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YoY shift: Neutral
Year-over-year tone shift - average net-tone change across Risk Factors and MD&A vs the prior 10-K. This filing is 0.04pp more bullish than last year's.
Why YoY instead of absolute: the LM lexicon has ~6.6× more negative words than positive (legal/risk-disclosure language is heavy on hedging), so every 10-K reads bearish on raw tone. Year-over-year change strips that bias and surfaces the actual shift in management's framing.
Tone shift by section
The two components the gauge averages: how Risk Factors and MD&A each shifted in net tone versus last year's 10-K. The headline above is their average, so a green needle over a soft section just means the other section carried it.
Risk Factors
+0.13pp
Flat
Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
MD&A
-0.04pp
Flat
Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
Per-snippet highlights
Sentence-level sentiment highlighting with category and subcategory filters is coming once the snippet-scoring pipeline lands. For now, dig into the actual section text on the Sections tab.
Language change vs prior 10-K
Risk Factors (Item 1A) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase
Negative rising
closing+2
negative+1
against+1
fails+1
disruption+1
Positive rising
satisfied+1
Risk Factors (Item 1A)
9,764 words
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
We caution you that our business and operations are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties. The factors listed below are important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from our historical results and from projections in the forward-looking statements contained in this report, in our other filings with the SEC, in our news releases, and in oral statements by our representatives. However, other factors that we do not anticipate or that we do not consider material based on currently available information may also have an adverse effect on our results.
Risks Related to Macroeconomic and Industry Conditions
Changes in the availability of and the cost of labor could adversely affect our business.
Our business could be adversely impacted by increases in labor costs, including those increases triggered by regulatory actions regarding wages, scheduling and benefits; increased health care and workers’ compensation insurance costs; increased wages and costs of other benefits necessary to attract and retain high quality employees with the right skill sets and increased wages, benefits and costs and inflationary and other pressure on wages now being experienced. The growth of our business can make it increasingly difficult to locate and hire sufficient numbers of employees, to maintain an system of internal controls, and to train employees to deliver a consistently high-quality product and customer experience, which could materially our business and results of operations.
Language change vs prior 10-K
MD&A (Item 7) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase
Negative rising
impairment+4
impaired+3
restructuring+2
closed+1
unfavorable+1
Positive rising
favorable+2
effective+1
greater+1
achievement+1
improvement+1
MD&A (Item 7)
6,414 words
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
GENERAL
For an understanding of the significant factors that influenced our performance during the fiscal year, we believe our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this annual report as indexed on page F-1.
Comparisons under this heading refer to the 52-week periods ended September 28, 2025 and September 29, 2024, respectively. Our MD&A consists of the following sections:
• Overview — a general description of our business.
• Results of Operations — an analysis of our consolidated statements of earnings for fiscal 2025 compared to fiscal 2024.
• Liquidity and Capital Resources — an analysis of our cash flows, including capital expenditures, share repurchase activity, dividends, and known trends that may impact liquidity.
• Critical Accounting Estimates — a discussion of accounting policies that require critical judgments and estimates.
• New accounting pronouncements — a discussion of new accounting pronouncements, dates of implementation and the impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations, if any.
We have included in our MD&A certain performance metrics that management uses to assess company performance and which we believe will be useful in analyzing and understanding our results of operations. These metrics include:
Changes in consumer confidence and declines in general economic conditions could negatively impact our financial results.
The restaurant industry depends on consumer discretionary spending. We are impacted by consumer confidence, which is, in turn, influenced by general economic conditions and discretionary income levels. A material decline in consumer confidence or a decline in family “food away from home” spending could cause our financial results to decline. If economic conditions worsen, customer traffic could be adversely impacted if our customers choose to dine out less frequently or reduce the amount they spend on meals while dining out, which could cause our company and our franchised average restaurant sales to decline. An economic downturn may be caused by a variety of factors, such as macro-economic changes, increased unemployment rates, increased taxes, interest rates, or other changes in government fiscal policy. High gasoline prices, increased healthcare costs, declining home prices, and political unrest, foreign or domestic, may potentially contribute to an economic downturn, as may regional or local events, including natural disasters or local regulation. The impact of these factors may be exacerbated by the geographic profile of our brands. Specifically, approximately 70% of our systemwide restaurants are located in the states of California and Texas. Economic conditions, state and local laws, or government regulations affecting those states may therefore more greatly impact our results than would similar occurrences in other locations.
Increases in food and commodity costs could decrease our profit margins or result in a modified menu, which could adversely affect our financial results.
We and our franchisees are subject to volatility in food and commodity costs and availability. Accordingly, our profitability depends in part on our ability to anticipate and react to changes in food costs and availability. As is true of all companies in the restaurant industry, we are susceptible to increases in food costs that are outside of our control. Factors that can impact food and commodity costs include general economic conditions, inflation, labor shortages, seasonal fluctuations, weather and climate conditions, energy costs, global demand, trade protections and subsidies, food safety issues, infectious diseases, possible terrorist activity, cyberattacks, transportation issues, currency fluctuations, product recalls, and government regulatory schemes. Additionally, some of our produce, meats, and restaurant supplies are sourced from outside the United States. Any new or increased import duties, tariffs, or taxes, or other changes in U.S. trade or tax policy, could result in higher food and commodity costs that would adversely impact our financial results.
Weather and climate related issues, such as freezes or drought, may lead to temporary or even longer-term spikes in the prices of some ingredients such as produce and meats, or of livestock feed. Increasing weather volatility or other long-term changes in global weather patterns, including any changes associated with global climate change, could have a significant impact on the price or availability of some of our ingredients. Any increase in the prices of the ingredients most critical to our menu, such as beef, chicken, pork, tomatoes, lettuce, dairy products, and potatoes could adversely affect our financial results. In the event of cost increases with respect to one or more of our raw ingredients, we may choose to change our pricing or suspend serving a menu item rather than paying the increased cost for the particular ingredient.
We seek to manage food and commodity costs, including through extended fixed price contracts, strong category and commodity management, and purchasing fundamentals. However, certain commodities such as beef and pork do not lend themselves to fixed price contracts. We cannot assure you that we will successfully enter into fixed price contracts on a timely basis or on commercially favorable pricing terms. In addition, although our produce contracts contain predetermined price limits, we are subject to force majeure clauses resulting from weather or acts of God that may result in temporary spikes in costs.
Further, we cannot assure you that we or our franchisees will be able to successfully anticipate and react effectively to changing food and commodity costs by adjusting purchasing practices or menu offerings. We and our franchisees also may not be able to pass along price increases to our customers as a result of adverse economic conditions, competitive pricing, or other factors. Therefore, variability of food and other commodity costs could adversely affect our profitability and results of operations.
Failure to receive scheduled deliveries of high-quality food ingredients and other supplies could harm our operations and reputation.
Dependence on frequent deliveries of fresh produce and other food products subjects food service businesses such as ours to the risk that shortages or interruptions in supply could adversely affect the availability, quality or cost of ingredients or require us to incur additional costs to obtain adequate supplies. Deliveries of supplies may be affected by adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, labor shortages, or financial or solvency issues of our distributors or suppliers, product recalls, production disruptions such as mechanical failures, or other issues. Further, increases in fuel prices could result in increased distribution costs. In addition, if any of our distributors, suppliers, vendors, or other contractors fail to meet our quality or safety standards or otherwise do not perform adequately, or if any one or more of them seeks to terminate its agreement or fails to perform as anticipated, or if there is any disruption in any of our distribution or supply relationships or operations for any reason, our business reputation, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially affected.
Risks Related to Human Capital
Inability to attract, train and retain top-performing personnel could adversely impact our financial results or business.
We believe that our continued success will depend, in part, on our ability to attract and retain the services of skilled personnel. The loss of the services of, or our inability to attract and retain, such personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, including reduced restaurant operating hours. We believe good managers and crew are a key part of our success, and we devote significant resources to recruiting and training our restaurant managers and crew. We aim to reduce turnover among our restaurant crews and managers in an effort to retain top performing employees and better realize our investment in training new employees. Any failure to do so may adversely impact our operating results by increasing training costs and making it more difficult to deliver outstanding customer service, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.
Our business could be adversely affected by increased labor costs.
Labor is a primary component of our operating costs. Increased labor costs due to factors such as competition for workers, labor shortages, labor market pressures, increased minimum wage requirements, paid sick leave or vacation accrual mandates, or other legal or regulatory changes, such as predictive scheduling, may adversely impact operating costs for us and our franchisees. Additional taxes or requirements to incur additional employee benefit costs, including the requirements of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (the “Affordable Care Act”) or any new or replacement healthcare requirements, could also adversely impact our operating costs.
The enactment of additional state or local minimum wage increases above federal wage rates or regulations related to non-exempt employees has increased and could continue to increase labor costs for employees across our system-wide operations. Labor related laws enacted at the federal, state, provincial or local level could increase our and our franchisees’ labor costs and decrease profitability.
Unionization activities or labor disputes may disrupt our operations and affect our profitability.
Some or all of our employees or our franchisees’ employees may elect to be represented by labor unions in the future. If a significant number of these employees were to become unionized and collective bargaining agreement terms were significantly different from current compensation arrangements, this could adversely affect our business and financial results or the business and financial results of our franchisees. In addition, a labor dispute or organizing effort involving some or all of our employees or our franchisees’ employees may harm our brand and reputation. Resolution of such disputes may be costly and time-consuming, and thus increase our costs and distract management resources.
Our insurance may not provide adequate levels of coverage againstclaims.
We believe that we maintain insurance policies customary for businesses of our size, type, and experience. Historically, through the use of deductibles or self-insurance retentions, we retained a portion of expected losses for our workers’ compensation, general liability, certain employee medical and dental, employment, property, and other claims. However, there are types of losses that we may incur that cannot be insured against or that we believe are not economically reasonable to insure. Such losses could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Risks Related to the Restaurant Industry
We face significant competition in the food service industry and our inability to compete may adversely affect our business.
The food service industry is highly competitive with respect to price, service, location, product offering, image and attractiveness of the facilities, personnel, advertising, brand identification, and food quality. Our competition includes a large number of national and regional restaurant chains, as well as locally owned and independent businesses. In particular, we operate in the quick service restaurant chain segment, in which we face a number of established competitors, as well as frequent new entrants to the segment nationally and in regional markets. Some of our competitors have significantly greater financial, marketing, technological, personnel, and other resources than we do. In addition, many of our competitors have greater name recognition nationally or in some of the local or regional markets in which we have restaurants.
Additionally, the trend toward convergence in grocery, deli, delivery, and restaurant services is increasing the number of our competitors. For example, competitive pressures can come from deli sections and in-store cafes of major grocery store chains, including those targeted at customers who desire high-quality food and convenience, as well as from convenience stores and other dining outlets. These competitors may have, among other things, a more diverse menu, lower operating costs and prices, better locations, better facilities, more effective marketing, and more efficient operations than we do. Such increased competition could decrease the demand for our products and negatively affect our financial results.
While we continue to make improvements to our facilities, to implement new service, technology, and training initiatives, and to introduce new products, there can be no assurance that such efforts will generate increased sales or sufficient customer interest. Many of our competitors are remodeling their facilities, implementing service improvements, introducing a variety of new products and service offerings, and advertising that their ingredients are healthier or locally sourced. Such competing products and health- or environmental-focused claims may hurt our competitive positioning as existing or potential customers could seek out other dining options.
Changes in demographic trends and in customer tastes and preferences could cause sales and the royalties that we receive from franchisees to decline.
Changes in customer preferences, demographic trends, and the number, type, and location of competing restaurants have great impact in the restaurant industry. Our sales and the revenue that we receive from franchisees could be impacted by changes in customer preferences related to dietary concerns, such as preferences regarding calories, sodium content, carbohydrates, fat, additives, and sourcing, or in response to environmental and animal welfare concerns. Such preference changes could result in customers favoring other foods to the exclusion of our menu items. If we fail to adapt to changes in customer preferences and trends, we may lose customers and our sales and the rents, royalties, and marketing fees we receive from franchisees may deteriorate.
Negative publicity relating to our business or industry could adversely impact our reputation.
Our business can be materially and adversely affected by widespread negative publicity of any type, particularly regarding food quality, food safety, nutritional content, safety or public health issues (such as outbreaks, pandemics, epidemics, or the prospect of any of these), obesity or other health concerns, animal welfare issues, and employee relations issues, among other things. Adverse publicity in these areas could damage the trust customers place in our brands. The increasingly widespread use of mobile devices and social media platforms has amplified the speed and scope of adverse publicity and could hamper our ability to promptly correct misrepresentations or otherwise respond effectively to negative publicity, whether or not accurate. Any widespread negative publicity regarding the Company, our brands, our vendors and suppliers, and our franchisees, or negative publicity about the restaurant industry in general, whether or not accurate, could cause a decline in restaurant sales, and could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.
Additionally, employee or customer claimsagainst us or our franchisees based on, among other things, wage and hour violations, discrimination, harassment, or wrongfultermination may also create negative publicity that could adversely affect us and divert financial and management resources that would otherwise be focused on the future performance of our operations. Consumer demand for our products could decrease significantly if any such incidents or other matters create negative publicity or otherwise erode consumer confidence in us, our brands or our products, or in the restaurant industry in general.
We are also subject to the risk of negative publicity associated with animal welfare regulations and campaigns. Our restaurants utilize ingredients manufactured from beef, poultry, and pork. Our policies require that our approved food suppliers and their raw material providers engage in proper animal welfare practices. Despite our policies and efforts, media reports and portrayals of inhumane acts toward animals by participants in the food supply chain, whether by our suppliers or not, can create a negative opinion or perception of the food industry’s animal welfare efforts. Such media reports and negative publicity could impact guest perception of our brands or industry and can have a material adverse effect on our financial results.
We may not have the same resources as our competitors for marketing, advertising, and promotion.
Some of our competitors have greater financial resources, which enable them to: invest significantly more than us in advertising, particularly television and radio ads, as well as endorsements and sponsorships; have a presence across more media channels; and support multiple system and regional product launches at one time. Should our competitors increase spending on marketing, advertising, and promotion, or should the cost of advertising increase or our advertising funds decrease for any reason (including reduced sales, implementation of reduced spending strategies, or a decrease in the percentage contribution to our marketing funds for any reason), our results of operations and financial condition may be materially impacted.
In addition, our financial results may be harmed if our marketing, advertising, and promotional programs are less effective than those of our competitors. The growing prevalence and importance of social media platforms, behavioral advertising, and mobile technology also pose challenges and risks for our marketing, advertising, and promotional strategies; and failure to effectively use and gain traction on these platforms or technologies could cause our advertising to be less effective than our competitors. Moreover, improper or damaging use of social media or mobile technology, including by our employees, franchisees, or guests could increase our costs, lead to litigation, or result in negative publicity, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.
We may be adversely impacted by severe weather conditions, natural disasters, terrorist acts, or civil unrest that could result in property damage, injury to employees and staff, and lost restaurant sales.
Food service businesses such as ours can be materially and adversely affected by severe weather conditions, such as severe storms, hurricanes, flooding, prolongeddrought, or protracted heat or cold waves, and by natural disasters, such as earthquakes and wildfires, or “man-made” calamities such as terrorist incidents or civil unrest, and their aftermath. Such occurrences could result in lost restaurant sales, property damage, lost products, interruptions in supply, and increased costs.
If systemic or widespread adverse changes in climate or weather patterns occur, we could experience more severe impact, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial results. The impact of these factors may be exacerbated by our geographic profile, as approximately 70% of our restaurants are located in the states of California and Texas.
Risks Relating to Health and Safety
Food safety and food-borne illness concerns may have an adverse effect on our business by reducing demand and increasing costs.
Food safety is a top priority for our company, and we expend significant resources on food safety programs to ensure that our customers are able to enjoy safe and high-quality food products. These include a daily, structured food safety assessment and documentation process at our restaurants, and periodic third-party and internal audits to review the food safety performance of our vendors, distributors, and restaurants. Nonetheless, food safety risks cannot be completely eliminated, and food safety and food-borne illness issues do occur in the food service industry. Any report or publicity linking us to instances of food-borne illness or other food safety issues, including issues involving food tampering, natural or foreign objects, or other contaminants or adulterants in our food, could adversely affect our reputation, as well as our financial results. Furthermore, our reliance on food suppliers and distributors increases the risk that food-borne illness incidents could be introduced by third-party vendors outside our direct control. Although we test and audit these activities, we cannot guarantee that all food items are safely and properly maintained during transport or distribution throughout the supply chain.
Additionally, past reports linking nationwide or regional incidents of food-borne illnesses such as pathogenic Salmonella, E.coli, and Listeria to certain products such as produce and proteins, or human-influenced illness such as hepatitis A or norovirus, have resulted in consumers avoiding certain products and restaurant concepts for a period of time. Similarly, reaction to media-influenced reports of Avian Flu, incidents of “mad cow” disease, or similar concerns have also caused some consumers to avoid products that are, or are suspected of being, affected and could have an adverse effect on the price and availability of affected ingredients. Further, if we react to these problems by changing our menu or other key aspects of the brand experience, we may lose customers who do not accept those changes, and we may not be able to attract enough new customers to generate sufficient revenue to make our restaurants profitable.
Our restaurants currently have an ingredient mix that can be exposed to one or more food allergens, such as eggs, wheat, milk, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, sesame, and soy. We employ precautionary allergen training steps for food handlers in order to minimize risk of allergen cross contamination, and we post allergen information on nutritional posters in our restaurants or otherwise make such information available to guests upon request. Even with such precautionary measures, the potential risk of allergen cross contamination exists in a restaurant environment. A potentially serious allergic reaction by a guest may result in adverse public communication, media coverage, a decline in restaurant sales, and a material decline in our financial results.
Risks Related to Our Business Model and Strategy
We may not achieve our development goals.
We intend to grow the business primarily through new restaurant development by franchisees, both in existing markets and in new markets. Development involves substantial risks, including the risk of:
• the inability to identify suitable franchisees;
• limited availability of financing for the Company and for franchisees at acceptable rates and terms;
• development costs exceeding budgeted or contracted amounts;
• the negative impact of any re-imaging strategy if not adopted by franchisees or embraced by guests;
• delays in completion of construction or shortages of any equipment or construction materials;
• competition for quality cost-efficient property that has a favorable zoning classification allowing drive-thru sales;
• negative impact of delays due to lengthy supply chain lead times for building components and systems;
• negative impact of delays due to longer timelines for permit review and field inspections with the municipal agencies;
• negative impact of delays due to longer than usual design, permitting, approval, procurement, and field installation timelines for utility service providers to supply primary services on new restaurant development projects (i.e., electrical, gas, sewer, water, etc.)
• the inability to identify, or the unavailability of suitable sites at acceptable cost and other leasing or purchase terms;
• developed properties not achievingdesired revenue or cash flow levels once opened;
• the negative impact of a new restaurant upon sales at nearby existing restaurants;
• the challenge of developing in areas where competitors are more established or have greater penetration or access to suitable development sites;
• incurring substantial unrecoverable costs in the event a development project is abandoned prior to completion;
• impairment charges resulting from underperforming restaurants or decisions to curtail or cease investment in certain locations or markets;
• in new geographic markets where we have limited or no existing locations, the inability to successfully expand or acquire critical market presence for our brands, acquire name recognition, successfully market our products, or attract new customers;
• operating cost levels that reduce the demand for, or raise the cost of, developing new restaurants;
• the challenge of identifying, recruiting, and training qualified franchisees or company restaurant management;
Although we manage our growth and development activities to help reduce such risks, we cannot assure that our present or future growth and development activities will perform in accordance with our expectations. Our inability to expand in accordance with our plans or to manage the risks associated with our growth could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Our highly-franchised business model presents a number of risks, and the failure of our franchisees to operate successful and profitable restaurants could negatively impact our business.
As of September 28, 2025, approximately 93% of our Jack in the Box restaurants and 77% of Del Taco restaurants were franchised; therefore, our success increasingly relies on the financial success and cooperation of our franchisees, yet we have limited influence over their operations. Our income arises from two sources: fees from franchised restaurants (e.g., royalties and rent based on a percentage of sales) and, to a lesser degree, profit from our remaining Company-operated restaurants. Our franchisees manage their businesses independently, and therefore are responsible for the day-to-day operation of their restaurants. The revenues we realize from franchised restaurants are largely dependent on the ability of our franchisees to grow their sales. If our franchisees do not experience sales growth, our revenues and margins could be negatively affected as a result. Also, if sales trends worsen for franchisees, their financial results may deteriorate, which could result in, among other things, franchisee bankruptcies, restaurant closures, or delayed or reduced payments to us. Our success also increasingly depends on the willingness and ability of our independent franchisees to implement shared strategies and major initiatives, which may include financial investment, and to remain aligned with us on operating and promotional plans. Franchisees’ ability to contribute to the achievement of our plans is dependent in large part on the availability to them of funding at reasonable interest rates and may be negatively impacted by the financial markets in general or by the credit worthiness of our franchisees or the Company. As small businesses, some of our franchise operators may be negatively and disproportionately impacted by strategic initiatives, capital requirements, inflation, labor costs, employee relations issues, or other causes. In addition, franchisees’ business obligations may not be limited to the operation of restaurants, making them subject to business and financial risks unrelated to the operation of our restaurants. These unrelated risks could adversely affect a franchisee’s ability to make payments to us or to make payments on a timely basis. We cannot assure you that our franchisees will successfully participate in our strategic or marketing initiatives or operate their restaurants in a manner consistent with our requirements, standards, and expectations. As compared to some of our competitors, our brands have relatively fewer franchisees who, on average, operate more restaurants per franchisee. There are significant risks to our business if a franchisee, particularly one who operates a large number of restaurants, encounters financial difficulties, including bankruptcy, or fails to adhere to our standards, projecting an image inconsistent with our brands or negatively impacting our financial results.
We are subject to financial and regulatory risks associated with our owned and leased properties and real estate development projects.
We own or lease the real properties on which most of our restaurants are located and lease or sublease to the franchisee a majority of our franchised restaurant sites. If we close a restaurant in a leased location, we may remain committed to perform our obligations under the applicable lease, which would include, among other things, payment of the base rent for the balance of the lease term. Additionally, the potential losses associated with our inability to cancel leases may result in our keeping open restaurant locations that are performing significantly below targeted levels. As a result, ongoing lease obligations at closed or underperforming restaurant locations could unfavorably impact our results of operations. In addition, at the end of the lease term and expiration of all renewal periods, we may be unable to renew the lease without substantial additional cost, if at all. As a result, we may be required to close or relocate a restaurant, which could subject us to construction and other costs and risks and may have an adverse effect on our operating performance.
We have a limited number of suppliers for our major products and rely on a distribution network with a limited number of distribution partners for the majority of our national distribution program. If our suppliers or distributors are unable to fulfill their obligations under their contracts, it could harm our operations.
We contract with a distribution network with a limited number of distribution partners located throughout the nation to provide the majority of our food distribution services. Through these arrangements, our food supplies are largely distributed through several primary distributors. If any of these relationships are interrupted or terminated, or if one or more supply or distribution partners are unable or unwilling to fulfill their obligations for whatever reasons, product availability to our restaurants may be interrupted, and business and financial results may be negatively impacted. Although we believe that alternative supply and distribution sources are available, there can be no assurance that we will be able to identify or negotiate with such sources on terms that are commercially reasonable to us.
The pending sale of Del Taco may not be completed on the anticipated terms or timeline, or at all, and may involve risks and uncertainties that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
On October 15, 2025, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell Del Taco to Yadav Enterprises, Inc. for an aggregate purchase price of $115 million, subject to customary adjustments. The completion of the sale is subject to various closing conditions, including regulatory approvals, third-party consents, financing, etc., many of which are beyond our control. There can be no assurance that these conditions will be satisfied in a timely manner, or at all. If the transaction is not completed, we may be subject to various risks, including incurring significant transaction costs without realizing the anticipated benefits of the sale, potential disruption to the business unit’s operations and employee relationships, and negative reactions from customers, suppliers, or other business partners.
Even if the sale is completed, we may not realize the expected strategic or financial benefits. We could face transitional challenges, including potential loss of revenue or synergies, costs associated with separation activities, and the diversion of management’s attention from ongoing operations. In addition, the sale could result in the recognition of material accounting charges or changes to our tax position, which could adversely affect our results of operations in the period in which the transaction closes.
If the transaction is delayed or fails to close, or if the post-closing transition is more difficult or costly than anticipated, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Risks
Increasing regulatory and legal complexity may adversely affect restaurant operations and our financial results.
Our regulatory environment exposes us to complex compliance and similar risks that could affect our operations and results in material ways. In many of our markets, we are subject to increasing regulation, which has increased our cost of doing business. We are affected by the cost, compliance and other risks associated with the often conflicting and highly prescriptive regulations, including where inconsistent standards imposed by multiple governmental authorities can adversely affect our business and increase our exposure to litigation or governmental investigations or proceedings.
Our success depends in part on our ability to manage the impact of new, potential or changing regulations that can affect our business plans and operations. These include regulations affecting product packaging, marketing, the nutritional content and safety of our food and other products, labeling and other disclosure practices. Compliance efforts with those regulations may be affected by the need to comply with different, potentially conflicting laws in different jurisdictions, and the need to rely on the accuracy and completeness of information from third-party suppliers (particularly given varying requirements and practices for testing and disclosure).
Regulatory bodies may enact new laws or promulgate new regulations that are adverse to our business, or they may view matters or interpret laws and regulations differently than they have in the past or in a manner adverse to our business. These new laws or regulations could negatively impact our financial results or affect restaurant operations.
Governmental regulation, including in one or more of the following areas, may adversely affect our existing and future operations and results, including by harming our ability to profitably operate our restaurants.
Americans with Disabilities Act and Similar State Laws
We are subject to the Americans with Disabilities Act and similar state laws that give civil rights protections to individuals with disabilities in the context of employment, public accommodations, and other areas. The expenses associated with any modifications we may be required to undertake with respect to our restaurants or services, or any damages, legal fees, and costs associated with litigating or resolving claims under the Americans with Disabilities Act or similar state laws, could be material.
Consumer Protection and Privacy Laws
We are subject to various federal, state, and local laws and regulations concerning consumer protection and privacy as it relates to our marketing, advertising, and promotional programs, including, but not limited to, the California Consumer Privacy Act and the Telephone Consumer Protection Act. Any damages, legal fees, or costs associated with litigating or resolving claims under any such law could be material.
Food Regulation
The Food Safety Modernization Act granted the U.S. Food and Drug Administration new authority regarding the safety of the entire food system, including through increased inspections and mandatory food recalls. Although restaurants are not directly implicated by these requirements, our suppliers may initiate or otherwise be subject to food recalls or other consequences impacting the availability of certain products, which could result in adverse publicity, or require us to take actions that could be costly for us or otherwise impact our business and financial results.
Local Licensure, Zoning, and Other Regulation
Each of our restaurants is subject to state and local licensing and regulation by health, sanitation, food, and workplace safety and other agencies. We may experience material difficulties, delays, or failures in obtaining the necessary licenses or approvals for new restaurants, which could delay planned restaurant openings. In addition, stringent and varied requirements of local regulators with respect to zoning, land use, and environmental factors could delay or prevent development of new restaurants in particular locations.
Environmental Laws
We are subject to federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations concerning the discharge, storage, handling, release, and disposal of hazardous or toxic substances, as well as local ordinances restricting the types of packaging we can use in our restaurants. If and to the extent any hazardous or toxic substances are present on or adjacent to any of our restaurant locations, we believe any such contamination would be the responsibility of one or more third parties and would have been or should be addressed by the responsible party. If the relevant third parties have not or do not address the identified contamination properly or completely, then under certain environmental laws, we could be held liable as an owner or operator to address any remaining contamination, sometimes without regard to whether we knew of, or were responsible for, the release or presence of hazardous or toxic substances. Any such liability could be material. Further, we may not have identified all of the potential environmental liabilities at our properties, and any such liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our financial results. We also cannot predict what environmental laws or laws regarding packaging will be enacted in the future, how existing or future environmental or packaging laws will be administered or interpreted, or the amount of future expenditures that we may need to make to comply with, or to satisfyclaims relating to, such laws.
Employment and Immigration Laws
We and our franchisees are subject to the federal labor laws, including the Fair Labor Standards Act, as well as various state and local laws governing such matters as minimum wages, exempt status classification, overtime, breaks, schedules, and other working conditions for employees. Federal, state, and local laws may also require us to provide paid and unpaid leave, healthcare, or other benefits to our employees. Changes in the law, or penalties associated with any failure on our part to comply with legal requirements, could increase our labor costs or result in significant additional expense to us and our franchisees.
States in which we operate may adopt new immigration laws or enforcement programs, and the U.S. Congress and the Department of Homeland Security from time to time consider and may implement changes to federal immigration laws, regulations, or enforcement programs. Such changes and enforcement programs may increase our obligations for compliance and oversight, which could subject us to additional costs and make our hiring process more cumbersome. Although we require all workers to provide us with government-specified documentation evidencing their employment eligibility, some of our employees may, without our knowledge, be unauthorized workers. All of our Company employees currently participate in the “E-Verify” program, an Internet-based, free program run by the United States government to verify employment eligibility. However, use of the “E-Verify” program does not guarantee that we will successfully identify all applicants who are ineligible for employment. Unauthorized workers are subject to deportation and may subject us to fines or penalties, and if any of our employees or our franchisees’ employees are found to be unauthorized, we could experience adverse publicity that negatively impacts our brands and may make it more difficult to hire and keep qualified employees. Termination of a significant number of employees who are found to be unauthorized workers may disrupt operations, cause temporary increases in labor costs to train new employees, and result in additional adverse publicity. We could also become subject to fines, penalties, and other costs related to claims that we did not fully comply with all record keeping obligations of federal and state immigration compliance laws. These factors could materially adversely affect our financial results.
Franchising Activities
Our franchising activities in the United States are subject to federal regulations administered by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, laws enacted by a number of states, and rules and regulations promulgated by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission. In particular, we are subject to federal and state laws regulating the offer and sale of franchises, as well as judicial and administrative interpretations of such laws. Such laws impose registration and disclosure requirements on franchisors in the offer and sale of franchises and may also apply substantive standards to the relationship between franchisor and franchisee, including limitations on the ability of franchisors to terminate franchises and alter franchise arrangements. We also have franchising activities in Mexico, which are subject to regulations in that jurisdiction. Failure to comply with new or existing franchise laws, rules, and regulations in any jurisdiction or to obtain required government approvals could negatively affect our ability to grow or expand our franchise business and sell franchises.
The proliferation of federal, state, and local regulations increases our compliance risks, which in turn could adversely affect our business.
The restaurant and retail industries are subject to extensive federal, state, and local laws and regulations, including regulations relating to:
• the preparation, ingredients, labeling, packaging, advertising, and sale of food and beverages;
• building and zoning requirements;
• sanitation and safety standards;
• employee healthcare, including the implementation and legal, regulatory, and cost implications of the Affordable Care Act;
• labor and employment, including minimum wage adjustments, overtime, working conditions, employment eligibility and documentation, sick leave, and other employee benefit and fringe benefit requirements, and changing judicial, administrative, or regulatory interpretations of federal or state labor laws;
• the registration, offer, sale, termination, and renewal of franchises;
• Americans with Disabilities Act;
• payment cards;
• climate change, including regulations related to the potential impact of greenhouse gases, water consumption, or taxes on carbon emissions; and
• consumer protection and privacy obligations, including the California Consumer Privacy Act, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, and other new or proposed federal and state regulations.
The increasing amount and complexity of regulations and their interpretation may increase the costs to us and our franchisees of labor and compliance and increase our exposure to legal and regulatory claims which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business. While we strive to comply with all applicable existing rules and regulations, we cannot predict the effect on our operations from modifications to the language or interpretations of existing requirements, or to the issuance of new or additional requirements in the future.
Legislation and regulations regarding our products and ingredients, including the nutritional content of our products, could impact customer preferences and negatively impact our financial results.
Changes in government regulation and consumer eating habits may impact the ingredients and nutritional content of our menu offerings or require us to disclose the nutritional content of our menu offerings. For example, a number of states, counties, and cities have enacted menu labeling laws requiring multi-unit restaurant operators to disclose certain nutritional information to customers or have enacted legislation restricting the use of certain types of ingredients in restaurants. Furthermore, the Affordable Care Act requires chain restaurants to publish calorie information on their menus and menu boards. These and other requirements may increase our expenses, slow customers’ ordering process, or negatively influence the demand for our offerings; all of which can impact sales and profitability.
Compliance with current and future laws and regulations in a number of areas, including with respect to ingredients, nutritional content of our products, and packaging and service ware may be costly and time-consuming. Additionally, if consumer health regulations change significantly, we may be required to modify our menu offerings or packaging, and as a result, may experience higher costs or reduced demand associated with such changes. Some government authorities are increasing regulations regarding trans-fats and sodium. While we have removed all artificial or “added during manufacturing” trans fats from our ingredients, some ingredients have naturally occurring trans-fats. Future requirements limiting trans-fats or sodium content may require us to change our menu offerings or switch to higher cost ingredients. These actions may hinder our ability to operate in some markets or to offer our full menu in these markets, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. If we fail to comply with such laws and regulations, our business could also experience a material adverse effect.
We may not be able to adequately protect our intellectual property, which could harm the value of our brands and adversely affect our business.
Our ability to successfully implement our business strategy depends, in part, on our ability to further build brand recognition using our trademarks, service marks, trade dress, and other proprietary intellectual property, including our name and logos, our strategy, and the ambiance of our restaurants. If our efforts to protect our intellectual property are inadequate, or if any third party misappropriates or infringes our intellectual property, either in print or on the Internet or a social media platform, the value of our brands may be harmed, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and might prevent our brands from achieving or maintaining market acceptance.
We franchise our brands to various franchisees. While we try to ensure that the quality of our brands is maintained by all franchisees, we cannot assure that all franchisees will uphold brand standards so as not to harm the value of our intellectual property or our reputation.
We are subject to increasing legal complexity and may be subject to claims or lawsuits that are costly to defend and could result in our payment of substantial damages or settlement costs.
We are subject to complaints or litigation brought by current or former employees, customers, current or former franchisees, vendors, landlords, shareholders, competitors (e.g., intellectual property related claims), government agencies, or others. A judgment that is not covered by insurance or that is significantly in excess of our insurance coverage for any claims could materially adversely affect our financial results. In addition, regardless of whether any claimsagainst us are valid or whether we are found to be liable, claims may be expensive to defend, and may divert management’s attention away from our operations and hurt our performance. Further, adverse publicity resulting from claimsagainst us or our franchisees may harm our business or that of our franchisees.
If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately determine our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, the Company’s stockholders could lose confidence in our financial results, which could harm our business and the value of the Company’s common shares.
Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and effectively prevent fraud. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires us to evaluate and report on our internal controls over financial reporting. We cannot be certain that we will be successful in maintaining adequate internal controls over our financial reporting and financial processes in the future. We may in the future discover areas of our internal controls that need improvement. Furthermore, to the extent our business grows or significantly changes, our internal controls may become more complex, and we would require significantly more resources to ensure our internal controls remain effective. If we or our independent auditors discover a material weakness, the disclosure of that fact, even if quickly remedied, could reduce the market value of the Company’s common stock. Additionally, the existence of any material weakness may require management to devote significant time and incur significant expense to remediate any such material weaknesses and management may not be able to remediate any such material weaknesses in a timely manner.
Changes in tax laws, interpretations of existing tax law, or adverse determinations by tax authorities could adversely affect our income tax expense and income tax payments.
We are subject to income taxation at the federal, state, and local levels in the U.S. Any significant changes in income tax laws, including, but not limited to, income tax rate increases, authoritative interpretations of the tax laws, and/or comprehensive tax reform measures could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
We may be subject to risk associated with disagreements with key stakeholders, such as franchisees.
In addition to shareholders, we have several key stakeholders, including our independent franchise operators. Third parties such as franchisees are not subject to the control of the Company and may take actions or behave in ways that are adverse to the Company. Because the ultimate interests of franchisees and the Company are largely aligned around maximizing restaurant profits, the Company does not believe that any areas of disagreement between the Company and its franchisees are likely to create material risk to the Company or its shareholders. Nevertheless, it is possible that conflict and disagreements with these or other critical stakeholders could distract management or otherwise have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business.
Actions of activist stockholders could cause us to incur substantial costs, divert management’s attention and resources, and have an adverse effect on our business.
We are currently engaged in a proxy contest with an activist stockholder who has notified us of its intention to nominate two candidates for election to our Board of Directors at our upcoming annual meeting of stockholders. Responding to this proxy contest, and any related activist stockholder activities, could require significant time, attention, and resources from our management and Board, and may result in substantial legal, advisory, and administrative expenses. For example, we may be required to engage legal, financial, and communications advisers to assist in responding to the proxy contest, and these costs may adversely impact our financial results.
Furthermore, the market’s perception of the proxy contest or the activist stockholder’s campaign could cause volatility or stagnation in the trading price of our common stock. Even if we prevail in the proxy contest, the process of defendingagainst such activities could divert management’s focus from operating our business and implementing our strategic initiatives, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Risks Related to Information and Technology
We are subject to the risk of cybersecurity breaches, intrusions, data loss, or other data security incidents.
We and our franchisees rely on computer systems and information technology to conduct our business. We have instituted controls, including information security governance controls that are intended to protect our computer systems, our point of sale (“POS”) systems, and our information technology systems and networks; and adhere to payment card industry data security standards and limit third party access for vendors that require access to our restaurant networks. We also have business continuity plans that attempt to anticipate and mitigate failures. However, we cannot control or prevent every cybersecurity risk.
A material failure or interruption of service, or a breach in the security of our computer systems caused by malware, ransomware or other attack, could cause reduced efficiency in operations, or other business interruptions; could negatively impact delivery of food to restaurants, or financial functions such as vendor payment, employee payroll and scheduling, franchise operations reporting, or our ability to receive customer payments through our POS or other systems, or could result in the loss or misappropriation of customer or employee data. Such events could negatively impact cash flows or require significant capital investment to rectify; result in damage to our business or reputation or loss of consumer or employee confidence; and lead to potential costs, fines, and litigation. Damage to our business or reputation or loss of consumer confidence may also result from any failure by our franchisees to implement standard computer systems and information technology, as we are dependent on our franchisees to adopt appropriate safeguards. These risks may be magnified by increased and changing regulations. The costs of compliance and risk mitigation planning, including increased investment in technology or personnel in order to protect valuable business or consumer information, have increased significantly in recent years, and may also negatively impact our financial results.
Restaurants and other retailers have faced, and we could in the future become subject to, claims for purportedlyfraudulent transactions arising out of the actual or alleged theft of credit or debit card information or the loss of personally identifiable information, and we may also be subject to lawsuits or other proceedings in the future relating to these types of incidents. Any such proceedings could distract our management from running our business and cause us to incur significant unplannedlosses and expenses. Consumer perception of our brands could also be negatively affected by these events, which could further adversely affect our financial results.
We collect and maintain personal information about our employees and our guests and are seeking to provide our guests with new digital experiences. These digital experiences will require us to integrate into our POS systems to allow for capabilities like mobile order and pay, third party delivery, and digital menu boards. The collection and use of personal information are regulated at the federal and state levels; such regulations include the California Consumer Privacy Act. We increasingly rely on cloud computing and other technologies that result in third parties holding various customer, employee, and franchisee information on our behalf. There has been an increase over the past several years in the frequency and sophistication of attempts to compromise the security of these types of systems. If the security and information systems that we or our outsourced third-party providers use to store or process such information are compromised or if we, or such third parties, otherwise fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we could face litigation and the imposition of penalties that could adversely affect our financial performance. Our reputation as a brand or as an employer could also be adversely affected by these types of security breaches or regulatory violations, which could impair our ability to attract and retain qualified employees.
We are subject to risks associated with our increasing dependence on digital commerce platforms and technologies to maintain and grow sales, and we cannot predict the impact that these digital commerce platforms and technologies, other new or improved technologies or alternative methods of delivery may have on consumer behavior and our financial results.
Advances in technologies, including advances in digital food order and delivery technologies, and changes in consumer behavior driven by such advances could have a negative effect on our business. Technology and consumer offerings continue to develop, and we expect that new and enhanced technologies and consumer offerings will be available in the future, including those with a focus on restaurant modernization, restaurant technology and digital engagement and ordering. We may pursue certain of those technologies and consumer offerings if we believe they offer a sustainable guest proposition and can be successfully integrated into our business model. However, we cannot predict consumer acceptance or our success in implementing these digital platforms, delivery channels or systems or other technologies or their impact on our business.
We are dependent on information technology and digital service providers and any material failure, misuse or interruption of our computer systems, supporting infrastructure, consumer-facing digital capabilities or social media platforms could adversely affect our business.
We are dependent upon information technology and digital service providers to properly conduct our business, including point-of-sale processing in our restaurants, order processing through digital channels, management of our supply chain, collection of cash, payment of obligations and various other processes and procedures. Our ability to efficiently manage our business, service our customers and process digital orders through our mobile application and third-party delivery partnerships depends significantly on the reliability and performance of our systems and those managed by our service providers. The failure of these systems and processes to operate effectively, including an interruption or degradation in such systems or services, or if such systems or services become outdated, could be harmful and cause delays in customer service, loss of digital sales, reduce efficiency or cause delays in operations. Significant capital investments may be required to remediate any such problems. Additionally, the success of certain of our strategic initiatives, including to expand our consumer-facing digital capabilities to connect with customers and drive growth, is highly dependent on our technology systems and digital service providers.
Risks Related to Our Capital Structure
The securitized debt instruments issued by certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries have restrictive terms, and any failure to comply with such terms could result in default, which could harm the value of our brand and adversely affect our business.
The Series 2019-1 and Series 2022-1 Senior Notes (“Senior Notes”) are subject to a series of covenants and restrictions customary for transactions of this type, including (i) that the Master Issuer maintains specified reserve accounts to be used to make required payments in respect of the Senior Notes, (ii) provisions relating to optional and mandatory prepayments and the related payment of specified amounts, including specified make-whole payments in the case of the Class A-2 Notes under certain circumstances, (iii) certain indemnification payments in the event, among other things, the assets pledged as collateral for the Senior Notes are in stated ways defective or ineffective and (iv) covenants relating to record keeping, access to information and similar matters. The Senior Notes are also subject to customary rapid amortization events provided for in the Indenture, including events tied to failure to maintain stated debt service coverage ratios, the sum of gross sales for specified restaurants being below certain levels on certain measurement dates, certain manager termination events, an event of default, and the failure to repay or refinance the Class A-2 Notes on the applicable scheduled maturity date. The Senior Notes are also subject to certain customary events of default, including events relating to non-payment of required interest, principal, or other amounts due on or with respect to the Senior Notes, failure to comply with covenants within certain time frames, certain bankruptcy events, breaches of specified representations and warranties, failure of security interests to be effective, and certain judgments.
In the event that a rapid amortization event occurs under the Indenture (including, without limitation, upon an event of default under the Indenture or the failure to repay the securitized debt at the end of the applicable term) which would require repayment of the Senior Notes, the funds available to us would be reduced or eliminated, which would in turn reduce our ability to operate and/or grow our business. If our subsidiaries are not able to generate sufficient cash flow to service their debt obligations, they may need to refinance or restructure debt, sell assets, reduce or delay capital investments, or seek to raise additional capital. If our subsidiaries are unable to implement one or more of these alternatives, they may not be able to meet debt payment and other obligations which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
We have a significant amount of debt outstanding. Such indebtedness, along with the other contractual commitments of our Company or its subsidiaries, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to meet debt payment obligations.
Under the Indenture, the Master Issuer has approximately $1.7 billion of outstanding debt as of September 28, 2025.
This level of debt could have certain material adverse effects on the Company, including but not limited to:
• our available cash flow in the future to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, and general corporate or other purposes could be impaired, and our ability to obtain additional financing for such purposes is limited;
• a substantial portion of our cash flows could be required for debt service and, as a result, might not be available for our operations or other purposes;
• any substantial decrease in net operating cash flows or any substantial increase in expenses could make it difficult for us to meet our debt service requirements or could force us to modify our operations or sell assets;
• our ability to operate our business and our ability to repurchase stock or pay cash dividends to our stockholders may be restricted by the financial and other covenants set forth in the Indenture.
• our ability to withstand competitive pressures may be decreased; and
• our level of indebtedness may make us more vulnerable to economic downturns and reduce our flexibility in responding to changing business, regulatory, and economic conditions.
In addition, we may incur additional indebtedness in the future. If new debt or other liabilities are added to our current consolidated debt levels, the related risks that it now faces could intensify.
The securitization transaction documents impose certain restrictions on our activities or the activities of our subsidiaries, and the failure to comply with such restrictions could adversely affect our business.
The Indenture and the management agreement entered into between certain of our subsidiaries and the Indenture trustee (the “Management Agreement”) contain various covenants that limit our and our subsidiaries’ ability to engage in specified types of transactions. For example, the Indenture and the Management Agreement contain covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the ability of certain subsidiaries to:
• incur or guarantee additional indebtedness;
• sell certain assets;
• alter the business conducted by our subsidiaries;
• create or incur liens on certain assets; or
• consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the assets held within the securitization entities.
As a result of these restrictions, we may not have adequate resources or the flexibility to continue to manage the business and provide for growth of the Jack in the Box system, including product development and marketing for the Jack in the Box brand, which could adversely affect our future growth prospects, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
• Changes in sales at restaurants open more than one year (“same-store sales”), system restaurant sales, franchised restaurant sales, and average unit volumes (“AUVs”). Same-store sales, restaurant sales, and AUVs are presented for franchised restaurants. Franchise sales represent sales at franchise restaurants and are revenues of our franchisees. We do not record franchise sales as revenues; however, our royalty revenues and percentage rent revenues are calculated based on a percentage of franchise sales. We believe franchise and system same-store sales, franchised and system-wide sales, and AUV information are useful to investors as they have a direct effect on the Company’s profitability.
Same-store sales, system restaurant sales, franchised restaurant sales and AUVs are not measurements determined in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered in isolation, or as an alternative to earnings from operations, or other similarly titled measures of other companies.
A comparison of our results of operations and cash flows for fiscal 2024 compared to fiscal 2023 can be found under Part II, “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 29, 2024.
OVERVIEW
Our Business
Founded in 1951, Jack in the Box Inc. (the “Company”) operates and franchises Jack in the Box ® and Del Taco ® quick-service restaurants. As of September 28, 2025, we operated and franchised 2,136 Jack in the Box restaurants, primarily in the western and southern United States, including three in Mexico and two in Guam. As of September 28, 2025 we operated and franchised 576 Del Taco restaurants across 18 states. We derive revenue from retail sales at company-operated restaurants and rental revenue, royalties (based upon a percent of sales), franchise fees and contributions for advertising and other services from franchisees.
On April 23, 2025, the Company announced a multi-faceted plan, which included exploring strategic alternatives for the Del Taco brand and the possible divestiture of that business. On October 15, 2025, the Company entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Yadav Enterprises, Inc., a California corporation (“Buyer”) and Anil Yadav (“Buyer Guarantor”) to sell to Buyer all of the issued and outstanding equity interests of Del Taco Holdings Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Del Taco”), which owns and operates the Company’s Del Taco restaurant operations, for an aggregate purchase price of $115 million in cash, subject to certain closing cash, working capital, debt and transaction expense adjustments.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR FISCAL 2025 AND 2024
The following tables summarize changes in same-store sales for Jack in the Box and Del Taco company-operated, franchised, and system restaurants:
Jack in the Box:
Company
Franchise
System
Del Taco:
Company
Franchise
System
The following tables summarize changes in the number and mix of company and franchise restaurants for our two brands:
Jack in the Box:
Company
Franchise
Total
Company
Franchise
Total
Beginning of year
New
Refranchised
Closed
End of year
% of system
Del Taco:
Company
Franchise
Total
Company
Franchise
Total
Beginning of year
New
Acquired from franchisees
Refranchised
Closed
End of year
% of system
The following tables summarize restaurant sales for company-operated, franchised, and systemwide sales for our two brands ( in thousands ):
Jack in the Box:
Company-operated restaurant sales
Franchised restaurant sales (1)
Systemwide sales (1)
Del Taco:
Company-operated restaurant sales
Franchised restaurant sales (1)
Systemwide sales (1)
(1) Franchised restaurant sales represent sales at franchised restaurants and are revenues of our franchisees. Systemwide sales include company and franchised restaurant sales. We do not record franchised sales as revenues; however, our royalty revenues, marketing fees and percentage rent revenues are calculated based on a percentage of franchised sales. We believe franchised and systemwide sales information is useful to investors as they have a direct effect on the Company's profitability.
Jack in the Box Brand
Company Restaurant Operations
The following table presents company restaurant sales and costs as a percentage of the related sales (dollars in thousands) :
Company restaurant sales
Company restaurant costs:
Food and packaging
Payroll and employee benefits
Occupancy and other
Company restaurant sales decreased $10.3 million, or 2.4%, in 2025 as compared with the prior year due to a decrease in transactions partially offset by an increase in the average number of restaurants.
The following table presents the approximate impact of these items on company restaurant sales in 2025 ( in millions ):
AUV decrease
Increase in the average number of restaurants
Total change in company restaurant sales
Same-store sales at company-operated restaurants decreased by 3.7% in fiscal year 2025 compared to a year ago. The following table summarizes the changes in company-operated same-store sales:
Transactions
Average check (1)
Change in same-store sales
(1) Includes price increases of 3.5% in 2025.
Food and packaging costs, as a percentage of company restaurant sales, decreased to 28.0% in 2025 from 29.5% a year ago, due mainly to a 1.8% benefit from a new beverage contract with funding retroactive to January 1, 2024, as well as menu price increases, partially offset by commodity inflation and unfavorable menu item mix.
Commodity costs increased in the current fiscal year by approximately 4.2%. The greatest impacts were seen in beef, beverages, poultry, and eggs.
Payroll and employee benefit costs, as a percentage of company restaurant sales, increased to 33.8% in 2025 compared with 31.5% a year ago. There was an approximate 2.0% increase which was primarily due to the impact from wage inflation. Wage inflation for the year was approximately 7.6% and was primarily due to the wage increases required in California effective April 1, 2024 under AB 1228.
Occupancy and other costs, as a percentage of company restaurant sales, increased to 18.7% in 2025 from 17.3% a year ago primarily due to sales deleverage, higher costs for rent, utilities, and other operating costs including delivery fees.
Jack in the Box Franchise Operations
The following table presents franchise revenues and costs in each fiscal year and other information we believe is useful in analyzing the change in franchise operating results ( dollars in thousands ):
Franchise rental revenues
Royalties
Franchise fees and other
Franchise royalties and other
Franchise contributions for advertising and other services
Total franchise revenues
Franchise occupancy expenses
Franchise support and other costs
Franchise advertising and other services expenses
Total franchise costs
Franchise costs as a percentage of total franchise revenues
Average number of franchise restaurants
Franchised restaurant sales
Franchise restaurant AUV
Royalties as a percentage of total franchise restaurant sales
Franchise rental revenues decreased $14.5 million, or 4.2%, in 2025 compared to the prior year, primarily due to a decrease in percentage rent of $16.5 million, driven by lower sales, partially offset by higher lease termination fees of $2.7 million, and higher pass through property tax revenue of $1.1 million.
Franchise royalties and other decreased $7.1 million, or 3.4%, compared to the prior year primarily due to lower royalty income driven by lower sales.
Franchise contributions for advertising and other services revenues decreased $11.6 million, or 5.3%, mainly due to lower sales driving marketing contributions lower by $8.9 million and lower digital and technology fees of $2.4 million.
Franchise occupancy expenses, mainly rent, increased $1.8 million, or 0.8%, in 2025 primarily due to higher pass through property tax expense of $1.1 million and higher operating lease costs of $0.9 million.
Franchise support and other costs decreased $0.2 million, or 1.8% in 2025.
Franchise advertising and other service expenses decreased $14.1 million, or 6.2%, in 2025 primarily due to lower sales driving lower marketing expenses, as well as lower franchise IT support costs.
Del Taco Brand
Company Restaurant Operations
The following table presents company restaurant sales and costs as a percentage of the related sales (dollars in thousands) :
Company restaurant sales
Company restaurant costs:
Food and packaging
Payroll and employee benefits
Occupancy and other
Company restaurant sales decreased $71.4 million or 25.3%, in 2025 as compared with the prior year primarily due to a decrease in the average number of restaurants as well as a decrease in transactions.
The following table presents the approximate impact of these items on company restaurant sales ( in millions ):
Decrease in the average number of restaurants
AUV decrease
Other
Total change in company restaurant sales
Same-store sales at company-operated restaurants decreased 2.4% in 2025 compared to a year ago. The following table summarizes the decreases in company-operated same-store sales:
Average check (1)
Transactions
Change in same-store sales
(1) Includes price increases of approximately 5.5% in 2025.
Food and packaging costs, as a percentage of company restaurant sales, decreased to 25.9% in 2025 from 26.0% a year ago primarily due to menu price increases and favorable beverage funding, partially offset by commodity inflation and unfavorable menu item mix.
Commodity costs inflation was 4.1% in 2025. The largest sources of inflation in the current year were due to beef, poultry, and beverages.
Payroll and employee benefit costs, as a percentage of company restaurant sales, increased to 38.6% in 2025 compared with 36.7% a year ago primarily due to labor inflation impact of 2%. Labor inflation was 7.1% in the current year.
Occupancy and other costs, as a percentage of company restaurant sales, increased to 24.4% in 2025 from 23.3% a year ago primarily due to sales deleverage as well as higher costs for IT, utilities, maintenance, and other operating costs including delivery fees.
Del Taco Franchise Operations
The following table presents franchise revenues and costs in each period and other information we believe is useful in analyzing the change in franchise operating results ( dollars in thousands ):
Franchise rental revenues
Royalties
Franchise fees and other
Franchise royalties and other
Franchise contributions for advertising and other services
Total franchise revenues
Franchise occupancy expenses
Franchise support and other costs
Franchise advertising and other services expenses
Total franchise costs
Franchise costs as a percentage of total franchise revenues
Average number of franchise restaurants
Franchised restaurant sales
Franchised restaurant AUVs
Royalties as a percentage of total franchised restaurant sales
Franchise rental revenues increased $7.7 million, or 27.3% in 2025 compared to the prior year, primarily due to higher rental income and pass through property tax revenue resulting from new subleases related to restaurants refranchised in fiscal 2025 and 2024.
Franchise royalties and other increased $1.7 million, or 5.2% in 2025 compared to the prior year, primarily due to refranchising activity.
Franchise contributions for advertising and other services revenues decreased $0.6 million, or 2.0% in 2025 compared to the prior year, primarily due to lower IT support revenue, partially offset by increased franchise marketing contributions.
Franchise occupancy expenses, primarily rent, increased $7.2 million, or 25.9% in 2025 compared to the prior year, primarily due to higher operating lease costs in the current year from refranchising.
Franchise support and other costs increased $1.9 million, or 42.6% in 2025 compared to the prior year, primarily due to higher bad debt expense.
Franchise advertising and other service expenses decreased $1.5 million, or 4.4% in 2025 compared to the prior year, primarily due to decreases in IT costs, partially offset by increases in marketing expense resulting from restaurants refranchised.
Company-Wide Results
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization decreased $1.5 million in 2025 as compared with the prior year. The decrease is primarily due to the refranchising of Del Taco restaurants, as well as certain Jack in the Box franchise assets becoming fully depreciated. These decreases were partially offset by increases for new technology assets placed in service and new company restaurant openings.
Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”) Expenses
The following table presents the amounts for SG&A expenses in each fiscal year ( in thousands ):
Advertising
Share-based compensation
Incentive compensation
Cash surrender value of COLI policies, net
Insurance
Other
Advertising costs represent company contributions to our marketing funds and are generally determined as a percentage of company-operated restaurant sales. Advertising costs increased $4.3 million compared to the prior year primarily due an incremental contribution to Jack in the Box brand advertising, partially offset by a decrease in company-operated restaurant sales at both brands in the current year.
Share-based compensation in 2025 decreased by $5.2 million compared to the prior year primarily due to forfeitures as well as lower achievement levels for the Company’s performance share awards.
Incentive compensation in 2025 decreased by $3.9 million compared to the prior year primarily due to lower achievement levels compared to the prior year for the Company’s annual incentive plan.
The cash surrender value of our Company-owned life insurance (“COLI”) policies, net of changes in our non-qualified deferred compensation obligation supported by these policies, are subject to market fluctuations. The changes in market values had an unfavorable impact of $7.5 million as compared to the prior year.
Insurance costs in 2025 increased $4.1 million as compared to the prior year primarily due to a favorable adjustment in 2024 in connection with positive development factors related to workers compensation and general liability claims.
Pre-Opening Costs
Pre-opening costs associated with the opening of a new restaurant or the remodeling of an existing restaurant consist primarily of property rent and employee training costs. Pre-opening costs associated with the opening of a restaurant that was closed upon acquisition consist of labor costs, maintenance and repair costs, and property rent. Pre-opening expenses increased $4.2 million in 2025 as compared to the prior year due to new restaurant openings in certain markets.
Impairment of Goodwill and Intangible Assets
During the third quarter of 2024, the Company identified triggering events that indicated the goodwill allocated to the Del Taco reporting unit might be impaired. The triggering events related to i) a recent negative trend in Del Taco same store sales, ii) lower margins due in part to lower sales and higher wages required in California effective April 1, 2024 under AB 1228 and iii) unfavorable changes in the economic environment specifically impacting our industry, including inflation and interest rates. As a result, the Company performed a quantitative test over the Del Taco reporting unit, noting that the fair value of the reporting unit was less than the carrying value, which resulted in an impairment of goodwill of $162.6 million.
During the second quarter of 2025, the Company identified additional triggering events that indicated the goodwill allocated to the Del Taco reporting unit might be further impaired, including i) continued negative trend in Del Taco same store sales, ii) unfavorable changes in the economic environment specifically impacting our industry, including inflation and interest rates, iii) the potential for a divestment of Del Taco, and iv) a sustained lower share price. As a result, the Company performed a quantitative test over the Del Taco reporting unit, noting that the fair value of the reporting unit was less than the carrying value, which resulted in an impairment of goodwill of $25.3 million for the second quarter of 2025. Refer to Note 5, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on the valuation methodologies and assumptions used.
As a result of the franchisee acquisition during the third quarter of 2025, the Company recognized additional goodwill of $6.3 million. This additional goodwill was fully impaired based on the results of the quantitative impairment analysis performed in the second quarter of 2025. The goodwill for the Del Taco reporting unit is fully impaired as of the end of 2025.
In connection with the goodwill analysis during the second quarter of 2025, the Company also performed a quantitative analysis over its indefinite-lived intangible trademark asset and as a result, the Company recorded impairment of $177.9 million on the Del Taco trademark asset. During the third and fourth quarters of 2025, the Company performed a qualitative analysis over its indefinite-lived intangible trademark asset, noting no further impairment was deemed necessary. Refer to Note 5, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on the valuation methodologies and assumptions used.
Other Operating Expense, Net
Other operating expense, net is comprised of the following ( in thousands ):
Restructuring, integration and strategic initiatives
Costs of closed restaurants and other
Restaurant impairment charges
Accelerated depreciation
Gains on acquisition of restaurants
Losses on disposition of property and equipment, net
Other operating expense, net
Other operating expense, net decreased $2.4 million in 2025 as compared to the prior year. This decrease was primarily due to the decrease in restructuring, integration and strategic initiatives of $8.3 million and a decrease in restaurant impairment charges of $3.6 million relating to under-performing Jack in the Box and Del Taco restaurants. These decreases were partially offset by increased costs of closed restaurants of $5.5 million, a reduction in gain on acquisition of restaurants of $2.7 million, as well as higher net loss on disposition of property and equipment of $2.0 million due to lower proceeds in connection with disposals. Refer also to Note 9, Other Operating Expense, Net, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Gains on the Sale of Company-Operated Restaurants
In 2025, gains on the sale of company-operated restaurants totaled $3.2 million and were mainly related to the refranchising of 13 Del Taco restaurants. In the prior year, gains on the sale of company-operated restaurants totaled $3.3 million and were mainly related to the refranchising of 47 Del Taco restaurants. Refer to Note 4, Summary of Refranchisings and Franchise Acquisitions, of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Other Pension and Post-Retirement Expenses, Net
Our policy is to fund our pension plans at or above the minimum required by law. As of the date of our last actuarial funding valuation, there was $1.6 million minimum requirement. We do not anticipate making any contributions to our Qualified Plan in fiscal 2026. For additional information, refer to Note 12, Retirement Plans , of the notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Interest Expense, Net
Interest expense, net, is comprised of the following ( in thousands ):
Interest expense
Interest income
Interest expense, net
Interest expense, net, decreased $1.1 million in 2025. Interest expense decreased by $1.5 million primarily due to lower average borrowings.
Income Taxes
For fiscal year 2025, the Company recorded an income tax benefit of $22.1 million resulting in an effective tax rate of 21.5%. The effective tax rate for such period was driven primarily by the impairment of non-deductible goodwill and non-deductible excess tax deficiency from share-based compensation arrangements, partially offset by non-taxable gains from the market performance of insurance products used to fund certain non-qualified retirement plans.
For fiscal year 2024, the Company recorded income tax expense of $32.4 million resulting in an effective tax rate of (748.9)%. The effective tax rate for such period differed from the U.S. statutory tax rate primarily due to the impact of non-deductible goodwill partially offset by the reversal of state deferred tax liabilities on basis difference of investments in subsidiaries and non-taxable gains from the market performance of insurance products used to fund certain non-qualified retirement plans.
On July 4, 2025, H.R.1 (the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act”) was enacted into law. The Company is continuing to evaluate the potential implications of the legislation. Based on its assessment for fiscal year 2025, the Company did not identify any material impacts to its provision for income taxes in the year of enactment.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
General
Our primary sources of short-term and long-term liquidity and capital resources are cash flows from operations and borrowings available under our credit facilities. Our cash requirements consist principally of working capital, general corporate needs, capital expenditures, income tax payments, debt service requirements, franchise tenant improvement allowance and incentive distributions and obligations related to our benefit plans. We generally use available cash flows from operations to invest in our business and service our debt obligations.
As of September 28, 2025, the Company had $81.8 million of cash and restricted cash on its consolidated balance sheet and available borrowings of $96.8 million under our $150.0 million Variable Funding Notes. The Company continually assesses the optimal sources and uses of cash for our business. We review our balance sheet for any undervalued assets and pursue opportunities for capital sources, including the sale of our owned properties and potential for refranchising.
Based upon current levels of operations and anticipated growth, we expect that cash flows from operations, combined with our securitized financing facility and revolving credit facility, will be sufficient to meet our capital expenditure, working capital and debt service requirements for at least the next twelve months and the foreseeable future.
Cash Flows
The table below summarizes our cash flows for each of the last two fiscal years ( in thousands ):
Total cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities
Investing activities
Financing activities
Net cash flows
Operating Activities . Operating cash flows increased $93.5 million compared with a year ago. This increase is primarily due to favorable changes in working capital of $134.4 million, partially offset by lower net income, when adjusted for non-cash items, of $40.9 million. The change in working capital is primarily a result of $50.3 million paid in 2024 for fiscal 2023 income tax payment deferred in connection with the Southern California winter storm disaster area declaration, $35.0 million received in the current year in connection with a new supply chain contract, and $25.5 million paid in 2024 in connection with the Torrez settlement.
Investing Activities . Cash flows used in investing activities increased $5.3 million compared with a year ago. This increase was primarily due to a reduction in proceeds from the sale of company operated restaurants of $13.0 million and the acquisition of franchise operated restaurants of for $7.2 million, partially offset by a decrease in the purchase of assets intended for sale or leaseback of $15.5 million.
Capital Expenditures — The composition of capital expenditures in each fiscal year is summarized in the table below ( in thousands ):
Restaurants:
Remodel / refresh programs
New restaurants
Restaurant facility expenditures
Restaurant information technology
Corporate Services:
Information technology
Corporate facilities
Total capital expenditures
In 2025, capital expenditures decreased by $3.0 million compared to a year ago, primarily due to a decrease in corporate technology spending of $5.9 million due to the completion of our new enterprise resource planning software implementation last year. Restaurant facility costs decreased $4.8 million related to lower volume of repair and improvement work versus prior year. Remodel project costs also decreased $2.2 million due to timing of ongoing remodel projects. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in restaurant information technology costs of $10.6 million related to the rollout of a new POS system for Jack in the Box company restaurants as well as investments in digital and other restaurant technology enhancements
Sale and Sale-leaseback Transactions — To optimize our balance sheet and capital structure, we use sales and leaseback financing and provide our franchisees the opportunity to purchase the property that we currently lease to them. There was a decrease in the purchases of Jack in the Box restaurant properties intended for sale or leaseback of $15.5 million in the current year. The Company generated proceeds of $19.9 million related to the sale of property and equipment. There were no sales-leaseback transactions in 2025.
Sale of Company-Operated Restaurants — The Company recorded proceeds of $6.4 million for the sale of company-operated restaurants to franchisees compared to proceeds of $19.4 million in 2024 due to fewer refranchising transactions in the current year. For further information, see Note 4, Summary of Refranchising and Franchise Acquisition , in the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
Financing Activities . Cash flows used in financing activities decreased by $71.2 million compared with a year ago, primarily as a result of a $65.0 million decrease in share repurchases, a decrease in dividends paid of $17.4 million, partially offset by the change year-over-year in net borrowings on the revolving credit facilities of $12.0 million.
Repurchases of Common Stock — In fiscal 2025, the Company repurchased 0.1 million shares of its common stock for an aggregate cost of $5.0 million, including applicable excise tax.
Dividends — In fiscal 2025, the Board of Directors declared two quarterly cash dividends of $0.44 per share, totaling $16.7 million compared to total dividends of $34.2 million in 2024. As previously announced, the Company has discontinued its dividend.
Securitized Financing Facility — Jack in the Box Funding, LLC (the “Master Issuer”), a limited-purpose, bankruptcy-remote, wholly owned indirect subsidiary of the Company is the master issuer of outstanding senior secured notes under a securitized financing facility that was entered into in July 2019. In February 2022, the Master Issuer completed a refinancing transaction and issued $550.0 million of its Series 2022-1 3.445% Fixed Rate Senior Secured Notes, Class A-2-I (the “Class A-2-I Notes”) and $550.0 million of its Series 2022-1 4.136% Fixed Rate Senior Secured Notes, Class A-2-II (the “Class A-2-II” and, together with the Class A-2-I Notes, the “2022 Notes”). The Anticipated Repayment Dates of the Class A-2-I Notes and the Class A-2-II Notes are February 2027 and February 2032, respectively, and the Anticipated Repayment Dates of the 2019-1 Class A-2-II Notes and the Class A-2-III Notes are August 2026 and August 2029, respectively. The legal final maturity date of the 2019 Notes and 2022 Notes is August 2049 and February 2052, respectively, but it is anticipated that, unless earlier prepaid to the extent permitted under the Indenture, the Notes will be repaid by the Anticipated Repayment Dates. If the Master Issuer has not repaid or refinanced the Notes prior to the respective Anticipated Repayment Dates, additional interest will accrue pursuant to the Indenture.
In 2022, the Company also entered into a revolving financing facility of Series 2022-1 Variable Funding Senior Secured Notes (the “Variable Funding Notes”), which permits borrowings up to a maximum of $150.0 million, subject to certain borrowing conditions, a portion of which may be used to issue letters of credit. As of September 28, 2025, we had no amounts outstanding and had available borrowing capacity of $96.8 million under our 2022 Variable Funding Notes, net of letters of credits issued of $53.2 million.
The quarterly principal payment on the Class A-2 Notes may be suspended when the specified leverage ratio, which is a measure of outstanding debt to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization, adjusted for certain items (as defined in the Indenture), is less than or equal to 5.0x. Exceeding the leverage ratio of 5.0x does not violate any covenant related to the Class A-2 Notes. Subsequent to closing the issuance of the 2022 Notes, the Company has had a leverage ratio of greater than 5.0x and, accordingly, the Company resumed making the scheduled amortization payments on its 2022 Notes and Series 2019-1 Notes.
Restricted Cash — In accordance with the terms of the Indenture, certain cash accounts have been established with the Indenture trustee for the benefit of the note holders and are restricted in their use. As of September 28, 2025, the Master Issuer had restricted cash of $30.3 million, which primarily represented cash collections and cash reserves held by the trustee to be used for payments of interest and commitment fees required for the Class A-2 Notes and Variable Funding Notes. As of September 28, 2025, we also had restricted cash of $2.0 million relating to an agreement for a financing structure with a technology partner to allow them to limit their exposure to risk, while they service the franchise-owned locations.
Covenants and Restrictions — The Notes are subject to a series of covenants and restrictions customary for transactions of this type, including (i) that the Master Issuer maintains specified reserve accounts to be used to make required payments in respect of the Notes, (ii) provisions relating to optional and mandatory prepayments and the related payment of specified amounts, including specified make-whole payments in the case of the Class A-2 Notes under certain circumstances, (iii) certain indemnification payments in the event, among other things, the assets pledged as collateral for the Notes are in stated ways defective or ineffective and (iv) covenants relating to recordkeeping, access to information and similar matters. The Notes are also subject to customary rapid amortization events provided for in the Indenture, including events tied to failure to maintain stated debt service coverage ratios, the sum of gross sales for specified restaurants being below certain levels on certain measurement dates, certain manager termination events, an event of default, and the failure to repay or refinance the Class A-2 Notes on the applicable scheduled maturity date. The Notes are also subject to certain customary events of default, including events relating to non-payment of required interest, principal, or other amounts due on or with respect to the Notes, failure to comply with covenants within certain time frames, certain bankruptcy events, breaches of specified representations and warranties, failure of security interests to be effective, and certain judgments. As of September 28, 2025, we were in compliance with all of our debt covenant requirements and were not subject to any rapid amortization events.
Contractual Obligations
Our cash requirements greater than twelve months from contractual obligations and commitments include:
Debt Obligations and Interest Payments — Refer to Note 7, Indebtedness , of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further information of our obligations and the timing of expected payments.
Operating and Finance Leases — Refer to Note 8, Leases, of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further information of our obligations and the timing of expected payments.
Purchase Commitments — Purchase obligations includes non-cancelable purchase commitments related to information technology agreements , food agreements and volume commitments for beverage products. Refer to Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies , for further detail of our obligations and the timing of expected future payments.
Benefit Obligations — Refer to Note 12, Retirement Plans , of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further information regarding our obligations and the timing of expected payments under our non-qualified defined benefit plan and postretirement healthcare plans.
DISCUSSION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
We have identified the following as our most critical accounting estimates, which are those that are most important to the portrayal of the Company’s financial condition and results, and that require management’s most subjective and complex judgments. Information regarding our other significant accounting estimates and policies are disclosed in Note 1, Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies , of the notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Long-Lived Assets — We review our long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Long-lived assets are grouped for recognition and measurement of impairment at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets. The impairment test for long-lived assets requires us to assess the recoverability of long-lived asset groups by comparing their net carrying value to the sum of undiscounted estimated future cash flows expected to be generated through leases and/or subleases or by our individual company-operated restaurants. If the carrying amount of a long-lived asset group exceeds the sum of related undiscounted future cash flows, we recognize an impairmentloss by the amount that the carrying value of the assets exceeds fair value. Our estimates of cash flows used to assess impairment are subject to a high degree of judgment and may differ from actual cash flows due to, among other things, changes in our business plans, operating performance, and economic conditions.
Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets — We evaluate goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles for impairment in the third quarter of each year, or more frequently, if indicators of impairment are present. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment by determining whether the fair value of our reporting units exceed their carrying values. Our reporting units are our two restaurant brands, Jack in the Box and Del Taco.
Our impairment analyses first include a qualitative assessment to determine whether events or circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. Significant factors considered in this assessment include, but are not limited to, macro-economic conditions, market and industry conditions, cost considerations, the competitive environment, share price fluctuations, overall financial performance, and results of past impairment tests. If the qualitative factors indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than the carrying value, we perform a quantitative impairment test.
In performing a quantitative test for impairment of goodwill, we use the income approach method of valuation that includes the discounted cash flow method and the market approach that includes the guideline public company method to determine the fair value of the reporting unit. Significant assumptions made by management to estimate fair value under the discounted cash flow method include future cash flow assumptions, which may differ from actual cash flows due to, among other things, economic conditions, or changes in operating performance. The discount rate is our estimate of the required rate of return that a third-party buyer would expect to receive when purchasing a business from us that constitutes a reporting unit. We believe the discount rate is commensurate with the risk and uncertainty inherent in the forecasted cash flows. Significant assumptions used to determine fair value under the guideline public company method include the selection of guideline companies and the valuation multiples applied.
In the process of a quantitative test, if necessary, of the Del Taco trademark intangible asset, we use the relief from royalty method under the income approach method of valuation. Significant assumptions used to determine fair value under the relief from royalty method include future trends in sales, a royalty rate, an estimated income tax rate, and a discount rate to be applied to the forecast revenue stream.
Self-Insurance — We are self-insured for a portion of our losses related to workers’ compensation, general liability and other legal claims, and health benefits. In estimating our self-insurance accruals, we utilize independent actuarial estimates of expected losses and assumptions related to the loss development factors, which are based on statistical analysis of historical data. These assumptions are closely monitored and adjusted when warranted by changing circumstances. Should a greater number of claims occur compared to what was estimated, or should medical costs increase beyond what was expected, accruals might not be sufficient, and additional expense may be recorded.
NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
See Note 1, Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies , of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the impact of new accounting pronouncements on our consolidated financial statements.
