Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting (PCAOB ID 173 )
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Financial Statements
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Quarterly Data
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PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The graph below compares the total returns (assuming reinvestment of dividends) of Independent Bank Corporation common stock, the NASDAQ Composite Index and the NASDAQ Bank Stock Index. The graph assumes $100 invested in Independent Bank Corporation common stock (returns based on stock prices per the NASDAQ) and each of the indices on December 31, 2020, and the reinvestment of all dividends during the periods presented. The performance shown on the graph is not necessarily indicative of future performance.
Independent Bank Corporation
Period Ending
Index
Independent Bank Corporation
NASDAQ Composite
NASDAQ Bank
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SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS
Interest income
Interest expense
Net interest income
Provision for credit losses
Net gains (losses) on securities available for sale
Other non-interest income
Non-interest expense
Income before income tax
Income tax expense
Net income
PER COMMON SHARE DATA
Net income per common share
Basic
Diluted
Cash dividends declared and paid
Book value
SELECTED BALANCES
Assets
Loans
Allowance for credit losses
Deposits
Shareholders’ equity
Other borrowings
Subordinated debt
Subordinated debentures
SELECTED RATIOS
Net interest income to average interest earning assets
Net income to
Average shareholders' equity
Average assets
Average shareholders’ equity to average assets
Tier 1 capital to average assets
Non-performing loans to Portfolio Loans
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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Disclaimer Regarding Forward-Looking Statements. Statements in this report that are not statements of historical fact, including statements that include terms such as “will,” “may,” “should,” “believe,” “expect,” “forecast,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “project,” “intend,” “likely,” “optimistic” and “plan” and statements about future or projected financial and operating results, plans, projections, objectives, expectations, and intentions, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, descriptions of plans and objectives for future operations, products or services; projections of our future revenue, earnings or other measures of economic performance; forecasts of credit losses and other asset quality trends; statements about our business and growth strategies; and expectations about economic and market conditions and trends. These forward-looking statements express our current expectations, forecasts of future events, or long-term goals. They are based on assumptions, estimates, and forecasts that, although believed to be reasonable, may turn out to be incorrect. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements for a variety of reasons, including:
• economic, market, operational, liquidity, credit, and interest rate risks associated with our business;
• economic conditions generally and in the financial services industry, particularly economic conditions within Michigan and the regional and local real estate markets in which our bank operates;
• the failure of assumptions underlying the establishment of, and provisions made to, our allowance for credit losses;
• increased competition in the financial services industry, either nationally or regionally;
• our ability to achieve loan and deposit growth;
• volatility and direction of market interest rates;
• the continued services of our management team; and
• implementation of new legislation, which may have significant effects on us and the financial services industry.
This list provides examples of factors that could affect the results described by forward-looking statements contained in this report, but the list is not intended to be all-inclusive. The risk factors disclosed in Part I – Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, as updated by any new or modified risk factors disclosed in Part II – Item 1A of any subsequently filed Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, include the primary risks our management believes could materially affect the results described by forward-looking statements in this report. However, those risks are not the only risks we face. Our results of operations, cash flows, financial position, and prospects could also be materially and adversely affected by additional factors that are not presently known to us, that we currently consider to be immaterial, or that develop after the date of this report. We cannot assure you that our future results will meet expectations. While we believe the forward-looking statements in this report are reasonable, you should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement. In addition, these statements speak only as of the date made. We do not undertake, and expressly disclaim, any obligation to update or alter any statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.
Introduction. The following section presents additional information to assess the financial condition and results of operations of Independent Bank Corporation (“IBCP”), its wholly-owned bank, Independent Bank (the “Bank”), and their subsidiaries. This section should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the supplemental financial data contained elsewhere in this annual report. We also encourage you to read our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). That report includes a list of risk factors that you should consider in connection with any decision to buy or sell our securities.
Overview. We provide banking services to customers located primarily in Michigan’s Lower Peninsula and also have one mortgage loan production facility in Ohio (Fairlawn). As a result, our success depends to a great extent upon the economic conditions in Michigan’s Lower Peninsula.
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Recent Developments. Pressures from various global and national macroeconomic conditions, including significant volatility and uncertainty with U.S. and global market conditions, the direct and indirect impacts of potential changes to U.S. trade policies, recessionary concerns, uncertainty regarding future interest rates, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, the continuation of the Russia-Ukraine war, ongoing and potentially increasing conflict in the Middle East, and potential governmental responses to these events, continue to create significant economic uncertainty. In addition, pursuit of various initiatives announced by the Trump administration may create some degree of volatility in our customers’ businesses, regulation of the financial services industry, and the markets in which we operate.
The extent to which these pressures and other factors may impact our business, results of operations, asset valuations, financial condition, and customers will depend on future developments, which continue to be highly uncertain and difficult to predict. Material adverse impacts may include all or a combination of valuation impairments on our other intangibles, goodwill, securities available for sale ("AFS"), securities held to maturity ("HTM"), loans, capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights or deferred tax assets.
It is against this backdrop that we discuss our results of operations and financial condition in 2025 as compared to earlier periods.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Summary. We recorded net income of $68.5 million, or $3.27 per diluted share, in 2025, net income of $66.8 million, or $3.16 per diluted share, in 2024, and net income of $59.1 million, or $2.79 per diluted share, in 2023.
KEY PERFORMANCE RATIOS
Year Ended December 31,
Net income to
Average shareholders' equity
Average assets
Net income per common share
Basic
Diluted
Net interest income. Net interest income is the most important source of our earnings and thus is critical in evaluating our results of operations. Changes in our net interest income are primarily influenced by our level of interest-earning assets and the income or yield that we earn on those assets and the manner and cost of funding our interest-earning assets. Certain macroeconomic factors can also influence our net interest income such as the level and direction of interest rates, the difference between short-term and long-term interest rates (the steepness of the yield curve) and the general strength of the economies in which we are doing business. Finally, risk management plays an important role in our level of net interest income. The ineffective management of credit risk and interest-rate risk in particular can adversely impact our net interest income.
Net interest income totaled $180.0 million during 2025, compared to $166.2 million and $156.3 million during 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in net interest income in 2025 compared to 2024 primarily reflects a $159.9 million increase in average interest-earning assets and an 18 basis point increase in our tax equivalent net interest income as a percent of average interest-earning assets (the “net interest margin”).
The increase in net interest income in 2024 compared to 2023 reflects a $128.5 million increase in average interest-earning assets and a 12 basis point increase in our tax equivalent net interest income as a percent of average interest-earning assets (the “net interest margin”).
The increase in average interest-earning assets during 2025 and 2024 primarily reflects growth in commercial and mortgage loans. The growth in both years was funded primarily by an increase in deposits and decreases in securities AFS, securities HTM and installment loans.
The 18 basis point increase in the net interest margin during 2025 as compared to 2024 primarily reflects a 27 basis point decrease in interest expense as a percent of average interest-earning assets ("Cost of Funds") which was partially
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offset by a nine basis point decrease in interest income as a percent of average interest-earning assets ("Asset Yield"). These decreases are primarily attributed to the decreases in the federal funds rate since September of 2024. Our Cost of Funds has been positively impacted by deposit pricing sensitivity to the decreases in interest rates discussed above. Our Asset Yield has been negatively impacted by lower rates on variable rate earning assets. However, this impact has been partially offset by the origination of new fixed rate loans at rates higher than those in our current portfolio, as well as a shift in earning asset mix from generally lower rate investment securities to higher rate loans. See Asset/liability management.
The 12 basis point increase in the net interest margin during 2024 as compared to 2023 primarily reflects a 42 basis point increase in our Asset Yield which was partially offset by a 30 basis point increase in our Cost of Funds. These increases are primarily attributed to the impact of federal funds rate increases during this period as well as a change in the mix of earnings assets and funding liabilities. During 2024 we saw a shift in earning assets from securities AFS and HTM and overnight cash balances to commercial and mortgage loans. In addition our funding mix had seen additional shifting from non-interest bearing deposits to interest-bearing deposits and an increase in time deposits.
Our net interest income is also impacted by our level of non-accrual loans. Average non-accrual loans totaled $12.6 million, $4.6 million and $4.8 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
AVERAGE BALANCES AND RATES
Average
Balance
Interest
Rate
Average
Balance
Interest
Rate
Average
Balance
Interest
Rate
(Dollars in thousands)
ASSETS
Taxable loans
Tax-exempt loans (1)
Taxable securities
Tax-exempt securities (1)
Interest bearing cash
Other investments
Interest earning assets
Cash and due from banks
Other assets, net
Total assets
LIABILITIES
Savings and interest-bearing checking
Time deposits
Other borrowings
Interest bearing liabilities
Non-interest bearing deposits
Other liabilities
Shareholders’ equity
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity
Net interest income
Net interest income as a percent of average interest earning assets
(1) Interest on tax-exempt loans and securities is presented on a fully tax equivalent basis assuming a marginal tax rate of 21%.
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RECONCILIATION OF NET INTEREST MARGIN, FULLY TAXABLE EQUIVALENT ("FTE")
Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)
Net interest income
Add: taxable equivalent adjustment
Net interest income - taxable equivalent
Net interest margin (GAAP)
Net interest margin (FTE)
CHANGE IN NET INTEREST INCOME
2025 compared to 2024
2024 compared to 2023
Volume
Rate
Net
Volume
Rate
Net
(In thousands)
Increase (decrease) in interest income (1)
Taxable loans
Tax-exempt loans (2)
Taxable securities
Tax-exempt securities (2)
Interest bearing cash
Other investments
Total interest income
Increase (decrease) in interest expense (1)
Savings and interest bearing checking
Time deposits
Other borrowings
Total interest expense
Net interest income
(1) The change in interest due to changes in both balance and rate has been allocated to change due to balance and change due to rate in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of change in each.
(2) Interest on tax-exempt loans and securities is presented on a fully tax equivalent basis assuming a marginal tax rate of 21%.
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COMPOSITION OF AVERAGE INTEREST EARNING ASSETS AND INTEREST BEARING LIABILITIES
Year Ended December 31,
As a percent of average interest earning assets
Loans
Other interest earning assets
Average interest earning assets
Savings and interest-bearing checking
Time deposits
Other borrowings
Average interest bearing liabilities
Earning asset ratio
Free-funds ratio (1)
(1) Average interest earning assets less average interest bearing liabilities.
Provision for credit losses . The provision for credit losses was an expense of $6.1 million, $4.5 million and $6.2 million in 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The provision reflects our assessment of the allowance for credit losses (the “ACL”) taking into consideration factors such as loan growth, loan mix, levels of non-performing and classified loans, economic conditions and loan net charge-offs. While we use relevant information to recognize losses on loans and securities HTM, additional provisions for related losses may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions, customer circumstances and other credit risk factors. The increase in the provision for credit losses in 2025 compared to 2024 was primarily due to increases in provision in the installment and commercial loan portfolios as well as the provision for unfunded lending commitments that were partially offset by a decrease in the provision in the mortgage portfolio and a lower subjective allocation rate. The decrease in the provision for credit losses in 2024 compared to 2023 was primarily due to a loss incurred on a $3.0 million corporate security HTM (Signature Bank) that defaulted and was fully charged off during the first quarter of 2023 and a recovery on that same security HTM during the first quarter of 2024 that was partially offset by an increase in provision in the commercial and mortgage loan portfolios. See “Portfolio Loans and asset quality” for a discussion of the various components of the ACL and their impact on the provision for credit losses in 2025 and note #19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this report for a discussion on industry concentrations.
Non-interest income. Non-interest income is a significant element in assessing our results of operations. Non-interest income totaled $45.6 million during 2025 compared to $56.4 million and $50.7 million during 2024 and 2023, respectively.
NON-INTEREST INCOME
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Interchange income
Service charges on deposit accounts
Net gains (losses) on assets
Mortgage loans
Equity securities at fair value
Securities available for sale
Mortgage loan servicing, net
Investment and insurance commissions
Bank owned life insurance
Other
Total non-interest income
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Service charges on deposit accounts totaled $12.0 million in 2025, as compared to $11.9 million in 2024 and $12.4 million during 2023. The increase in 2025 relative to the prior year was primarily due to increases in fees related to our commercial treasury management services. The decrease in 2024 relative to the prior year was primarily due to a decrease in non-sufficient funds occurrences (and related fees).
We realized net gains of $6.8 million on mortgage loans sold during 2025, compared to $6.6 million and $7.4 million during 2024 and 2023, respectively. As reflected in the table below, the sale of mortgage loan s decreased from both 2024 and 2023. Mortgage loan activity is summarized as follows:
MORTGAGE LOAN ACTIVITY
Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)
Mortgage loans originated
Mortgage loans sold (1)
Net gains on mortgage loans (2)
Net gains as a percent of mortgage loans sold (“Loan Sales Margin”)
Fair value adjustments included in the Loan Sales Margin
(1) 2025 includes the sale of $22.2 million of portfolio residential fixed rate and adjustable rate mortgage loans. 2024 includes the sale of $20.8 million of portfolio residential fixed rate mortgage loans. 2023 includes the sale of $56.7 million of portfolio residential fixed rate and adjustable rate mortgage loans.
(2) Net gains on mortgage loans in in 2025, 2024, and 2023, include net gains (losses) of $0.41 million, $0.42 million, and $(0.14) million, respectively, from portfolio loan transactions.
Mortgage loans originated increased in 2025 as compared to 2024 as generally lower mortgage loan interest rates had a generally positive impact on mortgage loan demand. Mortgage loans originated decreased in 2024 as compared to 2023 as higher mortgage loan interest rates negatively impacted mortgage loan demand. Excluding the sale of portfolio residential mortgage loans, the change in the volume of loans sold relative to origination volume in each of these years is due in part to the mix of (salable versus portfolio) origination volume.
The volume of loans sold is dependent upon our ability to originate mortgage loans as well as the demand for fixed-rate obligations and other loans that we choose to not put into portfolio because of our established interest-rate risk parameters. (See “Portfolio Loans and asset quality.”) Net gains on mortgage loans are also dependent upon economic and competitive factors as well as our ability to effectively manage exposure to changes in interest rates and thus can often be a volatile part of our overall revenues.
Net gains on mortgage loans increased in 2025 as compared to 2024 due to an increase in the Loan Sales Margin due in part to an increase in fair value adjustments relating to mortgage banking derivatives and loans originated under the fair value option (see notes #16 and #21). Net gains on mortgage loans decreased in 2024 as compared to 2023 primarily due to the decrease in the Loan Sales Margin which was favorably impacted by fair value adjustments on certain unhedged construction loans originated under the fair value option during 2023 as a result of the significant increase in interest rates during that period. These favorable adjustments were much less during 2024.
Gain on equity securities at fair value totaled $2.7 million during 2024. This gain is the consequence of the exchange of our shares of Visa Class B-1 common stock on May 6, 2024 into a combination of Visa Class C common stock and Visa Class B-2 common stock. With the completion of this exchange, we were able to sell our Visa Class C common stock (as it was convertible into publicly traded Visa Class A common stock) while the Visa Class B-2 common stock continues to be held and carried at zero. See note #11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
We generated net losses on securities AFS of $(0.37) million, $(0.43) million and $(0.22) million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These net losses were due to the sales of securities as outlined in the table below. We recorded no credit related charges in 2025, 2024 or 2023 for securities AFS. See “Securities” below and note #3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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GAINS AND LOSSES ON SECURITIES
Year Ended December 31,
Proceeds
Gains
Losses
Net
(In thousands)
Mortgage loan servicing, net, generated income of $0.8 million in 2025 compared to income of $9.4 million and $4.6 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. The significant variances in mortgage loan servicing, net are primarily due to changes in the fair value of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights associated with changes in mortgage loan interest rates and expected future prepayment levels and expected float rates as well as the sale of approximately $931.6 million of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights in January 2025. Mortgage loan servicing, net activity is summarized in the following table:
MORTGAGE LOAN SERVICING ACTIVITY
(In thousands)
Mortgage loan servicing:
Revenue, net
Fair value change due to price
Fair value change due to pay-downs
Loss on sale of originated servicing rights
Total
Activity related to capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights is as follows:
CAPITALIZED MORTGAGE LOAN SERVICING RIGHTS
(In thousands)
Balance at January 1,
Originated servicing rights capitalized
Change in fair value
Sale of originated servicing rights (1)
Loss on sale of originated servicing rights (1)
Balance at December 31,
(1) On January 31, 2025 we sold $931.6 million of mortgage loan servicing rights (26.3% of total servicing portfolio) and transferred the servicing on March 3, 2025. This sale represented approximately $13.1 million (27.9%) of the total capitalized mortgage loan servicing right asset. While there remains a customary hold back of final settlement funds of approximately $0.1 million relating to this transaction, we are not aware of any issues that will have a material impact on this final payment. We have until the first quarter, 2026 to receive this final payment. Transaction expenses relating to this sale were approximately $0.2 million and were expensed in 2025.
At December 31, 2025, we were servicing approximately $2.6 billion in mortgage loans for others on which servicing rights have been capitalized. This servicing portfolio had a weighted average coupon rate of 4.52% and a weighted average service fee of approximately 0.26 basis points. Remaining capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights at December 31, 2025 totaled $31.5 million, representing approximately 121 basis points on the related amount of mortgage loans serviced for others.
Investment and insurance commissions totaled $3.5 million in 2025 as compared to $3.3 million and $3.5 million in 2024 and 2023. The increase in revenue in 2025 as compared to 2024 was due to higher sales volume and an increase in fee
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based revenue while the decrease in revenue in 2024 as compared to 2023 was primarily due to lower sales volume and a decrease in fee based revenue.
We earned $1.2 million, $0.8 million and $0.5 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, on our separate account bank owned life insurance principally as a result of increases in the cash surrender value. Our separate account is primarily invested in agency mortgage-backed securities and managed by a fixed income investment manager. The crediting rate (on which the earnings are based) reflects the performance of the separate account. The changes in earnings in each year is due to changes in the crediting rate. The total cash surrender value of our bank owned life insurance was $53.8 million and $53.9 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Non-interest income - other totaled $7.8 million, $8.1 million and $8.5 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Non-interest income - other decreased in 2025 as compared to 2024 and 2024 as compared to 2023 due primarily to lower gains on sale of bank properties and a decrease in certain electronic banking fees we discontinued during 2024.
Non-interest expense. Non-interest expense is an important component of our results of operations. We strive to efficiently manage our cost structure.
Non-interest expense totaled $138.2 million in 2025, $135.1 million in 2024, and $127.1 million in 2023. Increases in compensation, payroll taxes and employee benefits, data processing, occupancy, loan and collection and other expense that were partially offset by decreases in performance-based compensation and furniture fixtures and equipment are primarily responsible for the increase in 2025 compared to 2024. Increases in performance-based compensation, compensation, data processing, advertising, legal and professional and loan and collection that were partially offset by decreases in communications and costs (recoveries) related to unfunded lending commitments are primarily responsible for the increase in 2024 compared to 2023. The components of non-interest expense are as follows:
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
Year ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Compensation
Performance-based compensation
Payroll taxes and employee benefits
Compensation and employee benefits
Data processing
Occupancy, net
Interchange expense
Furniture, fixtures and equipment
Advertising
FDIC deposit insurance
Loan and collection
Legal and professional
Communications
Taxes, licenses and fees
Director fees
Amortization of intangible assets
Provision (recovery) for loss reimbursement on sold loans
Net (gains) losses on other real estate and repossessed assets
Other
Total non-interest expense
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Compensation expense, which is primarily salaries, totaled $54.6 million, $53.4 million and $52.5 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The comparative increase in 2025 to 2024 is primarily due to salary increases that were predominantly effective on January 1, 2025 and additions to our commercial lending team which were partially offset by an increase in deferred loan origination costs due primarily to higher commercial and mortgage loan volume as well as increases in per loan origination costs. The comparative increase in 2024 to 2023 is primarily due to salary increases that were predominantly effective on January 1, 2024 and additions to our commercial lending team which were partially offset by staffing efficiency initiatives in our retail lending and branch network as well as an increase in deferred loan origination costs due in part to higher mortgage loan volume.
Performance-based compensation expense totaled $14.8 million, $16.1 million and $11.1 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The variances between each respective period were primarily due to actual performance relative to the established incentive plan targets in our annual cash incentive award plans.
In addition to commissions and cash incentive awards, we also maintain performance-based equity compensation plans. Such plans include an ESOP and a long-term equity incentive plan. Total compensation expense recognized for grants pursuant to our long-term incentive plan was $2.5 million, $2.1 million and $1.9 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In each of those three years, we granted both restricted stock and performance share awards under the plan.
Payroll taxes and employee benefits expense totaled $15.8 million, $15.4 million and $15.4 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in 2025 compared to 2024 is due to higher education, recruiting and general employee related costs that were partially offset by a decrease in medical insurance costs.
Data processing expenses totaled $14.8 million, $13.6 million, and $11.9 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in 2025 compared to 2024 and 2024 compared to 2023 are primarily due to annual asset based and consumer price index based cost increases and new solutions implemented during these time frames.
Occupancy, net totaled $8.6 million, $7.8 million, and $7.9 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in 2025 compared to 2024 is due in part to strategic location additions as well as higher seasonal related maintenance costs.
Advertising totaled $3.2 million, $3.1 million, and $2.2 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in 2024 compared to 2023 is due primarily to modifications in strategic marketing spend as well as costs related to certain website redesign initiatives.
Legal and professional totaled $2.4 million, $2.6 million, and $2.2 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in 2024 compared to 2023 is due in part to fees relating to strategic location additions, higher bank exam fees due to asset growth as well as general corporate projects and initiatives.
Loan and collection expenses reflect costs related to new lending activity as well as the management and collection of non-performing loans and other problem credits. These expenses totaled $2.7 million, $2.5 million and $2.2 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These costs increased in 2025 from 2024 due in part to a higher level of non performing loans in 2025. These costs increased in 2024 compared to 2023 due in part to lower recoveries of previously expensed amounts.
Communications totaled $2.0 million, $2.1 million, and $2.4 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease in 2024 compared to 2023 is primarily due to lower telephony and networking related costs.
Other expenses totaled $5.7 million, $4.9 million and $5.8 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in 2025 compared to 2024 is due to higher travel and entertainment related costs, lower recoveries related to unfunded lending commitments (beginning in the fourth quarter of 2025 these expenses/recoveries are now being included in the provision for credit losses), higher director retainer fees and higher Michigan Corporate Income Tax which is a non-income based tax. The decrease in 2024 compared to 2023 is primarily due to lower costs related to unfunded lending commitments related primarily to a decease in the amount of unfunded lending commitments.
Income tax expense . We recorded an income tax expense of $12.8 million, $16.3 million and $14.6 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Our actual federal income tax expense is different than the amount computed by applying our statutory federal income tax rate to our pre-tax income primarily due to tax-exempt interest income, share based compensation, tax-exempt income from the increase in the cash surrender value on life insurance and certain tax credits.
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In December, 2025, we executed a Tax Credit Transfer Agreement (TCTA) whereby we have agreed to purchase $22.9 million of 2025 Section 48 tax credits at a purchase price of 92% of the tax credit amount. The purchase price of $21.1 million was paid by us to the seller, an independent third party on January 15, 2026. We plan to utilize the purchased tax credits of $22.9 million to offset amounts that otherwise would be due and payable to the IRS for 2025 and prior tax years. The accounting treatment at December 31, 2025 is an increase in income tax receivable from the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") of $22.9 million (recorded in Accrued income and other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition), a liability to the seller of $21.1 million (recorded in Accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition), and a reduction to income tax expense of $1.8 million in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ending December 31, 2025. The $21.1 million liability to the seller was paid on January 15, 2026.
We assess whether a valuation allowance should be established against our deferred tax asset, net (“DTA”) based on the consideration of all available evidence using a “more likely than not” standard. The ultimate realization of this asset is primarily based on generating future income. We concluded at December 31, 2025 and 2024 that the realization of substantially all of our DTA continues to be more likely than not. See note #13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this report for more information.
FINANCIAL CONDITION
Summary. Our total assets increased to $5.51 billion at December 31, 2025, compared to $5.34 billion at December 31, 2024, primarily due to growth in commercial loans. Loans, excluding loans held for sale (“Portfolio Loans”), totaled $4.28 billion and $4.04 billion at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Commercial loans increased by $276.2 million.
Deposits totaled $4.76 billion at December 31, 2025, compared to $4.65 billion at December 31, 2024. The $107.6 million increase in deposits is primarily due to growth in savings and interest bearing checking deposits, reciprocal deposits and time deposits that was partially offset by a decline in non-interest bearing deposits and brokered time deposits.
Securities. We maintain diversified securities portfolios, which include obligations of U.S. government-sponsored agencies, securities issued by states and political subdivisions, residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities, corporate securities and trust preferred securities. We regularly evaluate asset/liability management needs and attempt to maintain a portfolio structure that provides sufficient liquidity and cash flow.
We believe that the unrealized losses on securities AFS are temporary in nature and are expected to be recovered within a reasonable time period. We believe that we have the ability to hold securities with unrealized losses to maturity or until such time as the unrealized losses reverse. (See “Asset/liability management”).
SECURITIES AFS
Amortized
Cost
Unrealized
Fair
Value
Gains
Losses
(In thousands)
Securities AFS
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
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SECURITIES HTM
Carrying
Value
Transferred
Unrealized
Loss (1)
ACL
Amortized
Cost
Unrecognized
Fair Value
Gains
Losses
(In thousands)
Securities HTM
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
(1) Represents the remaining unrealized loss to be accreted on securities that were transferred from AFS to HTM on April 1, 2022.
Securities AFS in unrealized loss positions are evaluated quarterly for impairment related to credit losses. For securities AFS in an unrealized loss position, we first assess whether we intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through earnings. For securities AFS that do not meet this criteria, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, we consider the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, adverse conditions specifically related to the security and the issuer and the impact of changes in market interest rates on the market value of the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, we compare the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis for the security, a credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded, limited to the amount that the fair value of the security is less than its amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable taxes. No ACL for securities AFS was needed at December 31, 2025 and 2024 . The decrease in unrealized losses during 2025 is primarily attributed to a decrease in interest rates since December 31, 2024. See note #3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this report for further discussion.
For securities HTM an ACL is maintained at a level which represents our best estimate of expected credit losses. This ACL is a contra asset valuation account that is deducted from the carrying amount of securities HTM to present the net amount expected to be collected. Securities HTM are charged off against the ACL when deemed uncollectible. Adjustments to the ACL are reported in our Consolidated Statements of Operations in provision for credit loss. We measure expected credit losses on securities HTM on a collective basis by major security type with each type sharing similar risk characteristics. With regard to U.S. Government-sponsored agency and mortgage-backed securities (residential and commercial), all these securities are issued by a U.S. government-sponsored entity and have an implicit or explicit government guarantee; therefore, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded for these securities. With regard to obligations of states and political subdivisions, private label-mortgage-backed, corporate and trust preferred securities HTM, we consider (1) issuer bond ratings, (2) long-term historical loss rates for given bond ratings, (3) the financial condition of the issuer, and (4) whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. During the first quarter of 2023, one corporate security (Signature Bank) defaulted resulting in a $3.0 million provision for credit losses and a corresponding full charge-off. Subsequent to this security's charge-off, a portion of its fair value had recovered and was subsequently sold during the first quarter of 2024 for $1.1 million during which period we recorded that amount as a recovery to the ACL. See note #3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this report for further discussion.
Equity Securities at Fair Value
On May 6, 2024, we exchanged 12,566 shares of Visa Inc. Class B-1 common stock (all of the Class B-1 shares we owned) for 2,493 shares of Visa Inc. Class C common stock and 6,283 shares of Visa Inc. Class B-2 common stock pursuant to an exchange offer conducted by Visa. With the completion of the exchange, we recorded a gain related to the Class C shares of $2.7 million based on the conversion privilege of those shares and the closing price of the Class A shares on May 3, 2024 (the exchange expiration date) of $268.49 per share. Subsequent to the exchange, we sold all of our Class C shares for net proceeds of $2.685 million. See note #11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this report for further discussion.
Portfolio Loans and asset quality. In addition to the communities served by our Bank branch and loan production office network, our principal lending markets also include nearby communities and metropolitan areas. Subject to established underwriting criteria, we also may participate in commercial lending transactions with certain non-affiliated banks and make whole loan purchases from other financial institutions.
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The senior management and board of directors of our Bank retain authority and responsibility for credit decisions and we have adopted uniform underwriting standards. Our loan committee structure and the loan review process attempt to provide requisite controls and promote compliance with such established underwriting standards. However, there can be no assurance that our lending procedures and the use of uniform underwriting standards will prevent us from incurring significant credit losses in our lending activities.
We generally retain loans that may be profitably funded within established risk parameters. (See “Asset/liability management.”) As a result, we may hold adjustable-rate conventional and fixed rate jumbo mortgage loans as Portfolio Loans, while 15- and 30-year fixed-rate non-jumbo mortgage loans are generally sold to mitigate exposure to changes in interest rates. (See “Non-interest income" and “Asset/liability management”).
LOAN PORTFOLIO SEGMENTS
The following table summarizes each loan portfolio segment by (1) scheduled repayments and (2) predetermined (fixed) interest rate and/or adjustable (variable) interest rate at December 31, 2025:
Commercial
Mortgage
Installment
Total
(In thousands)
Due in one year or less
Due after one but within five years
Due after five but within 15 years
Due after 15 years
Fixed rate
Variable rate
In 2025, we sold $22.2 million of portfolio residential fixed and adjustable rate mortgage loans. In 2024, we sold $20.8 million of portfolio residential fixed rate mortgage loans. In 2023, we sold $56.7 million of portfolio residential fixed and adjustable rate mortgage loans. These loan sale transactions were done primarily for asset/liability management purposes.
LOAN PORTFOLIO COMPOSITION
December 31,
(In thousands)
Real estate (1)
Residential first mortgages
Non farm non residential
Construction and land development
Residential home equity and other junior mortgages
Multifamily residential
Consumer
Commercial
Agricultural
Total loans
(1) Includes both residential and non-residential commercial loans secured by real estate.
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NON-PERFORMING ASSETS
December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)
Non-accrual loans
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest
Sub total
Less: Government guaranteed loans
Total non-performing loans
Other real estate and repossessed assets
Total non-performing assets
As a percent of Portfolio Loans
Non-accrual loans
Non-performing loans
ACL
Non-performing assets to total assets
ACL as a percent of non-accrual loans
ACL as a percent of non-performing loans
Non-performing loans totaled $23.1 million, $6.0 million and $5.2 million at December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in 2025 compared to 2024 was due to a $16.5 million and $0.5 million increase in the commercial loan and mortgage loan segments. The increase in the commercial loan segment was primarily due to one relationship where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties. The increase in 2024 as compared to 2023 was primarily due to a $1.0 million increase in the residential mortgage loan portfolio segment.
Other real estate (“ORE”) and repossessed assets totaled $0.9 million at December 31, 2025, compared to $0.9 million at December 31, 2024.
The ACL as a percent of non-accrual and non-performing loans decreased during 2025 and 2024 due primarily to the increase in non-accrual and non-performing loans partially offset by an increase in the ACL related to specific allocations.
We will place a loan that is 90 days or more past due on non-accrual, unless we believe the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection. Accordingly, we have determined that the collection of the accrued and unpaid interest on any loans that are 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest is probable.
ALLOCATION OF THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
December 31,
(In thousands)
Specific allocations
Pooled analysis allocations
Additional allocations based on subjective factors
Total
Some loans will not be repaid in full. Therefore, an ACL on loans is maintained at a level which represents our best estimate of expected credit losses. Our ACL on loans is comprised of three principal elements: (i) specific analysis of individual loans identified during the review of the loan portfolio, (ii) pooled analysis of loans with similar risk
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characteristics based on historical experience, adjusted for current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts, and expected prepayments, and (iii) additional allowances based on subjective factors, including local and general economic business factors and trends, portfolio concentrations and changes in the size and/or the general terms of the loan portfolios. See notes #1 and #4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this report for further discussion on the ACL on loans.
While we use relevant information to recognize losses on loans, additional provisions for related losses may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions, customer circumstances and other credit risk factors.
The ACL increased $4.1 million to $63.4 million at December 31, 2025 from $59.4 million at December 31, 2024 and was equal to 1.48% of total Portfolio Loans at December 31, 2025.
One of the three components of the ACL outlined above increased since December 31, 2024 while two decreased. The ACL related to specific allocations increased primarily due to the one commercial relationship experiencing financial difficulties mentioned above. The ACL related to pooled analysis of loans decreased $0.1 million due to certain model refinements that was partially offset by commercial loan growth and the ACL related to subjective factors decreased by $0.3 million due to a two basis point decrease in allocation rate that was partially offset by commercial loan growth. The decrease in the allocation based on subjective factors was due in part to a generally less pessimistic economic outlook including previous expectations of the impact of new tariffs.
During 2024 two of the three components of the ACL outlined above increased while one decreased. The ACL related to pooled analysis of loans increased $5.0 million due primarily to loan growth in 2024 as well as certain model refinements during 2024 which also contributed to the $1.3 million decrease in the ACL related to subjective factors. The ACL related to specific loans increased $1.0 million due primarily to a $5.8 million increase in the amount of such loans.
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ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ON LOANS, SECURITIES HTM AND UNFUNDED COMMITMENTS
Loans
Securities HTM
Unfunded
Commitments (1)
(In thousands)
December 31, 2022
Additions (deductions)
Provision for credit losses
Recoveries credited to the ACL
Charges against the ACL
Additions included in non-interest expense
December 31, 2023
Additions (deductions)
Provision for credit losses
Recoveries credited to the ACL
Charges against the ACL
Additions included in non-interest expense
December 31, 2024
Additions (deductions)
Provision for credit losses
Recoveries credited to the ACL
Charges against the ACL
Additions included in non-interest expense
December 31, 2025
(1) Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2025, we began classifying the provision for unfunded lending commitments in the provision for credit losses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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RATIO OF NET CHARGE-OFFS TO AVERAGE LOANS OUTSTANDING
Commercial
Mortgage
Installment
Total
(Dollars in thousands)
Loans charged against (recoveries credited to) the ACL
Average Portfolio Loans
Net loans charged off against (credited to) the ACL to average Portfolio Loans
Loans charged against (recoveries credited to) the ACL
Average Portfolio Loans
Net loans charged off against (credited to) the ACL to average Portfolio Loans
Loans charged against (recoveries credited to) the ACL
Average Portfolio Loans
Net loans charged off against (credited to) the ACL to average Portfolio Loans
In 2025, we recorded loan net charge offs of $1.61 million compared to loan net charge offs of $0.90 million in 2024 and loan net charge offs of $1.00 million in 2023. The net charge offs in 2025 and 2024 primarily reflect losses in the installment loan portfolio. The net charge offs in 2023 primarily reflect modest losses in the commercial and installment loan portfolio.
Deposits and borrowings . Historically, the loyalty of our customer base has allowed us to price deposits competitively, contributing to a net interest margin that generally compares favorably to our peers. However, we still face a significant amount of competition for deposits within many of the markets served by our branch network, which limits our ability to materially increase deposits without adversely impacting the weighted-average cost of core deposits.
To attract new core deposits, we have implemented various account acquisition strategies as well as branch staff sales training. Account acquisition initiatives have historically generated increases in customer relationships. Over the past several years, we have also expanded our treasury management products and services for commercial businesses and municipalities or other governmental units and have also increased our sales calling efforts in order to attract additional deposit relationships from these sectors. We view long-term core deposit growth as an important objective. Core deposits generally provide a more stable and lower cost source of funds than alternative sources such as short-term borrowings. (See “Liquidity and capital resources.”)
Deposits totaled $4.76 billion and $4.65 billion at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The $107.6 million increase in deposits during 2025 is due to growth in savings and interest-bearing checking deposits, reciprocal deposits and time deposits that were partially offset by decreases in non-interest bearing and brokered time deposits. Reciprocal deposits totaled $974.9 million and $907.0 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. These deposits represent demand, money market and time deposits from our customers that have been placed through the IntraFi Network. This service allows our customers to access multi-million dollar FDIC deposit insurance on deposit balances greater than the standard FDIC insurance maximum.
We cannot be sure that we will be able to maintain our current level of core deposits. In particular, those deposits that are uninsured may be susceptible to outflow. A reduction in core deposits would likely increase our need to rely on wholesale funding sources. Data relating t o our deposit portfolios (excluding brokered time) f ollows:
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December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)
Uninsured deposits (1)
Uninsured deposits as a percentage of deposits
Average deposit account size
Balance of top 100 largest depositors
Balance of top 100 depositors as a percentage of deposits
(1) These amounts exclude intercompany related deposits of $47.0 million and $54.8 million respectively. Uninsured deposits reported in our Call Report at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 totaled $1.223 billion and $1.115 billion, respectively.
We have also implemented strategies that incorporate using federal funds purchased, other borrowings and brokered time deposits to fund a portion of our interest-earning assets. The use of such alternate sources of funds supplements our core deposits and is also an integral part of our asset/liability management efforts. Other borrowings, comprised primarily of advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank (the “FHLB”), totaled $77.0 million and $45.0 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
As described above, we have utilized wholesale funding, including federal funds purchased, FRB and FHLB borrowings and brokered time deposits to augment our core deposits and fund a portion of our assets. At December 31, 2025, our use of such wholesale funding sources (including reciprocal deposits) amounted to approximately $1.07 billion, or 22.1% of total funding (deposits and all borrowings, excluding subordinated debt and debentures). Because wholesale funding sources are affected by general market conditions, the availability of such funding may be dependent on the confidence these sources have in our financial condition and operations. The continued availability to us of these funding sources is not certain, and brokered time deposits may be difficult for us to retain or replace at attractive rates as they mature. Our liquidity may be constrained if we are unable to renew our wholesale funding sources or if adequate financing is not available in the future at acceptable rates of interest or at all. Our financial performance could also be affected if we are unable to maintain our access to funding sources or if we are required to rely more heavily on more expensive funding sources. In such case, our net interest income and results of operations could be adversely affected.
We have employed derivative financial instruments to manage our exposure to changes in interest rates. During 2025, 2024 and 2023, we entered into $187.2 million, $187.1 million and $134.6 million (original aggregate notional amounts), respectively, of interest rate swaps with commercial loan customers, which were offset with interest rate swaps that the Bank entered into with a broker-dealer. We recorded $2.12 million, $2.09 million and $2.05 million of fee income related to these transactions during 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We entered into zero, $122.0 million, and $175.0 million (notional amounts) of certain derivative financial instruments (pay fixed interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements) to hedge the fair value of certain loans, municipal bond securities and/or certain FHLB advances in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We also entered into $100.0 million, $250.0 million and $150.0 million (notional amount), respectfully of certain derivative financial instruments (interest rate floor and interest rate cap agreements) to manage the variability in future expected cash flows of certain commercial loans and/or short-term funding liabilities during 2025, 2024 and 2023. See note #16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this report for more information on our derivative financial instruments.
Liquidity and capital resources. Liquidity risk is the risk of being unable to timely meet obligations as they come due at a reasonable funding cost or without incurring unacceptable losses. Our liquidity management involves the measurement and monitoring of a variety of sources and uses of funds. Our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows categorize these sources and uses into operating, investing and financing activities. We primarily focus our liquidity management on maintaining adequate levels of liquid assets (primarily funds on deposit with the FRB and certain securities AFS) as well as developing access to a variety of borrowing sources to supplement our deposit gathering activities and provide funds for purchasing securities or originating Portfolio Loans as well as to be able to respond to unforeseen liquidity needs.
Our primary sources of funds include our deposit base, secured advances from the FHLB and FRB, federal funds purchased, borrowing facilities with o ther banks, and access to the capital markets (for brokered time deposits). At December 31, 2025, in addition to liquidity available from our normal operating, funding and investing activities we had unused credit lines with the FHLB and FRB of approximately $749.2 million and $1,241.9 million, respectively. We also
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had approximately $456.3 million in fair value of unpledged securities AFS and HTM at December 31, 2025, which could be pledged for an estimated additional borrowing capacity at the FHLB and FRB of approximately $428.3 million.
TIME DEPOSITS (1)
The following table summarizes time deposits in amounts less than $250,000 and in amounts of $250,000 or more, by time remaining until maturity at December 31, 2025:
Less than
Greater than
Total
(In thousands)
Three months or less
Over three through six months
Over six months through one year
Over one year
Total
(1) Includes time deposits, brokered time deposits and reciprocal time deposits
At December 31, 2025, we had $770.1 million of time deposits (see note #8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements) that mature in the next 12 months. Historically, a majority of these maturing time deposits are renewed by our customers. Additionally, $3.97 billion of our deposits at December 31, 2025, were in account types from which the customer could withdraw the funds on demand. Changes in the balances of deposits that can be withdrawn upon demand are usually predictable and the total balances of these accounts have generally grown or have been stable over time as a result of our marketing and promotional activities. However, there can be no assurance that historical patterns of renewing time deposits or overall growth or stability in deposits will continue in the future.
We have developed contingency funding plans that stress test our liquidity needs that may arise from certain events such as an adverse change in our financial metrics (for example, credit quality or regulatory capital ratios). Our liquidity management also includes periodic monitoring that measures quick assets (defined generally as highly liquid or short-term assets) to total assets, short-term liability dependence and basic surplus (defined as quick assets less volatile liabilities to total assets). Policy limits have been established for our various liquidity measurements and are monitored on a quarterly basis. In addition, we also prepare cash flow forecasts that include a variety of different scenarios.
We believe that we currently have adequate liquidity at our Bank because of our cash and cash equivalents, our portfolio of securities AFS, our access to secured advances from the FHLB and FRB, and our ability to issue brokered time deposits.
We also believe that the available cash on hand at the parent company (including time deposits) of approximately $46.7 million as of December 31, 2025, provides sufficient liquidity resources at the parent company to meet operating expenses, to make interest payments on the subordinated debentures, and, along with dividends from the Bank, to pay projected cash dividends on our common stock.
In the normal course of business we enter into certain contractual obligations. Such obligations include requirements to make future payments on debt and lease arrangements, contractual commitments for capital expenditures, and service contracts.
Effective management of capital resources is critical to our mission to create value for our shareholders. In addition to common stock, our capital structure also currently includes cumulative trust preferred securities and prior to the end of the third quarter of 2025, also included subordinated debt.
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CAPITALIZATION
December 31,
(In thousands)
Subordinated debt
Subordinated debentures
Amount not qualifying as regulatory capital
Amount qualifying as regulatory capital
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock
Retained earnings
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
Total shareholders’ equity
Total capitalization
In May 2020, we issued $40.0 million of fixed to floating subordinated notes with a ten year maturity and a five year call option. The initial coupon rate was 5.95% fixed for five years and then floated at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 5.825% beginning May 31, 2025. These subordinated notes were presented in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition under the caption “Subordinated debt” and presented net of remaining unamortized deferred issuance costs that were being amortized through the maturity date into interest expense on other borrowings and subordinated debt and debentures in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. On September 2, 2025 we redeemed our $40 million floating subordinated notes. As a result, we accelerated the remaining unamortized net issuance costs of $0.36 million during the third quarter of 2025 into interest expense as described above. This redemption did not affect our status as well-capitalized for regulatory purposes or have a material impact on our liquidity resources.
We currently have four special purpose entities with $39.9 million of outstanding cumulative trust preferred securities. These special purpose entities issued common securities and provided cash to our parent company that in turn issued subordinated debentures to these special purpose entities equal to the trust preferred securities and common securities. The subordinated debentures represent the sole asset of the special purpose entities. The common securities and subordinated debentures are included in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
The FRB has issued rules regarding trust preferred securities as a component of the Tier 1 capital of bank holding companies. The aggregate amount of trust preferred securities (and certain other capital elements) are limited to 25 percent of Tier 1 capital elements, net of goodwill (net of any associated deferred tax liability). The amount of trust preferred securities and certain other elements in excess of the limit can be included in Tier 2 capital, subject to restrictions. At the parent company, all of these securities qualified as Tier 1 capital at December 31, 2025 and 2024 .
Total common shareholders’ equity increased to $503.0 million at December 31, 2025 from $454.7 million at December 31, 2024. The increase is primarily due to earnings retention and a decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Our tangible common equity (“TCE”) totaled $473.7 million and $424.9 million, respectively, at those same dates. Our ratio of TCE to tangible assets was 8.65% and 8.00% at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. TCE and the ratio of TCE to tangible assets are non-GAAP measures. TCE represents total common equity less goodwill and other intangible assets.
In December 2025, our Board of Directors authorized the 2026 share repurchase plan. Under the terms of the 2026 share repurchase plan, we are authorized to buy back up to 1,100,000 shares, or approximately 5%, of our outstanding common stock. This repurchase plan commenced on January 1, 2026, and is expected to last through December 31, 2026.
In December 2024, our Board of Directors authorized the 2025 share repurchase plan. Under the terms of this share repurchase plan, we were authorized to buy back 1,100,000 shares, or approximately 5% of our outstanding common stock. The share repurchase plan expired on December 31, 2025. During 2025 repurchases were made through open market transactions and totaled 407,113 shares of common stock, for an aggregate purchase price of $12.4 million.
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We currently pay a quarterly cash dividend on our common stock. The annual total dividends paid were $1.04, $0.96 and $0.92 per share for 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We currently favor a dividend payout ratio between 30% and 50% of net income.
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, our Bank (and holding company) continued to meet the requirements to be considered “well-capitalized” under federal regulatory standards (also see note #20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this report).
Asset/liability management. Interest-rate risk is created by differences in the cash flow characteristics of our assets and liabilities. Options embedded in certain financial instruments, including caps on adjustable-rate loans as well as borrowers’ rights to prepay fixed-rate loans, also create interest-rate risk.
Our asset/liability management efforts identify and evaluate opportunities to structure our assets and liabilities in a manner that is consistent with our mission to maintain profitable financial leverage within established risk parameters. We evaluate various opportunities and alternate asset/liability management strategies carefully and consider the likely impact on our risk profile as well as the anticipated contribution to earnings. The marginal cost of funds is a principal consideration in the implementation of our asset/liability management strategies, but such evaluations further consider interest-rate and liquidity risk as well as other pertinent factors. We have established parameters for interest-rate risk. We regularly monitor our interest-rate risk and report at least quarterly to our board of directors.
We employ simulation analyses to monitor our interest-rate risk profile and evaluate potential changes in our net interest income and market value of portfolio equity that result from changes in interest rates. The purpose of these simulations is to identify sources of interest-rate risk. The simulations do not anticipate any actions that we might initiate in response to changes in interest rates and, accordingly, the simulations do not provide a reliable forecast of anticipated results. The simulations are predicated on immediate, permanent and parallel shifts in interest rates and generally assume that current loan and deposit pricing relationships remain constant. The simulations further incorporate assumptions relating to changes in customer behavior, including changes in prepayment rates on certain assets and liabilities. At December 31, 2025, our longer term interest rate risk measure based on changes in economic value indicates exposure to rising rates. Interest rate sensitivity under this measure has decreased from December 31, 2024 due to a decline in asset duration, an increase in liability duration and a higher base value. Asset duration declined due to a shift in the asset mix as the Bank experienced growth in shorter duration loan balances (primarily variable rate commercial loans) along with runoff in longer duration fixed rate mortgages. The liability duration increased due to a shift in the funding mix as the Bank experienced growth in non-maturity deposit balances and a decline in short duration wholesale funding. In addition, at December 31, 2025 our simulation base-rate scenario for economic value increased from December 31, 2024. The increase was due primarily to an increase in the Bank’s tangible equity and an improvement in medium to long duration asset values given a decline in interest rates. The increase in asset values outpaced the increase in market value for longer duration deposits. We are carefully monitoring the change in our funding mix as well as the composition of our earning assets and the impact of potential future changes in interest rates on our changes in economic value and changes in net interest income. As a result, we may add some longer-term borrowings, may utilize derivatives (interest rate swaps, interest rate caps and interest rate floors) and may continue to sell some fixed rate jumbo and other portfolio mortgage loans in the future.
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CHANGES IN ECONOMIC VALUE, NET INTEREST INCOME AND NET INTEREST MARGIN
Change in Interest Rates
Economic
Value(1)
Percent
Change
Net
Interest
Income (2)
Percent
Change
Net Interest Margin(3)
Percent
Change
(Dollars in thousands)
December 31, 2025
200 basis point rise
100 basis point rise
Base-rate scenario
100 basis point decline
200 basis point decline
December 31, 2024
200 basis point rise
100 basis point rise
Base-rate scenario
100 basis point decline
200 basis point decline
(1) Simulation analyses calculate the change in the net present value of our assets and liabilities, including debt and related financial derivative instruments, under parallel shifts in interest rates by discounting the estimated future cash flows using a market-based discount rate. Cash flow estimates incorporate anticipated changes in prepayment speeds and other embedded options.
(2) Simulation analyses calculate the change in net interest income under immediate parallel shifts in interest rates over the next twelve months, based upon a static Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition, which includes debt and related financial derivative instruments, and do not consider loan fees or loan origination costs.
(3) Simulation analyses calculate the change in tax equivalent net interest income as a percent of average interest-earning assets (the “net interest margin”) under immediate parallel shifts in interest rates over the next twelve months, based upon a static Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition, which includes debt and related financial derivative instruments, and do not consider loan fees or loan origination costs.
Accounting Standards Update. See note #1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report for details on recently issued accounting pronouncements and their impact on our consolidated financial statements.
FAIR VALUATION OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 820 - “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” (“FASB ASC Topic 820”) defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.
We utilize fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain financial instruments and to determine fair value disclosures. FASB ASC Topic 820 differentiates between those assets and liabilities required to be carried at fair value at every reporting period (“recurring”) and those assets and liabilities that are only required to be adjusted to fair value under certain circumstances (“nonrecurring”). Securities AFS, loans held for sale, carried at fair value, derivatives and capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights are financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, we may be required to record at fair value other financial assets on a nonrecurring basis, such as loans held for investment and certain other assets. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of lower of cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets. See note #21 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a complete discussion on our use of fair valuation of financial instruments and the related measurement techniques.
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LITIGATION MATTERS
We are involved in various litigation matters in the ordinary course of business, which currently include three putative class action complaints brought against the Bank alleging that its practice of charging overdraft and other fees was not consistent with the disclosures the Bank made to consumers. These lawsuits are similar to lawsuits that have recently been filed against other financial institutions pertaining to overdraft fee disclosures. No class has been certified in any of the putative class action complaints brought against the Bank, and we believe we have valid defenses to each of the claims that have been made. The aggregate amount we have accrued for losses we consider probable as a result of all of our outstanding litigation matters is not material. However, because of the inherent uncertainty of outcomes from any litigation matter and because these types of lawsuits often result in settlement, we believe it is reasonably possible we may incur losses in addition to the amounts we have accrued. At this time, we are unable to provide an estimate of the losses that we believe are reasonably possible, primarily because we are still conducting diligence on the underlying factual issues and significant matters remain to be resolved in the litigation, including the issue of class certification.
The litigation matters described in the preceding paragraph primarily include claims that have been brought against us for damages, but do not include litigation matters where we seek to collect amounts owed to us by third parties (such as litigation initiated to collect delinquent loans). These excluded, collection-related matters may involve claims or counterclaims by the opposing party or parties, but we have excluded such matters from the disclosure contained in the preceding paragraph in all cases where we believe the possibility of us paying damages to any opposing party is remote.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Our accounting and reporting policies are in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and conform to general practices within the banking industry. Accounting and reporting policies for the ACL and capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights are deemed critical since they involve the use of estimates and require significant management judgments. Application of assumptions different than those that we have used could result in material changes in our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
Our methodology for determining the ACL and related provision for credit losses is described above in “Portfolio Loans and asset quality.” In particular, this area of accounting requires a significant amount of judgment because a multitude of factors can influence the ultimate collection of a loan or other type of credit. It is extremely difficult to precisely measure the amount of expected credit losses in our loan portfolio. We use a rigorous process to attempt to accurately quantify the necessary ACL and related provision for credit losses, but there can be no assurance that our modeling process will successfully identify all of the expected credit losses in our loan portfolio. As a result, we could record future provisions for credit losses that may be significantly different than the levels that we recorded in prior periods. See also notes #1 and #4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this report for further discussion on the ACL.
At December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had approximately $31.5 million and $46.8 million, respectively, of mortgage loan servicing rights capitalized on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The fair value of our capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights has been determined based on a valuation model used by an independent third party. There are several critical assumptions involved in establishing the value of this asset including estimated future prepayment speeds on the underlying mortgage loans, the interest rate used to discount the net cash flows from the mortgage loan servicing, the estimated amount of ancillary income that will be received in the future (such as late fees) and the estimated cost to service the mortgage loans. We believe the assumptions that we utilize in our valuation are reasonable based upon accepted industry practices for valuing mortgage loan servicing rights.
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MANAGEMENT’S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER
FINANCIAL REPORTING
The management of Independent Bank Corporation is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to us and the board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements.
All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.
We assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025. In making this assessment, we used the criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on our assessment, management has concluded that as of December 31, 2025, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an audit report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025. Their report immediately follows our report.
William B. Kessel
President and
Chief Executive Officer
Gavin A. Mohr
Executive Vice President
and Chief Financial Officer
Independent Bank Corporation
March 6, 2026
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Independent Bank Corporation
Grand Rapids, Michigan
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Independent Bank Corporation (the “Corporation”) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). We also have audited the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Corporation as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Corporation maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Corporation’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Corporation’s financial statements and an opinion on the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Corporation in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A corporation’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A corporation’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the corporation; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the corporation are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the corporation; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely
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detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the corporation’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL) for loans – Subjective Factors
Refer to Notes 1 and 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The ACL under the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology is a significant estimate recorded within the Corporation’s financial statements with a reported balance for loans of $63.4 million as of December 31, 2025. The ACL model for loans consists of three components: 1) the specific analysis of individually evaluated loans; 2) pooled analysis of loans with similar risk characteristics based on historical experience using a discounted cash flow model, adjusted for current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts and expected prepayments; and 3) additional allowances based on subjective factors.
The subjective factors include consideration of the following: local and general economic business factors and trends, portfolio concentrations and changes in the size, and/or the general terms of the overall loan portfolio. Due to the significant judgment applied by management to determine the effect of the subjective factors, we identified the effect of the subjective factors on the ACL for loans as a critical audit matter as it involved a high degree of auditor judgment and required significant audit effort, including the need to involve more experienced audit personnel.
The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:
• Testing the effectiveness of controls over the subjective factors used in the ACL calculation including controls addressing:
◦ Management’s review of the reasonableness of the significant assumptions applied in the development of the subjective factors and the relevance to the loan segment to which they are applied.
◦ Mathematical accuracy of the subjective factors applied to the loan segments in the ACL calculation.
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• Substantively testing management’s determination of the subjective factors used in the ACL estimate, including:
◦ Testing management’s process for developing the subjective factors, which included assessing the relevance and reliability of data used to develop the subjective factors, including evaluating their judgments and assumptions for reasonableness. Among other procedures, our evaluation considered evidence from internal and external sources.
◦ Analytically evaluating the subjective factors for directional consistency, testing for reasonableness, and obtaining evidence for significant changes.
◦ Testing the mathematical accuracy of the subjective factors applied to the loan segments in the ACL calculation.
Crowe LLP
We have served as the Corporation’s auditor since 2005.
Grand Rapids, Michigan
March 6, 2026
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
December 31,
(In thousands, except share
amounts)
Assets
Cash and due from banks
Interest bearing deposits
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Securities available for sale
Securities held to maturity (fair value of $ 282,830 at December 31, 2025 and $ 301,860 at December 31, 2024)
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock, at cost
Loans held for sale, carried at fair value
Loans
Commercial
Mortgage
Installment
Total Loans
Allowance for credit losses
Net Loans
Other real estate and repossessed assets, net
Property and equipment, net
Bank-owned life insurance
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights, carried at fair value
Other intangibles, net
Goodwill
Accrued income and other assets
Total Assets
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Deposits
Non-interest bearing
Savings and interest-bearing checking
Reciprocal
Time
Brokered time
Total Deposits
Other borrowings
Subordinated debt
Subordinated debentures
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
Total Liabilities
Commitments and contingent liabilities
Shareholders’ Equity
Preferred stock, no par value, 200,000 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding
Common stock, no par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized; issued and outstanding: 20,548,893 shares at December 31, 2025 and 20,895,714 shares at December 31, 2024
Retained earnings
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
Total Shareholders’ Equity
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
INTEREST INCOME
Interest and fees on loans
Interest on securities
Taxable
Tax-exempt
Other investments
Total Interest Income
INTEREST EXPENSE
Deposits
Other borrowings and subordinated debt and debentures
Total Interest Expense
Net Interest Income
Provision for credit losses
Net Interest Income After Provision for Credit Losses
NON-INTEREST INCOME
Interchange income
Service charges on deposit accounts
Net gains (losses) on assets
Mortgage loans
Equity securities at fair value
Securities available for sale
Mortgage loan servicing, net
Other
Total Non-interest Income
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
Compensation and employee benefits
Data processing
Occupancy, net
Interchange expense
Furniture, fixtures and equipment
Advertising
FDIC deposit insurance
Loan and collection
Legal and professional
Communications
Other
Total Non-interest Expense
Income Before Income Tax
Income tax expense
Net Income
Net income per common share
Basic
Diluted
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Net income
Other comprehensive income
Securities available for sale
Unrealized gain arising during period
Accretion of net unrealized losses on securities transferred to held to maturity
Reclassification adjustments for losses included in earnings
Unrealized gains recognized in other comprehensive income on securities available for sale
Income tax expense
Unrealized gains recognized in other comprehensive income on securities available for sale, net of tax
Derivative instruments
Unrealized losses arising during period
Reclassification adjustment for expense recognized in earnings
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized in other comprehensive income on derivative instruments
Income tax expense (benefit)
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized in other comprehensive income on derivative instruments, net of tax
Other comprehensive income
Comprehensive income
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common
Stock
Retained
Earnings
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss
Total
Shareholders’
Equity
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
Balances at January 1, 2023
Net income for 2023
Cash dividends declared, $ 0.92 per share
Repurchase of 298,601 shares of common stock
Issuance of 28,583 shares of common stock
Share based compensation (issuance of 77,211 shares of common stock)
Share based compensation withholding obligation (withholding of 35,531 shares of common stock)
Other comprehensive income
Balances at December 31, 2023
Net income for 2024
Cash dividends declared, $ 0.96 per share
Issuance of 6,141 shares of common stock
Share based compensation (issuance of 95,966 shares of common stock)
Share based compensation withholding obligation (withholding of 42,026 shares of common stock)
Other comprehensive income
Balances at December 31, 2024
Net income for 2025
Cash dividends declared, $ 1.04 per share
Repurchase of 407,113 shares of common stock
Share based compensation (issuance of 93,336 shares of common stock)
Share based compensation withholding obligation (withholding of 35,837 shares of common stock)
Other comprehensive income
Balances at December 31, 2025
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Net Income
ADJUSTMENTS TO RECONCILE NET INCOME TO NET CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from sales of equity securities at fair value
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale
Disbursements for loans held for sale
Provision for credit losses
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense
Net deferred loan fees
Net depreciation, amortization of intangible assets and premiums and accretion of discounts on securities and loans
Net gains on mortgage loans
Net gains on equity securities at fair value
Net losses on sales of securities available for sale
Net loss on sale of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights
Share based compensation
Increase in accrued income and other assets
Increase (decrease) in accrued expenses and other liabilities
Total Adjustments
Net Cash From Operating Activities
CASH FLOW USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from the sale of securities available for sale
Proceeds from the sale of securities held to maturity previously charged off
Proceeds from maturities, prepayments and calls of securities available for sale
Proceeds from maturities, prepayments and calls of securities held to maturity
Purchases of securities available for sale
Purchases of securities held to maturity
Proceeds from the redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank stock
Purchase of Federal Home Loan Bank stock
Net increase in portfolio loans (loans originated, net of principal payments)
Proceeds from the sale of portfolio loans
Proceeds from the sale of other real estate and repossessed assets
Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance death benefits
Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment
Capital expenditures
Proceeds from the sale of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
CASH FLOW FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Net increase in total deposits
Net decrease in other borrowings
Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank advances
Payments of Federal Home Loan Bank advances
Repayment of subordinated debt
Dividends paid
Proceeds from issuance of common stock
Repurchase of common stock
Share based compensation withholding obligation
Net Cash From Financing Activities
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Year
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Year
Cash paid during the year for
Interest
Federal income taxes
Transfers to other real estate and repossessed assets
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 – ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The accounting and reporting policies and practices of Independent Bank Corporation and subsidiaries (‘‘IBCP’’) conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and prevailing practices within the banking industry. Our critical accounting policies include the determination of the allowance for credit losses and the valuation of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights. We are required to make material estimates and assumptions that are particularly susceptible to changes in the near term as we prepare the consolidated financial statements and report amounts for each of these items. Actual results may vary from these estimates.
Our subsidiary, Independent Bank (‘‘Bank’’), transacts business in the single industry of commercial banking. Our Bank’s activities cover traditional phases of commercial banking, including checking and savings accounts, commercial lending, direct and indirect consumer financing and mortgage lending. Our principal markets are the rural and suburban communities across Lower Michigan that are served by our Bank’s branches and loan production offices as well as one loan production facility in Ohio. At December 31, 2025, 44.3 % of our Bank’s loan portfolio was secured by real estate.
PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION — The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Independent Bank Corporation and its subsidiaries. The income, expenses, assets and liabilities of the subsidiaries are included in the respective accounts of the consolidated financial statements, after elimination of all intercompany accounts and transactions.
SUBSEQUENT EVENTS — We have evaluated subsequent events for recognition and disclosure through March 6, 2026, which is the date the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued.
USE OF ESTIMATES — To prepare consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America management makes estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and the disclosures provided, and actual results could differ.
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS — For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, interest bearing deposits and federal funds sold. Generally, federal funds are sold for one-day periods. We report net cash flows for customer loan and deposit transactions and for short-term borrowings classified as other borrowings.
INTEREST BEARING DEPOSITS — Interest bearing deposits consist of overnight deposits with the Federal Reserve Bank.
LOANS HELD FOR SALE — Mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at fair value. Fair value adjustments, as well as realized gains and losses, are recorded in current earnings.
OPERATING SEGMENTS — While chief decision-makers monitor the revenue streams of our various products and services, operations are managed and financial performance is evaluated as one single unit. Discrete financial information is not available other than on a consolidated basis for material lines of business.
CAPITALIZED MORTGAGE LOAN SERVICING RIGHTS — We account for our capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights under the fair value method of accounting. We recognize as separate assets the rights to service mortgage loans for others. The fair value of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights has been determined based upon fair value indications for similar servicing. Under the fair value method we measure capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights at fair value at each reporting date and report changes in fair value of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights in earnings in the period in which the changes occur and are included in mortgage loan servicing, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights are subject to significant fluctuations as a result of changes in estimated and actual prepayment speeds and default rates and losses.
Mortgage loan servicing income is recorded for fees earned for servicing loans previously sold. The fees are generally based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal and are recorded as income when earned. Mortgage loan servicing fees, excluding fair value changes of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights, totaled $ 6.8 million, $ 8.9 million
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
and $ 8.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Late fees and ancillary fees related to loan servicing are not material.
TRANSFERS OF FINANCIAL ASSETS — Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from us, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and we do not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.
SECURITIES — We classify our securities as equity, trading, held to maturity ("HTM") or available for sale ("AFS"). Equity securities are investments in certain equity stocks and are reported at fair value with realized and unrealized gains and losses included in earnings. Trading securities are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term and are reported at fair value with realized and unrealized gains and losses included in earnings. Securities HTM represent those securities for which we have the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity and are reported at cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts computed on the level-yield method. We did not have any equity securities or trading securities at December 31, 2025 and 2024. Securities AFS represent those securities not classified as equity, trading or HTM and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of applicable income taxes reported in other comprehensive income.
Securities AFS in unrealized loss positions are evaluated quarterly for impairment related to credit losses. For securities AFS in an unrealized loss position, we first assess whether we intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through earnings. No securities AFS met these two criteria during the periods presented. For securities AFS that do not meet this criteria, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, we consider the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, adverse conditions specifically related to the security and the issuer and the impact of changes in market interest rates on the market value of the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, we compare the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis for the security, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses ("ACL") is recorded, limited to the amount that the fair value of the security is less than its amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes.
The ACL on securities HTM is a contra asset valuation account that is deducted from the carrying amount of securities HTM to present the net amount expected to be collected. Securities HTM are charged off against the ACL when deemed uncollectible. Adjustments to the ACL are reported in our Consolidated Statements of Operations in provision for credit losses. We measure expected credit losses on securities HTM on a collective basis by major security type with each type sharing similar risk characteristics, and we consider historical credit loss information. Accrued interest receivable on securities HTM is excluded from the estimate of credit losses and is included in accrued income and other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. With regard to U.S. Government-sponsored agency and mortgage-backed securities (residential and commercial), all these securities are issued by a U.S. government-sponsored entity and have an implicit or explicit government guarantee; therefore, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded for these securities. With regard to obligations of states and political subdivisions, private label-mortgage-backed, corporate and trust preferred securities HTM, we consider (1) issuer bond ratings, (2) long-term historical loss rates for given bond ratings, (3) the financial condition of the issuer, and (4) whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities.
Gains and losses realized on the sale of securities available for sale are determined using the specific identification method and are recognized on a trade-date basis.
FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK (‘‘FHLB’’) STOCK — Our Bank subsidiary is a member of the FHLB system. Members are required to own a certain amount of stock based on the level of borrowings and other factors, and may invest in additional amounts. FHLB stock is carried at cost, classified as a restricted security, and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income in interest income-other investments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK (‘‘FRB’’) STOCK — Our Bank subsidiary is a member of its regional Federal Reserve Bank. FRB stock is carried at cost, classified as a restricted security, and periodically evaluated for impairment based on
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
ultimate recovery of par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income in interest income-other investments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
LOAN REVENUE RECOGNITION — Interest on loans is accrued based on the principal amounts outstanding. In general, the accrual of interest income is discontinued when a loan becomes 90 days past due for commercial loans and installment loans and when a loan misses four consecutive payments for mortgage loans and the borrower’s capacity to repay the loan and collateral values appear insufficient for each loan class. However, loans may be placed on non-accrual status regardless of whether or not such loans are considered past due if, in management’s opinion, the borrower is unable to meet payment obligations as they become due or as required by regulatory provisions. All interest accrued but not received for all loans placed on non-accrual is reversed from interest income. Payments on such loans are generally applied to the principal balance until qualifying to be returned to accrual status. A non-accrual loan may be restored to accrual status when interest and principal payments are current and the loan appears otherwise collectible. Delinquency status for all classes in the commercial and installment loan portfolio segments is based on the actual number of days past due as required by the contractual terms of the loan agreement while delinquency status for mortgage loan portfolio segment classes is based on the number of payments past due.
Certain loan fees and direct loan origination costs are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of yield generally over the contractual life of the related loan. Fees received in connection with loan commitments are deferred until the loan is advanced and are then recognized generally over the contractual life of the loan as an adjustment of yield. Fees on commitments that expire unused are recognized at expiration. Fees received for letters of credit are recognized as revenue over the life of the commitment.
ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES — Our loan portfolio is disaggregated into segments for purposes of determining the ACL which include commercial, mortgage and installment loans. These segments are further disaggregated into classes for purposes of monitoring and assessing credit quality based on certain risk characteristics. Classes within the commercial loan segment include (i) commercial and industrial and (ii) commercial real estate. Classes within the mortgage loan segment include (i) 1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo, (ii) 1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo, (iii) 1-4 family non-owner occupied (iv) 1-4 family - 2nd lien and (v) resort lending. Classes within the installment loan segment include (i) boat lending, (ii) recreational vehicle lending, and (iii) other. Commercial loans are subject to adverse market conditions which may impact the borrower’s ability to make repayment on the loan or could cause a decline in the value of the collateral that secures the loan. Mortgage and installment loans are subject to adverse employment conditions in the local economy which could increase default rates. In addition, mortgage loans and real estate based installment loans are subject to adverse market conditions which could cause a decline in the value of collateral that secures the loan. For an analysis of the ACL by portfolio segment and credit quality information by class, see note #4.
We estimate the ACL based on relevant available information from both internal and external sources, including historical loss trends, current conditions and forecasts, specific analysis of individual loans, and other relevant and appropriate factors. The ACL process is designed to provide for expected future losses based on our reasonable and supportable (“R&S”) forecast as of the reporting date. Our ACL process is administered by our Risk Management group utilizing a third party software solution, with significant input and ultimate approval from our Executive Enterprise Risk Committee. Further, we have established a current expected credit loss (“CECL”) Forecast Committee, which includes a cross discipline structure with membership from Executive Management, Risk Management, Credit Administration and Accounting, which approves ACL model assumptions each quarter. Our ACL is comprised of three principal elements: (i) specific analysis of individual loans identified during the review of the loan portfolio, (ii) pooled analysis of loans with similar risk characteristics based on historical experience, adjusted for current conditions, R&S forecasts, and expected prepayments, and (iii) additional allowances based on subjective factors, including local and general economic business factors and trends, portfolio concentrations and changes in the size and/or the general terms of the loan portfolio.
The first ACL element (specific allocations) includes loans that do not share similar risk characteristics and are evaluated on an individual basis. We will typically evaluate on an individual basis loans that are on nonaccrual; commercial loans that have been modified resulting in a concession, for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, and which are considered loan modifications or with well defined weaknesses; and severely delinquent mortgage and installment loans. When we determine that foreclosure is probable or when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of underlying collateral, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for estimated selling costs. For loans evaluated on an individual basis that are not determined to be collateral dependent, a discounted cash flow analysis is performed to determine expected credit losses.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
The second ACL element (pooled analysis) includes loans with similar risk characteristics, which are broken down by segment, class, and risk metric. The Bank’s primary segments of commercial, mortgage, and installment loans are further classified by other relevant attributes, such as collateral type, lien position, occupancy status, amortization method, and balance size. Commercial classes are additionally segmented by risk rating, and mortgage and installment loan classes by credit score tier, which are updated at least semi-annually.
We utilize a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model to estimate expected future losses for pooled loans. Expected future cash flows are developed from payment schedules over the contractual term, adjusted for forecasted default (probability of default), loss, and prepayment assumptions. We are not required to develop forecasts over the full contractual term of the financial asset or group of financial assets. Rather, for periods beyond which we are able to make or obtain R&S forecasts of expected credit losses, we revert to the long term average on a straight line or immediate basis, as determined by our CECL Forecast Committee, and which may vary depending on the economic outlook and uncertainty.
The DCF model for the mortgage and installment pooled loan segments includes using probability of default (“PD”) assumptions that are derived through regression analysis with forecasted US unemployment levels by credit score tier. We review a composite forecast of approximately 50 analysts as well as the Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”) projections in setting the unemployment forecast for the R&S period. The current ACL utilizes a one year R&S forecast followed by immediate reversion to the 75 year average unemployment rate. PD assumptions for the remaining segments are based primarily on historical rates by risk metric as defaults were not strongly correlated with any economic indicator. Loss given default (“LGD”) assumptions for the mortgage loan segment are based on a two year forecast followed by a two year straight line reversion period to the longer term average, while LGD rates for the remaining segments are the historical average for the entire period. Prepayment assumptions represent average rates per segment for a period determined by the CECL Forecast Committee and as calculated through the Bank’s Asset and Liability Management program.
Pooled reserves for the commercial loan segment are calculated using the DCF model with assumptions generally based on historical averages by class and risk rating. Effective risk rating practices allow for strong predictability of defaults and losses over the portfolio’s expected shorter duration, relative to mortgage and installment loans. Our rating system is similar to those employed by state and federal banking regulators.
The third ACL element (additional allocations based on subjective factors) is based on factors that cannot be associated with a specific credit or loan category and reflects our attempt to ensure that the overall ACL appropriately reflects a margin for the imprecision necessarily inherent in the estimates of expected credit losses. We adjust our quantitative model for certain qualitative factors to reflect the extent to which management expects current conditions and R&S forecasts to differ from the conditions that existed for the period over which historical information was evaluated. The qualitative framework reflects changes related to relevant data, such as changes in asset quality trends, portfolio growth and composition, national and local economic factors, credit policy and administration and other factors not considered in the base quantitative model. We utilize a survey completed by business unit management throughout the Bank, as well as discussion with the CECL Forecast Committee to establish reserves under the qualitative framework.
Increases in the ACL are recorded by a provision for credit losses charged to expense. Although we periodically allocate portions of the ACL to specific loans and loan portfolios, the entire ACL is available for losses.
We generally charge-off commercial, homogenous residential mortgage and installment loans when they are deemed uncollectible or reach a predetermined number of days past due based on loan product, industry practice and other factors. Collection efforts may continue and recoveries may occur after a loan is charged against the ACL.
While we use relevant information to recognize losses on loans, additional provisions for related losses may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions, customer circumstances and other credit risk factors.
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT — Property and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Buildings are generally depreciated over a period not exceeding 39 years and equipment is generally depreciated over periods not exceeding 7 years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of their estimated useful life or lease period.
LEASES — Leases are classified as operating or finance leases at the lease commencement date. We lease certain locations and equipment. We record leases on the balance sheet in the form of a lease liability for the present value of
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
future lease payments under the lease terms and a right-of-use asset equal to the lease liability adjusted for items such as deferred or prepaid rent, lease incentives, and any impairment of the right-of-use asset. The discount rate used in determining the lease liability is based upon incremental borrowing rates we could obtain for similar loans as of the date of commencement or renewal. We do not record short term leases with an initial lease term of one year or less on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
At lease inception, we determine the lease term by considering the noncancelable lease term and all optional renewal periods that we are reasonably certain to renew. The lease term is also used to calculate straight-line lease expense. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the useful life and the estimated lease term. Our leases do not contain residual value guarantees or material variable lease payments.
Operating lease expense consists of a single lease cost allocated over the remaining lease term on a straight-line basis, variable lease expense, and any impairment of the right-of-use asset. Lease expense is included in occupancy, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
BANK OWNED LIFE INSURANCE — We have purchased a group flexible premium non-participating variable life insurance contract on approximately 250 lives (who were salaried employees at the time we purchased the contract) in order to recover the cost of providing certain employee benefits. Bank owned life insurance is recorded at its cash surrender value or the amount that can be currently realized.
OTHER REAL ESTATE AND REPOSSESSED ASSETS — Other real estate at the time of acquisition is recorded at fair value, less estimated costs to sell, which becomes the property’s new basis. Fair value is typically determined by a third party appraisal of the property. Any write-downs at date of acquisition are charged to the ACL. Expense incurred in maintaining other real estate and subsequent write-downs to reflect declines in value and gains or losses on the sale of other real estate are recorded in non-interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Non-real estate repossessed assets are treated in a similar manner.
OTHER INTANGIBLES — Other intangible assets consist of core deposits. They are initially measured at fair value and then are amortized on both straight-line and accelerated methods over their estimated useful lives, which range from 10 to 15 years.
GOODWILL — Goodwill arises from business combinations and is generally determined as the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life is not amortized, but tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events and circumstances exists that indicate that a goodwill impairment test should be performed. We have selected December 31 as the date to perform the annual impairment test. Goodwill is the only intangible asset with an indefinite life on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
INCOME TAXES — We employ the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. This method establishes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities at tax rates expected to be in effect when such amounts are realized or settled. Under this method, the effect of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. The deferred tax asset is subject to a valuation allowance for that portion of the asset for which it is more likely than not that it will not be realized.
A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is ‘‘more likely than not’’ that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination.
We recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
We file a consolidated federal income tax return. Intercompany tax liabilities are settled as if each subsidiary filed a separate return.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
COMMITMENTS TO EXTEND CREDIT AND RELATED FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS — Financial instruments may include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Financial instruments involve varying degrees of credit and interest-rate risk in excess of amounts reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Exposure to credit risk in the event of non-performance by the counterparties to the financial instruments for loan commitments to extend credit and letters of credit is represented by the contractual amounts of those instruments. In general, we use a similar methodology to estimate our liability for these off-balance sheet credit exposures as we do for our ACL. For commercial related commitments, we estimate liability using our loan rating system and for mortgage and installment commitments we estimate liability principally upon historical loss experience. Our estimated liability for off balance sheet commitments is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and any charge or recovery is recorded in the provision for credit losses (beginning in the fourth quarter of 2025) and non-interest expense – costs related to unfunded lending commitments in our Consolidated Statements of Operations (prior to the fourth quarter of 2025).
DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS — We record derivatives on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as assets and liabilities measured at their fair value. The accounting for increases and decreases in the value of derivatives depends upon the use of derivatives and whether the derivatives qualify for hedge accounting.
At the inception of the derivative we designate the derivative as one of three types based on our intention and belief as to likely effectiveness as a hedge. These three types are (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment (‘‘Fair Value Hedge’’), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (‘‘Cash Flow Hedge’’), or (3) an instrument with no hedging designation. For a Fair Value Hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item, are recognized in interest income in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. For a Cash Flow Hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported in other comprehensive income and is reclassified into earnings in the same periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. For instruments with no hedging designation, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported in earnings. These free standing instruments primarily consist of (i) mortgage banking related derivatives and include rate-lock loan commitments to fund mortgage loans (interest rate locks) to be sold into the secondary market and mandatory forward commitments for the future delivery of these mortgage loans and (ii) certain pay-fixed and pay-variable interest rate swap agreements related to commercial loan customers. The fair value of rate-lock mortgage loan commitments is based on agency cash window loan pricing for comparable assets and the fair value of mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans is based on mortgage backed security pricing for comparable assets. We enter into mandatory forward commitments for the future delivery of mortgage loans generally when interest rate locks are entered into in order to hedge the change in interest rates resulting from our commitments to fund the loans. Changes in the fair values of these derivatives are included in net gains on mortgage loans in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Fair values of the pay-fixed and pay-variable interest rate swap agreements are derived from proprietary models which utilize current market data and are included in net interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Net cash settlements on derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting are recorded in net interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Net cash settlements on derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are reported in non-interest income (mortgage banking related derivatives) or net interest income (interest rate swap agreements) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Cash flows on hedges are classified in the cash flow statement the same as the cash flows of the items being hedged.
We formally document the relationship between derivatives and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and the strategy for undertaking hedge transactions, at the inception of the hedging relationship. This documentation includes linking Fair Value or Cash Flow Hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. We discontinue hedge accounting when it is determined that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item, the derivative is settled or terminates, a hedged forecasted transaction is no longer probable, a hedged firm commitment is no longer firm, or treatment of the derivative as a hedge is no longer appropriate or intended.
When hedge accounting is discontinued, subsequent changes in fair value of the derivative are recorded in earnings. When a Fair Value Hedge is discontinued, the hedged asset or liability is no longer adjusted for changes in fair value and the existing basis adjustment is amortized or accreted over the remaining life of the asset or liability. When a Cash Flow Hedge is discontinued but the hedged cash flows or forecasted transactions are still expected to occur, gains or losses that were accumulated in other comprehensive loss are amortized into earnings over the same periods which the hedged transactions will affect earnings.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME — Comprehensive income consists of net income and unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, on securities available for sale and derivative instruments classified as cash flow hedges.
LOSS CONTINGENCIES — Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated.
NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE — Basic net income per common share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period and participating share awards. All outstanding unvested share-based payment awards that contain rights to nonforfeitable dividends are considered participating securities for this calculation. For diluted net income per common share, net income is divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period plus the assumed exercise of stock options, performance share units and stock units for a deferred compensation plan for non-employee directors.
SHARE BASED COMPENSATION — Cost is recognized for non-vested share awards issued to employees based on the fair value of these awards at the date of grant. A simulation analysis which considers potential outcomes for a large number of independent scenarios is utilized to estimate the fair value of performance share units and the market price of our common stock at the date of grant is used for other non-vested share awards. Cost is recognized over the required service period, generally defined as the vesting period. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. Cost is also recognized for stock issued to non-employee directors. These shares vest immediately and cost is recognized during the period they are issued.
COMMON STOCK — At December 31, 2025, 0.1 million shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the dividend reinvestment plan, 0.4 million shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under our long-term incentive plan and 0.05 million shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under our non-employee director stock purchase plan.
FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS — Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in notes #21 and #22. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect these estimates.
RECLASSIFICATION — Certain amounts in the 2024 and 2023 consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the 2025 presentation. Reclassifications had no effect on prior year net income or total shareholders' equity.
ADOPTION OF NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS — In December, 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures". This ASU modifies the rules on income tax disclosures to require entities to disclose (1) specific categories in the rate reconciliation, (2) the income or loss from continuing operations before income tax expense or benefit (separated between domestic and foreign) and (3) income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations (separated by federal, state and foreign). This ASU also requires entities to disclose their income tax payments to international, federal, state and local jurisdictions, among other changes. This ASU takes effect in reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this ASU on January 1, 2025 resulted in additional disclosures to note #13 that quantified the impact each category in the rate reconciliation had on the statutory rate. The ASU was applied on a retrospective basis and did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
In December, 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses". This ASU requires public business entities to disaggregate certain expense captions into specific categories in disclosures within the footnotes to the consolidated financial statements. This ASU takes effect in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
In November 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-08, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Purchased Financial Assets". This ASU amends the accounting for purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) financial assets and non-purchased credit deteriorated ("non-PCD") financial assets under Topic 326. The amendments broaden the population of
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
financial assets that are within the scope of the gross-up approach under Topic 326 to include purchased seasoned loans ("PSL"), which are defined as non-PCD loans that are obtained in a business combination, or non-PCD loans that (1) are obtained in an asset acquisition or upon consolidation of a variable interest entity that is not a business and (2) are acquired more than 90 days after their origination date by a transferee that was not involved in their origination. This eliminates the day-one earnings impact that previously occurred for non-PCD loans. The ASU also requires separate presentation of the initial ACL for PSLs within the ACL rollforward. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this ASU effective October 1, 2025 did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
NOTE 2 – RESTRICTIONS ON CASH AND DUE FROM BANKS
Our Bank's required average reserve balances to be maintained in the form of vault cash and balances with the FRB during 2025 and 2024 were zero . We do not maintain compensating balances with correspondent banks. We may also be required to maintain reserve balances related to certain mortgage banking related derivatives not classified as hedges. These balances are held at unrelated financial institutions and totaled $ 0.1 million and zero at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
NOTE 3 – SECURITIES
Securities AFS consist of the following at December 31:
Amortized
Cost
Unrealized
Fair Value
Gains
Losses
(In thousands)
U.S. agency
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed
U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed
Private label mortgage-backed
Other asset backed
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
Corporate
Trust preferred
Total
U.S. agency
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed
U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed
Private label mortgage-backed
Other asset backed
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
Corporate
Trust preferred
Total
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Securities HTM consist of the following at December 31:
Carrying
Value
Transferred
Unrealized
Loss (1)
ACL
Amortized
Cost
Unrecognized
Fair Value
Gains
Losses
(In thousands)
U.S. agency
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed
U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed
Private label mortgage-backed
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
Corporate
Trust preferred
Total
U.S. agency
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed
U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed
Private label mortgage-backed
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
Corporate
Trust preferred
Total
(1) Represents the remaining unrealized loss to be accreted on securities that were transferred from AFS to HTM on April 1, 2022.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Our investments’ gross unrealized losses and fair values for securities AFS aggregated by investment type and length of time that individual securities have been at a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31 follows:
Less Than Twelve Months
Twelve Months or More
Total
Fair Value
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Value
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Value
Unrealized
Losses
(In thousands)
U.S. agency
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed
U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed
Private label mortgage-backed
Other asset backed
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
Corporate
Trust preferred
Total
U.S. agency
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed
U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed
Private label mortgage-backed
Other asset backed
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
Corporate
Trust preferred
Total
Securities AFS in unrealized loss positions are evaluated quarterly for impairment related to credit losses. For securities AFS in an unrealized loss position, we first assess whether we intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through earnings. No securities AFS met these two criteria during the periods presented. For securities AFS that do not meet this criteria, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, we consider the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, adverse conditions specifically related to the security and the issuer and the impact of changes in market interest rates on the market value of the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, we compare the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis for the security, a credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded, limited to the amount that the fair value of the security is less than its amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. No ACL for securities AFS was needed at December 31, 2025 and 2024. Accrued interest receivable on securities AFS totaled $ 3.5 million and $ 3.9 million at
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses and is included in accrued income and other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
The following is a summary of securities AFS with an unrealized loss by grouping as of December 31, 2025.
U.S. agency, U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed and U.S. agency commercial mortgage backed securities — at December 31, 2025, we had 29 U.S. agency, 88 U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed and 9 U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed securities whose fair value is less than amortized cost. These securities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, are highly rated by major credit rating agencies, and have a long history of no credit losses. The unrealized losses are largely attributed to widening spreads to Treasury bonds and/or an increase in interest rates since acquisition.
Private label mortgage backed, other asset backed and corporate securities — at December 31, 2025, we had 48 private label mortgage backed, 39 other asset backed, and 51 corporate securities whose fair value is less than amortized cost. The unrealized losses are primarily due to credit spread widening and/or an increase in interest rates since acquisition.
Obligations of states and political subdivisions — at December 31, 2025, we had 288 municipal securities whose fair value is less than amortized cost. The unrealized losses are primarily due to an increase in interest rates since acquisition.
Trust preferred securities — at December 31, 2025, we had one trust preferred security whose fair value is less than amortized cost. This trust preferred security is a single issue security issued by a trust subsidiary of a bank holding company. The pricing of trust preferred securities has suffered from credit spread widening. This security is rated by a major rating agency as investment grade.
At December 31, 2025 management does not intend to liquidate any of the securities AFS discussed above and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell these securities AFS prior to recovery of these unrealized losses.
We recorded no credit related charges in our Consolidated Statements of Operations related to securities AFS during 2025, 2024, and 2023.
The ACL on securities HTM is a contra asset valuation account that is deducted from the carrying amount of securities HTM to present the net amount expected to be collected. Securities HTM are charged off against the ACL when deemed uncollectible. Adjustments to the ACL are reported in our Consolidated Statements of Operations in provision for credit losses. We measure expected credit losses on securities HTM on a collective basis by major security type with each type sharing similar risk characteristics and consider historical credit loss information. Accrued interest receivable on securities HTM totaled $ 1.5 million and $ 1.7 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses and is included in accrued income and other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. With regard to U.S. Government-sponsored agency and mortgage-backed securities (residential and commercial), all these securities are issued by a U.S. government-sponsored entity and have an implicit or explicit government guarantee; therefore, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded for these securities. With regard to obligations of states and political subdivisions, private label-mortgage-backed, corporate and trust preferred securities HTM, we consider (1) issuer bond ratings, (2) historical loss rates for given bond ratings, (3) the financial condition of the issuer, and (4) whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. Historical loss rates associated with securities having similar grades as those in our portfolio have been insignificant. During the first quarter of 2023, one corporate security (Signature Bank) defaulted resulting in a $ 3.0 million provision for credit losses and a corresponding full charge-off. Subsequent to this security's charge-off, a portion of its fair value had recovered and was subsequently sold during the first quarter of 2024 for $ 1.1 million during which period we recorded that amount as a recovery to the ACL. Despite this lone security loss, the long-term historical loss rates associated with securities having similar grades as those in our portfolio have been insignificant. Furthermore, as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, there were no past due principal and interest payments associated with these securities. At those same dates an allowance for credit losses of $ 92,000 and $ 132,000 , respectively was recorded on non U.S. agency securities HTM based on applying the long-term historical credit loss rate, as published by credit rating agencies, for similarly rated securities.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
On a quarterly basis, we monitor the credit quality of securities HTM through the use of credit ratings. The carrying value of securities HTM at December 31, aggregated by credit quality follow:
Private
Label
Mortgage-
Backed
Obligations
of States
and Political
Subdivisions
Corporate
Trust
Preferred
Carrying
Value
Total
(In thousands)
Credit rating:
AAA
BBB
Non-rated
Total
Credit rating:
AAA
BBB
Non-rated
Total
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
An analysis of the ACL by security HTM type for the year ended December 31, follows:
Private
Label
Mortgage-
Backed
Obligations
of States
and Political
Subdivisions
Corporate
Trust
Preferred
Total
(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of period
Additions (deductions)
Provision for credit losses
Recoveries credited to the allowance
Securities HTM charged against the allowance
Balance at end of period
Balance at beginning of period
Additions (deductions)
Provision for credit losses
Recoveries credited to the allowance
Securities HTM charged against the allowance
Balance at end of period
Balance at beginning of period
Additions (deductions)
Provision for credit losses
Recoveries credited to the allowance
Securities HTM charged against the allowance
Balance at end of period
There were no securities HTM on nonaccrual or past due at December 31, 2025 and 2024.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
The amortized cost and fair value of securities AFS and securities HTM at December 31, 2025, by contractual maturity, follow:
Securities AFS
Securities HTM
Amortized
Cost
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost
Fair
Value
(In thousands)
Maturing within one year
Maturing after one year but within five years
Maturing after five years but within ten years
Maturing after ten years
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed
U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed
Private label mortgage-backed
Other asset backed
Total
The actual maturity may differ from the contractual maturity because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
A summary of proceeds from the sale of securities available for sale and gains and losses for the years ended December 31 follow:
Realized
Proceeds
Gains
Losses
(In thousands)
The tax benefit related to these net realized losses was $ 0.08 million, $ 0.09 million and $ 0.05 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Securities AFS and HTM with a fair value of $ 17.4 million and $ 13.5 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, were pledged to secure borrowings, derivatives, public deposits and for other purposes as required by law. There were no investment obligations of state and political subdivisions that were payable from or secured by the same source of revenue or taxing authority that exceeded 10 % of consolidated total shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2025 or 2024.
During the second quarter of 2024 we acquired certain securities classified as equity securities at fair value consisting of Visa Inc. Class C common stock. These securities were all sold in 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized a gain on these equity securities of $ 2.7 million that was included in net gains on equity securities at fair value in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We had no equity securities at December 31, 2025. See note #11.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
NOTE 4 – LOANS
Our loan portfolios by class at December 31 follow:
(In thousands)
Commercial
Commercial and industrial
Commercial real estate
Total commercial
Mortgage
1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo
1-4 family non-owner occupied
1-4 family - 2nd lien
Resort lending
Total mortgage
Installment
Boat lending
Recreational vehicle lending
Other
Total installment
Total loans
Allowance for credit losses
Net Loans
Loans include net deferred loan costs of $ 22.7 million and $ 24.4 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
During 2025, we sold $ 22.2 million of portfolio residential fixed rate and adjustable rate mortgage loans servicing retained and recognized a gain on sale of $ 0.41 million. During 2024, we sold $ 20.8 million of portfolio residential fixed and adjustable rate mortgage loans servicing retained and recognized a gain on sale of $ 0.42 million. During 2023, we sold $ 56.7 million of portfolio residential fixed and adjustable rate mortgage loans servicing retained and recognized a loss on sale of $ 0.14 million. These loan sale transactions were done primarily for asset/liability management purposes.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
An analysis of the ACL by portfolio segment for the years ended December 31 follows:
Commercial
Mortgage
Installment
Subjective
Allocation
Total
(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of period
Additions (deductions)
Provision for credit losses
Recoveries credited to allowance
Loans charged against the allowance
Balance at end of period
Balance at beginning of period
Additions (deductions)
Provision for credit losses
Recoveries credited to allowance
Loans charged against the allowance
Balance at end of period
Balance at beginning of period
Additions (deductions)
Provision for credit losses
Recoveries credited to allowance
Loans charged against the allowance
Balance at end of period
The allocation of the ACL by portfolio segment at December 31 follows:
Allowance
for Credit
Losses
Amount
Percent
of Loans
to Total
Portfolio Loans
Allowance
for Credit
Losses
Amount
Percent
of Loans
to Total
Portfolio Loans
(Dollars in thousands)
Commercial
Mortgage
Installment
Subjective allocation
Total
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Loans on non-accrual status and past due more than 90 days (‘‘Non-performing Loans’’) at December 31 follow:
Non-Accrual with no Allowance for Credit Loss
Non-Accrual
with an Allowance for Credit Loss
Total
Non-
Accrual
90+ and
Still
Accruing
Total Non-
Performing
Loans
(In thousands)
Commercial
Commercial and industrial
Commercial real estate (1)
Mortgage
1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo (2)
1-4 family non-owner occupied
1-4 family - 2nd lien
Resort lending
Installment
Boat lending
Recreational vehicle lending
Other
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Commercial
Commercial and industrial (1)
Commercial real estate
Mortgage
1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo (2)
1-4 family non-owner occupied
1-4 family - 2nd lien
Resort lending
Installment
Boat lending
Recreational vehicle lending
Other
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Non-performing commercial real estate loans exclude $ 7.018 million of government guaranteed loans at December 31, 2025 and non-performing commercial and industrial loans exclude $ 0.005 million of government guaranteed loans at December 31, 2024.
Non-performing 1-4 family owner occupied – non jumbo loans exclude $ 2.929 million and $ 1.785 million of government guaranteed loans at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
If non-performing loans had continued to accrue interest in accordance with their original terms, approximately $ 0.8 million, $ 0.3 million and $ 0.3 million of interest income would have been recognized in each of the years ended 2025,
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
2024 and 2023, respectively. Interest income recorded on these loans was approximately zero during each of the years ended 2025, 2024 and 2023.
The following table provides collateral information by class of loan for collateral-dependent loans. A loan is considered to be collateral dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of collateral.
The amortized cost of collateral-dependent loans by class at December 31, follows:
Collateral Type
Allowance
for
Credit Losses
Real
Estate
Other (1)
(In thousands)
Commercial
Commercial and industrial
Commercial real estate
Mortgage
1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo
1-4 family non-owner occupied
1-4 family - 2nd lien
Resort lending
Installment
Boat lending
Recreational vehicle lending
Other
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Commercial
Commercial and industrial
Commercial real estate
Mortgage
1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo
1-4 family non-owner occupied
1-4 family - 2nd lien
Resort lending
Installment
Boat lending
Recreational vehicle lending
Other
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
(1) Commercial and industrial loan collateral generally includes machinery and equipment, accounts receivable, and inventory.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
An aging analysis of loans by class at December 31 follows:
Loans Past Due
Loans not
Past Due
Total
Loans
30-59 days
60-89 days
90+ days
Total
(In thousands)
Commercial
Commercial and industrial
Commercial real estate
Mortgage
1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo
1-4 family non-owner occupied
1-4 family - 2nd lien
Resort lending
Installment
Boat lending
Recreational vehicle lending
Other
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Commercial
Commercial and industrial
Commercial real estate
Mortgage
1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo
1-4 family non-owner occupied
1-4 family - 2nd lien
Resort lending
Installment
Boat lending
Recreational vehicle lending
Other
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
For the year ended December 31, 2025 there were two mortgage - 1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty totaling $ 0.10 million ( 0.1 % of the total loan class). Both of the
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
modifications during the year ended December 31, 2025 involved term extensions and added a weighted average 12.0 years to the life of the loans.
One of the mortgage - 1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo loans modified during the year ended December 31, 2025 also received a 4.750 % interest rate reduction.
Of the loans modified during the year ended December 31, 2025, one is on non-accrual status totaling $ 0.07 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2024 there were five mortgage - 1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo loans and one mortgage 1-4 family - 2nd lien loan modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty totaling $ 0.51 million ( 0.1 % of the total loan class) and $ 0.07 million ( 0.1 % of the total loan class), respectively. All of the loan modifications during the year ended December 31, 2024 involved term extensions and added a weighted average 7.1 years to the life of the loans.
One of the mortgage - 1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo loans modified during the year ended December 31, 2024 also received a 3.625 % interest rate reduction.
Of the loans modified during the year ended December 31, 2024, none are on non-accrual or subsequently defaulted.
A loan is generally considered to be in payment default once it is 90 days contractually past due under the modified terms for commercial loans and installment loans and when four consecutive payments are missed for mortgage loans.
In order to determine whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, we perform an evaluation of the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future without the modification. This evaluation is performed under our internal underwriting policy.
Credit Quality Indicators – As part of our on-going monitoring of the credit quality of our loan portfolios, we track certain credit quality indicators including (a) risk grade of commercial loans, (b) the level of classified commercial loans, (c) credit scores of mortgage and installment loan borrowers, and (d) delinquency history and non-performing loans.
For commercial loans, we use a loan rating system that is similar to those employed by state and federal banking regulators. Loans are graded on a scale of 1 to 12. A description of the general characteristics of the ratings follows:
Rating 1 through 6 : These loans are generally referred to as our ‘‘non-watch’’ commercial credits that include very high or exceptional credit fundamentals through acceptable credit fundamentals.
Rating 7 and 8 : These loans are generally referred to as our ‘‘watch’’ commercial credits. These ratings include loans to borrowers that exhibit potential credit weakness or downward trends. If not checked or cured these trends could weaken our asset or credit position. While potentially weak, no loss of principal or interest is envisioned with these ratings.
Rating 9 : These loans are generally referred to as our ‘‘substandard accruing’’ commercial credits. This rating includes loans to borrowers that exhibit a well-defined weakness where payment default is probable and loss is possible if deficiencies are not corrected. Generally, loans with this rating are considered collectible as to both principal and interest primarily due to collateral coverage.
Rating 10 and 11 : These loans are generally referred to as our ‘‘substandard - non-accrual’’ and ‘‘doubtful’’ commercial credits. These ratings include loans to borrowers with weaknesses that make collection of the loan in full, on the basis of current facts, conditions and values at best questionable and at worst improbable. All of these loans are placed in non-accrual.
Rating 12 : These loans are generally referred to as our ‘‘loss’’ commercial credits. This rating includes loans to borrowers that are deemed incapable of repayment and are charged-off.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
The following tables summarize loan ratings by loan class for our commercial loan portfolio segment at December 31:
Commercial
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
Revolving
Loans
Amortized
Cost Basis
Total
Prior
(In thousands)
December 31, 2025
Commercial and industrial
Non-watch (1-6)
Watch (7-8)
Substandard Accrual (9)
Non-Accrual (10-11)
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
Commercial real estate
Non-watch (1-6)
Watch (7-8)
Substandard Accrual (9)
Non-Accrual (10-11)
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
Total Commercial
Non-watch (1-6)
Watch (7-8)
Substandard Accrual (9)
Non-Accrual (10-11)
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Commercial
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
Revolving
Loans
Amortized
Cost Basis
Total
Prior
(In thousands)
December 31, 2024
Commercial and industrial
Non-watch (1-6)
Watch (7-8)
Substandard Accrual (9)
Non-Accrual (10-11)
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
Commercial real estate
Non-watch (1-6)
Watch (7-8)
Substandard Accrual (9)
Non-Accrual (10-11)
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
Total Commercial
Non-watch (1-6)
Watch (7-8)
Substandard Accrual (9)
Non-Accrual (10-11)
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
For each of our mortgage and installment portfolio segment classes we generally monitor credit quality based on the credit scores of the borrowers. These credit scores are generally updated semi-annually. The following tables summarize credit scores by loan class for our mortgage and installment loan portfolio segments at December 31:
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Mortgage (1)
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
Revolving
Loans
Amortized
Cost Basis
Total
Prior
(In thousands)
December 31, 2025
1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
1-4 family non-owner occupied
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
1-4 family - 2nd lien
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Mortgage - continued (1)
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
Revolving
Loans
Amortized
Cost Basis
Total
Prior
(In thousands)
December 31, 2025
Resort lending
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
Total Mortgage
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Mortgage (1)
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
Revolving
Loans
Amortized
Cost Basis
Total
Prior
(In thousands)
December 31, 2024
1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
1-4 family non-owner occupied
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
1-4 family - 2nd lien
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Mortgage - continued (1)
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
Revolving
Loans
Amortized
Cost Basis
Total
Prior
(In thousands)
December 31, 2024
Resort lending
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
Total Mortgage
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
Credit scores have been updated within the last twelve months.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Installment (1)
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
Prior
Total
(In thousands)
December 31, 2025
Boat lending
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
Recreational vehicle lending
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
Other
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
Total installment
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Installment (1)
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
Prior
Total
(In thousands)
December 31, 2024
Boat lending
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
Recreational vehicle lending
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
Other
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
Total installment
800 and above
Under 500
Unknown
Total
Accrued interest excluded from total
Current period gross charge-offs
Credit scores have been updated within the last twelve months.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Mortgage loans serviced for others are not reported as assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The principal balances of these loans at December 31 follow:
(In thousands)
Mortgage loans serviced for:
Fannie Mae
Freddie Mac
Ginnie Mae
FHLB
Other
Total
Custodial deposit accounts maintained in connection with mortgage loans serviced for others totaled $ 26.2 million and $ 29.4 million, at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
If we do not remain well capitalized for regulatory purposes (see note #20), meet certain minimum capital levels or certain profitability requirements or if we incur a rapid decline in net worth, we could lose our ability to sell and/or service loans to these investors. This could impact our ability to generate net gains on mortgage loans and generate servicing income. A forced liquidation of our servicing portfolio could also impact the value that could be recovered on this asset. Fannie Mae has the most stringent eligibility requirements covering capital levels, profitability and decline in net worth. Fannie Mae requires seller/servicers to be well capitalized for regulatory purposes. For the profitability requirement, we cannot record four or more consecutive quarterly losses and experience a 30 % decline in net worth over the same period. Our net worth cannot decline by more than 25 % in one quarter or more than 40 % over two consecutive quarters.
An analysis of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights for the years ended December 31 follows:
(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of period
Originated servicing rights capitalized
Change in fair value due to price
Change in fair value due to pay downs
Sales of originated servicing rights (1)
Loss on sale of originated servicing rights (1)
Balance at end of year
Loans sold and serviced that have had servicing rights capitalized
(1) On January 31, 2025 we sold $ 931.6 million of mortgage loan servicing rights ( 26.3 % of total servicing portfolio) and transferred the servicing on March 3, 2025. This sale represented approximately $ 13.1 million ( 27.9 %) of the total capitalized mortgage loan servicing right asset. While there remains a customary hold back of final settlement funds of approximately $ 0.1 million relating to this transaction, we are not aware of any issues that will have a material impact on this final payment. We have until the first quarter, 2026 to receive this final payment. Transaction expenses relating to this sale were approximately $ 0.2 million.
Fair value of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights was determined using an average coupon rate of 4.52 %, average servicing fee of 0.26 %, average discount rate of 9.94 % and an average Public Securities Association (‘‘PSA’’) prepayment rate of 160 for December 31, 2025; and average coupon rate of 4.13 %, average servicing fee of 0.26 %, average discount rate of 10.37 % and an average PSA prepayment rate of 125 for December 31, 2024.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
NOTE 5 – OTHER REAL ESTATE
A summary of other real estate activity for the years ended December 31 follows (1) :
(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of year, net of valuation allowance
Loans transferred to other real estate
Sales of other real estate
Additions to valuation allowance charged to expense
Balance at end of year, net of valuation allowance
Table excludes other repossessed assets totaling $ 0.12 million and $ 0.05 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
We periodically review our real estate properties and establish valuation allowances on these properties if values have declined since the date of acquisition. An analysis of our valuation allowance for other real estate follows:
(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of year
Additions charged to expense
Direct write-downs upon sale
Balance at end of year
At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the balance of other real estate includes $ 0.8 million and $ 0.9 million, respectively of foreclosed residential real estate properties. Retail mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process according to local requirements totaled $ 1.9 million and $ 2.0 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Other real estate and repossessed assets totaling $ 0.9 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, are presented net of the valuation allowance on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
NOTE 6 – PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
A summary of property and equipment at December 31 follows:
(In thousands)
Land and land improvements
Buildings
Equipment
Accumulated depreciation and amortization
Property and equipment, net
Depreciation expense was $ 5.0 million, $ 5.2 million and $ 5.2 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
NOTE 7 – GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLES
Intangible assets, net of amortization, at December 31 follows:
Gross
Carrying
Amount
Accumulated
Amortization
Gross
Carrying
Amount
Accumulated
Amortization
(In thousands)
Amortized intangible assets - core deposits
Unamortized intangible assets - goodwill
At December 31, 2025, the Bank (our reporting unit) had positive equity and elected to perform a qualitative assessment to determine if it was more likely than not that the fair value of the Bank exceeds its carrying value, including goodwill. The qualitative assessment indicated that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the Bank exceeded its carrying value, resulting in no impairment.
Intangible amortization expense was $ 0.5 million for each of the years ended 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
A summary of estimated core deposit intangible amortization at December 31, 2025, follows:
(In thousands)
Total
NOTE 8 – DEPOSITS
A summary of interest expense on deposits for the years ended December 31 follows:
(In thousands)
Savings and interest-bearing checking
Reciprocal
Time
Brokered time
Total
Aggregate time deposits in denominations of $ 0.25 million or more amounted to $ 223.4 million and $ 211.4 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
A summary of the maturity of time deposits at December 31, 2025, follows (1):
(In thousands)
2031 and thereafter
Total
Includes time deposits, brokered time deposits and reciprocal time deposits
Reciprocal deposits represent demand, money market and time deposits from our customers that have been placed through IntraFi Network. This service allows our customers to access multi-million dollar FDIC deposit insurance on deposit balances greater than the standard FDIC insurance maximum.
A summary of reciprocal deposits at December 31 follows:
(In thousands)
Demand
Money market
Time
Total
NOTE 9 – OTHER BORROWINGS
A summary of other borrowings at December 31 follows:
(In thousands)
Advances from the FHLB
Other
Total
Borrowings with the FRB at both December 31, 2025 and 2024 were zero . Average borrowings with the FRB during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 totaled $ 0.1 million, $ 0.2 million and $ 4.5 million, respectively. We had unused borrowing capacity with the FRB (subject to the FRB’s credit requirements and policies) of $ 1.24 billion at December 31, 2025. Collateral for FRB borrowings are certain securities AFS, securities HTM, commercial loans and installment loans. Interest expense on borrowings with the FRB amounted to $ 0.004 million, $ 0.013 million and $ 0.188 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Advances from the FHLB are secured by unencumbered qualifying mortgage and home equity loans with a market value equal to at least 125 % to 165 %, respectively, of outstanding advances as well as certain securities AFS, securities HTM and by the FHLB stock that we own. Unused borrowing capacity with the FHLB (subject to the FHLB’s credit requirements and policies) was $ 0.75 billion at December 31, 2025. Interest expense on advances amounted to $ 0.8 million, $ 2.0 million and $ 2.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During 2024 we exercised a call option and terminated a $ 50.0 million fixed rate advance with no penalty.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
As a member of the FHLB, we must own FHLB stock equal to the greater of 0.10 % of total assets or 4.5 % of our outstanding advances and certain loans sold to the FHLB. At December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with the FHLB stock ownership requirements.
The maturity dates, weighted average interest rates and contractually required repayments of FHLB advances at December 31 follow:
Amount
Rate
Amount
Rate
(Dollars in thousands)
Fixed Rate Advances
Total fixed rate advances
Variable Rate Advances
Total variable rate advances
Total FHLB advances
Assets, consisting of securit ies AFS, securities HTM, FHLB stock and loans, pledged to secure other borrowings and unused borrowing capacity totaled $ 2.86 billion at December 31, 2025.
NOTE 10 – SUBORDINATED DEBT AND DEBENTURES
Subordinated Debt
In May 2020, we issued $ 40.0 million of fixed to floating subordinated notes with a ten year maturity (May 31, 2030 maturity date) and a five year call option. The initial coupon rate was 5.95 % fixed for five years and then floated at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 5.825 %. These notes are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition under the caption “Subordinated debt” and the balances of zero and $ 39.59 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The December 31, 2024 balance was net of remaining unamortized deferred issuance costs of approximately $ 0.41 million that was being amortized through the maturity date into interest expense on other borrowings and subordinated debt and debentures in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. On September 2, 2025 we redeemed our $ 40.0 million floating subordinated notes. As a result, we accelerated the remaining unamortized net issuance costs of $ 0.36 million during the third quarter of 2025 into interest expense.
Subordinated Debentures
We have formed various special purpose entities (the ‘‘trusts’’) for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities in either public or pooled offerings or in private placements. Independent Bank Corporation owns all of the common stock of each trust and has issued subordinated debentures to each trust in exchange for all of the proceeds from the issuance of the common stock and the trust preferred securities. Trust preferred securities totaling $ 38.6 million a nd $ 38.6 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, qualified as Tier 1 regulatory capital.
These trusts are not consolidated with Independent Bank Corporation and accordingly, we report the common securities of the trusts held by us in accrued income and other assets and the subordinated debentures that we have issued to the trusts in the liability section of our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
As the result of a previous acquisition we acquired TCSB Statutory Trust I as summarized in the tables below at a discount. The discount at acquisition totaled $ 1.4 million and is being amortized through its maturity date and is included in interest expense – other borrowings and subordinated debt and debentures in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Summary information regarding subordinated debentures as of December 31 follows:
Entity Name
Issue
Date
Subordinated
Debentures
Trust
Preferred
Securities
Issued
Common
Stock
Issued
(In thousands)
IBC Capital Finance III
May 2007
IBC Capital Finance IV
September 2007
Midwest Guaranty Trust I
November 2002
TCSB Statutory Trust I
March 2005
Discount on TCSB Statutory Trust I
Entity Name
Issue
Date
Subordinated
Debentures
Trust
Preferred
Securities
Issued
Common
Stock
Issued
(In thousands)
IBC Capital Finance III
May 2007
IBC Capital Finance IV
September 2007
Midwest Guaranty Trust I
November 2002
TCSB Statutory Trust I
March 2005
Discount on TCSB Statutory Trust I
Other key terms for the subordinated debentures and trust preferred securities that were outstanding at December 31, 2025 and 2024 follow:
Entity Name
Maturity
Date
Interest Rate
First Permitted
Redemption Date
IBC Capital Finance III
July 30, 2037
3 month SOFR plus 1.86 %
July 30, 2012
IBC Capital Finance IV
September 15, 2037
3 month SOFR plus 3.11 %
September 15, 2012
Midwest Guaranty Trust I
November 7, 2032
3 month SOFR plus 3.71 %
November 7, 2007
TCSB Statutory Trust I
March 17, 2035
3 month SOFR plus 2.46 %
March 17, 2010
The subordinated debentures and trust preferred securities are cumulative and have a feature that permits us to defer distributions (payment of interest) from time to time for a period not to exceed 20 consecutive quarters. Interest is payable quarterly on each of the subordinated debentures and trust preferred securities and no distributions were deferred at December 31, 2025 and 2024.
We have the right to redeem the subordinated debentures and trust preferred securities (at par) in whole or in part from time to time on or after the first permitted redemption date specified above or upon the occurrence of specific events defined within the trust indenture agreements.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Distributions (payment of interest) on the trust preferred securities are included in interest expense – other borrowings and subordinated debt and debentures in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
NOTE 11 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
In the normal course of business, we enter into financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk to meet the financing needs of customers or to reduce exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These financial instruments may include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Financial instruments involve varying degrees of credit and interest-rate risk in excess of amounts reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Exposure to credit risk in the event of non-performance by the counterparties to the financial instruments for loan commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual amounts of those instruments.
A summary of financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk at December 31 follows:
Fixed Rate
Variable Rate
Fixed Rate
Variable Rate
(In thousands)
Financial instruments whose risk is represented by contract amounts
Commitments to extend credit
Standby letters of credit
Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and generally require payment of a fee. Since commitments may expire without being drawn upon, the commitment amounts do not represent future cash requirements. Commitments are issued subject to similar underwriting standards, including collateral requirements, as are generally involved in the extension of credit facilities. Fixed rate commitments to extend credit have interest rates ranging from zero to 18.00 % and maturities ranging from less than one year to 10 years.
Standby letters of credit are written conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in such transactions is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities and, accordingly, standby letters of credit are issued subject to similar underwriting standards, including collateral requirements, as are generally involved in the extension of credit facilities. The majority of the standby letters of credit are on-demand with no stated maturity date and have variable rates that range from 3.25 % to 12.75 %.
Economic
Pressures from various global and national macroeconomic conditions, including significant volatility and uncertainty with U.S. and global market conditions, the direct and indirect impacts of potential changes to U.S. trade policies, recessionary concerns, uncertainty regarding future interest rates, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, the continuation of the Russia-Ukraine war, ongoing and potentially increasing conflict in the Middle East, and potential governmental responses to these events, continue to create significant economic uncertainty. In addition, pursuit of various initiatives announced by the Trump administration may create some degree of volatility in our customers’ businesses, regulation of the financial services industry, and the markets in which we operate.
The extent to which these pressures and other factors may impact our business, results of operations, asset valuations, financial condition, and customers will depend on future developments, which continue to be highly uncertain and difficult to predict. Material adverse impacts may include all or a combination of valuation impairments on our other intangibles, goodwill, securities available for sale, securities held to maturity, loans, capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights or deferred tax assets.
We continue to closely monitor and analyze the higher risk segments within our portfolio, and senior management is cautiously optimistic that we are positioned to continue managing the impact of the varied set of risks and uncertainties currently impacting the global and U.S. economies. However, a high degree of uncertainty still exists with respect to the impact of these fluid macroeconomic conditions on the future performance of our loan portfolio and our financial results.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Litigation
We are involved in various litigation matters in the ordinary course of business, which currently include three putative class action complaints brought against the Bank alleging that its practice of charging overdraft and other fees was not consistent with the disclosures the Bank made to consumers. These lawsuits are similar to lawsuits that have recently been filed against other financial institutions pertaining to overdraft fee disclosures. No class has been certified in any of the putative class action complaints brought against the Bank, and we believe we have valid defenses to each of the claims that have been made. The aggregate amount we have accrued for losses we consider probable as a result of all of our outstanding litigation matters is not material. However, because of the inherent uncertainty of outcomes from any litigation matter and because these types of lawsuits oft en result in settlement, we believe it is reasonably possible we may incur losses in addition to the amounts we have accrued. At this time, we are unable to provide an estimate of the losses that we believe are reasonably possible, primarily because we are still conducting diligence on the underlying factual issues and significant matters remain to be resolved in the litigation, including the issue of class certification.
The litigation matters described in the preceding paragraph primarily include claims that have been brought against us for damages, but do not include litigation matters where we seek to collect amounts owed to us by third parties (such as litigation initiated to collect delinquent loans). These excluded, collection-related matters may involve claims or counterclaims by the opposing party or parties, but we have excluded such matters from the disclosure contained in the preceding paragraph in all cases where we believe the possibility of us paying damages to any opposing party is remote.
Visa Stock
On May 6, 2024, we exchanged 12,566 shares of Visa Inc. Class B-1 common stock (all of the Class B-1 shares we owned) for 2,493 shares of Visa Inc. Class C common stock and 6,283 shares of Visa Inc. Class B-2 common stock pursuant to an exchange offer conducted by Visa. Each Class C share automatically converts to 4 shares of Visa Inc. Class A common stock upon a transfer to anyone other than a Visa member or an affiliate of a Visa member. The Class B-2 shares have the same transfer restrictions as the transfer restrictions on the Class B-1 shares and can only be sold to other Class B shareholders.
Because of the very limited liquidity for the Class B-1 shares (prior to completion of the exchange offer) and uncertainty regarding the likelihood, ultimate timing, and eventual exchange rate for Class B-1 shares into Class A shares, we were carrying these shares at zero (prior to the completion of the exchange offer), representing cost basis less impairment. In light of the continued uncertainty regarding the likelihood, ultimate timing, and eventual exchange rate for Class B-2 shares into Class A shares, we are carrying the Class B-2 shares at zero at both December 31 2025 and 2024, representing cost basis less impairment. However, given the current conversion ratio of 1.5108 Class A shares for every 1 Class B-2 share and the closing price of Visa Class A shares on February 24, 2026 of $ 307.22 per share, our 6,283 Class B-2 shares would have a current “value” of approximately $ 2.9 million.
With the completion of the exchange discussed above, we recorded a gain related to the Class C shares of $ 2.677 million during the second quarter of 2024 based on the conversion privilege of those shares and the closing price of the Class A shares on May 3, 2024 (the exchange expiration date) of $ 268.49 per share. Subsequent to the exchange, we sold all 2,493 shares of our Class C shares for net proceeds of $ 2.685 million. We held no Class C shares at December 31, 2025 and 2024.
As a condition to our participation in the exchange offer, we were required to enter into a Makewhole Agreement that will require us to reimburse Visa in certain circumstances if certain litigation in which Visa has been involved since 2008 results in damages significantly higher than Visa currently expects. Potential payments under the Makewhole Agreement are designed to equal the decline in value we would have experienced had we not participated in Visa’s exchange offer. Based on the disclosures that have been made by Visa regarding the status of this litigation and other circumstances relating to the exchange offer and potential future, similar exchange offers, we believe the likelihood we will have to make any payments under the Makewhole Agreement is remote.
NOTE 12 – SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE
Ou r Board of Directors authorized share repurchase plans to buy back up to 5 % of our outstanding common stock during 2025, 2024 and 2023. During 2025 and 2023 repurchases were made through open market transactions and totaled 407,113 and 298,601 shares of common stock, respectively for an aggregate purchase price of $ 12.4 million and $ 5.2 million, respectively. There were no shares of common stock repurchased pursuant to this authorization during 2024.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
A reconciliation of basic and diluted net income per common share for the years ended December 31 follows:
(In thousands, except per share
amounts)
Net income
Weighted average shares outstanding (1)
Stock units for deferred compensation plan for non-employee directors
Performance share units
Effect of stock options
Weighted average shares outstanding for calculation of diluted earnings per share
Net income per common share
Basic (1)
Diluted
Basic net income per common share includes weighted average common shares outstanding during the period.
Weighted average stock options outstanding that were not considered in computing diluted net income per common share because they were anti-dilutive were zero for each year ended 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
NOTE 13 – INCOME TAX
The composition of income tax expense for the years ended December 31 follows:
(In thousands)
Current expense
Deferred expense (benefit)
Income tax expense
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
We are subject to U.S. federal income taxes and are not subject to state or foreign income taxes. A reconciliation of income tax expense to the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% for 2025, 2024 and 2023 to the income before income tax for the years ended December 31 follows:
(In thousands)
U.S. statutory rate applied to income before income tax
Tax credits
Purchased tax credits
Tax credit investments, net of amortization
Nontaxable and nondeductible items
Tax-exempt interest income
Bank owned life insurance
Non-deductible meals, entertainment and memberships
Share-based compensation
Employee stock ownership plan dividends
Other, net
Income tax expense
In December, 2025, we executed a Tax Credit Transfer Agreement (TCTA) whereby we agreed to purchase $ 22.9 million of 2025 Section 48 tax credits at a purchase price of 92 % of the tax credit amount. The purchase price of $ 21.1 million was paid by us to the seller, an independent third party on January 15, 2026. We plan to utilize the purchased tax credits of $ 22.9 million to offset amounts that otherwise would be due and payable to the IRS for 2025 and prior tax years. The accounting treatment at December 31, 2025 is an increase in income tax receivable from the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") of $ 22.9 million (recorded in Accrued income and other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition), a liability to the seller of $ 21.1 million (recorded in Accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition), and a reduction to income tax expense of $ 1.8 million in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ending December 31, 2025. This $ 1.8 million is included in "Purchased tax credits" in the table above. The $ 21.1 million liability to the seller was paid on January 15, 2026.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31 follow:
(In thousands)
Deferred tax assets
Allowance for credit losses
Unrealized loss on securities AFS
Unrealized loss on securities HTM transferred from AFS
Incentive compensation
Lease liabilities
Property and equipment
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments
Share-based compensation
Deferred compensation
Non accrual loan interest income
Unrealized loss on derivative financial instruments
Loss reimbursement on sold loans reserve
Other than temporary impairment charge on securities available for sale
Securities premium amortization
Gross deferred tax assets
Deferred tax liabilities
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights
Deferred loan fees
Lease right of use asset
Purchase premiums, net
Other
Gross deferred tax liabilities
Deferred tax assets, net (1)
Included in accrued income and other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.
We assess whether a valuation allowance should be established against our deferred tax assets based on the consideration of all available evidence using a ‘‘more likely than not’’ standard. The ultimate realization of this asset is primarily based on generating future income. We concluded at both December 31, 2025 and 2024, that the realization of substantially all of our deferred tax assets continues to be more likely than not.
Changes in unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31 follow:
(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of year
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year
Reductions due to the statute of limitations
Reductions due to settlements
Balance at end of year
If recognized, the entire amount of unrecognized tax benefits, net of $ 0.04 million of federal tax on state benefits, would affect our effective tax rate. No amounts were expensed for interest and penalties for the years ended December 31,
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
2025, 2024 and 2023. No amounts were accrued for interest and penalties at December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023. At December 31, 2025, U.S. Federal tax years 2022 through the present remain open to examination.
NOTE 14 – SHARE BASED COMPENSATION AND BENEFIT PLANS
We maintain share based payment plans that include a non-employee director stock purchase plan and a long-term incentive plan that permits the issuance of share based compensation, including stock options and non-vested share awards. The long-term incentive plan, which is shareholder approved, permits the grant of additional share based awards for up to 0.30 million shares of common stock as of December 31, 2025. The non-employee director stock purchase plan permits the issuance of additional share based payments for up to 0.05 million shares of common stock as of December 31, 2025. Share based awards and payments are measured at fair value at the date of grant and are expensed over the requisite service period. Common shares issued upon exercise of stock options come from currently authorized but unissued shares.
During 2025, 2024 and 2023 pursuant to our long-term incentive plan, we granted 0.05 million, 0.09 million and 0.08 million shares, respectively of restricted stock and 0.02 million during each year of performance stock units (‘‘PSU’’), to certain officers. The shares of restricted stock and PSUs generally cliff vest after a period of three years . The performance criteria of the PSUs is split evenly between a comparison of (i) our total shareholder return and (ii) our return on average assets each over the three year period starting on the grant date to these same criteria over that period to an index of our banking peers.
Our directors may elect to receive all or a portion of their cash retainer fees in the form of common stock (either on a current basis or on a deferred basis) pursuant to the non-employee director stock purchase plan referenced above. Shares equal in value to that portion of each director’s fees that he or she has elected to receive in stock on a current basis are issued each quarter and vest immediately. Shares issued on a deferred basis are credited at the rate of 90 % of the current fair value of our common stock and vest immediately. We issued 0.01 million, 0.01 million and 0.02 million shares to directors pursuant to this plan during each of the years ending 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively and expensed their value during those same periods.
Total compensation expense recognized for grants pursuant to our long-term incentive plan was $ 2.5 million, $ 2.1 million and $ 1.9 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The corresponding tax benefit relating to this expense was $ 0.5 million, $ 0.4 million, and $ 0.4 million during each year, respectively. Total expense recognized for non-employee director share based payments was $ 0.3 million, $ 0.2 million, and $ 0.4 million for the years ending 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The corresponding tax benefit relating to this expense was $ 0.06 million, $ 0.05 million and $ 0.08 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
A summary of outstanding stock option grants and related transactions follows:
Number of
Shares
Average
Exercise
Price
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (Years)
Aggregated
Intrinsic
Value
(In thousands)
Outstanding at January 1, 2025
Granted
Exercised
Forfeited
Expired
Outstanding at December 31, 2025
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2025
Exercisable at December 31, 2025
Certain information regarding options exercised during the periods ending December 31 follows:
(In thousands)
Intrinsic value
Cash proceeds received
Tax benefit realized
A summary of outstanding non-vested stock (restricted stock and PSUs) and related transactions follows:
Number
of Shares
Weighted-
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2025
Granted
Vested
Forfeited
Outstanding at December 31, 2025
At December 31, 2025, the total expected compensation cost related to non-vested restricted stock and PSUs not yet recognized was $ 2.8 million. The weighted-average period over which this amount will be recognized is 1.85 years.
We maintain 401(k) and employee stock ownership plans covering substantially all of our full-time employees. We matched 50 % of employee contributions to the 401(k) plan up to a maximum of 8 % of participating employees’ eligible wages for 2025, 2024 and 2023. Contributions to the employee stock ownership plan are determined annually and require approval of our Board of Directors. The maximum contribution is 6 % of employees’ eligible wages. Contributions to the employee stock ownership plan were 2 % for each of 2025, 2024 and 2023. Amounts expensed for these retirement plans were $ 3.4 million, $ 3.3 million and $ 3.1 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Our employees participate in various performance-based compensation plans. Amounts expensed for all incentive plans totaled $ 11.6 million, $ 12.9 million and $ 8.0 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
We also provide certain health care and life insurance programs to substantially all full-time employees. Amounts expensed for these programs totaled $ 6.7 million, $ 7.1 million and $ 7.2 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023 respectively.
These insurance programs are also available to retired employees at their own expense.
NOTE 15 – NON-INTEREST INCOME - OTHER
Other non-interest income for the years ended December 31 follows:
(In thousands)
Investment and insurance commissions
ATM fees
Bank owned life insurance
Other
Total other non-interest income
NOTE 16 – DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
We are required to record derivatives on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as assets and liabilities measured at their fair value. The accounting for increases and decreases in the value of derivatives depends upon the use of derivatives and whether the derivatives qualify for hedge accounting.
Our derivative financial instruments according to the type of hedge in which they are designated at December 31 follow:
Notional
Amount
Average
Maturity
(years)
Fair
Value
(Dollars in thousands)
Fair value hedge designation
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreement - commercial
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - securities available for sale
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - installment
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - mortgage
Interest rate cap agreements - securities available for sale
Total
Cash flow hedge designation
Interest rate floor agreements - commercial
Interest rate cap agreements - short-term funding liabilities
Total
No hedge designation
Rate-lock mortgage loan commitments
Mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - commercial
Pay-variable interest rate swap agreements - commercial
Total
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Notional
Amount
Average
Maturity
(years)
Fair
Value
(Dollars in thousands)
Fair value hedge designation
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreement - commercial
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - securities available for sale
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - installment
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - mortgage
Interest rate cap agreements - securities available for sale
Total
Cash flow hedge designation
Interest rate floor agreements - commercial
Interest rate cap agreements - short-term funding liabilities
Total
No hedge designation
Rate-lock mortgage loan commitments
Mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - commercial
Pay-variable interest rate swap agreements - commercial
Total
We have established management objectives and strategies that include interest-rate risk parameters for maximum fluctuations in net interest income and market value of portfolio equity. We monitor our interest rate risk position via simulation modeling reports. The goal of our asset/liability management efforts is to maintain profitable financial leverage within established risk parameters.
We have entered into pay-fixed interest rate swaps and caps to protect a portion of the fair value of a certain fixed rate commercial loan and certain mortgage and installment loans (‘‘Fair Value Hedge – Portfolio Loans’’). As a result, changes in the fair values of the pay-fixed interest rate swaps and caps are expected to offset changes in the fair values of the fixed rate portfolio loans due to fluctuations in interest rates. We record the fair values of Fair Value Hedge – Portfolio Loans in accrued income and other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The hedged items (a fixed rate commercial loan and certain fixed rate mortgage and installment loans) are also recorded at fair value which offsets the adjustment to the Fair Value Hedge – Portfolio Loans. On an ongoing basis, we adjust our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition to reflect the then current fair values of both the Fair Value Hedge – Portfolio Loans and the hedged items. The related gains or losses are reported in interest income – interest and fees on loans in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the second quarter of 2023 we terminated the interest rate cap that was previously hedging certain installment loans. The remaining unrealized gain on this terminated interest cap of $ 0.12 million as of December 31, 2025 is being amortized into earnings over the original life of the interest rate cap which was February, 2030.
We have entered into pay-fixed interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements to protect a portion of the fair value of certain securities available for sale (‘‘Fair Value Hedge – AFS Securities’’). As a result, the change in the fair value of the pay-fixed interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements is expected to offset a portion of the change in the fair value of the fixed rate securities available for sale due to fluctuations in interest rates. We record the fair value of Fair Value Hedge – AFS Securities in accrued income and other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The hedged items (fixed rate securities available for sale) are also recorded at fair value which offsets the adjustment to the Fair Value Hedge – AFS Securities. On an ongoing basis, we adjust our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition to reflect the then current fair value of both the Fair Value
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Hedge – AFS Securities and the hedged item. The related gains or losses are reported in interest income – interest on securities – tax-exempt in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
We have entered into interest rate floor agreements to manage the variability in future expected cash flows of certain commercial loans (‘‘Cash Flow Hedge – Portfolio Loans’’). We record the fair value of Cash Flow Hedge – Portfolio Loans in accrued income and other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The changes in the fair value of Cash Flow Hedge - Portfolio Loans are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss and are reclassified into the line item in our Consolidated Statements of Operations in which the hedged items are recorded in the same period the hedged items affect earnings.
We have entered into an interest rate cap agreement to manage the variability in future expected cash flows of certain short-term funding liabilities (‘‘Cash Flow Hedge – Short-term Funding Liabilities’’). We record the fair value of Cash Flow Hedge – Short-term Funding Liabilities in accrued income and other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The changes in the fair value of Cash Flow Hedge - Short-term Funding Liabilities are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss and are reclassified into the line item in our Consolidated Statements of Operations in which the hedged items are recorded in the same period the hedged items affect earnings.
For Cash Flow Hedges, it is anticipated that as of December 31, 2025, $ 0.9 million will be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss as a reduction to earnings over the next twelve months. The maximum term of any Cash Flow Hedge at December 31, 2025 is 3.62 years.
Certain derivative financial instruments have not been designated as hedges. The fair value of these derivative financial instruments has been recorded on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and is adjusted on an ongoing basis to reflect their then current fair value. The changes in fair value of derivative financial instruments not designated as hedges are recognized in earnings.
In the ordinary course of business, we enter into rate-lock mortgage loan commitments with customers (‘‘Rate-Lock Commitments’’). These commitments expose us to interest rate risk. We also enter into mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans (‘‘Mandatory Commitments’’) to reduce the impact of price fluctuations of mortgage loans held for sale and Rate-Lock Commitments. Mandatory Commitments help protect our loan sale profit margin from fluctuations in interest rates. The changes in the fair value of Rate-Lock Commitments and Mandatory Commitments are recognized currently as part of net gains on mortgage loans in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. We obtain market prices on Mandatory Commitments and Rate-Lock Commitments. Net gains on mortgage loans, as well as net income may be more volatile as a result of these derivative instruments, which are not designated as hedges.
We have a program that allows commercial loan customers to lock in a fixed rate for a longer period of time than we would normally offer for interest rate risk reasons. We will enter into a variable rate commercial loan and an interest rate swap agreement with a customer and then enter into an offsetting interest rate swap agreement with an unrelated party. The interest rate swap agreement fair values will generally move in opposite directions resulting in little or no net impact on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. All of the interest rate swap agreements - commercial with no hedge designation in the table above relate to this program.
We had entered into a no hedge designation pay-variable interest rate swap agreement in an attempt to manage the cost of certain funding liabilities. The changes in fair value of this no hedge pay-variable interest rate swap is recorded in non-interest expense-other in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. This no hedge designation pay-variable interest rate swap agreement matured during the third quarter of 2023.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
The following table illustrates the impact that the derivative financial instruments discussed above have on individual line items in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition for the periods presented:
Fair Values of Derivative Instruments
Asset Derivatives
Liability Derivatives
December 31,
December 31,
Balance
Sheet
Location
Fair
Value
Balance
Sheet
Location
Fair
Value
Balance
Sheet
Location
Fair
Value
Balance
Sheet
Location
Fair
Value
(In thousands)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements
Other assets
Other assets
Other liabilities
Other liabilities
Interest rate cap agreements
Other assets
Other assets
Other liabilities
Other liabilities
Interest rate floor agreements
Other assets
Other assets
Other liabilities
Other liabilities
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Rate-lock mortgage loan commitments
Other assets
Other assets
Other liabilities
Other liabilities
Mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans
Other assets
Other assets
Other liabilities
Other liabilities
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - commercial
Other assets
Other assets
Other liabilities
Other liabilities
Pay-variable interest rate swap agreements - commercial
Other assets
Other assets
Other liabilities
Other liabilities
Total derivatives
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
The effect of derivative financial instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations follows:
Year Ended December 31,
Gain (loss) Recognized
in Other
Comprehensive
Income
(Effective Portion)
Location of
Loss
Reclassified
from
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss
into Income
(Effective
Portion)
Loss
Reclassified from
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Loss into Income
(Effective Portion)
Location of
Gain (Loss)
Recognized
in Income
Gain (Loss)
Recognized
in Income
(In thousands)
Fair Value Hedges
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreement - commercial
Interest and fees on loans
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreement - securities available for sale
Interest on securities
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreement - installment
Interest and fees on loans
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - Mortgage
Interest and fees on loans
Interest rate cap agreements - securities available for sale
Interest on securities
Interest on securities
Interest rate cap agreements - installment
Interest and fees on loans
Interest and fees on loans
Total
Cash Flow Hedges
Interest rate floor agreements - commercial
Interest and fees on loans
Interest and fees on loans
Interest rate cap agreements - short-term funding liabilities
Interest expense
Interest expense
Total
No hedge designation
Rate-lock mortgage loan commitments
Net gains on mortgage loans
Mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans
Net gains on mortgage loans
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - commercial
Interest and fees on loans
Pay-variable interest rate swap agreements -commercial
Interest and fees on loans
Pay-variable interest rate swap agreement
Non-interest expense -
other
Total
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
NOTE 17 – RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Certain directors and executive officers, including companies in which they are officers or have significant ownership, were loan and deposit customers during 2025 and 2024.
A summary of loans to our directors and executive officers (which includes loans to entities in which the individual owns a 10 % or more voting interest) for the years ended December 31 follows:
(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of year
New loans and advances
Repayments
Balance at end of year
We had $ 1.34 million and $ 1.39 million in loan commitments to directors and executive officers at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Of these commitments, balances outstanding were $ 0.10 million and $ 0.01 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and included in the table above.
Deposits held by us for directors and executive officers totaled $ 3.4 million and $ 1.5 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
NOTE 18 – LEASES
We have entered into leases in the normal course of business primarily for office facilities, some of which include renewal options and escalation clauses. Certain leases also include both lease components (fixed payments including rent, taxes and insurance costs) and non-lease components (common area or other maintenance costs) which are accounted for as a single lease component as we have elected the practical expedient to group lease and non-lease components together for all leases. We have also elected not to recognize leases with original lease terms of 12 months or less (short-term leases) on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Most of our leases include one or more options to renew. The exercise of lease renewal options is typically at our sole discretion and are included in our right of use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities if they are reasonably certain of exercise.
Leases are classified as operating or finance leases at the lease commencement date (we did not have any finance leases as of December 31, 2025 and 2024). Lease expense for operating leases and short-term leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the estimated present value of the lease payment over the lease term.
As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of the lease payments.
The cost components of our operating leases follows:
(In thousands)
Operating lease cost
Variable lease cost
Short-term lease cost
Total
Variable lease costs consist primarily of taxes, insurance, and common area or other maintenance costs for our leased facilities.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Supplemental balance sheet information related to our operating leases follows:
(In thousands)
Lease right of use asset (1)
Lease liabilities (2)
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)
Weighted average discount rate
(1) Included in Accrued income and other assets in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
(2) Included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
Maturity analysis of our lease liabilities at December 31, 2025 based on required contractual payments follows:
(In thousands)
2031 and thereafter
Total lease payments
Less imputed interest
Total
NOTE 19 – CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK
Credit risk is the risk to earnings and capital arising from an obligor’s failure to meet the terms of any contract with our organization or otherwise failing to perform as agreed. Credit risk can occur outside of our traditional lending activities and can exist in any activity where success depends on counterparty, issuer or borrower performance. Concentrations of credit risk (whether on- or off-balance sheet) arising from financial instruments can exist in relation to individual borrowers or groups of borrowers, certain types of collateral, certain types of industries or certain geographic regions. Credit risk associated with these concentrations could arise when a significant amount of loans or other financial instruments, related by similar characteristics, are simultaneously impacted by changes in economic or other conditions that cause their probability of repayment or other type of settlement to be adversely affected. Our major concentrations of credit risk arise by collateral type and by industry. The significant concentrations by collateral type at December 31, 2025, include $ 1.497 billion of loans secured by residential real estate and $ 273.6 million of construction and land development loans.
Additionally, within our commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loan classes, we had significant standard industry classification concentrations in the following categories as of December 31, 2025: Lessors of Nonresidential Real Estate ($ 624.3 million); Construction ($ 214.1 million); Lessors of Residential Real Estate ($ 180.8 million); Health Care and Social Assistance ($ 174.5 million); Accommodation and Food Services ($ 164.5 million); and Manufacturing ($ 112.9 million). A geographic concentration arises because we primarily conduct our lending activities in the State of Michigan.
NOTE 20 – REGULATORY MATTERS
Capital guidelines adopted by federal and state regulatory agencies and restrictions imposed by law limit the amount of cash dividends our Bank can pay to us. Under these guidelines, the amount of dividends that may be paid in any calendar year is limited to the Bank’s current year net profits, combined with the retained net profits of the preceding two years. Further, the Bank cannot pay a d ividend at any time that it has negative undivided profits. As of December 31, 2025, the
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Bank had positive undivided profits of $ 222.6 million. It is not our intent to have dividends paid in amounts that would reduce the capital of our Bank to levels below those which we consider prudent or that would not be in accordance with guidelines of regulatory authorities.
We are also subject to various regulatory capital requirements. The prompt corrective action regulations establish quantitative measures to ensure capital adequacy and require minimum amounts and ratios of total, Tier 1, and common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets and Tier 1 capital to average assets. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory, and possibly discretionary, actions by regulators that could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. In addition, capital adequacy rules include a common equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer of 2.5 % of risk-weighted assets that applies to all supervised financial institutions. To avoid limits on capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments we must meet the minimum ratio for adequately capitalized institutions plus the buffer. Under capital adequacy guidelines, we must meet specific capital requirements that involve quantitative measures as well as qualitative judgments by the regulators. The most recent regulatory filings as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, categorized our Bank as well capitalized and exceeding the minimum ratio for adequately capitalized institutions plus the capital conservation buffer. Management is not aware of any conditions or events that would have changed the most recent Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (‘‘FDIC’’) categorization.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Our actual capital amounts and ratios at December 31 follow (1) :
Actual
Minimum for
Adequately Capitalized
Institutions
Minimum for
Well-Capitalized
Institutions
Amount
Ratio
Amount
Ratio
Amount
Ratio
(Dollars in thousands)
Total capital to risk-weighted assets
Consolidated
Independent Bank
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets
Consolidated
Independent Bank
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets
Consolidated
Independent Bank
Tier 1 capital to average assets
Consolidated
Independent Bank
Total capital to risk-weighted assets
Consolidated
Independent Bank
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets
Consolidated
Independent Bank
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets
Consolidated
Independent Bank
Tier 1 capital to average assets
Consolidated
Independent Bank
These ratios do not reflect a capital conservation buffer of 2.50 % at December 31, 2025 and 2024.
NA - Not applicable
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
The components of our regulatory capital are as follows:
Consolidated
Independent Bank
December 31,
December 31,
(In thousands)
Total shareholders’ equity
Add (deduct)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss for regulatory purposes
Goodwill and other intangibles
Common equity tier 1 capital
Qualifying trust preferred securities
Tier 1 capital
Subordinated debt
Allowance for credit losses and allowance for unfunded lending commitments limited to 1.25% of total risk-weighted assets
Total risk-based capital
NOTE 21 – FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES
FASB ASC topic 820 defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. FASB ASC topic 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.
The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
Level 1: Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets. Level 1 instruments include securities traded on active exchange markets, such as the New York Stock Exchange, as well as U.S. Treasury securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in active over-the-counter markets.
Level 2: Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market. Level 2 instruments include securities traded in less active dealer or broker markets.
Level 3: Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use at least one significant assumption not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include use of option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.
We used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value:
Securities : Where quoted market prices are available in an active market, securities are classified as Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. We currently do not have any Level 1 securities. If quoted market prices are not available for the specific security, then fair values are estimated by (1) using quoted market prices of securities with similar characteristics, (2) matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
quoted prices, or (3) a discounted cash flow analysis whose significant fair value inputs can generally be verified and do not typically involve judgment by management. These securities are classified as Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy and primarily include agency securities, private label mortgage-backed securities, other asset backed securities, obligations of states and political subdivisions, trust preferred securities and corporate securities.
Loans held for sale : The fair value of loans held for sale, carried at fair value is based on agency cash window loan pricing for comparable assets (recurring Level 2).
Collateral dependent loans with specific loss allocations based on collateral value : From time to time, certain collateral dependent loans will have an ACL established. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an appraised value or when an appraised value is not available we record the collateral dependent loan as nonrecurring Level 3. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments can be significant and thus will typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value.
Other real estate : At the time of acquisition, other real estate is recorded at fair value, less estimated costs to sell, which becomes the property’s new basis. Subsequent write-downs to reflect declines in value since the time of acquisition may occur from time to time and are recorded in net gains (losses) on other real estate and repossessed assets, which is part of non-interest expense - other in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of the property used at and subsequent to the time of acquisition is typically determined by a third party appraisal of the property. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments can be significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value.
Appraisals for both collateral-dependent loans and other real estate are performed by certified general appraisers (for commercial properties) or certified residential appraisers (for residential properties) whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by us. Once received, an independent third party, or a member of our Collateral Evaluation Department (for commercial properties), or a member of our Special Assets Group (for residential properties) reviews the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal as well as the overall resulting fair value in comparison with independent data sources such as recent market data or industry-wide statistics. We compare the actual selling price of collateral that has been sold to the most recent appraised value of our properties to determine what additional adjustment, if any, should be made to the appraisal value to arrive at fair value. For commercial and residential properties we typically discount an appraisal to account for various factors that the appraisal excludes in its assumptions.
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights : The fair value of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights is based on a valuation model used by an independent third party that calculates the present value of estimated net servicing income. The valuation model incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income. Certain model assumptions are generally unobservable and are based upon the best information available including data relating to our own servicing portfolio, reviews of mortgage servicing assumption and valuation surveys and input from various mortgage servicers and, therefore, are recorded as Level 3. Management evaluates the third party valuation for reasonableness each quarter as part of our financial reporting control processes.
Derivatives : The fair value of rate-lock mortgage loan commitments is based on agency cash window loan pricing for comparable assets and the fair value of mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans is based on mortgage backed security pricing for comparable assets (recurring Level 2). The fair value of interest rate swap, interest rate cap and interest rate floor agreements are derived from proprietary models which utilize current market data. The significant fair value inputs can generally be observed in the market place and do not typically involve judgment by management (recurring Level 2).
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value, including financial assets for which we have elected the fair value option, were as follows:
Fair Value Measurements Using
Fair Value
Measure-
ments
Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets
for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
observable
Inputs
(Level 3)
(In thousands)
December 31, 2025:
Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Assets
Securities available for sale
U.S. agency
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed
U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed
Private label mortgage-backed
Other asset backed
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
Corporate
Trust preferred
Loans held for sale
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights
Derivatives (1)
Liabilities
Derivatives (2)
Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis:
Assets
Collateral dependent loans (3)
Commercial
Commercial and industrial
Commercial real estate
Mortgage
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo
1-4 family non-owner occupied
1-4 family - 2nd lien
Resort lending
Installment
Boat lending
Recreational vehicle lending
Other
Included in accrued income and other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
Only includes individually evaluated loans with specific loss allocations based on collateral value.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Fair Value Measurements Using
Fair Value
Measure-
ments
Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets
for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
observable
Inputs
(Level 3)
(In thousands)
December 31, 2024:
Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Assets
Securities available for sale
U.S. agency
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed
U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed
Private label mortgage-backed
Other asset backed
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
Corporate
Trust preferred
Loans held for sale
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights
Derivatives (1)
Liabilities
Derivatives (2)
Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis:
Assets
Collateral dependent loans (3)
Commercial
Commercial and industrial
Commercial real estate
Mortgage
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo
1-4 family - 2nd lien
Resort lending
Installment
Boat lending
Recreational vehicle lending
Other
Included in accrued income and other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
Only includes individually evaluated loans with specific loss allocations based on collateral value.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Changes in fair values of financial assets for which we have elected the fair value option for the years ended December 31 were as follows:
Net Gains (Losses)
on Assets -Mortgage
Loans
Mortgage
Loan
Servicing, net
Total
Change
in Fair
Values
Included
in Current
Period
Earnings
(In thousands)
Loans held for sale
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights
Loans held for sale
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights
Loans held for sale
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights
For those items measured at fair value pursuant to our election of the fair value option, interest income is recorded within the Consolidated Statements of Operations based on the contractual amount of interest income earned on these financial assets.
The following represent impairment charges recognized during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 relating to assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis:
• Loans that are individually evaluated using the fair value of collateral for collateral dependent loans had a carrying amount of $ 18.6 million, which is net of a valuation allowance of $ 6.8 million at December 31, 2025, and had a carrying amount of $ 5.5 million, which is net of a valuation allowance of $ 2.3 million at December 31, 2024. An additional provision for credit losses relating to these collateral dependent loans of $ 7.0 million, $ 0.2 million and $ 1.1 million was included in our results of operations for the years ending December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
A reconciliation for all assets and (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the years ended December 31 follows:
Capitalized Mortgage
Loan Servicing Rights
(In thousands)
Beginning balance
Total losses realized and unrealized:
Included in results of operations
Included in results of operations - gain on sale (1)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)
Purchases, issuances, settlements, maturities and calls
Sales (1)
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3
Ending balance
Amount of total gains (losses) for the period included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized losses relating to assets and liabilities still held at December 31
(1) On January 31, 2025 we sold $ 931.6 million of mortgage loan servicing rights ( 26.3 % of total servicing portfolio) and transferred the servicing on March 3, 2025. This sale represented approximately $ 13.1 million ( 27.9 %) of the total capitalized mortgage loan servicing right asset. While there remains a customary hold back of final settlement funds of approximately $ 0.1 million relating to this transaction, we are not aware of any issues that will have a material impact on this final payment. We have until the first quarter, 2026 to receive this final payment. Transaction expenses relating to this sale were approximately $ 0.2 million and were expensed in 2025.
The fair value of our capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights has been determined based on a valuation model used by an independent third party as discussed above. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights are discount rate, cost to service, ancillary income, float rate and prepayment rate. Significant changes in all five of these assumptions in isolation would result in significant changes to the
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
value of our capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights. Quantitative information about our Level 3 fair value measurements measured on a recurring basis follows:
Asset
Fair
Value
Valuation
Technique
Unobservable
Inputs
Range
Weighted
Average
(In thousands)
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights
Present value of net servicing revenue
Discount rate
Cost to service
Ancillary income
Float rate
Prepayment rate
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights
Present value of net servicing revenue
Discount rate
Cost to service
Ancillary income
Float rate
Prepayment rate
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements measured on a non-recurring basis follows:
Asset
Fair
Value
Valuation
Technique
Unobservable
Inputs
Range
Weighted
Average
(In thousands)
Collateral dependent loans
Commercial
Income approach
Discount rates used
Sales comparison approach
Adjustment for differences between comparable sales
Discounting financial statement and machinery and equipment appraised values
Discount rates used
Sales comparison approach
Adjustment for differences between comparable sales
Mortgage and Installment (2)
Sales comparison approach
Adjustment for differences between comparable sales
Collateral dependent loans
Commercial
Discounting financial statement and machinery and equipment appraised values
Discount rates used
Sales comparison approach
Adjustment for differences between comparable sales
Mortgage and Installment (2)
Sales comparison approach
Adjustment for differences between comparable sales
We have one commercial loan relationship that is cross collateralized by several properties whose appraisals used different valuation techniques.
In addition to the valuation techniques and unobservable inputs discussed above, at December 31, 2025 and 2024 certain collateral dependent installment loans totaling approximately $ 0.37 million and $ 0.29 million, respectively, are secured by collateral other than real estate. For the majority of these loans, we apply internal discount rates to industry valuation guides.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
The following table reflects the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate remaining contractual principal balance outstanding for loans held for sale for which the fair value option has been elected at December 31:
Aggregate
Fair Value
Difference
Contractual
Principal
(In thousands)
Loans held for sale
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
NOTE 22 – FAIR VALUES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Most of our assets and liabilities are considered financial instruments. Many of these financial instruments lack an available trading market and it is our general practice and intent to hold the majority of our financial instruments to maturity. Significant estimates and assumptions were used to determine the fair value of financial instruments. These estimates are subjective in nature, involving uncertainties and matters of judgment, and therefore, fair values may not be a precise estimate. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.
Estimated fair values have been determined using available data and methodologies that are considered suitable for each category of financial instrument. For instruments with adjustable interest rates which reprice frequently and without significant credit risk, it is presumed that estimated fair values approximate the recorded book balances.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
The estimated recorded book balances and fair values at December 31 follow:
Fair Value Using
Recorded
Book
Balance
Fair Value
Quoted
Prices
in Active
Markets
for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
observable
Inputs
(Level 3)
(In thousands)
Assets
Cash and due from banks
Interest bearing deposits
Securities available for sale
Securities held to maturity
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank Stock
Net loans and loans held for sale
Accrued interest receivable
Derivative financial instruments
Liabilities
Deposits with no stated maturity (1)
Deposits with stated maturity (1)
Other borrowings
Subordinated debentures
Accrued interest payable
Derivative financial instruments
Assets
Cash and due from banks
Interest bearing deposits
Securities available for sale
Securities held to maturity
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank Stock
Net loans and loans held for sale
Accrued interest receivable
Derivative financial instruments
Liabilities
Deposits with no stated maturity (1)
Deposits with stated maturity (1)
Other borrowings
Subordinated debt
Subordinated debentures
Accrued interest payable
Derivative financial instruments
NA – Not applicable
Deposits with no stated maturity include reciprocal deposits with a recorded book balance of $ 862.697 million and $ 797.224 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Deposits with a stated maturity include reciprocal deposits with a recorded book balance of $ 112.224 million and $ 109.807 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
The fair values for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit are estimated to approximate their aggregate book balance, which is nominal, and therefore are not disclosed.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale the entire holdings of a particular financial instrument.
Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business, the value of future earnings attributable to off-balance sheet activities and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments.
Fair value estimates for deposit accounts do not include the value of the core deposit intangible asset resulting from the low-cost funding provided by the deposit liabilities compared to the cost of borrowing funds in the market.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
NOTE 23 – ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
A summary of changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss (‘‘AOCL’’), net of tax during the years ended December 31 follows:
Unrealized
Losses on
Securities
AFS
Unrealized Losses on Securities Transferred to Securities HTM (1)
Dispropor-
tionate
Tax Effects
from
Securities
AFS
Unrealized
Gains (Losses) on
Derivative Instruments
Total
(In thousands)
Balances at beginning of period
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
Amounts reclassified from AOCL
Net current period other comprehensive income
Balances at end of period
Balances at beginning of period
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
Amounts reclassified from AOCL
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)
Balances at end of period
Balances at beginning of period
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
Amounts reclassified from AOCL
Net current period other comprehensive income
Balances at end of period
(1) Represents the remaining unrealized loss to be accreted on securities that were transferred from AFS to HTM on April 1, 2022.
The disproportionate tax effects from securities AFS arose primarily due to tax effects of other comprehensive income (‘‘OCI’’) in the presence of a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets and a pretax loss from operations. Generally, the amount of income tax expense or benefit allocated to operations is determined without regard to the tax effects of other categories of income or loss, such as OCI. However, an exception to the general rule is provided when, in the presence of a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets, there is a pretax loss from operations and pretax income from other categories in the current period. In such instances, income from other categories must offset the current loss from operations, the tax benefit of such offset being reflected in operations. Release of material disproportionate tax effects from other comprehensive income to earnings is done by the portfolio method whereby the effects will remain in AOCL as long as we carry a more than inconsequential portfolio of securities AFS.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
A summary of reclassifications out of each component of AOCL for the years ended December 31 follows:
AOCL Component
Reclassified
From
AOCL
Affected Line Item in
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(In thousands)
Unrealized losses on securities available for sale
Net losses on securities available for sale
Income tax expense
Reclassifications, net of tax
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments
Interest income
Interest expense
Income tax expense
Reclassifications, net of tax
Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax
Unrealized losses on securities available for sale
Net losses on securities available for sale
Income tax expense
Reclassifications, net of tax
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments
Interest income
Income tax expense
Reclassifications, net of tax
Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax
Unrealized losses on securities available for sale
Net losses on securities available for sale
Income tax expense
Reclassifications, net of tax
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments
Interest income
Income tax expense
Reclassifications, net of tax
Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
NOTE 24 – INDEPENDENT BANK CORPORATION (PARENT COMPANY ONLY) FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Presented below are condensed financial statements for our parent company.
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
December 31,
(In thousands)
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks
Interest bearing deposits - time
Investment in subsidiaries
Accrued income and other assets
Total Assets
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Subordinated debt
Subordinated debentures
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
Shareholders’ equity
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)
OPERATING INCOME
Dividends from subsidiary
Interest income
Other income
Total Operating Income
OPERATING EXPENSES
Interest expense
Administrative and other expenses
Total Operating Expenses
Income Before Income Tax and Equity in Undistributed Net Income of Subsidiaries
Income tax benefit
Income Before Equity in Undistributed Net Income of Subsidiaries
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries
Net Income
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)
Net Income
ADJUSTMENTS TO RECONCILE NET INCOME TO NET CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
Share based compensation
Accretion of discount on subordinated debt and debentures
(Increase) decrease in accrued income and other assets
Increase (decrease) in accrued expenses and other liabilities
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries
Total Adjustments
Net Cash From Operating Activities
CASH FLOW USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchases of interest bearing deposits - time
Maturity of interest bearing deposits - time
Net Cash Used In Investing Activities
CASH FLOW USED IN FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Extinguishment of subordinated debt
Dividends paid
Proceeds from issuance of common stock
Share based compensation withholding obligation
Repurchase of common stock
Net Cash Used In Financing Activities
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Year
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Year
NOTE 25 – REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS
We account for revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. We derive the majority of our revenue from financial instruments and their related contractual rights and obligations which for the most part are excluded from the scope of this topic. These sources of revenue that are excluded from the scope of this topic include interest income, net gains on mortgage loans, net losses on securities AFS, mortgage loan servicing, net and bank owned life insurance and were approximately 88.2 %, 88.5 % and 86.8 % of total revenues at December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Material sources of revenue that are included in the scope of this topic include service charges on deposit accounts, other deposit related income, interchange income and investment and insurance commissions and are discussed in the following paragraphs. Generally these sources of revenue are earned at the time the service is delivered or over the course of a monthly period and do not result in any contract asset or liability balance at any given period end. As a result, there were no contract assets or liabilities recorded as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Service charges on deposit accounts and other deposit related income : Revenues are earned on depository accounts for commercial and retail customers and include fees for transaction-based, account maintenance and overdraft services. Transaction-based fees, which includes services such as ATM use fees, stop payment charges and ACH fees are recognized at the time the transaction is executed as that is the time we fulfill our customer’s request. Account maintenance fees, which includes monthly maintenance services are earned over the course of a month representing the period over which the performance obligation is satisfied. Our obligation for overdraft services is satisfied at the time of the overdraft.
Interchange income: Interchange income primarily includes debit card interchange and network revenues. Debit card interchange and network revenues are earned on debit card transactions conducted through payment networks such as MasterCard and Accel. Interchange income is recognized concurrently with the delivery of services on a daily basis. Interchange and network revenues are presented gross of interchange expenses, which are presented separately as a component of non-interest expense.
Investment and insurance commissions: Investment and insurance commissions include fees and commissions from asset management, custody, recordkeeping, investment advisory and other services provided to our customers. Revenue is recognized on an accrual basis at the time the services are performed and generally based on either the market value of the assets managed or the services provided. We have an agent relationship with a third party provider of these services and net certain direct costs charged by the third party provider associated with providing these services to our customers.
Net (gains) losses on other real estate and repossessed assets : We record a gain or loss from the sale of other real estate when control of the property transfers to the buyer, which generally occurs at the time of an executed deed. If we were to finance the sale of other real estate to the buyer, we would assess whether the buyer is committed to perform their obligations under the contract and whether collectability of the transaction is probable. Once these criteria are met, the other real estate asset would be derecognized and the gain or loss on sale would be recorded upon the transfer of control of the property to the buyer. There were no other real estate properties sold during 2025, 2024 or 2023 that were financed by us.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Disaggregation of our revenue sources by attribute for the years ended December 31 follow:
Service
Charges
on Deposit
Accounts
Other
Deposit
Related
Income
Interchange
Income
Investment
and
Insurance
Commissions
Total
(In thousands)
Retail
Overdraft fees
Account service charges
ATM fees
Other
Business
Overdraft fees
ATM fees
Other
Interchange income
Asset management revenue
Transaction based revenue
Total
Reconciliation to Consolidated Statement of Operations:
Non-interest income - other:
Other deposit related income
Investment and insurance commissions
Bank owned life insurance (1)
Other (1)
Total
(1) Excluded from the scope of ASC Topic 606.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Service
Charges
on Deposit
Accounts
Other
Deposit
Related
Income
Interchange
Income
Investment
and
Insurance
Commissions
Total
(In thousands)
Retail
Overdraft fees
Account service charges
ATM fees
Other
Business
Overdraft fees
ATM fees
Other
Interchange income
Asset management revenue
Transaction based revenue
Total
Reconciliation to Consolidated Statement of Operations:
Non-interest income - other:
Other deposit related income
Investment and insurance commissions
Bank owned life insurance (1)
Other (1)
Total
(1) Excluded from the scope of ASC Topic 606.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Service
Charges
on Deposit
Accounts
Other
Deposit
Related
Income
Interchange
Income
Investment
and
Insurance
Commissions
Total
(In thousands)
Retail
Overdraft fees
Account service charges
ATM fees
Other
Business
Overdraft fees
ATM fees
Other
Interchange income
Asset management revenue
Transaction based revenue
Total
Reconciliation to Consolidated Statement of Operations:
Non-interest income - other:
Other deposit related income
Investment and insurance commissions
Bank owned life insurance (1)
Other (1)
Total
(1) Excluded from the scope of ASC Topic 606.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
NOTE 26 – SEGMENT REPORTING
Independent Bank Corporation is a bank holding company, whose principal activity is the ownership and management of its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including Independent Bank. As a community-oriented financial institution, substantially all of our operations involve the delivery of loan and deposit products to customers.
We have one reportable segment which is determined by the Chief Executive Officer, who is the designated chief operating decision maker, based upon information provided about the products and services we offer, primarily banking operations. The segment is also distinguished by the level of information provided to the chief operating decision maker, who uses such information to review performance of various components of the business, which are then aggregated if the operating performance, products/services, and customers are similar. The chief operating decision maker will evaluate the performance of our business components such as evaluating revenue streams, significant expenses, and budget to actual results assessing our segment and in the determination of allocating resources. The chief operating decision maker uses revenue streams to evaluate product pricing and significant expenses to assess performance and evaluate return on assets. The chief operating decision maker uses consolidated net income, earnings per share, and return on average assets to benchmark us against our competitors. The benchmarking analysis coupled with monitoring of budget to actual results are used in assessing performance and in establishing compensation. Loans, investments, and deposits provide the majority of revenues in the banking operation. Interest expense, provisions for credit losses, and compensation and employee benefits provide the significant expenses in the banking operation. All operations are domestic.
Accounting policies for our segment are the same as those described in Note #1 - Accounting Policies. Segment performance is evaluated using consolidated net income, earnings per share, and return on average assets. Information reported internally for performance assessment by the chief operating decision maker is as follows, inclusive of reconciliations of significant segment totals to the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Independent Bank
Other (1)
Eliminations
Total
(In thousands)
INTEREST INCOME
Interest and fees on loans
Interest on securities
Other investments
Total Interest Income
INTEREST EXPENSE
Deposits
Other borrowings and subordinated debt and debentures
Total Interest Expense
Net Interest Income
Provision for credit losses
Net Interest Income After Provision for Credit Losses
NON-INTEREST INCOME
Interchange income
Service charges on deposit accounts
Net gains on mortgage loans
Mortgage loan servicing, net
Other
Total Non-interest Income
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
Compensation and employee benefits
Data processing
Occupancy, net
Interchange expense
Furniture, fixtures and equipment
Advertising
FDIC deposit insurance
Loan and collection
Legal and professional
Communications
Other
Total Non-interest Expense
Income Before Income Tax
Income tax expense
Net Income
OTHER SEGMENT DISCLOSURES
Depreciation
Amortization
Total assets
(1) Includes amounts relating to our parent company and certain insignificant operations.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Independent Bank
Other (1)
Eliminations
Total
(In thousands)
INTEREST INCOME
Interest and fees on loans
Interest on securities
Other investments
Total Interest Income
INTEREST EXPENSE
Deposits
Other borrowings and subordinated debt and debentures
Total Interest Expense
Net Interest Income
Provision for credit losses
Net Interest Income After Provision for Credit Losses
NON-INTEREST INCOME
Interchange income
Service charges on deposit accounts
Net gains on mortgage loans
Mortgage loan servicing, net
Other
Total Non-interest Income
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
Compensation and employee benefits
Data processing
Occupancy, net
Interchange expense
Furniture, fixtures and equipment
Advertising
FDIC deposit insurance
Legal and professional
Loan and collection
Communications
Other
Total Non-interest Expense
Income Before Income Tax
Income tax expense
Net Income
OTHER SEGMENT DISCLOSURES
Depreciation
Amortization
Total assets
(1) Includes amounts relating to our parent company and certain insignificant operations.
Table of Contents
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)
Independent Bank
Other (1)
Eliminations
Total
(In thousands)
INTEREST INCOME
Interest and fees on loans
Interest on securities
Other investments
Total Interest Income
INTEREST EXPENSE
Deposits
Other borrowings and subordinated debt and debentures
Total Interest Expense
Net Interest Income
Provision for credit losses
Net Interest Income After Provision for Credit Losses
NON-INTEREST INCOME
Interchange income
Service charges on deposit accounts
Net gains on mortgage loans
Mortgage loan servicing, net
Other
Total Non-interest Income
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
Compensation and employee benefits
Data processing
Occupancy, net
Interchange expense
Furniture, fixtures and equipment
Advertising
FDIC deposit insurance
Legal and professional
Loan and collection
Communications
Other
Total Non-interest Expense
Income Before Income Tax
Income tax expense
Net Income
OTHER SEGMENT DISCLOSURES
Depreciation
Amortization
Total assets
(1) Includes amounts relating to our parent company and certain insignificant operations.
Table of Contents
QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)
A summary of selected quarterly results of operations for the years ended December 31 follows:
Three Months Ended
March 31,
June 30,
September 30,
December 31,
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Interest income
Net interest income
Provision for credit losses
Income before income tax
Net income
Net income per common share
Basic
Diluted
Interest income
Net interest income
Provision for credit losses
Income before income tax
Net income
Net income per common share
Basic
Diluted
QUARTERLY SUMMARY (UNAUDITED)
Reported Sales Prices of Common Shares
Cash Dividends
Declared
High
Low
Close
High
Low
Close
First quarter
Second quarter
Third quarter
Fourth quarter
We have approximately 1,100 holders of record of our common stock. Our common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Select Market System under the symbol “IBCP.” The prices shown above are supplied by NASDAQ and reflect the inter-dealer prices and may not include retail markups, markdowns or commissions. There may have been transactions or quotations at higher or lower prices of which we are not aware.
In addition to limitations imposed by the provisions of the Michigan Business Corporation Act (which, among other things, limits us from paying dividends to the extent we are insolvent), our ability to pay dividends is limited by our ability to obtain funds from our Bank and by regulatory capital guidelines applicable to us (see note #20).
