Year-over-year tone shift - average net-tone change across Risk Factors and MD&A vs the prior 10-K. This filing is 0.13pp more bullish than last year's.
Why YoY instead of absolute: the LM lexicon has ~6.6× more negative words than positive (legal/risk-disclosure language is heavy on hedging), so every 10-K reads bearish on raw tone. Year-over-year change strips that bias and surfaces the actual shift in management's framing.
Tone shift by section
The two components the gauge averages: how Risk Factors and MD&A each shifted in net tone versus last year's 10-K. The headline above is their average, so a green needle over a soft section just means the other section carried it.
Risk Factors
+0.25pp
Flat
Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
MD&A
+0.00pp
Flat
Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
Per-snippet highlights
Sentence-level sentiment highlighting with category and subcategory filters is coming once the snippet-scoring pipeline lands. For now, dig into the actual section text on the Sections tab.
Language change vs prior 10-K
Risk Factors (Item 1A) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase
Negative rising
failure+1
unable+1
negatively+1
Positive rising
effective+3
beautiful+1
Risk Factors (Item 1A)
4,344 words
Item 1A. RISK FACTORS
Our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows may be impacted by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including those set forth below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, any one of which may cause our actual results to differ materially from anticipated results:
Language change vs prior 10-K
MD&A (Item 7) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase
Negative rising
No words rose this year.
Positive rising
efficiencies+1
MD&A (Item 7)
6,389 words
Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Overview
Our business is comprised of two operating segments, the Flight Support Group (“FSG”) and the Electronic Technologies Group (“ETG”).
The FSG consists of HEICO Aerospace Holdings Corp. (“HEICO Aerospace”), which is 80% owned, and HEICO Flight Support Corp., which is wholly owned, and their collective subsidiaries, which primarily:
• Designs, Manufactures, Repairs, Overhauls and Distributes Jet Engine and Aircraft Component Replacement Parts. The FSG designs and manufactures jet engine and aircraft component replacement parts, which are approved by the Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”). In addition, the FSG repairs, overhauls and distributes jet engine and aircraft components, avionics and instruments for domestic and foreign commercial air carriers and aircraft repair companies as well as military and business aircraft operators. The FSG also manufactures and sells specialty parts as a subcontractor for aerospace and industrial original equipment manufacturers and the United States ("U.S.") government. Additionally, the FSG is a supplier, distributor, and integrator of military aircraft parts and support services primarily to the U.S. Department of Defense, defense prime contractors, and foreign military organizations allied with the U.S. Further, the FSG is a manufacturer of advanced niche components and complex composite assemblies for commercial aviation, defense and space applications. The FSG also engineers, designs and manufactures thermal insulation blankets and parts as well as removable/reusable insulation systems for aerospace, defense, commercial and industrial applications; manufactures expanded foil mesh for lightning strike protection in fixed and rotary wing aircraft; distributes aviation electrical interconnect products and electromechanical parts; overhauls industrial pumps, motors, and other hydraulic units with a focus on the support of legacy systems for the U.S. Navy; performs tight-tolerance machining, brazing, fabricating and welding services for aerospace, defense and other industrial applications; and manufactures emergency descent devices ("EDDs") and personnel and cargo parachute products.
We may not be able to effectively execute our acquisition strategy, which could slow our growth.
A key element of our strategy is growth through the acquisition of additional companies. Our acquisition strategy is affected by and poses a number of challenges and risks, including the following:
• Availability of suitable acquisition candidates;
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• Availability of capital;
• Diversion of management’s attention;
• Effective integration of the operations and personnel of acquired companies;
• Potential write-downs of acquired intangible assets;
• Potential loss of key employees of acquired companies;
• Use of a significant portion of our available cash;
• Significant dilution to our shareholders for acquisitions made utilizing our securities;
• Consummation of acquisitions on satisfactory terms; and
• Obtaining applicable domestic and/or foreign governmental approvals such as antitrust and foreign investment related authorizations.
We may not be able to successfully execute our acquisition strategy, and the failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our success is dependent on the development and manufacture of new products, equipment and services. Our inability to develop, manufacture and introduce new products and services at profitable pricing levels could reduce our sales or sales growth.
The aviation, defense, space, medical, telecommunications and electronics industries are constantly undergoing development and change and, accordingly, new products, equipment and methods of repair and overhaul service are likely to be introduced in the future. In addition to manufacturing electronic and electro-optical equipment and selected aerospace and defense components for OEMs and the U.S. government and repairing jet engine and aircraft components, we re-design sophisticated aircraft replacement parts originally developed by OEMs so that we can offer the replacement parts for sale at substantially lower prices than those manufactured by the OEMs. Consequently, we devote substantial resources to research and product development. Technological development poses a number of challenges and risks, including the following:
• We may not be able to successfully protect the proprietary interests we have in various aircraft parts, electronic and electro-optical equipment and our repair processes;
• As OEMs continue to develop and improve jet engines and aircraft components, we may not be able to re-design and manufacture replacement parts that perform as well as those offered by OEMs or we may not be able to profitably sell our replacement parts at lower prices than the OEMs;
• We may need to expend significant capital to:
- purchase new equipment and machines,
- train employees in new methods of production and service, and
- fund the research and development of new products; and
• Development by our competitors of patents or methodologies that preclude us from the design and manufacture of aircraft replacement parts or electrical and electro-optical
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equipment could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, we may not be able to successfully develop new products, equipment or methods of repair and overhaul service, and failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Intense competition from existing and new competitors may harm our business.
We face significant competition in each of our businesses.
Flight Support Group
• For jet engine and aircraft component replacement parts, we compete with the industry’s leading jet engine and aircraft component OEMs.
• For the distribution, overhaul and repair of jet engine and aircraft components and avionics and navigation systems as well as the manufacture of specialty aircraft and defense related parts, we compete with:
- major commercial airlines, many of which operate their own maintenance and overhaul units;
- OEMs, which manufacture, distribute, repair and overhaul their own and other OEM parts; and
- other independent service companies.
Electronic Technologies Group
• For the design and manufacture of various types of electronic, data and microwave, and electro-optical equipment products, we compete in a fragmented marketplace with a number of companies, some of which are well capitalized.
Many of the industries serviced by our operating segments are highly fragmented, have several highly visible leading companies, and are characterized by intense competition. Some of our OEM competitors have greater name recognition than HEICO, as well as complementary lines of business and financial, marketing and other resources that HEICO does not have. In addition, OEMs, aircraft maintenance providers, leasing companies and FAA-certificated repair facilities may attempt to bundle their services and product offerings in the supply industry, thereby significantly increasing industry competition. Moreover, our smaller competitors may be able to offer more attractive pricing of parts as a result of lower labor costs or other factors. A variety of potential actions by any of our competitors, including a reduction of product prices or the establishment by competitors of long-term relationships with new or existing customers, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Competition typically intensifies during cyclical downturns in the aviation industry, when supply may exceed demand. We may not be able to continue to compete effectively
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against present or future competitors, and competitive pressures may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The inability to obtain certain components and raw materials from suppliers could harm our business.
Our business is affected by the availability and price of the raw materials and component parts that we use to manufacture our products. Our ability to manage inventory and meet delivery requirements may be constrained by our suppliers’ ability to adjust delivery of long-lead time products during times of volatile demand. The supply chains for our business could also be disrupted by external events such as natural disasters, extreme weather events, pandemics, labor disputes, governmental actions and legislative or regulatory changes. For example, tariffs, duties or other trade policy changes affecting the import or export of raw materials or components could increase costs or limit availability. As a result, our suppliers may fail to perform according to specifications when required and we may be unable to identify alternate suppliers or to otherwise mitigate the consequences of their non-performance. Transitions to new suppliers may result in significant costs and delays, including those related to the required recertification of parts obtained from new suppliers with our customers and/or regulatory agencies. Our inability to fill our supply needs could jeopardize our ability to fulfill obligations under customer contracts, which could result in reduced revenues and profits, contract penalties or terminations, and damage to customer relationships and reputation. Further, increased costs of such raw materials or components could reduce our profits if we were unable to pass along such price increases to our customers.
Product specification costs and requirements could cause an increase in our costs to complete contracts.
The costs to meet customer specifications and requirements could result in us having to spend more to design or manufacture products and this could reduce our profit margins on current contracts or those we obtain in the future.
We may incur damages or disruption to our business caused by natural disasters and other factors that may not be covered by insurance.
Several of our facilities, as a result of their locations, could be subject to a catastrophicloss caused by hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, floods, fire, power loss, telecommunication and information systems failure, political unrest or similar events. Our corporate headquarters and facilities located in Florida are particularly susceptible to hurricanes, storms, tornadoes or other natural disasters that could disrupt our operations, delay production and shipments, and result in large expenses to repair or replace the facility or facilities. Should insurance or other risk transfer mechanisms, such as our existing disaster recovery and business continuity plans, be insufficient to recover all costs, we could experience a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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We are subject to the risks associated with sales to foreign customers, which could harm our business.
We market our products and services to approximately 130 countries, with approximately 38% of our consolidated net sales in fiscal 2025 derived from sales to foreign customers. We expect that sales to foreign customers will continue to account for a significant portion of our revenues in the foreseeable future. As a result, we are subject to risks of doing business internationally, including the following:
• Fluctuations in currency exchange rates;
• Geopolitical unrest, war, terrorism and other acts of violence;
• Volatility in foreign political, regulatory, and economic environments;
• Ability to obtain required export licenses or approvals;
• Uncertainty of the ability of foreign customers to finance purchases;
• Uncertainties and restrictions concerning the availability of funding credit or guarantees;
• Imposition of taxes, export controls, tariffs, embargoes and other trade restrictions;
• Compliance with a variety of international laws, as well as U.S. laws affecting the activities of U.S. companies abroad such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; and
• Transportation delays and other supply chain disruptions.
While the impact of these factors is difficult to predict, any one or more of these factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Cybersecurity events or other disruptions of our information technology systems could adversely affect our business.
We rely on information technology systems, some of which are managed by third parties, to process, transmit and store electronic information, and to manage or support a variety of critical business processes and activities. We also collect and store sensitive data, including confidential business information and personal data that are subject to privacy and security laws and regulations. Certain of our businesses that perform work for the U.S. Department of Defense are also required to comply with applicable cybersecurity standards, including the Department of Defense’s Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (“CMMC”) program. CMMC requirements may change over time and could impose additional compliance obligations on us and our suppliers, and failure to meet applicable CMMC requirements could affect our ability to receive or perform certain defense-related contracts. We continue to monitor evolving data-privacy requirements and the use of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, and maintain policies intended to promote their secure and responsible use. These systems may be susceptible to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to attacks by computer hackers, computer viruses, employee error or malfeasance, power outages, hardware failures, telecommunication or utility failures, catastrophes or other unforeseen events. In addition, security breaches of our systems could result in the misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information or personal data belonging to us or to our employees, partners, customers or suppliers. Any such event could disrupt our operations, delay production and shipments, result in defective products or services, damage customer relationships and our reputation and result in
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legal claims or proceedings that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may not have the administrative, operational or financial resources to continue to grow the company.
We have experienced rapid growth in recent periods and intend to continue to pursue an aggressive growth strategy, both through acquisitions and internal expansion of products and services. Our growth to date has placed, and could continue to place, significant demands on our administrative, operational and financial resources. We may not be able to grow effectively or manage our growth successfully, and the failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Goodwill and other intangible assets represent a significant portion of our total assets, and we may never realize the full value of our intangible assets.
As a result of our acquisitions, goodwill and intangible assets represent a significant portion of our total assets. As of October 31, 2025 and 2024, goodwill and intangible assets, net of amortization, accounted for 60% and 62% of our total assets, respectively. We test our goodwill and intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be fully recoverable. We may not realize the full value of our goodwill and intangible assets, and to the extent that impairment has occurred, we would be required to recognize the impaired portion of such assets as a non-cash charge to our earnings. An impairment of a significant portion of such assets could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are dependent on key personnel and the loss of these key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our success.
Our success substantially depends on the performance, contributions and expertise of our senior management team led by Eric A. Mendelson and Victor H. Mendelson, our Co-Chairmen and Co-Chief Executive Officers, and Carlos L. Macau, Jr., our Chief Financial Officer. Because many of our products are highly engineered, we depend on our experienced, educated and trained team members. Technical employees are also a critical component of our research and product development activities, as well as our ability to continue to re-design sophisticated products of OEMs in order to sell competing replacement parts at substantially lower prices than those manufactured by the OEMs. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or other key employees or our inability to continue to attract or retain the necessary personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Our executive officers and directors have significant influence over our management and direction.
As of December 19, 2025, collectively our executive officers and entities controlled by them, the HEICO Savings and Investment Plan (our 401(k) Plan) and members of the Board of Directors beneficially owned approximately 11% of our outstanding Common Stock and approximately 3% of our outstanding Class A Common Stock. Accordingly, they will be able to substantially influence the election of the Board of Directors and control our business, policies and affairs, including our position with respect to proposed business combinations and attempted takeovers.
Industry and Macroeconomic Risks
Our success is highly dependent on the performance of the aviation industry, which could be impacted by lower demand for commercial air travel or airline fleet changes causing lower demand for our goods and services.
General global industry and economic conditions that affect the aviation industry also affect our business. We are subject to macroeconomic cycles and when recessions occur, we may experience reduced orders, payment delays, supply chain disruptions or other factors as a result of the economic challenges faced by our customers, prospective customers and suppliers.
Furthermore, disruptions within the aviation industry, such as production delays or regulatory challenges affecting major manufacturers, can reduce demand for our products and services and strain our supply chain. Historically, the aviation industry has been subject to downward cycles from time to time which reduce the overall demand for jet engine and aircraft component replacement parts and repair and overhaul services, and such downward cycles result in lower sales and greater credit risk. Demand for commercial air travel can be influenced by airline industry profitability, world trade policies, government-to-government relations, terrorism, disease outbreaks, environmental constraints imposed upon aircraft operations, technological changes, price and other competitive factors. Lower commercial air travel caused by risks arising from public health threats and their aftermath, airline fleet changes or airline purchasing decisions, could cause lower demand for our goods and services. These global industry and economic conditions may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The retirement or prolonged grounding of commercial aircraft could reduce our revenues and the value of any related inventory.
Our Flight Support Group designs and manufactures jet engine and aircraft component replacement parts and also repairs, overhauls and distributes jet engine and aircraft components. If aircraft or engines for which we offer replacement parts or supply repair and overhaul services are retired or grounded for prolonged periods of time and there are fewer aircraft that require these parts or services, our revenues may decline as well as the value of any related inventory.
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Reductions in defense, space or homeland security spending by U.S. and/or foreign customers could reduce our revenues.
In fiscal 2025, approximately 31% of our net sales were derived from the sale of defense, commercial and defense satellite and spacecraft components, and homeland security products. A decline in defense, space or homeland security budgets or additional restrictions imposed by the U.S. government on sales of products or services to foreign military agencies could lower sales of our products and services.
We are subject to risks arising from public health threats, including global or regional health emergencies (“Health Emergencies”).
Health Emergencies can negatively impact our supply chain, cause inflationary pressures and pose a risk that we or our employees, customers, suppliers, manufacturers and other commercial partners may be prevented from conducting business activities for an indefinite period of time, including due to the spread of the disease or shutdowns requested or mandated by governmental authorities. The extent to which Health Emergencies may have a material adverse effect on our future business, financial condition and results of operations will depend on many factors that are not within HEICO’s control, including but not limited to, the geographic location and the rate of spread and path of the Health Emergency, available vaccinations and the vaccination rate, and potential supply chain disruptions and inflation, which can impact our key markets.
Regulatory and Legal Risks
We are subject to governmental regulation and our failure to comply with these regulations could cause the government to withdraw, suspend or revoke our authorizations and approvals to do business and could subject us to penalties and sanctions that could harm our business.
Governmental agencies throughout the world, including the FAA, highly regulate the manufacture, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and accessories. We include, with the replacement parts that we sell to our customers, documentation certifying that each part complies with applicable regulatory requirements and meets applicable standards of airworthiness established by the FAA or the equivalent regulatory agencies in other countries. In addition, our repair and overhaul operations are subject to certification pursuant to regulations established by the FAA. Specific regulations vary from country to country, although compliance with FAA requirements generally satisfies regulatory requirements in other countries. The revocation or suspension of any of our material authorizations or approvals would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. New and more stringent government regulations, if adopted and enacted, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Also, our operations involve products and technologies subject to U.S. and international trade control laws, including the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), the Export Administration Regulations (EAR), and economic sanctions administered by the Office of
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Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). These laws regulate the export, re-export, and transfer of certain items, technical data, software, and services, and may require us to obtain licenses or other governmental authorizations. If we are unable to comply with the applicable trade laws and regulations, it could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements and competitive positions. Additionally, the denial of export licenses could reduce our sales to certain countries and could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the Securities and Exchange Commission promulgated disclosure requirements regarding the use of certain minerals (tantalum, tin, gold and tungsten), known as conflict minerals, which are mined from the Democratic Republic of the Congo or another Covered Country. There are costs associated with complying with the disclosure requirements, such as costs related to determining the source of certain minerals used in our products, as well as costs of possible changes to products, processes, or sources of supply as a consequence of such verification activities. Given the complexity of our supply chain, we may not be able to ascertain the origin of these minerals used in our products in a timely manner, which could cause some of our customers to disqualify us as a supplier to the extent we are unable to certify our products are conflict mineral free. Additionally, the rule could affect sourcing at competitive prices and availability in sufficient quantities of such minerals used in our manufacturing processes for certain products.
Also, in foreign countries in which we have operations or business, a risk exists that our associates, contractors or agents could, in contravention of our policies and compliance programs, engage in business practices prohibited by U.S. laws and regulations applicable to us, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA"), or the laws and regulations of other countries, such as the United Kingdom Bribery Act. Additionally, we are subject to regulations such as the Canadian Forced and Child Labour Act, which prohibits the importation of goods produced wholly or in part by forced or child labor. Any such violations could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Tax changes could affect our effective tax rate and future profitability.
We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, multiple state jurisdictions and certain jurisdictions outside the U.S. In fiscal 2025, our effective tax rate was 16.6%. Our future effective tax rate may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including the following:
• Changes in statutory tax rates in any of the various jurisdictions where we file tax returns;
• Changes in available tax credits or deductions;
• Changes in tax laws or their interpretation, including amendments, technical corrections, and guidance related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act as well as to H.R.1, commonly referred to as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “Act”). The Act became law on July 4, 2025 and introduced significant changes to U.S. tax law. See Note 7, Income Taxes, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding certain provisions of the Act. The Act has multiple effective dates and certain provisions became effective in fiscal 2025 while others will be phased in through fiscal 2028. The Act did not have a significant impact on our fiscal 2025 consolidated financial statements and we
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will continue to evaluate its potential impact on our future consolidated financial statements;
• Changes to the accounting for income taxes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
• The amount of net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in our subsidiaries structured as partnerships;
• Changes in the mix of earnings in jurisdictions with differing statutory tax rates;
• Adjustments to estimated taxes upon finalization of various tax returns;
• Resolution of issues arising from tax audits with various tax authorities;
• The reversal of any previously recognized tax-exempt unrealized gains in the cash surrender values of life insurance policies related to the HEICO Corporation Leadership Compensation Plan, a nonqualified deferred compensation plan; and
• The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (“OECD”) global minimum tax framework (“Pillar Two”), which establishes a 15% minimum effective tax rate for large multinational enterprises, became effective for our operations in fiscal 2025. The adoption of Pillar Two did not have a significant impact on our fiscal 2025 consolidated financial statements. We will continue to monitor the potential impact of future legislation and guidance and as more jurisdictions in which we conduct business implement Pillar Two legislation.
Any significant increase in our future effective tax rates could have a material adverse effect on net income for future periods.
We may incur product liability claims that are not fully insured and such insurance may not be available at commercially reasonable rates.
Our jet engine and aircraft component replacement parts and repair and overhaul services expose our business to potential liabilities for personal injury or death as a result of the failure of an aircraft component that we have designed, manufactured or serviced. While we maintain liability insurance to protect us from future product liability claims, an uninsured or partially insured claim, or a claim for which third-party indemnification is not available, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, our customers typically require us to maintain substantial insurance coverage at commercially reasonable rates and our inability to obtain insurance coverage at commercially reasonable rates could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We may incur environmental liabilities and these liabilities may not be covered by insurance.
Our operations and facilities are subject to a number of federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations, which govern, among other things, the discharge of hazardous materials into the air and water as well as the handling, storage and disposal of hazardous materials. We monitor evolving environmental and climate-related regulations for potential impact on our business or results of operations . Pursuant to various environmental laws, a current or previous owner or operator of real property may be liable for the costs of
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removal or remediation of hazardous materials. Environmental laws typically impose liability whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of hazardous materials in the environment. Although management believes that our operations and facilities are in material compliance with environmental laws and regulations, future changes in them or interpretations thereof or the nature of our operations may require us to make significant additional capital expenditures to ensure compliance in the future.
We carry limited specific environmental insurance, thus, losses could occur for uninsurable or uninsured risks or in amounts in excess of existing insurance coverage. The occurrence of an event that is not covered in full or in part by insurance could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
leading
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The ETG consists of HEICO Electronic Technologies Corp. (“HEICO Electronic”) and its subsidiaries, which primarily:
• Designs and Manufactures Electronic, Microwave, Electro-Optical and Other Power Equipment, High-Speed Interface Products, High Voltage Interconnection Devices, EMI
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and RFI Shielding and Filters, High Voltage Advanced Power Electronics, Power Conversion Products, Underwater Locator Beacons, Memory Products, Self-Sealing Auxiliary Fuel Systems, Active Antenna Systems, Airborne Antennas, TSCM Equipment, High Reliability ("Hi-Rel") Electronic Components, In-Flight Entertainment Products, and Cockpit displays and Other Avionics Components. The ETG collectively designs, manufactures and sells various types of electronic, data and microwave, and electro-optical products, including infrared simulation and test equipment, laser rangefinder receivers, electrical power supplies, back-up power supplies, power conversion products, underwater locator beacons, emergency locator transmission beacons, flight deck annunciators, panels, indicators, electromagnetic and radio frequency interference shielding and filters, high power capacitor charging power supplies, amplifiers, traveling wave tube amplifiers, photodetectors, amplifier modules, microwave power modules, flash lamp drivers, laser diode drivers, arc lamp power supplies, custom power supply designs, cable assemblies, high voltage power supplies, high voltage interconnection devices and wire, high voltage energy generators, high frequency power delivery systems; memory products, including three-dimensional microelectronic and stacked memory, static random-access memory (SRAM) and electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM); harsh environment electronic connectors and other interconnect products, RF and microwave amplifiers, transmitters, and receivers and integrated assemblies, sub-assemblies and components; RF sources, detectors and controllers, wireless cabin control systems, solid state power distribution and management systems, proprietary in-cabin power and entertainment components and subsystems, cockpit displays and other avionics components, crashworthy and ballistically self-sealing auxiliary fuel systems, nuclear radiation detectors, communications and electronic intercept receivers and tuners, fuel level sensing systems, high-speed interface products that link devices, high performance active antenna systems and airborne antennas for commercial and military aircraft, precision guided munitions, other defense applications and commercial uses; silicone material for a variety of demanding applications; precision power analog monolithic, hybrid and open frame components; high-reliability ceramic-to-metal feedthroughs and connectors, technical surveillance countermeasures (TSCM) equipment to detect devices used for espionage and information theft; rugged small-form factor embedded computing solutions; custom high power filters and filter assemblies; test sockets and adapters for both engineering and production use of semiconductor devices; radiation assurance services and products; and Hi-Rel, complex, passive electronic components and rotary joint assemblies for mostly aerospace and defense applications, in addition to other high-end applications, such as medical and energy uses including emerging "clean energy" and electrification applications.
Additionally, our results of operations in fiscal 2025 have been affected by recent acquisitions as further detailed in Note 2, Acquisitions, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Presentation of Results of Operations and Liquidity and Capital Resources
The following discussion and analysis of our Results of Operations and Liquidity and Capital Resources includes a comparison of fiscal 2025 to fiscal 2024. A similar discussion and analysis that compares fiscal 2024 to fiscal 2023 may be found in Item 7, "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” of our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth the results of our operations, net sales and operating income by segment and the percentage of net sales represented by the respective items in our Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands) :
Year ended October 31,
Net sales
Cost of sales
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Total operating costs and expenses
Operating income
Net sales by segment and intersegment:
Flight Support Group
Electronic Technologies Group
Intersegment sales
Operating income by segment and corporate and other:
Flight Support Group
Electronic Technologies Group
Other, primarily corporate
Net sales
Gross profit
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Operating income
Interest expense
Other income
Income tax expense
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
Net income attributable to HEICO
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Comparison of Fiscal 2025 to Fiscal 2024
Net Sales
Our consolidated net sales in fiscal 2025 increased by 16% to a record $4,485.0 million, up from net sales of $3,857.7 million in fiscal 2024. The increase in consolidated net sales principally reflects an increase of $477.9 million (an 18% increase) to a record $3,117.3 million in net sales of the FSG and an increase of $149.5 million (a 12% increase) to a record $1,413.1 million in net sales of the ETG. The net sales increase in the FSG reflects strong organic growth of 14% and net sales of $110.6 million contributed by fiscal 2025 and 2024 acquisitions. The FSG's organic net sales growth reflects increased demand within its aftermarket replacement parts, repair and overhaul parts and services, and specialty products product lines resulting in net sales increases of $263.9 million, $67.8 million and $35.6 million, respectively. The net sales increase in the ETG reflects strong organic growth of 7% and net sales of $63.9 million contributed by fiscal 2025 and 2024 acquisitions. The ETG's organic net sales growth is mainly attributable to increased demand for its defense, space, other electronics, and aerospace products resulting in net sales increases of $29.6 million, $28.4 million, $20.6 million, and $16.2 million, respectively, partially offset by decreased demand for its medical products resulting in a net sales decrease of $9.4 million. Sales price changes were not a significant contributing factor to the change in net sales of the FSG and ETG in fiscal 2025.
Our net sales in fiscal 2025 and 2024 by market consisted of approximately 58% and 56% from the commercial aviation industry, respectively, 31% and 32% from the defense and space industries, respectively, and 11% and 12% from other industrial markets including electronics, medical and telecommunications, respectively.
Gross Profit and Operating Expenses
Our consolidated gross profit margin improved to 39.8% in fiscal 2025, up from 38.9% in fiscal 2024, principally reflecting a 1.5% increase in the FSG's gross profit margin. The increase in the FSG's gross profit margin principally reflects the previously mentioned net sales growth within its repair and overhaul parts and services product line and a more favorable product mix within the specialty products product line. Total new product research and development expenses included within our consolidated cost of sales were $120.9 million in fiscal 2025, up from $111.3 million in fiscal 2024.
Our consolidated selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses were $767.5 million in fiscal 2025, as compared to $677.3 million in fiscal 2024. The increase in consolidated SG&A expenses principally reflects $31.0 million attributable to our fiscal 2025 and 2024 acquisitions, $22.8 million due to changes in the estimated fair value of accrued contingent consideration, $17.5 million of higher other selling expenses, and a $15.6 million increase in share-based compensation expense.
Our consolidated SG&A expenses as a percentage of net sales improved to 17.1% in fiscal 2025, down from 17.6% in fiscal 2024. The decrease in consolidated SG&A expenses as a
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percentage of net sales principally reflects efficiencies realized from the previously mentioned net sales growth, partially offset by a .5% impact from the previously mentioned changes in the estimated fair value of accrued contingent consideration.
Operating Income
Our consolidated operating income increased by 24% to a record $1,019.0 million in fiscal 2025, up from $824.5 million in fiscal 2024. The increase in consolidated operating income principally reflects a $157.3 million increase (a 27% increase) to a record $750.4 million in operating income of the FSG and a $36.8 million increase (a 13% increase) to a record $325.0 million in operating income of the ETG. The increase in operating income of the FSG principally reflects the previously mentioned net sales growth, improved gross profit margin, and SG&A expense efficiencies realized from the net sales growth. The increase in operating income of the ETG principally reflects the previously mentioned net sales growth and SG&A expense efficiencies realized from the net sales growth.
Our consolidated operating income as a percentage of net sales improved to 22.7% in fiscal 2025, up from 21.4% in fiscal 2024. The increase in consolidated operating income as a percentage of net sales principally reflects an increase in the FSG’s operating income as a percentage of net sales to 24.1% in fiscal 2025, up from 22.5% in fiscal 2024, and an increase in the ETG's operating income as a percentage of net sales to 23.0% in fiscal 2025, up from 22.8% in fiscal 2024. The increase in the FSG’s operating income as a percentage of net sales principally reflects the previously mentioned improved gross profit margin.
Interest Expense
Interest expense decreased to $129.9 million in fiscal 2025, down from $149.3 million in fiscal 2024. The decrease in interest expense was principally due to a lower weighted-average interest rate on borrowings outstanding under our revolving credit facility and a decrease in the amount of outstanding debt.
Other Income
Other income in fiscal 2025 and 2024 was not material.
Income Tax Expense
Our effective tax rate decreased to 16.6% in fiscal 2025, down from 17.5% in fiscal 2024. The decrease in our effective tax rate principally reflects a larger tax benefit from stock option exercises recognized in the first quarter of fiscal 2025. We recognized a discrete tax benefit from stock option exercises in the first quarter of fiscal 2025 and 2024 of $27.2 million and $13.6 million, respectively.
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Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests relates to the 20% noncontrolling interest held by Lufthansa Technik AG in HEICO Aerospace Holdings Corp. and the noncontrolling interests held by others in certain subsidiaries of the FSG and ETG. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests was $55.2 million in fiscal 2025, as compared to $45.0 million in fiscal 2024. The increase in net income attributable to noncontrolling interests principally reflects improved operating results of certain subsidiaries of the FSG and ETG in which noncontrolling interests are held.
Net Income Attributable to HEICO
Net income attributable to HEICO increased by 34% to a record $690.4 million, or $4.90 per diluted share, in fiscal 2025, up from $514.1 million, or $3.67 per diluted share, in fiscal 2024, principally reflecting the previously mentioned higher consolidated operating income.
Outlook
Looking ahead to fiscal 2026, we anticipate net sales growth in both the FSG and ETG, driven by organic growth from increased demand for the majority of our products as well as growth through our recent acquisitions. We will continue to pursue selective acquisition opportunities to complement this growth. Our disciplined financial management remains dedicated to creating long-term shareholder value through a balanced combination of making strategic acquisitions and organic expansion, while maintaining financial resilience and flexibility.
Inflation
We have generally experienced increases in our costs of labor, materials and services consistent with overall rates of inflation. The impact of such increases on net income attributable to HEICO has been generally minimized by efforts to lower costs through manufacturing efficiencies and cost reductions as well as selective price increases.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The following table summarizes our capitalization (in thousands):
As of October 31,
Cash and cash equivalents
Total debt (including current portion)
Shareholders’ equity
Total capitalization (debt plus equity)
Total debt to total capitalization
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Our principal uses of cash include acquisitions, interest payments, capital expenditures, cash dividends, distributions to noncontrolling interests and working capital needs. Capital expenditures in fiscal 2026 are anticipated to be approximately $80 to $90 million. We finance our activities primarily from our operating and financing activities, including borrowings under our revolving credit facility.
As of December 19, 2025, we had approximately $1,078 million of unused committed availability under the terms of our revolving credit facility. Based on our current outlook, we believe that net cash provided by operating activities and available borrowings under our revolving credit facility will be sufficient to fund our cash requirements for at least the next twelve months.
Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $934.3 million in fiscal 2025 and consisted primarily of net income from consolidated operations of $745.6 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $196.1 million (a non-cash item), $34.4 million in share-based compensation expense (a non-cash item), net changes in other long-term liabilities and assets related to the HEICO Corporation Leadership Compensation Plan (the "LCP") of $23.5 million (principally participant deferrals and employer contributions), and $20.4 million in employer contributions to the HEICO Savings and Investment Plan (a non-cash item), partially offset by a $58.7 million increase in net working capital and a $48.6 million deferred income tax benefit (a non-cash item). The increase in net working capital is inclusive of a $75.6 million increase in accounts receivable resulting from increased net sales and timing of collections, and a $44.9 million increase in inventories to support an increase in consolidated backlog, partially offset by a $44.6 million increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and a $15.4 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets.
Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $261.9 million (a 39% increase) in fiscal 2025, up from $672.4 million in fiscal 2024. The increase is principally attributable to a $186.5 million increase in net income from consolidated operations, an $84.3 million decrease in net working capital, principally reflecting a lower investment in inventories, a $22.8 million increase in accrued contingent consideration, a $20.7 million increase in depreciation and amortization expense and a $15.6 million increase in share-based compensation expense, partially offset by a $42.7 million decrease in the "Other" caption mainly from a larger receipt of advance long-term customer deposits in fiscal 2024 and a $26.6 million increase in deferred income tax benefits.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $672.4 million in fiscal 2024 and consisted primarily of net income from consolidated operations of $559.1 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $175.3 million (a non-cash item), net changes of $53.5 million included in the "Other" caption (principally the receipt of advance deposits on certain long-term customer contracts), net changes in other long-term liabilities and assets related to the LCP of $21.6 million (principally participant deferrals and employer contributions), and $7.5 million of intangible asset impairment expense (a non-cash item), partially offset by a $143.0 million
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increase in net working capital. The increase in net working capital principally reflects a $132.9 million increase in inventories to support an increase in consolidated backlog.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities totaled $731.7 million in fiscal 2025 and related primarily to acquisitions of $629.8 million, capital expenditures of $72.9 million, and LCP funding of $33.0 million. Further details regarding our acquisitions may be found in Note 2, Acquisitions, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Net cash used in investing activities totaled $293.2 million in fiscal 2024 and related primarily to acquisitions of $219.3 million, capital expenditures of $58.3 million, and LCP funding of $19.9 million.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities in fiscal 2025 totaled $150.7 million. During fiscal 2025, we made $550.0 million of payments on our revolving credit facility, $38.5 million of distributions to noncontrolling interests, paid $32.0 million of cash dividends on our common stock, and redeemed $22.4 million of common stock related to stock option exercises, partially offset by $495.0 million of borrowings on our revolving credit facility to fund certain fiscal 2025 acquisitions.
Net cash used in financing activities in fiscal 2024 totaled $389.4 million. During fiscal 2024, we made $365.0 million of payments on our revolving credit facility and $34.3 million of distributions to noncontrolling interests, redeemed $29.9 million of common stock related to stock option exercises, paid $29.1 million of cash dividends on our common stock and $26.6 million to acquire certain noncontrolling interests, and made $24.8 million of contingent consideration payments and $13.9 million of net payments on short-term debt, partially offset by $130.0 million of borrowings on our revolving credit facility to fund certain fiscal 2024 acquisitions.
Revolving Credit Facility
In November 2017, we entered into a $1.3 billion Revolving Credit Facility Agreement ("Credit Facility") with a bank syndicate. The Credit Facility may be used to finance acquisitions and for working capital and other general corporate purposes, including capital expenditures. In December 2020, we entered into an amendment to increase the capacity by $200 million to $1.5 billion. In April 2022, we entered into an amendment to extend the maturity date of our Credit Facility by one year to November 2024 and to replace the Eurocurrency Rate with Adjusted Term SOFR as an election in which borrowings under the Credit Facility accrue interest, as such capitalized terms are defined in the Credit Facility. In July 2023, we entered into a third amendment to our Credit Facility, to, among other things, (i) increase the capacity by $500 million to $2.0 billion, (ii) extend the maturity date to July 2028, and (iii) increase the applicable rate with respect to certain total leverage ratio tiers in the pricing
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grid. The Credit Facility includes a feature that will allow us to increase the capacity by $750 million to become a $2.75 billion facility through increased commitments from existing lenders.
Borrowings under the Credit Facility accrue interest at our election of the Base Rate or Adjusted Term SOFR, plus in each case, the Applicable Rate (based on the Company’s Total Leverage Ratio), as such capitalized terms are defined in the Credit Facility. The Base Rate for any day is a fluctuating rate per annum equal to the highest of (i) the Prime Rate; (ii) the Federal Funds Rate plus .50%; and (iii) Adjusted Term SOFR for an Interest Period of one month plus 100 basis points. Adjusted Term SOFR is the rate per annum equal to Term SOFR plus a Term SOFR Adjustment of .10%; provided that Adjusted Term SOFR as so determined shall never be less than 0%. The Applicable Rate for SOFR Loans ranges from 1.125% to 2.00%. The Applicable Rate for Base Rate Loans ranges from .125% to 1.00%. A fee is charged on the amount of the unused commitment ranging from .15% to .35% (depending on the Company’s Total Leverage Ratio). The Credit Facility also includes a $200 million sublimit for swingline borrowings and $100 million sublimits for borrowings made in foreign currencies and for letters of credit. Outstanding principal, accrued and unpaid interest and other amounts payable under the Credit Facility may be accelerated upon an event of default, as such events are described in the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility is unsecured and contains covenants that require, among other things, the maintenance of a Total Leverage Ratio and an Interest Coverage Ratio, as such capitalized terms are defined in the Credit Facility. We were in compliance with all financial and nonfinancial covenants of the Credit Facility as of October 31, 2025.
Senior Unsecured Notes
On July 27, 2023, we completed the public offer and sale of senior unsecured notes, which consisted of $600 million principal amount of 5.25% Senior Notes due August 1, 2028 (the "2028 Notes") and $600 million principal amount of 5.35% Senior Notes due August 1, 2033 (the "2033 Notes" and, collectively with the 2028 Notes, the "Notes"). Interest on the Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on February 1 and August 1 of each year, and commenced on February 1, 2024. The 2028 Notes and 2033 Notes each have an effective interest rate of 5.5%. The Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by all of our existing and future subsidiaries that guarantee our obligations under the Credit Facility (the “Guarantor Group”). We were in compliance with all covenants related to the Notes as of October 31, 2025.
Other Obligations and Commitments
The holders of equity interests in certain of our subsidiaries have rights (“Put Rights”) that require us to provide cash consideration for their equity interests (the “Redemption Amount”) at fair value or at a formula that management intended to reasonably approximate fair value based solely on a multiple of future earnings over a measurement period. As of October 31, 2025, management’s estimate of the aggregate Redemption Amount of all Put Rights that we could be required to pay is approximately $467.4 million, which is included within redeemable noncontrolling interests in our Consolidated Balance Sheet. The estimated aggregate Redemption Amount of the Put Rights that are currently puttable, previously put, or becoming
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puttable during fiscal 2026 is approximately $191.4 million, of which approximately $94.6 million would be payable in fiscal 2026 should all of the eligible associated noncontrolling interest holders elect to exercise their Put Rights during fiscal 2026. See Note 13, Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
See Note 5, Long-Term Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding our long-term debt obligations.
See Note 8, Fair Value Measurements, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information pertaining to contingent consideration obligations. As of October 31, 2025, none of the estimated fair value of contingent consideration was payable in fiscal 2026.
See Note 9, Leases, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information pertaining to future minimum lease payments relating to the Company’s operating and finance lease obligations.
Guarantor Group Summarized Financial Information
The Notes were issued pursuant to an Indenture, dated as of July 27, 2023 (the “Base Indenture”), between HEICO and certain of its subsidiaries (collectively, the "Subsidiary Guarantors") and Truist Bank, as trustee (the “Trustee”), as supplemented by a First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 27, 2023 (the “First Supplemental Indenture” and, together with the Base Indenture, the “Indenture”), between us, the Subsidiary Guarantors and the Trustee. The Notes are direct, unsecured senior obligations of HEICO and rank equally in right of payment with all of our existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness. Each Subsidiary Guarantor is owned either directly or indirectly by the Company and jointly and severally guarantee our obligations under the Notes. None of the Subsidiary Guarantors are organized outside of the U.S. A list of the Subsidiary Guarantors is set forth in Exhibit 22 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Under the Indenture, holders of the Notes will be deemed to have consented to the release of a subsidiary guarantee provided by a subsidiary guarantor, without any action required on the part of the Trustee or any holder of the Notes, upon such subsidiary guarantor ceasing to guarantee or to be an obligor with respect to the Credit Facility. Accordingly, if the lenders under the Credit Facility release a subsidiary guarantor from its guarantee of, or obligations as a borrower under, the Credit Facility, the obligations of the subsidiary guarantors to guarantee the Notes will immediately terminate. If any of our future subsidiaries incur obligations under the Credit Facility while the Notes are outstanding, then such subsidiary will be required to guarantee the Notes.
In addition, a subsidiary guarantor will be released and relieved from all its obligations under its subsidiary guarantee in the following circumstances, each of which is permitted by the indenture:
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• upon the sale or other disposition (including by way of consolidation or merger), in one transaction or a series of related transactions, of a majority of the total voting stock of such subsidiary guarantor (other than to us or any of our affiliates); or
• upon the sale or disposition of all or substantially all the property of such subsidiary guarantor (other than to any of our affiliates or another subsidiary guarantor);
provided, however, that, in each case, such transaction is permitted by the Credit Facility and after giving effect to such transaction, such subsidiary guarantor is no longer liable for any subsidiary guarantee or other obligations in respect of the Credit Facility. The subsidiary guarantee of a subsidiary guarantor also will be released if we exercise our legal defeasance, covenant defeasance option or discharge the Indenture.
We conduct our operations almost entirely through our subsidiaries. Accordingly, the Guarantor Group’s cash flow and ability to service any guaranteed registered debt securities will depend on the earnings of our subsidiaries and the distribution of those earnings to the Guarantor Group, including the earnings of the non-guarantor subsidiaries, whether by dividends, loans or otherwise. Holders of the guaranteed registered debt securities will have a direct claim only against the Guarantor Group.
The following tables include summarized financial information for the Guarantor Group (in thousands). The information for the Guarantor Group is presented on a combined basis, excluding intercompany balances and transactions between us and the Guarantor Group and excluding investments in and equity in the earnings of non-guarantor subsidiaries. The Guarantor Group’s amounts due from, amounts due to, and transactions with non-guarantor subsidiaries have been presented in separate line items. The consolidating schedules are provided in accordance with the reporting requirements of Rule 13-01 under SEC Regulation S-X for the issuer and guarantor subsidiaries.
October 31, 2025
Current assets (excluding net intercompany receivable from non-guarantor subsidiaries)
Noncurrent assets
Net intercompany receivable from/ (payable to) non-guarantor subsidiaries
Current liabilities (excluding net intercompany payable to non-guarantor subsidiaries)
Noncurrent liabilities
Redeemable noncontrolling interests
Noncontrolling interests
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Year ended
October 31, 2025
Net sales
Gross profit
Operating income
Net income from consolidated operations
Net income attributable to HEICO
Year ended
October 31, 2025
Intercompany net sales
Intercompany management fee
Intercompany interest income
Intercompany dividends
Critical Accounting Estimates
We believe that the following are our most critical accounting estimates, which require management to make judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain.
Assumptions utilized to determine fair value in connection with business combinations, contingent consideration arrangements and in goodwill and intangible assets impairment tests are highly judgmental. If there is a material change in such assumptions or if there is a material change in the conditions or circumstances influencing fair value, we could be required to recognize a material impairment charge. See Item 1A., Risk Factors , for a list of factors which may cause our actual results to differ materially from anticipated results.
Valuation of Inventory
Inventory is reported at the lower of cost or net realizable value, determined using either the first-in, first-out method or the average cost basis. Any losses are recognized entirely in the period of identification.
We regularly assess the carrying value of inventory, considering factors such as its physical condition, sales trends, and anticipated future demand to estimate provisions for slow-moving, obsolete, or damaged inventory. Our inventory valuation reserves are established through analysis and estimates that consider many factors such as current order levels, forecasted demand, market conditions, and expected product life cycles. Changes in business or economic conditions, consumer confidence, market dynamics, demand fluctuations, evolving technology, or inaccurate demand projections may necessitate adjustments to these reserves. Should actual market conditions deviate from management's expectations, additional provisions for excess and obsolete inventory could be required and may be material to our results of operations. Changes
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in estimates did not have a material effect on net income from consolidated operations in fiscal 2025, 2024 and 2023.
Business Combinations
We allocate the purchase price of acquired entities to the underlying tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities and any noncontrolling interests assumed based on their estimated fair values, with any excess recorded as goodwill. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities and noncontrolling interests assumed requires management’s judgment and often involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. For example, the fair value of intangible assets acquired considers forecasts of future cash flows, revenue, earnings, royalty rates, discount rates and asset lives. We determine the fair values of intangible assets acquired generally in consultation with third-party valuation advisors.
As part of the agreement to acquire certain subsidiaries, we may be obligated to pay contingent consideration should the acquired entity meet certain earnings objectives subsequent to the date of acquisition. As of the acquisition date, contingent consideration is recorded at fair value as determined using a probability-based scenario analysis approach. Under this method, a set of discrete potential future subsidiary earnings is determined using internal estimates based on various revenue growth rate assumptions for each scenario. A probability of likelihood is then assigned to each discrete potential future earnings estimate and the resultant contingent consideration is calculated and discounted using a weighted average discount rate reflecting the credit risk of HEICO. Changes in either the revenue growth rates, related earnings or the discount rate could result in a material change to the amount of contingent consideration accrued. As of October 31, 2025 and 2024, $46.2 million and $30.2 million of contingent consideration was accrued within our Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively. During fiscal 2025, 2024 and 2023, such fair value measurement adjustments resulted in net increases (decreases) to SG&A expenses of $12.9 million, ($9.9) million and ($.7) million, respectively. For further information regarding our contingent consideration arrangements, see Note 8, Fair Value Measurements, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Valuation of Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
We test goodwill for impairment annually as of October 31, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may exceed its fair value. When testing goodwill for impairment, we may perform a qualitative assessment as the initial step for all or selected reporting units. We are also allowed to bypass the qualitative analysis and perform a quantitative analysis if desired.
When performing the qualitative test, we consider factors including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry conditions, the competitive environment, changes in the market for our products and services, regulatory and political developments, entity specific factors such as strategy and changes in key personnel, and overall financial performance. If, after completing this assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we proceed to a quantitative impairment test.
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When performing the quantitative impairment test, we compare the fair value of each of our reporting units to its carrying value to determine potential impairment and an impairmentloss is recognized in the amount by which the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its fair value. The fair values of our reporting units are determined using a weighted average of a market approach and an income approach. The market approach estimates the value of reporting units by comparing to guideline public companies or guideline transactions. Various valuation multiples are calculated utilizing financial data of companies that are economically and operationally similar resulting in ranges of multiples. Judgmental adjustments are often necessary to ensure comparability. The selection of the appropriate multiple within a range requires judgment, considering various qualitative and quantitative factors. Changes in assumptions or estimates could materially affect the estimated fair value of our reporting units and the potential for impairment. The income approach estimates fair value by taking estimated future cash flows that are based on internal projections and other assumptions deemed reasonable by management and discounting them using an estimated weighted average cost of capital. Assumptions used in the analysis include estimated future revenues and expenses, the weighted average cost of working capital, capital expenditures, and other variables. The discount rate utilized for each reporting unit is indicative of the return an investor would expect to receive for investing in such a business. Based on the annual goodwill impairment test as of October 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, we determined there was no impairment of our goodwill. The fair value of each of our reporting units calculated as part of our quantitative impairment test significantly exceeded its carrying value as of October 31, 2025.
We test each non-amortizing intangible asset (principally trade names) for impairment annually as of October 31, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. To derive the fair value of our trade names, we utilize an income approach, which relies upon management's assumptions of royalty rates, projected revenues and discount rates. We also test each amortizing intangible asset for impairment if events or circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. The test consists of determining whether the carrying value of such assets will be recovered through undiscounted expected future cash flows. If the total of the undiscounted future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of those assets, we recognize an impairmentloss based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of the assets. The determination of fair value requires us to make a number of estimates, assumptions and judgments of underlying factors such as projected revenues and related earnings as well as discount rates. Based on the intangible impairment tests conducted, we recognized no impairmentloss in fiscal 2025, an aggregate impairmentloss of $7.5 million during fiscal 2024, and an immaterial impairmentloss in fiscal 2023. The impairmentloss we recognized in fiscal 2024 related to the write-down of trade names at two ETG subsidiaries due to a reduction in the expected future cash flows associated with such intangible assets. The impairmentloss was recorded as a component of SG&A expenses in the Company's Consolidated Statement of Operations. See Note 8, Fair Value Measurements, for additional information regarding the Company’s fiscal 2024 impairmentloss.
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New Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - New Accounting Pronouncements, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Forward-Looking Statements
Certain statements in this report constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements contained herein that are not clearly historical in nature may be forward-looking and the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect,” “estimate” and similar expressions are generally intended to identify forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement contained herein, in press releases, written statements or other documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission or in communications and discussions with investors and analysts in the normal course of business through meetings, phone calls and conference calls, concerning our operations, economic performance and financial condition are subject to risks, uncertainties and contingencies. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. All forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, which may cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from anticipated results, performance or achievements. Also, forward-looking statements are based upon management’s estimates of fair values and of future costs, using currently available information. Therefore, actual results may differ materially from those expressed in or implied by those forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause such differences include, among others:
• The severity, magnitude and duration of public health threats;
• Our liquidity and the amount and timing of cash generation;
• Lower commercial air travel, airline fleet changes or airline purchasing decisions, which could cause lower demand for our goods and services;
• Product specification costs and requirements, which could cause an increase in our costs to complete contracts;
• Governmental and regulatory demands, export policies and restrictions, reductions in defense, space or homeland security spending by U.S. and/or foreign customers or competition from existing and new competitors, which could reduce our sales;
• Our ability to introduce new products and services at profitable pricing levels, which could reduce our sales or sales growth;
• Product development or manufacturing difficulties, which could increase our product development and manufacturing costs and delay sales;
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• Cybersecurity events or other disruptions of our information technology systems could adversely affect our business; and
• Our ability to make acquisitions, including obtaining any applicable domestic and/or foreign governmental approvals, and achieve operating synergies from acquired businesses; customer credit risk; interest, foreign currency exchange and income tax rates; and economic conditions, including the effects of inflation, within and outside of the aviation, defense, space, medical, telecommunications and electronics industries, which could negatively impact our costs and revenues.
For further information on these and other factors that potentially could materially affect our financial results, see Item 1A, Risk Factors . We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except to the extent required by applicable law.
