Risk Factors Summary
Our business is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, including those described in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of this annual report. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:
We have a history of net losses, and we may not achieve or maintain profitability.
We will require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals, and a failure to obtain this capital when needed or on acceptable terms could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our development and commercialization efforts.
Our proposed growth projects may not be completed or, if completed, may not achieve profitability or perform as expected. Our project development activities may consume a significant portion of our management’s focus, and if not successful, reduce our profitability.
We may be unable to successfully perform under current or future offtake and sales agreements to provide our products, and we may need to renegotiate some of our offtake agreements.
Fluctuations in the price of corn and other feedstocks may affect our cost structure.
Fluctuations in petroleum prices and customer demand patterns may reduce demand for renewable fuels.
Any decline in the value of environmental attributes associated with our products could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations cash flow and financial condition.
Our actual costs may be greater than expected in developing our growth projects, causing us to realize significantly lower profits or greater losses on our projects.
An impairment of our long-lived assets or goodwill could reduce our earnings or negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.
We may be subject to liabilities and losses that may not be covered by insurance.
Our experience may not be sufficient to operate commercial-scale facilities, and we may encounter substantial difficulties operating commercial plants or expanding our business.
Mergers, acquisitions and other strategic investments may not be successful in achieving intended benefits, cost savings and synergies and may disrupt current operations.
If we lose key personnel, including key management personnel, or are unable to attract and retain additional personnel, it could delay our product development programs and harm our research and development efforts, make it more difficult to pursue partnerships or develop our own products or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business.
We may face substantial competition from companies with greater resources and financial strength, which could adversely affect our performance and growth.
Our business and operations would suffer in the event of IT system failures or a cyber-attack.
We may engage in hedging transactions, which could adversely impact our business.
As our SAF has not previously been used as a commercial fuel in significant amounts, its use exposes us to product liability risks.
Competitiveness of our products for fuel use (including RNG) depends in part on government economic incentives for renewable energy projects or other related policies that could change.
If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we might not be able to report our financial results accurately or prevent fraud; in that case, our stockholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which would harm our business and could negatively impact the price of our stock.
Our ability to compete may be adversely affected if we do not adequately protect our proprietary technologies or if we lose some of our intellectual property rights through costly litigation or proceedings.
We may not be able to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world.
Confidentiality agreements with employees and others may not adequately prevent disclosures of trade secrets and other proprietary information.
We have received funding from U.S. government agencies, which could negatively affect our IP rights.
The U.S. renewable fuels industry is highly dependent upon certain federal and state legislation and regulation and any changes in legislation or regulation could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.
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Reductions or changes to existing regulations and policies may present technical, regulatory and economic barriers, which may significantly reduce demand for renewable fuels or our ability to supply our products.
Negative attitudes toward renewable energy projects from the U.S. government, other lawmakers and regulators, activists and others could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of hazardous materials or noncompliance with applicable laws and regulations could be time consuming and costly and could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We may not be able to comply with all applicable listing requirements or standards of The Nasdaq Capital Market and Nasdaq could delist our common stock.
Future issuances of our common stock or instruments convertible or exercisable into our common stock may materially and adversely affect the price of our common stock and cause dilution to our existing stockholders.
Raising capital at a subsidiary, or project, level would result in lower revenues attributable back to us.
The estimates and assumptions on which our financial projections are based may prove to be inaccurate.
Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies.
We do not anticipate paying cash dividends, and accordingly, stockholders must rely on stock appreciation for any return on their investment.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or publish negative reports about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our common stock may be influenced by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business.
We are subject to anti-takeover provisions in our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws and under Delaware law that could delay or prevent an acquisition of the Company, even if the acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders.
Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.
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PART I
Items 1. Business
Company Overview
Gevo, Inc. (Nasdaq: GEVO), a Delaware corporation founded in 2005, is a growth-oriented company that focuses on hard to decarbonize market sectors such as jet fuel, certain specialty fuels, on-road fuels, chemicals and materials, and certain products for the food chain such as protein and feeds made as co-products from our processes. Each of the market areas that Gevo focuses on has the common need for carbon-based products and is not conducive to full electrification or hydrogen. We produce and sell competitively priced, renewable, drop-in products for these sectors, and generate carbon abatement value through our plant design and business systems.
In addition to generating value from physical products such as fuels, chemicals, protein, feed and oil, our business model is designed to generate carbon abatement value through our production processes, plant design, and operating systems. This carbon abatement value may be monetized through mechanisms such as direct sales of certified carbon credits, Renewable Identification Numbers (“RINs”), state-level clean fuel credits, federal tax credits enacted under the Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”), Canada’s Clean Fuel Regulations (“CFR”), state level clean fuel regulations, and, in certain cases, through the value attributed to reduced Scope 3 greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions by end customers, particularly related to fuel products. Gevo owns certain operating assets that generate cash flow and expects growth by developing markets, pursuing project development, investing in capital assets, and licensing certain technologies.
Our primary market focus, given the large demand and growing customer interest, is carbon abated hydrocarbon fuels, including jet fuel. We believe that jet fuel produced from an Alcohol-to-Jet (“ATJ”) process is the most economically viable approach to meet growing jet fuel demand and to generate value from carbon abatement. We also have commercial opportunities for other renewable hydrocarbon products, such as renewable natural gas (“RNG”); hydrocarbons for gasoline and racing fuel blendstocks and diesel fuel; ingredients for the chemical industry, such as ethylene and butenes for plastics and materials; and other chemicals.
In order to build out an ATJ platform, we need to have low cost, low carbon alcohol available as a feedstock. We also believe carbon sequestration is a critical component of producing a low carbon footprint alcohol. In 2025, we took the strategic step to bring these critical components of the business system under our control with the acquisition of substantially all of the assets and assumption of certain liabilities of Red Trail Energy in Richardton, North Dakota on January 31, 2025. We believe this facility (“Gevo North Dakota” or “GevoND”) de-risks a portion of the ATJ platform buildout because it already is operating, producing ethanol, protein and feed, and corn oil, sequestering carbon and generating profit for Gevo.
Gevo is developing a business system than not only benefits Gevo but is also expected to be attractive to other companies seeking to produce sustainable aviation fuel (“SAF”). Gevo has the plant designs and technologies, as well as the carbon accounting, carbon tax credit marketing, carbon sales, and fuel sales capabilities that can benefit other companies looking to license Gevo’s ATJ platform.
Gevo has an intellectual property portfolio consisting of hundreds of patents, many of which center around our ATJ platforms, as well as proprietary know-how. In addition, we have partnered with other leading global technology companies to develop this system focused on three standard sizes, 30, 60 and 150 million gallons per year (“MMGPY”) of SAF, referred to as ATJ-30, ATJ-60 and ATJ-150, respectively. It is our intent to deploy ATJ-30 at our GevoND site. ATJ-30 would upgrade the low-carbon ethanol already produced onsite to SAF.
Gevo North Dakota
Gevo, through certain of its subsidiaries, acquired substantially all of the assets and assumed certain liabilities of Red Trail Energy on January 31, 2025, for a purchase price of $210 million, subject to customary adjustments, including a working capital adjustment. The transaction was funded through a combination of Gevo cash, and a $105 million senior secured term loan facility. Simultaneous with the closing of the transaction, Orion Infrastructure Capital
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(“OIC”), a U.S.-based private investment firm made a $5 million investment in the form of a redeemable non-controlling interest (“NCI”) in GevoND. This NCI is subject to a Put/Call option feature, which grants Gevo the right to call (purchase) the units held by OIC, and OIC the right to put (sell) the units to Gevo under certain conditions. These options are exercisable for a period of three years following the repayment of all outstanding debt under the credit agreement the Company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into with an affiliate of OIC. As a result of the redeemable nature of this non-controlling interest, it has been classified as temporary equity on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The acquired assets include an ethanol production plant, a carbon capture and storage well, and leases that give us rights to use additional pore space for carbon capture. The operational personnel of Red Trail Energy joined Gevo upon the closing of the acquisition. The acquired ethanol production facility converts corn into ethanol and distillers grains, a high-protein animal feed containing essential amino acid nutrients, and corn oil. The included carbon capture and sequestration (“CCS”) assets support Gevo’s broader carbon abatement goals, particularly in relation to its ATJ platform. We believe the acquisition strengthens Gevo’s growth trajectory by adding ethanol production, distillers grains, corn oil, and carbon dioxide removal (“CDR”) credit sales to our revenue stream, while also enhancing our capabilities in CCS and supporting our broader strategic efforts in SAF production which use low-carbon alcohol as a feedstock.
Gevo Fuels
Our ATJ platform currently consists of two designs: ATJ-30 and ATJ-60, which are described below:
ATJ-30 . We have duplicated and modified the ATJ-60 design into an ATJ-30 design which is being designed to produce approximately 30 MMGPY of total hydrocarbon volumes, the majority of which would be SAF. We expect that we will deploy the ATJ 30 platform at our GevoND site, which would allow us to upgrade the low-carbon ethanol already being produced onsite into SAF. We expect to continue engineering and development through 2026 before completing the front-end engineering design (“FEED”) phase of the project. At the end of FEED, we expect to have a capital estimate and schedule for the project. Because we began with the designs and know-how from the ATJ-60 project, we are able to shorten the time and costs to complete the development phase of the project. An ATJ-30 plant located at and integrated into our existing ethanol plant and carbon sequestration is our current primary focus for SAF commercialization.
ATJ-60. ATJ-60 is designed to produce approximately 65 MMGPY of total hydrocarbon volumes, including 60 MMGPY of SAF. We anticipate deploying the ATJ-60 platform on a site we own in Lake Preston, South Dakota in the future. However, given the uncertainty associated with the construction of a third-party pipeline for carbon sequestration, this project is currently on hold.
The Company has also conducted preliminary engineering and design work for an ATJ-150 configuration which remains in the development stage. ATJ-150 is being designed to produce approximately 150 MMGPY of SAF and related hydrocarbon products. Advancement of ATJ-150 will depend on market conditions, customer demand, availability of financing, regulatory support, and access to suitable infrastructure.
We currently expect to finance the construction of ATJ plants at the subsidiary level using a combination of Company equity (through in-kind and/or cash contributions), and capital from project level equity and debt financing. Cash distributions from future ATJ plant earnings would be proportionate to Gevo’s ownership in such plants under this expected financing structure. The use of project debt and third-party equity allows us to conserve capital for use on other growth projects.
In order to achieve full construction financing for an ATJ plant, we intend to secure debt and possibly third-party equity. On October 16, 2024, we received a conditional commitment from the U.S. Department of Energy (“DOE”) Energy Dominance Financing Program (“EDF”) (formerly known as the Loan Programs Office) for a loan guarantee facility with a capacity of approximately $1.6 billion (including capitalized interest during construction). Funding under the DOE loan is subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions precedent, including completion of legal documentation, satisfaction of financing and equity contribution requirements, completion of environmental and regulatory reviews, and confirmation of project readiness. Any funding related to the DOE loan guarantee facility would
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be subject to the completion of due diligence and environmental and regulatory reviews, execution of definitive financing documents, and satisfaction of customary conditions precedent, including required equity contributions. The receipt of a conditional commitment was significant as it helped to validate the ATJ plant design integrity, which is underpinned by the DOE EDF’s diligence process. On October 8, 2025, the Company received a letter from the DOE EDF granting an extension of the Conditional Commitment until April 16, 2026 (the “Extension”). The Extension allows the Company and DOE EDF to evaluate certain potential modifications to the project scope under the conditional commitment in order to address energy policies and priorities. The discussions between the DOE EDF and the Company continue and the Conditional Commitment will remain effective during the extension period to allow for modifications which satisfy DOE EDF. The potential scope modifications include the construction of a lower cost ATJ-30 facility at GevoND and the optimal use of captured carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery. We are in discussion with the DOE EDF around a further extension of the Conditional Commitment beyond April 16, 2026, which we believe is necessary to allow sufficient time for the negotiation and execution of the definitive financing agreement and to achieve financial close.
We are evaluating and performing early site development work at several sites in the U.S. for other greenfield sites. These sites include several locations that are particularly advantageous in terms of potential economics, opportunities to decarbonize, and time to market. In addition, we are pursuing potential ATJ projects with several existing ethanol plant sites. Existing ethanol plants can be decarbonized with renewable energy or de-fossilized energy and/or carbon sequestration. Gevo has developed a preferred list of potential partners and sites with decarbonization in mind and is engaged in preliminary feasibility and development discussions with several of these potential partners. We plan to give priority to existing industrial plant sites that have attractive potential economics and high predictability of timeline for decarbonization.
Renewable Natural Gas Business
Our RNG business was originally developed to provide the option of supplying energy for our ATJ plant designs. At this time, we do not expect that an RNG facility will be required to support the ATJ-30 plant planned to be located at Gevo North Dakota. We intend to continue operating the RNG business as a standalone operation and currently have no plans to invest significant additional capital in the business. The RNG business in Northwest Iowa started up and began producing and injecting initial volumes of biogas in 2022, during the project’s testing and ramp-up period. In 2023, the project achieved stable production levels and surpassed our annual production target of 310,000 million British thermal units (“MMBtu”). In addition, in 2024 we completed an expansion of the RNG business to increase its annual expected output from 355,000 MMBtu to about 400,000 MMBtu.
The RNG business generates revenue through the sale of RNG and environmental attributes associated with RNG produced at the facility. These environmental attributes include credits under California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard (“LCFS”) program and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) Renewable Fuels Standard (“RFS”) program (“RFS Program”), which allow us to earn renewable identification numbers (“RINs”). Gevo was granted registration approval by the EPA in 2022, allowing us to participate in the RFS Program to receive RINs.
In March of 2025, the California Air Resources Board (“CARB”) approved our application for a provisional Tier 2 pathway, representing the significantly lower carbon intensity of our RNG than was reflected under our previous temporary pathway.
Our provisional pathway, which is effective for reporting beginning with the fourth quarter of 2024, has a weighted average carbon intensity (“CI”) score of approximately -339 gCO2e/MJ, which represents approximately 160,000 LCFS credits in the California LCFS Reporting Tool (“LRT”) system assuming our RNG operation produces 400,000 MMBTU in 2025. This is an increase of LCFS credits from approximately 90,000 credits under our old temporary pathway of -150 g CO2e/MJ. The increase of carbon credit generation of approximately 70,000 credits represents a significant increase in revenue for the RNG business. The LCFS pathways are required to be updated and verified annually, using the most recent 24 months of operational data. The provisional pathway was updated and approved in 2025, effective beginning in the first quarter of 2026, and has a weighted average CI score (including a margin of safety) of approximately -314 gCO2e/MJ.
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Verity
Verity Holdings, LLC (“Verity”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Gevo, is developing a data and software platform designed to support traceability, compliance reporting, and the potential monetization of carbon intensity (“CI”) reductions across the renewable fuels supply chain. The Verity platform currently enables the collection, aggregation and end-to-end tracking of data from agricultural production and processing partners to support reporting under federal and state regulatory programs, including Section 45Z and LCFS programs in California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia and other Canadian provinces. In 2025, Verity began onboarding customers across multiple segments of the supply chain, including grain elevators, biofuel producers, and supply chain partners, with the goal of enabling full lifecycle CI tracking and audit support. While still in the early stages of commercialization, Verity is actively building capabilities to support measurement, reporting, and verification (“MRV”) of Scope 1 and Scope 3 carbon insets and other environmental attributes. The platform is intended to support Gevo’s ATJ and is expected to evolve into a core infrastructure asset for CI tracking and facilitate potential carbon monetization across the broader low-carbon fuels and agriculture ecosystem.
Ethanol-to-Olefins Technology
In April 2023, we entered into a joint development agreement with LG Chem, Ltd. (“LG Chem”), a leading global chemical company, to develop bio-propylene for renewable chemicals using our Ethanol-to-Olefins (“ETO”) technology. Gevo’s proprietary ETO technology can target carbon neutral or carbon negative drop-in replacements for traditional petroleum-based building blocks called olefins, including bio-propylene, which can be used for renewable chemicals or fuels including SAF. These plant-based, renewable olefins would be derived from atmospheric CO2 captured through photosynthesis and are expected to deliver the same performance in final products on the market today. We also believe ETO will reduce the capital and operating costs of future ATJ SAF production facilities.
Under the terms of the agreement with LG Chem, we will provide the core enabling technology we have developed for renewable olefins to be produced from low-carbon ethanol and will collaborate with LG Chem to accelerate the pilot research, technical scale-up, and commercialization of bio-propylene.
Additionally, Axens North America, Inc. (“Axens”) and Gevo are working together to ensure they remain leaders in the ethanol-to-jet space by partnering with IFP Energies Nouvelles (“IFPEN”) on the final development and commercial deployment of Gevo’s patented ETO process for fuel applications. This collaboration is expected to significantly reduce capital and operating costs while lowering the carbon intensity of the process.
Luverne Facility
On October 31, 2025, we sold our subsidiary Agri-Energy, LLC, which owned an 18 million gallon-per-year ethanol production facility located in Luverne, Minnesota (the “Luverne Facility”) to A.E. Innovation LLC. The sales price was $7.0 million, which was made up of a $2 million cash payment, paid on the transaction closing date and a $5.0 million note receivable. As part of the transaction we retained certain assets at the Luverne Facility including certain isobutanol production assets and associated infrastructure.
Competitive Advantages
We believe that our vertically integrated set of technologies and business systems (including our extensive portfolio of several hundred patents and patent applications, trade-secrets, and proprietary production technologies) creates competitive advantage through (i) access to multiple opportunities to drive the CI score of our products down, (ii) opportunities to address needs in the chemicals, food, feed, plastics and materials markets, (iii) opportunities to reduce production costs to maximize margins, (iv) the deployment of production technology that is readily scalable and robust from an operating point of view, (v) the use of the Verity platform, and (vi) the modular design of production facilities, which can help to facilitate rapid deployment of production assets.
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Carbohydrates as Feedstocks
Carbohydrate feedstocks exceed all other potential renewable carbon feedstock sources by several orders of magnitude on a worldwide basis. In the Midwest region of the U.S. corn is an ideal feedstock for multiple reasons. On a per acre basis, field corn (not food corn) is one of the most productive crops to produce protein and oil, as well as carbohydrates. The non-carbohydrate co-products from the field corn kernel represent the majority of the nutritional value of the kernel and could be delivered into the food chain. By selling the protein, oil and animal feed into the food chain markets, it would offset a portion of the cost of acquiring the corn. We believe up to 50% of the cost of corn can be offset by manufacturing valuable products for the food chain. The remaining carbohydrates are used as a feedstock for fermentation.
We believe that in the U.S. carbohydrates produced from corn can be the most sustainable and lowest cost renewable carbon source that can be used as feedstock for alcohol to hydrocarbon processes to produce hydrocarbon fuels. In the future, we expect to evaluate the commercial use of carbohydrates from sources other than corn ( e.g. , of sugar cane, molasses, or cellulosic sugars derived from wood, agricultural residues and waste) as the cost to acquire those carbohydrates becomes competitive, and the sustainability profile (and related CI scores) become acceptable. We expect our future feedstocks to be chosen on the collective basis of (i) cost, (ii) carbon and/or sustainability footprint with associated value, (iii) positive contribution to food chain where possible, and (iv) availability of the feedstock at a practical scale.
Proprietary Carbohydrate Conversion Technologies
Three technologies are required to convert carbohydrates to SAF and other renewable hydrocarbons: (i) the fermentation process to convert carbohydrates to alcohols; (ii) the chemical processing technology to make the hydrocarbon fuel products; and (iii) the technology and know-how to mitigate the fossil based GHG emissions from the integrated fermentation and fuel production plants.
We have two ways of producing alcohols via fermentation from carbohydrates: (i) ethanol, which has two carbons, and (ii) isobutanol, which has four carbons. Ethanol can be a building block for SAF, diesel fuel, naptha and chemical products. Isobutanol can be a building block for gasoline hydrocarbons, SAF and chemical products. Ethanol technology is well known and readily available. Isobutanol technology is relatively new and has yet to be scaled to the size of current ethanol production, but it offers long-term potential in enabling lower CI scores and allowing for the production of chemical products and high value gasoline hydrocarbons.
We believe that we possess proprietary know-how to integrate alcohol production and chemical processing to make SAF and other renewable hydrocarbons that should lower the CI score of our renewable hydrocarbon products, and have filed patents on the overall process.
Alcohols can be converted to hydrocarbon products with catalytic chemical processing techniques analogous to those used in the petrochemical industry. We have been working with Axens to use their technology on this process since they have already scaled it up and they have licensed to many commercial production facilities. Axens brings technologies with over 60 related patents, engineering packages, proprietary catalysts and certain proprietary equipment required to convert alcohols into SAF and they will provide certain process guarantees to us.
Integration of the production systems with various renewable or de-fossilized energy sources will be essential. Our ATJ plant concept depends upon a variety of decarbonization methods to ensure the operability of the plant while also reducing and eliminating the need for fossil-based energy. We have partnered with companies such as Zero6 Energy, formerly Juhl Energy, to develop the technology suite for this decarbonization.
Verity
The Verity platform is designed to enable the collection, aggregation and end-to-end tracking of environmental and operational data from agricultural production, biofuel producers and processing partners to support reporting under federal and state regulatory programs, including Section 45Z of the Internal Revenue Code and LCFS programs in California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia and other Canadian provinces.
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Verity's services may include regulatory analysis, life cycle assessment support, compliance documentation management, audit readiness support and carbon attribute tracking for Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions. Where applicable, Verity may assist customers with environmental attribute registration, transfer, utilization or retirement; however, the extent of such services depends on the applicable program requirements and customer engagement. By integrating data management and reporting capabilities, Verity supports Gevo's mission of converting renewable energy and biogenic carbon into sustainable fuels and chemicals with a low carbon footprint.
Competition
We face competitors in each market that we participate in, some of which are limited to individual markets, and some of which will compete with us across all of our target markets. Many of our competitors have greater financial resources, more comprehensive product lines, broader market presence, longer standing relationships with customers, longer operating histories, greater production capabilities, stronger brand recognition and greater marketing resources than we do which could make it difficult for us to compete.
Our renewable hydrocarbons, including SAF, compete with the incumbent petroleum-based fuels industry, as well as renewable fuels companies. The incumbent petroleum-based fuels industry makes the vast majority of the world’s gasoline, jet and diesel fuels and blendstocks. The petroleum-based fuels industry is mature and includes a substantial base of infrastructure for the production and distribution of petroleum-derived products, however, the industry faces challenges from its dependence on petroleum. High and volatile oil prices should provide an opportunity for renewable producers relying on biobased feedstocks like corn, which in recent years have had lower price volatility than oil, to compete.
Renewable fuels companies may provide substantial competition in the hydrocarbon fuels markets. These renewable fuel competitors are numerous and include both large established companies and startups. Government tax incentives for renewable fuel producers and regulations such as the Inflation Reduction Act clean fuel production credits, RFS Program, California LCFS program, and programs emerging in other states such as Illinois help provide opportunities for renewable fuels producers to compete. We believe that we have the advantage of being able to target conversion of alcohols into specific high-value molecules such as SAF, other renewable hydrocarbons and various chemical products.
Intellectual Property and Technologies
We seek protection for our intellectual property under patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws.
Since the Company was founded, we have submitted hundreds of patent applications in the U.S. and in various foreign jurisdictions. These patent applications are for our technologies and specific methods and products that support our business. We continue to file new patent applications, for which terms extend up to 20 years from the filing date in the U.S. and for various terms in international jurisdictions. We expect to continue to develop and build our intellectual property portfolio to address unmet technology and market needs going forward.
We currently have a strong proprietary technology position with more than 350 patents, as well as proprietary processes and know-how.
Government Regulation - Environmental Compliance
Regulation by governmental authorities in the U.S. and other countries is a significant factor in the development, manufacture and marketing of second-generation renewable fuels. In particular, renewable fuels are subject to rigorous testing and premarket approval requirements by the EPA’s Office of Transportation and Air Quality and regulatory authorities in other countries. In the U.S., various federal and, in some cases, state statutes and regulations also govern or impact the manufacturing, safety, storage and use of renewable fuels. The process of seeking required approvals and the continuing need for compliance with applicable statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial resources.
We are subject to various federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations, including those relating to the discharge of materials into the air, water and ground, the generation, storage, handling, use, transportation and
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disposal of hazardous materials and the health and safety of our employees. These laws and regulations require us to obtain environmental permits and comply with numerous environmental restrictions as we construct and operate isobutanol assets. They may require expensive pollution control equipment or operational changes to limit actual or potential impacts to the environment. A violation of these laws, regulations or permit conditions can result in substantial fines, natural resource damage, criminal sanctions, permit revocations or facility shutdowns.
Our products benefit from the RFS Program in that our RNG and ethanol are currently eligible for RINs that have value based on the current RFS Program. The RFS Program could change, impacting our products, positively or negatively.
Various systems are being put in place around the world to measure CI and the reduction of GHGs, with the intent of creating a system to monetize the value of the reduction of carbon. In order to benefit from such systems, companies need to have their products qualified through a regulatory process. There is no guarantee that any benefit could be gained.
People and Culture
Higher Purpose
Our employees strive to make environmental and social impacts in the world. Our employees are also guided by our code of business conduct and ethics, which helps them to uphold and strengthen our standards of integrity and innovation while continuously improving our environment, health, safety and sustainability. Our world and business may change, but our core values are a constant in everything we do.
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Employees
As of December 31, 2025, we had 151 employees in North America. We also retain consultants, independent contractors, and temporary workers. None of our facilities in the U.S. are covered by collective bargaining agreements. The Gevo team is made up of scientists, research and development experts, software developers, data engineers, operations, administrative and business development professionals, skilled trades and energy technicians.
Total
Employment
Full-time
Part-time
Total
Department
Project Development
Research and Development
Production
Maintenance
General, administrative and business development
Total
Location
North Dakota
Colorado
Texas
Iowa
Illinois
Minnesota
New Mexico
South Dakota
Washington
Other States
Total
Health and Safety
We strive to achieve safety excellence through increased focus on leading indicators, risk reduction, health and safety management systems, and prevention to protect the public health and environmental quality in our communities, as well as the health and safety of our employees, customers and neighbors. We strive to comply with all health and safety laws and regulations that apply to our business. We provide site safety orientation for all employees and guests as well as periodic refresher training for employees at a level appropriate for their role. We have received no violations and are proud that we have never had a fatality at a Gevo facility. During 2025, we had no reportable injuries and no lost time incidents.
We are serious about maintaining the well-being of our employees and families, paying 100% of the premiums for health, dental and vision insurance for whole families. Despite the significant increases in premium costs, we continue to pay the premiums for disability and life insurance to assist in maintaining living standards when issues arise. We continue to be agile in addressing employee needs in the quickly evolving environment while being transparent across the workforce.
Available Information
Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10‑Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports (including related exhibits and supplemental schedules) filed or furnished pursuant to
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Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are made available, free of charge, through our website, as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports have been filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Our website address is www.gevo.com. Information on our website is not incorporated by reference into, and does not constitute a part of, this report.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
You should carefully consider the risk factors described below before you decide to invest in our securities. The risks described below are not the only ones facing us. Our business is also subject to the risks that affect many other companies, such as competition, technological obsolescence, labor relations, general economic conditions, geopolitical changes and international operations. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also impair our business operations and our liquidity. The risks described below could cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements we have made in this Report, the information incorporated herein by reference and those forward-looking statements we may make from time to time.
Risk Related to our Business and Strategy
We have a history of net losses, and we may not achieve or maintain profitability.
We incurred net losses attributable to Gevo of $33.8 million and $78.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $834.2 million. We expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future. We currently derive revenue primarily from the sale of ethanol, RNG and related environmental attributes produced at GevoND and GevoRNG.
We also expect to spend significant amounts on (i) developing and financing our Alcohol-to-Jet projects and other similar growth projects, (ii) marketing, general and administrative expenses associated with our planned growth, and (iii) management of operations as a public company. As a result, we expect to continue to incur new losses for the foreseeable future. We may not achieve profitability during the foreseeable future and may never achieve it. If we fail to achieve profitability, or if the time required to achieve profitability is longer than we anticipate, we may not be able to continue our business operations. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.
We will require substantial additional financings to achieve our goals, and a failure to obtain this capital when needed or on acceptable terms could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our development and commercialization efforts.
We operate in a capital-intensive industry and will continue to need substantial amounts of capital to execute on our business plans. We believe that we will continue to expend substantial resources for the foreseeable future on further growth of our business, including developing, constructing, financing and acquiring facilities necessary for the production of our products on a commercial scale. These expenditures may, among other things, include costs associated with our ATJ Projects, research and development, developing biogas processing projects and wind projects, obtaining government and regulatory approvals, and negotiating offtake agreements for our products. In addition, other unanticipated costs may arise.
To date, we have funded our operations primarily through equity offerings and issuances of debt. Based on our current plans and expectations, we will require additional funding at the corporate and/or project level to achieve our goals. We currently expect to finance the construction of ATJ-30 and any other ATJ Projects at the subsidiary level using third party capital. In addition, our plans and expectations may change as a result of factors currently unknown to us, and we may need additional funds sooner than expected and may seek to raise additional funds through public or private debt or equity financings. We may also choose to seek additional capital sooner than required due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations.
Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:
the timing of and costs involved in financing and constructing our ATJ Projects, including ATJ-30;
the timing of and costs involved in obtaining permits and compliance with applicable regulations;
the timing and costs associated with any future capital projects or expansions;
our ability to gain market acceptance for our products;
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our ability to negotiate financeable offtake agreements for the products we produce, and the timing and terms of those agreements, including terms related to sales price;
our ability to negotiate sales of our products and the timing and terms of those sales, including terms related to sales price;
our ability to establish and maintain strategic partnerships, licensing or other arrangements and the timing and terms of those arrangements; and
the cost of preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent, trademark and other intellectual property claims, including litigation costs and the outcome of such litigation.
Additional funds may not be available when we need them, on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If needed funds are not available to us on a timely basis, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate:
our ATJ Projects, including ATJ-30;
our plans to enter into agreements with strategic partners;
our development of future capital projects or expansions;
our efforts to prepare, file, prosecute, maintain and enforce patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights and defend against claims by others that we may be violating their intellectual property rights; and/or
our activities in negotiating and performing under offtake agreements that may be necessary for the commercialization of our products.
Our proposed growth projects may not be completed or, if completed, may not perform as expected or achieve profitability. Our project development activities may consume a significant portion of our management’s focus, and if not successful, reduce our profitability.
We plan to grow our business by building multiple production facilities, including greenfield and brownfield projects. Development projects may require us to spend significant sums for engineering, permitting, legal, financial advisory and other expenses before we determine whether a development project is feasible, economically attractive or capable of being financed.
Our development projects are typically planned to be large and complex, and we may not be able to complete them. There can be no assurance that we will be able to negotiate the required agreements, overcome any local opposition, or obtain the necessary licenses, permits and financing. Failure to achieve any of these elements may prevent the development and construction of a project. If that were to occur, we could lose all of our investment in development expenditures and may be required to write off project development assets.
We may be unable to successfully perform under current or future offtake agreements to provide our products, and we may need to renegotiate some of our offtake agreements.
We have entered into several offtake agreements pursuant to which we agreed to sell our products. Under certain of these offtake agreements, the purchasers agreed to pay for and receive, or cause to be received by a third party, or pay for even if not taken, the renewable hydrocarbon products under contract (a “take-or-pay” arrangement). The timing and volume commitment of certain of these agreements are conditioned upon, and subject to, our ability to complete the construction of a new or expanded production facility. However, in order to commence construction of and complete such facility, we must secure third-party financing. We cannot assure you that with the current offtake agreements we will be able to obtain adequate financing on favorable terms, or at all, and may need to enter into additional offtake agreements or renegotiate the terms of current offtake agreements. Furthermore, we have not demonstrated that we can meet the production levels and specifications contemplated in certain of our current offtake agreements, or future offtake agreements. If our production is slower than we expect or, we experience production delays, or if demand decreases or we encounter difficulties in successfully completing a production facility or producing our renewable hydrocarbon products to specification, our counterparties may terminate our existing offtake agreements and potential customers may be less willing to negotiate definitive offtake agreements with us, which would adversely impact our performance and results of operations.
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Fluctuations in the price of corn and other feedstocks may affect our cost structure.
Our approach to the renewable fuels and chemicals markets depends on the price of corn and other feedstocks used to produce our products. A decrease in the availability of plant feedstocks or an increase in price may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results. At certain levels, prices may make these products uneconomical to use and produce and we may be unable to pass the full amount of feedstock cost increases on to our customers, which would make it unprofitable for us to operate in these markets. In addition, passing along increased pricing to our customers could result in fewer or reduced orders or customer loss altogether. No assurance can be given that we will be able to purchase corn and other feedstocks at or near prices which would provide us with positive margins.
The price and availability of corn and other plant feedstocks may be influenced by general economic, market and regulatory factors. These factors include weather conditions, pests, global or regional growing conditions, including plant disease, farming decisions, government policies and subsidies with respect to agriculture and international trade, increasing input costs, prices for alternative crops, global political or economic issues and conflicts and shifts in global demand and supply. For example, corn prices may increase significantly in response to drought conditions in the midwestern region of the U.S. and any resulting decrease in the supply of corn could lead to the restriction of corn supplies, which in turn could cause further increases in the price of corn. The significance and relative impact of these factors on the price of plant feedstocks is difficult to predict.
Fluctuations in petroleum prices and customer demand patterns may reduce demand for renewable fuels.
Our renewable fuels may be considered an alternative to petroleum-based fuels. Therefore, if the price of oil falls, any revenues that we generate from renewable fuel products could decline and we may be unable to produce products that are a commercially viable alternative to petroleum-based fuels. In such cases, we may not be able to offer our customers an attractive price for our fuels, market adoption of our fuels could be slowed or limited and/or we may be forced to reduce the prices at which we sell our fuels in order to try to attract new customers or prevent the loss of demand from existing customers. Additionally, demand for liquid transportation fuels, including renewable fuels, may decrease due to economic conditions or other factors outside of our control, which could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.
Any decline in the value of environmental attributes associated with our products could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
The sale of our products is often dependent on the value of environmental attributes, including credits under the RFS Program, LCFS and other similar regulatory regimes. The value of these credits fluctuates based on market forces outside of our control. There is a risk that the supply of low-carbon alternative fuels outstrips demand, resulting in the value of carbon credits declining. Any decline in the value of environmental attributes associated with our products could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
Our actual costs may be greater than expected in developing our growth projects, causing us to realize significantly lower profits or greater losses on our projects.
We generally must estimate the costs of completing a specific project to prior to the construction of the project. The actual cost of labor and materials and other important costs may vary from the costs we originally estimated. These variations may cause the gross profit of a project to materially differ from what we originally estimated. Cost overruns on our growth projects could occur due to changes in a variety of factors such as:
failure to properly estimate costs of engineering, materials, equipment, labor or financing;
unanticipated technical problems with the structures, materials or services;
unanticipated project modifications;
changes in the costs of equipment, materials, labor or contractors;
our suppliers’ or contractors’ failure to perform;
changes in laws and regulations; and
delays caused by weather conditions.
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As projects grow in size and complexity, multiple factors may contribute to reduced profit or greater losses, and depending on the size of the particular project, variations from the estimated project costs could have a material adverse effect on our business. For example, if project costs exceed our estimates, it could cause us to realize significantly lower profits or greater losses on our projects.
An impairment of our long-lived assets or goodwill could reduce our earnings or negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.
We continually monitor our business, the business environment and the performance of our operations to determine if an event has occurred that indicates that a long-lived asset or goodwill may be impaired. If an event occurs, which is a determination that involves judgment, we may be required to utilize cash flow projections to assess our ability to recover the carrying value based on the ability to generate future cash flows. Our long-lived assets and goodwill impairment analyses are sensitive to changes in key assumptions used in our analysis, such as expected future cash flows, the degree of volatility in equity and debt markets and our unit price. If the assumptions used in our analysis are not realized, it is possible a material impairment charge may need to be recorded in the future.
We cannot accurately predict the amount and timing of any impairment of long-lived assets or goodwill. Further, as we continue to develop our strategy regarding certain of our non-core assets, we will need to continue to evaluate the carrying value of those assets. Any additional impairment charges that we may take in the future could be material to our results of operations and financial condition.
We may be subject to liabilities and losses that may not be covered by insurance.
Our employees and facilities are subject to the hazards associated with producing ethanol, RNG and other products. Operating hazards can cause personal injury and loss of life, damage to, or destruction of, property, plant and equipment and environmental damage. We maintain insurance coverage in amounts, against the risks that we believe are consistent with industry practice and maintain an active safety program. However, we could sustain losses for uninsurable or uninsured risks, or in amounts in excess of existing insurance coverage. Events that result in significant personal injury or damage to our property or to property owned by third parties or other losses that are not fully covered by insurance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position.
Insurance liabilities are difficult to assess and quantify due to unknown factors, including the severity of an injury, the determination of our liability in proportion to other parties, the number of incidents not reported and the effectiveness of our safety program. If we were to experience insurance claims or costs above our coverage limits or that are not covered by our insurance, we might be required to use working capital to satisfy these claims rather than to maintain or expand our operations. To the extent that we experience a material increase in the frequency or severity of accidents or workers’ compensation claims, our operating results and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
Our experience may not be sufficient to operate commercial-scale facilities and we may encounter substantial difficulties operating commercial plants or expanding our business.
We have limited experience operating commercial-scale ethanol, RNG and renewable hydrocarbon facilities concurrently. Accordingly, we may encounter significant difficulties operating at a commercial scale once we expand our production capabilities, including at our ATJ Projects. The skills and knowledge gained in operating our current facilities may not be sufficient to support the successful operation of a large-scale ATJ Project and we may be required to expend significant time and money to develop our capabilities in large-scale facility operation. We may also need to hire new employees or contract with third parties to help manage our operations, and our performance will suffer if we are unable to hire qualified parties or if they perform poorly. Any production delays or volume or other issues resulting from our inability to operate any of our various projects at a commercial scale, or if any of our projects are unable to produce products for an extended period of time, it could result in additional capital expenditures and investment, reduced sales volumes, loss of customers, and harm to our reputation and could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
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In addition, integrating new facilities with our existing operations may prove difficult. Rapid growth, resulting from our operation of, or other involvement with, renewable hydrocarbon facilities or otherwise, may impose a significant burden on our administrative and operational resources. To effectively manage our growth and execute our expansion plans, we will need to expand our administrative and operational resources substantially and attract, train, manage and retain qualified management, technicians and other personnel. We may be unable to do so. Failure to meet the operational challenges of developing and managing increased production, or failure to otherwise manage our growth, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Mergers, acquisitions and other strategic investments may not be successful in achieving intended benefits, cost savings and synergies and may disrupt current operations.
From time to time, we may complete acquisitions of companies and certain businesses or assets of companies, and we may not realize the expected benefits from such acquisitions because of integration difficulties or other challenges. For example, on January 31, 2025, we closed the previously announced acquisition of substantially all of the assets of Red Trail Energy and assumed certain liabilities. The integration process of any newly acquired business may be complex, costly and time-consuming. The potential difficulties of integrating the operations of an acquired business and realizing our expectations for an acquisition, including the benefits that may be realized, include, among other things:
failure of the business to perform as planned following the acquisition or achieve anticipated revenue, cash flow or profitability targets;
unexpected costs or difficulties in completing the acquisition or integration of acquired companies or assets, including as a result of regulatory challenges;
higher than expected costs, lower than expected cost savings or synergies and/or a need to allocate resources to manage unexpected operating difficulties;
difficulties assimilating the operations and personnel of acquired companies into our operations;
diversion of the attention and resources of management or other disruptions to current operations;
unanticipated changes in applicable laws and regulations;
risks inherent in our acquired companies’ and businesses’ industry and operations;
unanticipated issues in conforming our acquired companies’ and businesses’ standards, processes, procedures and internal controls with our operations;
failures or delays in receiving the necessary approvals by the relevant regulators and authorities;
retaining key customers, suppliers and employees;
retaining and obtaining required regulatory approvals, licenses and permits;
operating risks inherent in the acquired business and our business; and
other unanticipated issues, expenses and liabilities.
Our failure to successfully complete the integration of any acquired business, including as a result of regulatory challenges and any adverse consequences associated with future acquisition activities, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results. Even if the integration of any acquired business is successfully completed, the full expected benefits and synergies of the acquisition may not be realized. Additional unanticipated costs, which could be material, may also be incurred in the integration of our business and the acquired business. Additionally, the full benefits of an acquisition may not be realized if the combined business does not perform as expected or demand for the combined company’s services does not meet our expectations. If any of the above risks occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be materially and adversely impacted, we may fail to meet the expectations of investors or analysts, and our stock price may decline as a result.
If we lose key personnel, including key management personnel, or are unable to attract and retain additional personnel, it could delay our product development programs and harm our research and development efforts, make it more difficult to pursue partnerships or develop our own products or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our business is complex and we intend to target a variety of markets. Therefore, it is critical that our management team and employee workforce are knowledgeable in the areas in which we operate. The departure, illness or absence of any key members of our management, including our named executive officers, or the failure to attract or
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retain other key employees who possess the requisite expertise for the conduct of our business, could prevent us from developing and commercializing our products for our target markets and entering into partnerships or licensing arrangements to execute our business strategy, as could the loss of any key scientific staff, or the failure to attract or retain other key scientific employees. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified employees in the future due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among biotechnology and other technology-based businesses, particularly in the advanced renewable fuels area, or due to the limited availability of personnel with the qualifications or experience necessary for our renewable chemicals and advanced renewable fuels business. If we are not able to attract and retain the necessary personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience staffing constraints that will adversely affect our ability to meet the demands of our partners and customers in a timely fashion or to support our internal research and development programs and to grow our business. In particular, our product and process development programs are dependent on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled scientists. Competition for experienced scientists and other technical personnel from numerous companies and academic and other research institutions may limit our ability to do so on acceptable terms. All of our employees are at-will employees, meaning that either the employee or we may terminate their employment at any time.
We may face substantial competition from companies with greater resources and financial strength, which could adversely affect our performance and growth.
We may face substantial competition in the markets for renewable hydrocarbon products. Our competitors include companies in the incumbent petroleum-based industry as well as those in the nascent renewable fuels industry. The incumbent petroleum-based industry benefits from a large established infrastructure, production capability and business relationships. The incumbents’ greater resources and financial strength provide significant competitive advantages that we may not be able to overcome in a timely manner. Academic and government institutions may also develop technologies which will compete with us.
Our ability to compete successfully will depend on our ability to develop proprietary products that reach the market in a timely manner and are technologically superior to and/or are less expensive than other products on the market. Many of our competitors have substantially greater production, financial, research and development, personnel and marketing resources than we do. In addition, certain of our competitors may also benefit from local government subsidies and other incentives that are not available to us. As a result, our competitors may be able to develop competing and/or superior technologies and processes, and compete more aggressively and sustain that competition over a longer period of time than we could. Our technologies and products may be rendered obsolete or uneconomical by technological advances or entirely different approaches developed by one or more of our competitors. As more companies develop new intellectual property in our markets, the possibility of a competitor acquiring patent or other rights that may limit our products or potential products increases, which could lead to litigation. Furthermore, to secure purchase agreements from certain customers, we may be required to enter into exclusive supply contracts, which could limit our ability to further expand our sales to new customers. Likewise, major potential customers may be locked into long-term, exclusive agreements with our competitors, which could inhibit our ability to compete for their business.
Our limited resources relative to many of our competitors may cause us to fail to anticipate or respond adequately to new developments and other competitive pressures. This failure could reduce our competitiveness and market share, adversely affect our results of operations and financial position and prevent us from obtaining or maintaining profitability.
Our business and operations would suffer in the event of IT system failures or a cyber-attack.
Our business is dependent on proprietary technologies, processes and information that we have developed, much of which is stored on our computer systems. We also have entered into agreements with third parties for hardware, software, telecommunications and other information technology (“IT”) services in connection with our operations. Our operations depend, in part, on how well we and our vendors protect networks, equipment, IT systems and software against damage from a number of threats, including, but not limited to, cable cuts, damage to physical plants, natural disasters, intentional damage and destruction, fire, power loss, hacking, computer viruses, vandalism, theft, malware, ransomware and phishing attacks. Any of these and other events could result in IT system failures, delays, a material disruption of our business or increases in capital expenses. Our operations also depend on the timely maintenance,
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upgrade and replacement of networks, equipment and IT systems and software, as well as preemptive expenses to mitigate the risks of failures.
Furthermore, the importance of such information technology systems and networks and systems has increased due to many of our employees working remotely. Additionally, if one of our service providers were to fail and we were unable to find a suitable replacement in a timely manner, we could be unable to properly administer our outsourced functions.
As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities. While we have implemented security resources to protect our data security and information technology systems, such measures may not prevent such events. Significant disruption to our IT system or breaches of data security could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may engage in hedging transactions, which could adversely impact our business.
We may engage in hedging transactions to offset some of the effects of volatility in commodity prices. Hedging activities may cause us to suffer losses, such as if we purchase a position in a declining market or sell a position in a rising market. Furthermore, hedging would expose us to the risk that we may have under- or over-estimated our need for a specific commodity or that the other party to a hedging contract may default on its obligation. If there are significant swings in commodity prices, or if we purchase more corn for future delivery than we can process, we may have to pay to terminate a futures contract, resell unneeded corn inventory at a loss or produce our products at a loss, all of which would have a material adverse effect on our financial performance. We may vary the hedging strategies we undertake, which could leave us more vulnerable to increases in commodity prices or decreases in the prices of our products. Future losses from hedging activities and changes in hedging strategy could have a material adverse effect on our operations.
As our SAF has not previously been used as a commercial fuel in significant amounts, its use subjects us to product liability risks.
SAF has not been used as a commercial fuel in large quantities or for a long period of time. Research regarding SAF and its distribution infrastructure is ongoing. Although SAF has been tested on some engines, there is a risk that SAF may damage engines or otherwise fail to perform as expected. If SAF degrades the performance or reduces the life-cycle of engines, or cause them to fail to meet emissions standards, market acceptance could be slowed or stopped, and we could be subject to product liability claims. A significant product liability lawsuit could substantially impair our production efforts and could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.
Competitiveness of our products for fuel use depends in part on government economic incentives for renewable energy projects or other related policies that could change.
We depend, in part, on international, federal, state and local government incentives, including but not limited to the Section 45Z CFPCs, RINs, LCFS credits in California, Clean Fuel Program credits in Oregon, Renewable Energy Credits (“RECs”), rebates, tax credits and other incentives to end users, distributors, system integrators and manufacturers of renewable energy projects, that promote the use of renewable energy. These government economic incentives could be reduced or eliminated altogether, or the categories of renewable energy qualifying for such government economic incentives could be changed. These renewable energy program incentives are subject to regulatory oversight and could be administratively or legislatively changed in a manner that could have a material adverse effect on our operations. Reductions in, changes to, or eliminations or expirations of governmental incentives could result in decreased demand for, and lower revenues from, our projects and products. Further, our ability to generate revenue from the various government economic incentives depends on our strict compliance with the applicable federal and state programs, which are complex and can involve a significant degree of judgment. If the agencies that administer and enforce these programs disagree with our judgments, otherwise determine that we are not in compliance, conduct reviews of our activities or make changes to the programs, then our ability to generate revenue from the economic incentives could be temporarily restricted pending completion of reviews or as a penalty, permanently limited or lost entirely, and we could also be subject to fines or other sanctions.
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In addition, we may be required to register our projects or qualify our products with the federal government, various states or other countries. Delays in obtaining registration or qualification of our projects or products could delay future revenues and could adversely affect our cash flows. Further, we typically make a large investment in our projects prior to receiving registration and/or qualification. Failure of our projects or products to qualify for government economic incentives could have a material adverse effect on our business.
If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we might not be able to report our financial results accurately or prevent fraud; in that case, our stockholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which would harm our business and could negatively impact the price of our stock.
Management identified a material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting related to information technology general controls within certain financial systems of a recently acquired entity. Specifically, deficiencies were identified in controls over privileged access management, change management, and certain IT operations processes. As a result, certain automated controls and IT-dependent manual controls were ineffective, and management concluded that the Company did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025. If not remediated, the Company’s failure to establish and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could result in material misstatements in its financial statements and a failure to meet its reporting and financial obligations, each of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and the trading price of the shares of our common stock.
Risks Related to Intellectual Property
Our ability to compete may be adversely affected if we do not adequately protect our proprietary technologies or if we lose some of our intellectual property rights through costly litigation or proceedings.
Our success will depend in part on our ability to obtain patents and maintain adequate protection of our intellectual property covering our technologies and products and potential products in the U.S. and other countries. We have adopted a strategy of seeking patent protection in the U.S. and in certain foreign countries with respect to certain of the technologies used in or relating to our products and processes. We own rights to hundreds of issued patents and filed patent applications in the U.S. and in various foreign jurisdictions. When and if issued, patents would expire at the end of their term and any patent would only provide us commercial advantage for a limited period of time, if at all. Our patent applications are directed to our enabling technologies and to our methods and products which support our business in the advanced renewable fuels and renewable chemicals markets. We intend to continue to apply for patents relating to our technologies, methods and products as we deem appropriate.
Only some of the patent applications that we have filed in the U.S. or in any foreign jurisdictions, and only certain of the patent applications filed by third parties in which we own rights, have been issued. A filed patent application does not guarantee a patent will issue and a patent issuing does not guarantee its validity, nor does it give us the right to practice the patented technology or commercialize the patented product. Third parties may have or obtain rights to “blocking patents” that could be used to prevent us from commercializing our products or practicing our technology. The scope and validity of patents and success in prosecuting patent applications involve complex legal and factual questions and, therefore, issuance, coverage and validity cannot be predicted with any certainty. Patents issuing from our filed applications may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. Moreover, third parties could practice our inventions in secret and in territories where we do not have patent protection. Such third parties may then try to sell or import products made using our inventions in and into the U.S. or other territories and we may be unable to prove that such products were made using our inventions. Additional uncertainty may result from implementation of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, enacted in September 2011, as well as other potential patent reform legislation passed by the U.S. Congress and from legal precedent handed down by the Federal Circuit Court and the U.S. Supreme Court, as they determine legal issues concerning the scope, validity and construction of patent claims. Because patent applications in the U.S. and many foreign jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all, and because publication of discoveries in the scientific literature often lags behind the actual discoveries, there is additional uncertainty as to the validity of any patents that may issue and the potential for “blocking patents” coming into force at some future date. Accordingly, we cannot ensure that any of our currently filed or future patent applications will result in issued patents, or even if issued, predict the scope of the claims that may issue in our and other companies’ patents. Any proceedings challenging our patents may result in the claims being amended or canceled. If the claims are
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amended or canceled, the scope of our patent claims may be narrowed, which may reduce the scope of protection afforded by our patent portfolio. Given that the degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, we cannot ensure that (i) we were the first to make the inventions covered by each of our filed applications, (ii) we were the first to file patent applications for these inventions, (iii) the proprietary technologies we develop will be patentable, (iv) any patents issued will be broad enough in scope to provide commercial advantage and prevent circumvention, and (v) competitors and other parties do not have or will not obtain patent protection that will block our development and commercialization activities.
These concerns apply equally to patents we have licensed, which may likewise be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and the licensed technologies may be obstructed from commercialization by competitors’ “blocking patents.” In addition, we generally do not control the patent prosecution and maintenance of subject matter that we license from others. Generally, the licensors are primarily or wholly responsible for the patent prosecution and maintenance activities pertaining to the patent applications and patents we license, while we may only be afforded opportunities to comment on such activities. Accordingly, we are unable to exercise the same degree of control over licensed intellectual property as we exercise over our own intellectual property and we face the risk that our licensors will not prosecute or maintain it as effectively as we would like.
In addition, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our products or technology. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult, particularly where, as here, the end products reaching the market generally do not reveal the processes used in their manufacture, and particularly in certain foreign countries where the local laws may not protect our proprietary rights as fully as in the U.S., so we cannot be certain that the steps we have taken in obtaining intellectual property and other proprietary rights will prevent unauthorized use of our technology. If competitors are able to use our technology without our authorization, our ability to compete effectively could be adversely affected and our business could be harmed. Moreover, competitors and other parties such as universities may independently develop and obtain patents for technologies that are similar to or superior to our technologies. If that happens, the potential competitive advantages provided by our intellectual property may be adversely affected. We may then need to license these competing technologies, and we may not be able to obtain licenses on reasonable terms, if at all, which could cause material harm to our business. Accordingly, litigation may be necessary for us to assert claims of infringement, enforce patents we own or license, protect trade secrets or determine the enforceability, scope and validity of the intellectual property rights of others.
Our commercial success also depends in part on not infringing patents and proprietary rights of third parties, and not breaching any licenses or other agreements that we have entered into with regard to our technologies, products and business. We cannot be certain that patents have not or will not be issued to third parties that could block our ability to obtain patents or to operate our business as we would like, or at all. There may be patents in some countries that, if valid, may block our ability to commercialize products in those countries if we are unsuccessful in circumventing or acquiring rights to these patents. There may also be claims in patent applications filed in some countries that, if granted and valid, may also block our ability to commercialize products or processes in these countries if we are unable to circumvent or license them.
As is commonplace in the biotechnology industries, some of our directors, employees and consultants are or have been employed at, or associated with, companies and universities that compete with us or have or will develop similar technologies and related intellectual property. While employed at these companies, these employees, directors and consultants may have been exposed to or involved in research and technology similar to the areas of research and technology in which we are engaged. Though we have not received such a complaint, we may be subject to allegations that we, our directors, employees or consultants have inadvertently or otherwise used, misappropriated or disclosed alleged trade secrets or confidential or proprietary information of those companies. Litigation may be necessary to defend against such allegations and the outcome of any such litigation would be uncertain.
Under some of our research and development agreements, our partners share joint rights in certain intellectual property we develop. Such provisions may limit our ability to gain commercial benefit from some of the intellectual property we develop and may lead to costly or time-consuming disputes with parties with whom we have commercial relationships over rights to certain innovations.
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If any other party has filed patent applications or obtained patents that claim inventions also claimed by us, we may have to participate in interference, derivation or other proceedings declared by the U.S. Patent and Trademarks Office to determine priority of invention and, thus, the right to the patents for these inventions in the U.S. These proceedings could result in substantial cost to us even if the outcome is favorable. Even if successful, such a proceeding may result in the loss of certain claims. Even successful outcomes of such proceedings could result in significant legal fees and other expenses, diversion of management time and efforts and disruption in our business. Uncertainties resulting from initiation and continuation of any patent or related litigation could harm our ability to compete and have an adverse impact on our financial condition.
We may not be able to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world.
The laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the U.S. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and enforcing intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions, and, particularly with any future international partners, we may face new and increased risks and challenges in protecting and enforcing our intellectual property rights abroad. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to bioindustrial technologies. This could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or misappropriation of our other intellectual property rights. Proceedings to enforce our patents and other proprietary rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights in such countries may be inadequate to obtain or maintain a commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop, which could negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition.
Confidentiality agreements with employees and others may not adequately prevent disclosures of trade secrets and other proprietary information.
We rely in part on trade secret protection to protect our confidential and proprietary information and processes. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We have taken measures to protect our trade secrets and proprietary information, but these measures may not be effective. We require new employees and consultants to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of an employment or consulting arrangement with us. These agreements generally require that all confidential information developed by the individual or made known to the individual by us during the course of the individual’s relationship with us be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties. These agreements also generally provide that know-how and inventions conceived by the individual in the course of rendering services to us shall be our exclusive property. Nevertheless, these agreements may not be enforceable, our proprietary information may still be disclosed, third parties could reverse engineer our biocatalysts and others may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position. In addition, an unauthorized breach in our information technology systems may expose our trade secrets and other proprietary information to unauthorized parties. Any exposure of our trade secrets or other proprietary information could harm our competitive position and have an adverse impact on our financial condition.
We have received funding from U.S. government agencies, which could negatively affect our intellectual property rights.
Some of our research has been funded by grants from U.S. government agencies. When new technologies are developed with U.S. government funding, the government obtains certain rights in any resulting patents and technical data, generally including, at a minimum, a nonexclusive license authorizing the government to use the invention or technical data for noncommercial purposes. U.S. government funding must be disclosed in any resulting patent applications, and our rights in such inventions will normally be subject to government license rights, periodic progress reporting, foreign manufacturing restrictions and march-in rights. March-in rights refer to the right of the U.S. government, under certain limited circumstances, to require us to grant a license to technology developed under a government grant to a responsible applicant or, if we refuse, to grant such a license itself. March-in rights can be triggered if the government determines that we have failed to work sufficiently towards achieving practical application of a technology or if action is necessary to alleviate health or safety needs, to meet requirements of federal regulations or
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to give preference to U.S. industry. If we breach the terms of our grants, the government may gain rights to the intellectual property developed in our related research. The government’s rights in our intellectual property may lessen its commercial value, which could adversely affect our performance.
Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory
The U.S. renewable fuels industry is highly dependent upon certain federal and state legislation and regulation and any changes in legislation or regulation could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.
The EPA has implemented the RFS Program pursuant to the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (the “Energy Policy Act”) and the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. The RFS Program sets annual quotas for the quantity of renewable fuels that must be blended into motor fuels consumed in the U.S. The domestic market for renewable fuels is significantly impacted by federal mandates under the RFS Program for volumes of renewable fuels required to be blended with gasoline. Future demand for renewable fuels will be largely dependent upon incentives to blend renewable fuels into motor fuels, including the price of renewable fuels relative to the price of gasoline, the relative octane value of the renewable fuel, constraints in the ability of vehicles to use higher renewable fuel blends, the RFS Program and other applicable environmental requirements. Any significant increase in production capacity above the RFS Program minimum requirements may have an adverse impact on renewable fuel prices. Any change in government policies regarding the RFS Program could have a material adverse effect on our business and the results of our operations.
Waivers of the RFS minimum levels of renewable fuels included in motor fuels or of the requirements by obligated parties to comply with the regulations could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Under the Energy Policy Act, the U.S. Department of Energy, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Energy, may waive the renewable fuels mandate with respect to one or more states if the Administrator of the EPA determines that implementing the requirements would severely harm the economy or the environment of a state, a region or the nation, or that there is inadequate supply to meet the requirement. Additionally, the EPA has exercised the authority to waive the requirements of the RFS minimum levels for certain small refiners. Any waiver of the RFS minimum levels with respect to one or more states would reduce demand for renewable fuels and could cause our results of operations to decline and our financial condition to suffer. Further activity by the EPA to waive the requirements for small refiners could cause softening of pricing in the industry and cause our results of operations to similarly decline.
A critical state program is California’s LCFS program, which is designed to reduce GHG emissions associated with transportation fuels used in California by ensuring that the fuel sold in California meets declining targets for such emissions. The regulation quantifies life-cycle GHG emissions by assigning a CI score to each transportation fuel based on that fuel’s life-cycle assessment. Each petroleum fuel provider, generally the fuel’s producer or importer (the “Regulated Party”), is required to ensure that the overall CI score for its fuel pool meets the annual CI target for a given year. A Regulated Party’s fuel pool can include gasoline, diesel and their blend stocks and substitutes. This obligation is tracked through credits and deficits. Fuels with a CI score lower than the annual standard earn a credit, and fuels that are higher than the standard result in a deficit. Several other states also have or are considering adopting this model. Oregon’s Clean Fuels Program, enacted in 2009 and implemented in 2016, operates using a credit system similar to the California LCFS program. Any changes to California’s LCFS program or failure of other states to implement similar programs could have a material adverse effect on our business and the results of our operations.
Reductions or changes to existing regulations and policies may present technical, regulatory and economic barriers, which may significantly reduce demand for renewable fuels or our ability to supply our products.
The market for renewable fuels is heavily influenced by foreign, federal, state and local government laws, regulations and policies. Changes in these laws, regulations and policies or how these laws, regulations and policies are implemented and enforced could cause the demand for renewable fuels to decline, deter investment in the research and development of renewable fuels and adversely affect our business..
Concerns associated with renewable fuels, including land usage, national security interests and food crop usage, continue to receive legislative, industry and public attention. This attention could result in future legislation, regulation and/or administrative action that could adversely affect our business. Any inability to address these requirements and any
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regulatory or policy changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Additionally, our renewable hydrocarbon plants may emit GHG. Any changes in state or federal emissions regulations, including the passage of cap-and-trade legislation or a carbon tax, could limit our production of renewable hydrocarbon products and increase our operating costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The results of U.S. elections could lead to changes in federal or state laws and regulations that could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
Negative attitudes toward renewable energy projects from the U.S. government, other lawmakers and regulators, activists and others could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Parties with an interest in other energy sources, including lawmakers, regulators, policymakers, environmental and advocacy organizations or other activists may invest significant time and money in efforts to delay, repeal or otherwise negatively influence regulations and programs that promote renewable energy. Many of these parties have substantially greater resources and influence than we have. Further, changes in U.S. federal, state or local political, social or economic conditions, including a lack of legislative focus on these programs and regulations, could result in their modification, delayed adoption or repeal. Any failure to adopt, delay in implementing, expiration, repeal or modification of these programs and regulations, or the adoption of any programs or regulations that encourage the use of other energy sources over renewable energy, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of hazardous materials or noncompliance with applicable laws and regulations could be time consuming and costly and could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Our research and development processes involve the use of hazardous materials, including chemical, radioactive and biological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste. We cannot eliminate entirely the risk of accidental contamination or discharge and any resultant injury from these materials. Federal, state and local laws and regulations govern the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of, and human exposure to, these materials. We may be sued for any injury or contamination that results from our use or the use by third parties of these materials, and our liability may exceed our total assets. Although we believe that our activities conform in all material respects with environmental laws, there can be no assurance that violations of environmental, health and safety laws will not occur in the future as a result of human error, accident, equipment failure or other causes. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations may be expensive, and the failure to comply with past, present or future laws could result in the imposition of fines, third-party property damage, product liability and personal injury claims, investigation and remediation costs, the suspension of production or a cessation of operations, and our liability may exceed our total assets. Liability under environmental laws can be joint and several and without regard to comparative fault. Environmental laws could become more stringent over time, imposing greater compliance costs and increasing risks and penalties associated with violations, which could impair our research, development or production efforts and harm our business.
Risks Related to Owning Our Securities
We may not be able to comply with all applicable listing requirements or standards of The Nasdaq Capital Market and Nasdaq could delist our common stock.
Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market, and in order to maintain that listing, we must satisfy applicable Nasdaq continued listing requirements. The inability to comply with applicable listing requirements or standards of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) could result in the delisting of our common stock, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and could cause the value of our common stock to decline. Delisting of our common stock could also adversely affect our ability to raise additional financing, could significantly affect the ability of our investors to trade our securities and could negatively affect the value and liquidity of our common stock. Delisting could also have other negative results, including the potential loss of confidence by employees and fewer business development opportunities.
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Future issuances of our common stock or instruments convertible or exercisable into our common stock may materially and adversely affect the price of our common stock and cause dilution to our existing stockholders.
Historically, we have raised capital by issuing common stock and warrants in public offerings because no other reasonable sources of capital were available. These public offerings of common stock and warrants have materially and adversely affected the prevailing market prices of our common stock and caused significant dilution to our stockholders. We have also historically raised capital or refinanced outstanding debt through the issuance of convertible notes.
We may need to raise capital through these public offerings of common stock, warrants and convertible debt in the future.
We may obtain additional funds through public or private debt or equity financings, subject to certain limitations in the agreements governing our indebtedness. If we issue additional shares of common stock or instruments convertible into common stock, it may materially and adversely affect the price of our common stock.
Raising capital at a subsidiary, or project, level would result in lower revenues attributable back to us.
We operate in a capital-intensive business and in order to construct our facilities, we need to raise large amounts of capital. In order to finance the construction of ATJ-60 and any other Alcohol-to-Jet Projects, we currently expect to raise capital at the subsidiary level using third party capital. By raising capital at a project level, any equity in that project that is sold to a third party would result in lower ownership of that project by us. Thus, we would only be entitled to the revenues and expenses that are proportionate to our level of ownership in the project. If we are required to sell a large portion of the equity in our projects to third parties, it may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
Our stock price may be volatile, and your investment in our securities could suffer a decline in value.
The market price of shares of our common stock has experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. We cannot predict whether the price of our common stock will rise or fall. A variety of factors may have a significant effect on our stock price, including:
actual or anticipated fluctuations in our liquidity, financial condition and operating results;
the position of our cash and cash equivalents;
the capital costs required to construct our Alcohol-to-Jet Projects;
our ability to obtain certain regulatory permits or approvals for our production facilities, including our Alcohol-to-Jet Projects;
actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to our competitors;
actual or anticipated fluctuations in our competitors’ operating results or changes in their growth rate;
announcements of technological innovations by us, our partners or our competitors;
announcements by us, our partners or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;
the entry into, modification or termination of licensing arrangements, marketing arrangements, and/or research, development, commercialization, supply, off-take or distribution arrangements;
our ability to consistently produce commercial quantities of our products;
additions or losses of customers or partners;
our ability to obtain certain regulatory approvals for the use of our products in various fuels and chemicals markets;
commodity prices, including oil, ethanol and corn prices;
additions or departures of key management or scientific personnel;
competition from existing products or new products that may emerge;
issuance of new or updated research reports by securities or industry analysts;
fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;
litigation involving us, our general industry or both;
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disputes or other developments related to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies;
announcements or expectations of additional financing efforts or the pursuit of strategic alternatives;
changes in existing laws, regulations and policies applicable to our business and products, and the adoption of or failure to adopt carbon emissions regulation;
sales of our common stock or equity-linked securities, such as warrants, by us or our stockholders;
share price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares;
general market conditions in our industry; and
general economic and market conditions.
Furthermore, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political and market conditions such as recessions, interest rate changes or international currency fluctuations, may negatively impact the market price of shares of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance, and cause the value of your investment to decline.
Additionally, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation or other derivative shareholder lawsuits. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business regardless of the outcome.
The price of our common stock could also be affected by possible sales of common stock by investors who view our warrants as a more attractive means of equity participation in us and by hedging or engaging in arbitrage activity involving our common stock. The hedging or arbitrage could, in turn, affect the trading prices of our warrants, if any trading market becomes established, or any common stock that holders receive upon exercise of such warrants.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock or securities linked to our common stock, such as our warrants (should an established market for such securities then exist), in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that such sales may occur, could reduce the market price of our common stock.
In addition, certain holders of our outstanding common stock have rights, subject to certain conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares and to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders.
The estimates and assumptions on which our financial projections are based may prove to be inaccurate.
Our financial projections, including any projected investment returns on projects, sales or earnings guidance or outlook that we may provide from time to time, are dependent on estimates and assumptions related to, among other things, industry growth, product and plant development, estimated capital expenses for growth development projects, market share projections, product pricing and sale, customer interest in our products, availability of government incentives, tax rates, accruals for estimated liabilities, and our ability to raise sufficient funds or generate sufficient cash flow to continue operations and/or expand our production capabilities. Our financial projections are based on historical experience and on various other estimates and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances and at the time they are made, and our actual results may differ materially from our financial projections.
Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies.
We may seek additional capital through a combination of public and private equity offerings, debt financings, strategic partnerships and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale or issuance of equity, warrants or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our existing shareholders will be diluted, and the terms of such securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a stockholder. If we raise capital through debt financing, it may involve agreements that include covenants further
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limiting or restricting our ability to take certain actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through strategic partnerships or licensing agreements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our development and commercialization efforts.
We do not anticipate paying cash dividends, and accordingly, stockholders must rely on stock appreciation for any return on their investment.
We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock and we do not expect to pay cash dividends on our common stock at any time in the foreseeable future. The future payment of dividends directly depends upon our future earnings, capital requirements, financial requirements and other factors that our board of directors will consider. As a result, only appreciation of the price of our common stock, which may never occur, will provide a return to stockholders. Investors seeking cash dividends should not invest in our common stock.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or publish negative reports about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business.
We do not have any control over securities or industry analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or change their opinion of our common stock, our common stock price would likely decline which in turn would likely cause a decline in the value of our warrants. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our common stock price and the price of our warrants to decline or the trading volume of our common stock to decline.
We are subject to anti-takeover provisions in our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws and under Delaware law that could delay or prevent an acquisition of the Company, even if the acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders.
Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws may delay or prevent an acquisition of the Company. Among other things, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide for a board of directors that is divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms, provide that all stockholder action must be effected at a duly called meeting of the stockholders and not by a consent in writing, and further provide that only our board of directors may call a special meeting of the stockholders. These provisions may also frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, who are responsible for appointing the members of our management team. Furthermore, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), which prohibits, with some exceptions, stockholders owning in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us. Finally, our charter documents establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors and for proposing matters that can be acted upon at stockholder meetings. Although we believe these provisions together provide an opportunity to receive higher bids by requiring potential acquirers to negotiate with our board of directors, they would apply even if an offer to acquire the Company may be considered beneficial by some stockholders.
Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.
Our certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of the Company to the Company or its stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or (iv) any action asserting a claim
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governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each case subject to said Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein.
The exclusive forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or agents, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, employees and agents. Stockholders who do bring a claim in the Court of Chancery could face additional litigation costs in pursuing any such claim, particularly if they do not reside in or near the State of Delaware. The Court of Chancery may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments or results may be more favorable to us than to our stockholders. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the exclusive forum provision shall not preclude or contract the scope of exclusive federal or concurrent jurisdiction for actions brought under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act, or the respective rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to these provisions. This exclusive forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees.
If a court were to find the exclusive forum provision contained in our certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.
