Insiders ranked by realized 90-day signed return on their open-market trades at Energizer Holdings, Inc.. Minimum 3 scored trades. Returns are signed - a sale followed by a rally counts against the insider.
Year-over-year tone shift - average net-tone change across Risk Factors and MD&A vs the prior 10-K. This filing is 0.12pp more bullish than last year's.
Why YoY instead of absolute: the LM lexicon has ~6.6× more negative words than positive (legal/risk-disclosure language is heavy on hedging), so every 10-K reads bearish on raw tone. Year-over-year change strips that bias and surfaces the actual shift in management's framing.
Tone shift by section
The two components the gauge averages: how Risk Factors and MD&A each shifted in net tone versus last year's 10-K. The headline above is their average, so a green needle over a soft section just means the other section carried it.
Risk Factors
+0.06pp
Flat
Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
MD&A
+0.18pp
Flat
Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
Per-snippet highlights
Sentence-level sentiment highlighting with category and subcategory filters is coming once the snippet-scoring pipeline lands. For now, dig into the actual section text on the Sections tab.
Language change vs prior 10-K
Risk Factors (Item 1A) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase
Negative rising
adversely+2
adverse+2
failure+1
loss+1
negatively+1
Positive rising
successfully+2
profitability+1
benefit+1
beneficial+1
improvement+1
Risk Factors (Item 1A)
17,297 words
Risk Factors
Unresolved Staff Comments
Cybersecurity
Properties
Legal Proceedings
Mine Safety Disclosure
Information About Our Executive Officers
PART II
Market for Registrant's Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Reserved
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
Controls and Procedures
Other Information
Disclosures Regarding Foreign Jurisdiction that Prevent Inspections
PART III
Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Executive Compensation
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Language change vs prior 10-K
MD&A (Item 7) - words with the biggest YoY frequency increase
Negative rising
adversely+2
challenging+2
failure+1
litigation+1
negatively+1
Positive rising
efficiency+7
innovation+5
achieved+4
successfully+3
effective+2
MD&A (Item 7)
34,552 words
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
Controls and Procedures
Other Information
Disclosures Regarding Foreign Jurisdiction that Prevent Inspections
PART III
Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Executive Compensation
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Principal Accountant Fees and Services
PART IV
Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
Form 10-K Summary
Part I.
Item 1 . Business .
Additional information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations" (MD&A); and Notes 1 and 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements. Unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “Energizer,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we mean Energizer Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis, unless we state or the context implies otherwise.
Additional information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations" (MD&A); and Notes 1 and 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements. Unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “Energizer,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we mean Energizer Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis, unless we state or the context implies otherwise.
Energizer, through its operating subsidiaries, is a global diversified household products leader in batteries, auto care and portable lights. Energizer is one of the world’s largest manufacturers, marketers and distributors of household and specialty batteries; automotive appearance, performance, refrigerant and freshener products; and portable lights. Information about our recent acquisitions can be found in the MD&A and Note 4 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Energizer is the beneficiary of over 100 years of expertise in the battery and portable lighting products industries and is recognized worldwide for innovation, quality and dependability across its brands which include Energizer®, Eveready® and Rayovac® brands which are marketed and sold around the world.
Energizer's shares of common stock are traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "ENR."
We use the Energizer name and logo as our trademark as well as those of our subsidiaries. Product names appearing throughout are trademarks of Energizer. This section also may refer to brand names, trademarks, service marks and trade names of other companies and organizations, and these brand names, trademarks, service marks and trade names are the property of their respective owners.
Unless indicated otherwise, the information concerning our industry contained in this Annual Report is based on Energizer’s general knowledge of and expectations concerning the industry. Energizer’s market position, market share and industry market size are based on estimates using Energizer’s internal data and estimates, based on data from various industry analyses, its internal research and adjustments and assumptions that it believes to be reasonable. Energizer has not independently verified data from industry analyses and cannot guarantee their accuracy or completeness. In addition, Energizer believes that data regarding the industry, market size and its market position and market share within such industry provide general guidance but are inherently imprecise. Further, Energizer’s estimates and assumptions involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed in the “Risk Factors” section. These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates and assumptions.
Narrative Description of the Business
Our Products
Energizer offers household batteries including primary, rechargeable, specialty and hearing aid using many technologies including lithium, alkaline, carbon zinc, nickel metal hydride, zinc air, and silver oxide. These products are sold globally under the Energizer, Eveready and Rayovac brands, including hearing aid batteries, and the Varta® brand in Latin America and Asia Pacific. Our portfolio spans the performance, premium and price segments.
In addition, we offer auto care products in the appearance, fragrance, performance, and air conditioning recharge product categories. The appearance and fragrance categories include protectants, wipes, tire and wheel care products, glass cleaners, leather care products, air fresheners and washes designed to clean, shine, refresh, disinfect and protect interior and exterior automobile surfaces under the brand names Armor All®, Nu Finish®, Refresh Your Car!®, LEXOL®, Eagle One®, NEVR-DULL®, California Scents®, Driven®, Bahama & Co®, Carnu®, Grand Prix®, Kit®, Tempo® and Centralsul®.
The performance product category includes STP®-branded fuel and oil additives, functional fluids and other performance chemical products that benefit from a rich heritage in the car enthusiast and racing scenes, characterized by a commitment to technology, performance and motor sports partnerships for over 60 years. The brand equity of STP also provides for attractive licensing opportunities that augment our presence in our core performance categories.
The air conditioning recharge product category includes do-it-yourself automotive air conditioning recharge products led by the A/C PRO® brand name, along with other refrigerant and recharge kits, sealants and accessories.
In addition, we offer an extensive line of lighting products designed to meet a variety of consumer needs. We distribute and market lighting products including handheld, headlights, lanterns, and area lights. In addition to the Energizer, Eveready and Rayovac brands, we market our flashlights under the Hard Case®, Dolphin®, and WeatherReady® sub-brands. In addition to batteries and portable lights, Energizer licenses the Energizer, Eveready and Rayovac brands to companies developing consumer solutions in solar, automotive batteries, portable power for critical devices (like smart phones), generators, power tools, household light bulbs and other lighting products.
Additional information about our products can be found in MD&A in Part II, Item 7 of this Report, and Note 3, Revenue, to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Our Industry
We are a branded manufacturing and distribution company that markets and sells in the battery, auto care and portable lights categories. These categories are highly competitive, both in the U.S. and on a global basis. We invest in our brands and innovation to meet the needs of consumers, and with our large global footprint, we both manufacture and source our products. Competition within our categories is based upon brand perceptions, product performance, price, retail execution and customer service. Key drivers of the battery business are device usage, consumer demographics and disasters and key drivers for the auto care business are size and age of car parc and miles driven. Competition in this category remains aggressive in the U.S. and other markets and could continue to put additional pressure on our results going forward, particularly as consumers shift consumption between channels such as e-commerce, discounters and private label brands.
Sales and Distribution
We distribute our products to consumers through numerous retail locations worldwide, including mass merchandisers and warehouse clubs, food, drug and convenience stores, electronics specialty stores and department stores, hardware and automotive centers, e-commerce and military stores. In addition to retail locations, we also distribute our products via “business to business” sales, including sales to original equipment manufacturers as well as industrial, medical, office, and hearing aid distributors. Although a large percentage of our sales are attributable to a relatively small number of retail customers, in fiscal year 2025, only Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. accounted for ten percent or more (12.8%) of the Company's annual sales.
Our products are marketed primarily through a direct sales force, but also through exclusive and non-exclusive distributors and wholesalers. Our products are sold through both “modern” and “traditional” trade. “Modern” trade, which is most prevalent in North America, Western Europe, and more developed economies throughout the world, generally refers to sales through large retailers with nationally or regionally recognized brands. “Traditional” trade, which is more common in developing markets in Latin America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa, generally refers to sales by wholesalers or small retailers who may not have a national or regional presence.
Additional information can be found in the MD&A and Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 3, Revenue, of our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Sources and Availability of Raw Materials
The principal raw materials used by Energizer in the production of batteries and lighting products include electrolytic manganese dioxide, zinc, silver, nickel, lithium, graphite, steel, plastic, brass wire, and potassium hydroxide. The principal raw materials used by auto care are refrigerant R-134a, plastic, silicone, steel and aluminum. The prices and availability of these raw materials have fluctuated over time and are susceptible to currency fluctuations and price fluctuations due to supply and demand, transportation, government regulations, price controls, tariffs, economic climate, or other unforeseen circumstances like force majeure. We believe that adequate supplies of most raw materials and component parts required for all of our operations are available at the present time, although we cannot predict their future availability or prices. Our raw materials and component parts are generally available from a number of different sources. We continue to work to qualify additional sources to ensure continuity and resiliency of supply for these items. We believe we have extensive experience in purchasing raw materials in the commodity markets. From time to time, our management has purchased materials or entered into forward commitments for raw materials to assure supply and to protect margins on anticipated sales volume.
Our Trademarks, Patents and Technology
Our ability to compete effectively in the battery, auto care and portable lights categories depends, in part, on our ability to protect our brands and maintain the proprietary nature of our technologies and manufacturing processes through a combination of trademark, patent and trade secret protection. We own thousands of Energizer, Rayovac, and Eveready trademarks globally, and license Varta trademarks, which we consider to be of substantial importance and which are used individually or in conjunction with other sub-brand names. The number of Energizer, Rayovac, Eveready, Energizer Bunny, and Mr. Energizer trademarks, including related designs, slogans and sub-brands, is currently over 2,900 worldwide.
In our auto care business, we also have the Refresh Your Car!®, California Scents®, Driven®, Bahama & Co.®, LEXOL®, Eagle One®, NEVR-DULL®, Armor All®, STP®, Tuff Stuff®, Kent Car Care®, A/C Pro® and the Nu Finish® trademarks, and we recently expanded our portfolio in Latin America to add the Carnu®, Grand Prix®, Kit®, Tempo® and Centralsul® trademarks. The number of trademarks making up the total of the auto care trademark portfolio globally, including related designs, slogans, and sub-brands, is over 1,900 worldwide.
We also own a number of patents, patent applications and other technology that relate primarily to battery, automotive fragrance, performance and appearance products and portable lights, which we believe are significant to our business.
Seasonality
Sales and operating profit for our business tends to be seasonal, with increased purchases by consumers and increases in retailer inventories occurring for batteries in preparation for and during our fiscal first quarter and for automotive fragrance, appearance, performance and air conditioning recharge products during our fiscal third and fourth quarters. In addition, natural disasters such as hurricanes can create conditions that drive short-term increases in the need for portable power and lighting products and thereby increase our battery and flashlight sales. As a result of this seasonality, our inventory and working capital needs fluctuate throughout the year.
Human Capital Resources
Purpose and Culture
Energizer is driven by our purpose to responsibly create products to make lives easier and more enjoyable, and we take very seriously our responsibility to foster an environment where people feel a sense of belonging, feel listened to, are included in discussions, and are valued for their contributions. We are committed to providing fulfilling careers and development opportunities for our colleagues at all levels and supporting their well-being at work and at home. By living our culture of winning together, while serving each other, with a willingness to act boldly, all while doing right, we drive an atmosphere in which colleagues can feel proud to work for Energizer. We believe our culture is the foundation for everything we do and is essential to fulfilling our mission of being the leader in our categories by better serving consumers and customers and is founded on the following values:
• We Win Together . We relentlessly pursue our goals. We celebrate and move to the next challenge. We act with urgency because windows of opportunity close quickly. We are focused on results.
• While Serving Each Other . We care for others’ success as much as we do our own. We challenge respectfully to drive better outcomes and work collectively across functions, levels and geographies to achieve our goals.
• With A Willingness to Act Boldly . We push forward rather than leaning back. We take chances, have a bias for action and go all in to achieve our goals. Even if we fail, we fail together. We are transparent, we learn from it, and we are better for it. We are fearlessly determined.
• All While Doing Right . We bring out the best in each other to bring the best to our consumers and customers. We are vulnerable and trust each other with our imperfections.
Employees
As of September 30, 2025, we had approximately 6,050 employees located across 34 countries, including approximately 1,690 employees based in North America; 1,860 employees in Asia Pacific; 1,800 employees in Europe, the Middle East and Africa; and 700 employees in Latin America. Approximately 32 employees located in the U.S. are unionized, primarily at our Marietta, Ohio facility as of the date of this report. We consider our employee relations to be good.
We also conduct an annual Global Colleague Engagement survey. We review the results of this survey, track the results year over year, and also take action to address areas that need improvement.
Governance
Energizer believes that strong governance principles, policies and practices contribute to better results for our shareholders. We are proud to have an independent Board of Directors with a broad range of perspectives, skills, backgrounds and experience to help chart the course of our global company.
The Human Capital Committee oversees company policies and practices related to human capital management, including those related to our culture and belonging efforts, and rewards and compensation programs. Under the leadership of our Chief Executive Officer, our Chief Administrative Officer is responsible for developing and executing key aspects of our human capital strategy, including the attraction, development, retention, and engagement of talent to deliver on the Company’s strategy and the design of competitive compensation and employee benefit programs.
Talent Acquisition, Development and Training
Our recruitment strategies are designed to ensure a robust pipeline of candidates to meet the needs of our business today and in the future. We continually assess our talent guidelines and decisions as part of our efforts to ensure fair and objective hiring practices.
Engaged, driven and productive colleagues are essential to achieving growth. All Energizer colleagues participate in annual training focused on topics related to ethics, compliance and belonging.
For salaried colleagues, we offer a platform featuring over 25,000 online courses from digital skills to business acumen and leadership skills, along with an online competency model library and supporting training resources. Colleagues may also receive specific skills-based training within their function so they can understand and master necessary job skills and requirements and have access to developmental opportunities. We also encourage career development through individual development planning, mentoring programs, team effectiveness workshops, project and change management training, and leadership development programs.
For hourly colleagues, we conduct annual safety, health, and environmental training as well as equipment and other job-relevant training. Colleagues are encouraged to communicate their career interests to their manager and also have access to our career center to view available positions.
Compensation and Benefits
Our primary compensation strategy is to “pay for performance” on both a long-term and annual basis, which helps drive a mindset of accountability and productivity and aligns the interests of our colleagues with our shareholders. Our compensation guiding principles are to structure compensation that is simple, aligned and balanced. We believe our compensation guiding principles are strongly aligned with our corporate strategic priorities and our vision for shareholder value creation.
We deliver competitive total rewards packages for our colleagues, which vary based on market practices. As part of our commitment to fair pay, we strive to be externally competitive while keeping in mind internal equity across our organization. Pay for performance is our fundamental reward philosophy. We reward and recognize both individual and team results relative to our business goals and commitment to shareholders, as well as behaviors that align with our culture statement. We conduct global pay equity assessments and compensation reviews. We strive to ensure fair pay in our hiring practices, performance reviews and promotional guidelines.
Workplace Safety
In an effort to ensure our colleagues have a safe workplace, Energizer maintains a global safety, health, and environmental affairs (“SHEA”) policy. Because providing products and services to our customers with zero harm to people and the environment is our goal, we require all colleagues and contractors at our plants and manufacturing facilities to understand and follow our global SHEA policy, and we retrain them on this policy annually. Each facility also maintains additional safety policies, measures and procedures specific to its individual needs. In addition, our facilities incorporate the usage of jurisdictional (country and region/state) regulations, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) regulations, and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (“ACGIH”) threshold limit values, thus contributing to the decrease of hazard exposure and creating a safer, more comfortable environment for all colleagues. Our occupational health and safety management system is aimed at addressing three key components of safety:
• Identifying the root cause of health and safety hazards in our operations
• Assessing risks associated with all hazards or conditions identified
• Eliminating and / or mitigating risks associated with known hazards and conditions
The program establishes minimum requirements for enterprise-wide safety, environmental and Department of Transportation loss-prevention activities. It contributes to our compliance with applicable safety and environmental-related laws, rules and regulations. It aligns with national and international SHEA standards such as American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z-10 and ISO 45001 and provides a framework for SHEA elements.
Community
Energizer believes in supporting the communities where we live, work and play. Many of our colleagues are highly active with charities of their own choosing, and the Energizer Giving Foundation enables them to make a greater difference by matching their contributions dollar-for-dollar. Energizer also supports Feed the Children and disaster-relief efforts through our partnership with Red Cross. Since 2016, Energizer has donat ed more than 23 million batteries and portable lighting products in North America alone.
The World Health Organization celebrates World Hearing Day every March to raise awareness of hearing loss, encourage individuals to recognize the signs of hearing loss in themselves or loved ones and advocate for audiology checkups. In support of this effort, Rayovac promotes an online hub of information and articles for consumers to raise awareness of the seriousness and importance of hearing loss, and help people to recognize their own hearing loss, or recognize the symptoms in a loved one – prompting them to get a checkup.
Energizer takes seriously our responsibility to support communities in need during times of crisis and disaster. Throughout the last year, we responded to natural disasters across the globe with product donations.
Relevant Company Policies
Energizer’s policies in support of the topics discussed in this section, including the Equal Employment Opportunity Policy; Social Policy (Human Rights and Labor Rights); and Safety, Health, and Environmental Policy can be found in the Policies section of the Energizer website.
Governmental Regulations and Environmental Matters
Our operations, including the manufacture, packaging, labeling, storage, distribution, advertising and sale of our products, are subject to various federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations, including those intended to protect public health and the environment. In the U.S. many of our products are regulated by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Environmental Protection Agency, and by the Federal Trade Commission with respect to advertising. Similar regulations have been adopted by authorities in foreign countries where we sell our products, and by state and local authorities in the U.S. We are also subject to extended producer responsibility (EPR) fees regarding the recycling of batteries and packaging; regulations regarding transportation, storage or use of certain chemicals to protect the environment; and regulations in other related areas, such as sustainability, including the European Union Batteries Regulation and updates to EU REACH, the EU Detergents Regulation, the EU General Product Safety Regulation, and Classification, Labeling, and Packaging (CLP) laws. In order to conduct our operations in compliance with these laws and regulations we must obtain and maintain numerous permits, approvals and certificates from various federal, foreign, state and local governmental authorities.
In recent years, refrigerants such as R-134a, which is a critical component of our auto care business’ after market A/C products, have become the subject of regulatory focus due to their potential to contribute to global warming. The EU has passed regulations that essentially phased out of R-134a in automotive cooling systems in new vehicles by 2017. Canada has also implemented similar regulations, phasing into effect beginning in 2021. The United States passed the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act (AIM Act) in 2020, which also regulates refrigerants, and individual states are also regulating the sale and distribution of products containing R-134a and state limitations on PFAs often include blanket restrictions on refrigerants. In addition, federal and state regulations may also be enacted governing the packing, use and disposal of our auto care business' products containing refrigerants.
The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA") prohibits bribery of public officials to obtain or retain business in foreign jurisdictions and requires us to keep accurate books and records and to maintain internal accounting controls to detect and prevent bribery and to ensure that transactions are properly authorized. We are also subject to similar or even more restrictive anti-corruption laws imposed by the governments of other countries where we do business, including the UK Bribery Act of 2010 and the Brazil Clean Company Act. We make sales and operate in countries known to experience corruption that are rated as high-risk nations. Our business activities in such countries create the risk of unauthorized conduct by one or more of our employees, customs brokers, freight forwarders, distributors, or intermediaries that could be in violation of various laws including the FCPA or similar local regulations.
Our business is subject to competition laws in the various jurisdictions where we operate, including the Sherman Antitrust Act and related federal and state antitrust laws in the U.S. These laws and regulations generally prohibit competitors from fixing prices, boycotting competitors, or engaging in other conduct that unreasonably restrains competition. In many jurisdictions, compliance with these competition laws is of special importance to us, and our operations may come under special scrutiny by competition law authorities, due to our competitive position in those jurisdictions.
The Company is also required to comply with increasingly complex and changing laws and regulations enacted to protect business and personal data in the United States and other jurisdictions regarding privacy, data protection and data security, including those related to the collection, storage, use, transmission and protection of personal information and other consumer, customer, vendor or employee data. Such privacy and data protection laws and regulations, including with respect to the European Union's GDPR, the Brazilian Data Protection Law, and the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (CCPA), and the interpretation and enforcement of such laws and regulations, are continuously developing and evolving and there is significant uncertainty with respect to how compliance with these laws and regulations may evolve and the costs and complexity of future compliance.
We also must comply with various environmental laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including those relating to the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes, recycling of batteries and packaging, the remediation of contamination associated with the use and disposal of hazardous substances, chemicals in products and product safety. We are currently involved in or have potential liability with respect to the remediation of past contamination in the operation of some of our current and former manufacturing facilities. In addition, some of our present and former facilities have or had been in operation for many years and, over that time, some of those facilities may have used substances or generated and disposed of wastes that are considered hazardous. It is possible that those sites, as well as disposal sites owned by third parties to whom we have sent waste, may be identified and become the subject of remediation. We could also become subject to additional environmental liabilities in the future, whether as a result of new laws and regulations or otherwise, which could result in a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
For additional information on the laws and regulations that apply to our business, see MD&A and Note 21, Environmental and Regulatory, to our Consolidated Financial Statements. For a discussion of the risks associated with these laws and regulations, see Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors."
Available Information
Energizer regularly files periodic reports with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 10-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, as well as, from time to time, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports. The SEC maintains an Internet site containing these reports, and proxy and information statements, at www.sec.gov. These filings are also available free of charge on Energizer's website, at www.energizerholdings.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after their electronic filing with the SEC. Information on Energizer's website does not constitute part of this Form 10-K.
Item 1A. Risk Factors .
In the course of conducting our business operations, we are exposed to a variety of risks, some of which are inherent in our industry and others of which are more specific to our own businesses. The discussion below addresses the material factors, of which we are currently aware, that could affect, and in certain cases have affected, our businesses, results of operations and financial condition and make an investment in the Company speculative or risky.
Additional factors that could affect our businesses, results of operations and financial condition are discussed in Forward-Looking Statements in MD&A. However, other factors not discussed below or elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K could also adversely affect our businesses, results of operations and financial condition. Therefore, the risk factors below should not be considered a complete list of potential risks that we may face.
Any risk factor described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any of our other SEC filings could by itself, or together with other factors, materially adversely affect our liquidity, competitive position, business, reputation, results of operations, capital position or financial condition, including by materially increasing our expenses or decreasing our revenues, which could result in material losses. Investors should not interpret the disclosure of a risk to imply that the risk has not already materialized.
Economic, Competitive and Industry Risks
Global economic and financial market conditions beyond our control might materially and negatively impact us.
General economic factors beyond our control could adversely affect our business and results of operations. These factors include, but are not limited to, tariffs, recent supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, wage pressures, ongoing elevated
levels of inflation and potential economic slowdown, regulatory changes, as well as input costs including fuel and energy costs (for example, the price of gasoline), foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, and other matters that influence consumer spending and preferences.
In addition, geopolitical instability, including the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, as well as other global events have significantly increased global macroeconomic uncertainty and volatility. In response to unfavorable economic conditions, there has been and, in the future, could be a reduction in discretionary spending, which may lead to reduced net sales or cause a shift in our product mix from higher-margin to lower-margin product offerings or a shift of purchasing patterns to lower cost options such as “private label” brands sold by retail chains or price brands. This shift could drive the market towards lower margin products or force us to reduce prices for our products in order to compete. Similarly, our retailer customers could reduce their inventories, shift to different products or require us to lower our prices to retain the shelf placement of our products. Conversely, rapid increases in demand due to improving economic conditions could lead to supply chain challenges.
Global markets continued to face threats and uncertainty during fiscal year 2025. Uncertain economic and financial market conditions, including relating to the results of elections, may also adversely affect the financial condition of our customers, suppliers and other business partners. Any significant decrease in customers’ purchases of our products or our inability to collect accounts receivable resulting from an adverse impact of the global markets on customers’ financial condition could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, disruptions in financial markets could reduce our access to debt and equity capital markets, negatively affecting our ability to implement our business strategy.
Competition in our product categories might hinder our ability to execute our business strategy, achieveprofitability, or maintain relationships with existing customers.
We face intense competition from consumer product companies both in the U.S. and in global markets. Most of our products compete with other widely advertised, promoted and merchandised brands as well as private label products within each product category. The categories in which we operate are mature and highly competitive, with a mix of large, small, and private label manufacturers competing for consumer acceptance, limited retail shelf space and e-commerce opportunities. Because of the highly competitive environment in which we operate, our customers, including online retailers, frequently seek to obtain pricing concessions or better trade terms and are increasingly offering private label brands, resulting in either a reduction of our margins or the loss of distribution to lower-cost competitors.
Competition in our product categories is based upon brand perceptions, innovation, product performance, customer service and price. Our ability to compete effectively is, and in the future could be, affected by a number of factors, including:
• Certain of our competitors have substantially greater financial, marketing, research and development, and other resources and greater market share in certain segments than we do, which could provide them with greater scale and negotiating leverage with retailers and suppliers and more willingness to accept a lower margin rate. These competitors may be able to spend more aggressively on advertising and promotional activities, introduce competing products more quickly, adopt new technology, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, more quickly and successfully and respond more effectively to changing business and economic conditions than we can.
• Our competitors may have lower production, sales and distribution costs, and higher profit margins.
• Our competitors have obtained, and may in the future be able to obtain, exclusivity or sole source at particular retailers or favorable in-store placement.
• We may lose market share to certain retailers, including club stores, grocery, dollar stores, mass merchandisers and internet-based retailers, which may offer private label brands that are typically sold at lower prices and compete with our products in certain categories.
Changes in the retail environment and consumer preferences could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our sales have historically been weighted toward the traditional retail grocery, mass retail outlet, warehouse club and dollar store channels. Alternative retail channels, including hard discounters and the online channel, have become more prevalent, and retailers are increasingly selling consumer products through such channels. In addition, alternative sales channels and business models, such as private label and store brands, direct-to-consumer brands and channels and discounter channels continue to evolve. In particular, the growing presence of, and increasing sales through, the online channel have affected, and may continue to affect, consumer preferences (as consumers increasingly shop online) and market dynamics, including any
pricing pressures for consumer goods as retailers face added costs to build their e-commerce capacity. Although we are engaged in e-commerce with respect to many of our products, if we are not successful in responding to these competitive factors, changing consumer preferences and market dynamics or expanding sales through evolving sales channels, especially the online channel, hard discounters and other alternative retail channels, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be negatively impacted.
Loss or impairment of the reputation of our Company or our leading brands or failure of our marketing plans could have an adverse effect on our business.
We depend on the continuing reputation and success of our brands. Maintaining a strong reputation with consumers, customers, suppliers and other third-party partners is critical to the success of our business. Negative publicity about us or our brands, including product safety, quality, efficacy, environmental impacts (including packaging, energy and water use, matters related to climate and waste management) and other sustainability or similar issues, whether real or perceived, could occur and could be widely and rapidly disseminated, including through the use of social media or network sites. Increased consumer engagement and the widespread use of social media and networking sites by consumers has greatly increased the accessibility and speed of dissemination of information (whether accurate or inaccurate). Our operating results could be adversely affected if any of our brands suffersdamage to their reputation due to real or perceived issues. Any damage to our brands could impair our ability to charge premium prices for our products, resulting in the reduction of our margins or losses of distribution to lower price competitors, or may require us to record impairments of intangible assets, including trademarks or goodwill, and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The success of our brands can suffer if our marketing plans or new product offerings do not improve, or have a negative impact on, our brands’ image or ability to attract and retain consumers. Additionally, if claims made in our marketing campaigns subject us to claims and litigationallegingfalse advertising, which is common in some categories in our industry, such claims and litigation could damage our brand or cause us to alter our marketing plans in ways that may materially and adversely affect sales, or result in the imposition of significant damagesagainst us. In addition, our products could face quality or safety issues, which could result in our withdrawing or recalling the product from the marketplace and may lead to decreased demand for, and sales of, such products and harm the reputation of the related brands. We also license certain of our brands to third parties, and such licenses and partnerships may create additional exposure for those brands to product safety, quality, sustainability and other concerns.
Loss of any of our principal customers could significantly decrease our sales and profitability.
A large percentage of our sales are attributable to a relatively small number of retail customers, and we may continue to derive a significant portion of our future revenues from a small number of customers. Additionally, with the growing trend towards retailer consolidation, both in the U.S. and internationally, the rapid growth of e-commerce and the integration of traditional and digital operations at key retailers, we are increasingly dependent on certain retailers. As a result, changes in the strategies or demands of our largest customers, including a reduction in the number of brands they carry, a shift of shelf space to private label or competitors’ products or a decision to lower pricing of consumer products, including branded products, may negatively impact our net sales or margins, and reduce our ability to offer new, innovative products to consumers. In addition, the use of the latest pricing technology by our customers may lead to category pricing pressures. Consistent with the ongoing variability in information technology systems industry-wide, our IT platforms may not be fully compatible at all times with those used by our customers and we may not be able to respond to customer data or technology demands. Furthermore, these large, consolidated companies could also exert additional competitive pressure on our other customers, which could in turn lead to similar demands on us. If we cease doing business with a significant customer or if we experience a significant reduction in net sales to a key customer, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Customers could reduce their purchasing levels or cease buying products from us at any time and for any reason. If we do not effectively respond to the demands of our customers, they could decrease their purchases from us, causing our net sales and net earnings to decline.
Our ability to meet our growth targets depends on successful product, marketing and operations innovation and successful responses to competitive innovation and changing consumer habits.
A large percentage of our revenues comes from mature markets that are subject to high levels of competition. Achieving our business results depends, in part, on successfully developing, introducing and marketing new products and on making significant improvements to our equipment and manufacturing processes. The successful development and introduction of new products requires retail and consumer acceptance and overcoming the reaction from competitors. New product introductions in categories where we have existing products will likely also reduce the sales of our existing products. Our investments in research and development may not result in successful products or innovation that will recover the costs of such investments. Our customers or consumers may not purchase our new products once introduced. Additionally, new products
could require regulatory approval which may not be available or may require modification to the product which could impact the production process and the timely introduction of the products. Our competitors may introduce new or enhanced products that outperform ours, or develop manufacturing technology that permits them to manufacture at a lower cost relative to ours and sell at a lower price. If we fail to develop and launch successful new products or fail to reduce our cost structure to a competitive level, we may be unable to grow our business and compete successfully.
We must also successfully respond to technological advances made by, and intellectual property rights granted to, competitors. Failure to continually innovate, improve and respond to competitive moves and changing consumer habits could compromise our competitive position and adversely impact our results. With respect to the battery category, we have been assessing volume and device trends over the last several years, and although baseline emerging device and demographic trends combined with the stabilization of the device universe lead us to believe the long term outlook for category volume will be flat to slightly positive, there is no assurance this trend will continue. An increasing number of devices are using built-in battery systems, such as rechargeable hearing aids and portable lights, particularly in developed markets, leading to potential declining volume trend in the battery and lights categories. Additionally, there could be a negative impact on the demand for primary batteries and could put additional pressure on results going forward, both directly through reduced consumption and indirectly as manufacturers aggressively price and promote their products to seek to retain market share or gain battery shelf space.
Our business also depends on our ability to continue to manufacture our existing products to meet the applicable product performance claims. Any decline in these standards or change in the requirements or testing could result in the loss of business and negatively impact our performance and financial results. Finally, our ability to maintain favorable margins on our products requires us to manage our manufacturing and other production costs relative to our prices. We may not be able to increase our prices in response to production cost increases, which would decrease our profit margins and negatively impact our business and financial results.
We have implemented price increases in the past and may implement price increases in the future, which may slow sales growth or create volume declines in the short term as customers and consumers adjust to these price increases. In addition, our competitors may or may not take competitive actions, which may lead to sales declines and loss of market share. If we are unable to increase market share in existing product lines, develop product innovations, undertake sales, marketing and advertising initiatives that grow our product categories or develop, acquire or successfully launch new products or brands, we may not achieve our sales growth objectives. Furthermore, a general decline in the markets for certain product categories has had and may in the future have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operation. In addition, changes to the mix of products that we sell, as well as the mix of countries in which we sell our products, may adversely impact our net sales, profitability and cash flow.
We are subject to risks related to our international operations, including tariffs and currency fluctuations, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
We currently conduct our business on a worldwide basis, with approximately 40% of our sales in fiscal year 2025 arising from foreign countries, and a significant portion of our production capacity and cash is located overseas. Consequently, we are subject to a number of risks associated with doing business in foreign countries, including:
• unfavorable and uncertain macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions and potential operational or supply chain disruptions as a result of these developments;
• legal and regulatory constraints, including the imposition of tariffs, trade restrictions or sanctions, price, profit or other government controls, labor laws, immigration restrictions, travel restrictions, including as a result of outbreaks of infectious diseases, import and export laws or other government actions generating a negative impact on our business, including changes in trade policies that may be implemented;
• political or economic instability, labor disputes, government corruption and civil unrest, including political or economic instability in the countries of the Eurozone, Egypt, Russia, the Middle East and certain markets in Latin America;
• potential disruption from wars and military conflicts;
• price controls and related government actions;
• the possibility of nationalization of business or industries, expropriation, confiscatory taxation or other similar government action;
• the inability to repatriate foreign-based cash for strategic needs in the U.S., either at all or without incurring significant income tax and earnings consequences, as well as the heightened counterparty, internal control and country-specific risks associated with holding cash overseas;
• the effect of foreign income taxes, value-added taxes and withholding taxes, including the inability to recover amounts owed to us by a government authority without extended proceedings or at all;
• the effect of the U.S. tax treatment of foreign source income and losses, and other restrictions on the flow of capital between countries;
• adverse changes in local investment, local employment, local training or exchange control regulations;
• currency fluctuations, including the impact of highly inflationary conditions in certain economies, particularly where exchange controls limit or eliminate our ability to convert from local currency;
• difficulties in hiring and retaining qualified employees;
• employment litigation related to employees, contractors and suppliers, particularly in Latin America and Europe;
• difficulties in obtaining or unavailability of raw materials;
• difficulty in enforcing contractual and intellectual property rights;
• lack of well-established or reliable, and impartial legal systems in certain countries where we operate;
• challenges relating to enforcement of or compliance with local laws and regulations and with U.S. laws affecting operations outside of the U.S., including without limitation, the U.S. FCPA; and
• risks related to natural disasters, terrorism, social unrest and other events beyond our control.
There is currently significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the U.S. and various other countries with respect to trade policies, treaties, and tariffs. Recently, the U.S. government imposed significant tariffs impacting a wide variety of goods across multiple countries and additional tariffs may be imposed in the future. The extent and duration of the tariffs, as well as any measures taken by other countries in response, and the resulting impact on general economic conditions on our business are uncertain and depend on various factors and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.
We are also exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risks with respect to our net sales, net earnings and cash flow driven by movements of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies. A weakening of the currencies in which sales are denominated relative to the currencies in which costs are denominated would decrease net earnings and cash flow, and our foreign currency hedges only offset a portion of our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations, including devaluations. Foreign currency fluctuations also may affect our ability to achieve sales growth. A weakening of foreign currencies in which we generate sales relative to the U.S. dollar would decrease our net sales. Accordingly, our reported net earnings may be negatively affected by changes in foreign exchange rates.
We must successfully manage the demand, supply, and operational challenges brought about by any disease outbreak, including epidemics, pandemics, or similar widespread public health concerns.
Our operations are impacted by consumer spending levels, impulse purchases, the availability of our products to retailers and our ability to manufacture, store and distribute products to our customers and consumers in an effective and efficient manner. The fear of exposure to, or the actual effects of, a disease outbreak or similar widespread public health concern, could negatively impact our overall business, financial position and financial results. These impacts may include, but are not limited to:
▪ Significant reductions, shifts or fluctuations in demand for one or more of our products;
▪ Inability to meet our customers’ needs due to disruptions in our manufacturing and supply chain arrangements caused by the loss or disruption of essential manufacturing and supply chain elements. In addition, we may incur higher costs for transportation, workforce and distribution capability in order to maintain the surety of supplying product to our customers;
▪ Failure of third parties upon which we rely, including our suppliers, contract manufacturers, distributors, contractors and commercial banks, to meet their obligations to us in a timely manner; and
▪ Significant changes in the political and regulatory landscape in the markets in which we manufacture, sell or distribute our products, which may include, but are not limited to, restrictions on international trade, governmental or regulatory actions, closures or other restrictions that limit or suspend our or our third-party partners' or customers' operating and/or manufacturing capabilities, including operations necessary for the production, distribution, sale, and support of our products, which could adversely impact our results.
If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights, competitors may manufacture and market similar products, which could adversely affect our market share and results of operations.
The vast majority of our total revenues are from products bearing proprietary trademarks. In addition, we own or license a number of patents, patent applications and other technology. We rely on trademark, trade secret, patent and copyright laws to protect our intellectual property rights and goodwill. We cannot be certain that we will be able to effectively utilize these intellectual property rights or that we can successfully assert or defend these rights. There is a risk that we will not be able to obtain, perfect, enforce or maintain our own intellectual property rights or, where appropriate, license intellectual property rights necessary to support new product introductions. In addition, even if we can protect such rights in the United
States, the laws of some other countries in which we sell our products may not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. It is also possible that our brands may not be available for use in certain countries due to prior third-party rights, thereby limiting expansion of our brands. If other parties infringe our intellectual property rights, they may dilute or diminish the value of our brands and products in the marketplace, which could diminish the value that consumers associate with our brands and harm our net sales. The failure to perfect, enforce and adequately protect our intellectual property rights could make us less competitive and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We also license certain of our brands to third parties. These licensees’ actions or inaction may dilute or diminish the value of our brands and products in the marketplace or create additional exposure to litigation, investigations, disputes or other proceedings, as well as product safety, quality, sustainability and other concerns.
We cannot be certain that our intellectual property rights will not be invalidated, circumvented or challenged in the future, and we could incur significant costs in connection with legal actions relating to such rights. As patents expire, we could face increased competition, which could negatively impact our operating results. Additionally, a finding that we have violated the trademark, trade secret, copyright, patent or other intellectual property rights of others, directly or indirectly, through the use of third-party marks, ideas or technologies, could result in the need to cease use of such trademark, trade secret, copyrighted work or patented invention in our business, and pay a substantial amount for past infringement. If holders are willing to permit us to continue to use such intellectual property rights, they could require a payment of a substantial amount for continued use of those rights. Either ceasing use or paying such amounts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, the use of generative artificial intelligence tools may compromise confidential or sensitive information, put our intellectual property at risk, or subject us to claims of intellectual property infringement, all of which could damage our reputation.
Operational and Technology Risks
Changes in production costs, including raw material prices and transportation costs, from tariffs, inflation or otherwise, have adversely affected, and in the future could erode, our profit margins and negatively impact operating results.
Pricing and availability of raw materials, energy, transportation and other services needed for our business can be volatile due to general economic conditions, tariffs, inflation, labor costs, production levels and import duties and other factors beyond our control. There is no certainty that we will be able to offset future cost increases. This volatility can significantly affect our production cost and may, therefore, have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Volatility, availability and increases in the cost of raw materials and transportation have negatively impacted, and may in the future negatively impact, the Company's results of operations. We believe commodity price and other cost increases and volatility could continue in the future. If such increases occur or exceed our estimates and we are not able to increase the prices of our products or achieve cost savings to offset such cost increases, our results of operation would be harmed. In addition, even if we increase the prices of our products in response to increases in the cost of commodities, transportation or other cost increases, we may not be able to sustain our price increases. Sustained price increases may lead to declines in volume as competitors may not adjust their prices or customers may decide not to pay the higher prices, which could lead to sales declines and loss of market share. Our projections may not accurately predict the volume impact of price increases, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our reliance on certain significant suppliers subjects us to numerous risks, including possible interruptions in supply, which could adversely affect our business.
Our ability to maintain consistent quality throughout our operations depends, in part, upon our ability to acquire certain products in sufficient quantities. Supply shortages for a particular component or material can delay production and thus delay shipments to customers and the realization of revenue associated with any products using that component. This has caused, and, in the future, could cause us to experience a reduction in sales, increased inventory levels and costs and could adversely affect relationships with existing and prospective customers. In some cases, we may have only one supplier for a product or service. Our dependence on single -source suppliers subjects us to the possible risks of shortages, interruptions and price fluctuations. Global economic factors, including tariffs, continue to put significant pressure on suppliers, all of which tends to make the supply environment more expensive. If any of these vendors are unable to fulfill their obligations, and we are unable to find replacement suppliers during the supply disruption, we could encounter supply shortages and/or increased costs to secure adequate supplies, either of which could materially harm our business.
Our business is vulnerable to the availability of raw materials, as well as our ability to forecast customer demand and manage production capacity.
Our ability to meet customer demand depends, in part, on our production capacity and on obtaining timely and adequate delivery of materials, parts and components from our suppliers. From time to time, suppliers may extend lead times, limit the volumes supplied to us or increase prices due to capacity constraints or other factors. Supply disruptions may also occur due to shortages of critical materials. In addition, some of our raw materials are obtained from a single supplier and we may experience supply shortages if the single-source supplier experiences quality issues, volume constraints, or shipping delays. Many of our suppliers must undertake a time-consuming qualification process before we can incorporate their raw materials into our production process. If we are unable to obtain materials from a qualified supplier, it can take up to a year to qualify a new supplier, assuming an alternative source of supply is available. Our raw materials and component parts are also susceptible to currency fluctuations and price fluctuations due to supply and demand, transportation, government regulations, price controls, tariffs, economic climate, or other unforeseen circumstances. A reduction or interruption in supplies or a significant increase in the price of one or more supplies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. From time to time, we have experienced reductions or disruptions in our production capacity or our production supplies that have delayed, and in the future may delay, the fulfillment of customer orders and otherwise negatively impact our business and reputation.
We must accurately forecast both the demand for our products and the lead times required to obtain the necessary components and materials. If we overestimate demand, we may experience underutilized capacity and excess inventory levels. If we underestimate demand, we may miss delivery deadlines or sales opportunities and incur additional costs for labor overtime, equipment overuse, and logistical complexities. Our forecasting must also account for sales of certain products that tend to experience seasonal sales fluctuations. As a result of this seasonality, our inventory and working capital needs fluctuate significantly throughout the year. Orders from retailers are often made late in the period preceding the applicable peak season, making forecasting of production schedules and inventory purchases difficult. The resulting constraints on our production process could reduce yields or interrupt production, and, as a result, we may not be able to deliver products on time or in a cost-effective, competitive manner. Our failure to adequately manage our forecasting and capacity could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Additionally, as a result of the desire of retailers to more closely manage inventory levels, there has been a growing trend among our customers to purchase products on a “just-in-time” basis. Due to factors such as manufacturing lead-times, availability of raw materials, seasonal purchasing patterns and the potential for material price increases, we may be required to shorten our lead-time for production and more closely anticipate our retailers’ and customers’ demands, which has previously caused us to, and in the future could require us to, carry additional inventories and increase our working capital and related financing requirements. This may increase the cost of warehousing inventory or result in excess inventory becoming difficult to manage, unusable or obsolete. In addition, if our retailers significantly change their inventory management strategies, we may encounter difficulties in filling customer orders, in liquidating excess inventories, or may experience customers cancelling or returning their orders, which may have a material adverse effect on our business.
The manufacturing facilities, supply channels or other business operations of the Company and our suppliers may be subject to disruption from events beyond our control.
Operations of the manufacturing and packaging facilities worldwide and corporate offices of the Company and our suppliers, and the methods we and our suppliers use to obtain supplies and to distribute our products, may be subject to disruption for a variety of reasons, including work stoppages, cyberattacks and other disruptions in information technology systems, demonstrations, disease outbreaks or pandemics, acts of war or conflicts, terrorism, fire, earthquakes, flooding or other natural disasters, disruptions in logistics, loss or impairment of key manufacturing sites, supplier capacity constraints, raw material and product quality or safety issues, industrial accidents or other occupational health and safety issues, availability of raw materials, and other regulatory issues, including trade disputes between countries in which we have operations, such as the U.S. and China. There is also a possibility that third-party manufacturers, which produce a significant portion of certain of our products, could discontinue production with little or no notice, or experience financial problems or problems with product quality or timeliness of product delivery, resulting in manufacturing delays or disruptions, regulatory sanctions, product liability claims or consumer complaints. If a major disruption were to occur, it could result in delays in shipments of products to customers or suspension of operations. We maintain business interruption insurance to potentially mitigate the impact of business interruption, but such coverage may not be sufficient to offset the financial or reputational impact of an interruption.
Our future results may be affected by our operational execution, including our ability to achieve cost savings as a result of any current or future restructuring efforts.
Our financial results depend on the successful execution of our business operating plans. To operate more efficiently and control costs, we have entered into, and may in the future enter into, restructuring and cost reduction plans (including Project Momentum, our previously announced profit recovery program). Our ability to achieve the anticipated cost savings and other benefits from these initiatives within the expected time frame is subject to many estimates and assumptions and other factors that we may not be able to control. We may also incur significant charges related to restructuring plans, which would reduce our profitability in the periods such charges are incurred. Execution of any restructuring program also presents a number of significant risks, including:
• actual or perceived disruption of service or reduction in service standards to customers;
• the failure to preserve adequate internal controls as we restructure our general and administrative functions, including our information technology and financial reporting infrastructure;
• the failure to preserve supplier relationships and distribution, sales and other important relationships and to resolveconflicts that may arise;
• loss of sales as we reduce or eliminate staffing for non-core product lines;
• diversion of management attention from ongoing business activities; and
• failure to maintain employee morale and retain key employees while implementing benefit changes and reductions in the workforce.
Gaining additional efficiencies may become increasingly difficult over time. Our inability to generate anticipated cost savings, successfully implement our strategies or efficiently manage our supply chain and manufacturing processes has caused, and in the future could cause, our results of operations to suffer.
In addition, we are executing our digital transformation program that is focused on redefining our processes, implementing new tools and expanding our data to enhance connectivity along the value chain and enable us to make decisions faster. We also continue to seek to penetrate new markets and introduce new products and product innovations. We may fail to implement these goals and strategies or to achieve the desired results, and we may fail to achieve one or more of our financial goals for one or more of the relevant fiscal years.
If our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets become impaired, we will be required to record impairment charges, which may be significant.
We have a material amount of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets which are periodically evaluated for impairment in accordance with current accounting standards. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are initially recorded at fair value and not amortized, but are tested for impairment at least annually in the fourth quarter or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. Fair value for both goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets is determined based on a cash flow analysis. If the carrying values of the reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible assets exceed their fair value, the goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets are considered impaired. If current expectations for revenue growth rates, gross margin rates, operating expenses, and discount rates are not met, or other economic and financial market conditions change, we may be required in the future to record impairment of the carrying value of goodwill or other indefinite-lived intangible assets during the period in which any impairment is determined. Any such impairment charges could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. See Note 11, Goodwill and intangible assets for further information related to goodwill and the indefinite-lived intangible assets, and the indefinite-lived impairment charges recorded in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.
Sales of certain of our products are seasonal and adverse weather conditions during our peak selling seasons for certain auto care products could have a material adverse effect.
Sales of certain of our auto care products tend to be seasonal. Historically, consumer sales for certain auto care products typically have peaked during our third and fourth fiscal quarters due to customer seasonal purchasing patterns and the timing of promotional activities, with our sales historically peaking during the first six months of the calendar year in advance of this selling season. Purchases of our auto care products, especially our auto appearance and A/C recharge products, can be significantly impacted by unfavorable weather conditions during the summer period, and as a result we may suffer decreases in net sales if conditions are not favorable for use of our products. If adverse weather conditions persist during our third and fourth fiscal quarters when demand for auto care products typically peaks, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
We may use artificial intelligence in our business, which could result in reputational harm, competitive harm, and legal liability, and adversely affect our operations.
We may leverage artificial intelligence, including generative artificial intelligence and machine learning, in our operations and software programming. Our competitors or other third parties may incorporate artificial intelligence into their operational processes more quickly or more successfully than us, which could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, reputation and operations.
In addition, there are significant risks involved in developing and deploying artificial intelligence and there can be no assurance that the usage of artificial intelligence will be beneficial to our business, including our efficiency or profitability.
A failure of a key information technology system could adversely impact our ability to conduct business.
We rely extensively on information technology systems, including some that are managed by third-party service providers, in order to conduct business. These systems include, but are not limited to, programs and processes relating to internal and external communications, ordering and managing materials from suppliers, converting materials to finished products, shipping products to customers, processing transactions, summarizing and reporting results of operations, and complying with regulatory, legal or tax requirements. These information technology systems could be damaged or cease to function properly due to the poor performance or failure of third-party service providers, catastrophic events, power outages, security breaches, network outages, failed upgrades or other similar events. If our business continuity plans do not effectively resolve such issues on a timely basis, we may sufferinterruptions in conducting our business, which may adversely impact our operating results. In addition, we continuously assess and implement upgrades to improve our information technology systems globally. As such, during these implementation periods, we face a heightened risk of system interruptions and deficiencies or failures in our internal controls involving our information systems and processes.
We continue to utilize various legacy hardware, software and operating systems, which may be vulnerable to increased risks, including the risk of system failures and disruptions, and may need to be upgraded or replaced in the future as third-party service providers stop supporting these systems. If we do not successfully upgrade or replace these legacy systems in a timely manner, system outages, disruptions or delays, or other issues may arise. We must also successfully integrate the technology systems of acquired companies into our existing and future technology systems, including with third-party service providers and processes. If a new system does not function properly or is not adequately supported by third-party service providers and processes, it could limit or prevent us from processing and delivering customer orders and processing and receiving payments for our products. This could adversely impact our results of operations and cash flows.
We rely significantly on information technology and any inadequacy, interruption, theft or loss of data, malicious attack, integration failure, failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data residing on our systems or other security failure of that technology could harm our ability to effectively operate our business and damage the reputation of our brands.
Our systems and networks, as well as those of our retailer customers, suppliers, service providers, and banks, have and may in the future become the target of cyberattacks or information security breaches, which in turn could result in the unauthorized release and misuse of confidential or proprietary information about our company, employees, customers or consumers, as well as disrupt their and our operations or damage their and our facilities or those of third parties. Furthermore, such attacks may originate from nation states or attempts by outside parties, hackers, criminal organizations or other threat actors. Any significant breaches or breakdowns of such databases or systems could result in significant costs, including costs to investigate or remediate. While we have taken steps to maintain and enhance cybersecurity and address these risks and uncertainties by implementing security technologies, internal controls, network and data center resiliency, redundancy and recovery processes, upgrading our remote work environment and obtaining insurance coverage, these measures may be inadequate due to the continuously evolving nature of cyber threats. Cyber threats are becoming more sophisticated, are constantly evolving and are being made by groups and individuals with a wide range of expertise and motives, and this increases the difficulty of detecting and successfullydefendingagainst cyber incidents. Such incidents could result in unauthorized disclosure and misuse of material confidential information. Data breaches or theft of personal information we and our third-party service providers collect, as well as company information and assets, have occurred in the past and may occur in the future and the failure to remediate such intrusions may adversely affect our reputation and financial condition.
We may not be able to attract, retain and develop key employees, as well as effectively manage human capital resources.
Our future performance depends significantly upon the continued service of our executive officers and other key employees, as well as our continuing ability to attract, retain and develop highly qualified employees, including future members of our management team. Competition for such employees is intense, and there can be no assurance that we can retain and motivate our key employees or attract and retain other highly qualified employees in the future.
In addition, competition for labor remains strong and labor costs for manufacturing in the US, among other countries, continue to rise. Labor is one of the primary components in the cost of operating our business. If we face labor shortages and increased labor costs as a result of increased competition for employees, higher employee turnover rates, increases in employee benefits costs, or labor union organizing efforts, our operating expenses could increase and results of operations could be adversely impacted. Labor shortages, higher employee turnover rates and labor union organizing efforts could also lead to disruptions in our business.
A failure to adequately manage human capital resources could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, reputation, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, the escalating costs of offering and administering health care, retirement and other benefits for employees could result in reduced profitability.
Financial and Strategic Risks
We have significant debt obligations that could adversely affect our business.
As of September 30, 2025, our total aggregate outstanding indebtedness was approximately $3.4 billion. We had $492.4 million of additional capacity available under a senior secured revolving credit facility, inclusive of issued and outstanding letters of credit totaling approximately $7.6 million. This significant amount of debt could have important consequences to us and our shareholders, including:
• requiring a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to make payments on this debt, thereby limiting the cash we have available to fund future growth opportunities, such as research and development, capital expenditures and acquisitions;
• restrictive covenants in our debt arrangements that limit our operations and borrowing, and place restrictions on our ability to pay dividends or repurchase common stock;
• the risk of a future credit ratings downgrade of our debt or rising interest rates on our variable rate debt increasing future debt costs and limiting the future availability of debt financing;
• increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions and limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and industry, due to the need to use our cash to service our outstanding debt;
• placing us at a competitive disadvantage relative to our competitors that are not as highly leveraged with debt and that may therefore be able to invest more in their business or use their available cash to pursue other opportunities, including acquisitions; and
• limiting our ability to borrow additional funds as needed or take advantage of business opportunities as they arise.
In addition, our actual cash requirements in the future may be greater than expected. Our cash flow from operations may not be sufficient to repay all of our outstanding debt as it becomes due, and we may not be able to borrow money, sell assets or otherwise raise funds on acceptable terms, or at all, to refinance our debt.
We may need to seek additional financing for our general corporate purposes. For example, we may need to increase our investment in research and development activities or require funding to make acquisitions. Although the indentures and credit agreements relating to our existing debt contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional debt, these restrictions are subject to a number of significant qualifications and exceptions, and, under certain circumstances, the amount of debt that could be incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. We may be unable to obtain desired additional financing on terms favorable to us, or at all. For example, during periods of volatile credit markets, there is a risk that lenders, even those with strong balance sheets and sound lending practices, could fail or refuse to honor their credit commitments and obligations, including, but not limited to, extending credit up to the maximum permitted by a credit facility and otherwise accessing capital or honoring loan commitments. If our lenders are unable to fund borrowings under their loan commitments or we are unable to borrow, it could be difficult to replace such loan commitments on similar terms or at all. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to fund growth opportunities, successfully develop or enhance products, or respond to competitive pressures, any of which could negatively affect our business. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity securities, our shareholders will experience dilution of their ownership interest. If we raise additional funds by issuing debt, we may be subject to limitations on our operations and ability to pay dividends due to restrictive covenants. Generally, to the extent that we incur additional indebtedness, all of the risks described above in connection with our debt obligations could increase.
Our credit ratings are important to our cost of capital.
We expect that the major credit rating agencies will continue to evaluate our creditworthiness and give us specified credit ratings. These credit ratings are limited in scope, and do not address all material risks related to investment in Energizer, but rather reflect only the view of each rating agency at the time the rating is issued. Nonetheless, the credit ratings we receive will impact our borrowing costs as well as our access to sources of capital on terms that will be advantageous to our business. Failure to obtain sufficiently high credit ratings could adversely affect the interest rate in future financings, our liquidity or our competitive position and could also restrict our access to capital markets. There can be no assurance that any credit ratings we receive will remain in effect for any given period of time or that a rating will not be lowered, suspended or withdrawn entirely by the applicable rating agencies if, in such rating agency’s judgments, circumstances so warrant.
We may experience losses or be subject to increased funding and expenses related to our pension plans.
We assumed pension plan liabilities related to our current and former employees in connection with the separation. Effective January 1, 2014, the pension benefit earned to date by active participants under the legacy U.S. pension plan was frozen and future retirement service benefits are no longer accrued under this retirement program; however, our pension plan obligations remain significant. If the investment of plan assets does not provide the expected long-term returns, if interest rates or other assumptions change, or if governmental regulations change the timing or amounts of required contributions to the plans, we could be required to make significant additional pension contributions, which may have an adverse impact on our liquidity, our ability to comply with debt covenants and may require recognition of increased expense within our financial statements.
The estimates and assumptions on which our financial projections are based may prove to be inaccurate, which may cause our actual results to materially differ from our projections, which may adversely affect our future profitability, cash flows and stock price.
Our financial projections, including any sales or earnings guidance or outlook we may provide from time to time, depend on certain estimates and assumptions related to, among other things, a number of factors: product category growth; development and launch of innovative new products; market share projections; product pricing and sale, volume and product mix; foreign exchange rates and volatility; tax rates; manufacturing costs including commodity prices; distribution channel volume and costs; cost savings; macroeconomic factors, including tariff impacts; accruals for estimated liabilities, including litigation reserves, measurement of benefit obligations for pension and other postretirement benefit plans; and our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to reinvest in our existing business, fund internal growth, repurchase our stock, make acquisitions, pay dividends and meet debt obligations.
We develop our financial projections based on historical experience and on various other estimates and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances and at the time they are made. Our actual results may differ materially from our financial projections. Any material variation between our financial projections and our actual results may adversely affect our future profitability, cash flows and stock price.
If we pursue strategic acquisitions, divestitures or joint ventures, we might experience operating difficulties, dilution, and other consequences that may harm our business, financial condition, and operating results, and we may not be able to successfully consummate favorable transactions or successfully integrate acquired businesses.
From time to time, we may evaluate potential acquisitions, divestitures or joint ventures that could further our strategic objectives. With respect to acquisitions, we may not be able to identify suitable candidates, consummate a transaction on terms that are favorable to us, or achieve expected returns and other benefits as a result of integration challenges. Some of the areas where we face risks include:
• Diversion of management time and focus from operating our business to challenges related to acquisitions and other strategic transactions;
• Failure to successfully integrate and further develop the acquired business or technology;
• Implementation or remediation of controls, procedures, and policies at the acquired company;
• Integration of the acquired company’s accounting, human resource, and other administrative systems, and coordination of research and development, commercial and marketing functions;
• Transition of operations, users, and customers onto our existing platforms;
• Failure to obtain required approvals on a timely basis, if at all, from governmental authorities, or conditions placed upon approval that could, among other things, delay or prevent us from completing a transaction, or otherwise restrict our ability to realize the expected financial or strategic goals of a transaction;
• In the case of foreign acquisitions, the need to integrate operations across different cultures and languages and to address the particular economic, currency, political, and regulatory risks associated with specific countries;
• Cultural challenges associated with integrating employees from the acquired company into our organization, and retention of employees from the businesses we acquire;
• Liability for activities of the acquired company before the acquisition, including patent and trademark infringementclaims, data privacy and security issues, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities, and other known and unknown liabilities; and
• Litigation or other claims in connection with the acquired company, including claims from terminated colleagues, customers, former shareholders, or other third parties.
Our failure to address these risks or other problems encountered in connection with our past or future acquisitions and other strategic transactions could cause us to fail to realize their anticipated benefits, incur unanticipated liabilities, and harm our business generally.
Acquired companies or operations, joint ventures or investments may not be profitable or may not achieve sales, profitability or cash flow expectations. Future acquisitions could also result in potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or amortization expenses related to certain intangible assets, and increased operating expenses, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, to the extent that the economic benefits associated with an acquisition or investment diminish in the future or the performance of an acquired company or business is less robust than expected, we may be required to record impairments of intangible assets, including trademarks and goodwill. Any impairment charges could adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. See Note 11, Goodwill and intangible assets for further information related to goodwill and intangible assets, and the impairment charges recorded in the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
We have divested and may, in the future, divest certain assets, businesses or brands that do not meet our strategic objectives or growth targets. With respect to any potential future divestiture, we may encounter difficulty finding potential acquirers or other divestiture options on favorable terms. Any future divestiture could affect our profitability as a result of the gains or losses on such sale of a business or brand, the loss of the operating income or sales resulting from such sale or the costs or liabilities that we retain, which may negatively impact profitability and cash flow subsequent to any divestiture. We may also be required to recognize impairment charges or other losses as a result of a divestiture.
Legal, Compliance and Sustainability Risks
Our business involves the potential for product liability claims, labeling claims, commercial claims and other legal claimsagainst us, which could affect our results of operations and financial condition and result in product recalls or withdrawals.
We face exposure to claims arising out of allegeddefects in our products, including for property damage, bodily injury or other adverse effects; alleged contaminants in our products; allegations that our products provide inadequate instructions or warnings regarding their use; and failure to perform as advertised. Product liability, advertising and labeling claims could result in negative publicity that could harm our reputation, sales and results of operation. If any of our products are found to be defective, we may recall or withdraw such products, which could result in adverse publicity and significant expenses. We maintain product liability insurance, but this insurance does not cover all types of claims, particularly claims that do not involve personal injury or property damage or claims that exceed the amount of insurance coverage. Further, we may not be able to maintain such insurance in sufficient amounts, on desirable terms, or at all, in the future. In addition to the risk of monetary judgments not covered by insurance, product liability claims could result in negative publicity that could harm our products’ reputation and in certain cases require a product recall or withdrawal. Product recalls or withdrawals or product liability claims, and any subsequent remedial actions, could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, brand value, results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, we are, and may in the future become, the subject of, or party to, various pending or threatened legal actions, government investigations and proceedings relating to, among other things, advertising disputes with competitors, consumer class actions, including those related to advertising claims, labor claims, breach of contract claims, antitrustlitigation, securities litigation, premises liability claims, data privacy and security disputes, employment litigation related to employees, contractors and suppliers, including class action lawsuits, and litigation in foreign jurisdictions. We have been, and may in the future be, subject to additional claims, proceedings and actions as we expand the products within the global auto care product category. In general, claims made by or against us in litigation, investigations, disputes or other proceedings have been and may in the future be expensive and time-consuming to bring or defendagainst and could result in settlements, injunctions or damages that could significantly affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and harm our reputation. It is not possible to predict the final resolution of litigation, investigations, disputes or proceedings in which we currently are or may
in the future become involved and our assessment of the materiality of these matters and any reserves taken in connection therewith may not be consistent with their final resolutions. The impact of these matters, including any reserves taken in connection with such matters, on our business, financial condition and results of operations could be material. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Legal Proceedings” and the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to these matters.
Our business is subject to increasing government regulations in both the U.S. and abroad that could impose material costs.
In general, the manufacturing, marketing, distribution, and sale of our products and the conduct of our business operations must comply with extensive federal, state and foreign laws and regulations. In the US, many of our products and product claims are regulated by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Federal Trade Commission, among other regulatory agencies. Additionally, our and our suppliers' manufacturing and distribution operations are also subject to regulation by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Our international operations are also subject to regulation in each of the foreign jurisdictions in which we manufacture, market or distribute our products. There is also an increased risk of fraud or corruption in certain foreign jurisdictions and related difficulties in maintaining effective internal controls. Additionally, we could be subject to future inquiries or investigations by governmental and other regulatory bodies. Any determination that our operations or activities are not in compliance with applicable law could expose us to future impairment charges or significant fines, penalties or other sanctions that may result in a reduction in net income or otherwise adversely impact our business and reputation.
In particular, because of our extensive international operations, we could be adversely affected by violations, or allegations of violations, of the FCPA and similar international anti-bribery and corruption laws. These laws generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to government officials or other third parties for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We cannot provide assurance that our internal controls policies and procedures that mandate compliance with these laws will protect us from reckless, intentional or unintentionalcriminal acts. Violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt our business and adversely affect our reputation and our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Federal, state and foreign governments may introduce new or expand existing legislation and regulations, or courts or governmental authorities could impose more stringent interpretations of existing legislation and regulations, that may adversely affect our operations or require us to increase our resources, capabilities and expertise in certain areas, as well as incur increased compliance costs. In order to conduct our operations in compliance with these laws and regulations we must obtain and maintain numerous permits, approvals and certificates from various federal, foreign, state and local governmental authorities.
In recent years, refrigerants such as R-134a have become the subject of regulatory focus due to their potential to contribute to global warming. The EU has passed regulations that essentially phased out of R-134a in automotive cooling systems in new vehicles by 2017. Canada has also implemented similar regulations, phasing into effect beginning in 2021. In the United States, the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act (AIM Act) and its resultant regulations could have a materially adverse impact on our business. In addition, individual states are regulating the sale and distribution of products containing R-134a. Regulations may also be enacted governing the packaging, use and disposal of our auto care business' products containing refrigerants. If the future use of R-134a is phased out or is further limited or prohibited in jurisdictions in which we do business, or if substitutes for R-134a become widely used in A/C systems and their use for DIY and retrofit purposes is not approved by the EPA or other regulatory bodies, the future market for our auto care business' products containing R-134a may be limited, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.
Our systems and those of our business partners are subject to regulation to preserve the privacy of certain data held on those systems. Privacy, data protection and cybersecurity laws and regulations, including the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the Brazilian Data Protection Law, and the California CCPA/CPRA, and the interpretation and enforcement of those and similar laws and regulations, are continuously developing and evolving and there may be uncertainty with respect to how to comply with them. In response to such implementation of, and changes to, cybersecurity and data privacy legal requirements, as well as new tactics used by threat actors to infiltrate our IT systems, we have continued to invest in technology and to adapt our processes to protect our technology infrastructure and our data. As privacy, data protection and cybersecurity laws and regulations continue to evolve, we may incur additional costs to further adapt our security systems, policies, procedures and practices to prevent or remediate any potential security issues and maintain compliance with applicable regulatory frameworks. Our efforts to comply with privacy, data protection and cybersecurity laws and regulations may result in additional costs and challenges that are likely to increase over time, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
If we are found to be noncompliant with applicable laws and regulations in these or other areas, we could be subject to governmental or regulatory actions, including fines, import detentions, injunctions, product withdrawals or recalls or asset seizures, as well as potential criminal sanctions and damage to our reputation and brand image, or require the payment of monetary penalties, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if a claim is unsuccessful, is not merited or is not fully pursued, the negative publicity surrounding such assertions could jeopardize our reputation and brand image and have a material adverse effect on our businesses, as well as require resources to rebuild our reputation. Additionally, loss of or failure to obtain necessary permits and registrations, particularly with respect to our global auto care business, could delay or prevent us from meeting current product demand, introducing new products, building new facilities or acquiring new businesses and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, the legal, regulatory and ethical landscape around the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning is rapidly evolving. Our ability to adopt this emerging technology in an effective and ethical manner may impact our reputation and ability to compete, and this technology could be, among other things, false, biased, or inconsistent with our values and strategies.
Section 45X of the Internal Revenue Code contains production tax credits for certain battery components. Our ability to benefit from Section 45X production tax credits is not guaranteed and is dependent upon the federal government's ongoing implementation, guidance, regulations, or rulemakings.
In August 2022, President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA") into law and on July 4, 2025, President Trump signed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA") into law. The IRA, as modified by the OBBBA, provides for substantial tax credits and incentives for domestic manufacturing of certain battery components. Section 45X of the Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") contains a production tax credit applicable on eligible battery components produced in the US and sold after December 31, 2022. Effective December 14, 2023, the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service released final rules to provide further guidance on the production tax credit requirements under IRC Section 45X (the Final Regulations). The Final Regulations and the OBBBA provide guidance on rules that taxpayers must satisfy to qualify for the Section 45X tax credit.
While we expect Section 45X of the IRC to provide substantial tax benefits for us, our eligibility for these credits is not guaranteed and depends on strict compliance with complex and evolving federal regulations and future legislative enactments or administrative actions could limit, amend, repeal, or terminate IRA policies or other incentives that we currently anticipate benefiting from. Additionally, any failure to meet the eligibility criteria, including production location, component classification, or documentation standards, could result in partial or complete loss of the tax credit. Any reduction, elimination, reinterpretation, or discriminatory application or expiration of Section 45X tax credit may materially adversely affect our future results of operations and financial condition.
Increased focus by governmental and non-governmental organizations, customers, consumers and shareholders on sustainability issues, including those related to climate change, may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and damage our reputation .
We are committed to our sustainability journey and have taken meaningful steps including conducting an extensive materiality assessment and publishing goals within our Sustainability Report. Any failure to achieve our goals with respect to reducing our impact on the environment or a perception (whether or not valid) of our failure to act responsibly with respect to the environment or to effectively respond to new, or changes in, legal or regulatory requirements concerning climate change or other sustainability concerns could adversely affect our business and reputation.
As climate change, land use, water use, deforestation, biodiversity, product recycling, plastic waste, recyclability or recoverability of packaging, including single-use and other plastic packaging, waste to landfill, responsible sourcing, labor, employment practices, human rights and other sustainability concerns become more prevalent, governmental and non-governmental organizations, customers, consumers and investors are increasingly focusing on these issues. In particular, changing consumer preferences may result in increased customer and consumer concerns and demands regarding plastics and packaging materials, including single-use and non-recyclable plastic packaging, and their environmental impact on sustainability, a growing demand for natural or organic products and ingredients, or increased consumer concerns or perceptions (whether accurate or inaccurate) regarding the effects of ingredients or substances present in certain consumer products. This increased focus may result in new or increased regulations and customer, consumer and investor demands that could cause us to incur additional costs or to make changes to our operations to comply with any such regulations and address demands. If we are unable to respond or perceived to be inadequately responding to sustainability concerns, customers and consumers may choose to purchase products from another company or a competitor, and certain investors may divert from, or avoid investing in, our securities, which may hinder our access to capital.
We are subject to environmental laws and regulations that may expose us to significant liabilities and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
We must comply with various environmental laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including those relating to the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes, recycling of batteries and packaging, the remediation of contamination associated with the use and disposal of hazardous substances, chemicals in products and product safety. A release of such substances due to accident or an intentional act or the presence of contamination that predates our ownership or operation of our facilities could result in substantial liability to governmental authorities or to third parties. Pursuant to certain environmental laws, we could be subject to joint and several strict liability for contamination relating to our or their predecessors’ current or former properties or any of their respective third-party waste disposal sites. In addition to potentially significant investigation and remediation costs, any such contamination can give rise to claims from governmental authorities or other third parties for natural resource damage, personal injury, property damage or other liabilities. Contamination has been identified at certain of our current and former facilities as well as third-party waste disposal sites, and we are conducting investigation and remediation activities in relation to such properties. The discovery of additional contamination or the imposition of further cleanup obligations at these or other properties or the assertion of tort claims related to such contamination could have a material adverse effect on our businesses, results of operations or financial condition. We have incurred, and will continue to incur, capital and operating expenses and other costs in complying with environmental laws and regulations, including with respect to current and formerly owned facilities, as well as disposal sites owned by third parties to whom we have sent waste. As new laws and regulations are introduced, we could become subject to additional environmental liabilities in the future that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
The resolution of our tax contingencies may result in additional tax liabilities, which could adversely impact our cash flows and results of operations.
Significant estimation and judgment are required in determining our tax provisions for taxes in the U.S. and jurisdictions outside the U.S. In the ordinary course of our business, there are transactions and calculations in which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We are regularly audited by tax authorities and, although we believe our tax positions are defensible and our tax provision estimates are reasonable, the final outcome of tax audits and related litigation could be materially different than that reflected in our income tax provisions and accruals. When particular tax matters arise, a number of years may elapse before such matters are audited and finally resolved. Unfavorable resolution of any tax matter in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate could increase the effective tax rate, which would have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Any resolution of a tax issue may require the use of cash in the year of resolution.
Risks Specific to Our Common Stock
We cannot guarantee the timing, amount or payment of dividends on our common stock.
The timing, declaration, amount and payment of future dividends to shareholders will fall within the discretion of our Board of Directors. The Board’s decisions regarding the payment of dividends will depend on many factors, such as our financial condition, earnings, capital requirements, debt service obligations, covenants associated with certain of our debt service obligations, legal requirements and regulatory constraints. We cannot guarantee that we will continue to pay dividends in the future.
Risk Related to Anti-Takeover Measures
Certain provisions in our amended and restated articles of incorporation and bylaws, and of Missouri law, may deter or delay an acquisition of Energizer.
Our amended and restated articles of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain, and the General and Business Corporation Law of Missouri, which we refer to as “Missouri law,” contains, provisions that are intended to detercoercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids by making such practices or bids unacceptably expensive to the bidder and to encourage prospective acquirers to negotiate with our Board of Directors rather than to attempt a hostile takeover by making the replacement of incumbent directors more time-consuming and difficult. These provisions include, among others:
• limitations on the ability of our shareholders to call a special meeting;
• rules regarding how we may present proposals or nominate directors for election at shareholder meetings;
• the right of our Board of Directors to issue preferred stock without shareholder approval;
• a provision that our shareholders may only remove directors “for cause” and with the approval of the holders of two-thirds of our outstanding voting stock at a special meeting of shareholders called expressly for that purpose; and
• the ability of our directors, and not shareholders, to fill vacancies on our Board of Directors.
In addition, because we have not chosen to opt out of coverage of Section 351.459 of Missouri law, which we refer to as the “business combination statute,” these provisions could also deter or delay a change of control. The business combination statute restricts certain business combination transactions between us and an “interested shareholder,” generally any person who, together with his or her affiliates and associates, owns or controls 20% or more of the outstanding shares of our voting stock, for a period of five years after the date of the transaction in which the person becomes an interested shareholder, unless either such transaction or the interested shareholder’s acquisition of stock is approved by our Board on or before the date the interested shareholder obtains such status. The business combination statute also provides that, after the expiration of such five-year period, business combinations are prohibited unless (i) the holders of a majority of the outstanding voting stock, other than the stock owned by the interested shareholder, or any affiliate or associate of such interested shareholder, approve the business combination or (ii) the business combination satisfies certain detailed fairness and procedural requirements.
We believe that these provisions will help to protect our shareholders from coercive or otherwise unfair takeover tactics by requiring potential acquirers to negotiate with our Board of Directors and by providing our Board of Directors with more time to assess any acquisition proposal. These provisions are not intended to make us immune from takeovers. However, these provisions will apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some shareholders and could deter or delay an acquisition that our Board of Directors determines is not in our best interests or the best interests of our shareholders. These provisions may also prevent or discourage attempts to remove and replace incumbent directors.
1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 1C. Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
We recognize the importance of information security and we are committed to protecting and preserving the confidentiality, integrity and continued availability of the information we own or that is in our care. We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity program that strives to comply with applicable industry standards, and we assess our program against the National Institute of Standards and Technology ("NIST") Cybersecurity Framework.
Our enterprise risk management framework considers cybersecurity risk alongside other applicable risks as part of our overall risk assessment process. Within our comprehensive enterprise risk management framework, our cybersecurity program is led by the Company’s Vice President and Chief Information Officer (“CIO”) and is overseen by the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”). The program includes the following processes, activities and resources to identify, assess, manage, and mitigate our cybersecurity threats:
• An IT security team responsible for managing our cybersecurity risk, assessment processes, security controls, and responses for security breaches and cyberattacks;
• A cyber incident response plan that provides controls and procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents and for timely and accurate reporting of any material cybersecurity incident;
• The use of external service providers , where appropriate, to assess, perform tabletop exercises, or otherwise assist with aspects of our security controls designed to anticipate cyberattacks and respond to breaches. Procedures include annual internal vulnerability scans and external penetration tests;
• Annual cybersecurity training for all employees to provide a better understanding of the issues and risks related to cybersecurity. We realize that cybersecurity is not just the job of the IT security team; the Company and all employees play a critical role in managing the risk;
• Periodic phishing testing and other exercises performed by our IT department to test our systems and reinforce the training provided to all colleagues to ensure our employees remain vigilant and compliant with expectations;
• Easy-to-use tools to report potential phishing emails; and
• A third-party cybersecurity risk management process for service providers, suppliers, and vendors performed throughout the year.
We have not identified any risks from known cybersecurity threats, including any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or
financial condition. For a discussion on the Company’s cybersecurity related risks, see "Risk Factors - We rely significantly on information technology and any inadequacy, interruption, theft or loss of data, malicious attack, integration failure, failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data residing on our systems or other security failure of that technology could harm our ability to effectively operate our business and damage the reputation of our brands" and "Risk Factors - Our business is subject to increasing government regulations in both the U.S. and abroad that could impose material costs" and other risk factors contained in Part 1, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Cybersecurity Governance
The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors is tasked with providing oversight of cybersecurity risk.
The Audit Committee receives regular briefings from the CIO regarding the Company’s cybersecurity program, cyber threats, and the results of exercises and response readiness assessments performed by outside advisors that assess our cybersecurity program and internal response preparedness, and to receive periodic briefings on cyber threats and our cybersecurity program. The full Board meets with the CIO at least annually to review the Company’s cybersecurity program.
Our CIO is responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats. The IT security team is led by our CIO, who has significant experience across information security, infrastructure, operations and compliance . The team has primary responsibility for our overall cybersecurity risk management program and oversees both our internal cybersecurity personnel and our retained external cybersecurity consultants.
Members of our executive leadership team, including our CFO and General Counsel, as well as the other members as needed, supervise efforts to identify, assess, manage and mitigate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, including briefings from internal personnel and other information obtained from governmental, public, or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us .
Energizer, through its operating subsidiaries, is a global diversified household products leader in batteries, auto care and portable lights. Energizer is one of the world’s largest manufacturers, marketers and distributors of household and specialty batteries; automotive appearance, performance, refrigerant and freshener products; and portable lights. Information about our recent acquisitions can be found in the MD&A and Note 4 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Energizer is the beneficiary of over 100 years of expertise in the battery and portable lighting products industries and is recognized worldwide for innovation, quality and dependability across its brands which include Energizer®, Eveready® and Rayovac® brands which are marketed and sold around the world.
Energizer's shares of common stock are traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "ENR."
We use the Energizer name and logo as our trademark as well as those of our subsidiaries. Product names appearing throughout are trademarks of Energizer. This section also may refer to brand names, trademarks, service marks and trade names of other companies and organizations, and these brand names, trademarks, service marks and trade names are the property of their respective owners.
Unless indicated otherwise, the information concerning our industry contained in this Annual Report is based on Energizer’s general knowledge of and expectations concerning the industry. Energizer’s market position, market share and industry market size are based on estimates using Energizer’s internal data and estimates, based on data from various industry analyses, its internal research and adjustments and assumptions that it believes to be reasonable. Energizer has not independently verified data from industry analyses and cannot guarantee their accuracy or completeness. In addition, Energizer believes that data regarding the industry, market size and its market position and market share within such industry provide general guidance but are inherently imprecise. Further, Energizer’s estimates and assumptions involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed in the “Risk Factors” section. These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates and assumptions.
Narrative Description of the Business
Our Products
Energizer offers household batteries including primary, rechargeable, specialty and hearing aid using many technologies including lithium, alkaline, carbon zinc, nickel metal hydride, zinc air, and silver oxide. These products are sold globally under the Energizer, Eveready and Rayovac brands, including hearing aid batteries, and the Varta® brand in Latin America and Asia Pacific. Our portfolio spans the performance, premium and price segments.
In addition, we offer auto care products in the appearance, fragrance, performance, and air conditioning recharge product categories. The appearance and fragrance categories include protectants, wipes, tire and wheel care products, glass cleaners, leather care products, air fresheners and washes designed to clean, shine, refresh, disinfect and protect interior and exterior automobile surfaces under the brand names Armor All®, Nu Finish®, Refresh Your Car!®, LEXOL®, Eagle One®, NEVR-DULL®, California Scents®, Driven®, Bahama & Co®, Carnu®, Grand Prix®, Kit®, Tempo® and Centralsul®.
The performance product category includes STP®-branded fuel and oil additives, functional fluids and other performance chemical products that benefit from a rich heritage in the car enthusiast and racing scenes, characterized by a commitment to technology, performance and motor sports partnerships for over 60 years. The brand equity of STP also provides for attractive licensing opportunities that augment our presence in our core performance categories.
The air conditioning recharge product category includes do-it-yourself automotive air conditioning recharge products led by the A/C PRO® brand name, along with other refrigerant and recharge kits, sealants and accessories.
In addition, we offer an extensive line of lighting products designed to meet a variety of consumer needs. We distribute and market lighting products including handheld, headlights, lanterns, and area lights. In addition to the Energizer, Eveready and Rayovac brands, we market our flashlights under the Hard Case®, Dolphin®, and WeatherReady® sub-brands. In addition to batteries and portable lights, Energizer licenses the Energizer, Eveready and Rayovac brands to companies developing consumer solutions in solar, automotive batteries, portable power for critical devices (like smart phones), generators, power tools, household light bulbs and other lighting products.
Additional information about our products can be found in MD&A in Part II, Item 7 of this Report, and Note 3, Revenue, to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Our Industry
We are a branded manufacturing and distribution company that markets and sells in the battery, auto care and portable lights categories. These categories are highly competitive, both in the U.S. and on a global basis. We invest in our brands and innovation to meet the needs of consumers, and with our large global footprint, we both manufacture and source our products. Competition within our categories is based upon brand perceptions, product performance, price, retail execution and customer service. Key drivers of the battery business are device usage, consumer demographics and disasters and key drivers for the auto care business are size and age of car parc and miles driven. Competition in this category remains aggressive in the U.S. and other markets and could continue to put additional pressure on our results going forward, particularly as consumers shift consumption between channels such as e-commerce, discounters and private label brands.
Sales and Distribution
We distribute our products to consumers through numerous retail locations worldwide, including mass merchandisers and warehouse clubs, food, drug and convenience stores, electronics specialty stores and department stores, hardware and automotive centers, e-commerce and military stores. In addition to retail locations, we also distribute our products via “business to business” sales, including sales to original equipment manufacturers as well as industrial, medical, office, and hearing aid distributors. Although a large percentage of our sales are attributable to a relatively small number of retail customers, in fiscal year 2025, only Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. accounted for ten percent or more (12.8%) of the Company's annual sales.
Our products are marketed primarily through a direct sales force, but also through exclusive and non-exclusive distributors and wholesalers. Our products are sold through both “modern” and “traditional” trade. “Modern” trade, which is most prevalent in North America, Western Europe, and more developed economies throughout the world, generally refers to sales through large retailers with nationally or regionally recognized brands. “Traditional” trade, which is more common in developing markets in Latin America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa, generally refers to sales by wholesalers or small retailers who may not have a national or regional presence.
Additional information can be found in the MD&A and Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 3, Revenue, of our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Sources and Availability of Raw Materials
The principal raw materials used by Energizer in the production of batteries and lighting products include electrolytic manganese dioxide, zinc, silver, nickel, lithium, graphite, steel, plastic, brass wire, and potassium hydroxide. The principal raw materials used by auto care are refrigerant R-134a, plastic, silicone, steel and aluminum. The prices and availability of these raw materials have fluctuated over time and are susceptible to currency fluctuations and price fluctuations due to supply and demand, transportation, government regulations, price controls, tariffs, economic climate, or other unforeseen circumstances like force majeure. We believe that adequate supplies of most raw materials and component parts required for all of our operations are available at the present time, although we cannot predict their future availability or prices. Our raw materials and component parts are generally available from a number of different sources. We continue to work to qualify additional sources to ensure continuity and resiliency of supply for these items. We believe we have extensive experience in purchasing raw materials in the commodity markets. From time to time, our management has purchased materials or entered into forward commitments for raw materials to assure supply and to protect margins on anticipated sales volume.
Our Trademarks, Patents and Technology
Our ability to compete effectively in the battery, auto care and portable lights categories depends, in part, on our ability to protect our brands and maintain the proprietary nature of our technologies and manufacturing processes through a combination of trademark, patent and trade secret protection. We own thousands of Energizer, Rayovac, and Eveready trademarks globally, and license Varta trademarks, which we consider to be of substantial importance and which are used individually or in conjunction with other sub-brand names. The number of Energizer, Rayovac, Eveready, Energizer Bunny, and Mr. Energizer trademarks, including related designs, slogans and sub-brands, is currently over 2,900 worldwide.
In our auto care business, we also have the Refresh Your Car!®, California Scents®, Driven®, Bahama & Co.®, LEXOL®, Eagle One®, NEVR-DULL®, Armor All®, STP®, Tuff Stuff®, Kent Car Care®, A/C Pro® and the Nu Finish® trademarks, and we recently expanded our portfolio in Latin America to add the Carnu®, Grand Prix®, Kit®, Tempo® and Centralsul® trademarks. The number of trademarks making up the total of the auto care trademark portfolio globally, including related designs, slogans, and sub-brands, is over 1,900 worldwide.
We also own a number of patents, patent applications and other technology that relate primarily to battery, automotive fragrance, performance and appearance products and portable lights, which we believe are significant to our business.
Seasonality
Sales and operating profit for our business tends to be seasonal, with increased purchases by consumers and increases in retailer inventories occurring for batteries in preparation for and during our fiscal first quarter and for automotive fragrance, appearance, performance and air conditioning recharge products during our fiscal third and fourth quarters. In addition, natural disasters such as hurricanes can create conditions that drive short-term increases in the need for portable power and lighting products and thereby increase our battery and flashlight sales. As a result of this seasonality, our inventory and working capital needs fluctuate throughout the year.
Human Capital Resources
Purpose and Culture
Energizer is driven by our purpose to responsibly create products to make lives easier and more enjoyable, and we take very seriously our responsibility to foster an environment where people feel a sense of belonging, feel listened to, are included in discussions, and are valued for their contributions. We are committed to providing fulfilling careers and development opportunities for our colleagues at all levels and supporting their well-being at work and at home. By living our culture of winning together, while serving each other, with a willingness to act boldly, all while doing right, we drive an atmosphere in which colleagues can feel proud to work for Energizer. We believe our culture is the foundation for everything we do and is essential to fulfilling our mission of being the leader in our categories by better serving consumers and customers and is founded on the following values:
• We Win Together . We relentlessly pursue our goals. We celebrate and move to the next challenge. We act with urgency because windows of opportunity close quickly. We are focused on results.
• While Serving Each Other . We care for others’ success as much as we do our own. We challenge respectfully to drive better outcomes and work collectively across functions, levels and geographies to achieve our goals.
• With A Willingness to Act Boldly . We push forward rather than leaning back. We take chances, have a bias for action and go all in to achieve our goals. Even if we fail, we fail together. We are transparent, we learn from it, and we are better for it. We are fearlessly determined.
• All While Doing Right . We bring out the best in each other to bring the best to our consumers and customers. We are vulnerable and trust each other with our imperfections.
Employees
As of September 30, 2025, we had approximately 6,050 employees located across 34 countries, including approximately 1,690 employees based in North America; 1,860 employees in Asia Pacific; 1,800 employees in Europe, the Middle East and Africa; and 700 employees in Latin America. Approximately 32 employees located in the U.S. are unionized, primarily at our Marietta, Ohio facility as of the date of this report. We consider our employee relations to be good.
We also conduct an annual Global Colleague Engagement survey. We review the results of this survey, track the results year over year, and also take action to address areas that need improvement.
Governance
Energizer believes that strong governance principles, policies and practices contribute to better results for our shareholders. We are proud to have an independent Board of Directors with a broad range of perspectives, skills, backgrounds and experience to help chart the course of our global company.
The Human Capital Committee oversees company policies and practices related to human capital management, including those related to our culture and belonging efforts, and rewards and compensation programs. Under the leadership of our Chief Executive Officer, our Chief Administrative Officer is responsible for developing and executing key aspects of our human capital strategy, including the attraction, development, retention, and engagement of talent to deliver on the Company’s strategy and the design of competitive compensation and employee benefit programs.
Talent Acquisition, Development and Training
Our recruitment strategies are designed to ensure a robust pipeline of candidates to meet the needs of our business today and in the future. We continually assess our talent guidelines and decisions as part of our efforts to ensure fair and objective hiring practices.
Engaged, driven and productive colleagues are essential to achieving growth. All Energizer colleagues participate in annual training focused on topics related to ethics, compliance and belonging.
For salaried colleagues, we offer a platform featuring over 25,000 online courses from digital skills to business acumen and leadership skills, along with an online competency model library and supporting training resources. Colleagues may also receive specific skills-based training within their function so they can understand and master necessary job skills and requirements and have access to developmental opportunities. We also encourage career development through individual development planning, mentoring programs, team effectiveness workshops, project and change management training, and leadership development programs.
For hourly colleagues, we conduct annual safety, health, and environmental training as well as equipment and other job-relevant training. Colleagues are encouraged to communicate their career interests to their manager and also have access to our career center to view available positions.
Compensation and Benefits
Our primary compensation strategy is to “pay for performance” on both a long-term and annual basis, which helps drive a mindset of accountability and productivity and aligns the interests of our colleagues with our shareholders. Our compensation guiding principles are to structure compensation that is simple, aligned and balanced. We believe our compensation guiding principles are strongly aligned with our corporate strategic priorities and our vision for shareholder value creation.
We deliver competitive total rewards packages for our colleagues, which vary based on market practices. As part of our commitment to fair pay, we strive to be externally competitive while keeping in mind internal equity across our organization. Pay for performance is our fundamental reward philosophy. We reward and recognize both individual and team results relative to our business goals and commitment to shareholders, as well as behaviors that align with our culture statement. We conduct global pay equity assessments and compensation reviews. We strive to ensure fair pay in our hiring practices, performance reviews and promotional guidelines.
Workplace Safety
In an effort to ensure our colleagues have a safe workplace, Energizer maintains a global safety, health, and environmental affairs (“SHEA”) policy. Because providing products and services to our customers with zero harm to people and the environment is our goal, we require all colleagues and contractors at our plants and manufacturing facilities to understand and follow our global SHEA policy, and we retrain them on this policy annually. Each facility also maintains additional safety policies, measures and procedures specific to its individual needs. In addition, our facilities incorporate the usage of jurisdictional (country and region/state) regulations, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) regulations, and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (“ACGIH”) threshold limit values, thus contributing to the decrease of hazard exposure and creating a safer, more comfortable environment for all colleagues. Our occupational health and safety management system is aimed at addressing three key components of safety:
• Identifying the root cause of health and safety hazards in our operations
• Assessing risks associated with all hazards or conditions identified
• Eliminating and / or mitigating risks associated with known hazards and conditions
The program establishes minimum requirements for enterprise-wide safety, environmental and Department of Transportation loss-prevention activities. It contributes to our compliance with applicable safety and environmental-related laws, rules and regulations. It aligns with national and international SHEA standards such as American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z-10 and ISO 45001 and provides a framework for SHEA elements.
Community
Energizer believes in supporting the communities where we live, work and play. Many of our colleagues are highly active with charities of their own choosing, and the Energizer Giving Foundation enables them to make a greater difference by matching their contributions dollar-for-dollar. Energizer also supports Feed the Children and disaster-relief efforts through our partnership with Red Cross. Since 2016, Energizer has donat ed more than 23 million batteries and portable lighting products in North America alone.
The World Health Organization celebrates World Hearing Day every March to raise awareness of hearing loss, encourage individuals to recognize the signs of hearing loss in themselves or loved ones and advocate for audiology checkups. In support of this effort, Rayovac promotes an online hub of information and articles for consumers to raise awareness of the seriousness and importance of hearing loss, and help people to recognize their own hearing loss, or recognize the symptoms in a loved one – prompting them to get a checkup.
Energizer takes seriously our responsibility to support communities in need during times of crisis and disaster. Throughout the last year, we responded to natural disasters across the globe with product donations.
Relevant Company Policies
Energizer’s policies in support of the topics discussed in this section, including the Equal Employment Opportunity Policy; Social Policy (Human Rights and Labor Rights); and Safety, Health, and Environmental Policy can be found in the Policies section of the Energizer website.
Governmental Regulations and Environmental Matters
Our operations, including the manufacture, packaging, labeling, storage, distribution, advertising and sale of our products, are subject to various federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations, including those intended to protect public health and the environment. In the U.S. many of our products are regulated by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Environmental Protection Agency, and by the Federal Trade Commission with respect to advertising. Similar regulations have been adopted by authorities in foreign countries where we sell our products, and by state and local authorities in the U.S. We are also subject to extended producer responsibility (EPR) fees regarding the recycling of batteries and packaging; regulations regarding transportation, storage or use of certain chemicals to protect the environment; and regulations in other related areas, such as sustainability, including the European Union Batteries Regulation and updates to EU REACH, the EU Detergents Regulation, the EU General Product Safety Regulation, and Classification, Labeling, and Packaging (CLP) laws. In order to conduct our operations in compliance with these laws and regulations we must obtain and maintain numerous permits, approvals and certificates from various federal, foreign, state and local governmental authorities.
In recent years, refrigerants such as R-134a, which is a critical component of our auto care business’ after market A/C products, have become the subject of regulatory focus due to their potential to contribute to global warming. The EU has passed regulations that essentially phased out of R-134a in automotive cooling systems in new vehicles by 2017. Canada has also implemented similar regulations, phasing into effect beginning in 2021. The United States passed the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act (AIM Act) in 2020, which also regulates refrigerants, and individual states are also regulating the sale and distribution of products containing R-134a and state limitations on PFAs often include blanket restrictions on refrigerants. In addition, federal and state regulations may also be enacted governing the packing, use and disposal of our auto care business' products containing refrigerants.
The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA") prohibits bribery of public officials to obtain or retain business in foreign jurisdictions and requires us to keep accurate books and records and to maintain internal accounting controls to detect and prevent bribery and to ensure that transactions are properly authorized. We are also subject to similar or even more restrictive anti-corruption laws imposed by the governments of other countries where we do business, including the UK Bribery Act of 2010 and the Brazil Clean Company Act. We make sales and operate in countries known to experience corruption that are rated as high-risk nations. Our business activities in such countries create the risk of unauthorized conduct by one or more of our employees, customs brokers, freight forwarders, distributors, or intermediaries that could be in violation of various laws including the FCPA or similar local regulations.
Our business is subject to competition laws in the various jurisdictions where we operate, including the Sherman Antitrust Act and related federal and state antitrust laws in the U.S. These laws and regulations generally prohibit competitors from fixing prices, boycotting competitors, or engaging in other conduct that unreasonably restrains competition. In many jurisdictions, compliance with these competition laws is of special importance to us, and our operations may come under special scrutiny by competition law authorities, due to our competitive position in those jurisdictions.
The Company is also required to comply with increasingly complex and changing laws and regulations enacted to protect business and personal data in the United States and other jurisdictions regarding privacy, data protection and data security, including those related to the collection, storage, use, transmission and protection of personal information and other consumer, customer, vendor or employee data. Such privacy and data protection laws and regulations, including with respect to the European Union's GDPR, the Brazilian Data Protection Law, and the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (CCPA), and the interpretation and enforcement of such laws and regulations, are continuously developing and evolving and there is significant uncertainty with respect to how compliance with these laws and regulations may evolve and the costs and complexity of future compliance.
We also must comply with various environmental laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including those relating to the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes, recycling of batteries and packaging, the remediation of contamination associated with the use and disposal of hazardous substances, chemicals in products and product safety. We are currently involved in or have potential liability with respect to the remediation of past contamination in the operation of some of our current and former manufacturing facilities. In addition, some of our present and former facilities have or had been in operation for many years and, over that time, some of those facilities may have used substances or generated and disposed of wastes that are considered hazardous. It is possible that those sites, as well as disposal sites owned by third parties to whom we have sent waste, may be identified and become the subject of remediation. We could also become subject to additional environmental liabilities in the future, whether as a result of new laws and regulations or otherwise, which could result in a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
For additional information on the laws and regulations that apply to our business, see MD&A and Note 21, Environmental and Regulatory, to our Consolidated Financial Statements. For a discussion of the risks associated with these laws and regulations, see Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors."
Available Information
Energizer regularly files periodic reports with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 10-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, as well as, from time to time, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports. The SEC maintains an Internet site containing these reports, and proxy and information statements, at www.sec.gov. These filings are also available free of charge on Energizer's website, at www.energizerholdings.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after their electronic filing with the SEC. Information on Energizer's website does not constitute part of this Form 10-K.
Item 1A. Risk Factors .
In the course of conducting our business operations, we are exposed to a variety of risks, some of which are inherent in our industry and others of which are more specific to our own businesses. The discussion below addresses the material factors, of which we are currently aware, that could affect, and in certain cases have affected, our businesses, results of operations and financial condition and make an investment in the Company speculative or risky.
Additional factors that could affect our businesses, results of operations and financial condition are discussed in Forward-Looking Statements in MD&A. However, other factors not discussed below or elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K could also adversely affect our businesses, results of operations and financial condition. Therefore, the risk factors below should not be considered a complete list of potential risks that we may face.
Any risk factor described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any of our other SEC filings could by itself, or together with other factors, materially adversely affect our liquidity, competitive position, business, reputation, results of operations, capital position or financial condition, including by materially increasing our expenses or decreasing our revenues, which could result in material losses. Investors should not interpret the disclosure of a risk to imply that the risk has not already materialized.
Economic, Competitive and Industry Risks
Global economic and financial market conditions beyond our control might materially and negatively impact us.
General economic factors beyond our control could adversely affect our business and results of operations. These factors include, but are not limited to, tariffs, recent supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, wage pressures, ongoing elevated
levels of inflation and potential economic slowdown, regulatory changes, as well as input costs including fuel and energy costs (for example, the price of gasoline), foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, and other matters that influence consumer spending and preferences.
In addition, geopolitical instability, including the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, as well as other global events have significantly increased global macroeconomic uncertainty and volatility. In response to unfavorable economic conditions, there has been and, in the future, could be a reduction in discretionary spending, which may lead to reduced net sales or cause a shift in our product mix from higher-margin to lower-margin product offerings or a shift of purchasing patterns to lower cost options such as “private label” brands sold by retail chains or price brands. This shift could drive the market towards lower margin products or force us to reduce prices for our products in order to compete. Similarly, our retailer customers could reduce their inventories, shift to different products or require us to lower our prices to retain the shelf placement of our products. Conversely, rapid increases in demand due to improving economic conditions could lead to supply chain challenges.
Global markets continued to face threats and uncertainty during fiscal year 2025. Uncertain economic and financial market conditions, including relating to the results of elections, may also adversely affect the financial condition of our customers, suppliers and other business partners. Any significant decrease in customers’ purchases of our products or our inability to collect accounts receivable resulting from an adverse impact of the global markets on customers’ financial condition could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, disruptions in financial markets could reduce our access to debt and equity capital markets, negatively affecting our ability to implement our business strategy.
Competition in our product categories might hinder our ability to execute our business strategy, achieveprofitability, or maintain relationships with existing customers.
We face intense competition from consumer product companies both in the U.S. and in global markets. Most of our products compete with other widely advertised, promoted and merchandised brands as well as private label products within each product category. The categories in which we operate are mature and highly competitive, with a mix of large, small, and private label manufacturers competing for consumer acceptance, limited retail shelf space and e-commerce opportunities. Because of the highly competitive environment in which we operate, our customers, including online retailers, frequently seek to obtain pricing concessions or better trade terms and are increasingly offering private label brands, resulting in either a reduction of our margins or the loss of distribution to lower-cost competitors.
Competition in our product categories is based upon brand perceptions, innovation, product performance, customer service and price. Our ability to compete effectively is, and in the future could be, affected by a number of factors, including:
• Certain of our competitors have substantially greater financial, marketing, research and development, and other resources and greater market share in certain segments than we do, which could provide them with greater scale and negotiating leverage with retailers and suppliers and more willingness to accept a lower margin rate. These competitors may be able to spend more aggressively on advertising and promotional activities, introduce competing products more quickly, adopt new technology, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, more quickly and successfully and respond more effectively to changing business and economic conditions than we can.
• Our competitors may have lower production, sales and distribution costs, and higher profit margins.
• Our competitors have obtained, and may in the future be able to obtain, exclusivity or sole source at particular retailers or favorable in-store placement.
• We may lose market share to certain retailers, including club stores, grocery, dollar stores, mass merchandisers and internet-based retailers, which may offer private label brands that are typically sold at lower prices and compete with our products in certain categories.
Changes in the retail environment and consumer preferences could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our sales have historically been weighted toward the traditional retail grocery, mass retail outlet, warehouse club and dollar store channels. Alternative retail channels, including hard discounters and the online channel, have become more prevalent, and retailers are increasingly selling consumer products through such channels. In addition, alternative sales channels and business models, such as private label and store brands, direct-to-consumer brands and channels and discounter channels continue to evolve. In particular, the growing presence of, and increasing sales through, the online channel have affected, and may continue to affect, consumer preferences (as consumers increasingly shop online) and market dynamics, including any
pricing pressures for consumer goods as retailers face added costs to build their e-commerce capacity. Although we are engaged in e-commerce with respect to many of our products, if we are not successful in responding to these competitive factors, changing consumer preferences and market dynamics or expanding sales through evolving sales channels, especially the online channel, hard discounters and other alternative retail channels, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be negatively impacted.
Loss or impairment of the reputation of our Company or our leading brands or failure of our marketing plans could have an adverse effect on our business.
We depend on the continuing reputation and success of our brands. Maintaining a strong reputation with consumers, customers, suppliers and other third-party partners is critical to the success of our business. Negative publicity about us or our brands, including product safety, quality, efficacy, environmental impacts (including packaging, energy and water use, matters related to climate and waste management) and other sustainability or similar issues, whether real or perceived, could occur and could be widely and rapidly disseminated, including through the use of social media or network sites. Increased consumer engagement and the widespread use of social media and networking sites by consumers has greatly increased the accessibility and speed of dissemination of information (whether accurate or inaccurate). Our operating results could be adversely affected if any of our brands suffersdamage to their reputation due to real or perceived issues. Any damage to our brands could impair our ability to charge premium prices for our products, resulting in the reduction of our margins or losses of distribution to lower price competitors, or may require us to record impairments of intangible assets, including trademarks or goodwill, and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The success of our brands can suffer if our marketing plans or new product offerings do not improve, or have a negative impact on, our brands’ image or ability to attract and retain consumers. Additionally, if claims made in our marketing campaigns subject us to claims and litigationallegingfalse advertising, which is common in some categories in our industry, such claims and litigation could damage our brand or cause us to alter our marketing plans in ways that may materially and adversely affect sales, or result in the imposition of significant damagesagainst us. In addition, our products could face quality or safety issues, which could result in our withdrawing or recalling the product from the marketplace and may lead to decreased demand for, and sales of, such products and harm the reputation of the related brands. We also license certain of our brands to third parties, and such licenses and partnerships may create additional exposure for those brands to product safety, quality, sustainability and other concerns.
Loss of any of our principal customers could significantly decrease our sales and profitability.
A large percentage of our sales are attributable to a relatively small number of retail customers, and we may continue to derive a significant portion of our future revenues from a small number of customers. Additionally, with the growing trend towards retailer consolidation, both in the U.S. and internationally, the rapid growth of e-commerce and the integration of traditional and digital operations at key retailers, we are increasingly dependent on certain retailers. As a result, changes in the strategies or demands of our largest customers, including a reduction in the number of brands they carry, a shift of shelf space to private label or competitors’ products or a decision to lower pricing of consumer products, including branded products, may negatively impact our net sales or margins, and reduce our ability to offer new, innovative products to consumers. In addition, the use of the latest pricing technology by our customers may lead to category pricing pressures. Consistent with the ongoing variability in information technology systems industry-wide, our IT platforms may not be fully compatible at all times with those used by our customers and we may not be able to respond to customer data or technology demands. Furthermore, these large, consolidated companies could also exert additional competitive pressure on our other customers, which could in turn lead to similar demands on us. If we cease doing business with a significant customer or if we experience a significant reduction in net sales to a key customer, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Customers could reduce their purchasing levels or cease buying products from us at any time and for any reason. If we do not effectively respond to the demands of our customers, they could decrease their purchases from us, causing our net sales and net earnings to decline.
Our ability to meet our growth targets depends on successful product, marketing and operations innovation and successful responses to competitive innovation and changing consumer habits.
A large percentage of our revenues comes from mature markets that are subject to high levels of competition. Achieving our business results depends, in part, on successfully developing, introducing and marketing new products and on making significant improvements to our equipment and manufacturing processes. The successful development and introduction of new products requires retail and consumer acceptance and overcoming the reaction from competitors. New product introductions in categories where we have existing products will likely also reduce the sales of our existing products. Our investments in research and development may not result in successful products or innovation that will recover the costs of such investments. Our customers or consumers may not purchase our new products once introduced. Additionally, new products
could require regulatory approval which may not be available or may require modification to the product which could impact the production process and the timely introduction of the products. Our competitors may introduce new or enhanced products that outperform ours, or develop manufacturing technology that permits them to manufacture at a lower cost relative to ours and sell at a lower price. If we fail to develop and launch successful new products or fail to reduce our cost structure to a competitive level, we may be unable to grow our business and compete successfully.
We must also successfully respond to technological advances made by, and intellectual property rights granted to, competitors. Failure to continually innovate, improve and respond to competitive moves and changing consumer habits could compromise our competitive position and adversely impact our results. With respect to the battery category, we have been assessing volume and device trends over the last several years, and although baseline emerging device and demographic trends combined with the stabilization of the device universe lead us to believe the long term outlook for category volume will be flat to slightly positive, there is no assurance this trend will continue. An increasing number of devices are using built-in battery systems, such as rechargeable hearing aids and portable lights, particularly in developed markets, leading to potential declining volume trend in the battery and lights categories. Additionally, there could be a negative impact on the demand for primary batteries and could put additional pressure on results going forward, both directly through reduced consumption and indirectly as manufacturers aggressively price and promote their products to seek to retain market share or gain battery shelf space.
Our business also depends on our ability to continue to manufacture our existing products to meet the applicable product performance claims. Any decline in these standards or change in the requirements or testing could result in the loss of business and negatively impact our performance and financial results. Finally, our ability to maintain favorable margins on our products requires us to manage our manufacturing and other production costs relative to our prices. We may not be able to increase our prices in response to production cost increases, which would decrease our profit margins and negatively impact our business and financial results.
We have implemented price increases in the past and may implement price increases in the future, which may slow sales growth or create volume declines in the short term as customers and consumers adjust to these price increases. In addition, our competitors may or may not take competitive actions, which may lead to sales declines and loss of market share. If we are unable to increase market share in existing product lines, develop product innovations, undertake sales, marketing and advertising initiatives that grow our product categories or develop, acquire or successfully launch new products or brands, we may not achieve our sales growth objectives. Furthermore, a general decline in the markets for certain product categories has had and may in the future have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operation. In addition, changes to the mix of products that we sell, as well as the mix of countries in which we sell our products, may adversely impact our net sales, profitability and cash flow.
We are subject to risks related to our international operations, including tariffs and currency fluctuations, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
We currently conduct our business on a worldwide basis, with approximately 40% of our sales in fiscal year 2025 arising from foreign countries, and a significant portion of our production capacity and cash is located overseas. Consequently, we are subject to a number of risks associated with doing business in foreign countries, including:
• unfavorable and uncertain macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions and potential operational or supply chain disruptions as a result of these developments;
• legal and regulatory constraints, including the imposition of tariffs, trade restrictions or sanctions, price, profit or other government controls, labor laws, immigration restrictions, travel restrictions, including as a result of outbreaks of infectious diseases, import and export laws or other government actions generating a negative impact on our business, including changes in trade policies that may be implemented;
• political or economic instability, labor disputes, government corruption and civil unrest, including political or economic instability in the countries of the Eurozone, Egypt, Russia, the Middle East and certain markets in Latin America;
• potential disruption from wars and military conflicts;
• price controls and related government actions;
• the possibility of nationalization of business or industries, expropriation, confiscatory taxation or other similar government action;
• the inability to repatriate foreign-based cash for strategic needs in the U.S., either at all or without incurring significant income tax and earnings consequences, as well as the heightened counterparty, internal control and country-specific risks associated with holding cash overseas;
• the effect of foreign income taxes, value-added taxes and withholding taxes, including the inability to recover amounts owed to us by a government authority without extended proceedings or at all;
• the effect of the U.S. tax treatment of foreign source income and losses, and other restrictions on the flow of capital between countries;
• adverse changes in local investment, local employment, local training or exchange control regulations;
• currency fluctuations, including the impact of highly inflationary conditions in certain economies, particularly where exchange controls limit or eliminate our ability to convert from local currency;
• difficulties in hiring and retaining qualified employees;
• employment litigation related to employees, contractors and suppliers, particularly in Latin America and Europe;
• difficulties in obtaining or unavailability of raw materials;
• difficulty in enforcing contractual and intellectual property rights;
• lack of well-established or reliable, and impartial legal systems in certain countries where we operate;
• challenges relating to enforcement of or compliance with local laws and regulations and with U.S. laws affecting operations outside of the U.S., including without limitation, the U.S. FCPA; and
• risks related to natural disasters, terrorism, social unrest and other events beyond our control.
There is currently significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the U.S. and various other countries with respect to trade policies, treaties, and tariffs. Recently, the U.S. government imposed significant tariffs impacting a wide variety of goods across multiple countries and additional tariffs may be imposed in the future. The extent and duration of the tariffs, as well as any measures taken by other countries in response, and the resulting impact on general economic conditions on our business are uncertain and depend on various factors and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.
We are also exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risks with respect to our net sales, net earnings and cash flow driven by movements of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies. A weakening of the currencies in which sales are denominated relative to the currencies in which costs are denominated would decrease net earnings and cash flow, and our foreign currency hedges only offset a portion of our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations, including devaluations. Foreign currency fluctuations also may affect our ability to achieve sales growth. A weakening of foreign currencies in which we generate sales relative to the U.S. dollar would decrease our net sales. Accordingly, our reported net earnings may be negatively affected by changes in foreign exchange rates.
We must successfully manage the demand, supply, and operational challenges brought about by any disease outbreak, including epidemics, pandemics, or similar widespread public health concerns.
Our operations are impacted by consumer spending levels, impulse purchases, the availability of our products to retailers and our ability to manufacture, store and distribute products to our customers and consumers in an effective and efficient manner. The fear of exposure to, or the actual effects of, a disease outbreak or similar widespread public health concern, could negatively impact our overall business, financial position and financial results. These impacts may include, but are not limited to:
▪ Significant reductions, shifts or fluctuations in demand for one or more of our products;
▪ Inability to meet our customers’ needs due to disruptions in our manufacturing and supply chain arrangements caused by the loss or disruption of essential manufacturing and supply chain elements. In addition, we may incur higher costs for transportation, workforce and distribution capability in order to maintain the surety of supplying product to our customers;
▪ Failure of third parties upon which we rely, including our suppliers, contract manufacturers, distributors, contractors and commercial banks, to meet their obligations to us in a timely manner; and
▪ Significant changes in the political and regulatory landscape in the markets in which we manufacture, sell or distribute our products, which may include, but are not limited to, restrictions on international trade, governmental or regulatory actions, closures or other restrictions that limit or suspend our or our third-party partners' or customers' operating and/or manufacturing capabilities, including operations necessary for the production, distribution, sale, and support of our products, which could adversely impact our results.
If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights, competitors may manufacture and market similar products, which could adversely affect our market share and results of operations.
The vast majority of our total revenues are from products bearing proprietary trademarks. In addition, we own or license a number of patents, patent applications and other technology. We rely on trademark, trade secret, patent and copyright laws to protect our intellectual property rights and goodwill. We cannot be certain that we will be able to effectively utilize these intellectual property rights or that we can successfully assert or defend these rights. There is a risk that we will not be able to obtain, perfect, enforce or maintain our own intellectual property rights or, where appropriate, license intellectual property rights necessary to support new product introductions. In addition, even if we can protect such rights in the United
States, the laws of some other countries in which we sell our products may not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. It is also possible that our brands may not be available for use in certain countries due to prior third-party rights, thereby limiting expansion of our brands. If other parties infringe our intellectual property rights, they may dilute or diminish the value of our brands and products in the marketplace, which could diminish the value that consumers associate with our brands and harm our net sales. The failure to perfect, enforce and adequately protect our intellectual property rights could make us less competitive and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We also license certain of our brands to third parties. These licensees’ actions or inaction may dilute or diminish the value of our brands and products in the marketplace or create additional exposure to litigation, investigations, disputes or other proceedings, as well as product safety, quality, sustainability and other concerns.
We cannot be certain that our intellectual property rights will not be invalidated, circumvented or challenged in the future, and we could incur significant costs in connection with legal actions relating to such rights. As patents expire, we could face increased competition, which could negatively impact our operating results. Additionally, a finding that we have violated the trademark, trade secret, copyright, patent or other intellectual property rights of others, directly or indirectly, through the use of third-party marks, ideas or technologies, could result in the need to cease use of such trademark, trade secret, copyrighted work or patented invention in our business, and pay a substantial amount for past infringement. If holders are willing to permit us to continue to use such intellectual property rights, they could require a payment of a substantial amount for continued use of those rights. Either ceasing use or paying such amounts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, the use of generative artificial intelligence tools may compromise confidential or sensitive information, put our intellectual property at risk, or subject us to claims of intellectual property infringement, all of which could damage our reputation.
Operational and Technology Risks
Changes in production costs, including raw material prices and transportation costs, from tariffs, inflation or otherwise, have adversely affected, and in the future could erode, our profit margins and negatively impact operating results.
Pricing and availability of raw materials, energy, transportation and other services needed for our business can be volatile due to general economic conditions, tariffs, inflation, labor costs, production levels and import duties and other factors beyond our control. There is no certainty that we will be able to offset future cost increases. This volatility can significantly affect our production cost and may, therefore, have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Volatility, availability and increases in the cost of raw materials and transportation have negatively impacted, and may in the future negatively impact, the Company's results of operations. We believe commodity price and other cost increases and volatility could continue in the future. If such increases occur or exceed our estimates and we are not able to increase the prices of our products or achieve cost savings to offset such cost increases, our results of operation would be harmed. In addition, even if we increase the prices of our products in response to increases in the cost of commodities, transportation or other cost increases, we may not be able to sustain our price increases. Sustained price increases may lead to declines in volume as competitors may not adjust their prices or customers may decide not to pay the higher prices, which could lead to sales declines and loss of market share. Our projections may not accurately predict the volume impact of price increases, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our reliance on certain significant suppliers subjects us to numerous risks, including possible interruptions in supply, which could adversely affect our business.
Our ability to maintain consistent quality throughout our operations depends, in part, upon our ability to acquire certain products in sufficient quantities. Supply shortages for a particular component or material can delay production and thus delay shipments to customers and the realization of revenue associated with any products using that component. This has caused, and, in the future, could cause us to experience a reduction in sales, increased inventory levels and costs and could adversely affect relationships with existing and prospective customers. In some cases, we may have only one supplier for a product or service. Our dependence on single -source suppliers subjects us to the possible risks of shortages, interruptions and price fluctuations. Global economic factors, including tariffs, continue to put significant pressure on suppliers, all of which tends to make the supply environment more expensive. If any of these vendors are unable to fulfill their obligations, and we are unable to find replacement suppliers during the supply disruption, we could encounter supply shortages and/or increased costs to secure adequate supplies, either of which could materially harm our business.
Our business is vulnerable to the availability of raw materials, as well as our ability to forecast customer demand and manage production capacity.
Our ability to meet customer demand depends, in part, on our production capacity and on obtaining timely and adequate delivery of materials, parts and components from our suppliers. From time to time, suppliers may extend lead times, limit the volumes supplied to us or increase prices due to capacity constraints or other factors. Supply disruptions may also occur due to shortages of critical materials. In addition, some of our raw materials are obtained from a single supplier and we may experience supply shortages if the single-source supplier experiences quality issues, volume constraints, or shipping delays. Many of our suppliers must undertake a time-consuming qualification process before we can incorporate their raw materials into our production process. If we are unable to obtain materials from a qualified supplier, it can take up to a year to qualify a new supplier, assuming an alternative source of supply is available. Our raw materials and component parts are also susceptible to currency fluctuations and price fluctuations due to supply and demand, transportation, government regulations, price controls, tariffs, economic climate, or other unforeseen circumstances. A reduction or interruption in supplies or a significant increase in the price of one or more supplies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. From time to time, we have experienced reductions or disruptions in our production capacity or our production supplies that have delayed, and in the future may delay, the fulfillment of customer orders and otherwise negatively impact our business and reputation.
We must accurately forecast both the demand for our products and the lead times required to obtain the necessary components and materials. If we overestimate demand, we may experience underutilized capacity and excess inventory levels. If we underestimate demand, we may miss delivery deadlines or sales opportunities and incur additional costs for labor overtime, equipment overuse, and logistical complexities. Our forecasting must also account for sales of certain products that tend to experience seasonal sales fluctuations. As a result of this seasonality, our inventory and working capital needs fluctuate significantly throughout the year. Orders from retailers are often made late in the period preceding the applicable peak season, making forecasting of production schedules and inventory purchases difficult. The resulting constraints on our production process could reduce yields or interrupt production, and, as a result, we may not be able to deliver products on time or in a cost-effective, competitive manner. Our failure to adequately manage our forecasting and capacity could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Additionally, as a result of the desire of retailers to more closely manage inventory levels, there has been a growing trend among our customers to purchase products on a “just-in-time” basis. Due to factors such as manufacturing lead-times, availability of raw materials, seasonal purchasing patterns and the potential for material price increases, we may be required to shorten our lead-time for production and more closely anticipate our retailers’ and customers’ demands, which has previously caused us to, and in the future could require us to, carry additional inventories and increase our working capital and related financing requirements. This may increase the cost of warehousing inventory or result in excess inventory becoming difficult to manage, unusable or obsolete. In addition, if our retailers significantly change their inventory management strategies, we may encounter difficulties in filling customer orders, in liquidating excess inventories, or may experience customers cancelling or returning their orders, which may have a material adverse effect on our business.
The manufacturing facilities, supply channels or other business operations of the Company and our suppliers may be subject to disruption from events beyond our control.
Operations of the manufacturing and packaging facilities worldwide and corporate offices of the Company and our suppliers, and the methods we and our suppliers use to obtain supplies and to distribute our products, may be subject to disruption for a variety of reasons, including work stoppages, cyberattacks and other disruptions in information technology systems, demonstrations, disease outbreaks or pandemics, acts of war or conflicts, terrorism, fire, earthquakes, flooding or other natural disasters, disruptions in logistics, loss or impairment of key manufacturing sites, supplier capacity constraints, raw material and product quality or safety issues, industrial accidents or other occupational health and safety issues, availability of raw materials, and other regulatory issues, including trade disputes between countries in which we have operations, such as the U.S. and China. There is also a possibility that third-party manufacturers, which produce a significant portion of certain of our products, could discontinue production with little or no notice, or experience financial problems or problems with product quality or timeliness of product delivery, resulting in manufacturing delays or disruptions, regulatory sanctions, product liability claims or consumer complaints. If a major disruption were to occur, it could result in delays in shipments of products to customers or suspension of operations. We maintain business interruption insurance to potentially mitigate the impact of business interruption, but such coverage may not be sufficient to offset the financial or reputational impact of an interruption.
Our future results may be affected by our operational execution, including our ability to achieve cost savings as a result of any current or future restructuring efforts.
Our financial results depend on the successful execution of our business operating plans. To operate more efficiently and control costs, we have entered into, and may in the future enter into, restructuring and cost reduction plans (including Project Momentum, our previously announced profit recovery program). Our ability to achieve the anticipated cost savings and other benefits from these initiatives within the expected time frame is subject to many estimates and assumptions and other factors that we may not be able to control. We may also incur significant charges related to restructuring plans, which would reduce our profitability in the periods such charges are incurred. Execution of any restructuring program also presents a number of significant risks, including:
• actual or perceived disruption of service or reduction in service standards to customers;
• the failure to preserve adequate internal controls as we restructure our general and administrative functions, including our information technology and financial reporting infrastructure;
• the failure to preserve supplier relationships and distribution, sales and other important relationships and to resolveconflicts that may arise;
• loss of sales as we reduce or eliminate staffing for non-core product lines;
• diversion of management attention from ongoing business activities; and
• failure to maintain employee morale and retain key employees while implementing benefit changes and reductions in the workforce.
Gaining additional efficiencies may become increasingly difficult over time. Our inability to generate anticipated cost savings, successfully implement our strategies or efficiently manage our supply chain and manufacturing processes has caused, and in the future could cause, our results of operations to suffer.
In addition, we are executing our digital transformation program that is focused on redefining our processes, implementing new tools and expanding our data to enhance connectivity along the value chain and enable us to make decisions faster. We also continue to seek to penetrate new markets and introduce new products and product innovations. We may fail to implement these goals and strategies or to achieve the desired results, and we may fail to achieve one or more of our financial goals for one or more of the relevant fiscal years.
If our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets become impaired, we will be required to record impairment charges, which may be significant.
We have a material amount of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets which are periodically evaluated for impairment in accordance with current accounting standards. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are initially recorded at fair value and not amortized, but are tested for impairment at least annually in the fourth quarter or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. Fair value for both goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets is determined based on a cash flow analysis. If the carrying values of the reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible assets exceed their fair value, the goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets are considered impaired. If current expectations for revenue growth rates, gross margin rates, operating expenses, and discount rates are not met, or other economic and financial market conditions change, we may be required in the future to record impairment of the carrying value of goodwill or other indefinite-lived intangible assets during the period in which any impairment is determined. Any such impairment charges could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. See Note 11, Goodwill and intangible assets for further information related to goodwill and the indefinite-lived intangible assets, and the indefinite-lived impairment charges recorded in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.
Sales of certain of our products are seasonal and adverse weather conditions during our peak selling seasons for certain auto care products could have a material adverse effect.
Sales of certain of our auto care products tend to be seasonal. Historically, consumer sales for certain auto care products typically have peaked during our third and fourth fiscal quarters due to customer seasonal purchasing patterns and the timing of promotional activities, with our sales historically peaking during the first six months of the calendar year in advance of this selling season. Purchases of our auto care products, especially our auto appearance and A/C recharge products, can be significantly impacted by unfavorable weather conditions during the summer period, and as a result we may suffer decreases in net sales if conditions are not favorable for use of our products. If adverse weather conditions persist during our third and fourth fiscal quarters when demand for auto care products typically peaks, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
We may use artificial intelligence in our business, which could result in reputational harm, competitive harm, and legal liability, and adversely affect our operations.
We may leverage artificial intelligence, including generative artificial intelligence and machine learning, in our operations and software programming. Our competitors or other third parties may incorporate artificial intelligence into their operational processes more quickly or more successfully than us, which could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, reputation and operations.
In addition, there are significant risks involved in developing and deploying artificial intelligence and there can be no assurance that the usage of artificial intelligence will be beneficial to our business, including our efficiency or profitability.
A failure of a key information technology system could adversely impact our ability to conduct business.
We rely extensively on information technology systems, including some that are managed by third-party service providers, in order to conduct business. These systems include, but are not limited to, programs and processes relating to internal and external communications, ordering and managing materials from suppliers, converting materials to finished products, shipping products to customers, processing transactions, summarizing and reporting results of operations, and complying with regulatory, legal or tax requirements. These information technology systems could be damaged or cease to function properly due to the poor performance or failure of third-party service providers, catastrophic events, power outages, security breaches, network outages, failed upgrades or other similar events. If our business continuity plans do not effectively resolve such issues on a timely basis, we may sufferinterruptions in conducting our business, which may adversely impact our operating results. In addition, we continuously assess and implement upgrades to improve our information technology systems globally. As such, during these implementation periods, we face a heightened risk of system interruptions and deficiencies or failures in our internal controls involving our information systems and processes.
We continue to utilize various legacy hardware, software and operating systems, which may be vulnerable to increased risks, including the risk of system failures and disruptions, and may need to be upgraded or replaced in the future as third-party service providers stop supporting these systems. If we do not successfully upgrade or replace these legacy systems in a timely manner, system outages, disruptions or delays, or other issues may arise. We must also successfully integrate the technology systems of acquired companies into our existing and future technology systems, including with third-party service providers and processes. If a new system does not function properly or is not adequately supported by third-party service providers and processes, it could limit or prevent us from processing and delivering customer orders and processing and receiving payments for our products. This could adversely impact our results of operations and cash flows.
We rely significantly on information technology and any inadequacy, interruption, theft or loss of data, malicious attack, integration failure, failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data residing on our systems or other security failure of that technology could harm our ability to effectively operate our business and damage the reputation of our brands.
Our systems and networks, as well as those of our retailer customers, suppliers, service providers, and banks, have and may in the future become the target of cyberattacks or information security breaches, which in turn could result in the unauthorized release and misuse of confidential or proprietary information about our company, employees, customers or consumers, as well as disrupt their and our operations or damage their and our facilities or those of third parties. Furthermore, such attacks may originate from nation states or attempts by outside parties, hackers, criminal organizations or other threat actors. Any significant breaches or breakdowns of such databases or systems could result in significant costs, including costs to investigate or remediate. While we have taken steps to maintain and enhance cybersecurity and address these risks and uncertainties by implementing security technologies, internal controls, network and data center resiliency, redundancy and recovery processes, upgrading our remote work environment and obtaining insurance coverage, these measures may be inadequate due to the continuously evolving nature of cyber threats. Cyber threats are becoming more sophisticated, are constantly evolving and are being made by groups and individuals with a wide range of expertise and motives, and this increases the difficulty of detecting and successfullydefendingagainst cyber incidents. Such incidents could result in unauthorized disclosure and misuse of material confidential information. Data breaches or theft of personal information we and our third-party service providers collect, as well as company information and assets, have occurred in the past and may occur in the future and the failure to remediate such intrusions may adversely affect our reputation and financial condition.
We may not be able to attract, retain and develop key employees, as well as effectively manage human capital resources.
Our future performance depends significantly upon the continued service of our executive officers and other key employees, as well as our continuing ability to attract, retain and develop highly qualified employees, including future members of our management team. Competition for such employees is intense, and there can be no assurance that we can retain and motivate our key employees or attract and retain other highly qualified employees in the future.
In addition, competition for labor remains strong and labor costs for manufacturing in the US, among other countries, continue to rise. Labor is one of the primary components in the cost of operating our business. If we face labor shortages and increased labor costs as a result of increased competition for employees, higher employee turnover rates, increases in employee benefits costs, or labor union organizing efforts, our operating expenses could increase and results of operations could be adversely impacted. Labor shortages, higher employee turnover rates and labor union organizing efforts could also lead to disruptions in our business.
A failure to adequately manage human capital resources could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, reputation, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, the escalating costs of offering and administering health care, retirement and other benefits for employees could result in reduced profitability.
Financial and Strategic Risks
We have significant debt obligations that could adversely affect our business.
As of September 30, 2025, our total aggregate outstanding indebtedness was approximately $3.4 billion. We had $492.4 million of additional capacity available under a senior secured revolving credit facility, inclusive of issued and outstanding letters of credit totaling approximately $7.6 million. This significant amount of debt could have important consequences to us and our shareholders, including:
• requiring a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to make payments on this debt, thereby limiting the cash we have available to fund future growth opportunities, such as research and development, capital expenditures and acquisitions;
• restrictive covenants in our debt arrangements that limit our operations and borrowing, and place restrictions on our ability to pay dividends or repurchase common stock;
• the risk of a future credit ratings downgrade of our debt or rising interest rates on our variable rate debt increasing future debt costs and limiting the future availability of debt financing;
• increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions and limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and industry, due to the need to use our cash to service our outstanding debt;
• placing us at a competitive disadvantage relative to our competitors that are not as highly leveraged with debt and that may therefore be able to invest more in their business or use their available cash to pursue other opportunities, including acquisitions; and
• limiting our ability to borrow additional funds as needed or take advantage of business opportunities as they arise.
In addition, our actual cash requirements in the future may be greater than expected. Our cash flow from operations may not be sufficient to repay all of our outstanding debt as it becomes due, and we may not be able to borrow money, sell assets or otherwise raise funds on acceptable terms, or at all, to refinance our debt.
We may need to seek additional financing for our general corporate purposes. For example, we may need to increase our investment in research and development activities or require funding to make acquisitions. Although the indentures and credit agreements relating to our existing debt contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional debt, these restrictions are subject to a number of significant qualifications and exceptions, and, under certain circumstances, the amount of debt that could be incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. We may be unable to obtain desired additional financing on terms favorable to us, or at all. For example, during periods of volatile credit markets, there is a risk that lenders, even those with strong balance sheets and sound lending practices, could fail or refuse to honor their credit commitments and obligations, including, but not limited to, extending credit up to the maximum permitted by a credit facility and otherwise accessing capital or honoring loan commitments. If our lenders are unable to fund borrowings under their loan commitments or we are unable to borrow, it could be difficult to replace such loan commitments on similar terms or at all. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to fund growth opportunities, successfully develop or enhance products, or respond to competitive pressures, any of which could negatively affect our business. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity securities, our shareholders will experience dilution of their ownership interest. If we raise additional funds by issuing debt, we may be subject to limitations on our operations and ability to pay dividends due to restrictive covenants. Generally, to the extent that we incur additional indebtedness, all of the risks described above in connection with our debt obligations could increase.
Our credit ratings are important to our cost of capital.
We expect that the major credit rating agencies will continue to evaluate our creditworthiness and give us specified credit ratings. These credit ratings are limited in scope, and do not address all material risks related to investment in Energizer, but rather reflect only the view of each rating agency at the time the rating is issued. Nonetheless, the credit ratings we receive will impact our borrowing costs as well as our access to sources of capital on terms that will be advantageous to our business. Failure to obtain sufficiently high credit ratings could adversely affect the interest rate in future financings, our liquidity or our competitive position and could also restrict our access to capital markets. There can be no assurance that any credit ratings we receive will remain in effect for any given period of time or that a rating will not be lowered, suspended or withdrawn entirely by the applicable rating agencies if, in such rating agency’s judgments, circumstances so warrant.
We may experience losses or be subject to increased funding and expenses related to our pension plans.
We assumed pension plan liabilities related to our current and former employees in connection with the separation. Effective January 1, 2014, the pension benefit earned to date by active participants under the legacy U.S. pension plan was frozen and future retirement service benefits are no longer accrued under this retirement program; however, our pension plan obligations remain significant. If the investment of plan assets does not provide the expected long-term returns, if interest rates or other assumptions change, or if governmental regulations change the timing or amounts of required contributions to the plans, we could be required to make significant additional pension contributions, which may have an adverse impact on our liquidity, our ability to comply with debt covenants and may require recognition of increased expense within our financial statements.
The estimates and assumptions on which our financial projections are based may prove to be inaccurate, which may cause our actual results to materially differ from our projections, which may adversely affect our future profitability, cash flows and stock price.
Our financial projections, including any sales or earnings guidance or outlook we may provide from time to time, depend on certain estimates and assumptions related to, among other things, a number of factors: product category growth; development and launch of innovative new products; market share projections; product pricing and sale, volume and product mix; foreign exchange rates and volatility; tax rates; manufacturing costs including commodity prices; distribution channel volume and costs; cost savings; macroeconomic factors, including tariff impacts; accruals for estimated liabilities, including litigation reserves, measurement of benefit obligations for pension and other postretirement benefit plans; and our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to reinvest in our existing business, fund internal growth, repurchase our stock, make acquisitions, pay dividends and meet debt obligations.
We develop our financial projections based on historical experience and on various other estimates and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances and at the time they are made. Our actual results may differ materially from our financial projections. Any material variation between our financial projections and our actual results may adversely affect our future profitability, cash flows and stock price.
If we pursue strategic acquisitions, divestitures or joint ventures, we might experience operating difficulties, dilution, and other consequences that may harm our business, financial condition, and operating results, and we may not be able to successfully consummate favorable transactions or successfully integrate acquired businesses.
From time to time, we may evaluate potential acquisitions, divestitures or joint ventures that could further our strategic objectives. With respect to acquisitions, we may not be able to identify suitable candidates, consummate a transaction on terms that are favorable to us, or achieve expected returns and other benefits as a result of integration challenges. Some of the areas where we face risks include:
• Diversion of management time and focus from operating our business to challenges related to acquisitions and other strategic transactions;
• Failure to successfully integrate and further develop the acquired business or technology;
• Implementation or remediation of controls, procedures, and policies at the acquired company;
• Integration of the acquired company’s accounting, human resource, and other administrative systems, and coordination of research and development, commercial and marketing functions;
• Transition of operations, users, and customers onto our existing platforms;
• Failure to obtain required approvals on a timely basis, if at all, from governmental authorities, or conditions placed upon approval that could, among other things, delay or prevent us from completing a transaction, or otherwise restrict our ability to realize the expected financial or strategic goals of a transaction;
• In the case of foreign acquisitions, the need to integrate operations across different cultures and languages and to address the particular economic, currency, political, and regulatory risks associated with specific countries;
• Cultural challenges associated with integrating employees from the acquired company into our organization, and retention of employees from the businesses we acquire;
• Liability for activities of the acquired company before the acquisition, including patent and trademark infringementclaims, data privacy and security issues, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities, and other known and unknown liabilities; and
• Litigation or other claims in connection with the acquired company, including claims from terminated colleagues, customers, former shareholders, or other third parties.
Our failure to address these risks or other problems encountered in connection with our past or future acquisitions and other strategic transactions could cause us to fail to realize their anticipated benefits, incur unanticipated liabilities, and harm our business generally.
Acquired companies or operations, joint ventures or investments may not be profitable or may not achieve sales, profitability or cash flow expectations. Future acquisitions could also result in potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or amortization expenses related to certain intangible assets, and increased operating expenses, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, to the extent that the economic benefits associated with an acquisition or investment diminish in the future or the performance of an acquired company or business is less robust than expected, we may be required to record impairments of intangible assets, including trademarks and goodwill. Any impairment charges could adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. See Note 11, Goodwill and intangible assets for further information related to goodwill and intangible assets, and the impairment charges recorded in the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
We have divested and may, in the future, divest certain assets, businesses or brands that do not meet our strategic objectives or growth targets. With respect to any potential future divestiture, we may encounter difficulty finding potential acquirers or other divestiture options on favorable terms. Any future divestiture could affect our profitability as a result of the gains or losses on such sale of a business or brand, the loss of the operating income or sales resulting from such sale or the costs or liabilities that we retain, which may negatively impact profitability and cash flow subsequent to any divestiture. We may also be required to recognize impairment charges or other losses as a result of a divestiture.
Legal, Compliance and Sustainability Risks
Our business involves the potential for product liability claims, labeling claims, commercial claims and other legal claimsagainst us, which could affect our results of operations and financial condition and result in product recalls or withdrawals.
We face exposure to claims arising out of allegeddefects in our products, including for property damage, bodily injury or other adverse effects; alleged contaminants in our products; allegations that our products provide inadequate instructions or warnings regarding their use; and failure to perform as advertised. Product liability, advertising and labeling claims could result in negative publicity that could harm our reputation, sales and results of operation. If any of our products are found to be defective, we may recall or withdraw such products, which could result in adverse publicity and significant expenses. We maintain product liability insurance, but this insurance does not cover all types of claims, particularly claims that do not involve personal injury or property damage or claims that exceed the amount of insurance coverage. Further, we may not be able to maintain such insurance in sufficient amounts, on desirable terms, or at all, in the future. In addition to the risk of monetary judgments not covered by insurance, product liability claims could result in negative publicity that could harm our products’ reputation and in certain cases require a product recall or withdrawal. Product recalls or withdrawals or product liability claims, and any subsequent remedial actions, could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, brand value, results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, we are, and may in the future become, the subject of, or party to, various pending or threatened legal actions, government investigations and proceedings relating to, among other things, advertising disputes with competitors, consumer class actions, including those related to advertising claims, labor claims, breach of contract claims, antitrustlitigation, securities litigation, premises liability claims, data privacy and security disputes, employment litigation related to employees, contractors and suppliers, including class action lawsuits, and litigation in foreign jurisdictions. We have been, and may in the future be, subject to additional claims, proceedings and actions as we expand the products within the global auto care product category. In general, claims made by or against us in litigation, investigations, disputes or other proceedings have been and may in the future be expensive and time-consuming to bring or defendagainst and could result in settlements, injunctions or damages that could significantly affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and harm our reputation. It is not possible to predict the final resolution of litigation, investigations, disputes or proceedings in which we currently are or may
in the future become involved and our assessment of the materiality of these matters and any reserves taken in connection therewith may not be consistent with their final resolutions. The impact of these matters, including any reserves taken in connection with such matters, on our business, financial condition and results of operations could be material. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Legal Proceedings” and the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to these matters.
Our business is subject to increasing government regulations in both the U.S. and abroad that could impose material costs.
In general, the manufacturing, marketing, distribution, and sale of our products and the conduct of our business operations must comply with extensive federal, state and foreign laws and regulations. In the US, many of our products and product claims are regulated by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Federal Trade Commission, among other regulatory agencies. Additionally, our and our suppliers' manufacturing and distribution operations are also subject to regulation by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Our international operations are also subject to regulation in each of the foreign jurisdictions in which we manufacture, market or distribute our products. There is also an increased risk of fraud or corruption in certain foreign jurisdictions and related difficulties in maintaining effective internal controls. Additionally, we could be subject to future inquiries or investigations by governmental and other regulatory bodies. Any determination that our operations or activities are not in compliance with applicable law could expose us to future impairment charges or significant fines, penalties or other sanctions that may result in a reduction in net income or otherwise adversely impact our business and reputation.
In particular, because of our extensive international operations, we could be adversely affected by violations, or allegations of violations, of the FCPA and similar international anti-bribery and corruption laws. These laws generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to government officials or other third parties for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We cannot provide assurance that our internal controls policies and procedures that mandate compliance with these laws will protect us from reckless, intentional or unintentionalcriminal acts. Violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt our business and adversely affect our reputation and our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Federal, state and foreign governments may introduce new or expand existing legislation and regulations, or courts or governmental authorities could impose more stringent interpretations of existing legislation and regulations, that may adversely affect our operations or require us to increase our resources, capabilities and expertise in certain areas, as well as incur increased compliance costs. In order to conduct our operations in compliance with these laws and regulations we must obtain and maintain numerous permits, approvals and certificates from various federal, foreign, state and local governmental authorities.
In recent years, refrigerants such as R-134a have become the subject of regulatory focus due to their potential to contribute to global warming. The EU has passed regulations that essentially phased out of R-134a in automotive cooling systems in new vehicles by 2017. Canada has also implemented similar regulations, phasing into effect beginning in 2021. In the United States, the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act (AIM Act) and its resultant regulations could have a materially adverse impact on our business. In addition, individual states are regulating the sale and distribution of products containing R-134a. Regulations may also be enacted governing the packaging, use and disposal of our auto care business' products containing refrigerants. If the future use of R-134a is phased out or is further limited or prohibited in jurisdictions in which we do business, or if substitutes for R-134a become widely used in A/C systems and their use for DIY and retrofit purposes is not approved by the EPA or other regulatory bodies, the future market for our auto care business' products containing R-134a may be limited, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.
Our systems and those of our business partners are subject to regulation to preserve the privacy of certain data held on those systems. Privacy, data protection and cybersecurity laws and regulations, including the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the Brazilian Data Protection Law, and the California CCPA/CPRA, and the interpretation and enforcement of those and similar laws and regulations, are continuously developing and evolving and there may be uncertainty with respect to how to comply with them. In response to such implementation of, and changes to, cybersecurity and data privacy legal requirements, as well as new tactics used by threat actors to infiltrate our IT systems, we have continued to invest in technology and to adapt our processes to protect our technology infrastructure and our data. As privacy, data protection and cybersecurity laws and regulations continue to evolve, we may incur additional costs to further adapt our security systems, policies, procedures and practices to prevent or remediate any potential security issues and maintain compliance with applicable regulatory frameworks. Our efforts to comply with privacy, data protection and cybersecurity laws and regulations may result in additional costs and challenges that are likely to increase over time, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
If we are found to be noncompliant with applicable laws and regulations in these or other areas, we could be subject to governmental or regulatory actions, including fines, import detentions, injunctions, product withdrawals or recalls or asset seizures, as well as potential criminal sanctions and damage to our reputation and brand image, or require the payment of monetary penalties, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if a claim is unsuccessful, is not merited or is not fully pursued, the negative publicity surrounding such assertions could jeopardize our reputation and brand image and have a material adverse effect on our businesses, as well as require resources to rebuild our reputation. Additionally, loss of or failure to obtain necessary permits and registrations, particularly with respect to our global auto care business, could delay or prevent us from meeting current product demand, introducing new products, building new facilities or acquiring new businesses and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, the legal, regulatory and ethical landscape around the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning is rapidly evolving. Our ability to adopt this emerging technology in an effective and ethical manner may impact our reputation and ability to compete, and this technology could be, among other things, false, biased, or inconsistent with our values and strategies.
Section 45X of the Internal Revenue Code contains production tax credits for certain battery components. Our ability to benefit from Section 45X production tax credits is not guaranteed and is dependent upon the federal government's ongoing implementation, guidance, regulations, or rulemakings.
In August 2022, President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA") into law and on July 4, 2025, President Trump signed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA") into law. The IRA, as modified by the OBBBA, provides for substantial tax credits and incentives for domestic manufacturing of certain battery components. Section 45X of the Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") contains a production tax credit applicable on eligible battery components produced in the US and sold after December 31, 2022. Effective December 14, 2023, the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service released final rules to provide further guidance on the production tax credit requirements under IRC Section 45X (the Final Regulations). The Final Regulations and the OBBBA provide guidance on rules that taxpayers must satisfy to qualify for the Section 45X tax credit.
While we expect Section 45X of the IRC to provide substantial tax benefits for us, our eligibility for these credits is not guaranteed and depends on strict compliance with complex and evolving federal regulations and future legislative enactments or administrative actions could limit, amend, repeal, or terminate IRA policies or other incentives that we currently anticipate benefiting from. Additionally, any failure to meet the eligibility criteria, including production location, component classification, or documentation standards, could result in partial or complete loss of the tax credit. Any reduction, elimination, reinterpretation, or discriminatory application or expiration of Section 45X tax credit may materially adversely affect our future results of operations and financial condition.
Increased focus by governmental and non-governmental organizations, customers, consumers and shareholders on sustainability issues, including those related to climate change, may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and damage our reputation .
We are committed to our sustainability journey and have taken meaningful steps including conducting an extensive materiality assessment and publishing goals within our Sustainability Report. Any failure to achieve our goals with respect to reducing our impact on the environment or a perception (whether or not valid) of our failure to act responsibly with respect to the environment or to effectively respond to new, or changes in, legal or regulatory requirements concerning climate change or other sustainability concerns could adversely affect our business and reputation.
As climate change, land use, water use, deforestation, biodiversity, product recycling, plastic waste, recyclability or recoverability of packaging, including single-use and other plastic packaging, waste to landfill, responsible sourcing, labor, employment practices, human rights and other sustainability concerns become more prevalent, governmental and non-governmental organizations, customers, consumers and investors are increasingly focusing on these issues. In particular, changing consumer preferences may result in increased customer and consumer concerns and demands regarding plastics and packaging materials, including single-use and non-recyclable plastic packaging, and their environmental impact on sustainability, a growing demand for natural or organic products and ingredients, or increased consumer concerns or perceptions (whether accurate or inaccurate) regarding the effects of ingredients or substances present in certain consumer products. This increased focus may result in new or increased regulations and customer, consumer and investor demands that could cause us to incur additional costs or to make changes to our operations to comply with any such regulations and address demands. If we are unable to respond or perceived to be inadequately responding to sustainability concerns, customers and consumers may choose to purchase products from another company or a competitor, and certain investors may divert from, or avoid investing in, our securities, which may hinder our access to capital.
We are subject to environmental laws and regulations that may expose us to significant liabilities and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
We must comply with various environmental laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including those relating to the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes, recycling of batteries and packaging, the remediation of contamination associated with the use and disposal of hazardous substances, chemicals in products and product safety. A release of such substances due to accident or an intentional act or the presence of contamination that predates our ownership or operation of our facilities could result in substantial liability to governmental authorities or to third parties. Pursuant to certain environmental laws, we could be subject to joint and several strict liability for contamination relating to our or their predecessors’ current or former properties or any of their respective third-party waste disposal sites. In addition to potentially significant investigation and remediation costs, any such contamination can give rise to claims from governmental authorities or other third parties for natural resource damage, personal injury, property damage or other liabilities. Contamination has been identified at certain of our current and former facilities as well as third-party waste disposal sites, and we are conducting investigation and remediation activities in relation to such properties. The discovery of additional contamination or the imposition of further cleanup obligations at these or other properties or the assertion of tort claims related to such contamination could have a material adverse effect on our businesses, results of operations or financial condition. We have incurred, and will continue to incur, capital and operating expenses and other costs in complying with environmental laws and regulations, including with respect to current and formerly owned facilities, as well as disposal sites owned by third parties to whom we have sent waste. As new laws and regulations are introduced, we could become subject to additional environmental liabilities in the future that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
The resolution of our tax contingencies may result in additional tax liabilities, which could adversely impact our cash flows and results of operations.
Significant estimation and judgment are required in determining our tax provisions for taxes in the U.S. and jurisdictions outside the U.S. In the ordinary course of our business, there are transactions and calculations in which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We are regularly audited by tax authorities and, although we believe our tax positions are defensible and our tax provision estimates are reasonable, the final outcome of tax audits and related litigation could be materially different than that reflected in our income tax provisions and accruals. When particular tax matters arise, a number of years may elapse before such matters are audited and finally resolved. Unfavorable resolution of any tax matter in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate could increase the effective tax rate, which would have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Any resolution of a tax issue may require the use of cash in the year of resolution.
Risks Specific to Our Common Stock
We cannot guarantee the timing, amount or payment of dividends on our common stock.
The timing, declaration, amount and payment of future dividends to shareholders will fall within the discretion of our Board of Directors. The Board’s decisions regarding the payment of dividends will depend on many factors, such as our financial condition, earnings, capital requirements, debt service obligations, covenants associated with certain of our debt service obligations, legal requirements and regulatory constraints. We cannot guarantee that we will continue to pay dividends in the future.
Risk Related to Anti-Takeover Measures
Certain provisions in our amended and restated articles of incorporation and bylaws, and of Missouri law, may deter or delay an acquisition of Energizer.
Our amended and restated articles of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain, and the General and Business Corporation Law of Missouri, which we refer to as “Missouri law,” contains, provisions that are intended to detercoercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids by making such practices or bids unacceptably expensive to the bidder and to encourage prospective acquirers to negotiate with our Board of Directors rather than to attempt a hostile takeover by making the replacement of incumbent directors more time-consuming and difficult. These provisions include, among others:
• limitations on the ability of our shareholders to call a special meeting;
• rules regarding how we may present proposals or nominate directors for election at shareholder meetings;
• the right of our Board of Directors to issue preferred stock without shareholder approval;
• a provision that our shareholders may only remove directors “for cause” and with the approval of the holders of two-thirds of our outstanding voting stock at a special meeting of shareholders called expressly for that purpose; and
• the ability of our directors, and not shareholders, to fill vacancies on our Board of Directors.
In addition, because we have not chosen to opt out of coverage of Section 351.459 of Missouri law, which we refer to as the “business combination statute,” these provisions could also deter or delay a change of control. The business combination statute restricts certain business combination transactions between us and an “interested shareholder,” generally any person who, together with his or her affiliates and associates, owns or controls 20% or more of the outstanding shares of our voting stock, for a period of five years after the date of the transaction in which the person becomes an interested shareholder, unless either such transaction or the interested shareholder’s acquisition of stock is approved by our Board on or before the date the interested shareholder obtains such status. The business combination statute also provides that, after the expiration of such five-year period, business combinations are prohibited unless (i) the holders of a majority of the outstanding voting stock, other than the stock owned by the interested shareholder, or any affiliate or associate of such interested shareholder, approve the business combination or (ii) the business combination satisfies certain detailed fairness and procedural requirements.
We believe that these provisions will help to protect our shareholders from coercive or otherwise unfair takeover tactics by requiring potential acquirers to negotiate with our Board of Directors and by providing our Board of Directors with more time to assess any acquisition proposal. These provisions are not intended to make us immune from takeovers. However, these provisions will apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some shareholders and could deter or delay an acquisition that our Board of Directors determines is not in our best interests or the best interests of our shareholders. These provisions may also prevent or discourage attempts to remove and replace incumbent directors.
1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 1C. Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
We recognize the importance of information security and we are committed to protecting and preserving the confidentiality, integrity and continued availability of the information we own or that is in our care. We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity program that strives to comply with applicable industry standards, and we assess our program against the National Institute of Standards and Technology ("NIST") Cybersecurity Framework.
Our enterprise risk management framework considers cybersecurity risk alongside other applicable risks as part of our overall risk assessment process. Within our comprehensive enterprise risk management framework, our cybersecurity program is led by the Company’s Vice President and Chief Information Officer (“CIO”) and is overseen by the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”). The program includes the following processes, activities and resources to identify, assess, manage, and mitigate our cybersecurity threats:
• An IT security team responsible for managing our cybersecurity risk, assessment processes, security controls, and responses for security breaches and cyberattacks;
• A cyber incident response plan that provides controls and procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents and for timely and accurate reporting of any material cybersecurity incident;
• The use of external service providers , where appropriate, to assess, perform tabletop exercises, or otherwise assist with aspects of our security controls designed to anticipate cyberattacks and respond to breaches. Procedures include annual internal vulnerability scans and external penetration tests;
• Annual cybersecurity training for all employees to provide a better understanding of the issues and risks related to cybersecurity. We realize that cybersecurity is not just the job of the IT security team; the Company and all employees play a critical role in managing the risk;
• Periodic phishing testing and other exercises performed by our IT department to test our systems and reinforce the training provided to all colleagues to ensure our employees remain vigilant and compliant with expectations;
• Easy-to-use tools to report potential phishing emails; and
• A third-party cybersecurity risk management process for service providers, suppliers, and vendors performed throughout the year.
We have not identified any risks from known cybersecurity threats, including any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or
financial condition. For a discussion on the Company’s cybersecurity related risks, see "Risk Factors - We rely significantly on information technology and any inadequacy, interruption, theft or loss of data, malicious attack, integration failure, failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data residing on our systems or other security failure of that technology could harm our ability to effectively operate our business and damage the reputation of our brands" and "Risk Factors - Our business is subject to increasing government regulations in both the U.S. and abroad that could impose material costs" and other risk factors contained in Part 1, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Cybersecurity Governance
The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors is tasked with providing oversight of cybersecurity risk.
The Audit Committee receives regular briefings from the CIO regarding the Company’s cybersecurity program, cyber threats, and the results of exercises and response readiness assessments performed by outside advisors that assess our cybersecurity program and internal response preparedness, and to receive periodic briefings on cyber threats and our cybersecurity program. The full Board meets with the CIO at least annually to review the Company’s cybersecurity program.
Our CIO is responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats. The IT security team is led by our CIO, who has significant experience across information security, infrastructure, operations and compliance . The team has primary responsibility for our overall cybersecurity risk management program and oversees both our internal cybersecurity personnel and our retained external cybersecurity consultants.
Members of our executive leadership team, including our CFO and General Counsel, as well as the other members as needed, supervise efforts to identify, assess, manage and mitigate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, including briefings from internal personnel and other information obtained from governmental, public, or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us .
Item 2. Properties
Our principal executive office is in St. Louis, Missouri. Below is a list of Energizer's principal plants and facilities, as well as the product segment they support. Management believes that the Company's production facilities are adequate to support the business and the properties and equipment have been well maintained.
Washington, UK (a leased Batteries & Lights manufacturing facility)
Rassau, UK (a leased Auto Care manufacturing facility)
Jaboatao, Brazil (an owned Batteries & Lights manufacturing facility)
Arroio do Meio, Brazil (an owned Auto Care manufacturing facility)
Tessenderlo, Belgium (a leased Batteries & Lights manufacturing facility)
Gniezno, Poland (a leased Batteries & Lights manufacturing facility)
In addition to the properties identified above, Energizer and its subsidiaries own or operate sales offices, regional offices, storage facilities, distribution centers and terminals and related properties.
Through our global supply chain and global manufacturing footprint, we strive to meet diverse consumer demands within each of the markets we serve. Our portfolio of household and specialty batteries, portable lights, and auto care products is distributed through a global sales force and global distributor model.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
We are parties to a number of legal proceedings in various jurisdictions arising out of our business operations in the normal course of business. Many of these legal matters are in preliminary stages, involve complex issues of law and fact, and may proceed for protracted periods of time. The amount of liability, if any, from these proceedings cannot be determined with certainty. However, based upon present information, we believe that our liability, if any, arising from such pending legal proceedings, asserted legal claims and known potential legal claims which are likely to be asserted, are not reasonably likely to be material to our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows, taking into account established accruals for estimated liabilities.
In 2023, three purported class action lawsuits were filed against the Company and Wal-Mart Inc. in the Northern District of California alleging that the defendantsconspired to inflate the prices of certain Energizer battery and lighting products (the “Products”) charged by the Company to other retailers and to prevent other retailers from charging consumers prices below Wal-Mart’s pricing, in violation of antitrust and consumer protection laws. The matters were filed on behalf of putative classes of entities that purchased the Products directly from Energizer, persons who purchased the Products directly from a Wal-Mart brick-and-mortar store, and persons who indirectly purchased the Products (other than for resale). All three lawsuits have been consolidated. The plaintiffs seek, among other things, monetary damages, costs and disbursements, reasonable attorneys’ fees, as well as injunctive relief. The Company has not recorded any accruals in its consolidated financial statements as the likelihood of a loss from these cases is not probable nor estimable at this time. The Company believes that it has substantial defenses against the claims and intends to vigorously defendagainst them.
In November 2021, Varta Microbattery GmbH filed a lawsuit against the Company allegingbreach of a supply agreement related to zinc-air hearing aid batteries. On September 3, 2024, the Commercial Court of the Canton of Zurich issued a $13.7 million judgment against the Company. On October 3, 2024, the Company appealed the judgment with the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland. This matter concluded in July 2025.
See also the discussion captioned “Governmental Regulations and Environmental Matters” under Item 1 above.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosure
None.
Item 4A. Information About Our Executive Officers
A list of the executive officers of Energizer and their business experience follows. Ages shown are as of November 18, 2025. Executive officers are appointed by, and hold office at the discretion of, our Board of Directors.
Mark S. LaVigne - President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. LaVigne has served as President since 2019 and as Chief Executive Officer since January 1, 2021. He previously served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer from 2015 – 2019. Mr. LaVigne joined Energizer’s former parent company in 2010, as Vice President, Assistant General Counsel and Corporate Secretary, later serving as Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary during which time he led Energizer’s spin-off from our former parent company in 2015. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. LaVigne was a partner at Bryan Cave LLP from 2007 to 2010, where he specialized in business and transactional counseling, and advised our former parent company on several strategic acquisitions. Mr. LaVigne holds a J.D. from St. Louis University School of Law and a B.A. from the University of Notre Dame. Age: 54.
John J. Drabik - Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Drabik was appointed as Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer effective October 1, 2021 and is responsible for the Company’s global accounting, finance and information technology functions. He previously served as Senior Vice President, Corporate Controller and Chief Accounting Officer from 2019 to 2021. Mr. Drabik joined Energizer's former parent company in 2001 and has held several roles of increasing responsibility, including Vice President, Corporate Development from 2013-2015, Vice President, Corporate Development and Treasurer from 2015 to 2017; and Vice President, Corporate Controller and Treasurer from 2017 to 2019. Mr. Drabik holds an MBA from Washington University in St. Louis and a B.S. degree in Accounting from the University of Missouri at Columbia. Age: 53.
Benjamin J. Angelette - Chief Administrative Officer. Mr. Angelette has served as Chief Administrative Officer since August 15, 2021 and is responsible for our ethics & compliance, corporate development, legal, regulatory, and human resources functions. He previously served as Vice President, Corporate Development from 2018 to 2021. Prior to that, Mr. Angelette served as Deputy General Counsel and Corporate Secretary from 2015 to 2018. Mr. Angelette joined Energizer’s former parent company in 2012 as Senior Securities Counsel and held several roles of increasing responsibility in the Legal department. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Angelette worked at Savvis, Inc. and practiced law at Sullivan & Cromwell LLP in London and Bryan Cave LLP in St. Louis, where he specialized in mergers & acquisitions and capital markets. Mr. Angelette holds a J.D. from the University of Virginia School of Law and a B.A. degree in Philosophy from the University of Tulsa. Age: 45.
Michael A. Lampman - Executive Vice President, North America and Global Business Units. Mr. Lampman has served as Executive Vice President, North America and Global Business Units since September 27, 2021 and is responsible for our commercial operations in North America, as well as Energizer’s global hearing aid battery business and global digital commerce efforts. Prior to his current role, Mr. Lampman served as Chief Business Officer for our Commercial operations across North and South America from 2017 to 2021. He joined our former parent company in 1986 and has held several sales leadership roles of increasing responsibility, including Vice President, Commercial Strategy for North America from 2015 - 2017. Mr. Lampman holds a B.A. degree in marketing from Central Connecticut State University. Age: 60.
Lori A. Shambro - Executive Vice President, Brand and Product Innovation. Ms. Shambro has served as Executive Vice President, Brand and Product Innovation since January 1, 2025 and is responsible for the Company’s global marketing and research & development efforts. Prior to her current role, Ms. Shambro served as Executive Vice President, Chief Marketing Officer from 2021 to 2025, Chief Marketing Officer from 2019 to 2021 and Vice President, Global Marketing from 2017 to 2019. Prior to Energizer, Ms. Shambro held multiple positions in brand marketing at Anheuser-Busch InBev. Ms. Shambro holds a B.S.B.A. degree in Marketing from the University of Missouri. Age: 60.
Robin W. Vauth - Executive Vice President, International. Mr. Vauth has served as Executive Vice President, International since September 27, 2021 and is responsible for our International markets outside of North America. Prior to his current role, Mr. Vauth served as Chief Business Officer International from 2016 to 2021. Mr. Vauth joined our former parent company in 2007 and has held several leadership roles of increasing responsibility including, Business Director Germany, Regional Business Director North-East Europe and Senior Director Europe. Prior to Energizer, Mr. Vauth held a variety of Marketing, Sales and General Management roles at Kellogg Company and then L’Oréal. Mr. Vauth holds a Bachelor’s degree in ‘Business Administration’ from Bielefeld and Portsmouth University and an MBA from Kellogg Business School and WHU - Otto Beisheim School of Management. Age: 59.
Part II.
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
The Company's Common Stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). As of September 30, 2025, there were approxima tely 4,400 shareholders of record of the Company's Common Stock under the symbol "ENR".
The Company expects to continue to pay regular quarterly dividends. However, future dividends are dependent on future earnings, capital requirements and the Company's financial condition and are declared at the sole discretion of the Company's Board of Directors. See Item 1A - Risk Factors - Risks Related to Our Common Stock - We cannot guarantee the timing, amount or payment of dividends on our common stock.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. The following table reports purchases of equity securities during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025 by Energizer and any affiliated purchasers pursuant to SEC rules.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Period
Total Number of Shares Purchased
Average Price Paid Per Share
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1)
Maximum Number That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
July 1, 2025 - July 31, 2025
August 1, 2025 - August 31, 2025
September 1, 2025 - September 30, 2025
Total
(1) On November 18, 2024 the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program for up to 7.5 million shares of common stock.
The graph below matches Energizer Holdings, Inc.'s cumulative 5-Year total shareholder return on common stock with the cumulative total returns of the S&P SmallCap 600 index and the S&P 500 Household Products index. The graph tracks the performance of a $100 investment in our common stock and in each index (with the reinvestment of all dividends) from 9/30/2020 to 9/30/2025.
These indices are included only for comparative purposes as required by Securities and Exchange Commission rules and do not necessarily reflect management's opinion that such indices are an appropriate measure of the relative performance of the Common Stock. They are not intended to forecast possible future performance of the Common Stock.
Energizer Holdings, Inc.
S&P SmallCap 600
S&P 500 Household Products
Item 6. R eserved.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion is a summary of the key factors management considers necessary in reviewing the Company's results of operations, operating segment results, and liquidity and capital resources. Statements in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) that are not historical may be considered forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.
You should read the following MD&A in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and corresponding notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This MD&A contains forward-looking statements. The matters discussed in these forward-looking statements are subject to risk, uncertainties, and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected or implied in the forward-looking statements. Please see Part I. Item 1A “Risk Factors” above and “Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements.
All amounts discussed are in millions of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise indicated.
Forward-Looking Statements
This document contains both historical and forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are not based on historical facts but instead reflect our expectations, estimates or projections concerning future results or events, including, without limitation, the future sales, gross margins, costs, earnings, cash flows, tax rates and performance of the Company. These statements generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking words or phrases such as "believe," "expect," "expectation," "anticipate," "may," "could," "intend," "belief," "estimate," "plan," "target," "predict," "likely," "should," "forecast," "outlook," or other similar words or phrases. These statements are not guarantees of performance and are inherently subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict and could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated by those statements. We cannot assure you that any of our expectations, estimates or projections will be achieved. The forward-looking statements included in this document are only made as of the date of this document and we disclaim any obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement to reflect subsequent events or circumstances. All forward-looking statements should be evaluated with the understanding of their inherent uncertainty. Numerous factors could cause our actual results and events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements including, but not limited to, those discussed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors," as updated from time to time in the Company’s SEC filings.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The Company reports its financial results in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. ("GAAP"). However, management believes that certain non-GAAP financial measures provide users with additional meaningful comparisons to the corresponding historical or future period, and are used for management incentive compensation. These non-GAAP financial measures exclude items that are not reflective of the Company's on-going operating performance, such as restructuring and related costs, network transition costs, acquisition and integration costs, fiscal 2023 ("FY23") and fiscal 2024 ("FY24") production credits, a litigation matter, an impairment on intangible assets, the loss/(gain) on extinguishment/modification of debt, the December 2023 Argentina Economic Reform and the settlement loss on U.S. pension annuity buyout. In addition, these measures help investors to analyze year-over-year comparability when excluding currency fluctuations as well as other Company initiatives that are not on-going. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures are an enhancement to assist investors in understanding our business and in performing analysis consistent with financial models developed by research analysts. Investors should consider non-GAAP measures in addition to, not as a substitute for, or superior to, the comparable GAAP measures. In addition, these non-GAAP measures may not be the same as similar measures used by other companies due to possible differences in method and in the items being adjusted.
We provide the following non-GAAP measures and calculations, as well as the corresponding reconciliation to the closest GAAP measure:
Segment Profit. This amount represents the operations of our two reportable segments including allocations for shared support functions. General corporate and other expenses, Intangible amortization expense, an impairment on intangible assets, Interest expense, Loss/(gain) on extinguishment/modification of debt, Other items, net, restructuring and related costs,
network transition costs, FY23 & FY24 production credits, a litigation matter and the charges related to acquisition and integration costs have all been excluded from segment profit.
Adjusted net earnings and Adjusted Diluted net earnings per common share ("EPS"). These measures exclude the impact of the costs related to restructuring activities, network transition costs, acquisition and integration, an impairment on intangible assets, FY23 & FY24 production credits, a litigation matter, the Loss/(gain) on extinguishment/modification of debt, the December 2023 Argentina Economic Reform and the settlement loss on U.S. pension annuity buyout.
Non-GAAP Tax Rate. This is the tax rate when excluding the pre-tax impact of restructuring activities, network transition activities, acquisition and integration, an impairment on intangible assets, FY23 & FY24 production credits, a litigation matter, the loss/(gain) on extinguishment/modification of debt. the December 2023 Argentina Economic Reform, and the settlement loss on U.S. pension annuity buyout, as well as the related tax impact for these items, calculated utilizing the statutory rate for the jurisdictions where the impact was incurred.
Organic. This is the non-GAAP financial measurement of the change in Net sales or segment profit that excludes or otherwise adjusts for the Acquisition impact, Change in highly inflationary markets and Impact of currency from the changes in foreign currency exchange rates as defined below:
Acquisition Impact. The Company completed the Advanced Power Solutions NV ("APS NV") acquisition on May 2, 2025 ("APS NV Acquisition"). These adjustments include the impact of the operations associated with the acquired branded battery business. The Company will be working to transition from these branded business to legacy brands by December 31, 2025. This does not include the impact of acquisition and integration costs associated with this acquisition.
Change in Highly Inflationary Markets. The Company is presenting separately all changes in sales and segment profit from our Egypt and Argentina affiliates due to the designation of the economies as highly inflationary as of October 1, 2024 and July 1, 2018, respectively.
Impact of currency . The Company evaluates the operating performance of our Company on a currency neutral basis. The Impact of Currency is the change in foreign currency exchange rates year-over-year on reported results, which is calculated by comparing the value of current year foreign operations at the current period USD exchange rate versus the value of current year foreign operations at the prior period USD exchange rate. The impact of currency also includes gains/(losses) of currency hedging programs, and it excludes highly-inflationary markets.
Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin, adjusted Selling, General & Administrative ("SG&A") as a percent of sales and adjusted Other items, net. Detail for Adjusted Gross margin, Adjusted SG&A as a percent of sales, and Adjusted Other items, net are also supplemental non-GAAP measures. These measures exclude the impact of costs related to restructuring activities, network transition activities, FY23 & FY24 production credits, a litigation matter, acquisition and integration, the December 2023 Argentina Economic Reform and the settlement loss on U.S. pension annuity buyout.
Production Tax Credits under the Inflationary Reduction Act
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) was signed into law. The IRA includes multiple incentives to promote clean energy and energy storage manufacturing among other provisions. The tax credits are available from calendar year 2023 to 2032 subject to phase out beginning in calendar year 2030. In December 2024, the United States Treasury issued final regulations related to the Section 45X Advanced Manufacturing Production Credit ("production credit"), which provided updated definitions and additional guidance and examples on production credits. The production credit is a refundable tax credit for battery cells and modules manufactured in the United States, as well as a credit for electrode active material and other components produced for batteries.
Following the final regulations on Section 45X that became effective in December 2024, the Company began reviewing the potential applicability to our batteries and various components produced in the United States for application of the production credits. The Company achieved reasonable assurance over our ability to claim the production credits during f iscal 2025 and recognized an estimated $120.9 reduction to Cost of products sold ("COGS") on the Consolidated Statement of Earnings and Comprehensive Income for the tax credit on production and sales retroactive to January 1, 2023. The credit recognized included an estimated $41.6 for the credit related to fiscal 2025 production and an additiona l $79.3 credit for fiscal 2023 and 2024 production since the effective date of the IRA, January 1, 2023 ("FY23 & FY24 production credit").
The Company expects future year credits to be approximately $40 to $45 annually based on current regulations prior to the phase out period. Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements are based on Management's judgment and
best estimate utilizing the most current guidance. The Company will continue to evaluate the effects of the IRA to the extent more guidance is issued and the relevant implications to our Consolidated Financial Statements. Actual results could differ from management’s current estimate.
December 2023 Argentina Economic Reform
In November 2023, a new president was elected in Argentina who is implementing significant economic reform. Upon his inauguration in December 2023, the government devalued the Argentine Peso ("ARS") approximately 50% over night. As a result, Argentina's operating costs rose quicker than the Company was able to implement price increases to offset the rising costs. The Company anticipates this could continue, resulting in a continued decline to operating profit. The Company had net sales of $33.9, $38.0, and $45.8 for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company had operating profit of $8.9, $10.7 and $16.0 in fiscal 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The December 2023 currency devaluation and economic reform resulted in $22.0 of currency and related losses recognized in Other items, net during the twelve months ended September 30, 2025. This includes exchange losses of $14.7 from the December remeasurement of the Company's Argentina monetary assets and liabilities and $6.3 of transactional currency exchange losses on the ARS in December which are discussed further in Item 7A Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. The Company also recorded a loss of $1.0 on the purchase and sale of bonds issued by the Argentina Central Bank ("BCRA"), named BOPREALs, which were issued to provide a USD denominated instrument for import companies to pay import debts existing before December 12, 2023, and regulate the flow of reserves from BCRA.
It is difficult to determine what continuing impact the new president and his economic reform or the use of highly inflationary accounting for Argentina may have on our consolidated financial statements as such impact is dependent upon movements in the applicable exchange rates between the local currency and the U.S. dollar and the amount of monetary assets and liabilities included in our affiliates' balance sheet, as well as any additional reforms that may be issued by the new Argentine Administration.
Acquisitions
On October 27, 2023, the Company acquired certain battery manufacturing assets in Belgium from Advanced Power Solutions Belgium NV ("APS Belgium") to provide a battery manufacturing location in Europe ("Belgium Acquisition").
On May 8, 2024, the Company acquired all the outstanding shares of Centralsul Ltda. ("Centralsul"), an auto appearance and fragrance manufacturer and distributor based in Southern Brazil ("Centralsul Acquisition"), which is expected to increase the Company's Auto Care presence in the region.
On May 2, 2025, the Company acquired all the shares of APS NV. The acquisition provides the Company with additional production capacity in Europe as well as an expanded customer base. The acquisition resulted in $63.6 of Net sales and $2.2 of Segment profit for the Batteries and Lights segment.
In fiscal 2025, the Company recorded $5.7 in SG&A of legal fees and other costs associated with these acquisitions and $0.5 in Cost of goods sold. Included in the SG&A was expense for a purchase price earnout adjustment associated with the Centralsul Acquisition of $1.1.
In fiscal 2024, the Company recorded $7.2 of acquisition and integration costs. Costs of good sold recorded were $3.1. The majority of this was recorded in the first fiscal quarter as the Company was awaiting the receipt of the raw materials procured on the Company's behalf by APS Belgium as part of the Belgium Acquisition. These costs were offset by $1.0, recorded in Other items, net, from producing inventory for APS Belgium under a transaction services agreement ("TSA") entered into at the closing of the transaction, which has since ended. The Company also recorded $5.1 of legal and diligence fees in SG&A related to acquisition and integration activities.
Macroeconomic Environment
We continue to operate in an inflationary environment where macro-economic pressures and geopolitical instability are expected to continue into fiscal 2026. While we did not experience significant disruptions in our operations in fiscal 2025, the risks of future negative impacts due to transportation, logistical or supply constraints and higher commodity costs for certain raw materials remain present, and the Company could continue to experience corresponding incremental costs and gross margin pressures, as well as currency headwinds throughout the year. Macro-economic pressures and geopolitical instability could also result in softening consumer demand, which could negatively impact the Company's forecasted financial results and operations.
We are continuing to assess our incremental tariff cost exposure in light of continuing changes to global tariff policies and the full extent of our mitigation strategies to offset the financial and operational impact of tariffs, as well as the associated timing to implement such strategies. We expect a challenging start to the next fiscal year given softening consumer sentiment and macro headwinds and the transitional impact from tariffs. As a result of these challenges and to help offset the impact of tariffs, the Company is extending Project Momentum into fiscal 2026 to help neutralize the impact of the tariffs.
Project Momentum Restructuring and Related Costs
In November 2022, the Board of Directors approved a profit recovery program, Project Momentum, which included an enterprise-wide restructuring focused on recovering operating margins, optimizing our manufacturing, distribution and global supply chain networks, and enhancing our organizational efficiency across the Company. In July 2023, the Company's Board of Directors approved an expansion of this program to include an additional year, which allowed for additional optimization of our battery manufacturing, distribution and global supply chain networks, further review of our global real estate footprint and the implementation of IT systems that allowed us to streamline our organization and fully execute the program. Following the Belgium Acquisition in the first quarter of fiscal 2024, the Company expanded the Project Momentum program and increased the savings and cost expectations, partially due to the impact the expanded manufacturing capacity had on the Company's battery network.
As of September 30, 2025, the Company successfully realized approximately $206 of savings from Project Momentum, with approximately $64 realized in fiscal year 2025. The savings were primarily within COGS and SG&A on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Income.
The total pre-tax expense related to Project Momentum restructuring and other related costs for the twelve months ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were $68.7, $91.7, and $59.7 respectively. The expenses primarily consisted of severance and other benefit related costs, accelerated depreciation, asset write-offs, consulting costs, IT enablement, a non-cash impairment of capitalized software, decommissioning, relocation, and other exit related costs. The costs were reflected in COGS, SG&A, and Other items, net on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Income. Total pre-tax charges related to Project Momentum since inception were $221.0. Refer to Note 5 Restructuring for additional discussion on the Company's restructuring costs.
A lthough the Company's Project Momentum restructuring costs are recorded outside of segment profit, if allocated to our reportable segments, the restructuring costs noted above for fiscal 2025 would have been included in our Batteries & Lights and Auto Care segments in the amount of $60.2 and $8.5, respectively. The Company's Project Momentum restructuring costs for fiscal year 2024 would have been included in our Batteries & Lights and Auto Care segments in the amount of $87.0 and $4.7, respectively. The Momentum restructuring costs for fiscal year 2023 would have been incurred within our Batteries & Lights and Auto Care segments in the amount of $52.7 and $7.0, respectively.
As a part of the planned Project Momentum decommissioning of certain facilities and relocation of multiple production and packaging lines, the Company incurred incremental costs related to network transition activities necessary to maintain business continuity. During the twelve months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company incurred incremental costs of $19.7 and $11.7, respectively, primarily related to freight and third-party packaging support to ensure product availability for key customers during the movement and subsequent prove-in of the relocated lines. These costs were incurred within COGS on the Consolidated Statement of Earnings and Comprehensive Income. The network transition activities as part of Project Momentum are substantially complete and no further costs are expected in fiscal 2026.
Project Momentum - Tariff Mitigation & Operational Efficiency Program
During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025, the Company decided to extend the Project Momentum program to a fourth year to help offset the impact of tariffs and the challenging macroeconomic environment. This will be achieved specifically through network and sourcing changes to mitigate tariffs, a redesign of the European manufacturing network to best utilize the acquired APS NV manufacturing facility, the redesign of and investment in our US based manufacturing footprint to increase operational efficiency and production, as well as overall SG&A cost reduction initiatives.
The total estimated restructuring and related pre-tax costs associated with the fourth year of the program is expected to be between $35.0 and $40.0 with additional restructuring related costs of $25.0 to $30.0 related to US manufacturing efficiency initiatives and capital expenditures of $25.0 to $35.0. The estimated savings expected to be achieved through the fourth year of the program are $15.0 to $20.0, along with tariff mitigation and cost avoidance of $25.0 to $35.0. Costs and savings are expected to be fully realized by September 30, 2026.
During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, the Company incurred $5.2 of pre-tax restructuring related costs associated with the initiatives to optimize the Company's cost structure and operating efficiency in the US as we exit less productive lines while still expanding our US manufacturing production. These costs are recorded in COGS and included within the Project Momentum restructuring costs disclosed above. Refer to Note 5 for further details.
Overview
General
Energizer, through its operating subsidiaries, is one of the world’s largest manufacturers, marketers and distributors of household batteries, specialty batteries and lighting products, and a leading designer and marketer of automotive appearance, performance, refrigerant, and freshener products. Energizer manufactures, markets and/or licenses one of the most extensive product portfolios of household batteries, specialty batteries, auto care products and portable lights.
Energizer is the beneficiary of over 100 years of expertise in the battery and portable lighting products industries. Its brand names, Energizer, Eveready and Rayovac, have worldwide recognition for innovation, quality and dependability, and are marketed and sold around the world. Energizer has a long history of innovation within our categories. Since our commercialization of the first dry-cell battery in 1893 and the first flashlight in 1899, we have been committed to developing and marketing new products to meet evolving consumer needs and consistently advancing battery technology as the universe of devices powered by batteries has evolved. Over the past 100+ years we have developed or brought to market:
• the first flashlight;
• the first dry cell alkaline battery;
• the first mercury-free alkaline battery; and
• Energizer Ultimate Lithium®, the world’s longest-lasting AA and AAA battery for high-tech devices.
Energizer offers batteries using many technologies including lithium, alkaline, carbon zinc, nickel metal hydride, zinc air, and silver oxide. These products are sold globally under the Energizer, Eveready and Rayovac brands, including hearing aid batteries, and the Varta brand in Latin America and Asia Pacific. These products include primary, rechargeable, specialty and hearing aid batteries and are offered in the performance, premium and price segments.
In addition, we offer auto care products in the appearance, fragrance, performance and air conditioning recharge product categories. The appearance and fragrance categories include protectants, wipes, tire and wheel care products, glass cleaners, leather care products, air fresheners and washes designed to clean, shine, refresh and protect interior and exterior automobile surfaces under the brand names Armor All®, Nu Finish®, Refresh Your Car!®, LEXOL®, Eagle One®, NEVR-DULL®, California Scents®, Driven®, Bahama & Co®, Carnu®, Grand Prix®, Kit®, Tempo® and Centralsul®.
The performance product category includes STP branded fuel and oil additives, functional fluids and other performance chemical products that benefit from a rich heritage in the car enthusiast and racing scenes, characterized by a commitment to technology, performance and motor sports partnerships for over 60 years. The brand equity of STP also provides for attractive licensing opportunities that augment our presence in our core performance categories.
The air conditioning recharge product category includes do-it-yourself automotive air conditioning recharge products led by the A/C PRO brand name, along with other refrigerant and recharge kits, sealants and accessories.
In addition, we offer an extensive line of lighting products designed to meet a variety of consumer needs. We distribute and market lighting products including handheld, headlights, lanterns, and area lights. In addition to the Energizer, Eveready and Rayovac brands, we market our flashlights under the Hard Case, Dolphin, and WeatherReady® sub-brands. In addition to batteries and portable lights, Energizer licenses the Energizer, Eveready and Rayovac brands to companies developing consumer solutions in solar, automotive batteries, portable power for critical devices (like smart phones), generators, power tools, household light bulbs and other lighting products.
Through our global supply chain, global manufacturing footprint and seasoned commercial organization, we seek to meet diverse customer demands within each of the markets we serve. Energizer distributes its portfolio of batteries, auto care and lighting products through a global sales force and global distributor model. We sell our products in multiple retail and business-to-business channels, including: mass merchandisers, club, electronics, food, home improvement, dollar store, auto, drug, hardware, e-commerce, convenience, sporting goods, hobby/craft, office, industrial, medical and catalog.
We use the Energizer name and logo as our trademark as well as those of our subsidiaries. Product names appearing throughout are trademarks of Energizer. This MD&A also may refer to brand names, trademarks, service marks and trade names of other companies and organizations, and these brand names, trademarks, service marks and trade names are the property of their respective owners.
Operations for Energizer are managed via two major reportable product groupings: Batteries & Lights and Auto Care.
Financial Results
Net earnings for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 were $239.0, or $3.32 per diluted common share, compared to net earnings of $38.1, or $0.52 per diluted common share, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, and net earnings of $140.5, or $1.94 per diluted common share, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023.
Net earnings and diluted net earnings per common share for the time periods presented were impacted by certain items related to Project Momentum restructuring and related costs, network transition costs, acquisition and integration costs, FY23 & FY24 production credits, impairment of intangible assets, a litigation matter, the Loss/(gain) on extinguishment/modification of debt, the December 2023 Argentina Economic Reform and the settlement loss on U.S. pension annuity buy out as described in the tables below. The impact of these items is provided below as a reconciliation of Net earnings and Diluted net earnings per common share to Adjusted Net earnings and Adjusted Diluted net earnings per common share, which are non-GAAP measures. See disclosure under Non-GAAP Financial Measures above.
For the Twelve Months Ended September 30,
Net earnings
Pre-tax adjustments
Restructuring and related costs (1)
Network transition costs (2)
Acquisition and integration (3)
FY23 & FY24 production credits (4)
Impairment of intangible assets
Litigation matter (5)
Loss/(gain) on extinguishment/modification of debt
December 2023 Argentina Economic Reform (6)
Settlement loss on U.S. pension annuity buy out (7)
Total adjustments, pre-tax
Total adjustments, after tax (8)
Adjusted net earnings
For the Twelve Months Ended September 30,
Diluted net earnings per common share
Adjustments
Restructuring and related costs
Network transition costs
Acquisition and integration
FY23 & FY24 production credits
Impairment of intangible assets
Litigation matter
Loss/(gain) on extinguishment/modification of debt
December 2023 Argentina Economic Reform
Settlement loss on U.S. pension annuity buy out
Adjusted diluted net earnings per diluted share
Weighted average shares of common stock - Diluted
Currency, excluding highly inflationary markets, had an adverse impact to fiscal 2025 compared to fiscal 2024. Earnings before income tax was negatively impacted by $6.0, or $0.07 per share, compared to the prior year.
Currency, excluding highly inflationary markets, had an adverse impact to fiscal 2024 compared to fiscal 2023. Earnings before income tax was negatively impacted by $2.5, or $0.03 per share, compared to the prior year.
(1) Restructuring and related costs were included in the following lines in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings and Comprehensive Income:
Twelve Months Ended September 30,
COGS - Restructuring costs
COGS - US operating efficiency project
SG&A - Restructuring costs
SG&A - IT Enablement
Other items, net
Total Project Momentum restructuring and related costs
(2) This represents incremental network transition costs, primarily related to freight and third-party packaging support, to maintain business continuity and service our customers as the Company decommissions certain facilities and relocates production and packaging lines as part of Project Momentum. These costs were recorded in COGS on the Consolidated Statement of Earnings and Comprehensive Income.
(3) Acquisition and integration costs were included in the following lines in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings and Comprehensive Income:
Twelve Months Ended September 30,
COGS
Other items, net
Total acquisition and integration costs
(4) This represents the production credits retroactive to the start of the credit period and prior to the current year. These credits were recorded in COGS on the Consolidated Statement of Earnings and Comprehensive Income.
(5) In 2021, Varta Microbattery GmbH filed a lawsuit against the Company allegingbreach of a supply agreement related to zinc-air hearing aid batteries. In September 2024, a Swiss court issued a $13.7 judgment against the Company. On October 3, 2024, the Company appealed the judgment with the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland. This matter concluded in July 2025.
(6) During December 2023, a new president was inaugurated in Argentina bringing significant economic reform to the country including devaluing the Argentine Peso by 50% in the month of December 2023. As a result of this reform and devaluation, the Company recorded $22.0 of currency exchange and related losses in Other items, net on the Consolidated Statement of Earnings and Comprehensive Income for the twelve months ended September 30, 2024.
(7) The Settlement loss is due to the execution of a partial retiree annuity buy out on the U.S. pension plan in fiscal 2023. This charge is included in Other items, net in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings and Comprehensive Income.
(8) The effective tax rate for the Adjusted - Non-GAAP Net earnings and Diluted net earnings per common share was 20.2%, 22.9% and 21.2% for the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, as calculated utilizing the statutory rate for the jurisdictions where the costs were incurred.
Operating Results
For the Years Ended September 30,
Net Sales
% Chg
% Chg
Net sales - prior year
Organic
Acquisition impact
Change in highly inflationary markets
Impact of currency
Net sales - current year
Net sales for the year ended September 30, 2025 were $2,952.7, an increase of 2.3% from the prior year. Organic net sales increased 0.7% primarily due to:
• Volumes grew 1.5% driven by new and expanded distribution and growth in e-commerce, as well as new innovation in Auto Care, partially offset by lower back-half category volumes as softer consumer demand impacted both segments.
• Offsetting the volume growth were pricing declines of 0.8% driven by planned strategic pricing and promotional investments partially offset by innovation and tariff pricing.
Net sales for the year ended September 30, 2024 were $2,887.0, a decrease of 2.5%. Organic net sales decreased 2.2% primarily due to:
• The Batteries & Lights segment experienced volume declines of approximately 0.7% primarily due to the timing of holiday orders compared to the prior year, which benefited the fourth quarter of 2023, partially offset by distribution gains and improved category trends; and
• Pricing declines of 2.2%, primarily within the Batteries & Lights segment, driven by planned strategic pricing and promotional investments in the period.
• Offsetting these declines was increased Auto Care segment volumes of 0.7% largely driven by distribution gains in the period.
For further discussion regarding net sales in each of our reportable product segments, including a summary of reported versus organic changes, please see the section titled “Segment Results” provided below.
Gross Profit
Gross profit was $1,232.7 in fiscal 2025 versus $1,104.3 in fiscal 2024. Excluding the current and prior year Project Momentum restructuring costs of $33.8 and $62.9, respectively, and the current and prior year Network transition costs of $19.7 and $11.7, respectively, and the impact of the FY23 & FY24 production credits recorded in the current year of $78.0 and the current year Acquisition and integration costs of $0.5, adjusted gross profit dollars were $1,208.7 in fiscal 2025 versus $1,182.0 in fiscal 2024. The increase in adjusted gross profit dollars was largely driven by Project Momentum, which delivered savings of approximately $50, as well as the benefit of the FY25 production tax credit of $41.6. These benefits were offset by increased product costs from production inefficiencies associated with rebalancing our network and increased warehousing, distribution and tariff costs, as well as the lower margin profile of the APS NV business and the planned strategic pricing and promotional investments noted above.
Gross profit was $1,104.3 in fiscal 2024 versus $1,124.0 in fiscal 2023. Excluding the current and prior year Project Momentum restructuring costs of $62.9 and $29.9, respectively, and the current year Network transition costs of $11.7, Acquisition and integration costs of $3.1, adjusted gross profit dollars were $1,182.0 in fiscal 2024 versus $1,153.9 in fiscal 2023. The increase in gross profit dollars was largely driven by Project Momentum, which delivered savings of approximately $59, as well as lower input costs, including improved commodities pricing and lower ocean freight. These benefits were partially offset by the planned strategic pricing and promotional investments noted above.
Gross margin as a percent of Net sales for fiscal 2025 was 41.7% versus 38.3% in the prior year. Excluding the current and prior year Project Momentum restructuring and related costs and network transition costs, and the current year integration
costs and impact of recording the FY23 & FY24 production credits, adjusted gross margin was 40.9% for the fiscal year, consistent with prior year. Gross margin as a percent of Net sales for fiscal 2024 was 38.3% versus 38.0% in fiscal 2023. Excluding the Project Momentum restructuring costs from both fiscal years and the fiscal 2024 network transition costs and integration costs, adjusted gross margin was 40.9% for the fiscal year, up 190 basis points from fiscal 2023.
For the Years Ended September 30,
Reported
Adjusted
Reported
Adjusted
Gross Margin - Prior Year
FY25 production credits
Project Momentum initiatives
Pricing
Product cost impacts
Tariffs
Acquisition impact
Year-over-year impact of restructuring and related costs, network transition costs, FY23 & FY24 production credits and integration costs, net
Currency impact, including highly inflationary markets
Gross Margin - Current Year
Selling, General and Administrative (SG&A)
SG&A expenses were $532.4 in fiscal 2025, or 18.0% of net sales, as compared to $526.3, or 18.2% of net sales for fiscal 2024, and $489.4, or 16.5% of net sales for fiscal 2023. Included in SG&A were Project Momentum restructuring and related costs of $32.9, $34.4 and $30.0 in fiscal 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, acquisition and integration costs of $5.7 and $5.1 in fiscal 2025 and 2024, respectively, and a litigation matter credit of $1.7 and charge of $13.7 in fiscal 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Excluding Project Momentum restructuring and related costs, the litigation matter and acquisition and integration costs, SG&A in fiscal 2025 was $495.5 or 16.8%, compared to fiscal 2024 of $473.1 or 16.4%. The year-over-year increase was primarily driven by increased SG&A from the APS NV business of $11.8, increased investment in digital transformation and increased legal and recycling fees. This increase was partially offset by Project Momentum savings of approximately $14 in the period.
Excluding Project Momentum restructuring and related costs, the litigation matter and acquisition and integration costs, SG&A in fiscal 2024 was $473.1 or 16.4%, compared to fiscal 2023 of $459.4 or 15.5%. The year-over-year increase was primarily driven by an increase in labor and benefit costs, higher travel expense, increased depreciation expense related to our digital transformation initiatives and increased legal, factoring and environmental fees. This increase was partially offset by Project Momentum savings of approximately $29 in the period.
Advertising and Sales Promotion (A&P)
A&P was $151.7 in fiscal 2025, an increase of $8.0 as compared to fiscal 2024 expense of $143.7. A&P was $142.3 in fiscal 2023. A&P as a percent of net sales was 5.1%, 5.0% and 4.8% in fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Research and Development (R&D)
R&D expense was $32.6 in fiscal 2025, $31.6 in fiscal 2024, $32.9 in fiscal 2023. As a percent of net sales, R&D expense was consistent as a percentage of sales at 1.1% all three years.
Amortization Expense
Amortization expense was relatively consistent at $58.7, $58.2 and $59.4 in fiscal 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Impairment of intangible assets
Impairment of intangible assets was $5.9 in fiscal 2025 . This included a non-cash impairment on certain proprietary formulas the Company plans to no longer utilize.
Impairment of intangible assets was $110.6 in fiscal 2024 . This included a non-cash impairment on the Rayovac trade name of $85.2 and on the Varta trade name of $25.4. The non-cash impairments were driven by missed branded sales forecasts.
No impairment of intangible assets was recorded in fiscal 2023.
Interest expense
Interest expense for fiscal 2025 was $154.3, as compared to fiscal 2024 expense of $155.7 and $168.7 in fiscal 2023. The lower interest expense in fiscal 2025 was due to a lower average outstanding debt balance in the current year due to the Company's initiatives to pay down debt and lower interest rates. The decreased interest expense in fiscal 2024 compared to fiscal 2023 was due to a lower average outstanding debt balance partially offset by higher interest rates.
Loss/(gain) on extinguishment/modification of debt
The Loss on the extinguishment/modification of debt was $12.1 for fiscal year 2025 and relates to amending and restating the Term Loan as well as the redemption of the $300.0 Senior Notes due in 2027 during the fiscal year. The Loss on the extinguishment/modification of debt was $2.4 for fiscal year 2024 and relates to the Company's early repayment of $188.0 outstanding on the term loan as well as the term loan repricing during the fiscal year. The Gain on the extinguishment/modification of debt was $1.5 for fiscal year 2023 and related to the Company's retirement of $25.0 of outstanding Senior Notes at a discount and the early repayment of $188.0 outstanding on the term loan.
Other Items, Net
Other items, net was expense of $0.9, $22.0 and $57.1 in fiscal 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and is summarized below:
For the Years Ended September 30,
Other items, net
Interest income
Foreign currency exchange loss (1)
Loss on sale of available-for-sale securities
Pension cost other than service costs
Settlement loss on U.S. pension annuity buy out
Gain on sale of assets
Transition services income
Other
Total Other items, net
(1) Foreign currency exchange loss in fiscal 2025 includes the currency impact from the December 2023 Argentina economic reform. During December 2023, a new president was inaugurated in Argentina bringing significant economic reform to the country including devaluing the Argentine Peso by 50% in the month of December. As a result of this reform and devaluation, the Company recorded $21.0 of exchange losses for the fiscal 2024 in Other items, net on the Consolidated Statement of Earnings and Comprehensive Income.
Income Taxes
For fiscal 2025, the effective tax rate was 15.9%. Excluding the impact of our non-GAAP adjustments, the year to date adjusted effective tax rate was 20.2% as compared to 22.9% in the prior year. The lower current year rate is driven by the non-taxable production credits recorded in the current year.
For fiscal 2024, the effective tax rate was 29.2%. Excluding the impact of our non-GAAP adjustments, the year to date adjusted effective tax rate was 22.9% as compared to 21.2% in the prior year. The higher current year rate is driven by the higher foreign rate differential compared to the prior year.
For fiscal 2023, the effective tax rate was 20.0%. Excluding the impact of our non-GAAP adjustments, the year to date adjusted effective tax rate was 21.2% as compared to 19.5% in the prior year. The increase in the rate versus prior year is primarily due to the release of reserves from statute limitations and settlements with tax authorities in the prior year.
Energizer’s effective tax rate is highly sensitive to the mix of countries from which earnings or losses are derived. Declines in earnings in lower tax rate countries, earnings increases in higher tax rate countries, repatriation of foreign earnings or foreign operating losses in the future could increase future tax rates. In addition, the enactment of legislation implementing changes in the U.S. on the taxation of international business activities or the adoption of other U.S. tax reform could impact our effective tax rate in the future.
Segment Results
Operations for Energizer are managed via two product segments: Batteries & Lights and Auto Care. Segment performance is evaluated based on segment operating profit, exclusive of general corporate expenses (including share-based compensation costs), amortization of intangibles, impairment of intangible assets, acquisition and integration activities, restructuring and related costs, network transition costs, FY23 & FY24 production credits, acquisition earn out, a litigation matter, the December 2023 Argentina Economic Reform, the settlement loss on U.S. pension annuity buy out and other items determined to be corporate in nature. Financial items, such as interest income and expense, and loss/(gain) on extinguishment/modification of debt are managed on a global basis at the corporate level. The exclusion of these costs from segment results reflects management's view on how it evaluates segment performance. The Company also excludes amortization of intangibles and impairment of intangible assets from segments as these are non-cash items related to the original purchase of the intangibles and are not utilized to evaluate current segment performance.
Energizer’s operating model includes a combination of standalone and shared business functions between the product segments, varying by country and region of the world. Shared functions include the sales and marketing functions, as well as human resources, IT and finance shared service costs. Energizer applies a fully allocated cost basis, in which shared business functions are allocated between segments. Such allocations are estimates, and do not represent the costs of such services if performed on a standalone basis.
Segment Net Sales
For the Years Ended September 30,
% Chg
% Chg
Batteries & Lights
Net sales - prior year
Organic
Acquisition impact
Change in highly inflationary operations
Impact of currency
Net sales - current year
Auto Care
Net sales - prior year
Organic
Change in highly inflationary operations
Impact of currency
Net sales - current year
Total Net Sales
Net sales - prior year
Organic
Acquisition impact
Change in highly inflationary operations
Impact of currency
Net sales - current year
Total Net sales for the twelve months ended September 30, 2025 increased 2.3%, due to organic Net sales improvement of $19.8, or 0.7% and acquisition impact of $63.6, or 2.2%. These impacts were partially offset by a $5.3 decrease from our highly inflationary markets and unfavorable impact of currency of $12.4. Segment sales results for the twelve months ended September 30, 2025 are as follows:
• Batteries & Lights Net sales improved 3.2% versus the prior fiscal year, which included acquisition impact of $63.6, or 2.8%, from the APS NV acquisition, and organic net sales increase of 1.0%. The organic increase was driven by increased volumes driven by distribution gains, higher US storm related activity of approximately $13 in the beginning of the fiscal year and digital economy growth, partially offset by lower back-half category volumes due to softer consumer demand (approximately 1.5%). The volume improvement was partially offset by pricing declines driven by planned strategic pricing and promotional investments earlier in the year which was partially offset by tariff pricing in the back half of the year (approximately 0.5%).
• Auto Care Net sales declined 1.2% versus the prior fiscal year, partially driven by organic net sales decline of 0.6%. The decrease was due to pricing declines from planned strategic pricing and promotional investments partially offset by innovation and tariff pricing (approximately 1.8%). The pricing declines were partially offset by higher volumes driven by distribution gains, international market expansion and digital economy growth, partially offset by lower back-half category volumes due to softer consumer demand (approximately 1.2%).
Total Net sales for the twelve months ended September 30, 2024 decreased 2.5%, due to organic Net sales decline of $66.2, or 2.2%, and a $7.8 decrease from our Argentina operations, which were deemed to be highly inflationary. These declines were partially offset by favorable impact of currency of $1.3. Segment sales results for the twelve months ended September 30, 2024 are as follows:
• Batteries & Lights Net sales declined 3.6% versus the prior fiscal year, which included organic net sales decline of 3.4%. The organic decrease was driven by volume declines due to earlier holiday orders compared to the prior year, which benefited the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023, partially offset by distribution gains and improved category trends (approximately 0.9%) and pricing declines driven by planned strategic pricing and promotional investments in the period (approximately 2.5%).
• Auto Care Net sales increased 2.1% versus the prior fiscal year, which was driven by organic net sales improvement of 2.3%. The increase was driven by increased distribution globally (approximately 2.3%) and increased volumes from timing of refrigerant sales (approximately 0.8%), partially offset by pricing declines driven by planned strategic pricing and promotional investments in the period (approximately 0.8%).
Segment Profit
For the Years Ended September 30,
% Chg
% Chg
Batteries & Lights
Segment Profit - prior year
Organic
Impact acquisition
Change in highly inflationary operations
Impact of currency
Segment Profit - current year
Auto Care
Segment Profit - prior year
Organic
Change in highly inflationary operations
Impact of currency
Segment Profit - current year
Total Segment Profit
Segment Profit - prior year
Organic
Acquisition impact
Change in highly inflationary operations
Impact of currency
Segment Profit - current year
Refer to Note 9, Segments, in the Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation from segment profit to Earnings before income taxes.
Total segment profit in fiscal 2025 was $647.8, a decline of 0.2% versus the prior fiscal year. The decline was driven by unfavorable movement in foreign currency of $11.0, or 1.6%, and a decline of $3.0, or 0.5%, in our highly inflationary operations. This was partially offset by organic segment profit increase of 1.6% and acquisition impact from the APS NV acquisition of 0.3%. Segment operating profit results for the twelve months ended September 30, 2025 are as follows:
• Batteries & Lights segment profit was $542.2, a decrease of 2.3% versus the prior fiscal year driven by organic profit decline of $6.0, or 1.1%, unfavorable currencies of $5.6, or 1.0%, and a decline of $3.2, or 0.6%, in highly inflationary markets, partially offset by the positive impact from the APS NV acquisition of $2.2, or 0.4%. The organic decline was due to higher A&P and SG&A spending in the current year. This was partially offset by the improved gross profit dollars from Project Momentum savings and the production credits in the current year.
• Auto Care segment profit was $105.6, an increase of $11.5, or 12.2%, versus the prior fiscal year. Organic segment profit increased $16.7, or 17.7%. The growth was driven by improved gross margin due to Project Momentum savings. This was partially offset by higher SG&A and A&P spending, which supported the launch of the Podium Series, as compared to prior year.
Total segment profit in fiscal 2024 was $648.9, an increase of 3.6% versus the prior fiscal year. The increase was driven by organic segment profit increase of 5.3%. This was partially offset by unfavorable movement in foreign currency of $5.6, or 0.8% and a decline of $5.4, or 0.9%, in Argentina operations. Segment operating profit results for the twelve months ended September 30, 2024 are as follows:
• Batteries & Lights segment profit was $554.8, an increase of 0.6% versus the prior fiscal year driven by organic profit increase of $14.0, or 2.5%, which was partially offset by unfavorable currencies of $5.5, or 1.0%, and a decline of $5.2, or 0.9%, in Argentina operations. The organic growth was due to the improved gross margin from Project Momentum savings and reduced A&P and R&D spending compared to the prior year. This was partially offset by the organic Net sales decline discussed above as well as higher SG&A spending in the current year.
• Auto Care segment profit was $94.1, an increase of $19.1, or 25.5%, versus the prior fiscal year. Organic segment profit increased $19.4, or 25.9%. The growth was driven by higher organic Net sales discussed above and improved gross margin due to Project Momentum savings, as well as reduced R&D spending. This was partially offset by higher SG&A and A&P spending compared to prior year.
GENERAL CORPORATE
For the Years Ended September 30,
General corporate and other expenses
% of net sales
For fiscal 2025, general corporate expenses were $118.9, an increase of $3.6 compared to fiscal 2024 expense of $115.3. The increase was primarily driven by increased legal fees as well as increased stock compensation in the current year. For fiscal 2024, general corporate expenses were $115.3, an increase of $8.1 compared to fiscal 2023 expense of $107.2. The increase was primarily driven by increased factoring and legal fees, higher mark to market expenses on our deferred compensation plans as well as increased stock compensation in fiscal 2024.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Energizer’s primary future cash needs are centered on operating activities, working capital and strategic investments. We believe that our future cash from operations, together with our access to capital markets, will provide adequate resources to fund our short-term and long-term operating and financing needs. Our access to, and the availability of, financing on acceptable terms in the future will be affected by many factors, including, but not limited to: (i) our financial condition and prospects, (ii) for debt, our credit rating, (iii) the liquidity of the overall capital markets and (iv) the current state of the economy. There can be no assurances that we will continue to have access to capital markets on terms acceptable to us. See “Risk Factors” for further discussion.
Cash is managed centrally with net earnings reinvested locally and working capital requirements met from existing liquid funds. At September 30, 2025, Energizer had $236.2 of cash and cash equivalents, approximately 82% of which was outside of the U.S. Given our extensive international operations, a significant portion of our cash is denominated in foreign currencies. We manage our worldwide cash requirements by reviewing available funds among the many subsidiaries through which we conduct our business and the cost effectiveness with which those funds can be accessed. The repatriation of cash balances from certain of our subsidiaries could have adverse tax consequences or be subject to regulatory capital requirements, however, those balances are generally available without legal restrictions to fund ordinary business operations.
In March 2025, the Company entered into an amended and restated agreement which extended the term of its $760.0 Senior Secured Term Loan (Term Loan) to 2032 and its $500.0 Revolving Credit Facility (Revolving Facility) to 2030. In September 2025, the Company completed a bond offering for $400.0 Senior Notes due in 2033 at 6.00% and completed an add-on of $100.0 to the Term Loan. The proceeds were utilized to redeem the $300.0 6.50% Senior Notes due in 2027 and repay the indebtedness outstanding under the Revolving Facility. The transactions were leverage neutral and extended the maturity on the Company's outstanding debt.
As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $857.9 outstanding on the Term Loan. The borrowings under the Term Loan require quarterly principal payments of 0.25% of the original principal balance. Borrowings under the Revolving Facility bear interest at a rate per annum equal to, at the option of the Company, SOFR or the Base Rate (as defined) plus the applicable margin. The Term Loan bears interest at a rate per annum equal to SOFR plus the applicable margin.
As of September 30, 2025, the Company had no borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Facility and $7.6 of outstanding letters of credit. Taking into account outstanding letters of credit, $492.4 remained available as of September 30, 2025.
Subsequent to year-end, the Company received a tax refund of $50.7, which included the fiscal 2024 production credit refund. The Company utilized these funds, as well as other funds, to pay down approximately $80.0 of outstanding Term Loan debt.
Debt Covenants
The agreements governing the Company's debt contain certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative, negative and financial covenants, and provisions relating to events of default. If the Company fails to comply with these covenants or with other requirements of these agreements, the lenders may have the right to accelerate the maturity of the debt. Acceleration under one of these facilities would trigger cross defaults to other borrowings. As of September 30, 2025, the Company was in compliance with the provisions and covenants associated with its debt agreements, and expects to remain in compliance for at least the next 12 months.
Operating Activities
Cash flow from operating activities is the primary funding source for operating needs and capital investments. Cash flow from operating activities was $147.1 in fiscal 2025, $429.6 in fiscal 2024, and $395.2 in fiscal 2023.
Cash flow from operating activities was $147.1 in fiscal 2025 as compared to $429.6 in the prior fiscal year. This decrease of $282.5 was primarily driven by decreased cash flow from working capital changes year over year of approximately $262.1. The working capital change of approximately $262.1 was primarily a result of the following:
• Approximately $39 of the cash flow decrease from working capital was due to collections of accounts receivable in the current year compared to the prior year.
• Approximately $127 of the cash flow decrease from working capital was due to changes in accounts payable and accrued liabilities driven by timing of payments year over year.
• Approximately $85 year-over-year change in inventory. The Company's increased investment in inventory was driven by various tariff mitigation initiatives and increased inventory due to the plastic free packaging transition.
Cash flow from operating activities was $429.6 in fiscal 2024 as compared to $395.2 in the prior fiscal year. This increase of $34.4 was primarily driven by increased cash flow from working capital changes year over year of approximately $58.8 as the Company has continued to return to more normalized working capital levels. The working capital change of approximately $58.8 was primarily a result of the following:
• Approximately $152 of the cash flow increase from working capital was due to collections of accounts receivable in the current year compared to the prior year. As part of the Company's digital transformation, new automated tools were put in place to enable an enhanced and quicker collection process compared to prior year. In addition, the Company had higher outstanding factored receivables at September 30, 2024 compared to September 30, 2023.
• Approximately $44 of the cash flow increase from working capital was due to changes in accounts payable and accrued liabilities driven by timing of payments year over year.
• Offsetting the increase was approximately $136 year-over-year change in inventory. The current year's inventory has stayed relatively flat during fiscal 2024, whereas fiscal 2023 had reduced investments in inventory as our inventory returned to more normalized levels in fiscal 2023.
Investing Activities
Net cash used by investing activities was $98.2 in fiscal 2025 and $114.0 in fiscal 2024, and $56.1 in fiscal 2023, and consisted of the following:
• Capital expenditures were $83.9, $97.9, and $56.8 in fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Higher capital spending during fiscal 2025 and 2024 was primarily related to the Company's transition to plastic free packaging, digital transformation IT projects and Project Momentum restructuring spend.
• Proceeds from asset sales were $7.3, and $0.7 in fiscal 2024, and 2023, respectively. Fiscal 2024 proceeds were from selling a facility in the Dominican Republic and a facility in Wisconsin.
• Acquisitions, net of cash acquired and working capital payments, were an outflow of $14.3 and $22.4 in fiscal 2025 and 2024, respectively. The fiscal 2025 outflow was from the purchase of APS NV and the 2024 outflow was from the purchase of battery manufacturing assets in Belgium and the purchase of Centralsul.
• Purchase of available-for-sale securities was $5.2 in fiscal 2024, related to the purchase of bonds issued by the Argentina Central bank, named BOPREALs.
• Proceeds from sale of available-for-sale securities were $4.2 in fiscal 2024, related to the sale of BOPREALs.
Investing cash outflows of approximately $75 to $85 are anticipated in fiscal 2026 for capital expenditures. This includes normal capital replacement, product development and cost reduction investments, as well as approximately $25 to $35 of investment from Project Momentum Tariff and Operational Efficiency initiatives.
Financing Activities
Net cash used by financing activities was $29.1 in fiscal 2025 and $300.3 in fiscal 2024 and $309.4 in fiscal 2023.
For fiscal 2025, cash flow used by financing activities consists of the following:
• Cash proceeds from issuance of debt with maturities greater than 90 days of $698.0 from refinancing and extending the Term Loan and completing the $400.0 Senior Notes. The Term Loan proceeds were evaluated on a lender-by-lender basis on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows;
• Payments on debt with maturities greater than 90 days of $523.5, primarily related to the Term Loan refinancing payments of $192.2, the principal payments of $28.0 made earlier in the year and the redemption of the $300.0 Senior Notes. The Term Loan payments were evaluated on a lender-by-lender basis on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows;
• Net decrease in debt with original maturities of 90 days or less of $0.1, primarily related to repayment of international borrowings;
• Debt issuance costs of $13.6 related to the Term Loan and Revolving Facility refinancing and the $400.0 Senior Note offering;
• Premiums paid on extinguishment of debt of $4.9 related to the redemption premium on the $300 Senior Note;
• Payment of acquisition indemnification hold back related to the Centralsul acquisition of $0.5;
• Dividends paid on common stock of $87.1 during fiscal 2025 (see below);
• Common stock repurchases of $89.7 at an average price of $22.42 per share (see below); and
• Taxes paid for withheld share-based payments of $7.7.
For fiscal 2024, cash flow used by financing activities consists of the following:
• Payments on debt with maturities greater than 90 days of $200.8, primarily related to the term loan principal payments of $200.0;
• Net decrease in debt with original maturities of 90 days or less of $6.2, primarily related to repayment of international borrowings;
• Debt issuance costs of $0.9 related to the Term Loan reprice;
• Dividends paid on common stock of $87.4 during fiscal 2024; and
• Taxes paid for withheld share-based payments of $5.0.
For fiscal 2023, cash flow used by financing activities consists of the following:
• Payments on debt with maturities greater than 90 days of $222.1, primarily related to the early retirement of Senior notes of $21.6 and the term loan principal payments of $200.0;
• Net increase in debt with original maturities of 90 days or less of $1.2, primarily related to international borrowings;
• Dividends paid on common stock of $86.3 during fiscal 2023; and
• Taxes paid for withheld share-based payments of $2.2.
Dividends
Total dividends declared to common shareholders were $87.6, and $87.1 was paid in fiscal 2025.
Subsequent to the fiscal year end, on November 10, 2025, the Board of Directors declared a dividend for the first quarter of fiscal 2026 of $0.30 per share of common stock, payable on December 10, 2025, to all shareholders of record as of the close of business on November 25, 2025.
The timing, declaration, amount and payment of future dividends to shareholders will fall within the discretion of our Board of Directors. The Board’s decisions regarding the payment of dividends will depend on many factors, such as our financial condition, earnings, capital requirements, debt service obligations, covenants associated with certain of our debt service obligations, industry practice, legal requirements, regulatory constraints and other factors that our Board of Directors deems relevant.
Share Repurchases
In November 2024, the Company's Board of Directors put in place an authorization for the Company to acquire up to 7.5 million shares of its common stock. During fiscal 2025, the Company repurchased 4 million shares for $89.7 at an average price of $22.42 per share, exclusive of $0.9 of excise tax. The Company had 3.5 million shares remaining under this authorization at September 30, 2025.
The authorization of future share repurchases falls within the discretion of our Board of Directors. The Board’s authorization and management's subsequent decision to repurchase shares will depend on many factors, such as our financial condition, earnings, capital requirements, debt service obligations, covenants associated with certain of our debt service obligations, industry practice, legal requirements, regulatory constraints and other factors that are deemed relevant. Future share repurchases, if any, would be made on the open market and the timing and the amount of any purchases will be determined by the Company based on its evaluation of the market conditions, capital allocation objectives, legal and regulatory requirements and other factors. Share repurchases may be effected through open market purchases or privately negotiated transactions, including repurchase plans that satisfy the conditions of Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
On August 16, 2022, the U.S. government enacted the Inflation Reduction Act which, among other changes, created a new corporate alternative minimum tax based on adjusted financial statement income and imposed a 1% excise tax on corporate stock repurchases. The effective date of these provisions was January 1, 2023. Any excise tax incurred on corporate stock repurchases will generally be recognized as part of the cost basis of the treasury stock acquired and not reported as part of income tax expense.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
The Company believes it has sufficient liquidity to fund its operations and meet its short-term and long-term obligations. The Company's material future obligations include the contractual and purchase commitments described below.
The Company has a contractual commitment to repay its long-term debt of $3,395.6 based on the defined terms of our debt agreements. Within the next twelve months, the Company is obligated to pay $8.6 of this total debt. Our interest commitments based on the current debt balance and SOFR rate on drawn debt at September 30, 2025 is $873.8 with $148.6 expected within the next twelve months. The Company has entered into an interest rate swap agreement that fixed the variable benchmark component (SOFR) on $600.0 of variable rate debt. Refer to Note 13 Debt for further details.
The Company has an obligation to pay a mandatory transition tax of $7.1 due in the second fiscal quarter of fiscal 2026.
Additionally, Energizer has material future purchase commitments for goods and services which are legally binding and that specify all significant terms including price and/or quantity. Total future commitments for these obligations over the next 5 years is $2.1. The full amount is due within the next twelve months. Refer to Note 18 Other Commitments and Contingencies for further details.
Energizer is also party to various service and supply contracts that generally extend approximately one to three months. These arrangements are primarily individual, short-term purchase orders for routine goods and services at market prices, which are part of our normal operations and are reflected in historical operating cash flow trends. These contracts can generally be canceled at our option at any time. We do not believe such arrangements will adversely affect our liquidity position.
Finally, Energizer has operating and financing leases for real estate, equipment, and other assets that include future minimum payments with initial terms of one year or more. Total future operating and finance lease payments at September 30, 2025 are $145.6 and $89.0, respectively. Within the next twelve months, operating and finance lease payments are expected to be $19.7 and $4.6, respectively. Refer to Note 10 Leases for further details.
Other Matters
Environmental Matters
The operations of Energizer are subject to various federal, state, foreign and local laws and regulations intended to protect the public health and the environment. These regulations relate primarily to worker safety, air and water quality, underground fuel storage tanks and waste handling and disposal. Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, Energizer has been identified as a “potentially responsible party” (PRP) and may be required to share in the cost of cleanup with respect to certain federal “Superfund” sites. It may also be required to share in the cost of cleanup with respect to state-designated sites or other sites outside of the U.S.
Accrued environmental costs at September 30, 2025 were $10.1, of which approximately $1.4 is expected to be spent during fiscal 2026. It is difficult to quantify with certainty the cost of environmental matters, particularly remediation and future capital expenditures for environmental control equipment. Current environmental spending estimates could be modified as a result of changes in our plans or our understanding of underlying facts, changes in legal requirements or the enforcement or interpretation of existing requirements.
Legal Proceedings
In 2023, three purported class action lawsuits were filed against the Company and Wal-Mart Inc. in the Northern District of California alleging that the defendantsconspired to inflate the prices of certain Energizer battery and lighting products (the “Products”) charged by the Company to other retailers and to prevent other retailers from charging consumers prices below Wal-Mart’s pricing, in violation of antitrust and consumer protection laws. The matters were filed on behalf of putative classes of entities that purchased the Products directly from Energizer, persons who purchased the Products directly from a Wal-Mart brick-and-mortar store, and persons who indirectly purchased the Products (other than for resale). All three lawsuits have been consolidated. The plaintiffs seek, among other things, monetary damages, costs and disbursements, reasonable attorneys’ fees, as well as injunctive relief. The Company has not recorded any accruals in its consolidated financial statements as the likelihood of a loss from these cases is not probable nor estimable at this time. The Company believes that it has substantial defenses against the claims and intends to vigorously defendagainst them.
In November 2021, Varta Microbattery GmbH filed a lawsuit against the Company allegingbreach of a supply agreement related to zinc-air hearing aid batteries. On September 3, 2024, the Commercial Court of the Canton of Zurich issued a $13.7 judgment against the Company. On October 3, 2024, the Company appealed the judgment with the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland. This matter concluded in July 2025. The Company has recorded the amount of the judgment within SG&A on the Consolidated Statement of Earnings and Comprehensive Income.
In addition to the above matters, the Company and its affiliates are subject to a number of legal proceedings in various jurisdictions arising out of its operations. Many of these legal matters are in preliminary stages and involve complex issues of law and fact, and may proceed for protracted periods of time. The amount of liability, if any, from these proceedings cannot be determined with certainty. We are a party to legal proceedings and claims that arise during the ordinary course of business. We review our legal proceedings and claims, regulatory reviews and inspections on an ongoing basis and follow appropriate accounting guidance when making accrual and disclosure decisions. We establish accruals for those contingencies where the incurrence of a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated, and we disclose the amount accrued and the amount of a reasonably possible loss in excess of the amount accrued, if such disclosure is necessary for our financial statements to not be misleading. We do not record liabilities when the likelihood that the liability has been incurred is probable, but the amount cannot be reasonably estimated. Based upon present information, the Company believes that its liability, if any, arising from such pending legal proceedings, asserted legal claims and known potential legal claims which are likely to be asserted, is not reasonably likely to be material to the Company's financial position, results of operations, or cash flows, taking into account established accruals for estimated liabilities.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The methods, estimates, and judgments Energizer uses in applying its most critical accounting policies have a significant impact on the results the Company reports in its Consolidated Financial Statements. Specific areas, among others, requiring the application of management’s estimates and judgment include assumptions pertaining to accruals for consumer and trade-promotion programs, pension benefit costs, acquisition, intangible assets and goodwill, uncertain tax positions, the reinvestment of undistributed foreign earnings and tax valuation allowances. On an ongoing basis, Energizer evaluates its estimates, but actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
The Company's critical accounting policies have been reviewed with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. A summary of Energizer’s significant accounting policies is contained in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. This listing is not intended to be a comprehensive list of all of Energizer’s accounting policies.
• Revenue Recognition - The Company measures revenue as the amount of consideration for which it expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods. Net sales reflect the transaction prices for agreements, which include units shipped at selling list prices reduced by variable consideration as determined by the terms of each individual agreement. Discounts are offered to customers for early payment and an estimate of the discount is recorded as a reduction of net sales in the same period as the sale. Our standard sales terms generally include payments within 30 to 60 days and are final with returns or exchanges not permitted unless a special exception is made. Our Auto Care channel terms are longer, in some cases up to 365 days, in which case we use our trade receivables factoring program for more timely collection. Reserves are established based on historical data and recorded in cases where the right of return does exist for a particular sale. The Company does not offer warranties on products.
Energizer offers a variety of programs, primarily to its retail customers, designed to promote sales of its products. Such programs require periodic payments and allowances based on estimated results of specific programs and are recorded as a reduction to net sales. Methodologies for determining these provisions are dependent on specific customer pricing and promotional practices, which range from contractually fixed percentage price reductions to reimbursement based on actual occurrence or performance. Where applicable, future reimbursements are estimated based on a combination of historical patterns and future expectations regarding specific in-market product performance. Energizer accrues, at the time of sale, the estimated total payments and allowances associated with each transaction. Customers redeem trade promotions in the form of payments from the accrued trade allowances or invoice credits against trade receivables. Additionally, Energizer offers programs directly to consumers to promote the sale of its products. Energizer continually assesses the adequacy of accruals for customer and consumer promotional program costs not yet paid. To the extent total program payments differ from estimates, adjustments may be necessary. Historically, these adjustments have not been material.
The Company’s agreements with customers do not have significant financing components or non-cash consideration and the Company does not have unbilled revenue or significant amounts of prepayments from customers. Revenue is
recorded net of the taxes we collect on behalf of governmental authorities which are generally included in the price to the customer. Shipping and handling activities are accounted for as contract fulfillment costs and recorded in COGS.
• Pension Plans - The determination of the Company’s obligation and expense for pension benefits is dependent on certain assumptions developed by the Company and used by actuaries in calculating such amounts. Assumptions include, among others, the discount rate, future salary increases and the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. Actual results that differ from assumptions made, or impacts to the obligation that are due to changes to assumptions, are recognized on the balance sheet and subsequently amortized to earnings over future periods. Significant differences in actual experience or significant changes in macroeconomic conditions resulting in changes to assumptions may materially affect pension obligations. In determining the discount rate, the Company uses the yield on high-quality bonds in conjunction with the cash flows of its plans’ estimated payouts. For the U.S. plans, which were frozen January 1, 2014 and represent the Company’s most significant obligations, we consider the Mercer Above-Mean yield curve in determining the discount rates.
Of the assumptions listed above, changes in the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets and changes in the discount rate used in developing plan obligations will likely have the most significant impact on the Company’s annual earnings, prospectively. Based on plan assets at September 30, 2025, a 100 basis point decrease or increase in expected asset returns would increase or decrease the Company’s U.S. pre-tax pension expense by $2.3. In addition, poor asset performance may increase and accelerate the rate of required pension contributions in the future. Uncertainty related to economic markets and the availability of credit may produce changes in the yields on corporate bonds rated as high-quality. As a result, discount rates based on high-quality corporate bonds may increase or decrease leading to lower or higher, respectively, pension obligations. A 100 basis point decrease in the discount rate would increase U.S. pension obligations by $18.4 at September 30, 2025.
As allowed under GAAP, the Company’s U.S. qualified pension plan's impact on earnings is determined using Market Related Value, which recognizes market appreciation or depreciation in the portfolio over five years and therefore reduces the short-term impact of market fluctuations.
• Business Combinations - The Company allocates the cost of an acquired business to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The Company uses a variety of information sources to determine the value of acquired assets and liabilities including: third-party appraisers for the values and lives of property, identifiable intangibles and inventories; actuaries for defined benefit retirement plans; and legal counsel or other advisors to assess the obligations associated with legal, environmental or other claims. The excess value of the cost of an acquired business over the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill.
• Intangible Assets - Significant judgment is required in assigning the respective useful lives of intangible assets. Certain brand intangibles are expected to have indefinite lives based on their history and our plans to continue to support and build the acquired brands. Other intangible assets are expected to have determinable useful lives. Our assessment of intangible assets that have an indefinite life and those that have a determinable life is based on a number of factors including the competitive environment, market share, brand history, underlying product life cycles, operating plans and the macroeconomic environment. Our estimates of the useful lives of determinable-lived intangible assets are primarily based on the same factors. The carrying value of determinable-lived intangible assets are amortized to expense over the estimated useful life. The value of indefinite-lived intangible assets is not amortized, but is tested at least annually for impairment. The Company assesses the appropriateness of an indefinite life being assigned to certain intangible assets as a part of this annual impairment analysis. The useful life of a determinable-lived intangible asset would be reassessed if a triggering event was identified that indicated a potential change in the value or use of our determinable-lived assets. A change in the useful life of these assets could have a material impact on our financial statements.
During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025, the Company identified an impairment of the definite-lived intangible assets of certain proprietary formulas the Company plans to no longer utilize. The analysis determined the carrying value of the asset group exceeded expected cash flows of the primary asset. As a result, the Company recorded an impairment of $5.9.
The Company has certain trade names with indefinite lives that are reviewed for impairment during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year following the annual forecasting process, or more frequently if facts and circumstances indicate the trade name may be impaired. The Company has the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of
such an intangible asset is less than its carrying amount. However, the Company can elect not to perform the qualitative assessment, and is then required to perform a quantitative impairment test that involves a comparison of the estimated fair value of the intangible asset with its carrying value. If the carrying value of the intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairmentloss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess.
For fiscal 2025, a quantitative assessment was performed over the Rayovac trade names due to the prior year impairment, and a qualitative assessment was performed over the Energizer, Eveready and Armor All trade names. No impairments were identified.
For Rayovac, the fair value of the trade name exceeded its carrying value of $337.0 by approximately 17%. The quantitative estimate of fair value for the Rayovac trade name was determined using the multi-period excess earnings method, which requires significant assumptions, including estimates related to revenue growth rates, gross margin rates, forecasted production tax credits and discount rate. The projections for the Rayovac fair value model were generated using the brand's historical performance and long-term category projections, to determine forecasted cash flows and operating data. Specifically, revenue growth assumptions were based on historical trends and management’s expectations for future category trends. Gross margin rate assumptions were based on historical trends and management's cost cutting strategies. The gross margin rate utilized is consistent with rates achieved in fiscal 2025. The production tax credit assumptions were based on the fiscal 2025 level of production credits achieved. The discount rate used was based on a weighted-average cost of capital utilizing industry market data of similar companies.
During the third quarter of fiscal 2024, the Company determined a triggering event had occurred due to missed branded sales forecasts. As a result, the Company performed an interim impairment analysis. The result of the impairment analysis indicated the carrying values of the Rayovac and Varta trade names were greater than their fair values, resulting in indefinite-lived intangible asset non-cash impairments of $85.2 and $25.4 for the Rayovac and Varta trade names, respectively.
The quantitative estimated fair value of the Rayovac trade name was determined using the multi-period excess earnings method, which requires significant assumptions, including estimates related to revenue growth rates, gross margin rates, operating expenses (SG&A, R&D, and A&P) and discount rate. The projections for the Rayovac fair value model were generated using the brand's historical performance and long-term category projections, to determine forecasted cash flows and operating data. Specifically, revenue growth assumptions were based on historical trends and management’s expectations for future growth of the category. Gross margin rate assumptions were based on historical trends, management's cost cutting strategies, and a market place participant's production capabilities. Operating expenses were based on historical trends. The discount rate used in the trade name fair value estimate was 11.5% and was based on a weighted-average cost of capital utilizing industry market data of similar companies. The new carrying value for the Rayovac trade name is $337.0.
The quantitative estimated fair value of the Varta trade name was determined using the relief from royalty model, which requires significant assumptions, including estimated related revenue growth rates, royalty rates, and discount rate. The revenue projections for the Varta fair value model were based on the brand's historical performance and long-term category projections. Royalty rate assumptions were determined based on branded profit levels and research of external royalty rates by third-party experts. The discount rate used in the trade name fair value estimate was 11.0% and was based on a weighted-average cost of capital utilizing industry market data of similar companies. The new carrying value for the Varta trade name was $11.6. Following the impairment, the Varta trade name was converted to a definite lived intangible asset with a 15 year useful life. The conversion increased annual amortization by approximately $0.8.
These fair value measurements fell within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, see Note 17, Financial Instruments and Risk Management.
Changes in the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the Company's indefinite-lived intangible assets could result in impairment charges in future periods, which could be material. Additionally, certain factors have the potential to create variances in the estimated fair values of our indefinite-lived intangible assets, which also could result in material impairment charges. These factors include (i) failure to achieve forecasted revenue growth rates, (ii) failure to achieve cost cutting and margin improvement initiatives the Company is implementing, (iii) failure to meet forecasted operating expenses, or (iv) increases in the discount rate. Specifically, a 50 basis point change in the discount rate used in the valuations would result in an additional impairment of $16.7 and $0.3 for the Rayovac and Varta trade names, respectively.
In fiscal 2024, the Company also performed a qualitative assessment over the Energizer, Eveready and Armor All trade name and no impairments were identified.
In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company completed the indefinite lived intangibles annual assessment. A quantitative assessment was performed over the Rayovac and Armor All trade names due to the prior year impairments, and a qualitative assessment was performed over the Energizer, Eveready and Varta trade names. No impairment were identified and the Armor All trade name fair value exceeded its carrying value by more than 20%.
For Rayovac, the fair value of the trade name exceeded its carrying value of $422.2 by approximately 5%. The quantitative estimate of fair value for the Rayovac trade name was determined using the multi-period excess earnings method, which requires significant assumptions, including estimates related to revenue growth rates, gross margin rates, operating expenses (SG&A, R&D, and A&P) and discount rate. The projections for the Rayovac fair value model were generated using the Company’s three-year strategic plan, the Company's annual budget plan for fiscal 2024, and long-term category projections, to determine forecasted cash flows and operating data. Specifically, the revenue growth assumption was based on historical trends and management’s expectations for future category trends. The gross margin rate assumption was based on historical trends, management's cost cutting strategies and a market place participant's production capabilities. The gross margin rate utilized was also consistent with rates achieved in fiscal 2023. Operating expenses are based on historical trends and management's annual budget plan for fiscal 2024, as well as long-term operating and advertising strategies. The discount rate used was based on a weighted-average cost of capital utilizing industry market data of similar companies. Changes in the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the Rayovac tradename could result in impairment charges in future periods, which could be material. Specifically, a 50 basis point increase in the discount rate would have resulted in the carrying value of the Rayovac trade name exceeding the fair value by approximately 0.6%.
Changes in the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the Company's indefinite-lived intangible assets could result in impairment charges in future periods, which could be material. Additionally, certain factors have the potential to create variances in the estimated fair values of our indefinite-lived intangible assets, which also could result in material impairment charges. These factors include (i) failure to achieve forecasted revenue growth rates, (ii) failure to achieve cost cutting and margin improvement initiatives the Company is implementing, (iii) failure to meet forecasted operating expenses, (iv) increases in the discount rate or (v) changes to production tax credit regulations impacting the Company's ability to claim these credits.
• Goodwill - The Company completes its annual goodwill impairment analysis in the fourth fiscal quarter each year over each of these reporting units. When performing a quantitative analysis the Company estimates the fair value of a reporting unit under the income approach utilizing a discounted cash flow model which incorporates significant estimates and assumptions, including future cash flows driven by revenue and gross margin projections and discount rates reflecting the risk inherent in future cash flows. The Company uses the three-year strategic plan, the annual budget plan for the following fiscal year, and long-term category projections, to determine forecasted cash flows and operating data for the discounted cash flow model. Specifically, revenue growth assumptions are based on historical trends and management’s expectations for future growth by category. Gross margin rate assumptions are based on historical trends and management's cost cutting strategies. The discount rates are based on a weighted-average cost of capital utilizing industry market data of similar companies.
In fiscal 2025, the Company completed a qualitative analysis on all four reporting units and no impairments were identified.
In fiscal 2024, the Company completed a qualitative analysis on all four reporting units and no impairments were identified.
In fiscal 2023, the Company completed a quantitative analysis on the Auto Care North America reporting unit and a qualitative analysis over the Batteries & Lights reporting units. No impairments were identified and the Auto Care North America reporting unit's fair value exceed its carrying value by more than 20%.
Determining the fair value of a reporting unit requires the use of significant judgment, estimates and assumptions. Changes in the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of our reporting units could result in impairment charges in future periods. Additionally, certain factors have the potential to create variances in the estimated fair values of our reporting units, which also could result in impairment charges. These factors include (i) failure to achieve forecasted revenue growth rates, (ii) failure to achieve cost cutting and margin improvement initiatives the Company is implementing, or (iii) increases in the discount rate. An increase in discount rates, a reduction in projected cash flows or a combination of the two could lead to a reduction in the estimated fair values, which may result in impairment charges that could materially impact our financial statements in any given year.
While the Company believes that the estimates and assumptions underlying the valuation methodology are reasonable, these estimates and assumptions could have a significant impact on whether an impairment charge is recognized, and also on the magnitude of any such charge. The results of an impairment analysis are as of a point in time. There is no assurance that actual future earnings or cash flows of the reporting units will not decline significantly from these projections. The Company will monitor any changes to these assumptions and will evaluate goodwill as deemed warranted during future periods.
• Income Taxes - The Company's annual effective income tax rate is determined based on our income, statutory tax rates and the tax impacts of items treated differently for tax purposes than for financial reporting purposes. Tax law requires certain items be included in the tax return at different times than the items are reflected in the financial statements. Some of these differences are permanent, such as expenses that are not deductible in our tax return, and some differences are temporary, reversing over time, such as depreciation expense. These temporary differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities.
The Company estimates income taxes and the effective income tax rate in each jurisdiction that it operates. This involves estimating taxable earnings, specific taxable and deductible items, the likelihood of generating sufficient future taxable income to utilize deferred tax assets, the portion of the income of foreign subsidiaries that is expected to be remitted to the U.S. and be taxable and possible exposures related to future tax audits. Deferred tax assets are evaluated on a subsidiary by subsidiary basis to ensure that the asset will be realized. Valuation allowances are established when the realization is not deemed to be more likely than not. Future performance is monitored, and when objectively measurable operating trends change, adjustments are made to the valuation allowances accordingly. To the extent the estimates described above change, adjustments to income taxes are made in the period in which the estimate is changed.
In determining whether a valuation allowance against the net deferred tax assets are warranted, the Company assesses all available positive and negative evidence such as prior earnings history, expected future earnings, carry-back and carry-forward periods and the feasibility of ongoing tax strategies that could potentially enhance the likelihood of the realization of a deferred tax asset. After the evaluation of all available positive and negative evidence, the conclusion was that it is more likely than not that the Company will generate enough future taxable income to realize the U.S. net deferred tax asset on its balance sheet as of September 30, 2025. The Company will continue to regularly assess the potential for realization of net deferred tax assets in future periods. Changes in future earnings projections, among other factors, may result in a valuation allowance against some or all of the net deferred tax assets, which may materially impact income tax expense in the period if it is determined that these factors have changed.
The Company operates in multiple jurisdictions with complex tax and regulatory environments, which are subject to differing interpretations by the taxpayer and the taxing authorities. At times, we may take positions that management believes are supportable, but are potentially subject to successfulchallenges by the appropriate taxing authority. The Company evaluates its tax positions and establishes liabilities in accordance with guidance governing accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. The Company reviews these tax uncertainties in light of the changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of tax audits, and adjusts them accordingly. The Company's policy on accounting for tax on the global intangible low-taxed income is to treat the taxes due as a period expense when incurred.
In general, it is our practice and intention to permanently reinvest the earnings of our foreign subsidiaries and repatriate earnings only when the tax impact is zero or very minimal. No provision has been provided for taxes that would result upon repatriation of our foreign investments to the United States. We intend to reinvest these earnings indefinitely in our foreign subsidiaries to fund local operations, fund strategic growth objectives, and fund capital projects. See Note 6, Income Taxes, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting: Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This guidance requires disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis. This amendment is effective for our fiscal year ending September 30, 2025 and our interim periods within the fiscal year ending September 30, 2026. The new guidance is to be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented unless impracticable to do so. As the guidance requires only additional disclosure, there were no effects of this standard on our consolidated financial statements. The disclosures have been included within Note 9, Segments , of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes: Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This guidance requires consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and disclosures of
income taxes paid by jurisdiction. This amendment is effective for our fiscal year ending September 30, 2026. We are currently assessing the impact of this guidance on our disclosures.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses . ASU 2024-03 requires disclosure of certain costs and expenses on an interim and annual basis in the notes to the financial statements. The guidance is effective for our fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. We are currently assessing the impact of this guidance on our disclosures.
