Private Placement Offering we also agreed to issue (i) Series 2 Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 260,000 Series 2 Warrant Shares, and (ii) 13,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock.
Each share of Series B Preferred Stock had a stated value of $0.001 per share. The Series B Preferred Stock had super voting rights on the approval of the 2022 Reverse Stock Split equal to 10,000,000 votes per share of Series B Preferred Stock. The voting rights of the Series B Preferred Stock were established in order to maintain our NYSE American listing by raising the average minimum bid price of the common stock to over $0.20 for 30 consecutive trading days. Upon the effectiveness of the Certificate of Amendment, the outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock were automatically transferred to us and cancelled for no consideration with no action on behalf of the holders thereof and such shares resumed the status of authorized but unissued shares of preferred stock and were no longer designated as shares of Series B Stock.
The Series 2 Warrants are exercisable on the date six (6) months following the date of issuance at an exercise price of $6.00 per share and will expire two and one-half years following the initial exercise date. The Series B Preferred Stock was not, and the Series 2 Warrants and Series 2 Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise of the Series 2 Warrants have not been, registered under the Securities Act, and were offered pursuant to the exemption provided in Section 4(a)(2) under the Securities Act and Rule 506(b) promulgated thereunder.
As compensation to Wainwright, as the exclusive placement agent in connection with the Registered Offering, we paid Wainwright a cash fee of 6% of the aggregate gross proceeds raised in the Registered Offering and reimbursed Wainwright for legal fees and expenses up to $40,000, non-accountable expenses of $25,000 and $15,950 for clearing expenses. In
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connection with the October 2022 Offerings, we received net proceeds of approximately $1.0 million. As of December 31, 2022, none of the Series 1 Warrants or Series 2 Warrants have been exercised and 260,000 shares of common stock and 260,000 shares of common stock remain issuable upon exercise of the Series 1 Warrants and Series 2 Warrants, respectively.
Material Agreements
Asset Purchase Agreements with Patagonia Pharmaceuticals LLC
TMB-001
On February 28, 2019, we acquired the intellectual property rights for a topical formulation of isotretinoin for the treatment of CI and identified as TMB-001, formerly PAT-001 including the IPEGTM brand, from Patagonia, which we refer to as the “TMB-001 Acquisition”, pursuant to the Asset Acquisition Agreement. Zachary Rome, a former member of our board of directors and our former Executive Vice-President and Chief Operating Officer serves as President of Patagonia and also maintains an ownership interest therein.
Under the terms of the TMB-001 Acquisition, we paid a one-time upfront payment of $50,000 to Patagonia. Patagonia is entitled to up to $27.0 million of cash milestone payments relating to certain regulatory and commercial achievements of the TMB-001 Acquisition, with the first being $4.0 million from the initiation of a Phase 3 pivotal trial, as agreed with the FDA and defined as the first patient enrolled in such trial for the product. The next milestone payments relate to (i) a one-time payment of $7.0 million upon FDA approval of an NDA related to the product for the treatment of CI, or a substantially similar indication, and (ii) a one-time payment of $2.0 million upon EMA approval of an MMA related to the product for the treatment of CI, or a substantially similar indication. In addition, Patagonia is entitled to net sales earn-out payments ranging from low single digits to mid-double digits for the program licensed. We are responsible for all development activities under the agreement. The first regulatory and commercial milestone occurred in June 2022, as the first patient enrolled in the Phase 3 pivotal trial for the product and as such a $4.0 million milestone payment was accrued at June 30, 2022. There were no further milestone payments accrued at December 31, 2022, because the potential regulatory and commercial milestones were not considered probable.
On July 20, 2022, we entered into the Amendment to the Asset Acquisition Agreement with Patagonia, pursuant to which we and Patagonia extended the time for our payment of the first milestone payment, which became payable in the third quarter of 2022 upon the commencement of patient enrollment in our Phase 3 ASCEND clinical trial in the second quarter of 2022. The first milestone payment became payable by us in two tranches, with $2.25 million due by September 1, 2022, and $2.065 million due by September 1, 2023. The first milestone payment was made on September 1, 2022. We are accreting interest on the second tranche. The interest is recorded in our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. In addition to the remedies for breach under the Asset Acquisition Agreement, including reversion under certain circumstances, we granted Patagonia a security interest in TMB-001 and certain other assets until the second milestone payment has been paid in full. Because the milestone payments due upon the achievement of certain events would be payable prior to the time in which we are able to generate revenue, such obligations under the Asset Acquisition Agreement, as amended, may impact the economic viability of developing and marketing TMB-001.
TMB-003
On June 26, 2019, we acquired the intellectual property rights for a locally administered formulation of Sitaxsentan for the treatment of cutaneous fibrosis and/or pigmentation disorders, and identified as TMB-003, formerly PAT-S03, from Patagonia which we refer to as the TMB-003 Acquisition.
Upon closing of the TMB-003 Acquisition, we paid a one-time upfront payment of $20,000 to Patagonia. Patagonia is entitled to up to $10.25 million of cash milestone payments subject to adjustments relating to certain regulatory and commercial achievements of TMB-003, with the first being a one-time payment of $250,000 upon the opening of an IND with the FDA. In addition, Patagonia is entitled to net sales earn-out payments ranging from low to mid-single digits for
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the program licensed. We are responsible for all development activities under the agreement. The potential regulatory and commercial milestones are not yet considered probable, and no milestone payments have been accrued at December 31, 2022 or 2021, respectively. Because the milestone payments due upon the achievement of certain events would be payable prior to the time in which we are able to generate revenue, such obligations under the agreement may impact the economic viability of developing and marketing TMB-003.
Acquisition and Termination of License from AFT Pharmaceuticals Limited
On July 5, 2019, we entered into the AFT License Agreement which provided us with (i) an exclusive license to certain licensed patents, licensed know-how and AFT trademarks to commercialize Pascomer in the United States, Canada and Mexico and (ii) a co-exclusive license to develop Pascomer in this territory. Concurrently, we granted to AFT an exclusive license to commercialize Pascomer outside of its territory and co-exclusive sublicense to develop and manufacture the licensed product for commercialization outside of its territory.
The development of Pascomer had been conducted pursuant to a written development plan, written by AFT and approved by the joint steering committee, which had been reviewed on at least an annual basis. AFT agreed to perform clinical trials of Pascomer in the specified territory and perform all CMC (chemistry, manufacturing and controls) and related activities to support regulatory approval. We were responsible for all expenses incurred by AFT during the term of the AFT License Agreement and equally shared all costs and expenses with AFT, incurred by AFT for development and marketing work performed in furtherance of regulatory approval and commercialization worldwide, outside of the specified territory. We were also entitled to receive 50% of the economics (royalties and milestones) in any licensing transaction that AFT executed outside of North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Southeast Asia.
Upon closing of the AFT License Agreement, we were obligated to reimburse AFT for previously spent development costs, subject to certain limitations and were obligated to pay a one-time, irrevocable and non-creditable upfront payment to AFT, payable in scheduled installments. AFT was entitled to up to $25.5 million of cash milestone payments if Pascomer achieved certain regulatory and commercial milestones, with the first payment of $1.0 million upon the successful completion of a Phase 2b trial defined as the achievement of the trial’s primary clinical endpoints. In addition, AFT was entitled to net sales royalties ranging from high single digits to low double digits for the program licensed. The potential regulatory and commercial milestones were not yet considered probable, and no milestone payments were accrued at December 31, 2021. No milestones were accrued at December 31, 2022 as a result of the termination of the AFT License Agreement on July 25, 2022 and no regulatory and milestones were yet considered probable prior to termination.
On July 22, 2022, we provided written notice to AFT of our decision to terminate the AFT License Agreement because we believed there was no longer a commercially reasonable path to approval and commercialization for the product in the United States. Additionally, following the receipt and analysis of topline data for the Phase II Clinical Trial (as defined in the AFT License Agreement) it was determined that the study failed to meet its primary efficacy endpoint. Under the AFT License Agreement, we were required to provide 120 days’ prior written notice of termination to AFT which was waived by AFT on July 25, 2022, or the Termination Date. On the Termination Date, the rights and licenses to Pascomer reverted to AFT, among other things, as set forth in the AFT License Agreement.
Letter Agreement with TardiMed LLC
We previously had a class of Series A Preferred Stock as to which the holder, TardiMed, had demanded redemption. The redemption price was equal to approximately $2.1 million in the aggregate, at December 31, 2021, including accumulated and unpaid dividends which accrue dividends at the rate of 8% per annum. Redemption was subject to certain limitations under Delaware corporate law due to our current financial condition. As a result of the call for redemption, the Series A Preferred Stock had been reclassified as a liability at December 31, 2021. Dividends continued to accrue and were recorded as non-cash interest expense in the Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss rather than to additional-paid-in-capital in 2022.
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On July 27, 2022, we entered into the Letter Agreement with TardiMed pursuant to which TardiMed agreed to exchange its 1,819 shares of Series A Preferred Stock plus accrued dividends for a pre-funded warrant to purchase 181,083 shares of common stock, or the TardiMed Warrant. The number of shares underlying the TardiMed Warrant is based on the redemption price of the Series A Preferred Stock (which had been demanded by TardiMed) divided by $11.95, the last closing price of the common stock prior to the date the Letter Agreement was executed.
Twenty percent of the TardiMed Warrant was immediately exercisable upon issuance. Beginning on September 30, 2022, and then at the end of each subsequent calendar quarter upon written request of TardiMed, we have agreed to allow an additional 20% of the initial balance of the TardiMed Warrant to become exercisable, provided that only 20% of the initial balance of the TardiMed Warrant will be exercisable in any given quarter. The TardiMed Warrant’s exercise price is $0.005 and may be exercised on a cashless basis. The TardiMed Warrant will terminate when exercised in full. As of December 31, 2022, 40% of the TardiMed Warrant has been exercised on a cashless basis and an aggregate of 72,363 shares of common stock have been issued to TardiMed.
Sublease Agreement
We currently lease an 11,793 square foot office and laboratory space at 115 Nicholson Lane, San Jose, California. This lease expires in December 2023. On February 17, 2020, we executed a sublease agreement covering the entire space for the remaining term of the lease. The current monthly rent at this location is $37,710, which includes common area maintenance charges. The sublessee unexpectedlyceased making sublease payments in the fourth quarter of 2022 due substantial financial difficulties. We have been working with the owner of the property to market the location. The sublessee has been found to have made multiple alterations to the location without permits or the lessor’s approval and we have received an estimate for repairs to the existing space and possible costs to clean the location will approximate $150,000. This amount is recorded in accrued expenses at December 31, 2022, as an asset retirement obligation.
Recent Developments
We entered into a lease for a 5,281 square foot office space at 3 Mountain View Road, Suite 100, Warren, New Jersey on February 8, 2023. This lease expires on February 28, 2028. The current monthly rent at this location is $8,801.67. Pursuant to the terms of the lease, we have an option to terminate the lease effective as of the completion of the thirty-seventh full calendar month of the lease term, provided that certain conditions are met. The lease of our prior headquarters in Basking Ridge, New Jersey expires on March 31, 2023.
Subsequent to December 31, 2022, 20% of the TardiMed Warrant was exercised on a cashless basis and 36,113 shares of common stock were issued to TardiMed.
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Results of Operations
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Year Ended December 31,
Change $
Change %
Grant revenue
Milestone revenue
Total revenue
Research and development
Research and development milestone expense for Patagonia Pharmaceuticals LLC
Selling, general and administrative
Loss from operations
Interest expense
Interest income
Other income
Forgiveness of PPP loan
Gain (loss) on foreign currency exchange
Net loss before provision for income taxes
Provision (benefit) for income taxes
Net loss
Cumulative dividends on Series A preferred stock
Net loss attributable to common stockholders
Revenues
For the year ended December 31, 2022, grant revenue was approximately $0.08 million compared to $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in revenue of approximately $0.5 million was due to the reduction of reimbursements received from the FDA as a result of achieving certain clinical milestones in the development of TMB-001, and the reimbursements under the grant were completed in 2022. In September 2018, Patagonia was awarded a $1.5 million grant (the “Grant”) from the FDA as part of the Orphan Products Clinical Trials Grants Program of the Office of Orphan Products Development. The Grant funds were made available in three annual installments of $500,000 per year, which commenced in September 2018. The Grant was transferred to us pursuant to our TMB-001 Acquisition Agreement with Patagonia in February 2019. In March 2020 and March 2021, the FDA awarded us the second and third tranches of the grant, respectively.
Milestone revenue was nil for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to approximately $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. These revenues were related to an upfront milestone payment paid to AFT by Desitin to which we were entitled under the terms of the AFT License Agreement.
Operating Costs and Expenses
Research and Development Expense
For the year ended December 31, 2022, research and development expenses were $13.3 million compared to $6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase of $7.2 million is primarily related to expected increased costs incurred related to our Phase 3 clinical trial of TMB-001, such as CRO direct and pass-through expenses and the accrual of the $4.0 million milestone payment due to Patagonia as the first regulatory and commercial milestone occurred in June 2022, as the first patient enrolled in the Phase 3 pivotal trial for the product.
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Research and development costs were primarily attributable to costs incurred in connection with our research activities and include costs associated with clinical trials, consultants, clinical trial materials, regulatory filings, facilities, laboratory expenses and other supplies.
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Costs for certain activities, such as preclinical studies and clinical trials, are generally recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information and data provided to us by our vendors and collaborators.
General and Administrative Expense
For the year ended December 31, 2022, general and administrative expenses were approximately $6.0 million compared to approximately $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in general and administrative expenses of approximately $0.6 million was due to increased personnel and related costs including stock-based compensation of approximately $0.6 million as stock compensation expense associated with certain option grants made in 2021 had a full year of expense as vesting and additional expense associated with accelerated vesting of stock options related to our former Chief Operating Officer’s stock option grants in 2022, increased costs associated with being a public company (stock exchange fees and proxy solicitation fees of approximately $0.2 million, and approximately $0.2 million of costs associated with an asset retirement obligation for the former BioPharmX offices in California, offset by a reduction in consulting fees of approximately $0.2 million and a reduction of approximately $0.2 million of salary and bonus expense as a result of the departure of our former Chief Operating Officer in early 2022.
Other Income (Expense)
Interest Expense
Interest expense was $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was due to interest charged for the Redeemable Series A convertible preferred stock under redemption and interest accreted on the milestone payment due to Patagonia Pharmaceuticals, LLC. Interest expense was minimal for the year ended December 31, 2021.
The remaining other income (expense) included, a gain on the forgiveness of our PPP loan of approximately $0.04 million and other income of approximately $0.08 million for fees received from a third party for their access to review certain agreements related to BPX-01 and BPX-04 and a loss on foreign currency transactions of approximately $0.02 million due to the currency fluctuation of the US$ versus the AUD$ as exchange rates were unfavorable in 2022.
Provision (benefit) for income taxes
The provision for the year ended December 31, 2022 is for state income taxes. The benefit for the year ended December 31, 2021 was due to an adjustment for the state provision from the previous year.
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Comparison of the Quarters Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Three Months Ended December 31,
Change $
Change %
Grant revenue
Milestone revenue
Total revenue
Research and development
Research and Development milestone expense for Patagonia Pharmaceuticals LLC
Selling, general and administrative
Loss from operations
Interest expense
Interest income
Forgiveness of PPP loan
Gain (loss) on foreign currency exchange
Provision (benefit) for income taxes
Net (loss) income
Cumulative dividends on Series A preferred stock
Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders
Revenues
For the quarter ended December 31, 2022, grant revenue was nil compared to approximately $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in revenue of approximately $0.2 million is due to timing of reimbursements received from the FDA as a result of achieving certain clinical milestones in the development of TMB-001. In September 2018, Patagonia was awarded the $1.5 million Grant from the FDA as part of the Orphan Products Clinical Trials Grants Program of the Office of Orphan Products Development. The Grant funds were made available in three annual installments of $500,000 per year, which commenced in September 2018. The Grant was transferred to us pursuant to our TMB-001 Acquisition Agreement with Patagonia in February 2019. In March 2020 and March 2021, the FDA awarded us the second and third tranches of the grant, respectively.
There were no Milestone revenues for the quarters ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Operating Costs and Expenses
Research and Development Expense
For the quarter ended December 31, 2022, research and development expenses were approximately $2.1 million compared to approximately $1.5 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2021. The increase of approximately $0.6 million is primarily related to increased costs incurred related to our Phase 3 ASCEND trial for TMB-001 such as CRO direct and pass-through expenses.
Research and development costs were primarily attributable to costs incurred in connection with our research activities and include costs associated with clinical trials, consultants, clinical trial materials, regulatory filings, facilities, laboratory expenses and other supplies.
General and Administrative Expense
For the quarter ended December 31, 2022, general and administrative expenses were approximately $1.5 million compared to approximately $1.5 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2021. The amounts were similar in general and
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administrative expenses due to an approximately $0.2 million reduction in stock-based compensation expense from the comparative quarter in 2021 offset by an increase of approximately $0.2 for costs associated with an asset retirement obligation estimate for the former BioPharmX offices in California.
Other Income (Expense)
Interest Expense
Interest expense was $0.07 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2022, which was due to accreted interest accrued for the milestone payable due to Patagonia Pharmaceuticals, LLC. The interest expense the quarter ended December 31, 2021, was related to the Redeemable Series A preferred stock under redemption.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Since inception, we have not generated revenue from product sales and have incurred net losses and negative cash flows from our operations. At December 31, 2022, we had working capital of approximately $4.8 million, which included cash and cash equivalents of approximately $9.1 million. We reported a net loss of approximately $19.4 million, during the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we raised net proceeds of approximately $8.1 million from our offerings of common stock, warrants and prefunded warrants and exercise of warrants. Our management believes that our existing cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2022 are sufficient to satisfy our operating cash needs into the second quarter of 2023.
Inflation has not had a significant impact on our historical operations, and we while we do not expect it to have a significant impact on our results of operations or financial condition in the near term, we have monitored and will continue to monitor, the cost of clinical trials and our operating expenses for the potential impact of inflation.
Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Year Ended December 31,
Cash provided by (used in) continuing operations:
Operating activities
Investing activities
Financing activities
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents
Operating Activities
For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in operating activities was approximately $15.9 million, which primarily consisted of our net loss of approximately $19.4 million, adjusted for non-cash expenses of approximately $3.2 million primarily consisting of approximately $1.0 million of stock-based compensation, approximately $0.3 million of amortization of the right of use assets, approximately $0.1 million of interest expense on redeemable preferred stock and the non-cash accrual of the second tranche of $1.75 million milestone payable to Patagonia Pharmaceuticals, LLC. The change in assets and liabilities of approximately $0.3 million is primarily due to increases in accounts payable and accrued expenses of approximately $1.2 million, an increase in prepaid research and development of approximately $0.5 million and a reduction in the lease liability of approximately $0.3 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash used in operating activities was approximately $9.3 million, which primarily consisted of our net loss of approximately $10.6 million, adjusted for non-cash expenses of approximately $0.9 million primarily consisting of approximately $0.6 of stock-based compensation and approximately $0.3 million of amortization of the right of use assets. The change in assets and liabilities of approximately $0.4 million was primarily
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due to increases in accounts payable and accrued expenses of approximately $0.6 million and a reduction in the lease liability of approximately $0.3 million.
Investing Activities
For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, investing activities were for purchases of furniture and computer equipment.
Financing Activities
For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $8.1 million which consisted of the net proceeds received from the issuance of common stock, warrants, pre-funded warrants and exercise of warrants from the August 2022 and October 2022 Offerings.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $15.8 million which consisted of the net proceeds received from the issuance of common stock and pre-funded warrants from the November 2021 Offering.
Funding Requirements
We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue the research and development of our pipeline of programs. Our expenses related to clinical trials are expected to increase in 2023. Furthermore, we expect to continue to incur costs as a public company and as a result of our obligations under existing agreements with third parties. Accordingly, we will need to obtain additional funding. In addition, we remain restricted with respect to conduction variable rate transactions until May 18, 2023 pursuant to the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement. If we are unable to raise capital or otherwise obtain funding when needed or on attractive terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or future commercialization efforts.
We expect that our research and development expenses in connection with our development programs for our various product candidates will continue to be significant. As a result, we expect to continue to incur significant and increasing operating losses and negative cash flows for the foreseeable future.
We have evaluated whether there are any conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year beyond the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on such evaluation and our current plans, which are subject to change, management believes that our existing cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2022 are sufficient to satisfy our operating cash needs into the second quarter of 2023.
Our future liquidity and capital funding requirements will depend on numerous factors, including:
our ability to raise additional funds to finance our operations;
the outcome, costs and timing of clinical trial results for our current or future product candidates, including the timing, progress, costs and results of our Phase 3 ASCEND study of TMB-001 for the treatment of CI;
the outcome, timing and cost of meeting regulatory requirements established by the FDA and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities;
the emergence and effect of competing or complementary products;
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our ability to maintain, expand and defend the scope of our intellectual property portfolio, including the amount and timing of any payments we may be required to make, or that it may receive, in connection with the licensing, filing, prosecution, defense and enforcement of any patents or other intellectual property rights;
the cost and timing of completion of commercial-scale manufacturing activities, if any of our products are approved for commercial sale;
the cost of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for our products in regions where we choose to commercialize our products on our own if approved for commercial sale;
the initiation, progress, timing and results of the commercialization of our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale;
our ability to retain our current employees and the need and ability to hire additional management and scientific and medical personnel; and
the terms and timing of any collaborative, licensing or other arrangements that we have or may establish.
We will need to raise substantial additional funds through one or more of the following: issuance of additional debt or equity and/or the completion of a licensing or other commercial transaction for one or more of our product candidates. Further, we intend to continue to evaluate options for our strategic direction. We are exploring ways to efficiently fund the Company including entering into non-dilutive partnerships or licensing agreements. If we are unable to maintain sufficient financial resources, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected. This could affect future development and business activities and potential future clinical studies and/or other future ventures. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain the needed financing on acceptable terms or at all. Additionally, equity or convertible debt financings will likely have a dilutive effect on the holdings of our existing stockholders.
We are unable to accurately predict the full impact that COVID-19 may have on our business, results of operations, and financial conditions due to numerous uncertainties, including the full scope of the disease, the duration of the outbreak, the number and intensity of subsequent waves of infections, actions that may be taken by governmental authorities, the impact to the businesses of third parties we rely on, the development of treatments and vaccines, and other factors identified under “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report. We will continue to evaluate the nature and extent of the impact to our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Estimates
Research and Development
Research and development costs, including in-process research and development acquired as part of an asset acquisition for which there is no alternative future use, are expensed as incurred. Advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made. Certain research and development costs are estimated based on contractual arrangements.
Accrued Outsourcing Costs
Substantial portions of our preclinical studies and clinical trials are performed by third-party laboratories, medical centers, contract research organizations and other vendors (collectively “CROs”). These CROs generally bill monthly or quarterly for services performed, or bill based upon milestone achievement. For preclinical studies, we accrue expenses based upon estimated percentage of work completed and the contract milestones remaining. Clinical trial costs are a significant
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component of research and development expenses and include costs associated with third-party contractors. We outsource a substantial portion of our clinical trial activities, utilizing external entities such as CROs, independent clinical investigators, and other third-party service providers to assist us with the execution of our clinical studies. For each clinical trial that we conduct, certain clinical trial costs are expensed immediately, while others are expensed over time based on the number of patients in the trial, the attrition rate at which patients leave the trial, and/or the period over which clinical investigators or CROs are expected to provide services. Our estimates depend on the timeliness and accuracy of the data provided by the CROs regarding the status of each program and total program spending. We periodically evaluate the estimates to determine if adjustments are necessary or appropriate based on information it receives.
Stock-Based Compensation
We expense stock-based compensation to employees, non-employees and board members over the requisite service period based on the estimated grant-date fair value of the awards and actual forfeitures. We account for forfeitures as they occur. Stock-based awards with graded-vesting schedules are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award. We estimate the fair value of stock option grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent management’s best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. All stock-based compensation costs are recorded in general and administrative or research and development costs in the consolidated statements of operations based upon the underlying individual’s role at the Company.
We estimate the fair value of VARs using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of equity-based awards represented management’s best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. All equity-based compensation costs are recorded in general and administrative or research and development costs in the statements of operations.
Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 to our financial statements beginning on page F-1 of this Form 10-K for a description of recent accounting pronouncements applicable to our financial statements.
