insiderdeltaSEC filings, surfaced and scored

CoverageForm 410-K10-Q8-K13D13G13F

Inspire Veterinary Partners, Inc.

IVPCIK 0001939365 · Every Form 4 filed by insiders at this issuer. See financials →

Annual report (10-K)

Latest 10-K filed Mar 31, 2025. Sentiment + YoY language diff vs prior year. Read sections →

Signal:Neutral

Risk Factors:tone -0.0261Δ+0.000396% similar+9/-12 ¶

MD&A:tone -0.0062Δ-0.001788% similar+72/-34 ¶

Sentiment via Loughran-McDonald lexicon · YoY diff via Jaccard similarity + paragraph set difference.

Recent 8-K announcements

Per-item disclosure feed. Item 2.02 is the earnings release.

Mar 2, 2026no items parsed Jan 21, 2026no items parsed Jan 20, 2026no items parsed Jan 13, 2026no items parsed Jan 12, 2026no items parsed

Top insiders

Most active reporters at Inspire Veterinary Partners, Inc.

Name	Roles	Filings
Carr Kimball	OfficerDirector	2
Keiser Charles Stith	Director	2
Lawrence Alexander	Director	2
Thomas-MacKey Erinn	Director	2
Watters Timothy	Director	2

Showing 1-5 of 9

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All filings

14 Form 4 / 4-A filings, newest first

Filed	Insider	Top transaction	Shares	Price	Value
Nov 21, 2023	Lawrence Alexander Director	PPurchase	1,000	$0.5616	$562
Nov 20, 2023	Thomas-MacKey Erinn Director	PPurchase	5,600	$0.525	$2,940
Nov 20, 2023	Keiser Charles Stith Director	PPurchase	1,800	$0.506	$911
Nov 15, 2023	Carr Kimball See Remarks. · Director	PPurchase	5,000	$0.5479	$2,740

Showing 11-14 of 14

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Real-time Form 4 intelligence. Smarter insider tracking.

Filed		Top transaction	Shares	Price	Value

YoY shift: Neutral

Year-over-year tone shift - average net-tone change across Risk Factors and MD&A vs the prior 10-K. This filing is -0.07pp more bearish than last year's.

Why YoY instead of absolute: the LM lexicon has ~6.6× more negative words than positive (legal/risk-disclosure language is heavy on hedging), so every 10-K reads bearish on raw tone. Year-over-year change strips that bias and surfaces the actual shift in management's framing.

Tone shift by section

The two components the gauge averages: how Risk Factors and MD&A each shifted in net tone versus last year's 10-K. The headline above is their average, so a green needle over a soft section just means the other section carried it.

Risk Factors

+0.03pp

Flat

Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.

MD&A

-0.17pp

Flat

Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.

Per-snippet highlights

Sentence-level sentiment highlighting with category and subcategory filters is coming once the snippet-scoring pipeline lands. For now, dig into the actual section text on the Sections tab.

Risk Factors (Item 1A)

13,126 words

Item 1a. risk factors

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, any one of which could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or business. These risks include, but are not limited to, those listed below. This list is not complete.

Risks Related to our Business

We have a limited operating history, are not profitable and may never become profitable.

We have not generated any net profits to date, and we expect to continue to incur significant acquisition related costs and other expenses. Our net loss for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 was $14,264,261 and for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $14,792,886. Our accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2024 was $36,350,281. As of December 31, 2024, we had total stockholders’ equity of approximately $1,562,005. We expect to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future, as we continue our development and acquisition of veterinary hospitals and related veterinary servicing activities. If we fail to achieve or maintain profitability, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or cease operations.

If our business plan is not successful, we may not be able to continue operations as a going concern and our shareholders may lose their entire investment in us.

As discussed in the Notes to Financial Statements included in this annual report on Form 10-K, as of December 31, 2024, we had $723,690 cash and restricted cash.

If we fail to raise sufficient capital pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we will have to explore other financing activities to provide us with the liquidity and capital resources we need to meet our working capital requirements and to make capital investments in connection with ongoing operations. We cannot give assurance that we will be able to secure the necessary capital when needed. Consequently, we raise substantial doubt that we will be able to continue operations as a going concern, and our independent auditors included an explanatory paragraph regarding this uncertainty in their report on our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our generating cash flow sufficient to fund operations and reducing operating expenses. Our business plans may not be successful in addressing the cash flow issues. If we cannot continue as a going concern, our shareholders may lose their entire investment in us. If we fail to raise sufficient capital, we will have to explore other financing activities to provide us with the liquidity and capital resources we need to meet our working capital requirements and to make capital investments in connection with ongoing operations. We cannot give assurance that we will be able to secure the necessary capital when needed. Consequently, we raise substantial doubt that we will be able to continue operations as a going concern, and our independent auditors included an explanatory paragraph regarding this uncertainty in their report on our financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our generating cash flow sufficient to fund operations and reducing operating expenses. Our business plans may not be successful in addressing the cash flow issues. If we cannot continue as a going concern, our shareholders may lose their entire investment in us.

If we fail to attract and keep senior management, we may be unable to successfully integrate acquisitions, scale our offerings of veterinary services, and deliver enhanced customer services, which may impact our results of operations and financial results.

Our success depends in part on our continued ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified management and senior personnel. We are highly dependent upon our senior management, particularly Kimball Carr, our President and Chief Executive Officer, and Richard Frank, our Chief Executive Officer. The loss of services of any of these individuals could negatively impact our ability to successfully integrate acquisitions, scale our employee roster, and deliver enhanced veterinary services, which may impact our results of operations and financial results. Although we have entered an employment agreement with Kimball Carr, our President and Chief Executive Officer, for one 3-year term (automatically extending for one-year terms thereafter) there can be no assurance that Mr. Carr or any other senior executive officer will extend their terms of service.

We may need to raise additional capital to achieve our goals.

We currently incur operate at a net loss and a comprehensive loss and anticipate incurring additional expenses as a public company. We are also seeking to identify potential complementary acquisition opportunities in the veterinary services and animal health sectors. Some of our anticipated future expenditures will include: costs of identifying additional potential acquisitions; costs of obtaining regulatory approvals; and costs associated with marketing and selling our services. We also may incur unanticipated costs. Because the outcome of our development activities and commercialization efforts is inherently uncertain, the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development and commercialization of our existing or future veterinary services s may be greater or less than we anticipate.

As a result, we will need to obtain additional capital to fund the development of our business. We have no master agreements or arrangements with respect to any financings, and any such financings may result in dilution to our shareholders, the imposition of debt covenants and repayment obligations or other restrictions that may adversely affect our business or the value of our common shares.

Additional funds may not be available when we need them on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate one or more of our veterinary service programs or any future commercialization efforts.

The Company incurs significant increased expenses and administrative burdens as a public company, which could have an adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Company will face a significant increase in insurance, legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses as a public company that none of the formerly corporate or company privately-held acquisition targets that we may attempt to purchase incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (“Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), including the requirements of Section 404, as well as rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the Commission, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) and the rules and regulations promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the Commission and the securities exchanges, impose additional reporting and other obligations on public companies. Compliance with public company requirements will increase costs and make certain activities more time-consuming. A number of those requirements will require the Company to carry out activities that it previously has not done. For example, the Company will adopt new internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. In addition, additional expenses associated with the Commission’s reporting requirements will be incurred. Furthermore, if any issues in complying with those requirements are identified (for example, if the auditors identify a material weakness or significant deficiency in the internal control over financial reporting), The Company could incur additional costs rectifying those issues, and the existence of those issues could adversely affect the Company’s reputation or investor perceptions of it. Being a public company could make it more difficult or costly for the Company to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and the Company may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage with increased self-retention risk or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. Being a public company could also make it more difficult and expensive for the Company to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on the board, board committees or as executive officers. Furthermore, if the Company is unable to satisfy its obligations as a public company, it could be subject to fines, sanctions and other regulatory action and potentially civil litigation.

The additional reporting and other obligations imposed by various rules and regulations applicable to public companies will increase legal and financial compliance costs and the costs of related legal, accounting and administrative activities. These increased costs will require the Company to divert a significant amount of money that could otherwise be used to expand the business and achieve strategic objectives. Advocacy efforts by shareholders and third parties may also prompt additional changes in governance and reporting requirements, which could further increase costs.

If we fail to manage our growth effectively, our brand, business and operating results could be harmed.

We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, rapid growth in our headcount and operations, which places substantial demands on management and our operational infrastructure. We will need to significantly expand our organization and systems to support our future expected growth. If we fail to manage our growth effectively, we will not be successful, and our business could fail. To manage the expected growth of our operations and personnel, we will be required to improve existing, and implement new, transaction-processing, operational and financial systems, procedures and controls. We will also be required to expand our finance, administrative and operations staff. We intend to continue making substantial investments in our technology, sales and data infrastructure. As we continue to grow, we must effectively integrate, develop and motivate a significant number of new employees, while maintaining the beneficial aspects of our existing corporate culture, which we believe fosters innovation, teamwork and a passion for our veterinary services and clients. In addition, our revenue may not grow at the same rate as the expansion of our business. There can be no assurance that our current and planned personnel, systems, procedures and controls will be adequate to support our future operations or that management will be able to hire, train, retrain, motivate and manage required personnel. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, the quality of our platform, efficiency of our operations, and management of our expenses could suffer, which could negatively impact our brand, business, operating results and profitability.

We may seek to grow our business through acquisitions of, or investments in, new or complementary businesses, and facilities, or through strategic alliances, and the failure to manage these acquisitions or strategic alliances, or to integrate them with our existing business, could have a material adverse effect on us.

The pet care industry is highly fragmented. We have completed acquisitions in the past and may pursue expansion, acquisition, investment and other strategic alliance opportunities in the future. If we are unable to manage acquisitions, or strategic ventures, or integrate any acquired businesses effectively, we may not realize the expected benefits from the transaction relative to the consideration paid, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected. Acquisitions, investments and other strategic alliances involve numerous risks, including:

problems integrating the acquired business, facilities or services, including issues maintaining uniform standards, procedures, controls and policies;

unanticipated costs associated with acquisitions or strategic alliances;

losses we may incur as a result of declines in the value of an investment or as a result of incorporating an investee’s financial performance into our financial results;

diversion of management’s attention from our existing business;

risks associated with entering new markets in which we may have limited or no experience;

potential loss of key employees of acquired businesses;

the risks associated with businesses we acquire or invest in, which may differ from or be more significant than the risks our other businesses face;

potential unknown liabilities associated with a business we acquire or in which we invest; and

increased legal and accounting compliance costs.

Our ability to successfully grow through strategic transactions depends upon our ability to identify, negotiate, complete and integrate suitable target businesses, facilities and services and to obtain any necessary financing. These efforts could be expensive and time-consuming and may disrupt our ongoing business and prevent management from focusing on our operations. As a result of future strategic transactions, we might need to issue additional equity securities, spend our cash, or incur debt (which may only be available on unfavorable terms, if at all), contingent liabilities, or amortization expenses related to intangible assets, any of which could reduce our profitability and harm our business. If we are unable to identify suitable acquisitions, investments or strategic relationships, or if we are unable to integrate any acquired businesses, facilities and services effectively, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Also, while we employ several different methodologies to assess potential business opportunities, the new businesses or investments may not meet or exceed our expectations or desired objectives.

We may seek to raise additional funds in the future through debt financing which may impose operational restrictions on our business and may result in dilution to existing or future holders of our common shares.

We expect that we will need to raise additional capital in the future to help fund our business operations. Debt financing, if available, may require restrictive covenants, which may limit our operating flexibility and may restrict or prohibit us from:

paying dividends or making certain distributions, investments and other restricted payments;

incurring additional indebtedness or issuing certain preferred shares;

selling some or all of our assets;

entering into transactions with affiliates;

creating certain liens or encumbrances;

merging, consolidating, selling or otherwise disposing of all or substantially all of our assets; and

designating our subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries.

Debt financing may also involve debt instruments that are convertible into or exercisable for our common shares. The conversion of the debt-to-equity financing may dilute the equity position of our existing shareholders.

We may acquire other businesses that may be unsuccessful and could adversely dilute your ownership of our company.

As part of our business strategy, we intend to pursue acquisitions of other complementary assets and businesses and may also pursue strategic alliances. We may not be able to successfully integrate any acquisitions into our existing business, and we could assume unknown or contingent liabilities or become subject to possible stockholder claims in connection with any related-party or third-party acquisitions or other transactions. We also could experience adverse effects on our reported results of operations from acquisition-related charges, amortization of acquired technology and other intangibles and impairment charges relating to write-offs of goodwill and other intangible assets from time to time following an acquisition. Integration of an acquired company requires management resources that otherwise would be available for ongoing development of our existing business. We may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, technology license or strategic alliance.

To finance future acquisitions, we may choose to issue shares of our common stock as consideration, which would dilute your ownership interest in us. Alternatively, it may be necessary for us to raise additional funds through public or private financings. Additional funds may not be available on terms that are favorable to us and, in the case of equity financings, may result in dilution to our stockholders.

We have generated net operating loss carryforwards for U.S. income tax purposes, but our ability to use these net operating losses may be limited by our inability to generate future taxable income.

Our U.S. businesses have generated consolidated net operating loss carryforwards (“U.S. NOLs”) for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes of $14,264,261 as of December 31, 2024. These U.S. NOLs can be available to reduce income taxes that might otherwise be incurred on future U.S. taxable income. The utilization of these U.S. NOLs would have a positive effect on our cash flow. However, there can be no assurance that we will generate the taxable income in the future necessary to utilize these U.S. NOLs and realize the positive cash flow benefit. A portion of our U.S. NOLs have expiration dates. There can be no assurance that, if and when we generate taxable income in the future from operations or the sale of assets or businesses, we will generate such taxable income before such portion of our U.S. NOLs expire. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”), federal NOLs generated in tax years ending after December 31, 2017 may be carried forward indefinitely. Under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), federal NOL carryforwards arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2021 may be carried back to each of the five tax years preceding the tax year of such loss. Due to our cumulative losses through December 31, 2024 we do not anticipate that such provision of the CARES Act will be relevant to us. The deductibility of federal NOLs may be limited. It is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to TCJA or the CARES Act.

Our ability to utilize the U.S. NOLs after an “ownership change” is subject to the rules of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) Section 382. An ownership change occurs if, among other things, the shareholders (or specified groups of shareholders) who own or have owned, directly or indirectly, 5% percent or more of the value of our shares or are otherwise treated as 5% percent shareholders under Code Section 382 and the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder increase their aggregate percentage ownership of the value of our shares by more than 50 percentage points over the lowest percentage of the value of the shares owned by these shareholders over a three-year rolling period. An ownership change could also be triggered by other activities, including the sale of our shares that are owned by our 5% shareholders. In the event of an ownership change, Section 382 would impose an annual limitation on the amount of taxable income we may offset with U.S. NOLs. This annual limitation is generally equal to the product of the value of our shares on the date of the ownership change multiplied by the long-term tax-exempt rate in effect on the date of the ownership change. The long-term tax-exempt rate is published monthly by the IRS. Any unused Section 382 annual limitation may be carried over to later years until the applicable expiration date for the respective U.S. NOLs (if any). In the event an ownership change as defined under Section 382 were to occur, our ability to utilize our U.S. NOLs would become substantially limited. The consequence of this limitation would be the potential loss of a significant future cash flow benefit because we would no longer be able to substantially offset future taxable income with U.S. NOLs. There can be no assurance that such ownership change will not occur in the future.

Our management does not have experience as senior management of a public company or ensuring compliance with public company obligations, and fulfilling these obligations will be expensive and time consuming, which may divert management’s attention from the day-to-day operation of its business.

Our senior management does not have experience as senior management a publicly traded company and have limited experience complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. In particular, the significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations imposed on public companies will require substantial attention from senior management and may divert attention away from the day-to-day management of its business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Similarly, corporate governance obligations, including with respect to the development and implementation of appropriate corporate governance policies will impose additional burdens on the Company’s non-executive directors.

Failure to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, operating results and stock price.

Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary to increase the reliability of the Company’s financial reports. The standards required for a public company under Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are significantly more stringent than those of a privately held company. Management may not be able to effectively and timely implement controls and procedures that adequately respond to the increased regulatory compliance and reporting requirements. If the Company is not able to implement the additional requirements of Section 404(a) in a timely manner or with adequate compliance, it may not be able to assess whether its internal controls over financial reporting are effective, which may subject it to adverse regulatory consequences and could harm investor confidence and the market price of the common stock.

The Company and its auditors were not required to perform an evaluation of internal control over financial reporting as of or for the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023 in accordance with the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to report on the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act until the Company’s first annual report on Form 10-K following the date on which it ceases to qualify as an “emerging growth company,” which may be up to five full fiscal years following the date of the first sale of common equity securities pursuant to an effective registration statement. If such evaluation were performed, control deficiencies could be identified by our management, and those control deficiencies could also represent one or more material weaknesses. In addition, the Company cannot, at this time, predict the outcome of this determination and whether the Company will need to implement remedial actions in order to implement effective control over financial reporting. If in subsequent years the Company is unable to assert that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if the Company’s auditors express an opinion that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is ineffective, the Company may fail to meet the future reporting obligations in a timely and reliable manner and its financial statements may contain material misstatements. Any such failure could also adversely cause our investors to have less confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could have a material adverse effect on the price of the Company’s common stock.

We may incur successor liabilities due to conduct arising prior to the completion of the various acquisitions.

We may become subject to certain successor liabilities of recently acquired subsidiary businesses. We may also become subject to litigation claims in the operation of such businesses prior to the closing of such subsidiary acquisitions, including, but not limited to, with respect to tax, regulatory, employee or contract matters. Any litigation may be expensive and time-consuming and could divert the attention of management from its business and negatively affect its operating results or financial condition. Furthermore, the outcome of any litigation cannot be guaranteed, and adverse outcomes can affect our results of operations negatively.

Purchasing real estate with hospital acquisitions brings additional complexity and cost.

By purchasing buildings and land with many of the acquisitions that the Company completes, the financing, due diligence and regulatory requirements of these purchases are much more complex. Issues such as building inspections and related delays, zoning requirements and permitting variabilities across many states all have the potential to cause delays with the purchase of acquisitions and increase the costs of acquiring target locations.

Our estimate of the size of our addressable market may prove to be inaccurate.

Data for retail veterinary services to domestic pets is collected for most, but not all channels, and as a result, it is difficult to estimate the size of the market and predict the rate at which the market for our services will grow, if at all. While our market size estimates have been made in good faith and is based on assumptions and estimates we believe to be reasonable, this estimate may not be accurate. If our estimates of the size of our addressable market are not accurate, our potential for future growth may be less than we currently anticipate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may be unable to execute our growth strategies successfully or manage and sustain our growth, and as a result, our business may be adversely affected.

Our strategies include expanding our veterinary service offerings and building out our digital and data capabilities, growing our market share in services like grooming and training, enhancing our owned brand portfolio, and introducing new offerings to better connect with our customers. However, we may not be able to execute on these strategies as effectively as anticipated. Our ability to execute on these strategies depends on a number of factors, including:

whether we have adequate capital resources to expand our offerings and build out our digital and data capabilities;

our ability to relocate our pet care centers and obtain favorable sites and negotiate acceptable lease terms;

our ability to hire, train and retain skilled managers and personnel, including veterinarians, information technology professionals, owned brand merchants, and groomers and trainers; and

our ability to continue to upgrade our information and other operating systems and to make use of the data that we collect through these systems to offer better products and services to our customers.

Our existing locations may not maintain their current levels of sales and profitability, and our growth strategies may not generate sales levels necessary to achieve pet care center level profitability comparable to that of our existing locations. To the extent that we are unable to execute on our growth strategies in accordance with our expectations, our sales growth would come primarily from the organic growth of existing product and service offerings.

We may experience difficulties recruiting and retaining skilled veterinarians due to shortages that could disrupt our business.

The successful growth of our veterinary services business depends on our ability to recruit and retain skilled veterinarians and other veterinary technical staff. We face competition from other veterinary service providers in the labor market for veterinarians, and from time to time, we may experience shortages of skilled veterinarians in markets in which we operate our veterinary service businesses, which may require us or our affiliated veterinary practices to increase wages and enhance benefits to recruit and retain enough qualified veterinarians to adequately staff our veterinary services operations. If we are unable to recruit and retain qualified veterinarians, or to control our labor costs, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

Negative publicity arising from claims that we do not properly care for animals we handle could adversely affect how we are perceived by the public and reduce our sales and profitability.

From time to time we receive claims or complaints alleging that we do not properly care for some of the pets we handle or for companion animals we handle, which mainly includes dogs and cats but may include other animals as we acquire additional facilities. Deaths or injuries may occur in the future while animals are in our care. As a result, we may be subject to claims that our animal care practices do not provide the proper level of care. Any such claims or complaints, as well as any related news reports or reports on social media, even if inaccurate or untrue, could cause negative publicity, which in turn could harm our business and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate due to the timing of expenses, veterinary facility acquisitions, veterinary facility closures, and other factors.

Our expansion plans, including the timing of new and remodeled veterinary facility acquisitions, and related pre-opening costs, the amount of net sales contributed by new and existing veterinary facilities, and the timing of and estimated costs associated with veterinary facility closings or relocations, may cause our quarterly results of operations to fluctuate. Quarterly operating results are not necessarily accurate predictors of performance.

Quarterly operating results may also vary depending on a number of factors, many of which are outside our control, including:

changes in our pricing policies or those of our competitors;

our sales and channels mix and the relevant gross margins of the products and services sold;

the hiring and retention of key personnel;

wage and cost pressures;

changes in fuel prices or electrical rates;

costs related to acquisitions of businesses; and

general economic factors.

Our continued success is largely dependent on positive perceptions of our company.

Management believes our continued success is largely dependent on positive perceptions of our company as a high-quality employer and operator within the veterinary space. We may receive claims or complaints alleging that we do not properly care for some of the pets we handle or for companion animals we handle and sell, which may include dogs, cats, birds, fish, reptiles, and other small animals. Deaths or injuries sometimes occur while animals are in our care. As a result, we may be subject to claims that our animal care services, including grooming, training, veterinary, and other services, or the related training of our associates or handling of animals by them, do not provide the proper level of care. Our efforts to establish our reputation as a “health and wellness” company increase the risk of claims or complaints regarding our practices. Any such claims or complaints, as well as any related news reports or reports on social media, even if inaccurate or untrue, could cause negative publicity, which in turn could harm our business and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

To be successful in the future, we must continue to preserve, grow, and leverage the value of our reputation and our brand. Reputational value is based in large part on perceptions of subjective qualities, and even isolated incidents may erode trust and confidence and have adverse effects on our business and financial results, particularly if they result in adverse publicity or widespread reaction on social media, governmental investigations, or litigation. Our brand could be adversely affected if our public image or reputation were to be tarnished by negative publicity. Failure to comply or accusations of failure to comply with ethical, social, labor, data privacy, and environmental standards could also jeopardize our reputation and potentially lead to various adverse consumer actions. Any of these events could adversely affect our business.

As the Company grows, expanding the mergers and acquisitions team in order to select and properly integrate new locations will be necessary. We also will have to build our marketing, sales, managerial and other non-technical capabilities and make arrangements with third parties to perform certain of these other services, and we may not be successful in doing so. Building an internal sales organization is time consuming and expensive and will significantly increase our compensation expense. If we are unable to market and build proven client-acquisition processes at local level our future revenue could suffer.

Our business may be harmed if our computer network containing employee or other information is compromised, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

We occasionally collect or store proprietary or confidential information regarding our employees or customers, and others, including credit card information and potentially personally identifiable information. We may also collect, store, and transmit employees’ health information in order to administer employee benefits; accommodate disabilities and injuries; and comply with public health requirements. We cannot assure you that future potential cyber-attacks will not expose us to material liability. Security could be compromised and confidential information, such as customer credit card numbers, employee information, or other personally identifiable information could be misappropriated, or system disruptions could occur. In addition, cyber-attacks such as ransomware attacks could lock us out of our information systems and disrupt our operations. If our information systems or infrastructure fail to perform as designed or are interrupted for a significant period of time, our business could be adversely affected.

In addition, the Company plans to expand its service offering to include, among other services, tele-veterinarian services. The Company has not implemented such tele-veterinarian services as of the date of this prospectus. However, in order to implement such services, the Company will likely require significant investments in information technology and information technology training. There can be no assurance that such investments will generate commiserate increases in revenue or profitability. In implemented, cyber-attacks such as ransomware attacks against our tele-veterinarian infrastructure could interrupt our ability to provide such services and could adversely affect that line of business.

Labor disputes may have an adverse effect on our operations.

We are not currently party to a collective bargaining agreement with any of our employees. If we were to experience a union organizing campaign, this activity could be disruptive to our operations, increase our labor costs and decrease our operational flexibility. We cannot assure you that some or all of our employees will not become covered by a collective bargaining agreement or that we will not encounter labor conflicts or strikes. In addition, organized labor may benefit from new legislation or legal interpretations by the current presidential administration, as well as current or future unionization efforts among other large employers. Particularly, in light of current support for changes to federal and state labor laws, we cannot provide any assurance that we will not experience additional and more successful union organization activity in the future. Any labor disruptions could have an adverse effect on our business or results of operations and could cause us to lose customers. Further, our responses to any union organizing efforts could negatively impact our reputation and have adverse effects on our business, including on our financial results.

We may be subject to personal injury, workers’ compensation, discrimination, harassment, wrongful termination, wage and hour, and other claims in the ordinary course of business.

Our business involves a risk of personal injury, workers’ compensation, discrimination, harassment, wrongful termination, wage and hour, and other claims in the ordinary course of business. We maintain general liability insurance with a self-insured retention and workers’ compensation insurance with a deductible for each occurrence. We also maintain umbrella insurance above the primary general liability coverage. No assurance can be given that our insurance coverage will be available or sufficient in any claims brought against us.

Additionally, we are subject to U.S. federal, state, and local employment laws that expose us to potential liability if we are determined to have violated such employment laws, including but not limited to, laws pertaining to minimum wage rates, overtime pay, discrimination, harassment, and wrongful termination. Compliance with these laws, including the remediation of any alleged violation, may have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations.

A decline in consumer spending or a change in consumer preferences or demographics could reduce our sales or profitability and adversely affect our business.

Some of our product sales depend on consumer spending, which is influenced by factors beyond our control, including general economic conditions, disruption or volatility in global financial markets, changes in interest rates, the availability of discretionary income and credit, weather, consumer confidence, unemployment levels and government orders restricting freedom of movement. We may experience declines in sales or changes in the types of products and services sold during economic downturns. Our business could be harmed by any material decline in the amount of consumer spending, which could reduce our sales, or a decrease in the sales of higher-margin products, which could reduce our profitability and adversely affect our business.

We have also benefited from increasing pet ownership, discretionary spending on pets and current trends in humanization and premiumization in the pet industry, as well as favorable pet ownership demographics. To the extent these trends slow or reverse, our sales and profitability would be adversely affected. In particular, COVID-19 has driven an increase in pet ownership and consumer demand for our products that may not be sustained or may reverse at any time. The success of our business depends in part on our ability to identify and respond to evolving trends in demographics and consumer preferences. Failure to timely identify or effectively respond to changing consumer tastes, preferences, spending patterns and pet care needs could adversely affect our relationship with our customers, the demand for our products and services, our market share and our profitability.

Our reputation and business may be harmed if our or our vendors’ computer network security or any of the databases containing customer, employee, or other personal information maintained by us or our third-party providers is compromised, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations.

We collect, store, and transmit proprietary or confidential information regarding our customers, employees, job applicants, and others, including credit card information and personally identifiable information. We also collect, store, and transmit employees’ health information in order to administer employee benefits; accommodate disabilities and injuries; to comply with public health requirements; and to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 in the workplace. The protection of customer, employee, and company data in the information technology systems we use (including those maintained by third-party providers) is critical. In the normal course of business, we are and have been the target of malicious cyber-attack attempts and have experienced other security incidents.

Security could be compromised and confidential information, such as customer credit card numbers, employee information, or other personally identifiable information that we or our vendors collect, transmit, or store, could be misappropriated or system disruptions could occur. In addition, cyber-attacks such as ransomware attacks could lock us out of our information systems and disrupt our operations. We may not have the resources or technical sophistication to anticipate or prevent rapidly evolving types of cyber-attacks. Attacks may be targeted at us, our customers, our employees, or others who have entrusted us with information. Actual or anticipated attacks may cause us to incur increasing costs, including costs to deploy additional personnel and protection technologies, train employees, and engage third-party experts and consultants. Advances in computer capabilities, new technological discoveries, or other developments may result in the breach or compromise of the technology used by us to protect transactions or other sensitive data. In addition, data and security breaches could also occur as a result of non-technical issues, including intentional or inadvertent breach by our employees or by persons with whom we have commercial relationships, that result in the unauthorized release of personal or confidential information. Any compromise or breach of our or our vendors’ computer network security could result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, costly investigations, litigation, including class actions, and notification, as well as potential regulatory or other actions by governmental agencies and harm to our brand, business, and results of operations. As a result of any of the foregoing, we could experience adverse publicity, loss of sales, the cost of remedial measures and significant expenditures to reimburse third parties for damages, which could adversely impact our results of operations. Any insurance we maintain against the risk of this type of loss may not be sufficient to cover actual losses or may not apply to the circumstances relating to any particular loss.

The animal health industry is highly competitive.

The animal health industry is highly competitive. The Company is not currently engaged in product development and does not depend on product development for any of its revenue, however, the Company believes that it may face competition if the Company decides to engage in product development in future years. In such a case, the Company’s competitors may include standalone animal health businesses, the animal health businesses of large pharmaceutical companies, specialty animal health businesses and companies that mainly produce generic products or offer generic services. We believe many of such competitors are conducting R&D activities in areas served by our products and or services. There are also several new start-up companies competing in the animal health industry. We may also face competition from manufacturers of drugs globally, as well as producers of nutritional health products and animal health service providers. These competitors may have access to greater financial, marketing, technical and other resources. As a result, they may be able to devote more resources to developing, manufacturing, marketing and selling their products, initiating or withstanding substantial price competition or more readily taking advantage of acquisitions or other opportunities.

We may be unable to adequately protect our intellectual property rights.

We regard our brand, customer lists, trademarks, trade dress, domain names, trade secrets, proprietary technology and similar intellectual property as critical to our success. We rely on trademark law, trade secret protection, agreements and other methods with our employees and others to protect our proprietary rights. The protection of our intellectual property rights may require the expenditure of significant financial, managerial and operational resources. Moreover, the steps we take to protect our intellectual property may not adequately protect our rights or prevent third parties from infringing or misappropriating our proprietary rights, and we may be unable to broadly enforce all of our intellectual property rights. Any of our intellectual property rights may be challenged by others or invalidated through administrative process or litigation. Our trademark applications may never be granted. Furthermore, our confidentiality agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of our proprietary information, technologies and processes and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of such information.

We might be required to spend resources to monitor and protect our intellectual property rights. For example, we may initiate claims or litigation against others for infringement, misappropriation or violation of our intellectual property rights or other proprietary rights or to establish the validity of such rights. However, we may be unable to discover or determine the extent of any infringement, misappropriation or other violation of our intellectual property rights and other proprietary rights. Despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing upon, misappropriating or otherwise violating our intellectual property rights and other proprietary rights. Any litigation, whether or not it is resolved in our favor, could result in significant expense to us and divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may be subject to litigation.

We may become party to litigation from time to time in the ordinary course of business, which could adversely affect our business. Should any litigation in which we become involved be determined against us, such a decision could adversely affect our ability to continue operating and the market price for our Class A Common Stock and could potentially use significant resources. Even if we are involved in litigation and win, litigation can redirect significant resources of management and the Company.

Natural disasters and other events beyond our control could harm our business.

Natural disasters or other catastrophic events, such as earthquakes, flooding, wildfires, power shortages, pandemics such as COVID-19, terrorism, political unrest, telecommunications failure, vandalism, cyberattacks, geopolitical instability, war, drought, sea level rise and other events beyond our control may cause damage or disruption to our operations, the operations of our suppliers and service providers, international commerce and the global economy, and could seriously harm our revenue and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses. A natural disaster or other catastrophic event in any of our major markets could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. Also, in the event of damage or interruption, our insurance policies may not adequately compensate us for any losses that we may incur.

Risks Related to Government Regulation

Various government regulations could limit or delay our ability to develop and commercialize our services or otherwise negatively impact our business.

We are subject to a variety of federal, state and local laws and regulations that govern, among other things, our business practices in the U.S., such as anti-corruption and anti-competition laws. rules and regulations promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”), state veterinary practice acts, state veterinary ownership regulations, and by various other federal, state and local authorities regarding the medical treatment of domestic animals. See “Our Business—Government Regulation.” In addition, we are subject to additional regulatory requirements, including environmental, health and safety laws and regulations administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, state, local and foreign environmental, health and safety legislative and regulatory authorities and the National Labor Relations Board, covering such areas as discharges and emissions to air and water, the use, management, disposal and remediation of, and human exposure to, hazardous materials and wastes, and public and worker health and safety. These laws and regulations also govern our relationships with employees, including minimum wage requirements, overtime, terms and conditions of employment, working conditions and citizenship requirements. Violations of or liability under any of these laws and regulations may result in administrative, civil or criminal fines, penalties or sanctions against us, revocation or modification of applicable permits, licenses or authorizations, environmental, health and safety investigations or remedial activities, warning or untitled letters or cease and desist orders against operations that are not in compliance, among other things. Such laws and regulations generally have become more stringent over time and may become more so in the future, and we may incur (directly, or indirectly through our outsourced proprietary brand manufacturing partners) material costs to comply with current or future laws and regulations. Liabilities under, and/or costs of compliance, and the impacts on us of any non-compliance, with any such laws and regulations could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. These legal and regulatory requirements differ among jurisdictions across the country and are rapidly changing and increasingly complex. The costs associated with compliance with these legal and regulatory requirements are significant and likely to increase in the future.

Any failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory requirements could result in fines, penalties and sanctions and damage to our reputation. These developments and others related to government regulation could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Additionally, some states require veterinary para-professional team members to be licensed before performing tasks and duties which are critical to the workflow of a veterinary clinic. These regulations require that we are selective in where we choose to purchase hospitals, or, allocate funds and resources to finding, training and paying for licensing for employees. As of the date of this filing, the Company has no clinics located in states where these restrictions are in place.

Further risks to our business include certain states which prohibit non-veterinarians from owning or operating a veterinary clinic. These regulations are designed to limit corporate ownership in the veterinary space and, while there are feasible workarounds which our company and others have employed, these regulations represent additional cost and complexity. Currently, the Company operates in Texas, a state in which only doctors of veterinary medicine may own veterinary hospitals. Pursuant to a management agreement between the Company and a veterinarian-owned state entity, this location is owned via a structure which complies with state regulations and allows the Company to manage necessary aspects of daily operations and derive revenue. Similarly, although no such statute exists in Indiana, the Company operates one location there and has chosen to employ a similar structure out of an abundance of caution due to uncertainty in the regulatory climate.

Changes in laws or regulations, or a failure to comply with any laws and regulations, may adversely affect our business, investments and results of operations.

We are subject to laws and regulations enacted by national, regional and local governments. In particular, we will be required to comply with certain Commission and other legal requirements. Compliance with, and monitoring of, applicable laws and regulations may be difficult, time consuming and costly. Those laws and regulations and their interpretation and application may also change from time to time and those changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, investments and results of operations. In addition, a failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations, as interpreted and applied, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Failure to comply with governmental regulations or the expansion of existing or the enactment of new laws or regulations applicable to our veterinary services could adversely affect our business and our financial condition or lead to fines, litigation, or our inability to offer veterinary products or services in certain states.

All of the states in which we operate impose various registration, permit, and/or licensing requirements relating to the provision of veterinary products and services. To fulfill these requirements, we believe that we have registered with appropriate governmental agencies and, where required, have appointed a licensed veterinarian to act on behalf of each facility. All veterinarians practicing in our veterinary service businesses are required to maintain valid state licenses to practice.

In addition, certain states have laws, rules, and regulations which require that veterinary medical practices be owned by licensed veterinarians and that corporations which are not owned by licensed veterinarians refrain from providing, or holding themselves out as providers of, veterinary medical care, or directly employing or otherwise exercising control over veterinarians providing such care. We may experience difficulty in expanding our operations into other states or jurisdictions with similar laws, rules, and regulations. Our provision of veterinary services through tele-veterinarian offerings is also subject to an evolving set of state laws, rules, and regulations. Although we believe that we have structured our operations to comply with our understanding of the veterinary medicine laws of each state or jurisdiction in which we operate, interpretive legal precedent and regulatory guidance varies by jurisdiction and is often sparse and not fully developed. A determination that we are in violation of applicable restrictions on the practice of veterinary medicine in any jurisdiction in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on us, particularly if we are unable to restructure our operations to comply with the requirements of that jurisdiction.

We strive to comply with all applicable laws, regulations and other legal obligations applicable to our veterinary services. It is possible, however, that these requirements may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another or may conflict with other rules or our practices. We cannot guarantee that our practices have complied, comply, or will comply fully with all such laws, regulations, requirements, and obligations. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with our filed permits and licenses with any applicable federal-, state-, or international-related laws, industry standards or codes of conduct, regulatory guidance, orders to which we may be subject, or other legal obligations relating to privacy or consumer protection could adversely affect our reputation, brand, and business, and may result in claims, proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others or other liabilities. Any such claim, proceeding, or action could hurt our reputation, brand and business, force us to incur significant expenses in defending such proceedings, distract our management, increase our costs of doing business, result in a loss of customers and vendors, and may result in the imposition of monetary liability. We may also be contractually liable to indemnify and hold harmless third parties from the costs or consequences of non-compliance with any laws or regulations applicable to our veterinary services. In addition, various federal, state, and foreign legislative and regulatory bodies may expand existing laws or regulations, enact new laws or regulations, or issue revised rules or guidance applicable to our veterinary services. Any such changes may force us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices. This could compromise our ability to pursue our growth strategy effectively and may adversely affect our ability to acquire customers or otherwise harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may fail to comply with various state or federal regulations covering the dispensing of prescription pet medications, including controlled substances, through our veterinary services businesses, which may subject us to reprimands, sanctions, probations, fines, or suspensions.

The sale and delivery of prescription pet medications and controlled substances through our veterinary services businesses are governed by extensive regulation and oversight by federal and state governmental authorities. The laws and regulations governing our operations and interpretations of those laws and regulations are increasing in number and complexity, change frequently, and can be inconsistent or conflicting. In addition, the governmental authorities that regulate our business have broad latitude to make, interpret, and enforce the laws and regulations that govern our operations and continue to interpret and enforce those laws and regulations more strictly and more aggressively each year. In the future, we may be subject to routine administrative complaints incidental to the dispensing of prescription pet medications through our veterinary services businesses.

We are subject to environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations that could result in costs to us .

In connection with the ownership and operations of our pet care centers and distribution centers, we are subject to laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment and health and safety matters, including those governing the management and disposal of wastes and the cleanup of contaminated sites. We could incur costs, including fines and other sanctions, cleanup costs, and third-party claims, as a result of violations of or liabilities under environmental laws and regulations. Although we are not aware of any of our sites at which we currently have material remedial obligations, the imposition of remedial obligations as a result of the discovery of contaminants in the future could result in additional costs.

Risks Related to our Common Shares and Securities

We have received a listing deficiency notice from Nasdaq regarding our Class A Common Stock.

Our Class A Common Stock currently trades on The Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”). On December 16, 2024, we received a staff determination from Nasdaq to delist the Company’s securities from the Nasdaq Capital Market, based upon the closing bid price of the Company’s Class A Common Stock. For 30 consecutive business days the Company was not in compliance with the minimum bid price requirement of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”). In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company was provided a grace period of 180 days, or until June 16, 2025, to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement.

There can be no assurance, however, that the Company will be able to regain compliance with the Bid Price Rule or that it will otherwise be in compliance with other Nasdaq listing rules.

If the Class A Common Stock is not continued to be listed on Nasdaq, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;

reduced liquidity;

a determination that the common shares are a “penny stock” which will require brokers trading in our shares to adhere to more stringent rules, possibly resulting in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for the common shares;

a decrease in news about and analyst coverage for our Company; and

a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

Upon delisting from Nasdaq, our Class A Common Stock may be traded, if at all in the over-the-counter inter-dealer quotation system, more commonly known as the OTC. OTC transactions involve risks in addition to those associated with transactions in securities traded on securities exchanges such as Nasdaq. Many OTC stocks trade less frequently and in smaller volumes than exchange-listed Stocks. Accordingly, our stock would be less liquid than it would be otherwise. Also, the values of OTC stocks are often more volatile than exchange-listed stocks. Additionally, institutional investors are often prohibited from investing in OTC stocks, and it might be more challenging to raise capital when needed.

In addition, if our Class A Common Stock is delisted, your ability to transfer or sell your Class A Common Stock may be limited and the value of those securities will be materially adversely affected.

If our Class A Common Stock becomes subject to the penny stock rules, it may be more difficult to sell our Class A Common Stock.

The Commission has adopted rules that regulate broker-dealer practices in connection with transactions in penny stocks. Penny stocks are generally equity securities with a price of less than $5.00 (other than securities registered on certain national securities exchanges or authorized for quotation on certain automated quotation systems, provided that current price and volume information with respect to transactions in such securities is provided by the exchange or system). The OTC Bulletin Board does not meet such requirements and if the price of our Class A Common Stock is less than $5.00 and our Class A Common Stock is no longer listed on a national securities exchange such as Nasdaq, our stock may be deemed a penny stock. The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, at least two business days prior to a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, to deliver to the customer a standardized risk disclosure document containing specified information and to obtain from the customer a signed and dated acknowledgment of receipt of that document. In addition, the penny stock rules require that prior to effecting any transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, a broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive: (i) the purchaser’s written acknowledgment of the receipt of a risk disclosure statement; (ii) a written agreement to transactions involving penny stocks; and (iii) a signed and dated copy of a written suitability statement. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the trading activity in the secondary market for our Class A Common Stock, and therefore shareholders may have difficulty selling their shares.

It is not possible to predict the actual number of shares we will sell under the Purchase Agreement, or the actual gross proceeds resulting from those sales. We may not have access to the full amount available under the Purchase Agreement with Tumim.

On November 30, 2023, we entered into the Purchase Agreement with Tumim, pursuant to which Tumim committed to purchase up to $30.0 million in shares of our Class A Common Stock, at our direction from time to time after the date of this prospectus, subject to the satisfaction of the conditions in the Purchase Agreement. Sales of Class A Common Stock by us to Tumim, if any, will be subject to certain limitations, and may occur from time-to-time in our sole discretion, over the period commencing once certain customary conditions are satisfied, including securing effectiveness of the resale registration statement with the Commission and ending on the first day of the month following the 24-month anniversary of the date on which the resale registration statement is declared effective by the Commission.

Sales of our Class A Common Stock to Tumim under the Purchase Agreement will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. We may ultimately decide to sell to Tumim all or a portion of the shares of our Class A Common Stock that may be available pursuant to the Purchase Agreement or decide to not sell to Tumim any shares of our Class A Common Stock that may be available for us to sell to Tumim pursuant to the Purchase Agreement.

Because the purchase price per share to be paid by Tumim for the shares of our Class A Common Stock that we may elect to sell to Tumim under the Purchase Agreements will fluctuate based on the market prices of our Class A Common Stock during the applicable purchase valuation period for each purchase, it is not possible for us to predict, the number of shares of our Class A Common Stock that we will sell to Tumim, the purchase price per share that Tumim will pay for shares purchased from us, or the aggregate gross proceeds that we will receive from those purchases by Tumim under the Purchase Agreement.

Any issuance and sale by us under the Purchase Agreement of a substantial amount of shares of our Class A Common Stock that are being registered for resale by Tumim could cause additional substantial dilution to our stockholders. The number of shares of our Class A Common Stock ultimately offered for resale by Tumim is dependent upon the number of shares of our Class A Common Stock we ultimately sell to Tumim under the Purchase Agreement.

Our inability to access a portion or the full amount available under the Purchase Agreement, in the absence of any other financing sources, could have a material adverse effect on our business. The extent to which we rely on Tumim as a source of funding will depend on a number of factors including the prevailing market price of our Class A Common Stock and the extent to which we are able to secure working capital from other sources. If obtaining sufficient funding from Tumim were to prove unavailable or prohibitively dilutive, we may need to secure another source of funding in order to satisfy our working capital needs. Even if we were to receive all $30.0 million in gross proceeds under the Purchase Agreement, we may still need additional capital to fully implement our business, operating and development plans. Should the financing we require to sustain our working capital needs be unavailable or prohibitively expensive when we require it, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

Investors who buy shares at different times will likely pay different prices.

Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we will have discretion, subject to market demand, to vary the timing, prices, and numbers of shares sold to Tumim. If and when we do elect to sell shares of our Class A Common Stock to Tumim under the Purchase Agreement, after Tumim has acquired such shares, Tumim may resell all or a portion of such shares from time to time in its discretion and at different prices. As a result, investors who purchase shares from Tumim at different times will likely pay different prices for those shares, and so may experience different levels of dilution and in some cases substantial dilution and different outcomes in their investment results. Investors may experience a decline in the value of the shares they purchase from Tumim as a result of future sales made by us to Tumim at prices lower than the prices such investors paid for their shares.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our company, or if they issue adverse or misleading opinions regarding us or our stock, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

We will have to be obtain research coverage by securities and industry analysts; if coverage is not maintained, the market price for our stock may be adversely affected. Our stock price also may decline if any analyst who covers us issues an adverse or erroneous opinion regarding us, our business model or our stock performance, or if our operating results fail to meet analysts’ expectations. If one or more analysts cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline and possibly adversely affect our ability to engage in future financings.

We do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future.

We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of our business and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We intend to invest our future earnings, if any, to fund our growth and not to pay any cash dividends on our common shares. Since we do not intend to pay dividends, your ability to receive a return on your investment will depend on any future appreciation in the market price of our common shares. There is no assurance that our common shares will appreciate in price. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant.

Our shares will be subordinate to all of our debts and liabilities, which increases the risk that you could lose your entire investment.

Our shares are equity interests that will be subordinate to all of our current and future indebtedness with respect to claims on our assets. In any liquidation, all of our debts and liabilities must be paid before any payment is made to our shareholders. The amount of any debt financing we incur creates a substantial risk that in the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization, we may have no assets remaining for distribution to our shareholders after payment of our debts.

Our board of directors may designate and issue shares of new classes of stock, including the issuance of up to 16,108,500 additional shares of Class B common stock, that could be superior to or adversely affect you as a holder of our Class A common stock. Although a majority of our board of directors are independent, our non-independent directors, officers, and their affiliates control approximately 98.0% of the voting power of our outstanding common stock.

Our board of directors has the power to designate and issue shares of classes of stock, including preferred stock that have voting powers, designations, preferences, limitations and special rights, including preferred distribution rights, conversion rights, redemption rights and liquidation rights without further shareholder approval which could adversely affect the rights of the holders of our Class A Common Stock. In addition, our board could authorize the issuance of a series of preferred stock that has greater voting power than our Class A Common Stock or that is convertible into our Class A Common Stock, which could decrease the relative voting power of our Class A Common Stock or result in dilution to our existing common stockholders. Although a majority of our board of directors are independent, our non-independent directors, officers, and their affiliates control approximately 98.0% of the voting power of our outstanding common stock. Our non-independent directors, officers and their affiliates may, through their control of over a significant portion of the voting power of our outstanding common stock, could influence the Company to take corporate actions or engage in transactions that may be at odds with the interests of other investors in our Class A common stock.

Any of these actions could significantly adversely affect the investment made by holders of our Class A Common Stock. Holders of common stock could potentially not receive dividends that they might otherwise have received. In addition, holders of our Class A Common Stock could receive less proceeds in connection with any future sale of the Company, whether in liquidation or on any other basis.

Our articles of incorporation authorize the issuance of four million (4,000,000) shares of Class A common stock, twenty million (20,000,000) shares of Class B common stock, and fifty million (50,000,000) shares of preferred stock. We currently have 1,176,059, 3,020,750 and 0 shares of Class A common stock, Class B common stock and Series A preferred stock, respectively, issued and outstanding. The Class B common stock is identical to the Class A common stock, except that each share of Class B common stock entitles the holder of such share 25 votes per share and is convertible into one share of Class A common stock. If our board of directors determined to issue the remaining 16,979,250 unissued Class B shares, such shares would represent an additional 424,481,250 votes and non-affiliated investors in our Class A Common Stock would have voting power of less than 1%.

Charles Stith Keiser, our director, the holder of 2,150,000 shares of our Class B common stock and 10 shares of our Class A common stock, controls approximately 69.8% of the voting power of the outstanding common stock of the Company.

Our directors Messrs. Carr, Keiser, and Lau hold a combined 3,020,750 shares of our Class B common stock and 41 shares of our Class A common stock, control approximately 98.0% of the voting power of the outstanding common stock prior to the issuance of any additional shares. See “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management.”

Because we do not expect any single holder or entity to hold more than 50% of the outstanding voting power of the Company, we do not believe we will qualify as a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq listing rules. See “—We may be deemed a ‘controlled company’ within the meaning of the rules of Nasdaq and, as a result, may qualify for, but do not intend to rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements.”

However, any future issuance of Class A common stock or Class B common stock will result in substantial dilution in the percentage of our Class A Common Stock held by our then existing shareholders. We may value any common stock issued in the future on an arbitrary basis. The issuance of common stock for future services or acquisitions or other corporate actions may have the effect of diluting the value of the shares held by our investors and might have an adverse effect on any trading market for our Class A Common Stock.

The trading price of our Class A common stock is volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

The trading price of our Class A common stock is volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, including the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located outside of the United States. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our Class A common stock may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

the potential delisting of our common stock from The Nasdaq Capital Market (as more fully described below);

variations in our revenues, earnings and cash flow;

announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships or joint ventures by us or our competitors;

announcements of new offerings, solutions and expansions by us or our competitors;

changes in financial estimates by securities analysts;

detrimental adverse publicity about us, our brand, our services or our industry;

additions or departures of key personnel;

sales of additional equity securities; and

potential litigation or regulatory investigations.

Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our Class A common stock will trade.

In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our Class A common stock could adversely affect their market price.

Sales of substantial amounts of our Class A common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. The sale of a significant number of shares being offered could depress the market price of the Company’s common stock.

Such volatility, including any stock-run up, may be unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance and financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our stock. Furthermore, the stock market in general experiences price and volume fluctuations that are often unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of companies like us. Volatility or a lack of positive performance in the price of our shares of Class A common stock may also adversely affect our ability to retain key employees.

In addition, the stock market, in general, or the market for stocks in our industry, in particular, may experience broad market fluctuations, which may adversely affect the market price or liquidity of our common shares. Any sudden decline in the market price of our common shares could trigger securities class-action lawsuits against us. If any of our shareholders were to bring such a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit and the time and attention of our management would be diverted from our business and operations. We also could be subject to damages claims if we are found to be at fault in connection with a decline in our stock price.

We are an “emerging growth company” and a “smaller reporting company” and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies and a smaller reporting companies will make our Class A Common Stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we expect to take advantage of certain exemptions and relief from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. In particular, while we are an emerging growth company: we will not be required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act; we will be exempt from any rules that could be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board requiring mandatory audit firm rotations or a supplement to the auditor’s report on financial statements; we will be subject to reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements; and we will not be required to hold nonbinding advisory votes on executive compensation or stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

In addition, while we are an emerging growth company we can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of this extended transition period and, as a result, our operating results and financial statements may not be comparable to the operating results and financial statements of companies who have adopted the new or revised accounting standards.

We may remain an emerging growth company until as late as December 31, 2026, though we may cease to be an emerging growth company earlier under certain circumstances, including if (i) we have more than $1.235 billion in annual revenue in any fiscal year, (ii) the market value of our Class A Common Stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter or (iii) we issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period.

Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may still qualify as a smaller reporting company, which would allow us to continue to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements, including, among other things, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, presenting only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in this prospectus and our periodic reports and proxy statements.

Investors may find our Class A Common Stock less attractive to the extent we rely on the exemptions and relief granted by the JOBS Act. If some investors find our Class A Common Stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Class A Common Stock and our stock price may decline or become more volatile.

We may be deemed a “controlled company” within the meaning of the rules of Nasdaq and, as a result, may qualify for, but do not intend to rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements.

Charles Stith Keiser, our director and the holder of 2,150,000 shares of our Class B common stock and 10 shares of our Class A common stock, controls approximately 69.8% of the voting power of the Company as of the date of this prospectus. However, if Mr. Keiser were to control greater than 50% of the voting power of our Class A Common Stock, the Company may be deemed a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of Nasdaq. Under the rules of Nasdaq, a company of which more than 50% of the outstanding voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain stock exchange corporate governance requirements, including the requirement that a majority of the board of directors consists of independent directors, have a nominating and governance committee and compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors and the requirement for an annual performance evaluation of the nominating and governance committee and compensation committee.

We do not intend to rely on these exemptions and instead intend to comply with all of the corporate governance requirements imposed by state and federal law, the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and Nasdaq.

Sales of a significant number of shares of our Class A Common Stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, could depress the market price of our Class A Common Stock.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Class A Common Stock in the public markets could depress the market price of our Class A Common Stock and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We cannot predict the effect that future sales of our Class A Common Stock would have on the market price of our Class A Common Stock.

Language change vs prior 10-K

MD&A (Item 7) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase

Negative rising

bridge+31
unpaid+7
default+6
loss+5
closing+3

Positive rising

effective+11
gain+4
beneficial+2
satisfied+2
successful+1

MD&A (Item 7)

13,468 words

item 7. management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report. In addition to historical information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. See “Forward-looking Statements” for a discussion of the uncertainties and assumptions associated with these statements. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed below.

Overview

Inspire Veterinary is a corporation originally incorporated in the state of Delaware in 2020. On June 29, 2022, the Company converted into a Nevada corporation. The Company completed its initial public offering on August 31, 2023 and its shares of Class A Common Stock are quoted on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “IVP.” The Company owns and operates veterinary hospitals throughout the United States. The Company specializes in small animal general practice hospitals which serve all manner of companion pets, emphasizing canine and feline breeds. As the Company expands, additional modalities are expected to become a part of the offerings at its hospitals. With the acquisition of The Pony Express Veterinary Hospital, Inc. including equine care and emergency and specialty services and intends to continue to expand such services.

With thirteen clinics located in nine states as of the date of this filing, Inspire Veterinary purchases existing hospitals which have the financial track record, marketplace advantages and future growth potential which make them worthy acquisition targets. Because the Company leverages a leadership and support structure which is distributed throughout the United States, acquisitions are not centralized to one geographic area. The Company operates its business as one operating and one reportable segment.

The Company is the managing member of IVP Practice Holdings Co., LLC (“Holdco”), a Delaware limited liability company, which is the managing member of IVP CO Holding, LLC (“CO Holdco”), a Delaware limited liability company, IVP FL Holding Co., LLC (“FL Holdco”), a Delaware limited liability company, IVP Texas Holding Company, LLC (“TX Holdco”), a Delaware limited liability company, KVC Holding Company, LLC (“KVC Holdco”), a Hawaii limited liability company, and IVP CA Holding Co., LLC (“CA Holdco”), a Delaware limited liability company, IVP MD Holding Company, LLC (“MD Holdco”), a Delaware limited liability company, IVP OH Holding (“OH Holdco”), Co, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, IVP IN Holding Co., LLC (“IN Holdco”), a Delaware limited liability company, IVP MA Managing Co., LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“MA Holdco”), and IVP PA Holding Company, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“PA Holdco”). The Company through Holdco, operates and controls all business and affairs of CO Holdco, FL Holdco, TX Holdco, KVC Holdco, CA Holdco, and MD Holdco. Holdco, OH Holdco, IN Holdco, MA Holdco and PA Holdco are used to acquire hospitals in various states and jurisdictions.

The Company is the managing member of IVP Real Estate Holding Co., LLC (“IVP RE”), a Delaware limited liability company, which is the managing member of IVP CO Properties, LLC (“CO RE”), a Delaware limited liability company, IVP FL Properties, LLC (“FL RE”), a Delaware limited liability company, IVP TX Properties, LLC (“TX RE”), a Delaware limited liability company, KVC Properties, LLC, (“KVC RE”), a Hawaii limited liability company, IVP CA Properties, LLC (“CA RE”), a Delaware limited liability company, IVP MD Properties, LLC (“MD RE”), a Delaware limited liability company, IVP OH Properties, LLC (“OH RE”), a Delaware limited liability company, IVP IN Properties, LLC (“IN RE”), a Delaware limited liability company, and IVP PA Properties, LLC (“PA RE”), a Delaware limited liability company. The Company through IVP RE operates and controls all business and affairs of CO RE, FL RE, TX RE, KVC RE, CA RE, MD RE, OH RE, IN RE and PA RE. IVP RE are used to acquire real property in various states and jurisdictions.

Our Business Model

Services provided at owned hospitals include preventive care for companion animals consisting of annual health exams which include: parasite control; dental health; nutrition and body condition counseling; neurological examinations; radiology; bloodwork; skin and coat health and many breed specific preventive care services. Surgical offerings include all soft tissue procedures such as spays and neuters, mass removals, splenectomies and can also include gastropexies, orthopedic procedures and other types of surgical offerings based on a doctor’s training. In many locations additional means of care and alternative procedures are also offered such as acupuncture, chiropractic and various other health and wellness offerings.

With acquisitions serving as one key driver of growth, the Company has developed metrics and processes for assessing, valuing, acquiring and integrating new hospitals into its network. With a focus in its early years on general practice, small companion animal hospitals, the Company selects hospitals in markets with large addressable pet populations, but not necessarily in city/urban centers. The Company recently entered the equine care, or the care of horses, sector with the addition of the Pony Express Veterinary Hospital into the Company’s small-animal-only mix of locations.

Growth strategies and expansion plans call for the Company to enter emergency care and mixed animal (such as bovine and additional equine care) in future years of growth. Staffing, ownership transition plans, demographics, quality of medicine, financial performance and quality of existing leadership are some of the many factors that are analyzed before a pending acquisition is offered a letter of intent. The Company uses a field support structure that is nationally distributed and therefore the targets for acquisition can be in most states within the United States, taking special care with more complex states which have very specific veterinary practice ownership and operations guidelines.

Risks to the ability to swiftly acquire and integrate new hospitals include: (i) national staffing shortages of veterinarians and technicians which pre-existed the current market conditions which make finding credentialed talent even more difficult; (ii) costs and time associated with finding suitable targets and performing due diligence; and (iii) difficulties in achieving growth targets post purchase which ensure hospitals grow revenue and earnings in the years post purchase.

Post purchase pressures include rising talent acquisition and staffing costs in addition to challenges in achieving productivity and average patient charges necessary to achieve growth and profitability.

Results of Operations

Acquisition and Growth Strategy

With an emphasis on general practice hospitals in its first seven to eight quarters, the Company expanded into purchase of mixed animal hospitals in late 2022, adding equine care to its mix. In 2025 and beyond, the Company intends to continue to conduct the due diligence necessary to strategically acquire existing general practices, specialty hospitals, and/or expand existing locations to include emergency care and more complex surgeries, holistic care and comprehensive diagnostics which allow it to offer more complex surgeries and internal medicine work ups.

The Company has plans to seek multi-unit practices with regional presence to facilitate growth for the Company and also to move more swiftly into being a prime provider in select markets. While purchases of individual clinics will remain a focus for the Company, these opportunities to acquire hospitals in clusters of 2 to 6 will significantly increase our pace of growth and provide numerous internal benefits such as internal case referrals and career pathing for clinicians and leadership.

We account for acquisitions under the acquisition method and are required to measure identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed of the acquiree at the fair values on the closing date. The Company makes an initial allocation of the purchase price at the date of acquisition based upon its understanding of the fair value of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities. Below is a summary of the acquisitions that closed from the inception of the Company through December 31, 2024, and the related transaction price.

Name

Closing Date

Transaction

Value 1

Kauai Veterinary Clinic 3,6

January 2021

Chiefland Animal Hospital 2

August 2021

Pets & Friends Animal Hospital 2

October 2021

Advanced Veterinary Care of Pasco 3

January 2022

Lytle Veterinary Clinic 2

March 2022

Southern Kern Veterinary Clinic 2

March 2022

Bartow Animal Clinic 3,4

May 2022

Dietz Family Pet Hospital 2

June 2022

Aberdeen Veterinary Clinic 3

July 2022

All Breed Pet Care Veterinary Clinic 2

August 2022

Pony Express Veterinary Hospital, Inc. 2

October 2022

Williamsburg Animal Clinic 3

December 2022

The Old 41 Animal Hospital 2

December 2022

Valley Veterinary Services 3,5

November 2023

The transaction value is the amount of consideration paid for the acquisition of the veterinary practice (and as denoted the real estate operations) that was accounted for as a single business combination, in accordance with ASC Topic 805.

Acquisition includes both the veterinary practice and related assets and the real estate operations in the transaction value.

Acquisition was for the veterinary practice and related assets only.

Acquisition includes the purchase of personal goodwill of $105,000 that was included in the purchase price of the veterinary practice and related assets. The total transaction value is made up of $955,000 for the veterinary practice and related assets and $350,000 for the real estate operations.

The transaction value excludes $200,000 for the Holdback Agreement associated with the acquisition.

The veterinary practice was sold on September 20, 2024.

Kauai Veterinary Clinic Acquisition

On January 25, 2021, the Company acquired Kauai Veterinary Clinic, Inc., located in Lihue, Hawaii on the island of Kauai providing regional and local veterinary services for $1,505,000 dollars through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, IVP Practice Holding Company, LLC. Simultaneously to the closing of KVC, the Company acquired the underlying real estate from a third party in exchange for $1,300,000 through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, IVP Real Estate Holding Co., LLC. These acquisitions were financed with threes loans provided by First Southern National Bank for a total of $2,383,400.

On September 20, 2024, the Company completed the divestiture of its Kauai Veterinary Clinic (“KVC”) to Kauai RE Holdings LLC for $2.0 million, in notes payable assumed by the buyer, with no cash consideration. The agent for the sale was Gregory Armstrong, a current shareholder of the Company and a member of Kauai RE. Charles Keiser, DVM, is a member of Kauai RE and the father of our board member Charles Stith Keiser, who is the Company’s largest shareholder through his entity Wilderness Trace Veterinary Partners, LLC. The divestiture resulted in a gain of $467,049 in fiscal year 2024, which was recorded in “Gain on sale of business” in the Statements of Operations. As a result of the transaction, the Company disposed of $125,508 of goodwill based on the relative fair value of KVC. The estimated fair value of KVC less estimated costs to sell exceeded it carrying amount as of the transaction date. As the sale of KVC was not considered, a significant disposal or a strategic shift that would have a major effect on the Company’s operations or financial results, it was not reported as discontinued operations.

Chiefland Animal Hospital Acquisition

On August 20, 2021, the Company acquired the veterinary practice and related assets of Chiefland Animal Hospital from Polycontec, Inc. for $285,000 through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, IVP Practice Holding Company, LLC. Simultaneously, the Company the real estate operations, consisting of land and buildings, utilized by the Chiefland practice for $279,500 through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, IVP Real Estate Holding Co., LLC. These acquisitions were financed with two loans provided by Farmers National Bank of Danville for a total of $469,259.

Pets & Friends Animal Hospital Acquisition

On October 7, 2021, the Company acquired the veterinary practice and related assets of the Pets & Friends Animal Hospital from Pets& Friends Animal Hospital, LLC for $375,000 through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, IVP Practice Holding Company, LLC. Simultaneously, the Company the real estate operations, consisting of land and buildings, utilized by the Pets & Friends practice for $255,000 through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, IVP Real Estate Holding Co., LLC. These acquisitions were financed with two loans provided by Farmers National Bank of Danville for a total of $535,500.

Advanced Veterinary Care of Pasco

On January 14, 2022, the Company acquired the veterinary practice and related assets of Advanced Veterinary Care of Pasco in Hudson, Florida from Advanced Veterinary Care of Pasco, LLC for $1,014,000 through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, IVP FL Holding Company, LLC. This acquisition was financed by a loan provided by Farmers National Bank of Danville for a total of $817,135.

Lytle Veterinary Clinic

On March 15, 2022, the Company acquired the veterinary practice and related assets of Lytle Veterinary Clinic in Texas from Lytle Veterinary Clinic, Inc. for $662,469 through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary IVP Texas Holding Company, LLC and its wholly-owned subsidiary, IVP Texas Managing Co., LLC. Simultaneously, the Company acquired the real estate operations, consisting of land and buildings, utilized by the Lytle practice for $780,000 from the Lytle practice through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, IVP Texas Properties, LLC. This acquisition was financed by two loans provided by Farmers National Bank of Danville for a total of $1,141,098.

Southern Kern Veterinary Clinic

On March 22, 2022, the Company acquired the veterinary practice and related assets of Southern Kern Veterinary Clinic in California from Southern Kern Veterinary Clinic, Inc. for $1,500,000 through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary IVP CA Holding Co., LLC and its wholly-owned subsidiary, IVP Texas Managing Co., LLC. Simultaneously, the real estate operations, consisting of land and buildings,) utilized by the Kern practice was purchased for $500,000 through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, IVP CA Properties, LLC. This acquisition was financed by two loans provided by Farmers National Bank of Danville for a total of $1,700,000.

Bartow Animal Clinic

On May 18, 2022, the Company acquired the veterinary practice and related assets of Bartow Animal Clinic in Bartow, Florida from Winter Park Veterinary Clinic, Inc. for $1,055,000 through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary IVP FL Holding Company LLC. Simultaneously, the real estate operations, consisting of land and buildings, utilized by the Bartow practice was purchased for $350,000 through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, IVP CA Properties, LLC. This acquisition was financed by two loans provided by Farmers National Bank of Danville for a total of $969,000.

Dietz Family Pet Hospital

On June 15, 2022, the Company acquired the veterinary practice and related assets of Dietz Family Pet Hospital in Richmond, Texas from Dietz Family Pet Hospital, P.A. for $500,000 through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary IVP Texas Holding Company LLC and its wholly-owned subsidiary, IVP Texas Managing Co. LLC. This acquisition was financed by a loan provided by Farmers National Bank of Danville for a total of $382,500.

Aberdeen Veterinary Clinic

On July 29, 2022, the Company acquired the veterinary practice and related assets of Aberdeen Veterinary Clinic in Aberdeen, Maryland from Fritz Enterprises, Inc. for $574,683 through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary IVP MD Holding Company LLC. This acquisition was financed by a loan provided by Farmers National Bank of Danville for a total of $445,981.

All Breed Pet Care Veterinary Clinic

On August 12, 2022, the Company acquired the veterinary practice and related assets of All Breed Pet Care veterinary clinic in Newburgh, Indiana from Tejal Rege for $952,000 through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary IVP IN Holding Company LLC. Simultaneously, the real estate operations, consisting of land and buildings, utilized by the All Breed practice was purchased for $1,200,000 through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, IVP IN Properties, LLC. This acquisition was financed by three loans provided by Farmers National Bank of Danville for a total of $1,945,450.

Pony Express Veterinary Hospital

On October 31, 2022, the Company acquired the veterinary practice and related assets of the Pony Express Veterinary Hospital, Inc. in Xenia, Ohio from Pony Express Veterinary Hospital, Inc. for $2,608,652 through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary IVP OH Holding Company, LLC. Simultaneously, the real estate operations, consisting of land and buildings, utilized by the Pony Express Veterinary Hospital practice was purchased for $500,000 through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, IVP OH Properties, LLC. This acquisition was financed by three loans provided by First Southern National Bank for a total of $2,853,314.

Williamsburg Animal Clinic

On December 9, 2022, the Company acquired the veterinary practice and related assets of Williamsburg Veterinary Clinic in Williamsburg, MA from Williamsburg Animal Clinic, LLC for $850,000 through the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, IVP MA Holding Company, LLC. This acquisition was financed by a loan provided by Farmers National Bank of Danville for a total of $637,500.

The Old 41 Animal Hospital

On December 16, 2022, the Company acquired the veterinary practice and related assets of The Old 41 Veterinary Clinic in Bonita Springs, FL from The Old 41 Animal Hospital, LLC for $665,000 through the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, IVP FL Holding Company, LLC. Simultaneously, the real estate operations consisting of land and building utilized by the Old 41 practice for $800,000 from Scott A. Gregory DVM, LLC through the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, IVP FL Properties, LLC. This acquisition was financed by two loans provided by First Southern National Bank for a total of $1,208,000.

Valley Veterinary Service Acquisition

On November 8, 2023, the Company acquired the animal hospital and related assets of Valley Veterinary Service, Inc in Rostraver Township, Pennsylvania for $800,000 in cash, a holdback agreement for $200,000 in cash that may be paid out at the end of the two year period following the acquisition based on continued employment by the two former owners and revenue targets for year 1 and year 2 following the effective date of the acquisition, which is not included in the consideration transferred, and issuance of restricted shares of the Company’s Class A common stock equal to $400,000 through the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary IVP PA Holding Company, LLC. Simultaneously, the real estate operations consisting of land and building utilized by Valley Veterinary Services, Inc animal hospital for $590,000 from the owners of Valley Veterinary Services, Inc through the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, IVP PA Properties, LLC. This acquisition was financed by one loan provided by First Southern National Bank for $375,000 and one loan provided by Farmers National Bank of Danville for $850,000.

Comparability of Our Results of Operations

The Company’s consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023 were significantly impacted by acquisitions.

Results of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Summary of Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31,

For the Year Ended

$ Change

% Change

Service revenue

Product revenue

Total revenue

Operating expenses

Cost of service revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, shown separately below)

Cost of product revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, shown separately below)

General and administrative expenses

Depreciation and amortization

Impairment expense

Gain on sale of business

Total operating expenses

Loss from operations

Other income (expenses):

Interest income

Interest expense

Loss on debt extinguishment

Loss on debt modification

Beneficial conversion feature

Other income (expenses)

Total other expenses

Loss before income taxes

Benefit for income taxes

Net loss

Dividend on convertible series A preferred stock

Net loss attributable to class A and B common stockholders

Net loss per Class A and B common shares:

Basic and diluted

Weighted average shares outstanding per Class A and B common shares:

Basic and diluted

Revenue

The following table presents the breakdown of revenue between products and services:

For the Year Ended

December 31,

December 31, 2024 vs. December 31, 2023

Change

Revenue:

Service Revenue

Percentage of revenue

Product Revenue

Percentage of revenue

Total

Average Daily Service Revenue

for the Year Ended

December 31, 2024 vs.

December 31, 2023

Animal Hospital & Clinics

December 31,

Change

Kauai Veterinary Clinic 1

Chiefland Animal Hospital

Pets & Friends Animal Hospital

Advanced Veterinary Care of Pasco

Lytle Veterinary Clinic

Southern Kern Veterinary Clinic

Bartow Animal Clinic

Dietz Family Pet Hospital

Aberdeen Veterinary Clinic

All Breed Pet Care Veterinary Clinic

Pony Express Veterinary Hospital

Williamsburg Animal Clinic

Old 41 Animal Hospital

Valley Veterinary Services Animal Hospital

Total Daily Service Revenue

The veterinary practice was sold effective September 20, 2024.

Average Daily Product Revenue

for the Year Ended

December 31, 2024 vs.

December 31, 2023

Animal Hospital & Clinics

December 31,

Change

Kauai Veterinary Clinic 1

Chiefland Animal Hospital

Pets & Friends Animal Hospital

Advanced Veterinary Care of Pasco

Lytle Veterinary Clinic

Southern Kern Veterinary Clinic

Bartow Animal Clinic

Dietz Family Pet Hospital

Aberdeen Veterinary Clinic

All Breed Pet Care Veterinary Clinic

Pony Express Veterinary Hospital

Williamsburg Animal Clinic

Old 41 Animal Hospital

Valley Veterinary Services Animal Hospital

Total Daily Product Revenue

The veterinary practice was sold effective September 20, 2024.

Revenue in General: The Company believes the breakdown of gross revenue into service revenue and product revenue categories produces meaningful measures to Company management and the Company’s investors in light of the Company’s objective to protect the service channel and derive the majority of its revenue from services and expertise which are not capable of disruption from other channels. To achieve this objective, the Company seeks to match the industry target metric of 70% to 80% of gross revenue being derived from services: examination fees, diagnostics fees, laboratory work, surgery and other veterinary services. The Company believes these service revenue sources require veterinary professionals to preside over care delivery and, unlike some veterinary care products, cannot be replaced or sold by other non-veterinary hospital channels such as retail (including over-the-counter and online). Accordingly, the Company views products such as parasite controls, veterinary nutrition products and additives as important, but the Company does not rely on product revenue to account for more than 20% to 30% of gross revenue. Medications and therapeutics which only a licensed veterinary doctor or licensed technician can administer, while still making up part of the 20% to 30% of gross revenue, are less easily diverted to non-veterinary hospital channels as they require licensed professionals to prescribe or utilize them.

The Company uses these percentages in concert with metrics such as Revenue Per Patient Per day (“RPP”) and Average Patient Charge (“APC”) to analyze the comprehensive nature of diagnostics and services provided by each veterinary hospital. Sometimes referred to “quality medicine” metrics within the veterinary service industry, the Company uses RPP and APC to determine how a doctor’s time is being utilized (inclusive of all diagnostics and therapies). RPP and APC metrics are consolidated into the presentation of average daily service revenue and average daily product revenue. The Company believes these analyses helps the Company ensure that its caseload is revenue positive to avoid clinicians spending time on patient work which underutilizes their time and erodes labor profitability. The Company also believes these metrics are useful to investors and potential investors to compare the Company’s service-to-product revenue mix against generally accepted industry targets and specific veterinary care service provider competitors.

The services revenue and product revenue metrics are measured in dollars as calculated by the practice management software we provide to each of our clinics to track medical notes, treatment plans, services and products prescribed and provided, as well as to manage invoicing related to all of the above. Reports are generated which allow Company management to view each of these as line-items as well as measure the ratio of service revenue versus product revenue within our revenue mix.

The Company believes the ratio metric is useful for the management and its investors for several reasons:

The Company and its medical leadership teach and enable its medical staff to provide comprehensive medical care which is appropriate for each animal patient. For example, charges to a client which skew too heavily toward products and do not include necessary services may be an indicator that medical cases are not being fully diagnosed using an appropriate standard of available and appropriate diagnostics and care. This broad analysis can indicate more questions should be asked about how cases are managed by certain providers, particularly if patterns emerge;

Comprehensive care for pets means physical exams, dental care, blood work and many other service related line-items. An overreliance on product revenue alone (which products may be available over-the-counter outside of the veterinary channel) leaves veterinary clinics susceptible to sales transfer to other channels. In addition, appropriate veterinary care (as defined by market practice and some state licensing boards) does not include prescribing products without the delivery of diagnostic and care services.

Advancements in veterinary care within the last decade such as anesthetic protocols, pain management, fear free medicine and other services have shown great efficacy for the betterment of patients and their recovery from illness or surgeries. The absence of certain services and procedures within, for instance, a surgery package for a patient, would indicate an opportunity to improve outcomes for a patient and extend life expectancy. These are positive outcomes for clients and, therefore, of interest and value to the Company and our investors.

Service Revenues: The Company recognizes service revenue from health exams, pet grooming, veterinary care, and certain other services performed at our animal hospitals or clinics and is recognized once the service is completed, as this is when the customer has the ability to direct the use of and obtain the benefits of the services. Payment terms are at the point of sale but may also occur upon completion of the service. Service revenue increased $ 308,592 or 3%, to $12,188,526 for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $11,879,934 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was driven primarily by the acquisition of animal hospital in Q4 2023 and an increase in the price of our services slightly offset by the sale of the KVC practice in the third quarter of 2024.

Product Revenues: Product revenue is recognized when control passes, which occurs at a point in time when the customer completes a transaction at our animal hospitals or clinics and receives the product. Product revenue decreased $391,876, or 8%, to $4,403,583 for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $4,795,459 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The overall decrease was a result of customers purchasing less products per visit and by the sale of the KVC practice in the third quarter of 2024.

Cost of revenue

For the Year Ended

December 31,

Variance in

Dollars

Variance in

Percent

Cost of services revenue

Cost of product revenue

Total cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization, shown separately below)

Cost of service revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization): Cost of service revenue consists of cost directly related to the animal services provided at the Company’s veterinary clinics and animal hospitals, which primarily includes personnel-related compensation costs of the employees at the Company’s veterinary clinics or animal hospitals, laboratory costs, pet supply costs, third-party veterinarian contractors, office rent, utilities, supplies, and other cost arising as a result of the services being performed, excluding depreciation and amortization. Cost of service revenue increased $35,319, or 0%, to $9,736,282 for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $9,700,963 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in cost of service revenue sold excluding depreciation and amortization was driven primarily by the acquisition of Valley Veterinary animal hospital and increase to service costs slightly offset by the sale of the KVC practice in the third quarter of 2024.

Cost of product revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization): Cost of product revenue consists of cost directly related to the product sales at the Company’s veterinary clinics and animal hospitals, which primarily includes personnel-related compensation costs of the employees at the Company’s veterinary clinics or animal hospitals, purchase price of the medication we dispense, and purchase price of product sold, excluding depreciation and amortization. Cost of product revenue increased $142,764, or 4%, to $3,563,279 for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $3,420,515 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in cost of product revenue was driven primarily by the acquisition of Valley Veterinary animal hospital, an increase to payroll costs and increase in product cost slightly offset by the sale of the KVC practice in the third quarter of 2024.

General and Administrative Expense: General and administrative expenses include personnel-related compensation costs for corporate employees, such as management, accounting, legal, acquisition related and non-recurring expenses, insurance and other expenses used to operate the business. General and administrative expenses increased $1,945,065, or 21% to $11,421,352 for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $9,476,287 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to the expenses generated by the Valley Veterinary practice acquisition, the IR agency contracts, marketing agreements and consulting contracts the Company entered into during the first quarter of 2024 following the February 2024 public offering and in the third quarter following the July 2024 public offering.

Depreciation and Amortization Expense: Depreciation and amortization expenses mainly relate to the assets used in generating revenue. Depreciation and amortization increased $56,060, or 4%, to $1,308,619 for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $1,252,539 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to the acquisition of depreciable or amortizable assets as part of the Valley Veterinary acquisition.

Other Expenses: Other expenses are composed primarily of interest expenses and small denomination bank fee charges. Other expenses decreased $2,380,752, or 31%, to $5,237,223 for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $7,617,975 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to the decrease in the beneficial conversion offset by the financing arrangements to fund working capital at a very high effective interest rate as compared to the Company’s term loans.

Net Loss: Net Loss decreased $528,625, or 5%, to $14,264,261 for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $14,792,886 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in net loss is primarily due to the gain on sale of KVC practice during the year and omission of any beneficial conversion feature during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since inception, we have financed our operations from a combination of:

issuance and sale of senior convertible notes;

issuance of convertible debentures;

borrowings under other debt consisting of: (i) a principal lending relationship with Farmers National Bank of Danville; (ii)a principal lending relationship with First Southern National Bank; (iii) short term financing arrangements under merchant cash advance agreement;

common stock purchase agreement with Tumim Stone Capital LLC,

proceeds from issuance of equity; and

cash generated from operations.

The Company has experienced operating losses since its inception and had a total accumulated deficit of $36,350,281 as of December 31, 2024. The Company expects to incur additional costs and require additional capital as the Company continues to acquire additional veterinary hospitals, clinics and practices. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company’s cash used in operations was $10,005,866.

The Company’s primary short-term cash requirements are to fund working capital, lease obligations and short-term debt, including current maturities of long-term debt. Working capital requirements can vary significantly from period to period, particularly as a result of additional business acquisitions. The Company’s medium-term to long-term cash requirements are to service and repay debt, to expand through acquisitions, and to invest in facilities and equipment for growth initiatives.

The Company’s ability to fund its cash needs will depend, in part, on its ability to generate cash in the future, which depends on future financial results. The Company’s future results are subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative and regulatory factors that may be outside of our control. The Company’s future access to, and the availability of credit on acceptable terms and conditions, is impacted by many factors, including capital market liquidity and overall economic conditions.

These financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The Company has incurred recurring losses and as of December 31, 2024, had an accumulated deficit of $36,350,281. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company sustained a net loss of $14,264,261. These factors, among others, raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for the next twelve months from the date these financial statements were issued. These financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern. The Company’s continuation as a going concern is contingent upon its ability to obtain additional financing and to generate revenue and cash flow to meet its obligations on a timely basis. The Company will continue to seek to raise additional funding through debt or equity financing during the next twelve months. Management believes that actions presently being taken to obtain additional funding provide the opportunity for the Company to continue as a going concern. There is no guarantee the Company will be successful in achieving these objectives.

We cannot be sure that future funding will be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Due to often volatile nature of the financial markets, equity and debt financing may be difficult to obtain.

We may seek to raise any necessary additional capital through a combination of private or public equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements and other marketing and distribution arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through marketing and distribution arrangements or other collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights or future revenue streams on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we raise additional capital through private or public equity offerings, the ownership interest of our existing stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect our stockholders’ rights. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, we may be subject to covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends.

As of the date of this filing, the Company was in compliance with all covenants and restrictions associated with our debt agreements. The Company is not aware of any instances of breaches or non-compliance with its covenants and commitments under its debt agreements.

Master Lending and Credit Facility

On June 25, 2021, the Company entered into a master line of credit loan agreement (“MLOCA”) with Wealth South a division of Farmers National Bank of Danville, Kentucky (“FNBD”). The MLOCA provides for a $2,000,000 revolving secured credit facility (“Revolving Line”) to be drawn for the initial purchase of veterinary clinical practices (“Practices”) and a $8,000,000 closed end line of credit (“Closed End Line”) to be disbursed as individual loans (Term Loans) to paydown draws on the Revolving Line and to provide longer term financing of the purchase of Practices. Each draw on the Revolving Line shall be repaid with a Term Loan out of the Closed End Line within one hundred and twenty (120) days of the draw on the Revolving Line. Each draw on the Revolving Line and the Closed End Line shall not exceed eighty-five (85%) percent of the purchase price of the Practice. The Company shall contribute and maintain equity of a minimum of fifteen (15%) percent of the initial purchase price of a Practice as long as any draw on the Revolving Line or a Term Loan remains unpaid with FNBD. The Revolving Line has an interest rate equal to the New York Prime Rate plus 0.50% that shall never be less than 3.57%. Each Term Loan issued under the Closed End Line shall have a fixed interest rate of 3.98% for the first five years of the loan. Immediately following the fixed rate period, the rate of interest rate will equal to the New York Prime Rate plus 0.65% that shall never be less than 3.57%. Each Practice to be acquired must have a minimum projected debt-service coverage ratio (“DSCR”) of 1.0x, defined as earnings before interest depreciation and amortization (“EBIDA”)/Annual Debt Service Requirement.

Under the MLOCA the Term Loans to acquire a Practice shall not exceed 10 years. The first twelve months of the Term Loan may be interest only. Thereafter, the Loan will convert to an amortizing loan with monthly principal and interest payments. For Practice only Term Loans (“Practice Term Loans”), after the initial twelve-month interest only period, the balance will amortize over 9 years. For Loans made to purchase real property (“RE Term Loans”), after the initial twelve-month interest only period, the balance will amortize over a 19-year period.

There is no prepayment penalty on payments on the Revolving Line. The Term Loans are subject to a refinance fee of 2% of the then outstanding principal balance of the Term Loan if paid within two years of entering into the Term Loan and 1% of the then outstanding principal balance of the Term Loan if paid within three to five years of entering into the Term Loan. The refinance fee is due only if the Term Loan is paid off by refinancing. Borrowing under the MLOCA are guaranteed by Kimball Carr, CEO & President of the Company.

On August 18, 2022 the MLOCA was amended and restated to terminate the revolving feature on the Revolving Line and convert the line of credit to a closed end draw note (“Closed End Draw Note”) that mature on August 18, 2024. Each draw on the Closed End Draw Note shall not exceed eighty-five (85%) percent of the purchase price of the Practice. The Company shall contribute and maintain equity of a minimum of fifteen (15%) percent of the initial purchase price of a Practice as long as any draw on the Closed End Draw Note or a Term Loan remains unpaid with FNBD. The interest rate charge on all sums advance under the amended and restated MLOCA shall be 5.25% for the first five years of the loan. Immediately following the fixed rate period, the rate of interest will be equal to the New York Prime Rate plus 0.65% that shall never be less than 4.75%. Each Practice to be acquired must have a minimum projected DSCR of 1.0x, defined as EBIDA/Annual Debt Service Requirement.

Notes payable to FNBD as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:

Original

December 31,

Issuance

Principal

Acquisition

Entered

Maturity

Interest

Cost

CAH

Pasco

Lytle

Kern

Bartow

Dietz

Aberdeen

All Breed

Williamsburg

Valley Vet

The Company amortized $6,206 and $7,152 of issuance cost in the aggregate during the year ending December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, for the FNBD notes payable.

FSB Commercial Loans

The Company entered into three separate commercial loans with First Southern National Bank (“FSB”) as part of the acquisition. The first commercial loan in the amount of $1,105,000 has a fixed interest rate of 4.35% and a maturity date of January 25, 2024. The fixed rate loan has monthly payments of $6,903 and a full payoff of the remaining principal balance at maturity. The commercial loan had issuance costs of $13,264 that was capitalized and is being amortized straight line over the life of the loan. The Company entered into a Forbearance Agreement that extended the maturity date to August 31, 2024 and required the lender to make monthly payments of $9,016 and increased the interest rate to 8.15% per annum. On September 20, 2024, this loan was assumed by Kauai RE Holdings LLC in the sale of Kauai Veterinary Clinic (“KVC”).

The second commercial loan with FSB entered into on January 11, 2021 in the amount of $1,278,400 has a fixed interest rate of 4.35% and a maturity date of January 25, 2024. The fixed rate loan has monthly payments of $13,157 and a full payoff of the remaining principal balance at maturity. The commercial loan had issuance costs of $10,085 that was capitalized and is being amortized straight line over the life of the loan. The Company entered into a Forbearance Agreement that extended the maturity date to August 31, 2024 and required the lender to make monthly payments of $14,898 and increased the interest rate to 8.15% per annum. On September 20, 2024, this loan was assumed by Kauai RE Holdings LLC in the sale of Kauai Veterinary Clinic (“KVC”).

The third commercial loan with FSB entered into on January 11, 2021 in the amount of $450,000 has a fixed interest rate of 5.05% and a maturity date of September 11, 2021. The commercial loan was modified on August 25, 2021 to extend the maturity date to February 25, 2023 and increase the principal amount to $469,914. The fixed rate loan has monthly payments of $27,164 and was fully paid off on the maturity date. The commercial loan had issuance costs of $753 that was capitalized and is being amortized straight line over the life of the loan. This loan was paid in full in February 2023.

On October 31, 2022 the company entered into three separate commercial loans with FSB as part of the Pony Express Practice acquisition. The first loan with FSB that was entered into on October 31, 2022, was in the amount of $2,086,921. The loan has a fixed interest rate of 5.97% and a maturity date of October 31, 2025. The fixed rate loan has monthly payments of $23,138 except for a final monthly payment of $1,608,530. The commercial loan had issuance costs of $25,575 that was capitalized and is being amortized straight line over the life of the loan.

The second loan with FSB that was entered into on October 31, 2022, was in the amount of $400,000. The loan has a fixed interest rate of 5.97% and a maturity date of October 31, 2042. The fixed rate loan has monthly payments of $2,859. The commercial loan had issuance costs of $3,277 that was capitalized and is being amortized straight line over the life of the loan.

The third loan with FSB that was entered into on October 31, 2022, was in the amount of $700,000. The loan has a fixed interest rate of 6.75% and a maturity date of October 31, 2025. The fixed rate loan has monthly payments of $6,903 except for a final monthly payment of $423,278. The commercial loan did not have any issuance costs that were capitalized.

On December 16, 2022, the company entered into two separate commercial loans with FSB as part of the Old 41 Practice acquisition. The first loan with FSB that was entered into on December 16, 2022, was in the amount of $568,000. The loan has a fixed interest rate of 6.50% and a maturity date of December 16, 2025. The fixed rate loan has monthly payments of $4,772 and a full payoff of the remaining principal balance at maturity. The loan had issuance costs of $4,531 that was capitalized and is being amortized straight line over the life of the loan.

The second loan with FSB that was entered into December 16, 2022, was in the amount of $640,000. The loan has a fixed interest rate of 6.50% and a maturity date of December 16, 2025. The fixed rate loan has twelve monthly payments of approximately $2,830, followed by monthly payments of $7,443. and the interest rate is 6.50%. The loan had issuance costs of $5,077 that was capitalized and is being amortized straight line over the life of the loan.

On November 8, 2023, the Company entered into a commercial loan with FSB as part of the Valley Vet practice acquisition. The loan with FSB was entered into on November 8, 2022 for $375,000. The loan has a fixed interest rate of 8.5%. The loan had issuance costs of $5,077 that was capitalized and is being amortized straight line over the life of the loan.

The FSB commercial loans are guaranteed by Kimball Carr, Chief Executive Officer and President and Charles Stith Keiser, our director and former Chief Operating Officer.

Notes payable to FSB as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:

Original

December 31,

Issuance

Principal

Acquisition

Entered

Maturity

Interest

Cost

KVC

Pony Express

Old 41

Valley Vet

The Company amortized $19,053 and $14,611 of issuance cost in the aggregate during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, for the FSB notes payable.

Notes payable as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:

December 31,

FNBD Notes Payable

FSB Notes Payable

Total notes payable

Unamortized debt issuance costs

Notes payable, net of issuance cost

Less current portion

Long-term portion

Notes payable repayment requirements as of December 31, 2024, in the succeeding years are summarized as follows:

Thereafter

Bridge Notes

In December 2021, the Company entered into two bridge loans in the aggregate of $2,500,000 with Target Capital 1, LLC and Dragon Dynamic Catalytic Bridge SAC Fund as short term secured convertible notes (“Bridge Note”). The Bridge Note was convertible into the Company’s common stock, at the time of a successful initial public offering (“IPO”) at the noteholder’s option, at a 35% discount to the IPO price. The Bridge Note had a face value of $2,500,000 with an original issue discount (“OID”) of 12% and had a maturity date of January 24, 2023. The OID of $300,000 was amortized over the life of the loan. If the Company had not issued the Company’s common stock in an initial public offering pursuant to a registration statement filed with and declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and the listing of the common stock on a “national securities exchange” as defined in Section 6 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Qualified financing”) by January 24, 2023 the conversion price will be set at a 40% discount to the IPO price. The Bridge Note was funded in two installments of net proceeds of $1,100,000 in December 2021 and the second installment January 2022. The Bridge Loan had issuance costs of $70,500 for the first installment and $54,000 for the second installment that is amortized straight line over the life of the loan. The Company amortized $0 of issuance cost for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

In conjunction with the Bridge Note the Company issued warrants on January 24, 2022 to Target Capital 1, LLC and Dragon Dynamic Catalytic Bridge SAC Fund (collectively the “Bridge Lenders”). The warrants entitled the Bridge Lenders to purchase the Company’s Class A common stock, at a purchase price equal to the per share price in an IPO. The quantity of the Company’s common stock of subject to purchase upon exercise of the warrants is equal to 50% of the face value of the Bridge Note, divided by the per-share price in the Qualified Financing, unless a Qualified Financing had not been completed by January 24, 2023 in which case the quantity of Class A common stock subject to purchase upon exercise of the warrants will be an amount equal to 75% of the face value of the Bridge Note divided by the per-share price in the Qualified Financing. If a Qualified Financing has not consummated or the Bridge Note had not been repaid in full on or before January 24, 2027, then the quantity of common stock subject to purchase upon exercise of the warrants will be an amount equal to 100% of the face value divided by the per-share price equal to the fair market value of one share of Class A common stock as mutually agreed by the Holder and the Company. The warrants were exercisable through the fifth anniversary of the issuance date. The warrants could be redeemed at the option of the Company at any time following a Qualified Financing if the Company’s common stock trade on a national securities exchange at a price equal to the purchase price of the Company’s common stock in the Qualified Financing multiplied by 2 for a period of ten consecutive trading days.

On November 18, 2022, the Company entered into an Original Issue Discount Secured Convertible Note loan (“bridge loan”) with Target Capital 1, LLC for $1,136,364. The note is issued at an original issue discount of 12% with an maturity date on the earlier of March 31, 2023 (“Initial Maturity Date”) or the Company’s sale of its Common Stock in an initial public offering pursuant to a registration statement filed with and declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission and the listing of the Common Stock on a “national securities exchange” as defined in Section 6 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Qualified Financing” or the “Maturity Date”). The note bears an interest rate of 12% per annum by means of the original issue discount. Upon the occurrence of an Automatic Extension, this note shall commence to accrue interest at an interest rate of 12% percent per annum on the date of the commencement of the Automatic Extension until the note is converted or is paid in full. The Company may pay the full principal amount of this note, and all accrued but unpaid interest at any time prior to the Maturity Date without the prior written consent of the Holder in the principal amount of $1,136,364, plus all accrued but unpaid interest, multiplied by 120%. In addition, and to the extent the Company is required to pay this note in cash at the on or after the Initial Maturity Date due to, upon the closing date of a Qualified Financing, the Company shall pay to the Holder $1,136,364, plus all accrued unpaid interest, multiplied by 120%. Upon the occurrence and during the continuation of an Event of Default, until the Event of Default is cured, or the Note is repaid in full, Company will pay 20% of its total gross revenues (including that of all its subsidiaries) monthly, which shall be applied to payment of principal and interest under this this note. The conversion price (the “Conversion Price”) shall be equal to the price paid by the public in the Company’s Qualified Financing multiplied by 0.65 (or 0.60, from and after any Automatic Extension).

In conjunction with the Original Issue Discount Secured Convertible Note with Target Capital 1, LLC the company issued the holder 412 shares of Class A Common Stock and equity classified warrants that entitle the holder to purchase the Company’s common stock at a purchase price equal to the per share price in an IPO. The quantity of the Company’s common stock of subject to purchase upon exercise of the warrants is equal to 75% of the face value of the Bridge Note, divided by the per-share price in the Qualified Financing.

On November 18, 2022, the Company entered into an Original Issue Discount Secured Convertible Note with 622 Capital LLC for $568,182. The note is issued at an original issue discount of 12% with an maturity date on the earlier of January 24, 2023 (“Initial Maturity Date”) or the Company’s sale of its Common Stock in an initial public offering pursuant to a registration statement filed with and declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission and the listing of the Common Stock on a “national securities exchange” as defined in Section 6 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Qualified Financing” or the “Maturity Date”). If the Company has filed its Form S-1 Registration Statement with the SEC on or prior to the Initial Maturity Date but the Qualified Financing has not closed by such date (“Automatic Extension”) then all principal and accrued interest under this Note shall become due and payable in cash on July 24, 2023 (the “Final Maturity Date”) or such earlier date as this Note is required be repaid. The note bears an interest rate of 12% per annum by means of the original issue discount. Upon the occurrence of an Automatic Extension, this note shall commence to accrue interest at an interest rate of 12% percent per annum on the date of the commencement of the Automatic Extension until the note is converted or is paid in full. The Company may pay the full principal amount of this note and all accrued but unpaid interest at any time prior to the Maturity Date without the prior written consent of the Holder in the principal amount of $568,182, plus all accrued but unpaid interest, multiplied by 120%. In addition, and to the extent the Company is required to pay this note in cash at the on or after the Initial Maturity Date due to, upon the closing date of Qualified Financing, the Company shall pay to the Holder $568,182, plus all accrued unpaid interest, multiplied by 120%. Upon the occurrence and during the continuation of an Event of Default, until the Event of Default is cured or the Note is repaid in full, Company will pay 20% of its total gross revenues (including that of all its subsidiaries) monthly, which shall be applied to payment of principal and interest under this this note. The conversion price (the “Conversion Price”) shall be equal to the price paid by the public in the Company’s Qualified Financing multiplied by 0.65 (or 0.60, from and after any Automatic Extension).

In conjunction with the Original Issue Discount Secured Convertible Note with 662 Capital LLC the company issued the holder equity classified warrants that entitle the holder to purchase the Company’s common stock at a purchase price equal to the per share price in an IPO. The quantity of the Company’s common stock of subject to purchase upon exercise of the warrants is equal to 50% of the face value of the Bridge Note, divided by the per-share price in the Qualified Financing, unless a Qualified Financing has not been completed by March 31, 2023 in which case the quantity of Class A common stock subject to purchase upon exercise of the warrants will be an amount equal to 75% of the face value of the Bridge Note divided by the per-share price in the Qualified Financing.

The warrants were deemed legally detachable from the Bridge Note and were fair valued using the Black Scholes Method to determine the relative fair values of the Bridge Note and the detachable warrants. The significant inputs for the Black Scholes calculation included the exercise price and common share price of $0.44, volatility rate of 27% and risk-free rate of 1.53% with a 5-year term. The proceeds received for the Bridge Note were allocated to the detached warrants based on the relative fair values. Pursuant to ASC 470 the relative fair value of the warrants attributable to a discount on debt is $429,284; this is amortized to interest expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the loan.

A roll forward of the bridge note for the year ended December 31, 2023, is below:

Bridge notes, December 31, 2021

Issued for cash

Amortization of original issue discount

Warrant discount

Amortization of warrant discount

Debt issuance costs

Amortization of debt issuance costs

Bridge notes, December 31, 2022

Amortization of original issue discount

Amortization of warrant discount

Amortization of debt issuance costs

Extinguishment of bridge notes in exchange for Series A preferred stock upon IPO on August 31, 2023

Bridge notes, December 31, 2023

On June 30, 2023, the Company entered into exchange agreements (the “Exchange Agreements”) with each of the Company’s Bridge Note lenders, pursuant to which the lenders exchanged their existing Bridge Notes for 299 shares, 3,528 shares, and 598 shares, respectively, of Convertible Series A preferred stock (4,425 shares of Convertible Series A Preferred stock in total) (the “Exchange”). The Exchange Agreements will be deemed rescinded and the former Bridge Notes will be deemed reinstated if the Company doesn’t complete an initial public offering by September 1, 2023. Upon the IPO completing on August 31, 2023, the Company recognized the extinguishment of the Bridge Notes pursuant to ASC 470 and recognized a debt extinguishment loss of $16,105. The Company recognized a beneficial conversion feature of $2,567,866 for the issuance of the Series A preferred stock on the date of the IPO due to the $4 (Pre-Reverse Split) offering price related to the IPO being known as of that date.

Convertible Debenture

Between March 18 and December 28, 2021, the Company issued $2,102,500 in aggregate principal amount of 6.00% subordinated convertible promissory note (“Convertible Debenture”). During the year ending December 31, 2022 the Company issued $1,612,000 in aggregated principal amount of the 6.00% Convertible Debenture. In March 2023 the Company issued an additional $650,000 in aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Convertible Debenture notes to five (5) separate holders. The Convertible Debenture is convertible into the Company’s Class A Common Stock upon the Company’s offering for sale its shares in a public offering (“IPO”). At the holder’s election, the accrued interest and principal may be paid in cash or Class A Common Stock (such number of shares reflecting a twenty-five percent (25%) discount of the opening price per share of Class A Common Stock). The Convertible Debenture mature 5 years from the date of issuance to each holder. Prior to the maturity date, the holder is entitled to convert the Convertible Note into Class A Common Stock upon the Company’s IPO. Upon an IPO the accrued and unpaid interest is due and payable in cash on the first business day of the following month of March for any balance not elected to be converted into the Class A Common Stock. The Convertible Debenture principal balance was $100,000 and $3,714,500 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Convertible Debenture incurred issuance cost of $40,000 that is amortized straight line over the life of the Convertible Debenture. The Company amortized $0 and $7,996 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Upon the Company’s IPO closing on August 31, 2023, the majority of Convertible Debenture holders elected convert an aggregate of $4,014,500 of principal and $399,818 of accrued interest into 598 shares of Class A common stock at a conversion price of $3.00 per share. The Company recorded a beneficial conversion feature as of the date of the conversion of $1,569,395 based on the PO price of $10,000 per share minus the principal and accrued interest of the Convertible Debenture balance converted into common stock. Four holders of the Convertible Debenture with an aggregate principal balance of $250,000 elected to be paid back in cash and one investor with a principal balance of $100,000 elected to be paid on February 28, 2024 including accrued interest through the date of payment at 6%.

Loan Payable

On May 30, 2023, the Company entered into a Merchant Cash Advance Agreement for gross proceeds of $1,050,000 with an unrelated third-party financial institution. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company must pay $57,346 each week for 26 weeks with the first payment being due June 6, 2023. The financing arrangement has an effective interest rate of 49%. The financing arrangement includes an original issuance discount (“OID”) of $441,000 and issuance costs of $50,000. The OID and issuance cost associated with the financing arrangement are presented in the balance sheets as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the financing arrangement and is amortized using the effective interest method.

On August 10, 2023, the Company amended the financing arrangement to borrow an additional $507,460 resulting in the weekly repayments increasing to $76,071 to be paid over 28 weeks. This amendment decreased the effective interest rate to 41%. The refinancing resulted in a loss on debt modification of $441,618.

On November 28, 2023, the Company amended the financing arrangement to borrow an additional $531,071 resulting in the weekly payments to decrease to $56,800 to be paid over 40 weeks. This amendment increased the effective rate to 49%. The refinancing resulted in a loss on debt modification of $485,436.

On January 18, 2024, the Company amended the financing arrangement to borrow an additional $549,185 resulting in the weekly payments to increase to $86,214 to be paid over 43 weeks. This amendment increased the effective interest rate to 52%. The refinancing resulted in a loss on debt modification of $728,278.

On May 7, 2024, the Company amended the financing arrangement to borrow an additional $518,750 resulting in the weekly payments to increase to $90,229 to be paid over 48 weeks. This amendment decreased the effective interest rate to 49%. The refinancing resulted in a loss on debt modification of $859,584.

On December 24, 2024, the Company amended the financing arrangement to borrow an additional $513,650 resulting in the weekly payments to increase to $71,995 to be paid over 41 weeks. This amendment decreased the effective interest rate to 43%. The refinancing resulted in a loss on debt modification of $546,356.

On April 4, 2024, the Company entered into a new financing agreement for gross proceeds of $420,000 with a different unrelated third-party financial institution. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company must pay $21,600 each week for 28 weeks with the first payment being due April 8, 2024. The financing arrangement has an effective interest rate of 51%. The financing arrangement includes an original issuance discount (“OID”) of $184,800 and issuance costs of $20,000. The OID and issuance cost associated with the financing arrangement are presented in the balance sheets as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the financing arrangement and is amortized using the effective interest method.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company amortized $1,624,333 OID and issuance cost included in interest expense on the statement of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company made $4,509,147 in payments on the loan payable. The outstanding balance of the loan payable as of December 31, 2024, is $2,340,020. The financing arrangement is secured by an interest in virtually all assets of the Company with a first security interest in accounts receivable. The financing arrangement is guaranteed by the Company’s CEO.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company amortized $671,719 of OID and issuance cost included in interest expense on the statement of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company made $1,923,474 in payments on the loan payable. The outstanding balance of the loan payable as of December 31, 2023, is $2,063,058. The financing arrangement is secured by an interest in virtually all assets of the Company with a first security interest in accounts receivable. The financing arrangement is guaranteed by the Company’s CEO.

Convertible Notes Payable

On March 26, 2024, Inspire entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with a certain investor. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, Inspire issued to investors Increasing OID Senior Note (“Convertible Note Payable”) for $500,000. The Convertible Note Payable has a maturity date of the earlier of December 26, 2024 or the consummation of a capital raise (the “Maturity Date”).

On June 11, 2024, Inspire entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with two investors. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, Inspire issued to investors Increasing OID Senior Note (“Convertible Note Payable”) for $250,000 each. The Convertible Note Payable has a maturity date of the earlier of February 11, 2025 or the consummation of a capital raise (the “Maturity Date”).

The Convertible Notes Payable contain an original issue discount (“OID”) which shall be: (i) fifteen percent (15%) if the Convertible Notes Payable is satisfied and paid in full on or before the forty-fifth (45th) day after the Original Issue Date (as such term is defined in the Notes), (ii) twenty percent (20%) if the Convertible Notes Payable is satisfied and paid in full after such 45th day but on or before the ninetieth (90th) day after the Original Issue Date, and (iii) thirty percent (30%) after such 90th day. The Convertible Notes Payable can be prepaid at any time prior to the Maturity Date without any penalties.

The Convertible Notes Payable must be repaid in full from any future capital raises (debt, equity or any other form of capital raise) of Inspire. All of the funds raised must be used to repay the Convertible Notes Payable until the Convertible Notes Payable are repaid in full.

The Convertible Notes Payable are convertible into shares of common stock of Inspire, in full or in part, at any time after issuance at the discretion of the noteholder at a fixed conversion price of $0.75 per share (the “Fixed Conversion Price”).

If the Convertible Notes Payable is not repaid by the Maturity Date the default provisions are as follow: (i) The Face Value (as such term is defined in the Convertible Notes Payable) of the Convertible Notes Payable will increase by 20% (to a 50% OID -- $1,000,000 Face Value); (ii) the conversion price of the Convertible Notes Payable will become convertible at the lower of (a) the Fixed Conversion Price or (b) 20% discount to a 3-Day volume-weighted average price (the “Default Conversion Price”).

As of December 31, 2024 the balance of the convertible notes payable was $0. During the year ended December 31, 2024 the Company paid off $392,857 of the notes payable and accrued interest and converted $1,357,143 into 226,249 shares of class A common stock.

Operating leases

The future minimum lease payments required under leases as of December 31, 2024, were as follows:

Fiscal Year

Operating

Leases

Thereafter

Undiscounted cash flows

Less: imputed interest

Lease liability

Cash Flows for The Year Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

The following table provides detailed information about our net cash flows for the periods indicated:

Year Ended

December 31,

Net cash used in operating activities

Net cash used in investing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities

Net increase (decrease) in Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

Operating Activities

Our primary source of cash from operating activities is the revenue generated from our animal hospitals and clinics. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are the funding of our payroll and veterinary animal hospital and clinic related cost as well as the costs of supplied used in providing veterinary services. For the year ended December 31, 2024 cash flow from operations included a $14.3 million net loss, an increase of $529 thousand compared to 2023, non-cash add-backs to net loss of $6.6 million, and a $2.4 million increase in cash flows from changes in operating assets and liabilities, driven primarily by decreased outstanding accounts payable and accrued expenses and an increase to prepaid expenses offset by an increase to loans payable. Such activity, along with the timing of cash payments, are the primary drivers of the year over year changes in net cash used in operating activities.

Investing Activities

Our uses of cash for investing activities are capital expenditures for purchases of property and equipment for our animal hospital and clinics.

Financing Activities

Our primary sources of cash from financing activities are the proceeds of issuance of class A common stock and warrants, proceeds of issuance of class A common stock and pre-funded warrants, repurchase and cancellation of the class B common stock, proceeds from loans payable, payments from loans payable, proceeds from issuance of convertible series A preferred stock, proceeds from convertible note payable, payments from convertible note payable, repayment of note payable, proceeds from exercise of warrants, and repayment of convertible debentures.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily the result of fluctuations in interest rates, regulatory, and inflation.

Interest Rate Risk

Our credit facilities bear interest at a floating rate, generally equal to the New York Prime Rate plus an applicable margin. As a result, we are exposed to fluctuations in interest rates to the extent of our net borrowings under the Master Lending and Credit Facility, which were $11,983,137 as of December 31, 2024. The exposure to interest rate fluctuations for the Company is considered minimal. The Company’s term loans issued under the Master Lending and Credit Facility have a fixed interest rate for the initial five years followed by a variable interest rate. The Company has not used any financial instruments to hedge potential fluctuations in interest rates.

As interest rates rise, there is risk in the form of more expensive loans which would negatively impact the valuation and profitability of each hospital which is purchased.

Inflation Risk

We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. If our costs become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

A summary of our significant accounting policies is included in Note 2 of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K. The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Our estimates and assumptions are based on historical experiences and changes in the business environment. However, actual results may differ from estimates under different conditions, sometimes materially. Critical accounting policies and estimates are defined as those that are both most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require management judgment. Our critical accounting policies and estimates are described below.

Acquisitions

The Company enters into acquisitions primarily with existing veterinary hospitals throughout the United States. When we acquire a business or assets that are determined to meet the definition of a business, we allocate the purchase consideration paid to acquire the business to the assets and liabilities acquired based on estimated fair values at the acquisition date, with the excess of purchase price over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired recorded as goodwill. If during the measurement period (a period not to exceed 12 months from the acquisition date) we receive additional information that existed as of the acquisition date but at the time of the original allocation described above was unknown to us, we make the appropriate adjustments to the purchase price allocation in the reporting period that the amounts are determined.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquired business over the amounts assigned to its net assets. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at a reporting unit level on an annual basis or when an event occurs, or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Events or changes in circumstances that may trigger interim impairment reviews include significant changes in business climate, operating results, planned investments in the reporting unit, or an expectation that the carrying amount may not be recoverable, among other factors.

The Company may first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events and circumstances, the Company determines it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than it’s carrying amount, an impairment test is unnecessary. If an impairment test is necessary, the Company will estimate the fair value of its related reporting units. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the goodwill of that reporting unit is determined to be impaired, and the Company will proceed with recording an impairment charge equal to the excess of the carrying value over the related fair value.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of client list, trademark and non-compete intangibles that result from the acquisition of veterinary hospitals or practices. Client list intangible represent the value of the long-term client relationship from the veterinary hospitals and practices. Trademark intangible assets represent the value associated with the brand names in place at the date of the acquisition. Non-compete intangible assets represent the value associated with non-compete agreements for former employees and owners in place at the date of the acquisition. The client lists and trademark are included in other intangibles, net reported in the balance sheet which are being amortized over a 5-year term based on the estimated economic useful life of the client list and trademark. The non-compete intangible asset included in other intangibles, net is amortized over a 2-year term based on the estimated useful life of the asset. The amortization of the intangible asset is computed using the straight-line method. The intangibles are evaluated for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently whenever events or circumstances occur indicating that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

The Company uses the Multi-Period Excess Earnings Method (“MPEEM”), a form of the income approach to determine the fair market value of the client list (customer relationship) intangible assets acquired as part of the acquisitions of veterinary hospitals or practices. The principle behind the MPEEM is that the value of an intangible asset is equal to the present value of the incremental after-tax cash flows attributable only to the subject intangible asset after deducting contributory asset charges (“CAC”).

The principle behind a contributory asset charge is that an intangible asset “rents” or “leases” from a hypothetical third party all the assets it requires to produce the cash flows resulting from its development, that each project rents only those assets it needs (including elements of goodwill) and not the ones that it does not, and that each project pays the owner of the assets a fair return on (and of, when appropriate) the fair value of the rented assets. Thus, any net cash flows remaining after such charges are attributable to the subject intangible asset being valued. The incremental after–tax cash flows attributable to the subject intangible asset are then discounted to their present value. CACs generally reflect an estimate of the amount a typical market participant would have to pay to use these contributory assets to generate income with the intangible asset.

The most significant assumptions used in our application of the MPEEM and in the valuation analysis of acquired client lists are:

A useful life of 15 years where after 10 years the remaining customer base results in small positive cash flows and no terminal value was calculated.

A discount rate of 19.6% was selected to calculate the present value of the prospective after–tax cash flows associated with the customer base and business development relationships.

We utilized an annual Company sales retention rate of 74.0% (Veterinary Services industry rate) for the Customer Base.

The contributory asset charges are based on returns (8.3% to 19.7%) for Net Working Capital (normalized); Fixed Assets; Assembled Workforce; Trade Name; and Non-Competes.

As of December 31, 2024 our intangible assets and goodwill balances were as follows:

December 31,

Client List

Noncompete Agreement

Trademark

Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill

Our valuations of the intangible assets apart of our veterinary clinics and animal hospital acquisitions has a relatively small value allocated to the client list (customer relationship) due to our use of the Veterinary Services industry rate of 74% for the retention rate in our valuations. An increase in the rate by 6% to 80% in our valuation would result in an increase of approximately $100 thousand to the client list and a decrease of approximately $100 thousand to goodwill. We have elected to use the industry standard as our Company has minimal historical operations with less than 3 years of revenue producing activities through December 31, 2023. The company acquired Valley Veterinary Services on November 8, 2023. Management continues to evaluate the inputs used in our valuations based on quantitative and qualitative information available to the Company. The Company did not make any acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

Inspire Veterinary Partners, Inc.

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