RISK FACTORS SUMMARY
Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those described in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report. You should carefully consider these risks and uncertainties when investing in our securities. Principal risks and uncertainties affecting our business include the following:
risks related to the Merger, the Merger-Related Transactions, the TKO Asset Acquisition and the OpenBet Acquisition;
changes in public and consumer tastes and preferences and industry trends could reduce demand for our services and content offerings and adversely affect our business;
our ability to generate revenue from discretionary and corporate spending on entertainment and sports events, such as corporate sponsorships and advertising, is subject to many factors, including many that are beyond our control, such as general macroeconomic conditions;
we may not be able to adapt to or manage new content distribution platforms or changes in consumer behavior resulting from new technologies;
because our success depends substantially on our ability to maintain a professional reputation, adverse publicity concerning us, one of our businesses, our clients, or our key personnel could adversely affect our business;
we depend on the relationships of our agents, managers, and other key personnel with clients across many categories, including television, film, professional sports, fashion, music, literature, theater, digital, sponsorship and licensing;
our success depends, in part, on our continuing ability to identify, recruit, and retain qualified and experienced agents and managers. If we fail to recruit and retain suitable agents or if our relationships with our agents change or deteriorate, it could adversely affect our business;
our failure to identify, sign, and retain clients could adversely affect our business;
our business involves potential internal conflicts of interest due to the breadth and scale of our platform;
the markets in which we operate are highly competitive, both within the United States and internationally;
we depend on the continued service of the members of our executive management and other key employees, as well as management of acquired businesses, the loss or diminished performance of whom could adversely affect our business;
we depend on key relationships with television and cable networks, satellite providers, digital streaming partners and other distribution partners, as well as corporate sponsors;
our failure to protect our IT Systems and Confidential Information against breakdowns, security breaches, and other cybersecurity risks could result in financial penalties, legal liability, and/or reputational harm, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition;
we may be unable to protect our trademarks and other intellectual property rights, and others may allege that we infringe upon their intellectual property rights;
we are subject to extensive U.S. and foreign governmental regulations, and our failure to comply with these regulations could adversely affect our business;
we are signatory to certain franchise agreements of unions and guilds and are subject to certain licensing requirements of the states in which we operate. We are also signatories to certain collective bargaining agreements and depend upon unionized labor for the provision of some of our services. Our clients are also members of certain unions and guilds that are signatories to collective bargaining agreements. Any expiration, termination, revocation or non-renewal of these franchises, collective bargaining agreements, or licenses and any work stoppages or labor disturbances could adversely affect our business;
our businesses in the sports betting industry are subject to strict government regulations;
some of TKO’s executive officers and directors may have actual or potential conflicts of interest because of their equity interest in us. Also, certain of TKO’s current executive officers are our directors and officers, which may create conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts of interest;
we are a holding company and our principal asset is our indirect equity interests in Endeavor Operating Company and, accordingly, we are dependent upon distributions from Endeavor Operating Company to pay taxes and other expenses;
amendments to the Endeavor Operating Company LLC Agreement that allow us to limit tax distributions that would otherwise be made could result in conflicts of interest;
we are controlled by Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell, Executive Holdcos, and the Silver Lake Equityholders, whose interests in our business may be different than our holders of Class A common stock, and our board of directors has delegated significant authority to an Executive Committee and to Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell;
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we require a significant amount of cash to service our indebtedness. Our ability to generate cash for, make payments on or refinance our indebtedness as it becomes due depends on many factors, some of which are beyond our control and could impact our ability to continue as a going concern;
we are required to pay certain of our pre-IPO investors, including certain Other UFC Holders, for certain tax benefits we may claim (or are deemed to realize) in the future, and the amounts we may pay could be significant; and
we cannot guarantee we will continue to pay dividends in any specified amounts or a particular frequency.
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PART I
Item 1. B usiness
Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. is a global sports and entertainment company. We own and operate premium sports and entertainment properties, including UFC and WWE through our majority ownership of TKO, produce and distribute sports and entertainment content, own and manage exclusive live events and experiences, and represent top sports, entertainment and fashion talent, as well as blue chip corporate clients. Founded as a client representation business, we expanded organically and through strategic mergers and acquisitions, investing in new capabilities, including sports operations and advisory, events and experiences management, media production and distribution, sports data and technology, brand licensing, and experiential marketing.
We believe that our unique business model gives us a competitive advantage in the industries in which we operate. Our ownership of premium sports properties allows us to benefit from the generally rising value and increasing scarcity of ownable, scalable sports assets. Our dual role as an intellectual property owner and a trusted advisor to clients and rights holders allows us to make connections across the Endeavor network, increasing the earnings of our clients and the value of our sports and entertainment properties. We generally participate in the upside related to the commercial success of content with limited risk and we benefit from demand from both traditional and next generation distributors. We own and manage a diverse mix of premium live events and experiences in the entertainment, sports, fashion, culinary and art categories. The insights we gain from our connectivity across the sports and entertainment ecosystem may enable us to spot trends before they emerge and make strategic investments to enhance our growth.
Recent Developments
In April 2024, following our review to evaluate strategic alternatives, we entered into the Merger Agreement, pursuant to which affiliates of Silver Lake agreed to acquire 100% of the outstanding shares of our stock that it does not already own (other than certain equity interests held by certain current directors and executive officers of the Company and any other Rollover Holders (the "Rollover Interests")). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement and subject to the satisfaction or waiver of certain conditions and on the terms set forth therein, equityholders of Endeavor, Endeavor Operating Company and Endeavor Manager are to receive $27.50 in cash per share or unit, as applicable. The Merger Agreement also requires us to, in each calendar quarter prior to the closing, declare and pay a dividend in respect of each issued and outstanding share of our Class A common stock at a price equal to $0.06 per share. The Merger-Related Transactions are expected to close by the end of the first quarter of 2025, subject to certain customary closing conditions, including required regulatory approvals. Upon completion, our common stock will no longer be listed on any public market. For a discussion of risks relating to the Merger-Related Transactions, see Part I, Item 1A., Risk Factors.
In October 2024, the EDR Parties entered into an agreement with the TKO Parties (the “TKO Transaction Agreement”), pursuant to which TKO OpCo will acquire PBR, On Location, and certain of the IMG businesses for total consideration of $3.25 billion, based on the volume-weighted average sales price of TKO Class A common stock for the twenty-five trading days ending on October 23, 2024. The EDR Parties will receive approximately 26.1 million common units of TKO OpCo and will subscribe for an equal number of shares of TKO Class B common stock, subject to purchase price adjustments to be settled in cash and equity. Upon the close of the TKO Asset Acquisition, the EDR Parties are expected to own approximately 61% of the voting power of TKO through its holdings of TKO Class A common stock and common units of TKO OpCo. The TKO Asset Acquisition is expected to close in the first quarter of 2025, subject to the satisfaction or waiver of certain customary closing conditions, including receipt of required regulatory approvals and the affirmative vote of holders of a majority of the voting power of TKO common stock in favor of adopting the transaction agreement (which has been satisfied by delivery of a written consent by such stockholders). The TKO Asset Acquisition will be accounted for as a common control transaction between the companies.
In October 2024, we commenced a review and potential sale of certain assets within our events portfolio, including but not limited to the Miami Open and the Madrid Open tennis tournaments and art platform, Frieze. We have not set a deadline or definitive timetable for the completion of any potential sales.
In November 2024, we entered into an agreement with WME IMG, OB Global Holdings LLC, an entity affiliated with Ariel Emanuel, our Chief Executive Officer, and certain members of OpenBet management, pursuant to which OB Global Holdings LLC will acquire OpenBet and IMG ARENA for total consideration of approximately $450.0 million (the "OpenBet Acquisition"), subject to certain adjustments, consisting of (i) a $100.0 million cash payment, subject to specified adjustments as set forth in the agreement, and (ii) an unsecured promissory note with a make-whole value of approximately $350.0 million upon the occurrence of certain events, including a voluntary prepayment or a change of control of OB Global Holdings LLC.
Segments
As a result of our Sports Data & Technology ("SD&T") segment being presented as discontinued operations (see Note 4, "Discontinued Operations and Held For Sale" to our annual consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further detail), we operate our business in three reportable segments in our continuing operations as of December 31, 2024: (i) Owned Sports Properties, (ii) Events, Experiences & Rights, and (iii) Representation, which are covered in greater detail in "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation—Overview." Our segments are presented in the table below with select businesses:
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We generate revenue in both a principal and an agency capacity and use risk mitigation strategies including pre-sales and licensing when we take on investment risk in content or sports rights. Our business has benefited from strong revenue visibility via sports rights fee payments, predictable client commissions, content rights payments, recurring annual, biennial, quadrennial or more frequent events, corporate client retainers, and licensing agreements. We believe that visibility into our performance provides us with a stable and growing revenue base.
Our Integrated Global Business
Across our segments, our global portfolio of premium owned assets and integrated set of capabilities, including client representation, media production & distribution, cultural and experiential marketing, and brand licensing drive revenue generation opportunities, improve client retention, and increase the flow of acquisition and investment opportunities.
Owned Sports Properties
We believe that our Company is distinguished by our ownership of intellectual property, including UFC, a global sports property and the premier mixed martial arts sports organization, and WWE, the recognized global leader in sports entertainment. UFC is among the most popular sports organizations in the world. As of December 31, 2024, UFC has more than 700 million fans who skew young and diverse, as well as approximately 299 million social media followers, and broadcasts its content to over 950 million households across more than 170 countries and territories. As of the same period, WWE has over 700 million fans and over 382 million social media followers. WWE counts more than 106 million YouTube subscribers, making it one of the most viewed YouTube channels globally, and its year-round programming is available in over one billion households across approximately 160 countries and territories. In total, our more than 300 live events across UFC and WWE have attracted more than two million attendees on an annual basis and serve as the foundation of our global content distribution strategy. In addition, we own PBR, the world's premier bull riding organization, featuring more than 1,000 bull riders competing in more than 250 events each year. PBR’s total live event attendance has increased by 125% since PBR was acquired by Endeavor in 2015. The organization has launched several event series since the acquisition and introduced a new league, PBR Teams, in 2022. In 2024, PBR entertained more than 1.4 million fans across its tour events and grossed its ever annual consumer ticketing revenue. As owners, we retain control over the organization, promotion and marketing of UFC, WWE, and PBR, as well as the monetization of their events, media distribution, licensing, and partnership sales. We also have a strategic partnership with Euroleague, which is expected to run through the 2035-2036 season.
Events, Experiences & Rights
We own, operate, or represent hundreds of global events annually, including live sports events covering more than 15 sports globally (e.g., Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) and Women's Tennis Association (WTA) 1000 Tour Events, such as the Miami Open and Madrid Open), art fairs (e.g., Frieze Los Angeles, The Armory Show, and EXPO CHICAGO), music, culinary, and lifestyle festivals (e.g., The Big Feastival), and major attractions (e.g., Hyde Park Winter Wonderland and Barrett-Jackson). On Location, a leading provider of global premium live event experiences across sports and music, services more than 1,200 events and experiences built around major events, including the Super Bowl, FIFA World Cup 2026, the Aer Lingus Classic college football game, the Ryder Cup, the NCAA Final Four, Coachella and the 2024, 2026, and 2028 Olympic and Paralympic Games.
As one of the largest global distributors of sports programming, we manage, advise on, and/or sell media rights globally on behalf of more than 150 rights holders, such as the International Olympic Committee, the ATP and WTA Tours, CONMEBOL, and the National Hockey League ("NHL"), as well as for our owned assets, including UFC, WWE, and PBR. Our production business is one of the largest creators of sports programming in the world, responsible for more than 30,000 hours of content annually in more than 180 territories around the world, on behalf of federations, associations and events, including Major League Soccer ("MLS"), The R&A, Saudi Pro League, DP World Tour, and our owned assets, including UFC and WWE, as well as owned channel Sport 24. We broker and build commercial partnerships for owned properties and clients including The R&A, the All England Lawn and Tennis Club ("AELTC"), SailGP, Fédération Internationale de Football Association ("FIFA"), the Leagues Cup, and the Confederation of African Football ("CAF"). We provide a range of digital services and projects for clients, including the
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National Football League ("NFL"), the NHL, Red Bull Racing, and multiple English Premier League clubs, NBA and NFL teams. We believe that our collective offering is more important than ever, as the demand for premium content and live experiences continues to be strong.
Representation
We represent many of the world’s greatest actors, writers, musicians, athletes, content creators, and notable figures across entertainment, sports, and fashion. In 2024, WME clients were involved in three of the top 10 grossing films at the U.S. box office, including summer blockbuster "Deadpool & Wolverine," which landed among the top three and premiered as the highest R-rated opening of all time.
WME also represents the creators behind some of the most-watched TV series across every major streaming service, including "The Bear" on Hulu, "House of the Dragon" on Max, "Avatar: The Last Airbender" on Netflix, "Percy Jackson" on Disney+, "Yellowstone" on Peacock, and "Masters of the Air" on Apple TV+. WME also sold more than 400 scripted and nonscripted projects across broadcast, streaming, and cable platforms.
WME closed deals for more than 300 new books, with WME represented authors debuting on The New York Times’ Best Seller list 65 times. WME closed over a thousand international book deals across the globe in 2024. WME also closed more than 120 audio deals with major podcast networks, including Khloe Kardashian’s new podcast "Khloé in Wonder Land" with X.
In theater, WME represented talent involved in 86% of the productions that opened during the 2023-24 Broadway season. Among many client wins at this year’s Tony Awards, David Adjmi’s "Stereophonic" won several awards, including Best Play, and became the most nominated play in Tony history.
In music, WME booked over 45,000 live shows in 2024. 328 clients played and 26 headlined or played top headline slots across 15 festivals including Coachella, Stagecoach, Lollapalooza and Glastonbury.
For the third consecutive year, WME Sports represented the most 2024 NBA Draft lottery picks of any agency with four, as well as five first round picks overall: Alex Sarr, Ron Holland II, Cody Williams, Devin Carter, and AJ Johnson. The 2024 WNBA season saw Sabrina Ionescu lead the New York Liberty to its first championship, marking three consecutive seasons in which a WME client has hoisted the trophy. With his victories at the French Open and Wimbledon, Carlos Alcaraz became a four-time grand slam winner, while Iga Świątek earned her fifth major championship at Roland-Garros.
Over 2,700 brand partnership deals were closed in 2024 including standout campaigns for Jeremy Allen White for Calvin Klein, Olivia Rodrigo for Lancôme, and John Legend for Montblanc.
Speakers bureau The Harry Walker Agency executed more than 1500 events globally in 2024. Top speakers included Tom Brady, Kim Kardashian, Rob Lowe, Ryan Reynolds, Mark Wahlberg, and Serena and Venus Williams.
We are dedicated to helping our clients increase the monetization potential of their intellectual property, build enduring brands, diversify and grow their businesses, and expand their geographic reach.
We are also a leading provider of licensing services to entertainment, sports, lifestyle, and consumer products brands, generating more than $17.2 billion in total retail sales for clients. For the sixth year in a row, our licensing business ranked No. 1 according to License Global magazine. We license our owned intellectual property, including the UFC, WWE, and PBR, and represent third-party brands and corporate trademarks across various industries including entertainment, gaming, automotive, fashion, sports, lifestyle, personalities, legends, corporate, and food and beverage. Our clients include McDonald’s, Jeep, Dolly Parton, Millie Bobby Brown, Volkswagen, Tetris, Claire’s, NFL, Harlem Globetrotters, Transport for London, Metropolitan Transport Authority, Lionsgate, Epic Games (Fortnite), and Gap.
Meanwhile, marketing services are delivered by 160over90, our full-service, global cultural marketing agency specializing in integrated marketing offerings spanning advertising and branding, strategy and creative, content and video production, creator marketing, digital services, entertainment marketing, experiential, media planning, partnerships, public relations/communications, and social media. 160over90 works on behalf of some of the world’s largest brands, including Amazon, Capital One, AB InBev, DP World, Marriott International, USAA and Visa. Through our owned and operated events and represented clients, 160over90 clients have access to unique content and activation opportunities, which we believe provides us with a competitive advantage, as well as access to the insights and intel brands are increasingly looking for in a rapidly changing marketing landscape.
Sports Data & Technology
The SD&T segment includes OpenBet, which specializes in betting engine products, services and technology, processing billions of bets annually, as well as trading, pricing and risk management tools; player account and wallet solutions; innovative front-end user experiences and user interfaces; and content offerings, such as BetBuilder, DonBest pricing feeds and a sports content aggregation platform. As part of OpenBet, IMG ARENA delivers live streaming and data feeds for more than 65,000 sports events annually to sportsbooks, rightsholders and media partners around the globe. This data also powers IMG ARENA's portfolio of on-demand virtual sports products and front-end solutions, including the UFC Event Centre. As contemplated in the Merger Agreement, we initiated a process to sell certain of our businesses. During the second quarter of 2024, we began to actively market the businesses comprising our SD&T segment, and in November 2024, signed a definitive agreement for the OpenBet Acquisition. As a result, the assets and liabilities are considered held for sale, and we determined the SD&T segment continued to meet the definition of a discontinued operation as of December 31, 2024; and, as such, we have recast our financial statements to present the SD&T segment as discontinued operations.
Intellectual Property and Other Proprietary Rights
We consider intellectual property to be very important to the operation of our business and to driving growth in our revenues, particularly with respect to professional engagements, sponsorships, licensing rights, and media distribution agreements. Our intellectual property includes, without
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limitation, the "Endeavor," "WME," "William Morris Endeavor," "IMG," "UFC," "WWE", and "PBR" brands in addition to the trademarks and copyrights associated with our content and events, and the rights to use the intellectual property of our commercial partners. Substantially all of our intellectual property assets are protected through a combination of trademarks and copyrights, whether registered or unregistered.
Competition
The entertainment, sports, and content industries in which we participate are highly competitive. We face competition from alternative providers of the services, content, and events we and our clients and owned assets offer and from other forms of entertainment and leisure activities.
In our Events, Experiences & Rights segment, we face competition from other live, filmed, televised and streamed entertainment, including competition from other companies in the media rights industry. In our Representation segment, we compete with other agencies that represent and/or manage clients including talent and brands. In our Owned Sports Properties segment, we face competition from sports leagues, associations, promotions, and events. In our Sports Data & Technology segment, we compete with other technology and data companies that represent and/or manage clients including rightsholders. For a discussion of risks relating to competition, see Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors—The markets in which we operate are highly competitive, both within the United States and internationally."
Human Capital Resources
General
We believe the strength of our workforce is critical to our long-term success. Endeavor’s human capital management objectives include attracting, retaining, and developing high performing talent and empowering them with our guiding principles of persistence, collaboration, excellence, and inclusion.
As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 10,000 employees in 40 countries, primarily in the U.S. and EMEA, with a smaller presence in other regions, including APAC. We have invested in and focused on the training and development of our employees, from both a personnel and technology perspective. We believe that our relations and engagement with our employees are good.
Talent Development
Endeavor recognizes that nurturing talent and embracing the constant evolution that leadership within our industry requires is crucial to our collective success. We have invested in multiple learning and development initiatives that strengthen the role of our leaders and people managers. Additionally, we offer learning programs for all employees to foster professional growth and skill development, including sessions on a variety of business and industry topics, on-demand digital learning resources, and mentorship programs.
Endeavor strives to create an inclusive work environment. To continue advancing our efforts to support qualified individuals of all backgrounds in succeeding across our company, we have launched and/or expanded upon the following initiatives in 2024:
Initiated employee pulse surveys aimed at collecting actionable data on inclusion, belonging and wellness;
Improved our recruitment practices to better result in qualified slates of candidates, and bolstered our network of recruitment partners;
Established a program to support the retention and advancement of employees; used data from the program to identify key professional development areas for improvement and relaunched Empower, a retention program at WME;
Grew the scope of our mentorship program aimed to result in career growth and development, an enhanced corporate culture, an increase in participants' confidence at work, and a widening of perspectives of all involved;
Continued to grow and manage eight Employee Resource Groups (which are open to all employees) with 1,900+ employees across ten cities around the globe;
Hosted frequent events globally for—or to celebrate—employees;
Continued inclusive and impactful training programs.
Compensation and Benefits
The objective of our compensation and benefits programs is to provide a total rewards package that will attract, retain, motivate and reward the high-performing, qualified and skilled workforce necessary for our continued success across our diverse businesses. We seek to do this by linking compensation to company and business unit performance, as well as to each individual’s contributions to the results achieved. In addition to competitive base salaries, we accomplish this through annual cash-based bonus plans for eligible employees and long-term incentive plans for our executives.
Endeavor is committed to providing comprehensive benefit programs that enhance the total well-being of our people – and their families – both in and outside of work. Our programs are designed to inspire our people to prosper physically, mentally, socially, and financially. Some examples of our wide-ranging benefits offered include: health insurance, paid and unpaid leaves, a retirement plan, life insurance, disability/accident coverage, and mental health counseling and support.
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Regulation and Legislation
We are subject to federal, state and local laws, both domestically and internationally, and at the state level by athletic commissions, governing matters such as:
licensing laws for talent agencies, such as California’s Talent Agencies Act and the New York General Business Law;
licensing laws for athletes;
operation of our venues;
licensing, permitting, and zoning;
health, safety, and sanitation requirements;
the service of food and alcoholic beverages;
working conditions, labor, minimum wage and hour, citizenship, immigration, visas, harassment and discrimination, and other labor and employment laws and regulations;
our employment of youth workers and compliance with child labor laws;
compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the "FCPA"), the U.K. Bribery Act 2010 (the "Bribery Act") and similar regulations in other countries, as described in more detail below;
antitrust and fair competition;
data privacy and information security;
marketing activities;
environmental protection regulations;
imposition by foreign countries of trade restrictions, restrictions on the manner in which content is currently licensed and distributed, ownership restrictions, or currency exchange controls;
licensure and other regulatory requirements for the supply of sports betting data and software to gambling operators;
licensing laws for the promotion and operation of MMA events; and
government regulation of the entertainment and sports industry.
We monitor changes in these laws and believe that we are in material compliance with applicable laws. See Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We are subject to extensive U.S. and foreign governmental regulations, and our failure to comply with these regulations could adversely affect our business."
Many of the events produced or promoted by our businesses are presented in venues which are subject to building and health codes and fire regulations imposed by the state and local governments in the jurisdictions in which the venues are located. These venues are also subject to zoning and outdoor advertising regulations and require a number of licenses in order for us to operate, including occupancy permits, exhibition licenses, food and beverage permits, liquor licenses, and other authorizations. In addition, these venues are subject to the U.S. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and the U.K.’s Disability Discrimination Act 1995, which require us to maintain certain accessibility features at each of the facilities.
In various states in the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, we are required to obtain licenses for promoters, medical clearances and other permits or licenses for our athletes, and permits for our live events in order for us to promote and conduct those events. Generally, we or our employees hold promoters and matchmakers licenses to organize and hold certain of our live events. We or our employees hold these licenses in a number of states, including California, Nevada, New Jersey, and New York.
We are required to comply with the anti-corruption laws of the countries in which we operate, including the FCPA and the Bribery Act. These regulations make it illegal for us to pay, promise to pay, or receive money or anything of value to, or from, any government or foreign public official for the purpose of directly or indirectly obtaining or retaining business. This ban on illegal payments and bribes also applies to agents or intermediaries who use funds for purposes prohibited by the statute.
Our entertainment, sports, and content businesses are also subject to certain regulations applicable to our web sites and mobile applications. We maintain various web sites and mobile applications that provide information and content regarding our businesses and offer merchandise and tickets for sale. The operation of these web sites and applications may be subject to a range of federal, state, and local laws.
Gaming regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate are established by statute and are administered by a regulatory agency with broad authority to interpret gaming regulations and to regulate gaming activities. Regulatory requirements vary among jurisdictions, but the majority of jurisdictions require licenses, permits, or findings of suitability for our company, individual officers, directors, major stockholders, and key employees. We believe we hold all of the licenses and permits necessary to conduct our business in this space, including the IMG ARENA and OpenBet businesses, which provide data technology and video for more than 65,000 sports events per year to sports betting platforms.
Available Information and Website Disclosure
We are required to file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our filings with the SEC are also available to the public through the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.
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You also can find more information about us online at our investor relations website located at www.investor.endeavorco.com. Filings we make with the SEC and any amendments to those reports are available free of charge on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with the SEC. The information posted on or accessible through our website is not incorporated into this Annual Report.
Investors and others should note that we announce material financial and operational information to our investors using press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and call webcasts, and by postings on our investor relations site at investor.endeavorco.com. We may also use our website as a distribution channel of material Company information. In addition, you may automatically receive email alerts and other information about Endeavor when you enroll your email address by visiting the "Investor Email Alerts" option under the Resources tab on investor.endeavorco.com.
Item 1A. R isk Factors
Investing in our Class A common stock involves substantial risks. You should carefully consider the following factors and all other information in this Annual Report before investing in our Class A common stock. Any of the risk factors we describe below could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. The market price of our Class A common stock could decline if one or more of these risks or uncertainties develop into actual events, causing you to lose all or part of your investment. We cannot assure you that any of the events discussed below will not occur. While we believe these risks and uncertainties are especially important for you to consider, we may face other risks and uncertainties that could adversely affect our business. Please also see "Forward-Looking Statements" for more information.
Risks Related to the Merger and Other Strategic Transactions
The Merger, the pendency of the Merger or our failure to complete the Merger-Related Transactions could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and stock price.
As previously disclosed, on April 2, 2024, we entered into the Merger Agreement, providing for our acquisition by affiliates of Silver Lake. Completion of the Merger is subject to the satisfaction of various conditions, including: (1) the information statement having been mailed to the Company’s stockholders and at least 20 calendar days having elapsed since the completion of such mailing; (2) the absence of any law enjoining, restraining or otherwise prohibiting or making illegal the consummation of the Merger; (3) the expiration or termination of any applicable waiting period under the HSR Act, and the obtainment of regulatory clearances or approvals under certain specified foreign antitrust laws or foreign investment laws; (4) the clearance or obtainment of the applicable approvals by the Company Entities required by certain specified gaming authorities; (5) the accuracy of the other parties’ representations and warranties, subject to certain materiality standards set forth in the Merger Agreement; (6) compliance in all material respects with the other parties’ covenants, agreements and obligations under the Merger Agreement; (7) no Material Adverse Effect (as defined in the Merger Agreement) having occurred and being continuing since the date of the Merger Agreement; and (8) payment of quarterly dividends during the period between signing of the Merger Agreement and the of the Merger and, if applicable, payment of a catch-up dividend prior to of the Merger. There is no assurance that all of the various conditions will be , or that the Merger will be completed on the proposed terms, within the expected timeframe, or at all. Furthermore, there are additional inherent risks in the Merger, including the risks detailed below:
the Merger-Related Transactions will not be consummated;
the possibility that any or all of the various conditions to the consummation of the Merger-Related Transactions may not be satisfied or waived, including the failure to receive any required regulatory approvals from any applicable governmental entities (or any conditions, limitations or restrictions placed on such approvals), and the possibility that a Material Adverse Effect on our business would permit the Parent Entities not to close the Merger;
the occurrence of any event, change or other circumstance that could give rise to the termination of the Merger Agreement;
if the Merger Agreement is terminated in certain circumstances, we could be required to pay a termination fee of $288.5 million;
the effect of the announcement or pendency of the proposed Merger-Related Transactions on the Company’s business relationships, operating results, and business generally;
the inability to pursue certain business opportunities or strategic transactions pending the completion of the Merger, and other restrictions on our ability to conduct our business;
risks that the proposed Merger-Related Transactions disrupts current plans and operations of the Company and potential difficulties in the Company’s employee retention as a result of the proposed Merger;
there may be liabilities that are not known, probable or estimable at this time or unexpected costs, charges or expenses;
the Merger-Related Transactions may result in the diversion of management’s time and attention to issues relating to the Merger-Related Transactions;
there may be significant transaction-related costs in connection with the Merger-Related Transactions, whether or not the Merger closes;
future stockholder litigation and other legal and regulatory proceedings that have been and that may in the future be instituted against the Company and Silver Lake following the announcement of the Merger-Related Transactions, which could delay or prevent the consummation of the Merger, and unfavorable outcome of such legal proceedings;
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the risk that our stock price may decline significantly if the proposed Merger-Related Transactions are not consummated;
the amount of cash to be paid per share under the Merger Agreement is fixed and will not be adjusted for changes in our business, assets, liabilities, prospects, outlook, financial condition or operating results or in the event of any change in the market price of, analyst estimates of, or projections relating to, our common stock;
risks associated with Merger-Related Transactions generally, such as the inability to obtain, or delays in obtaining, any required regulatory approvals or other consents; and
we cannot assure you that our evaluation of strategic alternatives will result in any particular outcome, and the perceived uncertainties related to the Company could adversely affect our business and our stockholders.
We may fail to complete the TKO Asset Acquisition if certain required conditions, many of which are outside our control, are not satisfied.
The completion of the TKO Asset Acquisition is subject to various customary closing conditions, including, but not limited to, (i) the absence of any order, writ, judgment, injunction, decree, ruling, stipulation, directive, assessment, subpoena, verdict, determination or award issued, promulgated or entered, by or with any governmental entity that has the effect of making the TKO Asset Acquisition illegal or otherwise restraining or prohibiting the consummation of the TKO Asset Acquisition, (ii) subject to certain exceptions, the accuracy of the representations and warranties of the parties and (iii) compliance in all material respects by each party with its obligations under the transaction agreement. Despite the parties’ best efforts, we may not be able to satisfy the various closing conditions and obtain the necessary approvals in a timely fashion or at all.
We may fail to complete the OpenBet Acquisition if certain required conditions, many of which are outside our control, are not satisfied.
The completion of the OpenBet Acquisition is subject to various customary closing conditions, including, but not limited to, (i) the expiration of the waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended, (ii) obtaining applicable gaming authority approvals, (iii) the absence of any order or legal requirement that enjoins, restrains or otherwise prevents the consummation of the OpenBet Acquisition, and (iv) the consummation of the pre-closing reorganization contemplated by the OpenBet Acquisition. Despite the parties’ best efforts, we may not be able to satisfy the various closing conditions and obtain the necessary approvals in a timely fashion or at all.
Failure to complete the TKO Asset Acquisition, OpenBet Acquisition or other dispositions we may contemplate could negatively impact our stock price, future business and financial results.
If the TKO Asset Acquisition, OpenBet Acquisition or other dispositions we may contemplate are not completed, we will be subject to several risks, including the following:
payment for certain costs, whether or not such transaction is completed, such as legal, accounting, financial advisor and printing fees;
negative reactions from the financial markets, including potential declines in the price of our Class A common stock due to the fact that current prices may reflect a market assumption that the TKO Asset Acquisition, OpenBet Acquisition or other dispositions we announce will be completed;
diverted attention of our management to the transactions rather than to our operations and pursuit of other opportunities that could have been beneficial to us; and
negative impact on our future plans.
Risks Related to Our Business
Changes in public and consumer tastes and preferences and industry trends could reduce demand for our services and content offerings and adversely affect our business.
Our ability to generate revenues is highly sensitive to rapidly changing consumer preferences and industry trends, as well as the popularity of the talent, brands, and owners of intellectual property we represent, and the assets we own. Our success depends on our ability to offer premium content through popular channels of distribution that meet the changing preferences of the broad consumer market and respond to competition from an expanding array of choices facilitated by technological developments in the delivery of content. Our operations and revenues are affected by consumer tastes and entertainment trends, including the market demand for the distribution rights to live sports events, which are unpredictable and may be affected by factors such as changes in the social and political climate, global epidemics or general macroeconomic factors. Changes in consumers’ tastes or a change in the perceptions of our brands and business partners, whether as a result of the social and political climate or otherwise, could adversely affect our operating results. Our failure to avoid a negative perception among consumers or anticipate and respond to changes in consumer preferences, including in the form of content creation or distribution, could result in reduced demand for our services and content offerings or those of our clients and owned assets across our platform, which could have an effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Consumer tastes change frequently and it is a challenge to anticipate what offerings will be successful at any point in time. We may invest in our content and owned assets, including in the creation of original content, before learning the extent to which it will achieve popularity with consumers. For example, as of December 31, 2024, we have committed to spending approximately $2.5 billion in guaranteed payments for media, events, experiences or other representation rights and similar expenses, regardless of our ability to profit from these rights. A lack of popularity of these, our other content offerings, or our owned assets, as well as labor disputes, unavailability of a star performer, equipment shortages, cost overruns, disputes with production teams, or adverse weather conditions, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Our ability to generate revenue from discretionary and corporate spending on entertainment and sports events, such as corporate sponsorships and advertising, is subject to many factors, including many that are beyond our control, such as general macroeconomic conditions.
Our business depends on discretionary consumer and corporate spending. Many factors related to corporate spending and discretionary consumer spending, including economic conditions affecting disposable consumer income such as unemployment levels, fuel prices, interest rates, changes in tax rates, and tax laws that impact companies or individuals and inflation can significantly impact our operating results. While consumer and corporate spending may decline at any time for reasons beyond our control, the risks associated with our businesses become more acute in periods of a slowing economy or recession, which may be accompanied by reductions in corporate sponsorship and advertising, decreases in attendance at live entertainment and sports events, and purchases of pay-per-view ("PPV"), among other things. There can be no assurance that consumer and corporate spending will not be adversely impacted by current economic and geopolitical conditions, or by any future deterioration in such conditions, thereby possibly impacting our operating results and growth. A prolonged period of reduced consumer or corporate spending could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We may not be able to adapt to or manage new content distribution platforms or changes in consumer behavior resulting from new technologies.
We must successfully adapt to and manage technological advances in our industry, including the emergence of alternative distribution platforms and artificial intelligence. If we are unable to adopt or are late in adopting technological changes and innovations that other entertainment providers offer, it may lead to a loss of consumers viewing our content, a reduction in revenues from attendance at our live events, a loss of ticket sales, or lower ticket fees. It may also lead to a reduction in our clients’ ability to monetize new platforms. Our ability to effectively generate revenue from new distribution platforms and viewing technologies will affect our ability to maintain and grow our business. Emerging forms of content distribution may provide different economic models and compete with current distribution methods (such as television, film, and PPV) in ways that are not entirely predictable, which could reduce consumer demand for our content offerings. We must also adapt to changing consumer behavior driven by advances that allow for time shifting and on-demand viewing, such as digital video recorders and video-on-demand, as well as internet-based and broadband content delivery and mobile devices. If we to adapt our distribution methods and content to emerging technologies and new distribution platforms, while also effectively digital piracy and the dilution of the value of our content resulting from the creation of similar or fake content on artificial intelligence applications, our ability to generate revenue from our targeted audiences may and could result in an effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Because our success depends substantially on our ability to maintain a professional reputation, adverse publicity concerning us, one of our businesses, our clients, or our key personnel could adversely affect our business.
Our professional reputation is essential to our continued success and any decrease in the quality of our reputation could impair our ability to, among other things, recruit and retain qualified and experienced agents, managers, and other key personnel, retain or attract clients or customers, or enter into multimedia, licensing, and sponsorship engagements. Our overall reputation may be negatively impacted by a number of factors, including negative publicity concerning us, members of our management or our agents, managers, and other key personnel or individuals that participate in our events. In addition, we are dependent for a portion of our revenues on the relationships between content providers and the clients and key brands, such as sports leagues and federations, that we represent, many of whom are public personalities with large social media followings whose actions generate significant publicity and public interest. Any adverse publicity relating to such individuals or entities that we employ or represent or previously employed or represented, or have a contractual relationship with us or that otherwise occur at our locations or events, or to our company, including, for example, from reported or actual incidents or allegations of or conduct, such as , discrimination, or other , have resulted and could in the future result in significant media attention, even if not directly relating to or involving Endeavor, and could have a impact on our professional reputation. This could result in of licensing or other contractual relationships, or our employees’ ability to attract new customer or client relationships, or the or of such employees’ or contractors’ services, all of which could affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Our professional reputation could also be impacted by publicity relating to one or more of our owned or majority owned subsidiaries (including TKO), brands, events, or businesses.
We depend on the relationships of our agents, managers, and other key personnel with clients across many categories, including television, film, professional sports, fashion, music, literature, theater, digital, sponsorship and licensing.
We depend upon relationships that our agents, managers, and other key personnel have developed with clients across many content categories, including, among others, television, film, professional sports, fashion, music, literature, theater, digital, sponsorship, and licensing. The relationships that our agents, managers, and other key personnel have developed with studios, brands, and other key business contacts help us to secure access to sponsorships, endorsements, professional contracts, productions, events, and other opportunities for our clients. Due to the importance of those industry contacts to us, a substantial deterioration in these relationships, or substantial loss of agents, managers, or other key personnel who maintain these relationships, could adversely affect our business. In particular, our client management business is dependent upon the highly personalized relationships between our agent and manager teams and their respective clients. A substantial deterioration in the team managing a client may result in a deterioration in our relationship with, or the loss of, the clients represented by that agent or manager. The substantial loss of multiple agents or managers and their associated clients could have an effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Most of our agents, managers, and other key personnel are not party to long-term contracts and, in any event, can leave our employment with little or no notice. We can give no assurance that all or any of these individuals will remain with us or will retain their associations with key business contacts.
Our success depends, in part, on our continuing ability to identify, recruit, and retain qualified and experienced agents and managers. If we fail to recruit and retain suitable agents or if our relationships with our agents change or deteriorate, it could adversely affect our business.
Our success depends, in part, upon our continuing ability to identify, recruit, and retain qualified and experienced agents and managers. There is great competition for qualified and experienced agents and managers in the entertainment and sports industry, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to hire or retain a sufficient number of qualified persons to meet our requirements, or that we will be able to do so under
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terms that are economically attractive to us. Any failure to retain certain agents and managers could lead to the loss of sponsorship, multimedia, and licensing agreements, and other engagements and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our failure to identify, sign, and retain clients could adversely affect our business.
We derive substantial revenue from the engagements, sponsorships, licensing rights, and distribution agreements entered into by the clients with whom we work. We depend on identifying, signing, and retaining as clients those artists, athletes, models, and businesses whose identities or brands are in high demand by the public and, as a result, are deemed to be favorable candidates for engagements. Our competitive position is dependent on our continuing ability to attract, develop, and retain clients whose work is likely to achieve a high degree of value and recognition as well as our ability to provide such clients with sponsorships, endorsements, professional contracts, productions, events, and other opportunities. Our failure to attract and retain these clients, an increase in the costs required to attract and retain such clients, or an untimely loss or retirement of these clients could adversely affect our financial results and growth prospects. We have not entered into written agreements with many of the clients we represent. These clients may decide to discontinue their relationship with us at any time and without notice. In addition, the clients with whom we have entered into written contracts may choose not to renew their contracts with us on reasonable terms or at all or they may or seek to these contracts. If any of our clients decide to their relationships with us, whether they are under a contract or not, we may be to recoup costs expended to develop and promote them and our financial results may be affected. Further, the of such clients could lead other of our clients to their relationships with us.
We derive substantial revenue from the sale of multimedia rights, licensing rights, and sponsorships. A significant proportion of this revenue is dependent on our commercial agreements with entertainment and sports events. Our failure to renew or replace these key commercial agreements on similar or better terms could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business involves potential internal conflicts of interest due to the breadth and scale of our platform.
Increasingly, we must manage actual and potential internal conflicts of interest in our business due to the breadth and scale of our platform. Different parts of our business may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with each other, including our client representation, media production, events production, owned sports properties, sponsorship, and content development businesses. Although we attempt to manage these conflicts appropriately, any failure to adequately address or manage internal conflicts of interest could adversely affect our reputation, and the willingness of clients and third parties to work with us may be affected if we fail, or appear to fail, to deal appropriately with actual or perceived internal conflicts of interest, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The markets in which we operate are highly competitive, both within the United States and internationally.
We face competition from a variety of other domestic and foreign companies. We face competition from alternative providers of the content, services, and events we and our clients offer and from other forms of entertainment and leisure activities in a rapidly changing and increasingly fragmented environment. Any increased competition, which may not be foreseeable, or our failure to adequately address any competitive factors, could result in reduced demand for our content, live events, clients, or key brands, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We depend on the continued service of the members of our executive management and other key employees, as well as management of acquired businesses, the loss or diminished performance of whom could adversely affect our business.
Our performance is substantially dependent on the performance of the members of our executive management and other key employees, as well as management of acquired businesses. We seek to acquire businesses that have strong management teams and often rely on these individuals to conduct day-to-day operations and pursue growth. Although we have entered into employment and severance protection agreements with certain members of our senior management team and we typically seek to sign employment agreements with the management of acquired businesses, we cannot be sure that any member of our senior management or management of the acquired businesses will remain with us or that they will not compete with us in the future. The loss of any member of our senior management team could impair our ability to execute our business plan and growth strategy, have a negative impact on our revenues and the effective working relationships that our executive management have developed, and cause employee morale problems and the loss of additional key employees, agents, managers, and clients.
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We depend on key relationships with television and cable networks, satellite providers, digital streaming partners and other distribution partners, as well as corporate sponsors. Our failure to maintain, renew or replace key agreements could adversely affect our ability to distribute our media content, WWE Network and/or other of our goods and services, which could adversely affect our operating results.
A key component of our success is our relationships with television and cable networks, satellite providers, digital streaming and other distribution partners, as well as corporate sponsors. We are dependent on maintaining these existing relationships and expanding upon them so that we have a robust network with which we can work to arrange multimedia rights sales and sponsorship engagements, including distribution of our owned, operated, or represented events. Our television programming for our owned, operated, and represented events is distributed by television and cable networks, satellite providers, PPV, digital streaming, and other media. Because a portion of our revenues are generated, directly and indirectly, from this distribution, any failure to maintain or renew arrangements with distributors and platforms, the failure of distributors or platforms to continue to provide services to us, or the failure to enter into new distribution opportunities on terms favorable to us could adversely affect our business. We regularly engage in negotiations relating to substantial agreements covering the distribution of our television programming by carriers located in the United States and abroad. We have depended on, and will continue to depend on, third parties for many aspects of the operations and distribution of WWE Network. For example, WWE began a partnership with Netflix in January 2025. Netflix is currently the new home of Raw in the U.S., Canada, U.K. and Latin America, among other territories, with additional countries and regions to be added over time, and also the home for all WWE shows and specials outside the U.S., as available. The partnership has an initial 10-year term with an option for Netflix to extend by an additional 10 years, but Netflix also has the option to opt out after the initial five years. We have an important relationship with ESPN as they are the domestic home to all UFC events. We have agreements with multiple PPV providers globally and distribute a portion of our owned, operated, or represented events through PPV, including certain events that are sold through PPV. If we are to renew existing agreements or find alternative streaming or distribution partners, our results of operations could be impacted. There is also no guarantee that the growth in value of sports media licensing rights in the recent years will continue or can be maintained or that the current value of our sports media licensing rights will not over time. Any change in these relationships or agreements, including as a result of U.S., EU and U.K. trade and economic sanctions and any counter-sanctions enacted by such sanctioned countries (e.g., Russia), or a in the perceived value of our clients, sponsorships, or these distribution channels could have an effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Owning and managing certain events for which we sell media and sponsorship rights, ticketing and hospitality exposes us to greater financial risk. If the live events that we own and manage are not financially successful, our business could be adversely affected.
We act as a principal by owning and managing certain live events for which we sell media and sponsorship rights, ticketing and hospitality, such as UFC’s and WWE's events, the Miami Open and Madrid Open, PBR's events, and On Location’s experiences. Organizing and operating a live event involves significant financial risk as we bear all or most event costs, including a significant amount of up-front costs. In addition, we typically book our live events many months in advance of holding the event and often agree to pay a fixed guaranteed amount prior to receiving any related revenue. Accordingly, if a planned event fails to occur or there is any disruption in our ability to live stream or otherwise distribute, whether as a result of technical difficulties or otherwise, we could lose a substantial amount of these up-front costs, fail to generate the anticipated revenue, and be forced to issue refunds for media and sponsorship rights, advertising fees, and ticket or PPV sales. If we are forced to postpone a planned event, we could incur substantial additional costs in order to stage the event on a new date, may have reduced attendance and revenue, and may have to refund fees. We could be compelled to or all or part of an event for many reasons, including weather, issues with obtaining permits or government regulation, performers to participate, as well as operational caused by extraordinary , such as terrorist or other security , mass-casualty , natural , public health including pandemics, or similar events. Such have been shown to cause a nationwide of commercial and leisure activities. In some United States and foreign jurisdictions, athletic commissions and other applicable regulatory agencies require us to obtain licenses for promoters, medical clearances and/or other permits or licenses for performers and/or permits for events in order for us to promote and conduct our live events. Foreign jurisdictions require visas for personnel and talent at international live events. In international markets, third-party promoters generally oversee permitting and regulatory matters. In the event that we to comply with the regulations of a particular jurisdiction, whether through our acts or or those of our third-party promoters, we may be prohibited from promoting and conducting our live events in that jurisdiction. The to present our live events in jurisdiction(s), in addition to the revenues and expenses of the event(s), could lead to a in various revenue streams in such jurisdiction(s). We often have insurance policies in place to cover a portion of our if we are compelled to an event, but our coverage may not be sufficient, no longer covers a pandemic and is subject to deductibles. If the live events that we own and manage are not financially , we could an effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may never realize the anticipated benefits from our acquisitions, dispositions and other strategic transactions and, if we are unable to manage our operations at our current size and scale, our business could be adversely affected.
We have experienced rapid growth in the past and, as part of our business strategy, have engaged in various acquisitions, dispositions and strategic initiatives. More recently, we announced that we have entered into agreements for dispositions of several of our businesses in connection with the Merger. We may need to continue to make changes to operate at our current size and scale. If we fail to realize the anticipated benefits and cost synergies from these transactions, or, if we experience any unanticipated or unidentified effects in connection with these transactions, such as impairments of goodwill and intangible assets, accelerated amortization expenses of intangible assets, or any unanticipated disruptions with important third-party relationships or the inability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected. Moreover, these transactions involve risks and uncertainties including, without limitation, those associated with the integration of operations, financial reporting, technologies and personnel, and the potential of key employees, agents, managers, clients, customers, or strategic partners. Because these transactions have and will require significant time and resources, and we may not be to manage the process , they may not be accretive to our earnings and they may impact our results of operations. These transactions also our resources and we could experience operating , such as hiring, managing and retaining qualified employees. These could result in the of our brand image and reputation and could have an effect on our business, financial condition,
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and operating results. For a discussion of risks relating to our recent integration of the businesses of WWE and UFC into TKO, please see the section "Risks Related to the Combination of WWE and UFC into TKO."
We, including our subsidiaries, may be unsuccessful in our strategic acquisitions, investments and commercial agreements, and we may pursue acquisitions, investments or commercial agreements for their strategic value in spite of the risk of lack of profitability.
We, including our subsidiaries, face significant uncertainty in connection with acquisitions, investments, and commercial agreements. To the extent we choose to pursue certain commercial, investment, or acquisition strategies, we may be unable to identify suitable targets for these deals, or to make these deals on favorable terms. If we identify suitable acquisition candidates, investments, or commercial partners, our ability to realize a return on the resources expended pursuing such deals, and to successfully implement or enter into them will depend on a variety of factors, including our ability to obtain financing on acceptable terms, requisite governmental approvals, as well as the factors discussed below. Additionally, we may decide to make or enter into acquisitions, investments, or commercial agreements with the understanding that such acquisitions, investments, or commercial agreements will not be profitable, but may be of strategic value to us. Our current and future acquisitions, investments, including existing investments accounted for under the equity method, or commercial agreements may also require that we make additional capital investments in the future, which would divert resources from other areas of our business. We cannot provide assurances that the anticipated strategic benefits of these deals will be realized in the long-term or at all.
We may fail to identify or assess the magnitude of certain liabilities, shortcomings, or other circumstances prior to acquiring a company, making an investment or entering into a commercial agreement and, as such, may not obtain sufficient warranties, indemnities, insurance, or other protections. This could result in unexpected litigation or regulatory exposure, unfavorable accounting treatment, unexpected increases in taxes, a loss of anticipated tax benefits, or other adverse effects on our business, operating results, or financial condition. Additionally, some warranties and indemnities may give rise to unexpected and significant liabilities. Future acquisitions and commercial arrangements that we may pursue could result in dilutive issuances of equity securities and the incurrence of further debt.
Our compliance with regulations may limit our operations and future acquisitions.
We are also subject to laws and regulations, including those relating to antitrust, that could significantly affect our ability to expand our business through acquisitions or joint ventures. For example, the Federal Trade Commission and the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice with respect to our domestic acquisitions and joint ventures, and the European Commission, the antitrust regulator of the European Union (the "E.U."), with respect to our European acquisitions and joint ventures, have the authority to challenge our acquisitions and joint ventures on antitrust grounds before or after the acquisitions or joint ventures are completed. State agencies, as well as comparable authorities in other countries, may also have standing to challenge these acquisitions and joint ventures under state or federal antitrust law. Allegations of, or adverse rulings relating to, a failure to comply with all applicable laws and regulations could result in, among other things, regulatory actions or legal proceedings us, the imposition of , , or judgments us, or significant on our activities. Multiple or repeated by us to comply with these laws and regulations could result in increased , actions or legal proceedings us. Gaming authorities may levy us or certain of our assets or to issue or renew, , , condition or limit our licenses if we gaming regulations. In addition, the regulatory environment in which we operate is subject to change. New or revised requirements imposed by governmental regulatory authorities could have effects on us, including increased costs of compliance. We also may be affected by changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing laws and regulations by these governmental authorities.
Our business and operations are subject to a variety of regulatory requirements in the United States and abroad, including, among other things, with respect to labor, tax, import and export, anti-corruption, data privacy and protection and communications monitoring and interception. Compliance with these regulatory requirements may be onerous and expensive, especially where these requirements are or may be inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction or where the jurisdictional reach of certain requirements is not clearly defined or seeks to reach across national borders. Regulatory requirements in one jurisdiction may make it difficult or impossible to do business in another jurisdiction. We may also be unsuccessful in obtaining permits, licenses or other authorizations required to operate our business. Our policies and procedures designed to achieve compliance with these laws and regulations cannot guarantee that we or our personnel will not violate applicable laws and regulations or our policies regarding the same.
We and certain of our affiliates, major stockholders (generally persons and entities beneficially owning a specified percentage (typically 5% or more) of our equity securities), directors, officers, and key employees are also subject to extensive background investigations and suitability standards in our businesses. Our failure, or the failure of any of our major stockholders, directors, officers, key employees, products, or technology, to obtain or retain a required license or approval in one jurisdiction could negatively impact our ability (or the ability of any of our major stockholders, directors, officers, key employees, products, or technology) to obtain or retain required licenses and approvals in other jurisdictions.
We share control in joint venture projects, other investments, and strategic alliances, which limits our ability to manage third-party risks associated with these projects.
We participate in a number of joint ventures, other non-controlling investments, and strategic alliances and may enter into additional joint ventures, investments, and strategic alliances in the future. In these joint ventures, investments, and strategic alliances, we often have shared control over the operation of the assets and businesses. As a result, such investments and strategic alliances may involve risks such as the possibility that a partner in an investment might become bankrupt, be unable to meet its capital contribution obligations, have economic or business interests or goals that are inconsistent with our business interests or goals, or take actions that are contrary to our instructions or to applicable laws and regulations. In addition, we may be unable to take action without the approval of our partners, or our partners could take binding actions without our consent. Consequently, actions by a partner or other third party could expose us to claims for , financial , additional capital contributions, and reputational , any of which could have an effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Preparing our financial statements requires us to have access to information regarding the results of operations, financial position, and cash flows of our joint ventures and other investments. Any deficiencies in their internal controls over financial reporting may affect our ability to report
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our financial results accurately or prevent or detect fraud. Such deficiencies also could result in restatements of, or other adjustments to, our previously reported or announced operating results, which could diminish investor confidence and reduce the market price for our Class A common stock. Additionally, if our joint ventures and other investments are unable to provide this information for any meaningful period or fail to meet expected deadlines, we may be unable to satisfy our financial reporting obligations or timely file our periodic reports.
Our key personnel and talent may be adversely impacted by immigration restrictions and related factors.
Our ability to retain our key personnel is impacted, at least in part, by the fact that a portion of our key personnel in the United States is comprised of foreign nationals who are not United States citizens. Similarly, some of the talent we represent are foreign nationals who are not United States citizens. In order to be legally allowed to work in the United States, these individuals generally hold immigrant visas (which may or may not be tied to us) or green cards, the latter of which makes them permanent residents in the United States.
The ability of these foreign nationals to remain and work in the United States is impacted by a variety of laws and regulations, as well as the processing procedures of various government agencies. Changes in applicable laws, regulations, or procedures could adversely affect our ability to hire or retain key personnel or sponsor talent who are not U.S. citizens and could affect our costs of doing business and our ability to deliver services to our clients. In addition, if the laws, rules or procedures governing the ability of foreign nationals to work in the United States were to change or if the number of visas available for foreign nationals were to be reduced, our business could be adversely affected, if, for example, we were unable to retain an employee or sponsor a talent who is a foreign national.
Corresponding issues apply with respect to our key personnel and talent working in countries outside of the United States relating to citizenship and work authorizations. Similar changes in applicable laws, regulations or procedures in those countries could adversely affect our ability to hire or retain key personnel or sponsor talent internationally.
Our business is international in nature and we may require our employees, contractors and talent to frequently travel or live abroad. The ability of our key personnel including employees, contractors and talent, to travel internationally is impacted by a variety of laws and regulations, policy considerations of foreign governments, the processing procedures of various government agencies and geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism (for example, the conflicts in Eastern Europe and the Middle East), severe weather events or natural disasters including earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, as well as pandemics. In addition, our productions and live events internationally subject us to the numerous risks involved in foreign travel and operations and also subject us to local norms and regulations, including regulations requiring us to obtain visas for our key personnel and, in some cases, hired contractors and talent. Actions by key personnel or clients, athletes and performers we represent that are out of our control may also result in certain countries barring them from travelling internationally, which could adversely affect our business. If our key personnel and talent were prevented from conducting their work internationally for any reason, it could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Failure to protect our IT Systems and Confidential Information against breakdowns, security breaches, and other cybersecurity risks could result in financial penalties, legal liability, and/or reputational harm, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We rely on hardware, software, technology, infrastructure, online sites and networks, and various computer systems (such as our information systems, content distribution systems, ticketing systems, and payment processing systems) (collectively, "IT Systems"), to conduct our business. Some IT Systems used in our operations are legacy IT systems from businesses we have acquired, which may remain separately managed from other IT Systems of our business. We own and manage some of these IT Systems but generally rely on third parties for a range of IT Systems and related products and services, including but not limited to cloud computing services. We and certain of our third-party providers use these IT Systems to collect, maintain and process data about clients, employees, consumers, event participants, business partners and others, including personal information, as well as proprietary information belonging to our business such as trade secrets (collectively, "Confidential Information"). Any of these IT Systems and Confidential Information are vulnerable to service interruptions, security breaches, and other cybersecurity risks that threaten their confidentiality, integrity and availability, including as a result of inadvertent or intentional actions by our employees, partners, and vendors, or from attacks by actors or other third parties. Such attacks are of ever-increasing levels of sophistication and are made by groups and individuals with a wide range of motives and expertise, including organized groups, "hacktivists," state-sponsored organizations, and others. For instance, we may be subject to , , spyware, ransomware, phishing and social engineering, viruses, worms, malware, DDOS attacks, password attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, cybersquatting, impersonation of employees or officers, of comments and message boards, fake reviews, doxing, and swatting. We are also to the risk of code being embedded in open-source software, or misconfigurations, "bugs" or other in commercial software that is integrated into our (or our suppliers’ or service providers’) IT Systems, products or services. are expected to accelerate on a global basis in frequency and magnitude, and the techniques and tools (including artificial intelligence) used to security safeguards, security controls, detection and remove forensic evidence of a are evolving rapidly. As a result, may be to detect for an extended period of time, and the measures we take to safeguard our technology may not prevent them.
There can be no assurance that our investments in information technology and our efforts to protect our Confidential Information and that of our clients and other business relationships will prevent service interruptions, security breaches, and other cybersecurity risks in our IT Systems or the unauthorized or inadvertent wrongful use or disclosure of such Confidential Information. There can also be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our IT Systems and Confidential Information, including where acquired entities are involved or being integrated. Moreover, because we make extensive use of third party suppliers and service providers, such as cloud services that support our internal and external-facing operations, successful cyberattacks that disrupt or result in unauthorized access to third party IT Systems can materially impact our operations and financial results.
We (including following an acquisition of another business) and certain of our third-party providers have experienced cyber attacks and other security incidents, and we expect such attacks and incidents to continue in varying degrees. For example, we have acquired and operated companies
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that experienced data theft or leakage of personal data due to the misconfiguration of security settings in IT Systems, failure to patch security vulnerabilities, and sophisticated attacks on enterprise email accounts (notwithstanding multi-factor authentication or other measures designed to detect and block such attacks) and suffered other malicious cyber activity. While to date no incidents have had a material impact on our operations or financial results, we cannot guarantee that material incidents will not occur in the future or that we will be able to mitigate negative impacts in the same way in the event of future attacks or other cyber incidents.
Our insurance policies covering data security, privacy liability, and cyber-attacks may not be adequate to cover losses arising from incidents, or they may not be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms or at all. We would also be exposed to a risk of loss or litigation (including class action lawsuits) and potential liability under laws, regulations and contracts that protect the privacy and security of confidential or personal information. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (the "CCPA"), imposes a private right of action for certain security breaches that could lead to some form of remedy including regulatory scrutiny, fines, private right of action settlements, and other consequences. As a further example, where a security incident involves a breach of security leading to the accidental or , , alteration, disclosure of, or access to, personal data in respect of which we are a controller or processor under the GDPR (as defined below), this could result in under the EU GDPR (as defined below) and the UK GDPR (as defined below), which can be substantial and may be assessed based on a percentage of revenue. We also may be required to notify regulators and/or other companies we are contractually obligated to notify about any actual or perceived personal data as well as the individuals who are affected by the within strict time periods; complying with numerous and complex regulations in the event of a personal data can be expensive and and to comply with notification requirements under applicable regulations could subject us to regulatory and additional liability.
Furthermore, we have a large number of operating entities throughout the world and, therefore, operate on a largely decentralized basis, including entities which operate from separate IT Systems or which may remain separately managed from other IT Systems of our business. Remote and hybrid working arrangements at our company (and at many third-party providers) increase cybersecurity risks due to the challenges associated with managing remote computing assets and security vulnerabilities that are present in many non-corporate and home networks. We are also in the process of integrating the technology of our acquired companies and may integrate the technologies of companies we may acquire in the future. The resulting size and diversity of our IT Systems, as well as the IT Systems of third-party vendors with whom we contract, increase the vulnerability of such systems to breakdowns and security breaches. In addition, we rely on technology at live events, the failure or unavailability of which, for any significant period of time, could affect our business, our reputation and the success of our live events. We also rely on technology to provide our digital offerings, live streaming, and virtual events, which may be to hacking, of service attacks, human and other or events that could result in in our service and to access to, or alteration of, the content and data contained on our IT Systems and those of our third-party vendors. in these IT Systems, or with the Internet in general, whether due to by any party or due to weather, natural , terrorist attacks, power or other majeure type events, could make our content or . These service or could be . Delivery of video programming over the Internet is done through a series of carriers with switch-overs between carriers. Television delivery is extremely complex and includes satellite, fiberoptic cable, over-the-air delivery and other means. Any point of in this distribution chain would cause a or of our signal. Service or for any of the foregoing reasons could the overall of our content. We do not carry insurance that would cover us in the event of many types of business that could occur.
Any adverse impact to the availability, integrity or confidentiality of our IT Systems or Confidential Information, or any breach of security, could result in decreased performance and increased operating costs (including refunds to impacted end users), legal claims or proceedings (including class action lawsuits), fines and penalties, regulatory scrutiny, and significant incident response, system restoration or remediation and future compliance costs. While we have developed a cybersecurity risk management program, there can be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our systems and information. Any compromise of our IT Systems or Confidential Information could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, reputation and results of operations.
Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client or customer information could harm our business and standing with our clients and customers.
We seek to protect trade secrets, confidential information, personal information and other proprietary information, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to such information, such as our employees, collaborators, contractors, consultants, advisors and other third parties. However, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or has had access to our trade secrets or proprietary technology, information and processes. Further, despite these efforts, no assurance can be given that these agreements will be effective in controlling access to and distribution of our products and proprietary information as any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches.
Prosecuting a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret or confidential information is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts within and outside of the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor or other third party, we would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor or other third party, our competitive position could be materially and adversely harmed.
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Failure to comply with evolving federal, state, and foreign laws relating to the handling of personal information could result in financial and other regulatory penalties, legal liability, and/or reputational harm, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Our business operations involve the collection, transfer, use, disclosure, storage, disposal and other processing of personal or sensitive information around the world, including the United States and the United Kingdom and the European Economic Area ("EEA"). We collect, store, transmit, and use personal information relating to, among others, our clients, employees, consumers, and event participants. We also collect certain data through several of our businesses, which may include a range of talent and production information and data provided to us by our clients and vendors. As a result, our business is subject to complex and continually evolving (and at times conflicting) U.S. (federal, state and local) and international laws and regulations regarding data privacy and data protection. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation and could result in claims, changes to our business practices, penalties, increased cost of operations, or otherwise harm our business.
For example, in Europe, member states have adopted or modified data privacy and security laws and regulations that may apply to our business, such as the General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 and applicable national supplementing laws ("EU GDPR") and in the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom data protection regime consisting primarily of the U.K. General Data Protection Regulation and Data Protection Act of 2018 ("UK GDPR", and together with the EU GDPR, the "GDPR"). The GDPR imposes comprehensive data privacy compliance obligations and creates requirements for in-scope businesses regarding the processing of personal data, broadly defined as information relating to an identifiable person including a principle of accountability and the obligation to demonstrate compliance through policies, procedures, training and audit.
As a result of the exit of the UK from the European Union, the UK GDPR will not automatically incorporate any future changes made to the EU GDPR going forward (which would need to be specifically incorporated by the UK government). Moreover, the UK government has publicly announced plans to reform the UK GDPR in ways that, if formalized, are likely to deviate from the EU GDPR in certain areas, which creates a risk of divergent parallel regimes and related uncertainty, along with the potential for increased compliance costs and risks for affected businesses.
Under the GDPR, and other privacy regimes globally, we are subject to rules regarding cross-border transfers of personal data. Recent legal developments in Europe have created complexity and uncertainty regarding transfers of personal data from the EEA and United Kingdom to the U.S. and other jurisdictions and we expect the existing legal complexity and uncertainty regarding international data transfers to continue. For example, although the UK currently has an adequacy decision from the European Commission, such that standard contractual clauses are not required for the transfer of personal data from the EEA to the UK, that decision will sunset in June 2025 unless extended and it may be revoked in the future by the European Commission if the UK data protection regime is reformed in ways that deviate substantially from the GDPR.
As supervisory authorities within the EEA issue further guidance on international data transfers under the GDPR, and as enforcement actions continue, we could suffer additional costs, complaints and/or regulatory investigations or fines, and/or it could affect our operations and the manner in which we provide our services (for example, we may have to stop using certain tools and vendors and make other operational changes). There can be no assurances that we will be successful in our efforts to comply with the GDPR or other privacy and data protection laws and regulations, or that violations will not occur, particularly given the complexity of both these laws and our business, as well as the uncertainties that accompany new laws.
In addition, in recent years, in the United States certain states have adopted or modified data privacy and security laws and regulations that may apply to our business. For example, the CCPA requires businesses that process the personal information of California residents to, among other things, provide certain disclosures to California residents regarding the business's data collection, use and disclosure of their personal information; receive and respond to requests from California residents to access, delete, and correct their personal information, and opt-out of certain disclosure of their personal information; and enter into specific contractual provisions with service providers that process California resident personal information on the business's behalf. The effects of this legislation are far-reaching and have required and may continue to require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and to incur significant costs and expenses in an effort to comply. The enactment of the CCPA has also prompted a wave of similar data privacy laws in other states across the United States. For example, since the CCPA went into effect, general data privacy statutes that share similarities with the CCPA are now in effect and enforceable in Virginia, Colorado, Connecticut, Utah, Texas, Montana and Oregon and will soon be enforceable in several other states as well. Similar laws have been proposed in many other states and at the federal level as well. Recent, new, and proposed state and federal legislation relating to data privacy may add additional complexity, variation in requirements, restrictions and potential legal risk, require additional compliance programs, could impact strategies and availability of previously useful information, and could result in increased compliance costs and/or changes in business practices and policies.
Besides the UK, EEA and the United States, our global reach means we may be or become subject to other privacy regimes, and new laws are being enacted regularly, including laws which may have potentially conflicting requirements that would make compliance challenging. If the trend of increasing enforcement by regulators of such laws as reflected in recent guidance and decisions continues, this could lead to substantial costs, require significant systems changes, limit the effectiveness of our marketing activities, divert the attention of our technology personnel, adversely affect our margins, increase costs and subject us to additional liabilities. For example, we operate a subsidiary in China formed through an initial investment by Sequoia Capital China, Tencent and FountainVest Partners. As such, we may be subject to various aspects of the country’s onerous data compliance regime, which can include the Cybersecurity Law, the Data Security Law and the Personal Information Protection Law ("PIPL"). In addition, the relevant government authorities of China promulgated several regulations or released a number of draft regulations for public comments that are designed to provide further implementation guidance in accordance with these laws. We cannot predict what impact the new laws and regulations or the increased costs of compliance, if any, will have on our operations in China, in particular the Data Security Law or PIPL, due to their recent enactment and the limited guidance available. It is also generally unclear how the laws will be interpreted and enforced in practice by the relevant government authorities as these laws are drafted broadly and, thus, leave discretion to the relevant government authorities to exercise.
Additionally, governments and regulators in certain jurisdictions, including Europe, are increasingly seeking to regulate cybersecurity and the use, transfer, and other processing of non-personal information (for example, under the European Union’s Data Act), an area which has typically been the subject of very limited or no specific regulation. This means that, if and to the extent such regulations are relevant to our operations or those of our customers, certain of the risks and considerations may apply equally to our processing of both personal and non-personal information.
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Further, we are subject to laws, regulations and standards in the United States covering marketing, advertising, cookies, tracking technologies, e-marketing, and other activities conducted by telephone, email, mobile devices and the internet, such as the Federal Communications Act, the Federal Wiretap Act, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (the "TCPA"), the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act, the Video Privacy Protection Act (the "VPPA"), and similar state consumer protection and communication privacy laws. Numerous class-action suits under federal and state laws have been filed in recent years against companies who conduct telemarketing and/or SMS texting programs, with many resulting in multi-million-dollar settlements to the plaintiffs. We have received one or more claims of violation of the TCPA, though none resulting in significant liability or expense. In addition, we have received one or more claims of violation of the VPPA, though none resulting in significant liability or expense. We have also received one or more claims of violation of the California Invasion of Privacy Act, though none resulting in significant liability or expense.
In addition, regulation of cookies and similar technologies, and any use of cookies or similar online tracking technologies as a means to identify and potentially target users, may lead to broader restrictions and impairments on our marketing and personalization activities and may negatively impact our efforts to better understand users. Recent U.S. and European court and regulator decisions are driving increased attention to cookies and tracking technologies and privacy activists are referring non-compliant companies to regulators. In the EU and the UK, informed consent is required for the placement of certain cookies or similar technologies on a customer’s or user’s device and for direct electronic marketing. The GDPR also imposes conditions on obtaining valid consent, such as a prohibition on pre-checked consents and a requirement to ensure separate consents are sought for each type of cookie or similar technology. Regulators are increasingly focusing on compliance with current national laws that implement these rules, including the ePrivacy Directive, and may be able to impose significant penalties for contraventions. If the trend of increasing enforcement by regulators of the strict approach including opt-in consent for all but essential use cases, as seen in recent guidance and decisions continues, this could lead to substantial costs, require significant systems changes, limit the effectiveness of our marketing activities, the attention of our technology personnel, affect our margins, and subject us to additional liabilities.
Finally, a number of recent laws – including the EU's Digital Services Act ("DSA") and the UK's Online Safety Act – as well as regulatory guidance such as the UK Age Appropriate Design Code, have recently come into force and impose various obligations on companies that provide online services, other interactive platforms or intermediary services including hosting services, or that process the data of minors. Depending on how these laws are implemented and interpreted, certain of our services could be covered by it and we may have to adapt our business practices, contractual arrangements, and services to comply with such obligations.
The effects of any applicable U.S. federal, state and local laws and regulations, and international laws and regulations, that are currently in effect or that may go into effect in the future, are significant (and may be assessed based on a percentage of revenue) and may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and potential liability in an effort to comply with such laws and regulations. Responding to allegations of non-compliance, whether or not true, could be costly, time consuming, distracting to management, and cause reputational harm. In addition to government regulation, privacy advocates and industry groups may propose new and different self-regulatory standards. Because the interpretation and application of privacy and data protection laws are still uncertain, it is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with one another or inconsistent with our existing data management practices or the features of our products and services. Any actual or perceived failure to comply with these and other data protection and privacy laws and regulations could result in regulatory and increased exposure to the risks of (including class action lawsuits) or the imposition of consent orders, enforcement notices, assessment notices (for a compulsory audit), resolution agreements, orders to /change our processing of personal data, requirements to take particular actions with respect to training, policies or other activities, and civil and , including , which could our business. In addition, we, our third-party service providers or customers could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our products and services, which could our, our customers' or our third-party service providers' businesses. Any of the foregoing could result in additional cost and liability to us, our reputation, inhibit sales, and our business.
We may be unable to protect our trademarks and other intellectual property rights, and others may allege that we infringe upon their intellectual property rights.
We have invested significant resources in brands associated with our business such as "Endeavor," "WME," "William Morris Endeavor," "IMG", "WWE" and "UFC" in an attempt to obtain and protect our public recognition. These brands are essential to our success and competitive position. We have also invested significant resources in the premium content that we produce.
Our trademarks, copyrights, and other intellectual property rights are critical to our success and our competitive position. During trademark registration proceedings, our applications may be rejected by the United States Patent and Trademark Office or other foreign trademark offices. Although we would be given an opportunity to respond to those rejections, we may be unable to overcome such rejections. If we fail to secure intellectual property rights or maintain our intellectual property, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would harm our business. Further, monitoring and policing unauthorized use and other violations of our intellectual property is difficult, particularly given our global scope, so we are to others , diluting, or otherwise our intellectual property rights. We are also active in acquiring companies and intellectual property assets we believe to be of value to our business, and in the course of such transactions intellectual property rights may need to be migrated or assigned between the parties and their affiliates. In connection with such transactions, we or our counterparties may to identify all assets for which right, title, and interest should be reallocated or may assign, transfer or license such rights. If we are to maintain and protect our intellectual property rights, we may an important in the markets in which we compete. In particular, the laws of certain foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights in the same manner as do the laws of the United States and, accordingly, our intellectual property rights are at risk in those countries even where we take steps to protect such intellectual property rights. In addition, we may be required to forgo protections or rights to certain technology, data and intellectual property in order to operate in or access markets in a foreign jurisdiction. Any such direct or indirect of rights in these assets could impact our business. We cannot guarantee that the available legal steps we have taken, and take in the ordinary course of business, to protect our intellectual property will be or predict whether these steps will be adequate to prevent , dilution, or other of these rights.
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From time to time, we become involved in litigation or other enforcement proceedings with respect to some of our intellectual property or third-party intellectual property. Any such proceedings or other litigation or dispute involving enforcement of our intellectual property rights or any allegation that we infringe, misappropriate, dilute or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of others, regardless of the merit of these claims, could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations. Such litigation or proceedings could increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or future sales, marketing or distribution activities. If any infringement or other intellectual property claim made us by any third party is , if we are required to indemnify a third party with respect to an intellectual property claim, or if we are required to, or decide to, use of a brand, rebrand or obtain non- intellectual property (such as through a license), which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all, or may be non-, thereby giving our competitors and other third parties access to the same intellectual property rights licensed to us), it could result in to our competitive position and could affect our business and financial condition. If we are found to , or otherwise a third party’s intellectual property rights, and we are in demonstrating that such rights are or unenforceable, we may be required to pay substantial , including treble and attorneys’ fees for willful , or pay substantial royalties and other fees. In addition, the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments related to our intellectual property could become public, and if securities analysts or investors perceive those results to be , it could have an effect on the market price of our common stock. Any ruling or perception of an ruling in our intellectual property rights could have an impact on our cash position and stock price.
We may license our trademarks and trade names to third parties, such as distributors. Although these license agreements may provide guidelines for how our trademarks and trade names may be used, a breach of these agreements or misuse of our trademarks and trade names by our licensees may jeopardize our rights in or diminish the goodwill associated with our trademarks and trade names. Through new and existing legal and illegal distribution channels, consumers have increasing options to access entertainment videos and sports competitions. Our technology, data and intellectual property are subject to a heightened risk of theft or compromise to the extent that we engage in operations outside the United States, particularly in those jurisdictions that do not have comparable levels of protection of proprietary information and assets, such as intellectual property, trademarks, trade secrets, know-how and customer information and records. Piracy, in particular, threatens to damage our business. Furthermore, in light of the compelling consumer proposition, piracy services are subject to rapid global growth. The success of our streaming video solutions with respect to both live and video-on-demand content (e.g., UFC FIGHT PASS) is directly by the availability and use of pirated alternatives. The value that streaming services are willing to pay for content that we develop may be reduced if piracy these services from realizing adequate revenues on these acquisitions.
In the event of a bankruptcy, our intellectual property licenses could be affected in numerous ways. There is a concern that a bankruptcy can result in us losing intellectual property rights. Although some protections are granted via the United States Bankruptcy Code, the United States Bankruptcy Code definition of intellectual property only includes trade secrets, patents and patent applications, copyrights, and mask works and does not include trademarks. Because we rely heavily on the licensing of trademarks, we are at risk of losing rights in the event of a bankruptcy.
As a result of our operations in international markets, we are subject to risks associated with the legislative, judicial, accounting, regulatory, political and economic risks and conditions specific to such markets.
We provide services in various jurisdictions abroad through a number of brands and businesses that we own and operate, as well as through joint ventures, and we expect to continue to expand our international presence. We face, and expect to continue to face, additional risks in the case of our existing and future international operations, including:
political instability, adverse changes in diplomatic relations and unfavorable economic conditions in the markets in which we have international operations or into which we may expand;
more restrictive or otherwise unfavorable government regulation of the entertainment, sports and sports betting industries, which could result in increased compliance costs or otherwise restrict the manner in which we provide services and the amount of related fees charged for such services;
limitations on the enforcement of intellectual property rights;
enhanced difficulties of integrating any foreign acquisitions;
limitations on the ability of foreign subsidiaries to repatriate profits or otherwise remit earnings;
adverse tax consequences;
less sophisticated legal systems in some foreign countries, which could impair our ability to enforce our contractual rights in those countries;
limitations on technology infrastructure;
variability in venue security standards and accepted practices; and
difficulties in managing operations due to distance, language and cultural differences, including issues associated with (i) business practices and customs that are common in certain foreign countries but might be prohibited by U.S. law and our internal policies and procedures and (ii) management and operational systems and infrastructures, including internal financial control and reporting systems and functions, staffing and managing of foreign operations, which we might not be able to do effectively or on a cost efficient basis.
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If our goodwill or intangible assets become impaired, we may be required to record an additional significant charge to earnings.
We review our goodwill for impairment annually as of October 1 and at any time upon the occurrence of certain events or substantive changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of goodwill may not be recoverable. If such goodwill or intangible assets are deemed to be impaired, an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the assets would be recognized. Adverse impacts to our business could result in additional impairments and additional significant charges to earnings.
Participants and spectators in connection with our live entertainment and sports events are subject to potential injuries and accidents, which could subject us to personal injury or other claims and increase our expenses, as well as reduce attendance at our live entertainment and sports events, causing a decrease in our revenue.
There are inherent risks to participants and spectators involved with producing, attending, or participating in live entertainment and sports events. Injuries and accidents have occurred and may occur from time to time in the future, which could subject us to substantial claims and liabilities for injuries. Incidents in connection with our entertainment and sports events at any of our venues or venues that we rent could also result in claims, reducing operating income or reducing attendance at our events, causing a decrease in our revenues. There can be no assurance that the insurance we maintain will be adequate to cover any potential losses. The physical nature of many of our live sports events exposes the athletes that participate to the risk of serious injury or death. These injuries could include concussions, and many sports leagues and organizations have been sued by athletes over long-term neurocognitive arising from concussions. Although the participants in certain of our live sports events, as independent contractors, are responsible for maintaining their own health, disability and life insurance, we may seek coverage under our insurance and event insurance policies, if available, or our general liability insurance policies, for that athletes incur while competing. To the extent such are not covered by our policies, we may self-insure medical costs for athletes for such . Liability to us resulting from any death or , including concussions, sustained by athletes or performers while competing or performing, to the extent not covered by our insurance, could affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.
We are subject to extensive U.S. and foreign governmental regulations, and our failure to comply with these regulations could adversely affect our business.
Our operations are subject to federal, state and local laws, statutes, rules, regulations, policies, and procedures in the United States and around the world, which are subject to change at any time and may involve uncertainty in their applicability or validity, governing matters such as:
licensing laws for talent agencies, such as California’s Talent Agencies Act and the New York General Business Law;
licensing laws for athlete agents;
licensing laws for the promotion and operation of MMA events;
licensing laws for the supply of sports betting data, gaming software, and other products to gambling operators;
licensing, permitting and zoning requirements for operation of our offices, locations, venues, and other facilities;
health, safety, and sanitation requirements;
the service of food and alcoholic beverages;
the welfare and protection of animals;
working conditions, labor, minimum wage and hour, citizenship, immigration, visas, harassment and discrimination, classification of employees and independent contractors, and other labor and employment laws and regulations;
human rights and human trafficking, including compliance with the U.K. Modern Slavery Act and similar current and future legislation;
our employment of youth workers and compliance with child labor laws;
compliance with the U.S. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and the U.K.’s Disability Discrimination Act 1995;
compliance with the FCPA, the Bribery Act and similar regulations in other countries;
compliance with applicable antitrust and fair competition laws;
compliance with international trade controls, including applicable import/export regulations, and sanctions and international embargoes that may limit or restrict our ability to do business with specific individuals or entities or in specific countries or territories;
compliance with anti-money laundering and countering terrorist financing rules, currency control regulations, and statutes prohibiting tax evasion and the aiding or abetting of tax evasion;
marketing activities;
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environmental protection regulations;
compliance with current and future privacy and data protection laws imposing requirements for the processing and protection of personal or sensitive information, including the Federal Trade Commission Act, the CCPA and other state privacy laws, and the GDPR;
compliance with cybersecurity laws imposing country-specific requirements relating to information systems and network design, security, operations, and use;
tax laws; and
imposition by foreign countries of trade restrictions, restrictions on the manner in which content is currently licensed and distributed, ownership restrictions, or currency exchange controls.
Noncompliance with these laws, regulations and mandates could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, reputational harm, adverse media coverage, and other collateral consequences. Multiple or repeated failures by us to comply with these laws and regulations could result in increased fines or proceedings against us, including suspension or revocation proceedings relating to licenses we are required to maintain to conduct our business. If any or are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or , our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially . In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a materially significant of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees. Enforcement actions and sanctions could further our business, results of operations, and financial condition. There can be no assurance that a law or regulation will not be interpreted or enforced in a manner to our current understanding. In addition, the promulgation of new laws, rules, and regulations could restrict or impact our business, which could decrease demand for our services, reduce revenue, increase costs, or subject us to additional liabilities. For example, some legislatures have proposed laws in the past that would impose potential liability on us and other promoters and producers of live events for that occur at our events, particularly relating to drugs and alcohol or the spread of the COVID-19 virus.
In the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions, we may have direct and indirect interactions with government agencies and state-affiliated entities in the ordinary course of our business. In particular, athletic commissions and other applicable regulatory agencies require us to obtain licenses for promoters, medical clearances, licenses for athletes, or permits for events in order for us to promote and conduct our live events and productions. In the event that we fail to comply with the regulations of a particular jurisdiction, whether through our acts or omissions or those of third parties, we may be prohibited from promoting and conducting our live events and productions in that jurisdiction. The inability to present our live events and productions in jurisdictions could lead to a decline in various revenue streams in such jurisdictions, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We operate in a number of countries which are considered to be at a heightened risk for corruption. Additionally, we operate in industry segments, such as sports marketing, that have been the subject of past anti-corruption enforcement efforts. As a global company, a risk exists that our employees, contractors, agents, or managers could engage in business practices prohibited by applicable U.S. laws and regulations, such as the FCPA, as well as the laws and regulations of other countries prohibiting corrupt payments to government officials and others, such as the Bribery Act. There can be no guarantee that our compliance programs will prevent corrupt business practices by one or more of our employees, contractors, agents, managers, or vendors, or that regulators in the U.S. or in other markets will view our program as adequate should any such issue arise.
We are also required to comply with economic sanctions laws imposed by the United States or by other jurisdictions where we do business, which may restrict our transactions in certain markets, and with certain customers, business partners, and other persons and entities. As a result, we may be prohibited from, directly or indirectly (including through a third-party intermediary), procuring goods, services, or technology from, or engaging in transactions with, individuals and entities subject to sanctions. We cannot guarantee that our efforts to remain in compliance with sanctions requirements will be successful. Any violation of anti-corruption or sanctions laws could result in fines, civil and criminal sanctions against us or our employees, prohibitions on the conduct of our business (e.g., debarment from doing business with International Development Banks and similar organizations), and damage to our reputation, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Increasing scrutiny of, and evolving expectations for, sustainability and environmental, social, and governance initiatives could increase our costs, harm our reputation, or otherwise adversely impact our business.
We, as with other companies, are facing increasing scrutiny related to our environmental, social and governance ("ESG") practices and disclosures from certain investors, capital providers, shareholder advocacy groups, other market participants, customers, and other stakeholder groups. With this increased focus, public reporting regarding ESG practices is becoming more broadly expected. While we may at times engage in voluntary initiatives, such initiatives may be costly and may not have the desired effect. For example, we may not ultimately be able to achieve any initiatives or commitments we undertake due to cost, technological constraints, or other factors outside of our control. Moreover, actions or statements that we may take based on expectations or assumptions that we believe to be reasonable may subsequently be determined to be erroneous or be subject to misinterpretation. If our ESG practices and reporting do not meet investor, consumer, employee, or other stakeholder expectations, which continue to evolve, our business, brand or reputation may be negatively impacted and subject to investor or regulator engagement regarding such matters. Furthermore, some market participants, including major institutional investors, may also use third-party benchmarks or scores to measure our ESG practices in making investment and voting decisions. Both advocates and opponents to certain ESG practices are also increasingly resorting to a range of activism forms, including media campaigns, shareholder activism, , and , to advance their perspectives. There has also been an increase in that corporate diversity, equity and inclusion programs may discriminate certain individuals or groups. To the extent we are subject to such activism, it may require us to incur costs or otherwise impact our business. In
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addition, new sustainability rules and regulations have been adopted and may continue to be introduced in various states and other jurisdictions. For example, we and/or certain of our subsidiaries expect to be subject to various disclosure requirements (such as information on greenhouse gas emissions, climate risks, use of offsets, and emissions reduction claims) from California and other U.S. states, if the rules survive litigation and are enforced by the SEC, among other regulations or requirements. Operating in more than one jurisdiction may make our compliance with any applicable ESG and sustainability-related rules more complex and expensive, and potentially expose us to greater levels of legal risks associated with our compliance. Our failure to comply with any applicable rules or regulations could lead to penalties and adversely impact our reputation, customer attraction and retention, access to capital and employee retention. Such ESG matters may also cause additional impacts on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
Catastrophic events, severe weather conditions and natural disasters could adversely affect our operations, sales or financial results.
Catastrophic events, including severe weather events, natural disasters, cyber-incidents, power disruptions, pandemics, acts of terrorism or other events may adversely affect our operation of live events and experiences in affected regions, consumer ability to travel to our events, or result in cancellation or delays of events, outages, disruptions and/or degradations of networks or streaming infrastructure, a failure in our ability to conduct normal business operations, or the closure of event spaces in which consumers engage with our events, brands, and talent, all of which could materially impact our reputation and brand, financial condition and operating results. The health and safety of our employees, talent, or third-party organizations with whom we partner could be also affected, any of which may prevent us from executing our business strategies and/or cause a decrease in consumer demand for our products and services. In addition, our corporate headquarters and several of our key studios also are located in seismically active regions and areas that are to other natural and weather events such as wildfires and hurricanes. These events could our business and operations, and/or the businesses and operations of our partners and may cause us to incur additional costs to maintain or resume operations.
We are signatory to certain franchise agreements of unions and guilds and are subject to certain licensing requirements of the states in which we operate. We are also signatories to certain collective bargaining agreements and depend upon unionized labor for the provision of some of our services. Our clients are also members of certain unions and guilds that are signatories to collective bargaining agreements. Any expiration, termination, revocation or non-renewal of these franchises, collective bargaining agreements, or licenses and any work stoppages or labor disturbances could adversely affect our business.
Certain of our businesses, clients, or employees at some of the locations in which we operate are subject to collective bargaining and/or franchise agreements. These collective bargaining and/or franchise agreements regularly expire and require negotiation in the ordinary course of business. Upon the expiration of any of these collective bargaining and/or franchise agreements, however, we, the trade associations with which we are affiliated, and/or our clients’ unions may be unable to negotiate new collective bargaining and/or franchise agreements on satisfactory terms or at all. Our operations may be interrupted as a result of labor disputes or difficulties and delays in the process of renegotiating. Certain of such unions and guilds have in the past gone on strike, and in the future may do so again. For example, the Writer’s Guild of America ("WGA"), of which many of WME’s writer clients are members, and the Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists ( "SAG-AFTRA"), of which many of WME’s actor clients are members, instructed our WGA and SAG-AFTRA member clients to strike the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers ("AMPTP") companies when their collective bargaining agreements with AMPTP expired on May 1, 2023 and June 12, 2023, respectively, without agreement on new terms. Until the strikes ended in September and November of 2023, respectively, when the unions reached an agreement with AMPTP, WME could not negotiate for struck work on behalf of its WGA and SAG-AFTRA member clients for the duration of their respective strikes. The outcome of these and any future similar with unions or guilds that represent our clients, including the commercial landscape that will exist in the future with our clients after such , have had and will most likely in the future have an effect on our business. In addition, our operations at one or more of our facilities may also be as a result of labor by outside unions attempting to unionize one or more groups of employees (even if not employed by us) at a venue even though we do not currently have unionized labor at that venue. There have also been efforts to unionize the MMA athletes that participate in UFC’s events. A work at one or more of our operated venues or at our promoted events could have an effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We cannot predict the effect that a potential work would have on our business.
We are party to certain collective bargaining agreements that require contributions to various multiemployer pension, health, and welfare plans that cover unionized employees. Required contributions to these plans could unexpectedly increase during the term of a collective bargaining agreement due to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, which requires additional contributions to be made when a pension fund enters into critical status, which may occur for reasons that are beyond our control. In addition, we may be required by law to fulfill our pension withdrawal liability with respect to any multiemployer pension plans from which we may withdraw or partially withdraw. Our potential withdrawal liability will increase if a multiemployer pension plan in which we participate has significant underfunded liabilities. Any unplanned multiemployer pension liabilities could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our talent agency business is and was signatory, directly or through a trade association, The Association of Talent Agents ("ATA"), to certain franchise agreements with the unions and guilds that represent certain of its clients (for example, with the Directors Guild of America). The agency is also subject to licensing and other requirements of certain states in which we operate. Our ability to maintain, renew, or operate without such licenses and franchises is not guaranteed. For example, the Writer’s Guild of America East and the Writer’s Guild of America West (collectively, the "WGA"), terminated its previous 1976 franchise agreement, the Artists’ Manager Basic Agreement, with the ATA, effective April 6, 2019 and while the parties were attempting to negotiate a new franchise agreement, the WGA instructed its members to terminate writing representation services. We signed a new franchise agreement and side letter directly with the WGA on February 5, 2021 (the "Franchise Agreements").
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The Franchise Agreements include terms that, among other things, prohibit us from (a) negotiating packaging deals after June 30, 2022 and (b) having more than a 20% non-controlling ownership or other financial interest in, or being owned or affiliated with any individual or entity that has more than a 20% non-controlling ownership or other financial interest in, any entity or individual engaged in the production or distribution of works written by WGA members under a WGA collective bargaining agreement (any such entity or individual, a "Restricted Production Entity" and the restrictions set forth in clause (b), the "Restricted Production Entity Limit"). In connection with Endeavor’s sale of 80% of the scripted portion of the Endeavor Content business (now operating under the name Fifth Season), which closed in January 2022, Endeavor reduced its ownership in Restricted Production Entities to the required limit of 20% or below. As a result, Endeavor came into compliance with the Restricted Production Entity Limit under the Franchise Agreements.
The potential consequences of any failure to comply with the Franchise Agreements may include, among other things, WGA’s termination of the Franchise Agreements, and, as a result, WGA member clients’ termination of WME as their agency for writing representation services.
Furthermore, the Restricted Production Entity Limit set forth in the Franchise Agreements applies to WME, its agents, employees, partners, principals and shareholders, other than a de minimis holder of general stock (defined as a shareholder that (i) does not hold more than 5% of Endeavor and (ii) does not have voting or other control of the operation or management of Endeavor (a "De Minimis Shareholder")). We do not have control over who acquires our shares in the public markets and cannot limit the percentage of our shares held by any given shareholder. In the event that a shareholder of the Company (other than a De Minimis Shareholder) acquires a greater than 20% ownership or other financial interest in a Restricted Production Entity, we would also be in violation of the Franchise Agreements and the potential consequences set forth above would similarly apply.
The outcome of any similar disputes with unions or guilds that represent our clients, including the commercial landscape that will exist in the future with our clients after such disputes, could have an adverse effect on our business. As with the WGA dispute, any revocation, non-renewal or termination of our or our clients’ franchises or licenses, including but not limited to the Franchise Agreements, including the limitation on our client representation business’ ability to generate new future packaging revenues or its ability to affiliate with other Endeavor companies that produce content, or any disputed application of, or unexpected change in franchise or licensing requirements (whether applicable to us, our clients or otherwise), could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We cannot be certain that additional financing will be available on reasonable terms when required, or at all.
From time to time, we may need additional financing, whether in connection with our capital improvements, acquisitions, or otherwise. Our ability to obtain additional financing, if and when required, will depend on investor demand, our operating performance, the condition of the capital markets and other factors. For example, if borrowings available under our first lien credit agreement entered into by certain of our subsidiaries in May 2014 in connection with the acquisition of IMG (as amended, restated, modified and/or supplemented from time to time, the "Credit Facilities"), UFC Holdings, LLC’s term loan and revolving credit facilities (the "UFC Credit Facilities" and, collectively with the Credit Facilities, the "Senior Credit Facilities"), January Capital Holdco, LLC's margin loan facility (the "Margin Loan Facility"), or certain of our other debt facilities are insufficient or unavailable at a reasonable cost, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives to raise cash, such as incurring additional indebtedness, selling our assets, seeking to raise additional equity capital, or restructuring, which alternatives may not be available to us on favorable terms when required, or at all. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, if we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences, or privileges senior to the rights of our Class A common stock, and our then existing stockholders may experience dilution.
Our business and operating results may be affected by the outcome of pending and future litigation, investigations, claims and other disputes.
Our results may be affected by the outcome of pending and future litigation, investigations, claims and other disputes. Unfavorable rulings in our legal proceedings could result in material liability to us or have a negative impact on our reputation or relations with our employees or third parties. The outcome of litigation, including class action lawsuits, is difficult to assess or quantify. Plaintiffs in class action lawsuits may seek recovery of very large or indeterminate amounts and the magnitude of the potential loss relating to such lawsuits may remain unknown for substantial periods of time. For example, Zuffa was named as a defendant in class-action lawsuits alleging that we violated Section 2 of the Sherman Act by monopsonizing an alleged market for the services of elite professional MMA athletes, Le et al. v. Zuffa, LLC , No. 2:15-cv-1045-RFB-BNW (D. Nev.) (the “ Le ” case) and Johnson et al. v. Zuffa, LLC et al. , No. 2:21-cv-1189-RFB-BNW (D. Nev.) (the “ Johnson ” case). The fighter claim that Zuffa’s conduct them by the compensation they received for their services, and they sought treble under the laws, as well as attorneys’ fees and costs, and, in some instances, injunctive relief. The in that case are Zuffa, Endeavor and TKO OpCo. On March 13, 2024, TKO OpCo, and certain of its affiliates, including Endeavor, reached an agreement to settle all asserted in the class action lawsuits for an aggregate amount of $335.0 million payable by TKO and its subsidiaries, which was submitted to the court for preliminary approval and on July 30, 2024. On September 26, 2024, the Company reached an updated settlement agreement with the to settle all asserted in the Le case for an aggregate amount of $375.0 million, which the court preliminarily approved on October 22, 2024 and finally approved on February 6, 2025. In connection with the updated settlement agreement, the Company recorded charges of $375.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. No trial date has been set in the Johnson action.
On June 17, 2022, WWE and its then Board of Directors announced that a special committee of independent members of its Board of Directors (the “Special Committee”) was formed to investigate alleged misconduct by WWE’s then-Chief Executive Officer, Mr. McMahon. On July 22, 2022, Mr. McMahon resigned from all positions held with WWE but remained a stockholder with a controlling interest. On January 9, 2023, WWE’s Board of Directors elected Mr. McMahon as Executive Chairman thereto, and Mr. McMahon subsequently returned to WWE. Although the Special Committee investigation was completed and, in January 2024, Mr. McMahon resigned from his position as Executive Chair and member of TKO’s Board of Directors, as well as other positions, employment and otherwise, at TKO and its subsidiaries, WWE has received, and TKO may receive in the future, regulatory, investigative and enforcement inquiries, subpoenas, demands, claims and/or complaints arising from, related to, or in connection with these matters or in connection with new claims or . For example, on January 25, 2024, a former WWE employee filed a lawsuit WWE, Mr. McMahon and another former WWE executive in the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut ,
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among other things, that she was sexually assaulted by Mr. McMahon and asserting claims under the Trafficking Victims Protection Act. In addition, on October 23, 2024, five unnamed plaintiffs filed a lawsuit against Vincent K. McMahon, Linda McMahon, WWE, and TKO in Maryland court, alleging sexual abuse by a former WWE employee during the 1980s. See Note 21, "Commitments and Contingencies," to the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. If we are unable to resolve these or other matters favorably, our business, operating results, and our financial condition may be adversely affected.
In addition, we are currently, and from time to time in the future may be, subject to various other claims, investigations, legal and administrative cases and proceedings (whether civil or criminal), or lawsuits by governmental agencies or private parties. In addition, allegations against or improper conduct by current or former employees, contractors or partners could damage our reputation and/or lead to litigation or legal proceedings that could result in civil or criminal penalties, including substantial monetary fines. If the results of these investigations, claims, allegations, proceedings, or suits are unfavorable to us or if we are to third-party lawsuits, we may be required to pay monetary or may be subject to , , , or other that could have an effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Even if we address the issues raised by an or proceeding or a third-party lawsuit or , we may have to devote significant financial and management resources to address these issues, which could have an effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. In addition, publicity from these matters could impact our business, reputation and competitive position and reduce investor demand for our Class A common stock and impact the trading price of such stock.
Risks Relating to Legal, Political or Other Regulatory Factors Impacting our Sports Betting Businesses
Our businesses in the sports betting industry are subject to strict government regulations that may limit our existing operations, have an adverse impact on our ability to grow, affect our license eligibility, result in us amending our constituent documents, including our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, to allow for the restriction of stock ownership by certain persons or entities, including providing for the non-consensual redemption of shares under certain circumstances, and expose us to fines or other penalties.
In the United States and many other countries, the provision of sports betting products and services by certain of our businesses is subject to extensive and evolving regulation. These regulatory requirements vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Therefore, we are subject to a wide range of complex laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we are licensed or operate. Most jurisdictions require that we be licensed, that our key personnel and certain of our security holders and customers be found suitable or be licensed, and that many of our products (including software) be reviewed and approved before they are offered to the public. Licenses, approvals or findings of suitability may be revoked, suspended or conditioned. If a license, approval or finding of suitability is required by a regulatory authority and we fail to seek or do not receive the necessary license, approval or finding of suitability, or if it is granted and subsequently suspended or revoked, then we may be temporarily or permanently prohibited from providing our products or services for use in the particular jurisdiction, as well as face repercussions in other jurisdictions up to and including license revocation. We may also become subject to regulation in any new jurisdictions in which we decide to operate in the future, including due to expansion of a customer’s operations. Gaming authorities may levy us or certain of our assets if we gaming regulations.
So that we are able to meet with regulatory requirements, including those applicable to our security holders, we may adopt changes to our constituent documents, including amending our articles of incorporation and our bylaws to allow for the restriction of stock ownership by persons or entities (i) who fail to comply with informational requests or other regulatory requirements under applicable gaming laws, (ii) who are found or are likely to be found unsuitable to hold our stock by gaming authorities, or (iii) whose stock ownership adversely affects or may adversely affect our ability to obtain, maintain, renew or qualify for a license, contract, franchise or other regulatory approval from a gaming authority. Such changes to our constituent documents may include requirements that certain security holders submit to the licensing procedures and background investigations of the authorities that regulate our businesses and may provide mechanisms for the non-consensual redemption of shares and removal of a security holder who is or may be found unsuitable or fails to comply with regulatory requirements under applicable gaming laws. Any such changes to our constituent documents may inhibit potential investors from becoming significant stockholders or inhibit existing stockholders from retaining or increasing their ownership.
While we currently hold all state and local licenses and related approvals necessary to conduct our present gaming operations, we must periodically apply to renew many of our licenses and registrations. Additionally, our key employees, officers, directors, and certain shareholders must also undergo licensing or suitability investigations. We cannot assure that we will be able to obtain or maintain the necessary licenses or approvals or that the licensing process will not result in delays in or adversely affect our operations. The failure to obtain or retain a required license or approval in any jurisdiction would decrease the geographic areas where we are permitted to operate and generate revenue, may limit our ability to obtain a license in other jurisdictions and may put us at a disadvantage relative to our competitors.
In addition, we are required to provide information relating to our operations to various gaming regulatory agencies. A failure to provide accurate information could result in the imposition of fines or other penalties by the relevant regulatory authority. Furthermore, if additional laws or regulations are adopted or existing laws or regulations are amended or interpreted differently, these regulations could impose additional restrictions or costs that could have a significant adverse effect on us.
We cannot assure that authorities will not seek to restrict our sports betting businesses in their respective jurisdictions or institute enforcement proceedings against us. Further, we cannot assure that any instituted enforcement proceedings will be favorably resolved, or that such proceedings will not have a material adverse impact on our ability to retain and renew existing licenses or to obtain new licenses in other jurisdictions. Our reputation may also be damaged by any legal or regulatory investigation, regardless of whether or not we are ultimately accused of, or found to have committed, any violation.
We may also be required under applicable gaming laws and regulations to obtain approval of applicable gaming authorities to issue securities, incur debt and undertake other financing activities, and our financing counterparties, including lenders, might be subject to various licensing and related approval procedures in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. We and certain of our affiliates, major stockholders (generally persons and entities beneficially owning a specified percentage (typically 5% or more) of our equity securities), directors, officers and key employees are also
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subject to extensive background investigations and suitability standards in our businesses. Gaming authorities may require us to terminate the employment of any person who refuses to file appropriate applications. Moreover, gaming authorities with jurisdiction over our operations may, in their discretion, require a holder of any securities issued by us to file applications, be investigated, and be found suitable to own our securities, and, if a holder is found unsuitable, we could be sanctioned, including with the loss of approvals that are required for us to continue our gaming operations in the relevant jurisdictions, if such unsuitable person does not timely sell our securities.
Additionally, there are instances in which a state in which a Native American tribe conducts Class III gaming activities disagrees with such tribe regarding the regulation of gaming, including the regulation of gaming suppliers. In those instances, we make every effort to comply with both state and tribal regulations and fulfill our contractual obligations. However, there may be situations where any such disagreement impedes or creates uncertainty with respect to our ability to supply gaming products and services to such tribal customer or customer that serves Native American tribes or otherwise negatively impacts our relationship with such customer or gaming regulators. There are additional complexities that may impact disputes or other interactions with Native American tribe customers. For example, Native American tribes generally enjoy sovereign immunity from lawsuits, similar to the sovereign immunity enjoyed by the individual states and the United States. In addition, certain commercial agreements with Native American tribes are subject to review by regulatory authorities such as the national Indian Gaming Commission, and, among other things, any such review could require substantial modifications to any such agreement we enter into with a Native American tribe customer.
Regulators and investors may perceive sports betting suppliers and operators similarly and consider their respective regulatory risk to be similar.
While operators that directly provide sports betting services to their customers are generally perceived to be exposed to a greater degree of enforcement risk than their suppliers, in some jurisdictions certain laws extend to directly impact such suppliers. Furthermore, a supplier’s nexus with a particular jurisdiction may expose it to specific enforcement risks, irrespective of whether there has been an attempt to bring proceedings against any supported operator. In some circumstances, enforcement proceedings brought against an operator may result in action being taken against a supplier (and even brought in the absence of the former). Ultimately, the market may view, or in the future may view, the regulatory risk associated with the business of supplying software and services to sports betting operators as being comparable with the regulatory risk attaching to operators themselves. In such circumstances, there is an associated risk that investors may apply valuation methods to any such supplier that are the same as the valuation methods used to value operators, and which build in the same regulatory risk even though, in many territories, such suppliers would be considered sufficiently removed from the transactional activity to warrant the application of a discrete risk analysis. If suppliers to our sports betting operators financial from realized regulatory risk, they may not be to offer their services and products, which could restrict the provision of our services and impact our revenues.
The growth of our sports betting businesses will depend on the expansion of online betting and gaming into new jurisdictions and our ability to obtain required licenses.
Our ability to achieve growth in our sports betting businesses will depend, in large part, upon expansion of online betting and gaming into new jurisdictions, the terms of regulations relating to online betting and gaming and our ability to obtain required licenses. Following the 2018 decision of the U.S. Supreme Court to overturn the federal ban on sports betting, a number of jurisdictions in the United States have legalized sports betting and online gaming and we expect that additional jurisdictions may do so in the future. Similarly, many jurisdictions worldwide are legalizing and regulating sports betting and online gaming. Our ability to further expand our sports betting and online operations is partially dependent on the adoption of regulations permitting such activities. However, the expansion of betting and online gaming in new jurisdictions is dependent on a number of factors that are beyond our control and there can be no assurances of when, or if, such regulations will be adopted or of the terms of such regulations, including restrictions, tax rates, and license fees and availability of such licenses.
Legislative interpretation and enforcement of certain gaming regulations could adversely affect financial performance and reputation.
Various gambling regulators have implemented additional responsible and safer gambling measures relating to our sports betting businesses including the implementation of bet limits, deposit limits, bonuses and advertising, which could negatively impact our operations, business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition, particularly if additional gambling regulators follow suit.
We may not be able to capitalize on the expansion of internet or other forms of digital gaming or other trends and changes in the gaming, social and digital gaming industries, including due to laws and regulations governing these industries.
Risks Related to the Combination of WWE and UFC into TKO
Bringing the WWE and UFC businesses under TKO may be more difficult, time-consuming or costly than expected, and the actual benefits of doing so may be less than expected, either or both of which may adversely affect our future results.
On September 12, 2023, we completed the TKO Transactions, pursuant to which WWE and UFC were combined and TKO, a separate, publicly traded company and consolidated subsidiary of Endeavor that holds the WWE and UFC businesses, was created. The anticipated benefits from the completion of the TKO Transactions may not be achieved if the businesses of WWE and UFC are not successfully integrated as planned. WWE and UFC have been operated as independent businesses, and our management may face significant challenges in integrating the technologies, organizations, systems, procedures, policies and operations, as well as addressing the different business cultures at WWE and UFC, managing the increased scale and scope of the businesses under TKO, identifying and eliminating duplicative programs, and retaining key personnel. If the businesses of WWE and UFC are not successfully integrated, the anticipated benefits of the TKO Transactions may not be realized fully or at all or may take longer to realize than expected. Actual synergies, if achieved, may be less than expected and may take longer to achieve than anticipated.
The integration of the businesses of WWE and UFC has been, and may continue to be, complex and time consuming and require substantial resources and effort. In addition, the actual integration may result in additional and unforeseen expenses, and the anticipated benefits of the integration plan may not be realized as a result. The integration process and other disruptions resulting from the TKO Transactions may also disrupt WWE’s or UFC’s ongoing businesses operations and/or adversely affect WWE’s or UFC’s relationships with employees, customers, clients,
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partners, regulators and others with whom WWE and UFC have business or other dealings. Such consequences of the integration process may adversely affect our business and results of our operations, or our ability to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting.
Some of TKO’s executive officers and directors may have actual or potential conflicts of interest because of their equity interest in Endeavor. Also, certain of TKO’s current executive officers are our directors and officers, which may create conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts of interest.
Some of TKO’s executive officers and directors own equity interests in Endeavor. Continuing ownership of shares of our capital stock and equity awards could create, or appear to create, potential conflicts of interest if we and TKO face decisions that could have implications for both TKO and Endeavor. In addition, certain of TKO’s current executive officers and directors are also our executive officers and directors, and this could create, or appear to create, potential conflicts of interest when we and TKO encounter opportunities or face decisions that could have implications for both companies or in connection with the allocation of such officers’ or directors’ time between TKO and Endeavor.
TKO OpCo has agreed to indemnify TKO for certain tax liabilities attributable to taxable periods (or portions thereof) ending on or prior to the completion of the combination of UFC and WWE, and this indemnification could adversely affect the liquidity and financial condition of TKO OpCo.
Under the terms of the transaction documentation governing the combination of UFC and WWE, TKO OpCo has generally agreed to indemnify TKO and its affiliates for tax liabilities attributable to WWE and its subsidiaries for taxable periods ending on or prior to the completion of the TKO Transactions, subject to certain exceptions. Given our interest in TKO OpCo, these indemnification obligations will indirectly subject us to risks and potential exposures attributable to the business conducted by WWE for periods prior to the business combination involving WWE and UFC, and to exposure for income taxes otherwise payable by TKO. The persons who will make decisions regarding the conduct and indemnification claims that will be made in connection with any tax audits or examinations with respect to the business conducted by WWE may be subject to conflicts of interest with respect to such matters considering the ownership interests they may own in us and/or TKO, and any tax liabilities for which TKO OpCo is responsible in connection with such arrangements could adversely affect the results and cash flows of TKO OpCo and could impair the value of our interest in TKO OpCo.
Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure
We are a holding company and our principal asset is our indirect equity interests in Endeavor Operating Company and, accordingly, we are dependent upon distributions from Endeavor Operating Company to pay taxes and other expenses.
We are a holding company and our principal asset is our indirect ownership of Endeavor Operating Company. We have no independent means of generating revenue. As the indirect sole managing member of Endeavor Operating Company, subject to certain exceptions, we generally intend to cause Endeavor Operating Company to make distributions to its equityholders, including the members of Endeavor Operating Company (including Endeavor Profits Units holders) and Endeavor Manager, in amounts sufficient to cover the taxes on their allocable share of the taxable income of Endeavor Operating Company. As the sole managing member of Endeavor Manager, we intend to cause Endeavor Manager, to the extent it is able, to make non-pro rata distributions to us such that we will be able to cover all applicable taxes payable by us, any payments we are obligated to make under the tax receivable agreement we entered into in connection with our IPO and other costs or expenses, but we are limited in our ability to cause Endeavor Operating Company to make distributions to its equityholders (including for purposes of paying corporate and other overhead expenses and dividends) under the Senior Credit Facilities. In addition, certain laws and regulations may result in restrictions on Endeavor Manager’s ability to make distributions to us, Endeavor Operating Company’s ability to make distributions to its equityholders, or the ability of Endeavor Operating Company’s subsidiaries to make distributions to it. There are no assurances that Endeavor Operating Company will make distributions sufficient to cover the taxes on its members' allocable share of taxable income, and in some cases, we may not make distributions sufficient for some or all of Endeavor Operating Company's equityholders to pay such taxes.
To the extent that we need funds and Endeavor Manager, Endeavor Operating Company or Endeavor Operating Company’s subsidiaries are restricted from making such distributions, under applicable law or regulation, as a result of covenants in the Senior Credit Facilities or otherwise, we may not be able to obtain such funds on terms acceptable to us or at all and, as a result, could suffer an adverse effect on our liquidity and financial condition. In certain situations, including where Endeavor Operating Company does not have sufficient cash to make tax distributions to all of its members in the full amount provided for in the Endeavor Operating Company limited liability company agreement ("Endeavor Operating Company LLC Agreement"), tax distributions made to Endeavor Manager may be reduced (relative to those tax distributions made to other members of Endeavor Operating Company) to reflect the income tax rates to which Endeavor Manager and Endeavor Group Holdings are subject and certain other factors. Tax distributions will generally be treated as advances of other distributions made under the Endeavor Operating Company LLC Agreement, but no adjustments will be made to the exchange ratio for members of Endeavor Operating Company or Endeavor Manager who exercise the redemption rights described below to account for prior tax distributions (and tax distributions paid prior to such an exercise of redemption rights will not reduce distributions otherwise payable to Endeavor Manager in respect of Endeavor Operating Company Units acquired in connection with the exercise of such redemption rights).Under the Endeavor Operating Company LLC Agreement, subject to certain exceptions, we generally expect Endeavor Operating Company, from time to time, to make distributions in cash to its equityholders, including the members of Endeavor Operating Company (including the Endeavor Profits Units holders) and Endeavor Manager, in amounts sufficient to cover the taxes on their allocable share of the taxable income of Endeavor Operating Company (however, there are no assurances that Endeavor Operating Company will make distributions sufficient to cover the taxes on its members' allocable share of taxable income, and in some cases, Endeavor Operating Company may not make distributions sufficient for some or all of its equityholders to pay such taxes). We further expect that, under the limited liability company agreement of Endeavor Manager (the "Endeavor Manager LLC Agreement"), Endeavor Manager may make non-pro rata distributions in cash to us using the proceeds it receives from any such tax distributions by Endeavor Operating Company. As a result of (i) potential differences in the amount of net taxable income indirectly allocable to us and to Endeavor Operating Company’s other equityholders, (ii) the lower tax rate applicable to corporations as to individuals, (iii) the tax benefits that we anticipate from (a) redemptions or exchanges of Endeavor Operating Company
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Units (and paired shares of Class X common stock), in exchange for, at our election (subject to certain exceptions), either cash (based on the market price of a share of our Class A common stock) or shares of our Class A common stock, (b) payments under the tax receivable agreement and (c) the acquisition of interests in Endeavor Operating Company from its equityholders (other than Endeavor Group Holdings and Endeavor Manager) and (iv) the fact that tax distributions made in respect of Endeavor Operating Company Units will generally be made pro rata in respect of such Units as described in the Endeavor Operating Company LLC Agreement, we expect that these tax distributions may be in amounts that exceed our tax liabilities (and/or the tax liabilities of the other members of Endeavor Operating Company), which could have an adverse effect on the liquidity of Endeavor Operating Company and its subsidiaries. Our board of directors will determine the appropriate uses for any excess cash so accumulated, which may include, among other uses, the payment of obligations under the tax receivable agreement and the payment of other expenses. We will have no obligation to distribute such cash (or other available cash) to our stockholders. No adjustments to the exchange ratio for Endeavor Operating Company Units or Endeavor Manager Units and corresponding shares of common stock will be made as a result of any cash distribution by us or any retention of cash by us. To the extent we do not distribute such cash as dividends on our Class A common stock and instead, for example, hold such cash balances, or lend them to Endeavor Operating Company, this may result in shares of our Class A common stock increasing in value relative to the value of Endeavor Operating Company Units. The holders of Endeavor Operating Company Units may from any value attributable to such cash balances if they acquire shares of Class A common stock in exchange for their Endeavor Operating Company Units (and paired shares of Class X common stock). In addition, our payment of tax distributions to the members of Endeavor Operating Company could result in the distribution of cash out of Endeavor Operating Company that is in excess of what is required to permit the direct or indirect equityholders of Endeavor Operating Company to pay their tax liabilities attributable to their direct or indirect ownership of Endeavor Operating Company, which could have an effect on our liquidity.
The amendments to the Endeavor Operating Company LLC Agreement that allow us to limit tax distributions that would otherwise be made could result in conflicts of interest.
On June 27, 2023, we amended the Endeavor Operating Company LLC Agreement to permit us to limit the amount of tax distributions that would otherwise be required to be paid by Endeavor Operating Company with respect to a given taxable period. As a result of (among other considerations) potential differences in the amount of net taxable income allocable to us and to Endeavor Operating Company’s other members and the fact that tax distributions made in respect of Endeavor Operating Company Units will generally be made pro rata in respect of such Units, as described in the Endeavor Operating Company LLC Agreement, we expect that the aggregate tax distributions paid by Endeavor Operating Company to its members will, in many cases, exceed the aggregate cash tax liabilities of such members. In order to limit the amount of such excess tax distributions that might be made in certain circumstances, we adopted an amendment to the Endeavor Operating Company LLC Agreement that permits us to limit the aggregate amount of tax distributions that Endeavor Operating Company pays with respect to a particular taxable period to a "cap" in an amount equal to or greater than the aggregate amount of taxable income and gain of Endeavor Operating Company that is allocated to its members for such period multiplied by an assumed tax rate, as set forth in the Endeavor Operating Company LLC Agreement. Certain direct or indirect equity holders in Endeavor Operating Company such as the Silver Lake Equityholders, Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell, and other members of our senior management may have interests that are different from (and/or in addition to) the interests of holders of Class A common stock with respect to these provisions. The Silver Lake Equityholders, Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell, and such other persons may influence the extent to which (or the conditions upon which) the on tax distributions included in the Endeavor Operating Company LLC Agreement will be invoked, which could result in of interest and result in aggregate tax distribution payments and liquidity considerations that are different than those that would have existed in the of such potential of interest.
We are controlled by Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell, Executive Holdcos, and the Silver Lake Equityholders, whose interests in our business may be different than our holders of Class A common stock, and our board of directors has delegated significant authority to an Executive Committee and to Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell.
Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell, Executive Holdcos, and the Silver Lake Equityholders, as a group, control approximately 94.9% of the combined voting power of our common stock as of December 31, 2024 as a result of their ownership of shares of our Class A common stock and Class X common stock, each share of which is entitled to 1 vote on all matters submitted to a vote of our stockholders, and Class Y common stock, each share of which is entitled to 20 votes on all matters submitted to a vote of our stockholders.
Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell, Executive Holdcos, and the Silver Lake Equityholders collectively have the ability to substantially control our Company, including the ability to control any action requiring the general approval of our stockholders, including the election of our board of directors, the adoption of amendments to our certificate of incorporation and stockholder amendments to our bylaws, and the approval of any merger or sale of substantially all of our assets. This concentration of ownership and voting power may also delay, defer, or even prevent an acquisition by a third party or other change of control of our Company, and may make some transactions more difficult or impossible without the support of Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell, Executive Holdcos, and the Silver Lake Equityholders, even if such events are in the best interests of minority stockholders. This concentration of voting power may have a negative impact on the price of our Class A common stock. In addition, because shares of our Class Y common stock each have 20 votes per share on matters submitted to a vote of our stockholders, Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell, Executive Holdcos, and the Silver Lake Equityholders will be able to control our Company as long as they own Class Y common stock representing more than a majority of the total voting power of our issued and outstanding common stock, voting together as a single class. As of December 31, 2024, Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell, Executive Holdcos, and the Silver Lake Equityholders will continue to control the outcome of matters submitted to stockholders so long as they collectively hold 113,972,867 shares of Class Y common stock, which represents 16.7% of the outstanding shares of all our common stock outstanding. As of December 31, 2024, holders of Class Y common stock would continue to control the outcome of matters submitted to stockholders where Class Y common stock represents 16.7% of the outstanding shares of all our common stock.
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Additionally, prior to a Triggering Event, pursuant to Section 141(a) of the Delaware General Corporation Law ("DGCL"), the Executive Committee will have all of the power and authority (including voting power) of the board of directors. The Executive Committee will have the authority to approve any actions of the Company, except for matters that must be approved by the Audit Committee of the board (or both the Executive Committee and the Audit Committee), or by a committee qualified to grant equity to persons subject to Section 16 of the Exchange Act, for purposes of exempting transactions pursuant to Section 16b-3 thereunder, or as required under Delaware law, SEC rules and the rules of the NYSE. The Executive Committee consists of Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell and two directors nominated to our board of directors by the Silver Lake Equityholders. The Executive Committee has delegated to Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell the authority to manage the business of the Company with power and authority to approve any actions of the Company, except for certain specified actions that require the approval of the Executive Committee and as required under Delaware law, SEC rules and NYSE rules.
Messrs. Emanuel’s and Whitesell’s, Executive Holdcos’, and the Silver Lake Equityholders’ interests may not be fully aligned with our holders of Class A common stock, which could lead to actions that are not in their best interest. Because Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell, Executive Holdcos, and the Silver Lake Equityholders hold part of their economic interest in our business through Endeavor Operating Company, rather than through the public company, they may have conflicting interests with holders of shares of our Class A common stock. For example, Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell, Executive Holdcos, and the Silver Lake Equityholders may have different tax positions from us, which could influence their decisions regarding whether and when we should dispose of assets or incur new or refinance existing indebtedness, and whether and when we should undergo certain changes of control within the meaning of the tax receivable agreement or terminate the tax receivable agreement. In addition, the structuring of future transactions may take into consideration these tax or other considerations even where no similar benefit would accrue to us. Messrs. Emanuel’s and Whitesell’s, Executive Holdcos’, and the Silver Lake Equityholders’ significant ownership in us and resulting ability to effectively control us may discourage someone from making a significant equity investment in us, or could transactions involving a change in control, including transactions in which holders of shares of our Class A common stock might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over the then-current market price.
Section 203 of the DGCL may affect the ability of an "interested stockholder" to engage in certain business combinations, including mergers, consolidations or acquisitions of additional shares, for a period of three years following the time that the stockholder becomes an "interested stockholder." An "interested stockholder" is defined to include persons owning directly or indirectly 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of a corporation. We have elected in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation not to be subject to Section 203 of the DGCL. Nevertheless, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation contains provisions that will become operative following a Triggering Event and that will have a similar effect to Section 203 of the DGCL, except that they provide that Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell, Executive Holdcos, and the Silver Lake Equityholders and their respective affiliates and direct and indirect transferees will not be deemed to be "interested stockholders," regardless of the percentage of our voting stock owned by them, and accordingly will not be subject to such restrictions.
Our amended certificate of incorporation provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, Endeavor Group Holdings renounces any interest or expectancy in a transaction or matter that may be a corporate opportunity for Endeavor Group Holdings and Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell (other than in their capacity as officers and employees of the Company), Executive Holdcos, the Silver Lake Equityholders, or any of our non-employee directors have no duty to present such corporate opportunity to Endeavor Group Holdings and they may invest in competing businesses or do business with our clients or customers. To the extent that Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell, Executive Holdcos, the Silver Lake Equityholders, or our non-employee directors invest in other businesses, they may have differing interests than our other stockholders. In addition, we may in the future partner with or enter into transactions with our pre-IPO investors or their affiliates, including with respect to future investments, acquisitions, and dispositions.
We cannot predict the impact our capital structure and the concentrated control by Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell, Executive Holdcos, and the Silver Lake Equityholders may have on our stock price or our business.
We cannot predict whether our multiple share class capital structure, combined with the concentrated control by Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell, Executive Holdcos, and the Silver Lake Equityholders, will result in a lower trading price or greater fluctuations in the trading price of our Class A common stock, or will result in adverse publicity or other adverse consequences. In addition, some indices are considering whether to exclude companies with multiple share classes from their membership. For example, from July 2017 to April 2023, S&P Dow Jones excluded companies with multiple share classes from the S&P Composite 1500. Exclusion from indices could make our Class A common stock less attractive to investors and, as a result, the market price of our Class A common stock could be adversely affected.
We will require a significant amount of cash to service our indebtedness. Our ability to generate cash for, make payments on or refinance our indebtedness as it becomes due depends on many factors, some of which are beyond our control and could impact our ability to continue as a going concern.
We have a substantial amount of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2024, we had an aggregate of $5.7 billion outstanding indebtedness, including a $2.2 billion term loan under our Senior Credit Facilities scheduled to mature on May 18, 2025 (the “Term Loan Indebtedness”).
Our ability to make payments on, or to refinance our respective obligations under, our indebtedness will depend on future operating performance and on economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory, and other factors. Many of these factors are beyond our control. Additionally, the terms of the UFC Credit Facilities restrict the ability of the UFC subsidiaries to make distributions to us, which may limit us from using funds from the UFC subsidiaries to make payments on our indebtedness under the Credit Facilities. Our consolidated cash balance also includes cash from other consolidated non-wholly owned entities. These businesses may have restrictions in their ability to distribute cash to the rest of the Company, including under the terms of applicable operating agreements or debt agreements, which may require the approval of certain of our investors and/or the governing bodies of certain of our consolidated non-wholly owned subsidiaries based on the timing and amount of distribution. We cannot assure you that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future borrowings will be available to us in an amount sufficient to enable us to satisfy our respective obligations under our indebtedness or to fund our other needs. In order for us to satisfy our
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obligations under our indebtedness, we must continue to execute our business strategy. If we are unable to do so, we may need to refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness on or before maturity.
If we cannot generate sufficient cash flow from operations to service this debt, we may need to refinance this debt, dispose of assets, or issue equity to obtain necessary funds. Additionally, our credit rating has in the past and may in the future be downgraded. We do not know whether we will be able to take any of these actions on a timely basis, on terms satisfactory to us or at all.
This substantial amount of indebtedness could:
require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing funds available for working capital, capital expenditures or other purposes;
increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions, which could lead to a downgrade in our credit rating and may place us at a disadvantage compared to competitors who may have proportionately less indebtedness;
increase our cost of borrowing and cause us to incur substantial fees from time to time in connection with debt amendments or refinancings; and
limit our ability to obtain necessary additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, or other purposes in the future, plan for or react to changes in our business and the industries in which we operate, make future acquisitions or pursue other business opportunities, and react in an extended economic downturn.
Despite this substantial indebtedness, we may still have the ability to incur significantly more debt. The incurrence of additional debt could increase the risks associated with this substantial leverage, including our ability to service this indebtedness. In addition, because a portion of the borrowings under our Senior Credit Facilities and our Margin Loan Facility bears interest at a variable rate, our interest expense could increase, exacerbating these risks. A 1% increase in the interest rates charged on the outstanding amount of our floating rate debt would increase our annual interest expense by $56 million.
As a result of the upcoming maturity of the Term Loan Indebtedness, the Company has evaluated plans over the next twelve months beyond the date the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report are issued to secure additional liquidity which include, but are not limited to, (i) repayment or refinancing of the Term Loan Indebtedness as part of the Merger-Related Transactions, (ii) reducing discretionary capital and operating expenses (iii) obtaining additional facilities from banks and renewal of existing bank borrowings and (iv) proceeds from asset sales. If the Merger-Related Transactions do not close when expected, if at all, or if we are unable to refinance or otherwise extend the Term Loan Indebtedness prior to the scheduled maturity date, we do not expect to have sufficient cash on hand to repay such Term Loan Indebtedness upon maturity, which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results in the event the lenders declare an event of default and exercise their rights and remedies under the Senior Credit Facilities. The Company may not be successful in securing additional liquidity or refinancing its outstanding indebtedness, and the feasibility of some of these plans is contingent upon factors outside of the control of the Company. As such, this uncertainty raises substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going .
Restrictive covenants in the Senior Credit Facilities may restrict our ability to pursue our business strategies.
The credit agreements governing the terms of the Senior Credit Facilities restrict, among other things, asset dispositions, mergers and acquisitions, dividends, stock repurchases and redemptions, other restricted payments, indebtedness, loans and investments, liens, and affiliate transactions. The Senior Credit Facilities also contain customary events of default, including a change in control. These covenants, among other things, limit our ability to fund future working capital needs and capital expenditures, engage in future acquisitions or development activities, or otherwise realize the value of our assets and opportunities fully. Such covenants could limit the flexibility of our subsidiaries in planning for, or reacting to, changes in the entertainment and sports industry. Our ability to comply with these covenants is subject to certain events outside of our control. Additionally, we have in the past, and may in the future need to amend or obtain waivers to our existing covenants, and cannot guarantee that we will be able to obtain those amendments or waivers on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If we are unable to comply with these covenants, the lenders under the Senior Credit Facilities could terminate their commitments and accelerate repayment of our outstanding borrowings, which also may result in the acceleration of or under any other debt we may incur in the future to which a cross-acceleration or cross- provision applies. If such an acceleration were to occur, we may be to obtain adequate refinancing for our outstanding borrowings on terms, or at all. We have pledged a significant portion of our assets as collateral under our Senior Credit Facilities. If we are to repay our outstanding borrowings when due, the lenders under the Senior Credit Facilities will also have the right to proceed the collateral granted to them to secure the indebtedness owed to them, which may have an effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.
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We are exempt from certain corporate governance requirements since we are a "controlled company" within the meaning of NYSE rules, and as a result our stockholders do not have the protections afforded by these corporate governance requirements.
Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell, Executive Holdcos, and the Silver Lake Equityholders control, as a group, more than 50% of our combined voting power for the election of directors. As a result, we are considered a "controlled company" for the purposes of NYSE rules and corporate governance standards, and therefore we are permitted to, and we intend to, elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements of the NYSE, including those that would otherwise require our board of directors to have a majority of independent directors and require that we either establish Compensation and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees, each comprised entirely of independent directors, or otherwise ensure that the compensation of our executive officers and nominees for directors are determined or recommended to the board of directors by the independent members of the board of directors. Accordingly, holders of our Class A common stock do not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the rules and corporate governance standards of NYSE, and the ability of our independent directors to influence our business policies and affairs may be reduced. For so long as we remain a public company, we expect to remain a controlled company until Messrs. Emanuel and Whitesell, Executive Holdcos, and the Silver Lake Equityholders no longer control, as a group, more than 50% of our combined voting power. Each member of our control group holds Class A common stock and Class X common stock, each of which has 1 vote per share, and Class Y common stock, which has a 20-vote per share feature. The shares of Class Y common stock held by our control group will be /redeemed for no consideration upon the earlier of (i) the disposition of (a) the paired Endeavor Operating Company Units (and the corresponding shares of Class X common stock) and (b) the shares of Class A common stock (as a result of a redemption of paired Endeavor Operating Company Units (and the corresponding shares of Class X common stock)) paired with such Class Y common stock, as applicable, and (ii) with respect to all shares of Class Y common stock, a Triggering Event. Because there is no time-based sunset date for our Class Y common stock, we may continue to be a controlled company indefinitely.
We are required to pay certain of our pre-IPO investors, including certain Other UFC Holders, for certain tax benefits we may claim (or are deemed to realize) in the future, and the amounts we may pay could be significant.
In connection with the transactions undertaken in connection with the IPO, we acquired existing equity interests in Endeavor Operating Company from certain of our pre-IPO investors in exchange for the issuance of shares of our Class A common stock, Class Y common stock and rights to receive payments under the tax receivable agreement and acquired certain existing interests in Endeavor Operating Company from certain of the Other UFC Holders in exchange for cash and rights to receive payments under the tax receivable agreement. As a result of these acquisitions, we succeeded to certain tax attributes of certain of our pre-IPO investors and will receive the benefit of tax basis in the assets of Endeavor Operating Company and certain of its subsidiaries. In addition, redemptions or exchanges of Endeavor Operating Company Units from members of Endeavor Operating Company (other than Endeavor Manager) in exchange for shares of our Class A common stock or cash are expected to produce favorable tax attributes that would not be available to us in the absence of such redemptions or exchanges.
We have entered into a tax receivable agreement with certain of our pre-IPO investors and certain affiliates of our pre-IPO investors, including certain members of pre-IPO management holding vehicles, and certain of the Other UFC Holders or their affiliates (the "Post-IPO TRA Holders"). The tax receivable agreement provides for the payment by us to the Post-IPO TRA Holders (or their transferees of Endeavor Operating Company Units or other assignees) of 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax or franchise tax that we realize or are deemed to realize (determined by using certain assumptions) as a result of (i) any tax basis in the assets of Endeavor Operating Company and certain of its subsidiaries resulting from (a) the acquisition of equity interests in Endeavor Operating Company from certain of our pre-IPO investors and the acquisition of interests in Endeavor Operating Company from certain of the Other UFC Holders, (b) future redemptions or exchanges by us of Endeavor Operating Company Units from members of Endeavor Operating Company (other than Endeavor Manager) in exchange for shares of our Class A common stock or cash or (c) payments made under the tax receivable agreement, (ii) any net operating losses or certain other tax attributes of certain pre-IPO investors or Other UFC Holders that are available to us to offset income or gain earned after the mergers undertaken in connection with our IPO, (iii) any existing tax basis associated with Endeavor Operating Company Units, the of which is allocable to us as a result of the exchanges of such Endeavor Operating Company Units for shares of our Class A common stock or cash, and (iv) tax benefits related to imputed interest deemed arising as a result of payments made under the tax receivable agreement. The tax receivable agreement makes certain simplifying assumptions regarding the determination of the cash savings that we realize or are deemed to realize from the covered tax attributes, which may result in payments pursuant to the tax receivable agreement in excess of those that would result if such assumptions were not made (and that are in excess of the payments that would have been made if the tax receivable agreement were based on our actual tax savings).
The actual tax benefit, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the tax receivable agreement, will vary depending upon a number of factors, including, among others, the timing of redemptions or exchanges by members of Endeavor Operating Company, the price of our Class A common stock at the time of the redemptions or exchanges, the extent to which such redemptions or exchanges are taxable, the amount and timing of the taxable income we generate in the future and the tax rate then applicable, and the portion of our payments under the tax receivable agreement constituting imputed interest. Future payments under the tax receivable agreement could be substantial. The payments under the tax receivable agreement are not conditioned upon any Post-IPO TRA Holder’s continued ownership of us. Undertaking material transactions like the combination of the businesses of UFC and WWE will affect our cash flows, tax liabilities and TRA obligations, including by changing the income and tax profile of Endeavor Operating Company and its subsidiaries, the attributes that will be available to Endeavor Operating Company and its Subsidiaries, and the consequences of the assumptions that are utilized to calculate payments made under the tax receivable agreement. In addition, if Post-IPO TRA Holders participate in an increased number of transfers of Endeavor Operating Company Units to the Company in transactions that give rise to additional potential entitlements under the tax receivable agreement (e.g., in connection with the pendency of the Merger-Related Transactions), our obligations under the tax receivable agreement could increase.
In addition, the Post-IPO TRA Holders (or their transferees or other assignees) will not reimburse us for any payments previously made if any covered tax benefits are subsequently disallowed, except that any excess payments made to any Post-IPO TRA Holder (or such holder’s transferees or other assignees) will be netted against future payments that would otherwise be made under the tax receivable agreement, if any, after our
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determination of such excess. We could make payments to the Post-IPO TRA Holders under the tax receivable agreement that are greater than our actual cash tax savings and may not be able to recoup those payments, which could negatively impact our liquidity.
In addition, the tax receivable agreement provides that, upon certain mergers, asset sales or other forms of business combination, or certain other changes of control, our or our successor’s obligations with respect to tax benefits would be based on certain assumptions, including that we or our successor would have sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the tax benefits covered by the tax receivable agreement. As a result, upon a change of control, we could be required to make payments under the tax receivable agreement that are greater than the specified percentage of our actual cash tax savings, which could negatively impact our liquidity.
In addition, the tax receivable agreement provides that in the case of a change in control of the Company or a material breach of our obligations under the tax receivable agreement, the Post-IPO TRA Holders will have the option to terminate the tax receivable agreement, and we will be required to make a payment to the Post-IPO TRA Holders covered by such termination in an amount equal to the present value of future payments (calculated using a discount rate, which may differ from our, or a potential acquirer’s, then-current cost of capital) under the tax receivable agreement, which payment would be based on certain assumptions, including those relating to our future taxable income. In these situations, our obligations under the tax receivable agreement could have a substantial negative impact on our, or a potential acquirer’s, liquidity and could have the effect of delaying, deferring, modifying, or preventing certain mergers, asset sales, other forms of business combinations, or other changes of control (including any transactions that may be undertaken in connection with our review of strategic alternatives). These provisions of the tax receivable agreement may result in situations where the Post-IPO TRA Holders have interests that differ from or are in addition to those of our other stockholders. In addition, we could be required to make payments under the tax receivable agreement that are substantial, significantly in advance of any potential actual realization of such further tax benefits, and in excess of our, or a potential acquirer’s, actual cash savings in income tax.
Finally, because we are a holding company with no operations of our own, our ability to make payments under the tax receivable agreement are dependent on the ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions to us. The Senior Credit Facilities restrict the ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions to us, which could affect our ability to make payments under the tax receivable agreement. To the extent that we are unable to make payments under the tax receivable agreement as a result of restrictions in our Senior Credit Facilities, such payments will be deferred and will accrue interest until paid, which could negatively impact our results of operations and could also affect our liquidity in periods in which such payments are made.
Risks Related to Our Class A Common Stock
The Merger Agreement requires us to pay quarterly cash dividends.
We have declared and paid quarterly cash dividends since September 2023. Such cash dividends were, and any future cash dividends will be, paid from Endeavor Operating Company to its common unit holders, including EGH, which, in turn, paid and will pay its portion as dividends to holders of shares of our Class A common stockholders. The Merger Agreement also requires that we, in each calendar quarter prior to the closing of the Merger-Related Transactions, declare and pay a dividend in respect of each issued and outstanding share of our Class A common stock at a price equal to $0.06 per share. Any future declaration, amount and payment of dividends depends upon factors, such as our results of operations, financial condition, earnings, capital requirements, restrictions in our debt agreements and legal requirements. In addition, both the Credit Facilities and the UFC Credit Facilities contain restrictions on our ability to make distributions and other payments from the respective credit groups and which therefore limit our ability to receive cash from our operating units to make dividends to the holders of Class A common stock, subject to specified exceptions. Although we currently intend to continue to pay regular quarterly cash dividends, we cannot provide any assurances that any such regular dividends will be paid in at least this specified amount or at this frequency, if at all.
The price of our Class A common stock may be volatile, and holders of our Class A common stock may be unable to resell their Class A common stock at or above their purchase price or at all.
The market price for our Class A common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors, most of which we cannot control, including, among others:
the Merger-Related Transactions;
announcements relating to strategic transactions;
trends and changes in consumer preferences in the industries in which we operate;
changes in general economic or market conditions or trends in our industry or the economy as a whole and, in particular, in the consumer and advertising marketplaces;
changes in key personnel;
our entry into new markets;
changes in our operating performance;
investors’ perceptions of our prospects and the prospects of the businesses in which we participate;
fluctuations in quarterly revenue and operating results, as well as differences between our actual financial and operating results and those expected by investors;
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fluctuations in the stock price or market valuations of TKO, our majority-owned, publicly traded subsidiary, whose stock price may also fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors;
the public’s response to press releases or other public announcements by us or third parties, including our filings with the SEC;
announcements relating to litigation;
guidance, if any, that we provide to the public, any changes in such guidance or our failure to meet such guidance;
changes in financial estimates or ratings by any securities analysts who follow our Class A common stock, our failure to meet such estimates or failure of those analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of our Class A common stock;
downgrades in our credit ratings or the credit ratings of our competitors;
the development and sustainability of an active trading market for our Class A common stock;
investor perceptions of the investment opportunity associated with our Class A common stock relative to other investment alternatives;
the inclusion, exclusion, or deletion of our Class A stock from any trading indices;
future sales of our Class A common stock by our officers, directors, and significant stockholders;
other events or factors, including those resulting from system failures and disruptions, severe weather events, natural disasters, wars, acts of terrorism, or responses to such events;
changes in financial markets or general economic conditions, including, for example, due to the effects of recession or slow economic growth in the U.S. and abroad, interest rates, fuel prices, international currency fluctuations, corruption, political instability, acts of war, acts of terrorism, and pandemics or other public health crises;
price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market, including as a result of trends in the economy as a whole; and
changes in accounting principles.
These and other factors may lower the market price of our Class A common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. As a result, our Class A common stock may trade at prices significantly below the price at which shares were purchased.
In addition, the stock markets, including the NYSE, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. In the past, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, we could incur substantial costs and our resources and the attention of management could be diverted from our business.
If we are unable to effectively implement or maintain a system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial results and our stock price could be adversely affected.
Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the "Sarbanes-Oxley Act") requires us to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting as of the end of each fiscal year, including a management report assessing the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting, and a report issued by our independent registered public accounting firm on that assessment. Our ability to comply with the annual internal control reporting requirements will depend on the effectiveness of our financial reporting and data systems and controls across our company. We continue to make investments to further automate, streamline and centralize our businesses' use of these systems and expect these systems and controls to require additional investment as we become increasingly more complex and our business grows. To effectively manage this complexity, we will need to continue to maintain and revise our operational, financial and management controls, and our reporting systems and procedures. Certain weaknesses or deficiencies or failures to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in the implementation or operation of these controls, could harm our operating results and cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations, or result in material in our financial statements, which could affect our business and reduce our stock price.
Provisions in our organizational documents and certain rules imposed by regulatory authorities may delay or prevent our acquisition by a third party.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain several provisions that may make it more difficult or expensive for a third party to acquire control of us without the approval of our board of directors. These provisions, which may delay, prevent, or deter a merger, acquisition, tender offer, proxy contest or other transaction that stockholders may consider favorable, include the following, some of which may only become effective upon the Triggering Event:
the 20 vote per share feature of our Class Y common stock;
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the fact that our Class Y common stock retains its 20 vote per share feature until such share of Class Y common stock is canceled/redeemed for no consideration upon, subject to certain exceptions, (i) the disposition of (a) the paired Endeavor Operating Company Units (and the corresponding shares of Class X common stock) and/or (b) the shares of Class A common stock (as a result of a redemption of paired Endeavor Operating Company Units (and the corresponding shares of Class X common stock) paired with such Class Y common stock or as a result of other transfers thereof) or (ii) a Triggering Event;
the division of our board of directors into three classes and the election of each class for three-year terms;
the sole ability of the Executive Committee, prior to the Triggering Event, to fill a vacancy on the board of directors;
prior to a Triggering Event and subject to certain exceptions, the vesting of all the power and authority of our board of directors to our Executive Committee;
advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals and director nominations;
after the Triggering Event, provisions limiting stockholders’ ability to call special meetings of stockholders, to require special meetings of stockholders to be called and to take action by written consent;
after the Triggering Event, in certain cases, the approval of holders representing at least 66 2/3% of the total voting power of the shares entitled to vote generally in the election of directors will be required for stockholders to adopt, amend or repeal our bylaws, or amend or repeal certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation;
the required approval of holders representing at least 66 2/3% of the total voting power of the shares entitled to vote at an election of the directors to remove directors; and
the ability of our Governing Body to designate the terms of and issue new series of preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could be used, among other things, to institute a rights plan that would have the effect of significantly diluting the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer, likely preventing acquisitions that have not been approved by our Governing Body.
These provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could discourage potential takeover attempts and reduce the price that investors might be willing to pay for shares of our Class A common stock in the future, which could reduce the market price of our Class A common stock.
In the event of a merger, consolidation or tender or exchange offer, holders of our Class A common stock shall not be entitled to receive excess economic consideration for their shares over that payable to the holders of the Class C common stock.
No shares of Class C common stock, the primary purpose of which is to be available for issuance in connection with acquisitions, joint ventures, investments or other commercial arrangements, are currently issued and outstanding. If we choose to issue Class C common stock in the future, the holders of our Class A common stock shall not be entitled to receive economic consideration for their shares in excess of that payable to the holders of the then outstanding shares of Class C common stock in the event of a merger, consolidation or tender or exchange offer, even though our Class C common stock does not have the right to vote. This would result in a lesser payment to the holders of Class A common stock than if there are no shares of Class C common stock outstanding at the time of such merger, consolidation or tender or exchange offer.
The provision of our certificate of incorporation requiring exclusive venue in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware for certain types of lawsuits and the federal district courts of the United States for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action under the Securities Act may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, (A) the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of our company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any director (including any director serving as a member of the Executive Committee), officer, agent or other employee or stockholder of our company to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, the amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our bylaws or as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each case subject to such Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein or, if such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction thereof, the federal district court located in the State of Delaware; and (B) the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the forum provision shall not apply to seeking to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act. Although we believe this provision benefits us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law in the types of lawsuits to which it applies, the provision may have the effect of lawsuits our directors and officers. It is possible that, in connection with any applicable action brought us, a court could find the choice of forum provisions contained in our amended and certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in such action. If a court were to find the choice of forum provisions contained in our amended and certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
For so long as we remain a public company, our costs may increase, and the regular operations of our business may be disrupted.
Prior to April 30, 2021, we operated as a privately owned company, and we have incurred, and expect to in the future incur, significant additional legal, accounting, reporting, and other expenses as a result of having publicly traded common stock, including, but not limited to,
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increased costs related to auditor fees, legal fees, directors’ fees, directors and officers insurance, investor relations, and various other costs. We have also incurred incremental costs and will in the future incur incremental costs associated with corporate governance requirements, including requirements under the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, as well as rules implemented by the SEC and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. Compliance with these rules and regulations will make some activities more difficult, time-consuming, or costly, and increase demand, and, as a result, may place a strain on our systems and resources. Moreover, the additional demands associated with being a public company may disrupt regular operations of our business by diverting the attention of some of our senior management team away from revenue producing activities.
In addition, changing laws, regulations, and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs, and making some activities more time consuming. These laws, regulations, and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. For so long as we remain a public company, this could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We have invested and would intend to continue to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations, and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with applicable laws, regulations, and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Risks Related to Tax Matters
Tax matters may cause significant variability in our financial results.
Our businesses are subject to income taxation in the United States, as well as in many tax jurisdictions throughout the world. Tax rates in these jurisdictions may be subject to significant change. If our effective tax rate increases, our operating results and cash flow could be adversely affected. Our effective income tax rate can vary significantly between periods due to a number of complex factors including, but not limited to, projected levels of taxable income, pre-tax income being lower than anticipated in countries with lower statutory rates or higher than anticipated in countries with higher statutory rates, increases or decreases to valuation allowances recorded against deferred tax assets, tax audits conducted and settled by various tax authorities, adjustments to income taxes upon finalization of income tax returns, the ability to claim foreign tax credits, and changes in tax laws and their interpretations in countries in which we are subject to taxation.
In addition, our effective tax rate and tax liability are based on the application of current income tax laws, regulations and treaties. These laws, regulations and treaties are complex, and the manner which they apply to us and our activities and diverse set of business arrangements is often open to interpretation. Significant management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes and our deferred tax assets and liabilities. Tax authorities could challenge our interpretation of laws, regulations and treaties, resulting in additional tax liability or adjustment to our income tax provision that could increase our effective tax rate and adversely affect our financial results.
We may be required to pay additional taxes as a result of the partnership audit rules.
The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 changed the rules applicable to U.S. federal income tax audits of partnerships, including entities such as Endeavor Operating Company and TKO OpCo that are taxed as partnerships. Under these rules (which generally are effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017), subject to certain exceptions, audit adjustments to items of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit of an entity (and any holder’s share thereof) are determined, and taxes, interest, and penalties attributable thereto, are assessed and collected, at the entity level. Although it is uncertain how these rules will continue to be implemented, it is possible that they could result in Endeavor Operating Company (or any of its applicable subsidiaries that are or have been treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes, including TKO OpCo) being required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties as a result of an audit adjustment, and we, as an indirect member of Endeavor Operating Company (or such other entities), could be required to indirectly bear the economic burden of those taxes, interest, and penalties even though we may not otherwise have been required to pay additional corporate-level taxes as a result of the related audit adjustment.
Under certain circumstances, Endeavor Operating Company may be eligible to make an election to cause holders of Endeavor Operating Company Units to take into account the amount of any understatement, including any interest and penalties, in accordance with such holders’ interest in Endeavor Operating Company in the year under audit. We will decide whether to cause Endeavor Operating Company to make this election in our sole discretion, and can offer no assurances that such an election will be made. If Endeavor Operating Company does not make this election, the then-current holders of Endeavor Operating Company Units (including Endeavor Group Holdings as an indirect member of Endeavor Operating Company) would economically bear the burden of the understatement even if such holders had a different percentage interest in Endeavor Operating Company during the year under audit, unless, and only to the extent, Endeavor Operating Company recovers such amounts from current or former impacted holders of Endeavor Operating Company. Similar rules and considerations also apply with respect to any of Endeavor Operating Company’s subsidiaries that are or have been treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes (including TKO OpCo).
The tax classification of Endeavor Operating Company could be challenged.
We intend that Endeavor Operating Company has been and will continue to be treated as a partnership for federal and, if applicable, state or local income tax purposes and not as an association taxable as a corporation. However, if any taxing authority were to successfully assert otherwise, the tax consequences resulting therefrom would be materially different than those described elsewhere in this Annual Report.
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We may be required to fund withholding tax upon certain exchanges of Endeavor Operating Company Units into shares of our common stock by non-U.S. holders.
In the event of a transfer by a non-U.S. transferor of an interest in a partnership that is engaged in a U.S. trade or business, the transferee generally must withhold tax in an amount equal to ten percent of the amount realized (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes) by the transferor on such transfer. Holders of Endeavor Operating Company Units may include non-U.S. holders. Pursuant to the Endeavor Operating Company LLC Agreement, any non-U.S. holders’ Endeavor Operating Company Units may be redeemed for, at our election (subject to certain exceptions), either cash (based on the market price of a share of our Class A common stock) or shares of our Class A common stock (which redemption, if made for shares of Class A common stock, would be effectuated via a direct purchase by Endeavor Group Holdings). It is expected that we would have to withhold ten percent of the amount realized (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes) by the non-U.S. holders in respect of any such transactions. We may not have sufficient cash to satisfy such withholding obligation, and we may be required to incur additional indebtedness or sell shares of our Class A common stock in the open market to raise additional cash in order to satisfy our withholding tax obligations.
We may incur certain tax liabilities attributable to our pre-IPO investors and Other UFC Holders as a result of the transactions that occurred in connection with our IPO.
In connection with our IPO, certain of our pre-IPO investors and certain Other UFC Holders, including certain affiliates of Silver Lake, merged with and into Endeavor Group Holdings. As the successor to these merged entities, Endeavor Group Holdings will generally succeed to and be responsible for any outstanding or historical tax liabilities of the merged entities, including any liabilities that might be incurred as a result of the mergers described in the previous sentence. Any such liabilities for which Endeavor Group Holdings is responsible could have an adverse effect on our liquidity and financial condition.
Our ability to use certain net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.
Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an "ownership change," the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post-change income and taxes may be limited. In general, an "ownership change" occurs if there is a cumulative change in ownership of the relevant corporation by "5% shareholders" (as defined under U.S. income tax laws) that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. Similar rules apply under state tax laws. If our corporate subsidiaries experience one or more ownership changes in connection with transactions in our stock, then we may be limited in our ability to use our corporate subsidiaries’ net operating loss carryforwards and other tax assets to reduce taxes owed on the net taxable income that such subsidiaries earn. Any such limitations on the ability to use net operating loss carryforwards and other tax assets could adversely impact our business, financial condition, and operating results.
A 1% U.S. federal excise tax could be imposed on us in connection with redemptions.
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the "IRA") was signed into federal law. The IRA provides for, among other things, a U.S. federal 1% excise tax on certain repurchases (including redemptions) of stock by publicly traded U.S. corporations and certain other persons (a "covered corporation"). Because we are a Delaware corporation and our securities are trading on the NYSE, we are a "covered corporation" for this purpose. The excise tax is imposed on the repurchasing corporation itself, not its stockholders from which shares are repurchased. The amount of the excise tax is generally 1% of the fair market value of the shares repurchased at the time of the repurchase. However, for purposes of calculating the excise tax, repurchasing corporations are permitted to net the fair market value of certain new stock issuances against the fair market value of stock repurchases during the same taxable year. In addition, certain exceptions apply to the excise tax. The U.S. Department of Treasury has been given authority to provide regulations and other guidance to carry out and prevent the abuse or avoidance of the excise tax. Any future repurchases could give rise to liabilities in connection with this excise tax, which could increase our costs and adversely affect our operating results.
Holders of Class A common stock could incur tax liabilities in connection with the Merger.
The exchange of Class A common stock for cash in connection with the Merger will generally be a taxable transaction for United States federal income tax purposes. A holder of Class A common stock that is subject to U.S. federal income taxation that receives cash in the Merger in a transaction treated as a sale and exchange of their Class A common stock will generally recognize taxable gain or loss for United States federal income tax purposes as a result of the Merger. Holders who immediately after the Merger-Related Transactions will retain or hold any securities or interests in the Company (or that may be treated as retaining or holding any securities or interests in the Company, including constructively through certain attribution rules) may be subject to different rules that could alter the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the Merger to them. Holders who own or are considering an investment in our Class A common stock are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences to them of the Merger-Related Transactions in their particular circumstances.
General Risk Factors
We may face labor shortages that could adversely affect our business.
The successful operation of our business depends upon our ability to attract, motivate, and retain a sufficient number of qualified employees. Shortages of labor may make it increasingly difficult and expensive to attract, train, and retain the services of a satisfactory number of qualified employees and could adversely impact our events and productions. Competition for qualified employees could require us to pay higher wages, which could result in higher labor costs and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We also rely on contingent workers and volunteers in order to staff our live events and productions, and our failure to manage our use of such workers effectively could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We could potentially face various legal claims from contingent workers and volunteers in the future, including claims based on new laws or stemming from allegations that contingent workers,
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volunteers or employees are misclassified. We may be subject to shortages, oversupply, or fixed contractual terms relating to contingent workers. Our ability to manage the size of, and costs associated with, the contingent workforce may be subject to additional constraints imposed by local laws.
Exchange rates may cause fluctuations in our results of operations.
Because we own assets overseas and derive revenues from our international operations, we may incur currency translation losses or gains due to changes in the values of foreign currencies relative to the U.S. Dollar. We cannot, however, predict the effect of exchange rate fluctuations upon future operating results. Although we cannot predict the future relationship between the U.S. Dollar and the currencies used by our international businesses, principally the British Pound and the Euro, we recorded a foreign exchange rate net gain of $(5.7) million for the year ended December 31, 2024. See Part II, Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Foreign currency risk."
Costs associated with, and our ability to, obtain insurance could adversely affect our business.
Heightened concerns and challenges regarding property, casualty, liability, business interruption, cancellation, cybersecurity and other insurance coverage have resulted from terrorist and related security incidents along with varying weather-related conditions and incidents. The COVID-19 pandemic, for example, adversely impacted the insurance markets we rely on for coverage and depending on its duration and the associated insurance claims volumes could adversely impact both the coverage options available to us in the future as well as the premium costs we are required to pay for those coverages in the future. Pandemic coverage is no longer available in retail markets, and where available in captive or re-insurance markets, remains cost prohibitive with limited terms and conditions which may not be deemed commercially viable for use. As a result, we may experience increased difficulty obtaining high policy limits of coverage at a reasonable cost and with reasonable deductibles. We cannot assure you that future increases in insurance costs and obtaining high policy limits and reasonable deductibles will not impact our , thereby possibly impacting our operating results and growth. We have a significant investment in property and equipment at each of our venues, which are generally located near major cities and which hold events typically attended by a large number of people.
We cannot assure you that our insurance policy coverage limits, including insurance coverage for property, casualty, liability and business interruption losses, cybersecurity and acts of terrorism, would be adequate should one or multiple adverse events occur, or that our insurers would have adequate financial resources to sufficiently or fully pay our related claims or damages. We cannot assure you that adequate coverage limits will be available, offered at a reasonable cost, or offered by insurers with sufficient financial soundness. The occurrence of such an incident or incidents affecting any one or more of our venues could have an adverse effect on our financial position and future results of operations if asset damage or company liability were to exceed insurance coverage limits, or if an insurer were unable to sufficiently or fully pay our related or .
If securities or industry analysts publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about us or our business, including TKO, the price of our Class A common stock and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our Class A common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrades our Class A common stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about us or our business, including TKO, our share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our Class A common stock could decrease, which could cause our stock price and trading volume to decline. In addition, if our operating results fail to meet the expectations of securities analysts, our stock price would likely decline.
Future changes to U.S. and foreign tax laws could adversely affect us.
The Group of Twenty (the "G20"), the OECD, the U.S. Congress and Treasury Department and other government agencies in jurisdictions where we and our affiliates do business have had an extended focus on issues related to the taxation of multinational corporations, including, but not limited to, transfer pricing, country-by-country reporting and base erosion. As a result, the tax laws in the United States and other countries in which we and our affiliates do business could change on a prospective or retroactive basis, and any such changes could have an adverse effect on our worldwide tax liabilities, business, financial condition, and results of operations. The U.S. government may also enact significant new changes to trade policies and tariffs with respect to countries where we or our customers operate, and such regions could take retaliatory action, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, the OECD has announced an accord commonly referred to as "Pillar Two" to set a minimum global corporate tax rate of 15%, which is being or may be implemented in many jurisdictions, including the United States. The OECD is also issuing guidelines that are different, in some respects, than current international tax principles. If countries amend their tax laws to adopt all or part of the OECD guidelines, this may increase tax uncertainty and increase taxes applicable to us or our stockholders. We cannot predict whether the U.S. Congress or any other governmental body, whether in the United States or in other jurisdictions, will enact new tax legislation (including increases to tax rates), whether the IRS or any other tax authority will issue new regulations or other guidance, whether the OECD or any other intergovernmental organization will publish any additional guidelines on global taxation or whether member states will implement such guidelines, nor can we predict what effect such legislation, regulations or international guidelines might have. Changes to existing laws and regulations in connection with Pillar Two or other proposals could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Item 1B. Un resolved Staff Comments
None.
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Item 1C. Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information. Our security approach is aligned with applicable security and/or technical requirements and best practices established by National Institute of Standards and Cybersecurity Framework ("NIST CSF"). This does not imply that we meet any particular technical standards, specifications, or requirements, only that our information security team uses the NIST CSF as the framework for helping us to identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our business.
Our cybersecurity risk management program is integrated into our overall enterprise risk management program and is designed to share common methodologies, reporting channels and governance processes that apply across the enterprise risk management program to other legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risk areas. We have a cross-functional team composed of senior IT, cybersecurity and compliance leadership that typically meets on a monthly basis to discuss efforts to identify new or prospective risks, mitigate previously identified risks, and discuss recent cybersecurity events. This cross-functional team reports into an executive steering committee comprised of senior enterprise leadership which meets, at a minimum, quarterly.
We use a defense-in-depth strategy across our business applications and systems, including database encryption, encryption for laptops/desktops, endpoint-security solutions including network filtering, anti-virus, endpoint firewalls, endpoint detection/response, patch and security configuration management and monitoring through our use of a Security Information and Event Management ("SIEM") system. The SIEM is monitored by our Security Operations Center ("SOC"). Our network and applications require multi-factor authentication, and logins are monitored for unusual activity by our SOC function. The enterprise network is protected by stateful firewalls, which are also monitored via our SOC. Our dedicated cybersecurity team engages third parties to conduct periodic infrastructure, application, compliance, and security operations testing, and threats/findings are managed through our risk-register and governance processes.
Separately, employees are trained to promptly report any suspicious behavior or events to the Company’s Core Security Incident Response team. This team includes IT, cybersecurity, compliance, and risk management team members. The core team oversees the investigation and handling of all reported incidents (which incidents are tracked in real time). If the core team determines that the reported event could potentially impact personally identifiable information processed by the Company, confidential/proprietary information or cause a financial loss, the core team reports the matter to Endeavor’s Cybersecurity Executive Steering Committee, which includes Endeavor’s Chief Administrative Officer, General Counsel, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Accounting Officer, Chief Compliance Officer, Chief Information Officer, Corporate Communications, Corporate Secretary, Senior Vice President ("SVP"), Internal Audit, SVP, Privacy & Cybersecurity, SVP, Cybersecurity, and SVP, Head of Corporate Security. Reported events that may cause a financial loss are also reported to the legal department’s fraud investigation team. The Cybersecurity Executive Steering Committee is charged with managing the Core Security Response Team and determining whether any disclosures may be required as a result of the reported event.
Our cybersecurity risk management program, thus, includes:
risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems, information, products, services, and our broader enterprise IT environment;
a written cybersecurity incident response plan;
the use of external service providers, where appropriate, to assess, test or otherwise assist with aspects of our security controls;
cybersecurity awareness training of our employees, incident response personnel, and senior management not less often than once per calendar year;
phishing simulations at regular intervals (not less than quarterly) to all users of the company’s email system; and
a third-party risk management process for service providers, suppliers, and vendors which connect to our IT systems or process data on our behalf. This risk management process is designed to review the cybersecurity protocols, policies and preparedness of any vendor that processes personally identifiable information for the company or the company’s confidential or proprietary information or otherwise is connected to any company IT infrastructure before entering an agreement with such vendor and/or at least every 18 months thereafter. Such reviews consist of reviewing SOC2 Type II reports for vendors which maintain them or, for those that don’t, a review of the vendor’s responses to a detailed questionnaire. Upon a review of such responses, the Company’s cybersecurity team may propose contractual remediation obligations to be agreed upon by the vendor.
Our continually evolving cybersecurity strategies are informed by multiple threat intelligence resources, the status of ongoing remediation plans, and technical developments. We have not identified risks from known cybersecurity threats , including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. See Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Business — Failure to protect our IT Systems and Confidential Information against breakdowns, security breaches, and other cybersecurity risks could result in financial penalties, legal liability, and/or reputational harm, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition."
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Cybersecurity Governance
Our Board, including the Governing Body, considers cybersecurity risk as part of its risk oversight function and has delegated to the Audit Committee of the Board (the "Audit Committee") oversight of cybersecurity and other information technology risks. The Audit Committee oversees management’s implementation of our cybersecurity risk management program.
The Audit Committee receives quarterly reports from management on our cybersecurity risks, and also receives, at least annually, a detailed briefing from management on our cyber risk management program’s status including all strategic initiatives. In addition, management updates the Audit Committee, as necessary, regarding potentially significant cybersecurity incidents consistent with written escalation protocols, as well as incidents with lesser impact potential. The Audit Committee members also receive presentations on cybersecurity topics from our Chief Compliance Officer, Chief Information Officer, internal security staff or external experts as part of the Board’s continuing education on topics that impact public companies. The full Board and the Governing Body receive regular updates regarding the Audit Committee’s activities.
Our management team, including our Chief Compliance Officer, Chief Information Officer, SVP, Privacy & Cybersecurity, and SVP, Cybersecurity, is responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats . The Chief Information Officer is responsible for implementation and enforcement of written information security policies . The Chief Information Officer has designated leaders, including the SVP, Cybersecurity, to be responsible for overall management of the information security management program, including developing and operating within the defined global information security controls to protect our IT systems, selecting and supervising retained cybersecurity consultants, and working with Legal, Compliance, and Human Resources personnel to develop and launch appropriate information security training of our workforce . Our management team has decades of experience leading and managing cybersecurity teams as well as professional credentials in cybersecurity and data privacy . Our SVP, Privacy & Cybersecurity, leads a team of five dedicated privacy professionals in the Legal department.
Our management team supervises efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include briefings from internal security personnel; threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us; and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in our IT environment.
Item 2. Pr operties
The following table sets forth the location, general character and segments utilizing our significant corporate and other facilities as of December 31, 2024. We own the corporate offices and studio in Las Vegas, Nevada listed below, and we lease the other properties listed. The leases expire at various times through 2037, subject to renewal and early termination options. We consider each of these properties to be in good condition, adequate for its purpose and our current needs, and suitably utilized according to the individual nature and requirements of the relevant operations.
Location
General Character
Segments
Beverly Hills, California
Corporate offices
Representation; Corporate
New York, New York
Corporate offices
Events, Experiences & Rights; Representation; Owned Sports Properties; Corporate
Las Vegas, Nevada
Corporate offices and studios
Owned Sports Properties; Events, Experiences & Rights
Nashville, Tennessee
Corporate offices
Representation
London, England
Corporate offices and studios
Events, Experiences & Rights; Representation; Owned Sports Properties; Corporate
Stamford, Connecticut
Corporate offices and studios
Owned Sports Properties
In addition, we lease several other offices that are not material to our operations. See Note 20, "Leases," to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further detail on our lease commitments.
Item 3. L egal Proceedings
From time to time, we may be involved in claims and proceedings arising in the course of our business. The outcome of any such claims or proceedings, regardless of the merits, is inherently uncertain. For a description of our legal proceedings, see Note 21, "Commitments and Contingencies," to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 4. M ine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5. M arket for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information
Our Class A common stock is listed and traded on the NYSE under the symbol "EDR."
Holders
As of January 31, 2025, there were approximately 14 registered holders of our outstanding Class A common stock, 256 registered holders of our outstanding Class X common stock, and 7 registered holders of our outstanding Class Y common stock. These numbers do not include "street name" or beneficial holders, whose shares are held of record by banks, brokers, financial institutions and other nominees.
Dividend Policy
For information regarding dividends paid in the year ended December 31, 2024 and any future payment of dividends, including a variety of factors that our board of directors will take into account in determining any future dividend payment decisions, see Part II, Item 7. "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Historical liquidity and capital resources." Because we are a holding company, our cash flow and ability to pay dividends depends upon the financial results and cash flows of our operating subsidiaries and the distribution or other payment of cash to us in the form of dividends or otherwise from Endeavor Operating Company. See Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors—Risks Related Our Class A Common Stock—The Merger Agreement Requires us to pay quarterly cash dividends."
Subject to certain exceptions, we generally expect that Endeavor Operating Company will make distributions to each of its members, including Endeavor Manager and holders of Endeavor Profits Units, in respect of the U.S. federal, state and local income tax liability attributable to each member’s allocable share of taxable income of Endeavor Operating Company, calculated using an assumed tax rate equal to the highest marginal combined income tax rate applicable to an individual or corporation resident in Los Angeles, California or New York, New York (whichever rate is higher), taking into account the deductibility of applicable state and local income taxes for U.S. federal income tax purposes (which are subject to substantial limitations for tax years 2018 through 2025). We generally expect that tax distributions will be made quarterly, on an estimated basis. Tax distributions made in respect of Endeavor Operating Company Units (but not Endeavor Profits Units) will generally be made pro rata in respect of such Units, as described in the Endeavor Operating Company LLC Agreement. However, in certain situations, tax distributions made to Endeavor Manager may be reduced (relative to those tax distributions made to other members of Endeavor Operating Company) to reflect the income tax rates to which Endeavor Manager and Endeavor Group Holdings are subject and certain other factors. Tax distributions made to a member of Endeavor Operating Company will generally be treated as an advance of and shall be credited against future distributions to such member and no adjustments will be made to the exchange ratio for members of Endeavor Operating Company or Endeavor Manager who exercise the redemption rights described above to account for prior tax distributions (and tax distributions paid prior to such an exercise of redemption rights will not reduce distributions otherwise payable to Endeavor Manager in respect of Endeavor Operating Company Units acquired in connection with the exercise of such redemption rights). We expect that Endeavor Manager will further distribute the proceeds of any such tax distributions to us on a non-pro rata basis. Notwithstanding the foregoing, there can be no assurances that Endeavor Operating Company will make distributions sufficient to cover the taxes on its members’ allocable share of its taxable income, and in some cases we may not make distributions sufficient for some or all of Endeavor Operating Company’s equityholders to pay such taxes.
Repurchase of Equity Securities
None.
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Stock Performance Graph
The following graph illustrates the total return from April 29, 2021 (the date our Class A common stock began trading on NYSE) through December 31, 2024, for (i) our Class A common stock, (ii) the S&P 500 Index, and (iii) the S&P 500 Media and Entertainment Industry Group Index. The graph assumes that $100 was invested on April 29, 2021 in each of our Class A common stock, the S&P 500 Index, and the S&P 500 Media and Entertainment Industry Group Index, and that any dividends were reinvested. The comparisons reflected in the graph are not intended to forecast the future performance of our stock and may not be indicative of our future performance.
Item 6. [R eserved]
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Item 7. Ma nagement’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current plans, expectations and beliefs involving risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" or in other sections of this Annual Report.
OVERVIEW
Endeavor is a global sports and entertainment company. We own and operate premium sports and entertainment properties, including the UFC and WWE through our majority ownership of TKO, produce and distribute sports and entertainment content, own and manage exclusive live events and experiences, and represent top sports, entertainment and fashion talent, as well as blue chip corporate clients. Founded as a client representation business, we expanded organically and through strategic mergers and acquisitions, investing in new capabilities, including sports operations and advisory, events and experiences management, media production and distribution, sports data and technology, brand licensing, and experiential marketing. The addition of these new capabilities and insights transformed our business into an integrated global platform anchored by owned and managed premium intellectual property.
Agreement and Plan of Merger
In April 2024, following our review to evaluate strategic alternatives, we entered into the Merger Agreement, pursuant to which affiliates of Silver Lake agreed to acquire 100% of the outstanding shares of our stock that it does not already own (other than certain equity interests held by certain current directors and executive officers of the Company and any other Rollover Holders (the "Rollover Interests")). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement and subject to the satisfaction or waiver of certain conditions and on the terms set forth therein, equityholders of Endeavor, Endeavor Operating Company and Endeavor Manager are to receive $27.50 in cash per share or unit, as applicable. The Merger Agreement also requires the Company to, in each calendar quarter prior to the closing, declare and pay a dividend in respect of each issued and outstanding share of the Company’s Class A common stock at a price equal to $0.06 per share. Completion of the Merger-Related Transactions is subject to certain customary closing conditions, including required regulatory approvals.
The Merger Agreement also includes certain covenants of the Company Entities, including with respect to sales of certain specified assets of the Company (see below) (other than with respect to TKO and the agency representation business of WME), the declaration and payment of quarterly dividends, and non-solicitation of alternative acquisition proposals, as well as other customary representations, warranties and covenants by Company Entities, the Parent Entities and the Merger Subs.
Completion of the Merger-Related Transactions is not subject to a financing condition, and the Merger-Related Transactions are to be financed through a combination of new and reinvested equity from Silver Lake and additional capital by other third-party investors; the Rollover Interests; and new debt financing. The Merger-Related Transactions are expected to close by the end of the first quarter of 2025. Upon completion, our common stock will no longer be listed on any public market. For a discussion of risks relating to the Merger-Related Transactions, see Part I, Item 1A., Risk Factors.
Asset dispositions
In October 2024, the EDR Parties entered into an agreement with the TKO Parties (the “TKO Transaction Agreement”), pursuant to which TKO OpCo will acquire Professional Bull Riders ("PBR"), On Location, and certain of the IMG businesses for total consideration of $3.25 billion, based on the volume-weighted average sales price of TKO Class A common stock for the twenty-five trading days ending on October 23, 2024. The EDR Parties will receive approximately 26.1 million common units of TKO OpCo and will subscribe for an equal number of shares of TKO Class B common stock, subject to purchase price adjustments to be settled in cash and equity. Upon the close of the TKO Asset Acquisition, the EDR Parties are expected to own approximately 61% of the voting power of TKO through its holdings of TKO Class A common stock and common units of TKO OpCo. The TKO Asset Acquisition is expected to close in the first quarter of 2025, subject to the satisfaction or waiver of certain customary closing conditions, including receipt of required regulatory approvals and the affirmative vote of holders of a majority of the voting power of TKO common stock in favor of adopting the transaction agreement (which has been satisfied by delivery of a written consent by such stockholders). The TKO Asset Acquisition will be accounted for as a common control transaction between the companies.
In October 2024, we commenced a review and potential sale of certain assets within our events portfolio, including but not limited to the Miami Open and the Madrid Open tennis tournaments and art platform, Frieze. As a result, such assets and liabilities are reflected as held for sale in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024.
In November 2024, we entered into an agreement with OB Global Holdings LLC, an entity affiliated with Mr. Emanuel and certain members of OpenBet management, pursuant to which OB Global Holdings LLC will acquire OpenBet and IMG ARENA for total consideration of approximately $450.0 million (the "OpenBet Acquisition"), subject to certain adjustments, consisting of (i) a $100.0 million cash payment, subject to specified adjustments as set forth in the agreement, and (ii) an unsecured promissory note with a make-whole value of approximately $350.0 million upon the occurrence of certain events, including a voluntary prepayment or a change of control of OB Global Holdings LLC.
Segments
We operate our business in three reportable segments in our continuing operations as of December 31, 2024: (i) Owned Sports Properties; (ii) Events, Experiences & Rights; and (iii) Representation.
As contemplated in the Merger Agreement, we initiated a process to sell certain of our businesses. During the second quarter of 2024, we began to actively market the businesses comprising our SD&T segment, and in November 2024, signed a definitive agreement for the OpenBet Acquisition. As a result, the assets and liabilities are considered held for sale, and we determined the SD&T segment continued to meet the definition
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of a discontinued operation as of December 31, 2024; and, as such, we have recast our financial statements to present the SD&T segment as discontinued operations for all periods.
Owned Sports Properties
Our Owned Sports Properties segment is comprised of a unique portfolio of premium sports and entertainment properties, including UFC, WWE, PBR and Euroleague.
Through the UFC, the world’s premier professional MMA organization, we produce more than 40 live events annually which are broadcast in over 170 countries and territories to over 950 million TV households. UFC is among the most popular sports organizations in the world, reaching a global audience through an increasing array of global broadcast license agreements and our owned FIGHT PASS streaming platform. The value of our content is demonstrated by our licensing arrangements with ESPN and other international broadcasters and our increasing consumer engagement is evidenced by the overall follower growth and engagement across our social channels - now reaching over approximately 299 million followers.
In September 2023, we completed the TKO Transactions involving the business combination of WWE and TKO OpCo, which owns and operates UFC. As part of the TKO Transactions, among other things, a new, publicly listed company, TKO was formed. As a result of the TKO Transactions, (A) EGH and/or its subsidiaries received (1) a 51.0% controlling non-economic voting interest in TKO on a fully-diluted basis and (2) a 51.0% economic interest on a fully-diluted basis in the operating subsidiary, TKO OpCo, which owns all of the assets of the UFC and WWE businesses after the closing of the TKO Transactions, and (B) the stockholders of WWE received (1) a 49.0% voting interest in TKO on a fully-diluted basis and (2) a 100.0% economic interest in TKO, which in turn holds a 49.0% economic interest in TKO OpCo on a fully-diluted basis.
WWE, the recognized global leader in sports entertainment, produces and distributes unique and creative content through various channels, including content rights agreements for its flagship programs, Raw, SmackDown and NXT , premium live event programming, monetization across social media outlets, live events, and licensing of various WWE themed consumer products. WWE has over 700 million fans and approximately 382 million social media followers, inclusive of talent pages. WWE counts nearly 106 million YouTube subscribers, making it one of the most viewed YouTube channels globally, and its year-round programming is available in over one billion households across approximately 160 countries and territories.
In addition, we own PBR, the world's premier bull riding organization, featuring more than 1,000 bull riders competing in more than 250 events each year. PBR’s total live event attendance has increased by 125% since PBR was acquired by Endeavor in 2015. The organization has launched several event series since the acquisition and introduced a new league, PBR Teams, in 2022. In 2024, PBR entertained more than 1.4 million fans across its tour events and grossed its highest ever annual consumer ticketing revenue.
We have a 20-year partnership with Euroleague basketball, which is expected to run through the 2035-36 season, to manage and capitalize on all of the commercial business of the league, including media rights, sponsorship, content production, licensing, digital distribution, events staging, and hospitality, for which we receive a management fee.
At the end of 2021 and in January 2022, we acquired ten Major League Baseball Professional Development League clubs (the "PDL Clubs"), which were being operated under the Diamond Baseball Holdings ("DBH") umbrella. In September 2022, we sold the DBH business, including the PDL Clubs, to Silver Lake, stockholders of the Company, for an aggregate purchase price of $280 million cash.
Events, Experiences & Rights
In our Events, Experiences & Rights segment, we own and/or, operate, or represent hundreds of global events annually, including live sports events covering 15 sports globally, art fairs and music, culinary and lifestyle festivals and major attractions. We own and operate many of these events, including the Miami Open and Madrid Open, Frieze art fairs, The Armory Show, EXPO CHICAGO, Barrett-Jackson, and Hyde Park Winter Wonderland. We also operate other events on behalf of third parties, including the Chevron Championship and AIG Women’s Open. Through On Location, we provide premium live event experiences globally, servicing more than 1,200 events and experiences for sporting and music events such as the Super Bowl, FIFA World Cup 2026, the Aer Lingus Classic college football game, the Ryder Cup, the NCAA Final Four, Coachella, and the 2024, 2026, and 2028 Olympic and Paralympic Games.
We are one of the largest global distributors of sports programming. We manage, advise on, and/or sell media rights globally on behalf of more than 150 rights holders such as the International Olympic Committee, the ATP and WTA Tours, CONMEBOL, and the NHL, as well as for our owned assets and channels. Our production business is one of the largest creators of sports programming, responsible for more than 30,000 of hours of content on behalf of federations, associations and events, including the English Premier League, MLS, The R&A, Saudi Pro League, DP World Tour, and our owned assets, like UFC and WWE, as well as owned channel Sport 24. We broker and build commercial partnerships for owned properties and clients including The R&A, the AELTC, SailGP, FIFA, the Leagues Cup, and CAF.
Additionally, we previously owned and operated IMG Academy, a leading sports and education brand with an innovative suite of on-campus and online programming, including its Bradenton, Florida boarding school and sports camps, IMG Academy+ online coaching, as well as Next College Student Athlete, which provided recruiting and admissions services to high school student athletes and college athletic departments and admissions officers (collectively, the "Academy"). In June 2023, we sold all of the Academy business.
Representation
Our Representation segment provides services to more than 7,000 talent and corporate clients. Our Representation business deploys a subset of our integrated capabilities on behalf of our clients.
Through our client representation businesses, including the WME talent agency and IMG Models, we represent a diverse group of talent across entertainment, sports, and fashion, including actors, directors, writers, athletes, models, musicians, and other artists, in a variety of mediums, such as film, television, books, and live events. Through our 160over90 business, we provide brand strategy, marketing, advertising, public relations,
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analytics, digital, activation, and experiential services to many of the world’s largest brands. Through IMG's licensing business, we provide IP licensing services to a large portfolio of entertainment, sports, and consumer product brands, including representing these clients in the licensing of their logos, trade names and trademarks.
Previously, our Representation segment included our restricted Endeavor Content business (which now operates under the name Fifth Season), which provided a premium alternative to traditional content studios, offering a range of services including content development, production, financing, sales, and advisory services for creators. In January 2022, we sold 80% of the restricted Endeavor Content business in connection with a franchise agreement and side letter that we signed directly with the Writer's Guild of America ("WGA"). Our retained interest is accounted for as an equity method investment and is not part of the Representation segment. Additionally, we retained our controlling interest in certain nonscripted production companies, including Film 45 and Glassman, and acquired Asylum Entertainment Group in March 2023.
The collective bargaining agreement between (i) the WGA, of which many of WME’s writer clients are members, on the one hand, and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers ("AMPTP"), on the other hand, and (ii) the Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists ("SAG-AFTRA"), of which many of WME's actor clients are members, on the one hand, and AMPTP, on the other hand, expired on May 1, 2023 and June 12, 2023, respectively, without agreement on new terms. As a result, the WGA and SAG-AFTRA instructed our WGA and SAG-AFTRA member clients to strike AMPTP companies until new respective agreements were reached. In September 2023, the WGA and AMPTP reached an agreement, ending the writers’ strike, and in November 2023, the SAG-AFTRA and AMPTP reached an agreement, ending the actors’ strike. As agents for these actors, WME could not negotiate for struck work on behalf of its WGA and SAG-AFTRA member clients during the duration of their respective strikes. The writers’ and actors' strikes adversely impacted our representation business as well as our financial condition and consolidated results for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Sports Data & Technology
The SD&T segment includes OpenBet, which specializes in betting engine products, services and technology, processing billions of bets annually, as well as trading, pricing and risk management tools; player account and wallet solutions; innovative front-end user experiences and user interfaces; and content offerings, such as BetBuilder, DonBest pricing feeds and a sports content aggregation platform. As part of OpenBet, IMG ARENA delivers live streaming and data feeds for more than 65,000 sports events annually to sportsbooks, rightsholders and media partners around the globe. This data also powers IMG ARENA's portfolio of on-demand virtual sports products and front-end solutions, including the UFC Event Centre. As contemplated in the Merger Agreement with Silver Lake, which was executed in April 2024, we initiated a process to sell certain of our businesses. During the second quarter of 2024, we began to actively market the businesses comprising our SD&T segment; and in November 2024, we signed a definitive agreement for the OpenBet Acquisition. As a result, the assets and liabilities are considered held for sale, and we determined the SD&T segment continued to meet the definition of a discontinued operation in the year ended December 31, 2024; and, as such, we have recast our financial statements to present the SD&T segment as discontinued operations.
Components of Our Operating Results
Revenue
In our Owned Sports Properties segment, we primarily generate revenue via media rights fees, pay-per-view, sponsorships, ticket sales, subscriptions, and license fees. In our Events, Experiences & Rights segment, we primarily generate revenue from media rights sales, production service and studio fees, sponsorships, ticket and premium experience sales, subscriptions, streaming fees, profit sharing, commissions and tuition prior to the sale of the Academy. In our Representation segment, we generate revenue primarily through commissions, packaging fees, marketing and consulting fees, production fees, and content licensing fees. In our Sports Data & Technology segment, which is presented as discontinued operations, we primarily generate revenue via media and data rights fees, software license fees, and service fees, by providing media, data and technology platforms that offer tailored solutions for sportsbooks as well as trading and pricing solutions.
Direct Operating Costs
Our direct operating costs primarily include third-party expenses associated with the production of events and experiences, content production costs, fees for media rights, including required payments related to media sales agency contracts when minimum sales guarantees are not met, venue rental and related costs associated with the staging of our live events, compensation costs for our athletes and talent, and material and related costs associated with our consumer product merchandise sales. Prior to the sale of the Academy, our direct operating costs included the operation of our training and education facilities.
Selling, General and Administrative
Our selling, general and administrative expenses primarily include personnel costs as well as rent, professional service costs and other overhead required to support our operations and corporate structure.
Provision for Income Taxes
EGH was incorporated as a Delaware corporation in January 2019. It was formed as a holding company for the purpose of completing an IPO and other related transactions. As the sole managing member of Endeavor Manager, which is the sole managing member of EOC, EGH operates and controls all the business and affairs of EOC, and through EOC and its subsidiaries, conducts the Company’s business. EGH is subject to corporate income tax on its share of taxable income or loss of EOC, derived from Endeavor Manager. EOC is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and is therefore not subject to U.S. corporate income tax. However, certain of EOC’s subsidiaries are subject to U.S. or foreign corporate income tax. In addition, TKO, which is a consolidated subsidiary of EGH, is subject to corporate income tax.
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Organization
Prior to the closing of the IPO on May 3, 2021, we undertook reorganization transactions, following which Endeavor Group Holdings became a holding company, and its principal asset is an equity interest in a newly formed subsidiary of Endeavor Group Holdings, Endeavor Manager, of which Endeavor Group Holdings serves as the managing member. Endeavor Manager is in turn the managing member of Endeavor Operating Company. Endeavor Group Holdings manages and operates the business and controls the strategic decisions and day-to-day operations of Endeavor Manager as its sole managing member, and Endeavor Operating Company as its indirect sole managing member, and also has a substantial financial interest in Endeavor Manager and, indirectly, Endeavor Operating Company. Accordingly, Endeavor Group Holdings consolidates the results of operations of Endeavor Manager and Endeavor Operating Company, and a portion of Endeavor Group Holding’s net income (loss) is allocated to non-controlling interests to reflect the entitlements of certain former members of Endeavor Operating Company who retain ownership interests in Endeavor Manager and Endeavor Operating Company.
After consummation of the IPO and the reorganization transactions, we became subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes with respect to taxable income of Endeavor Operating Company that is allocable to Endeavor Manager, and we are taxed at the prevailing corporate tax rates. Endeavor Operating Company makes distributions to us in an amount sufficient to allow us to pay our tax obligations and operating expenses, including distributions to fund any ordinary course payments due under the tax receivable agreement ("TRA"). The Company entered into the TRA with certain persons that held direct or indirect interests in EOC and UFC Parent prior to the IPO. The TRA generally provides for the payment by EGH of 85% of the amount of any tax benefits that EGH realizes or is deemed to realize (determined by using certain assumptions) as further described below under "Liquidity and Capital Resources—Future sources and uses of liquidity—Tax receivable agreement."
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following is a discussion of our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. This information is derived from our accompanying consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP.
Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Revenue
Operating expenses:
Direct operating costs
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Depreciation and amortization
Impairment charges
Total operating expenses
Operating (loss) income from continuing operations
Other (expense) income:
Interest expense, net
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment
Other income, net
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity losses of affiliates
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes
(Loss) income from continuing operations before equity losses of affiliates
Equity losses of affiliates, net of tax
(Loss) income from continuing operations, net of tax
(Loss) income from discontinued operations, net of tax
Net (loss) income
Less: Net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests
Net (loss) income attributable to Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc.
Revenue
Revenue increased $1,620.2 million, or 29.5%, to $7,111.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.
Owned Sports Properties increased by $1,169.2 million, or 64.4%. WWE, which was acquired in September 2023, contributed $1,015 million to the increase. At the UFC, the increase was driven by increases in sponsorships, live event revenue, and site fees, as well as higher media rights fees from increases in contractual revenues. Additionally, at PBR, the increase was driven by an increase in team-related revenue, a new media deal, which has been subsequently cancelled, and increases in sponsorships and ticket sales.
Events, Experiences & Rights increased by $355.4 million, or 16.4%. The increase was primarily driven by higher events and performance revenue due to increases from the Paris Olympics, the Super Bowl, the Miami Open, and the Madrid Open, partially offset by the sale of the Academy in June 2023.
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Representation increased by $143.2 million, or 9.3%. The increase was primarily driven by growth in our agency business in talent, music, and sports, as well as an increase in our nonscripted business, primarily due to an acquisition in 2024. These increases were partially offset by decreases in our marketing, licensing, and fashion businesses.
Revenue increased $483.2 million, or 9.6%, to $5,490.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
Owned Sports Properties increased by $483.5 million, or 36.3%. The acquisition of WWE in September 2023 contributed $383 million to the increase. The increase also was driven by higher media rights fees from increases in contractual revenues and higher renewals, and one additional pay-per-view ("PPV") event, as well as higher event revenue due to five more events with live audiences in 2023 and an increase in sponsorships at UFC. Additionally, at PBR, the increase was driven by an increase in ticket sales due to greater demand and an increase in revenue from the team series. These increases were partially offset by $64 million of revenue related to the DBH business recorded in the prior year, which was sold in September 2022.
Events, Experiences & Rights decreased by $18.9 million, or 0.9%. The decrease was primarily driven by event and performance revenue due to the sale of the Academy in June 2023 and a decrease in On Location's music business, partially offset by Barrett-Jackson, which was acquired in August 2022, increases from tennis events, including the Madrid Open and Miami Open, and growth from new and other existing events. The decrease was also due to a decrease in revenue from technology platforms and services at Endeavor Streaming. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in media production revenue primarily due to new contracts, including with Major League Soccer, as well as the timing of events that are biennial or quadrennial.
Representation increased by $32.3 million, or 2.1%. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in our nonscripted content production business due to content deliveries, as well as an increase in our marketing and licensing businesses. These increases were partially offset by the decrease in the revenue related to the restricted Endeavor Content business recorded in the prior year, which was sold in January 2022, as well as in our agency business driven primarily by the impact of the writers' and actors' strikes, partially offset by growth in our music and sports divisions and fashion.
Direct operating costs
Direct operating costs increased $1,085.8 million, or 49.1%, to $3,297.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to $722 million in connection with the Paris Olympics and other event revenue increases mentioned above; $322 million related to WWE, which was acquired in September 2023; and in connection with the nonscripted revenue increase mentioned above. These increases were partially offset by the sale of the Academy in June 2023.
Direct operating costs increased $282.7 million, or 14.7%, to $2,211.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase of $127 million related to the acquisition of WWE in September 2023, $102 million in connection with the event revenue increases mentioned above, $43 million related to media production deals and $35 million related to content deliveries mentioned above. These increases were partially offset by a decrease related to the sales of the restricted Endeavor Content business and the DBH business recorded in 2022 and the Academy sale in June 2023.
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $761.2 million, or 29.4%, to $3,351.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was principally due to the settlement of the UFC class action lawsuit in the amount of $375.0 million; the inclusion of WWE, as well as higher cost of personnel and other operating expenses, including TKO executive compensation and other public company expenses following the TKO Transactions; cost of personnel other than TKO driven by the Olympics and growth in other businesses; and professional service costs, which includes our evaluation and execution of strategic alternatives, partially offset by the sale of the Academy.
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $313.1 million, or 13.7%, to $2,590.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was due to professional advisor costs, bonuses and restructuring charges, including equity-based compensation expenses, related to the TKO Transactions; the inclusion of Barrett-Jackson and WWE during 2023; and cost of personnel, including equity-based compensation, driven by growth in the business and the continued investment ahead of the Olympics, which began in the second half of 2022, partially offset by the sales of the Academy and DBH.
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization increased $228.8 million, or 73.8%, to $539.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by intangibles acquired through acquisitions partially offset by certain intangible assets becoming fully amortized.
Depreciation and amortization increased $61.5 million, or 24.7%, to $310.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by intangibles acquired through acquisitions partially offset by certain intangible assets becoming fully amortized.
Impairment charges
Impairment charges of $75.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 related to goodwill and intangibles in our Events, Experiences & Rights segment.
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Impairment charges of $74.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 related to goodwill and intangibles in our Events, Experiences & Rights segment.
Impairment charges of $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 related to goodwill in our Events, Experiences & Rights segment.
Interest expense, net
Interest expense, net increased $61.6 million, or 17.8% to $407.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by the maturity of our interest rate swaps during the year, interest on payments under the TRA, and interest expense for finance leases acquired in the TKO Transactions, slightly offset by lower interest rates.
Interest expense, net increased $63.9 million, or 22.6% to $346.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by higher interest rates offset by lower indebtedness and our interest rate swaps.
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment
For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded adjustments of $(12.6) million and $40.6 million, respectively, for the TRA liability, which related to a change in estimates related to future TRA payments.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a $873.3 million expense for the TRA liability related to the expected realization of certain tax benefits after concluding that such TRA payments would be probable based on estimates of future taxable income over the term of the TRA.
Other income, net
The income for the year ended December 31, 2024 included $7.1 million of gains from the sales of investments, $4.6 million of gains from changes in the fair value of equity investments, and $3.2 million of gains due to the change in the fair value of embedded foreign currency derivatives offset by losses of $10.9 million for the estimated loss on sale and asset impairments and $5.7 million for foreign currency transaction losses.
The income for the year ended December 31, 2023 included net gains of $743.7 million from the sales of certain businesses, of which $737.0 million was from the sale of our Academy business, $18.0 million for foreign currency transaction gains, a $10.1 million gain as a result of the reduction of our equity interest in Fifth Season, $4.7 million of gains for the change in the fair value of forward foreign exchange contracts and $2.5 million of gains due to the change in the fair value of embedded foreign currency derivatives.
The income for the year ended December 31, 2022 included a gain of $463.6 million for the sale of the restricted Endeavor Content business, a gain of $23.3 million for the sale of the DBH business and $15.1 million of gains from changes in the fair value of equity investments partially offset by $26.0 million for foreign currency transaction losses and $7.3 million of losses due to the change in the fair value of forward foreign exchange contracts.
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes
For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a $52.1 million benefit from income taxes from continuing operations compared to a $208.9 million provision for income taxes from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2023. The tax benefit from income taxes from continuing operations in 2024 was primarily due to losses generated from business operations. The provision for income taxes from continuing operations in 2023 was primarily due to the gain on sale of the Academy and the acquisition of WWE, which results in additional income subject to corporate tax.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a $208.9 million provision for income taxes from continuing operations compared to a $657.7 million benefit from income taxes from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. The provision for income taxes from continuing operations in 2023 was primarily due to the gain on sale of the Academy; the acquisition of WWE, which results in additional income subject to corporate tax; and an increase in the tax rate at EGH due to 2022 having a significant valuation allowance, which reduced the applicable rate in 2022. The benefit from income taxes from continuing operations in 2022 was primarily due to the release of a valuation allowance against certain deferred tax assets of $686.2 million associated with our TRA liability.
Equity losses of affiliates, net of tax
Equity losses of affiliates for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $13.9 million, $21.0 million and $223.6 million, respectively. Our equity losses of affiliates from 2022 onwards include our equity interest we retained in the restricted Endeavor Content business, which we sold in January 2022.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded $129.7 million in equity losses resulting from losses related to our investment in Learfield IMG College. For the year ended December 31, 2022, our share of the results of Learfield IMG College included charges taken by Learfield IMG College resulting from their goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairments. As of December 31, 2023, our ownership interest in Learfield is less than 1% as a result of Learfield's recapitalization transaction that closed in September 2023.
During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, other-than-temporary impairment charges were $2.9 million, $9.9 million, and $84.6 million, respectively, for its equity method investments, which were recognized within equity losses of affiliates in the consolidated statements of operations.
(Loss) income from discontinued operations, net of tax
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax was $682.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to income from discontinued operations, net of tax of $5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The loss for the year ended December 31, 2024 related
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primarily to the write-down of the SD&T segment's carrying value to its estimated fair value less costs to sell of $525.9 million and the goodwill impairment charges of $205.9 million, partially offset by the benefit from income taxes of $138.2 million.
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax was $5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to income from discontinued operations, net of tax of $11.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The change was primarily driven by an increase in direct operating costs at IMG Arena and the inclusion of OpenBet, which was acquired in September 2022.
Net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests
Subsequent to the IPO and associated reorganization transactions, non-controlling interests are primarily comprised of interests held by certain pre-IPO members of Endeavor Operating Company who retained their ownership interests in Endeavor Manager or Endeavor Operating Company and interests not held by the Company in TKO.
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests was $432.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to net income attributable to non-controlling interests of $201.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The change was primarily due to the change in the amount of reported net loss for the year ended December 31, 2024, which included the loss from discontinued operations, versus the reported net income for the year ended December 31, 2023, which included the gain on the sale of the Academy.
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests was $201.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to net loss attributable to non-controlling interests of $192.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The change was primarily driven by the higher net income in the current year due to the higher gain recognized for the sale of the Academy business and the effect of the TKO Transactions.
SEGMENT RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
We classify our business into three reportable segments: Owned Sports Properties; Events, Experiences & Rights; and Representation. Our chief operating decision maker evaluates the performance of our segments based on segment Revenue and segment Adjusted EBITDA. Management believes segment Adjusted EBITDA is indicative of operational performance and ongoing profitability and is used to evaluate the operating performance of our segments and for planning and forecasting purposes, including the allocation of resources and capital.
Segment operating results reflect earnings before corporate and unallocated shared expenses. Segment operating results include allocations of certain costs, including facilities, technology, and other shared services costs, which are allocated based on metrics designed to correlate with consumption. These allocations are agreed-upon amounts between the businesses and may differ from amounts that would be negotiated in arm’s length transactions.
The following tables display Revenue and Adjusted EBITDA for each of our segments for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:
Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Revenue:
Owned Sports Properties
Events, Experiences & Rights
Representation
Eliminations
Total Revenue
Adjusted EBITDA:
Owned Sports Properties
Events, Experiences & Rights
Representation
Corporate and other
Owned Sports Properties
The following table sets forth our Owned Sports Properties segment results for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:
Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Revenue
Direct operating costs
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA margin
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Year ended December 31, 2024 compared to year ended December 31, 2023
Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $1,169.2 million, or 64.4%, to $2,985.1 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. WWE, which was acquired in September 2023, contributed $1,015 million to the increase. UFC revenue increased $114 million, which was due to increases in sponsorships, live event revenue, and site fees, as well as higher media rights fees from increases in contractual revenues. PBR revenue increased $39 million primarily due to an increase in team-related revenue, a new media deal, which has been subsequently cancelled, and increases in sponsorships and ticket sales.
Direct operating costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $391.3 million, or 64.5%, to $998.2 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The acquisition of WWE in September 2023 contributed $297 million to the increase. UFC costs increased $66 million and PBR costs increased $28 million driven by the growth in revenue.
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $329.9 million, or 86.4%, to $711.5 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to the inclusion of WWE, which was acquired in September 2023, as well as higher cost of personnel, travel expenses and other operating expenses, including TKO executive compensation and other public company expenses following the TKO Transactions.
Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $447.5 million, or 54.1%, to $1,274.5 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily driven by an increase in revenue, partially offset by increases in direct operating costs and selling, general and administrative expenses.
Year ended December 31, 2023 compared to year ended December 31, 2022
Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $483.5 million, or 36.3%, to $1,815.9 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The acquisition of WWE in September 2023 contributed $383 million to the increase. UFC revenue increased $152 million, which was due to higher media rights fees from increases in contractual revenues and higher renewals, and one additional PPV event; higher live event revenue due to five more events with live audiences in 2023; and an increase in sponsorships. PBR revenue increased $13 million primarily due to an increase in ticket sales due to greater demand and an increase in revenue from the teams series. These increases were partially offset by $64 million of revenue related to the DBH business recorded in the prior year, which was sold in September 2022.
Direct operating costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $173.1 million, or 39.9%, to $606.9 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The acquisition of WWE in September 2023 contributed $127 million to the increase. The increase also was attributable to an increase at UFC of $58 million, which was due to higher athlete costs from different matchups, higher production, marketing and event expenses from having an additional PPV event, more events held internationally and more events with live audiences than in the prior year. PBR operating costs increased driven by the growth in revenue. These increases were partially offset by $21 million of direct operating costs related to the DBH business recorded in the prior year, which was sold in September 2022.
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $133.9 million, or 54.0%, to $381.6 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to $126 million of expenses incurred by WWE, which was acquired in September 2023, and increased cost of personnel to support the growth of the business at UFC and PBR, as well as an increase in travel expenses at UFC, partially offset by $37 million of costs associated with the DBH business, which was sold in September 2022. Corporate allocations remained relatively unchanged in 2023 from 2022.
Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $178.9 million, or 27.6%, to $827.0 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily driven by the acquisition of WWE as well as increases in revenue at UFC and PBR, partially offset by related increases in direct operating costs and selling, general and administrative expenses.
Events, Experiences & Rights
The following table sets forth our Events, Experiences & Rights segment results for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:
Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Revenue
Direct operating costs
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA margin
Year ended December 31, 2024 compared to year ended December 31, 2023
Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $355.4 million, or 16.4%, to $2,528.8 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. Events and performance revenue increased $355 million primarily driven by increases from the Paris Olympics, the Super Bowl, the Miami Open, and the Madrid Open, partially offset by a decrease of $181 million at the Academy due to the sale in June 2023.
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Direct operating costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $643.7 million, or 48.0%, to $1,984.6 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to the Paris Olympics, partially offset by a decrease in costs related to the sale of the Academy.
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased $35.8 million, or 5.8%, to $579.5 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by $125 million due to the sale of the Academy in June 2023, partially offset by increased cost of personnel and advertising related to the Olympics.
Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased $257.9 million, or 113.1% to $(29.8) million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily driven by an increase in direct operating costs in excess of the increase in revenue, partially offset by decreases in selling, general and administrative expenses.
Year ended December 31, 2023 compared to year ended December 31, 2022
Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased $18.9 million, or 0.9%, to $2,173.4 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Event and performance revenue decreased $58 million primarily due to a decrease of $135 million at the Academy due to the sale in June 2023 and a decrease in On Location's music business, partially offset by Barrett-Jackson, which was acquired in August 2022, increases from tennis events, including the Madrid Open and Miami Open, and growth from new and other existing events. The decrease also was due to a decrease in technology platforms and services of $25 million at Endeavor Streaming. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in media production revenue of $56 million primarily due to new contracts, including with Major League Soccer, as well as the timing of events that are biennial or quadrennial.
Direct operating costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $71.3 million, or 5.6%, to $1,340.9 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was due to the increases in events and media production revenue described above, partially offset by a decrease in costs related to the Academy, which was sold in June 2023.
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased $22.9 million, or 3.6%, to $615.3 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by the sale of the Academy in June 2023, partially offset by increased cost of personnel related to the continued investment ahead of the Olympics, which began in the second half of 2022, the inclusion of Barrett-Jackson in the current year, and the growth of the business. Corporate allocations remained relatively unchanged in 2023 from 2022.
Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased $66.7 million, or 22.6% to $228.1 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily driven by a decrease in revenue and an increase in direct operating costs, partially offset by a decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses.
Representation
The following table sets forth our Representation segment results for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:
Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Revenue
Direct operating costs
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA margin
Year ended December 31, 2024 compared to year ended December 31, 2023
Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $143.2 million, or 9.3%, to $1,687.6 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by growth in our agency business in talent, music, and sports, as well as an increase in our nonscripted business, primarily due to an acquisition in 2024. These increases were partially offset by decreases in our marketing, licensing, and fashion businesses.
Direct operating costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $45.4 million, or 15.3%, to $342.2 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to the increased costs in our nonscripted business, partially offset by the decrease in costs in our marketing and fashion businesses.
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $84.3 million, or 9.9%, to $939.8 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by cost of personnel, including bonuses, and increased office and travel expenses.
Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $14.6 million, or 3.7%, to $405.7 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily driven by an increase in revenue, partially offset by the increases in direct operating costs and selling, general and administrative expenses.
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Year ended December 31, 2023 compared to year ended December 31, 2022
Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $32.3 million, or 2.1%, to $1,544.4 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to $39 million related to our nonscripted content production business due to content deliveries, as well as an increase of $18 million related to our marketing business and $9 million related to our licensing business. These increases were partially offset by the $14 million of revenue related to the restricted Endeavor Content business recorded in the prior year, which was sold in January 2022, as well as a decrease related to our agency business driven by the impact of the writers' and actors' strikes partially offset by growth in the music and sports divisions and fashion.
Direct operating costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $44.9 million, or 17.8%, to $296.8 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to the above mentioned increase in revenue of our nonscripted, marketing and fashion businesses partially offset by the sale of the restricted Endeavor Content business.
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $65.4 million, or 8.3%, to $855.5 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by cost of personnel. Corporate allocations remained relatively unchanged in 2023 from 2022.
Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased $78.6 million, or 16.7%, to $391.1 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA was driven by the increases in selling, general and administrative expenses and direct operating costs, partially offset by an increase in revenue, which includes the impact of the writers' and actors' strikes.
Corporate and other
Corporate and other primarily consists of overhead, personnel costs, and costs associated with corporate initiatives that are not fully allocated to the operating divisions. Such expenses include compensation and other benefits for corporate office employees, rent, professional fees related to internal control compliance and monitoring, financial statement audits and legal, information technology and insurance that is managed through our corporate office.
The following table sets forth our results for Corporate and other for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:
Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased $28.6 million, or 9.4% to $(334.5) million compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by an increase in cost of personnel.
Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2023 was consistent with the year ended December 31, 2022.
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and is defined as net income (loss), excluding the results of discontinued operations, income taxes, net interest expense, depreciation and amortization, equity-based compensation, merger, acquisition and earn-out costs, certain legal costs and settlements, restructuring, severance and impairment charges, certain non-cash fair value adjustments, certain equity earnings (losses), net gains on sales of businesses, TRA liability adjustment, and certain other items, when applicable. Adjusted EBITDA margin is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as Adjusted EBITDA divided by Revenue.
Management believes that Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors as it eliminates the significant level of non-cash depreciation and amortization expense that results from our capital investments and intangible assets recognized in business combinations, and improves comparability by eliminating the significant level of interest expense associated with our debt facilities, as well as income taxes and the TRA, which may not be comparable with other companies based on our tax and corporate structure.
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are used as the primary bases to evaluate our consolidated operating performance.
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin have limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider them in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:
they do not reflect every cash expenditure, future requirements for capital expenditures, or contractual commitments;
Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the significant interest expense or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments on our debt;
although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced or require improvements in the future, and Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin do not reflect any cash requirement for such replacements or improvements; and
they are not adjusted for all non-cash income or expense items that are reflected in our statements of cash flows.
We compensate for these limitations by using Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin along with other comparative tools, together with GAAP measurements, to assist in the evaluation of operating performance.
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Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin should not be considered substitutes for the reported results prepared in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered in isolation or as alternatives to net income (loss) as indicators of our financial performance, as measures of discretionary cash available to us to invest in the growth of our business or as measures of cash that will be available to us to meet our obligations. Although we use Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin as financial measures to assess the performance of our business, such use is limited because it does not include certain material costs necessary to operate our business. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin should not be construed as indications that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or nonrecurring items. These non-GAAP financial measures, as determined and presented by us, may not be comparable to related or similarly titled measures reported by other companies. Set forth below are reconciliations of our most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP to these non-GAAP financial measures on a consolidated basis.
Adjusted EBITDA
Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Net (loss) income
Loss (income) from discontinued operations, net of tax
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes
Interest expense, net
Depreciation and amortization
Equity-based compensation expense (1)
Merger, acquisition and earn-out costs (2)
Certain legal costs (3)
Legal settlement (4)
Restructuring, severance and impairment charges (5)
Fair value adjustment - equity investments (6)
Equity method losses - Learfield IMG College and Endeavor Content (7)
Net gain on sale of the restricted Endeavor Content business (8)
Net gain on sale of the Academy business (9)
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment (10)
Other (11)
Adjusted EBITDA
Net (loss) income margin
Adjusted EBITDA margin
Equity-based compensation represents primarily non-cash compensation expense associated with our equity-based compensation plans.
The decrease for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due to awards granted at the IPO under the Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc.'s 2021 Incentive Award Plan becoming fully vested partially offset by awards granted under the new TKO equity plan and the WWE plan assumed in connection with the TKO Transactions. Equity-based compensation was recognized in all segments and Corporate for the year ended December 31, 2024.
The increase for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily due to equity awards granted under the new TKO equity plan and the WWE plan assumed in connection with the TKO Transactions as well as new grants under the 2021 Incentive Award Plan. Equity-based compensation was recognized in all segments and Corporate and other for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Includes (i) certain costs of professional advisors related to mergers, acquisitions, dispositions or joint ventures and (ii) fair value adjustments for contingent consideration liabilities related to acquired businesses and compensation expense for deferred consideration associated with selling shareholders that are required to retain our employees.
Such costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily related to professional advisor costs, which were approximately $124 million and includes approximately $97 million of costs related to our evaluation and execution of strategic alternatives, and related to our Representation and Owned Sports Properties segments and Corporate. Fair value adjustments for contingent consideration liabilities related to acquired businesses and acquisition earn-out adjustments were approximately $5 million, which primarily related to our Representation and Events, Experiences & Rights segments.
Such costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 related to professional advisor costs and bonuses of approximately $101 million, which primarily related to the TKO Transactions, and primarily related to our Owned Sport Properties segment and Corporate and other. The bonuses and certain professional advisor costs were contingent on the closing of the TKO Transactions. Fair value adjustments for contingent consideration liabilities related to acquired businesses and acquisition earn-out adjustments were approximately $5 million, which primarily related to our Events, Experiences & Rights and Representation segments.
Such costs for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily related to professional advisor costs of approximately $40 million and related to all of our segments. Fair value adjustments for contingent consideration liabilities related to acquired businesses and acquisition earn-out adjustments were approximately $20 million, which primarily related to our Representation segment.
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Includes costs related to certain litigation or regulatory matters, which related to our Owned Sports Properties and Events, Experiences & Rights segments and Corporate and other. The year ended December 31, 2023 includes a $20 million antitrust settlement, which related to our Owned Sports Properties segment.
Relates to a legal settlement in our Owned Sports Properties segment.
Includes certain costs related to our restructuring activities and non-cash impairment charges.
Such costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily related to the impairments of goodwill and intangible assets of $76 million in our Events, Experiences & Rights segment, a loss of $28 million on certain assets sold in our Owned Sports Properties segment, restructuring expenses in all of our segments and Corporate and other, and the impairment of an asset in our Events, Experiences & Rights segment.
Such costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily related to the impairments of intangible assets and goodwill in our Events, Experiences & Rights segment of approximately $75 million; and restructuring expenses across all of our segments and Corporate and other of approximately $40 million.
Such costs for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily related to an investment impairment in our Events, Experiences & Rights segment, a write off of an asset in Corporate and other, and the restructuring expenses in our Events, Experiences & Rights and Representation segments.
Includes the net change in fair value for equity investments with and without readily determinable fair values, based on observable price changes.
Relates to equity method losses from the equity interest we retained in the restricted Endeavor Content business, which we sold in January 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2022, also relates to equity method losses from our investment in Learfield IMG College.
Relates to the gain recorded for the sale of the restricted Endeavor Content business, net of transactions costs of $15.0 million, which were contingent on the sale closing.
Relates to the gain recorded for the sale of the Academy business, net of transactions costs of $5.5 million, which were contingent on the sale closing.
For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the adjustment for the TRA liability related to a change in estimates of future TRA payments.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, includes the adjustment for the TRA liability related to the expected realization of certain tax benefits after concluding that such TRA payments would be probable based on estimates of future taxable income over the term of the TRA.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, other was comprised primarily of losses of approximately $26 million for the estimated loss on sale and impairment of certain assets, which related to our Representation segment; debt restructuring costs of approximately $16 million, which related to our Owned Sports Properties segment; gains of approximately $7 million on the sales of investments, which related to our Representation and Events, Experiences & Rights segments and Corporate and other; losses of approximately $6 million on foreign currency exchange transactions, which related to all of our segments and Corporate and other; and a gain of approximately $3 million related to non-cash fair value adjustments of embedded foreign currency derivatives, which related to our Events, Experiences & Rights segment.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, other was comprised primarily of gains of approximately $18 million on foreign currency exchange transactions, which related to all of our segments and Corporate and other; gains of approximately $6 million on the sales of certain businesses, which relates to our Events, Experiences & Rights segment; a gain of approximately $5 million related to the change in the fair value of forward foreign exchange contracts, which related to our Events, Experiences & Rights segment and Corporate and other; a gain of approximately $5 million from the resolution of a contingency; a $3 million release of an indemnity reserve recorded in connection with an acquisition, which related to our Events, Experiences & Rights segment; and $3 million of costs related to our evaluation of strategic alternatives, which related to Corporate and other.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, other was comprised primarily of losses of approximately $26 million on foreign exchange transactions, which related to all of our segments and Corporate and other, a gain of approximately $23 million related to the sale of DBH, which related to our Owned Sports Properties segment and losses of approximately $7 million related to forward foreign exchange contracts which related to our Events, Experiences & Rights segment and Corporate and other.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Historical liquidity and capital resources
S ources and uses of cash
Cash flows from operations have historically funded our day-to-day operations, revenue-generating activities, and routine capital expenditures, as well as serviced our long-term debt. Our other principal use of cash has been the acquisition of businesses, which have been funded primarily through equity contributions from our pre-IPO institutional investors, the issuance of long-term debt and proceeds from our initial public offering and other sales of our equity.
Debt Facilities
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As of December 31, 2024, we had an aggregate of $5.0 billion outstanding indebtedness under our first lien credit agreement entered into by certain of our subsidiaries in May 2014 in connection with the acquisition of IMG (as amended, restated, modified and/or supplemented from time to time, the "Credit Facilities") and UFC Holdings, LLC’s term loan and revolving credit facilities (the "UFC Credit Facilities" and, collectively with the Credit Facilities, the "Senior Credit Facilities"). As of December 31, 2024, we had total borrowing capacity of $455 million under the Senior Credit Facilities, of which approximately $427 million was available to borrow.
Credit Facilities
As of December 31, 2024, we had borrowed an aggregate of $2.2 billion of a term loan under the Credit Facilities. The loan bears interest at a variable interest rate equal to either, at our option, Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus a credit spread adjustment (as defined in the credit agreement), or the Alternate Base Rate (the "ABR") plus an applicable margin. SOFR term loans accrue interest at a rate equal to SOFR plus 2.75%, with a SOFR floor of 0.00%. ABR term loans accrue interest at a rate equal to (i) the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Effective Rate plus 0.5%, (b) the prime rate, (c) SOFR for a one-month interest period plus 1.00% and (d) 1.00%, plus (ii) 1.75%. The term loan under the Credit Facilities includes 1% principal amortization payable in equal quarterly installments and mature on May 18, 2025.
In May 2019, we executed $1.5 billion in interest rate hedges to swap a portion of our debt from floating interest expense to fixed. Originally, the LIBOR portion of the facility had been fixed at a coupon of 2.12% for five years commencing from June 2019 until June 2024. In June 2023, we executed amendments to transition the interest rate swaps from LIBOR to SOFR with a new average fixed coupon of approximately 2.05% effective July 31, 2023. These interest rate swaps matured during the quarter ended June 30, 2024. In August 2022, we entered into $750 million of an additional interest rate hedge to swap a portion of our debt from floating interest expense to fixed. Originally, the LIBOR portion of the facility had been fixed at a coupon of 3.162% commencing from August 2022 until August 2024. In June 2023, we executed an amendment to transition the interest rate swap from LIBOR to SOFR with a new fixed coupon of approximately 3.10% effective July 31, 2023. This interest rate swap matured during the quarter ended September 30, 2024. As of the third quarter of 2024, we longer have fixed rate interest on any portion of our term loan outstanding under the Credit Facilities; as such, our interest expense will increase in future quarters. See Note 11, "Debt," to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further detail on the Credit Facilities.
The Credit Facilities also include a revolving credit facility which has $250.0 million of capacity with letter of credit and swingline loan sub-limits of up $20.0 million. Revolving credit facility borrowings under the Credit Facilities bear interest at a variable interest rate equal to either, at our option, SOFR plus a credit spread adjustment, or the ABR plus an applicable margin. SOFR revolving loans accrue interest at a rate equal to SOFR plus 2.00-2.50%, depending on the First Lien Leverage Ratio, with a SOFR floor of 0.00%. ABR revolving loans accrue interest at a rate equal to (i) the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Effective Rate plus 0.50%, (b) the prime rate, (c) SOFR for a one-month interest period plus 1.00% and (d) 1.00%, plus (ii) 1.00-1.50%, depending on the First Lien Leverage Ratio. We pay Letter of Credit fees of 0.125% and a commitment fee of 0.25-0.50%, based on our First Lien Leverage Ratio. As of December 31, 2024, we have no borrowings outstanding under this revolving credit facility and we had outstanding letters of credit of $28.2 million. In May 2024, we entered into an amendment to extend the maturity date of this revolving credit facility from November 18, 2024 to April 2, 2025 and increased the borrowing capacity from $200.0 million to $250.0 million.
The revolving facility under the Credit Facilities is subject to a financial covenant if greater than 35% of the borrowing capacity of the revolving credit facility is utilized (excluding cash collateralized letters of credit and non-cash collateralized letters of credit of up to $50.0 million) at the end of each quarter. This covenant was not applicable on December 31, 2024, as we did not utilize greater than thirty-five percent of the borrowing capacity.
The Credit Facilities contain certain restrictive covenants around indebtedness, liens, fundamental changes, guarantees, investments, asset sales, and transactions with affiliates.
The borrower’s obligations under the Credit Facilities are guaranteed by certain of our indirect wholly-owned domestic restricted subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions. All obligations under the Credit Facilities and the related guarantees are secured by a perfected first priority lien on substantially all of the borrower’s and the guarantors’ tangible and intangible assets, in each case, subject to permitted liens and certain exceptions.
UFC Credit Facilities
As of December 31, 2024, we had borrowed an aggregate of $2.8 billion of a first lien term loan under the UFC Credit Facilities. In November 2024, we entered into the fifth amendment ("Fifth Amendment"). The Fifth Amendment, among other things, (i) refinanced and replaced the outstanding first lien secured term loans with a new class of first lien secured term loans in an aggregate principal amount of $2.75 billion, which now mature on November 21, 2031, (ii) refinanced the existing secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $205.0 million, which now matures on November 21, 2029, and (iii) made certain other changes including as summarized below.
Borrowings under the UFC Credit Facilities bear interest at a variable interest rate equal to SOFR plus 2.25%, with a SOFR floor of 0.00%. The term loan under the UFC Credit Facilities includes 1.00% principal amortization payable in equal quarterly installments and matures on November 21, 2031. See Note 11, "Debt" to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further detail on the UFC Credit Facilities.
The UFC Credit Facilities also include a revolving credit facility, which has $205.0 million of total borrowing capacity. Revolving credit facility borrowings under the UFC Credit Facilities bear interest at a variable interest rate equal SOFR plus 2.00-2.25%, depending on the First Lien Leverage Ratio, with a SOFR floor of 0.00%. We pay a commitment fee on the revolving credit facility under the UFC Credit Facilities of 0.25-0.50% per annum on the unused balance. In April 2024, TKO borrowed $150.0 million under the revolving credit facility to fund a repurchase of its Class A common stock and repaid $150.0 million in June 2024. As of December 31, 2024, we had no borrowings outstanding under this revolving credit facility and no outstanding letters of credit.
The revolving credit facility under the UFC Credit Facilities is subject to a financial covenant at the end of any fiscal quarter, commencing with the fiscal quarter ending June 30, 2025, if the sum of outstanding borrowings is the greater of (i) $85.0 million and (ii) 40% of the borrowing capacity
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of the revolving credit facility (excluding any letters of credit, whether drawn or undrawn). This covenant was not applicable on December 31, 2024, as we had no borrowings outstanding under this revolving credit facility.
The UFC Credit Facilities contain certain restrictive covenants around indebtedness, liens, fundamental changes, guarantees, investments, asset sales and transactions with affiliates.
The borrower’s obligations under the UFC Credit Facilities are guaranteed by certain of UFC Parent’s indirect wholly-owned domestic restricted subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions. All obligations under the UFC Credit Facilities and the related guarantees are secured by a perfected first priority lien on substantially all of the borrower’s and the guarantors’ tangible and intangible assets, in each case, subject to permitted liens and certain exceptions.
Restrictions on Dividends
Both the Credit Facilities and the UFC Credit Facilities contain restrictions on our ability to make distributions and other payments from the respective credit groups and which therefore limit our ability to receive cash from our operating units to make dividends to the holders of Class A common stock. These restrictions on dividends include exceptions for, among other things, (1) amounts necessary to make tax payments, (2) a limited annual amount for employee equity repurchases, (3) distributions required to fund certain parent entities, (4) other specific allowable situations and (5) a general restricted payment basket, as defined in each of the Credit Facilities and the UFC Credit Facilities.
Margin Loan Agreement
In September 2024, January Capital HoldCo, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of EOC, entered into a new five-year secured credit agreement (as amended, the "Margin Loan Agreement"), which matures on September 13, 2029. Under the Margin Loan Agreement, we may borrow up to $2.25 billion in term loans, subject to the borrowing criteria as defined in the agreement. The interest rate on the drawn amount under the Margin Loan Agreement is the 3-month SOFR (as defined therein) plus 3.0%, payable quarterly. At our election, interest may be paid in cash or in kind by increasing the principal amount of the outstanding borrowings under the Margin Loan Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, $3.5 million of interest was paid in kind, increasing the principal amount of the outstanding borrowings. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company borrowed an aggregate of $675.1 million under the Margin Loan Agreement. The amount outstanding as of December 31, 2024 was $678.6 million.
As security for the Margin Loan Agreement, we have granted a first-priority lien to the lenders, pro rata to the amount of their commitments, on 83.1 million common units of TKO OpCo and a corresponding number of shares of TKO Class B common stock (collectively, the "Pledged Securities"). If we default on our obligations under the Margin Loan Agreement, then the lenders can declare all amounts outstanding under the Margin Loan Agreement, with accrued interest, to be immediately due and payable, and if we are unable to pay such amounts, the lenders may foreclose on the Pledged Securities and any other collateral that then secures borrowings under the Margin Loan Agreement.
Other Debt
As of December 31, 2024, we had certain other revolving line of credit facilities and long-term debt liabilities, primarily related to On Location, with total committed amounts of $62.9 million, of which none was outstanding and $62.9 million was available for borrowing based on the supporting asset base. Such facilities have maturity dates in 2025, bearing interest at rates of 2.75% plus SOFR.
Our On Location revolving credit agreement has $42.9 million of total borrowing capacity and letter of credit sub-limits of up to $3.0 million (the "OL Credit Facility"). As of December 31, 2024, we had no borrowings outstanding under the OL Credit Facility and no letters of credit outstanding. The OL Credit Facility matures on the earlier of August 2026 or the date that is 91 days prior to the maturity date of the term loans under the Credit Facilities. The OL Credit Facility contains restrictions that are substantially similar to those in the Credit Facilities and the UFC Credit Facilities.
The OL Credit Facility is subject to a financial covenant if greater than 40% of the borrowing capacity is utilized (excluding cash collateralized letters of credit and non-cash collateralized letters of credit of up to $2.0 million) at the end of each quarter. This covenant was not applicable on December 31, 2024, as we had no borrowings outstanding under this revolving credit facility.
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Cash Flows Overview
Years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities from continuing operations
Net cash used in financing activities from continuing operations
DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS:
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities
Net cash used in investing activities
Net cash used in financing activities
Net cash flows (used in) provided by discontinued operations
December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023
Operating activities increased from $309.8 million of cash provided in the year ended December 31, 2023 to $467.5 million of cash provided in the year ended December 31, 2024. Cash provided in the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to net loss for the year of $(532.1) million, which included non-cash items of $908.5 million, the increase in accrued liabilities of $302.4 million primarily due to the settlement of the UFC class action lawsuit, the net decrease in deferred costs and deferred revenue of $109.7 million due to the Paris Olympics, Super Bowl and other events occurring during the period, partially offset by the increase in other assets of $291.8 million due to FIFA costs and deferred media rights costs. Cash provided in the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due to net income for the year of $551.7 million, which included the gain on sale of the Academy and non-cash items totaling $(44.1) million, offset by increases in deferred costs of $280.6 million primarily due to the advanced payments made by us in the buildup to the Olympics.
Investing activities decreased from $787.8 million of cash provided in the year ended December 31, 2023 to $175.3 million of cash used in the year ended December 31, 2024. Cash used in the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily reflects payments for capital expenditures and investments in non-controlled affiliates totaling $241.4 million, partially offset by net cash proceeds received from the sale of assets and infrastructure improvement incentives totaling $59.9 million. Cash provided in the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily reflects net cash proceeds received from the sale of businesses of $1.077 billion, primarily driven by the sale of the Academy business, partially offset by payments for capital expenditures and investments in non-controlled affiliates totaling $304.6 million.
Financing activities decreased from $734.2 million of cash used in the year ended December 31, 2023 to $55.7 million of cash used in the year ended December 31, 2024. Cash used in the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily reflects acquisition of non-controlling interests, dividends, payments under the TRA and distributions of $442.3 million, $108.6 million, $62.5 million and $41.3 million, respectively, partially offset by net borrowings for debt of $621.3 million. Cash used in the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily reflects net payments for debt, acquisition of non-controlling interests, the repurchase of Class A common stock, distributions, dividends, and payments under the tax receivable agreement of $118.9 million, $237.4 million, $200.0 million, $70.7 million, $54.5 million, and $37.5 million, respectively.
Net cash flows for discontinued operations changed from $26.4 million of net cash provided in the year ended December 31, 2023 to $119.2 million of cash used in the year ended December 31, 2024. Net cash used in the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily driven by net loss of $682.6 million, which included non-cash items totaling $649.4 million and a net decrease in cash from working capital, as well as cash used in investing for capital expenditures and investments in non-controlled affiliates, and cash used in financing for payments of deferred consideration related to business acquisitions. Net cash provided in the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily driven by net income of $5.7 million, which included non-cash items totaling $66.9 million, and a net increase in cash from working capital offset by cash used in investing for capital expenditures and acquisitions.
December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022
Operating activities decreased from $481.2 million of cash provided in the year ended December 31, 2022 to $309.8 million of cash provided in the year ended December 31, 2023. Cash provided in the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due to net income for the year of $551.7 million, which included the gain on sale of the Academy business and non-cash items totaling $(44.1) million, offset by the increase in deferred costs of $280.6 million primarily due to the advanced payments made by us in the buildup to the Olympics. Cash provided in the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily due to net income for the year of $310.0 million, which included non-cash items totaling $410.4 million, offset by the increase in accounts receivable of $198.0 million and other current assets of $79.9 million due to timing of events.
Investing activities increased from $67.2 million of cash provided in the year ended December 31, 2022 to $787.8 million of cash provided in the year ended December 31, 2023. Cash provided in the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily reflects net cash proceeds received from the sale of businesses of $1.077 billion, primarily driven by the sale of the Academy business, partially offset by payments for capital expenditures and investments in non-controlled affiliates totaling $304.6 million. Cash provided in the year ended December 31, 2022 reflects net cash proceeds received primarily from the sale of the restricted Endeavor Content business and the DBH business of $924.8 million, offset primarily by payments
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for acquisitions of businesses, primarily for Madrid Open and Barrett-Jackson, of $684.3 million, as well as capital expenditures and investments in non-controlled affiliates totaling $179.2 million.
Financing activities increased from $549.9 million of cash used in the year ended December 31, 2022 to $734.2 million of cash used in the year ended December 31, 2023. Cash used in the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily reflects net payments for debt, acquisition of non-controlling interests, the repurchase of Class A common stock, distributions, dividends, and payments under the tax receivable agreement of $118.9 million, $237.4 million, $200.0 million, $70.7 million, $54.5 million, and $37.5 million, respectively. Cash used in the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily reflects net payments on debt of $578.1 million as well as distributions, payments of contingent consideration related to acquisitions and redemption of certain pre-IPO equity interests totaling $64.3 million offset by net cash proceeds received in connection with the acquisition of non-controlling interests of $92.5 million.
Net cash flows for discontinued operations changed from $750.0 million of net cash used in discontinued operations in the year ended December 31, 2022 to $26.4 million of cash provided by discontinued operations in the year ended December 31, 2023. Net cash provided in the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily driven by net income of $5.7 million, which included non-cash items totaling $66.9 million, and a net increase in working capital offset by cash used in investing for capital expenditures and acquisitions. Net cash used in the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily driven by the acquisition of OpenBet.
Future sources and uses of liquidity
Our sources of liquidity are (1) cash on hand, (2) cash flows from operations, (3) available borrowings under our Senior Credit Facilities (which borrowings would be subject to certain restrictive covenants contained therein) and under the Margin Loan Agreement, and (4) proceeds related to sales of certain businesses.
We expect that our primary liquidity needs will be cash to (1) provide capital to facilitate organic growth of our business, (2) fund future investments, acquisitions, and earn-outs and deferred purchase price payments from prior acquisitions, (3) pay operating expenses, including cash compensation to our employees, (4) fund capital expenditures, (5) pay the settlement of the Zuffa class action lawsuit, (6) pay interest and principal when due on our Senior Credit Facilities and under the Margin Loan Agreement, (7) pay EDR quarterly dividends as required per the Merger Agreement, (8) fund the purchases of TKO Class A common stock, (9) pay TKO quarterly dividends, (10) make payments under the TRA, (11) pay income taxes, and (12) make distributions to members.
The term loan under the Credit Facilities of $2.2 billion matures on May 18, 2025. We expect that the amount of the term loan outstanding as of the closing of the Merger-Related Transactions will be repaid as part of the Merger-Related Transactions or that the term loan will otherwise be refinanced prior to its maturity. Absent the Company’s ability to secure additional liquidity, extend the maturity of or refinance such term loan, the Company’s operations may be adversely impacted in the event the lenders declare an event of default and exercise their rights and remedies under the first lien credit agreement under the Credit Facilities. In the event the Merger-Related Transactions do not close by the maturity date or if we are unable to refinance or otherwise extend prior to maturity, we do not expect to have sufficient cash on hand to repay this term loan under the Credit Facilities. This uncertainty raises substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.
Tax Distributions by Endeavor Operating Company
Other than as described above and below, we expect to retain all our future earnings for use in the operation and expansion of our business.
Subject to funds being legally available and certain exceptions, the operating agreement of Endeavor Operating Company generally provides for distributions to each of its members, including the Endeavor Profits Units holders and Endeavor Manager, in amounts sufficient to pay applicable taxes attributable to each member’s allocable share of taxable income of Endeavor Operating Company. Tax distributions made in respect of Endeavor Operating Company Units (but not Endeavor Profits Units) will generally be made pro rata in respect of such Units, as described in the Endeavor Operating Company LLC Agreement. However, in certain situations, tax distributions made to Endeavor Manager may be reduced (relative to those tax distributions made to the other members of Endeavor Operating Company) to reflect the income tax rates to which Endeavor Manager and Endeavor Group Holdings are subject and certain other factors. Non pro-rata tax distributions may be paid to holders of Endeavor Profits Units. Further, there are no assurances that Endeavor Operating Company will make distributions sufficient to cover the taxes on its members allocable share of taxable income, and in some cases, Endeavor Operating Company may not make distributions sufficient for some or all of Endeavor Operating Company’s equity holders to pay such taxes. The operating agreement of Endeavor Operating Company includes provisions that permit (at the direction of its managing member) Endeavor Operating Company to cap the tax distributions that it makes in respect of a particular period by reference to the aggregate taxable income and gain during such period and an assumed tax rate.
Tax Receivable Agreement
Generally, we are required under the TRA to make payments to certain persons that held direct or indirect interest in EOC and UFC Parent prior to the IPO ("TRA Holders") that are generally equal to 85% of the applicable cash tax savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax or franchise tax that we realize or are deemed to realize (determined by using certain assumptions) as a result of favorable tax attributes that will be available to us as a result of certain transactions contemplated in connection with our IPO, exchanges of Endeavor Operating Company Units for Class A common stock or cash and payments made under the TRA. We will generally be entitled to retain the remaining 15% of these cash tax savings. Payments will be due only after we have filed our U.S. federal and state income tax returns. Payments under the TRA will bear interest from the due date of the tax return reflecting the applicable tax benefits. We currently expect to fund these payments from cash flows from operations generated by our subsidiaries as well as from excess tax distributions that we receive from our subsidiaries. The amounts payable under the TRA will vary depending upon a number of factors, including tax rates in effect, as well as the amount, character and timing of the taxable income of EGH in the future. As of December 31, 2024, we had a TRA liability of $881.5 million recorded for all exchanges that have occurred as of this date.
Under the TRA, as a result of certain types of transactions or occurrences, including a transaction resulting in a Change of Control (as defined in the TRA) or a material breach of our obligations under the TRA, we may also be required to make payments to the TRA Holders in amounts equal
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to the present value of future payments we are obligated to make under the TRA, calculated utilizing assumptions set forth in the TRA. If the payments under the TRA are accelerated, we may be required to raise additional debt or equity to fund such payments. To the extent that we are unable to make payments under the TRA as a result of having insufficient funds (including because our credit agreements restrict the ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions to us) such payments will generally be deferred and will accrue interest until paid.
Contractual Obligations, Commitments and Contingencies
The following table represents our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2024, aggregated by type.
Payments due by period
(in thousands)
Total
After 2029
Long-term debt, principal repayments (1)
Long-term debt, interest payments (2)
Operating lease liabilities (3)
Finance lease liabilities (4)
Purchase obligations/guarantees (5)
Total
(1) The principal balance of certain term loans is repaid on a quarterly basis at an amortization rate of 0.25% per quarter, with the balance due at maturity. See Note 11, "Debt," to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further detail.
(2) Variable interest rate payments on our long-term debt are calculated based on the current interest rate as of December 31, 2024 and the scheduled maturity of the underlying loans. Interest payments also include a commitment fee of 0.5% that we are required to pay on the unused balance of our revolving credit facilities under the Senior Credit Facilities.
(3) Our operating leases are primarily for office facilities, equipment and vehicles. Certain of these leases contain provisions for rent escalations or lease concessions. The operating lease amounts in the above table exclude amounts for discontinued operations (described in Note 4, "Discontinued Operations and Held for Sale," to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report) of $2.4 million, $3.8 million, $2.1 million, and $0.8 million for the periods of 2025, 2026-2027, 2028-2029, and after 2029, respectively.
(4) Our finance lease liabilities are primarily related to the finance lease assets acquired as part of the acquisition of WWE as described in Note 5, "Acquisitions and Divestitures," to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Our finance lease payments include $334.4 million related to options to extend WWE’s global headquarters lease that are reasonably certain of being exercised.
(5) We routinely enter into purchase or guarantee arrangements for media, event or other representation rights. The purchase or guarantee arrangements in the above table include amounts for discontinued operations (described in Note 4, "Discontinued Operations and Held for Sale," to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report) of $231.7 million, $313.9 million, $225.9 million, and $140.6 million for the periods of 2025, 2026-2027, 2028-2029 and after 2029, respectively.
In addition, payment obligations due under the TRA as of December 31, 2024 total $881.5 million, of which $130.5 million will be paid in April 2025. The timing and amount of the remaining payments of $751.0 million is dependent upon a number of different considerations, which may include the amount of future taxable income and the realization (or deemed realization) of tax benefits subject to the TRA in each fiscal year. See "TRA" above.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make assumptions, estimates or judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. These assumptions, estimates or judgments, however, are both subjective and subject to change, and actual results may differ from our assumptions and estimates.
We believe the following estimates related to certain of our critical accounting policies could potentially produce materially different results if we were to change underlying assumptions, estimates or judgments. See Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for a summary of our significant accounting policies.
Revenue Recognition
We have revenue recognition policies for our various operating segments that are appropriate to the circumstances of each business.
In accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"), revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the Company’s customers either at a point in time or over time, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 requires additional disclosures about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and estimates, and changes in those estimates.
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Arrangements with Multiple Performance Obligations
We have various types of contracts with multiple performance obligations, primarily consisting of multi-year sponsorship and media rights agreements. The transaction price in these types of contracts is allocated on a relative standalone selling price basis. We typically determine the standalone selling price of individual performance obligations based on management estimates, unless standalone selling prices are observable through past transactions. Estimates used to determine a performance obligation’s standalone selling price impact the amount and timing of revenue recognized, but not the total amount of revenue to be recognized under the arrangement.
Principal versus Agent
We enter into many arrangements that require management to determine whether we are acting as a principal or an agent. This determination involves judgment and requires evaluation as to whether the Company controls the goods or services before they are transferred to the customer. As part of this analysis, the Company considers whether we are primarily responsible for fulfillment of the promise to provide the specified service, have inventory risk and have discretion in establishing prices. For events, this determination is primarily based on whether an event is owned by us or whether we are providing an event management service. For bundled experience packages, including those sold by third parties, the determination is primarily based on whether we have control over the elements of the package including inventory risk and setting pricing with customers. For media rights distribution, this determination is primarily based on whether we have control over the media rights including inventory risk and setting pricing with customers. For re-billable expenses related to advertising and brand activation services, this determination is primarily based on whether we are primarily responsible for fulfillment of the services to the customer. If our determinations were to change, the amounts of our revenue and operating expenses may be different.
Timing of Recognition
Commission-based Representation and Licensing Revenue
For arrangements where we earn commissions or royalties based on a client’s sales, earnings or back-end profits, we recognize revenue either over time or at the point in time that our client performs in accordance with the terms of their engagement. We earn packaging revenue directly from studios/production companies (in lieu of receiving a commission from a client) for our role in arranging the creation, development and/or production of a program to be exhibited on broadcast or cable television, streaming, video-on-demand or similar platforms. A package typically involves an initial fee per episode as well as a back-end profit participation paid directly from a studio. We generally recognize the initial fee when a program is completed and delivered to the network.
When our commission is generated from an arrangement that involves an underlying license of intellectual property, we recognize such revenue in accordance with the sales-or usage-based royalty exception under ASC 606. Such arrangements primarily include:
Client profit participation: primarily relates to our client’s participation in the net profitability of an episodic television series or feature film in which they have played a role. Once the profit participation metric is achieved, we recognize commission revenue related to the sales or usage of the underlying functional intellectual property over time as the sales or usage occurs. The amount of revenue recognized is based on either statements received or management’s best estimate of sales or usage in a period when statements are received on a lag. If our estimates and judgments were to change, the timing and amount of revenue recognized may be different.
Package back-end profit participation: relates to our right to participate in the profitability of a television program, which is generally equal to a percentage of a contractually defined profitability measure. Once the profit participation metric is achieved, we recognize revenue related to the sales or usage of the underlying functional intellectual property over time as the sales or usage occurs. The amount of revenue recognized is based on either statements received or management’s best estimate of sales or usage in a period, if statements are received on a lag. If our estimates and judgments were to change, the timing and amount of revenue recognized may be different.
Licensing: relates to royalties or commissions from sales of licensed merchandise. The nature of the licensing arrangements is typically symbolic intellectual property, inclusive of logos, trade names, and trademarks related to merchandise sales. We recognize revenue related to the sales or usage of the underlying symbolic intellectual property over time as the sales or usage occurs. The amount of revenue recognized is based on either statements received or management’s best estimate of sales or usage in a period, if statements are received on a lag. If our estimates and judgments were to change, the timing and amount of revenue recognized may be different.
Content Development-based Revenue
Revenue from production services and studio fees for the production and licensing of original content, including television properties, documentaries, and films, is recognized when the content becomes available for exploitation and has been accepted by the customer. Revenue from production services of live entertainment and sporting events is recognized at the time of the event on a per event basis. Revenue from production services of editorial video content is recognized when the content is delivered to and accepted by the customer and the license period begins. Revenue for license fees that include a royalty is recognized in the period the royalty is generated following the sales and usage-based royalty exception for licenses of functional intellectual property.
Content Distribution and Sales-based Revenue
License fees from live entertainment and sporting event media rights are recognized when the event is aired. License fees for non-live event programming are recognized when the program has been delivered and is available for exploitation. Commission revenue from distribution and sales arrangements for television properties, documentaries and films of independent production companies is recognized when the underlying content becomes available for view or telecast and has been accepted by the customer.
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Event-based Revenue
We earn revenue from events that we control in addition to providing event related services to events controlled by third parties. For controlled events (owned or licensed), revenue is generally recognized for each performance obligation over the course of the event, multiple events, or contract term in accordance with the pattern of delivery for the particular revenue source. Advance ticket sales, participation entry fees, hospitality sales and bundled experience packages are recorded as deferred revenue pending the event date. For event management related services to third party controlled events, revenue is generally recognized over the course of the event, multiple events, or contract term in accordance with the pattern of delivery for the service. If such revenues were recognized based on another basis, or if we made different determinations about which method to apply to a given arrangement, the timing of our revenue and direct operating costs may be different.
Service Fee-based Revenue
We provide marketing and consultancy services to brands with expertise in brand strategy, activation, sponsorships, endorsements, creative development and design, digital and original content, public relations, live events, branded impact, and B2B services. Marketing revenue is either recognized over time, based on the number of labor hours incurred, costs incurred or time elapsed based on the Company’s historical practice of transferring similar services to customers, or at a point in time for live event activation engagements. Consulting fees are typically recognized over time, either based on the number of labor hours incurred or evenly throughout the service period.
Revenue from our digital streaming video solutions is generally recognized upon delivery of the offering to the consumer or over the course of an over-the-top distribution platform subscription agreement term. Revenues from subscription services based on usage, such as data volume, are generally recognized as services are utilized by the customer.
Prior to the sale of the Academy in June 2023, revenue from our Academy was recognized ratably over the period of the athletes’ enrollment or attendance at a facility, as the services provided were substantially the same throughout the service period.
If such revenues were recognized based on another basis, or if we made different determinations about which method to apply to a given arrangement, the timing of our revenue and operating expenses may be different.
Pay-per-view Revenue
We recognize revenue from pay-per-view ("PPV") programming from owned live sporting events when the event is aired. PPV programming is distributed through cable, satellite and digital providers. We receive a fixed license fee for our domestic residential PPV programming under a long-term contract. For our international and commercial PPV, the amount of revenue recognized is based upon management’s initial estimate of variable consideration related to the number of buys achieved. This initial estimate is based on preliminary buy information received from certain PPV distributors and is subject to adjustment as new information regarding the number of buys is received, which is generally up to 120 days subsequent to the live event. If our estimates of buys achieved were to change, the timing and amount of our revenue may be different.
Sports Data & Technology Revenue (presented as discontinued operations)
Technology platforms revenue includes revenue generated by providing gaming operators licenses for comprehensive sports betting technology solutions enabling end-to-end operation of online sports betting. We currently license our sports betting technology solutions, which is functional intellectual property, on a limited term basis and offer our technology solutions based on two different approaches to the market: (i) fixed-fee license; and (ii) revenue-share license. For the fixed-fee license, revenue is recognized over the customer development period and for license renewals, upon commencement of the renewal license period. For the revenue-share license, revenue is variable in nature, and as such, revenue is recognized in the period the revenue share is generated in accordance with the sales and usage-based royalty exception for licenses of functional intellectual property. Technology platforms revenue mainly includes technology solutions software, development services and support services. Development services and support services are distinct performance obligations and are recognized over time based on the number of development service hours performed or on a straight-line basis, respectively. We allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations contained within an arrangement based upon their relative stand-alone selling price. For the revenue-share licenses, we allocate the variable revenue to the license performance obligation.
Sports streaming and data revenue includes revenue generated via streaming and data rights fees and by providing information and features that enhance the betting experience. Sports streaming and data revenue is recognized as follows: (i) fixed license fees are recognized when sport matches take place, and (ii) variable fees are recognized in the period the revenue is generated in accordance with the as-invoiced practical expedient.
Goodwill
Goodwill is tested annually as of October 1 for impairment and at any time upon the occurrence of certain events or substantive changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of goodwill may not be recoverable. We perform our goodwill impairment test at the reporting unit level, which is one level below the operating segment level. As of October 1, 2024, the date of testing, we had three operating and reportable segments, consistent with the way management made decisions and allocated resources to the business and we had eight reporting units across these three segments.
We have the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine if an impairment is more likely than not to have occurred. A qualitative assessment includes, but is not limited to, consideration of the results of our most recent quantitative impairment test, consideration of macroeconomic conditions, and industry and market conditions. If we can support the conclusion that it is "not more likely than not" that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount under the qualitative assessment, we would not need to perform the quantitative impairment test for that reporting unit.
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If we cannot support such a conclusion or we do not elect to perform the qualitative assessment then we must perform the quantitative impairment test. The quantitative goodwill impairment test is used to identify potential impairment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. To determine the fair value of our reporting units, we generally use a present value technique (discounted cash flows) corroborated by market multiples when available and as appropriate. We apply what we believe to be the most appropriate valuation methodology for each of our reporting units. We believe our estimates of fair value are consistent with how a marketplace participant would value our reporting units.
The discounted cash flow analyses are sensitive to our estimates of future revenue growth and margins for these businesses along with discount rates. Our long-term cash flow projections are estimates and inherently subject to uncertainty, particularly during periods of adverse economic conditions. Significant estimates and assumptions specific to each reporting unit include revenue growth, profit margins, terminal value growth rates, discount rates and other assumptions deemed reasonable by management. Where a market approach is utilized, we use judgment in identifying the relevant comparable-company market multiples. These estimates and assumptions may vary between each reporting unit depending on the facts and circumstances specific to that unit. If we had established different reporting units or utilized different valuation methodologies or assumptions, the impairment test results could differ.
If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, such excess is recognized as goodwill impairment. For the year ended December 31, 2024, our annual impairment test resulted in impairment charges of $72.2 million, which are included in our Events, Experiences & Rights segment. A continued decline in the results of the reporting units could result in additional impairment charges in the future.
We believe that the estimates and assumptions we made in our quantitative analysis are reasonable, but they are susceptible to change from period to period. Actual results of operations, cash flows and other factors will likely differ from the estimates used in our valuation, and it is possible that differences and changes could be material. A deterioration in profitability, adverse market conditions, significant client losses, changes in spending levels of our existing clients or a different economic outlook than currently estimated by management could have a significant impact on the estimated fair value of our reporting units and could result in an impairment charge in the future.
Intangible Assets
For finite-lived intangible assets that are amortized, we evaluate assets for recoverability when there is an indication of potential impairment or when the useful lives are no longer appropriate. If the estimated undiscounted future cash flows from a group of assets being evaluated is less than the carrying value of that group of assets, an impairment would be measured as the difference between the fair value of the group’s long-lived assets and the carrying value of the group’s long-lived assets. We define an asset group by identifying the lowest level of cash flows generated by a group of assets that are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets. If identified, the impairment is allocated to the long-lived assets of the group on a pro rata basis using the relative carrying amounts, but only to the extent the carrying value of each asset is above its fair value.
Identifiable indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested annually for impairment as of October 1 and at any time upon the occurrence of certain events or substantive changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of an indefinite-lived intangible may not be recoverable. We have the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine if an impairment is "more likely than not" to have occurred. In the qualitative assessment, we must evaluate the totality of qualitative factors, including any recent fair value measurements, that impact whether an indefinite-lived intangible asset has a carrying amount that "more likely than not" exceeds its fair value. We must then conduct a quantitative analysis if we (1) determine that such an impairment is "more likely than not" to exist, or (2) forego the qualitative assessment entirely. The impairment test for identifiable indefinite-lived intangible assets consists of a comparison of the estimated fair value of the intangible asset with its carrying value. If the carrying value of the intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess.
Determining whether a long-lived asset is impaired requires various estimates and assumptions, including whether a triggering event has occurred, the identification of the asset groups, estimates of future cash flows and the discount rate used to determine fair values. If we had established different asset groups or utilized different valuation methodologies or assumptions, the impairment test results could differ, and we could be required to record impairment charges.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded impairment charges of $3.5 million for finite-lived and indefinite-lived intangible assets, which are included in our Events, Experiences & Rights segment.
Investments
We have various equity investments that we account for under the equity method, equity investments with readily determinable fair values and equity investments without readily determinable fair values. The fair value of these investments is dependent on the performance of the investee companies as well as volatility inherent in the external markets for these investments. In assessing the potential impairment of these investments, we consider these factors as well as the forecasted financial performance of the investees and market values, where available. If these forecasts are not met or market values indicate an other-than-temporary decline in value, impairment charges may be required. We also remeasure our equity investments without readily determinable fair values when there is an observable transaction in a similar class of security to our investment.
Income Taxes
EGH was incorporated as a Delaware corporation in January 2019. It was formed as a holding company for the purpose of completing an IPO and other related transactions. As the sole managing member of Endeavor Manager, which is the sole managing member of EOC, EGH operates and controls all the business and affairs of EOC, and through EOC and its subsidiaries, conducts the Company’s business. EGH is subject to corporate income tax on its share of taxable income or loss of EOC, derived from Endeavor Manager. EOC is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and is therefore not subject to U.S. corporate income tax. However, certain of EOC’s subsidiaries are subject to U.S. or foreign corporate income tax. In addition, TKO, which is a consolidated subsidiary of EGH, is subject to corporate income tax.
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Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Significant factors considered by us in estimating the probability of the realization of deferred tax assets include expectations of future earnings and taxable income, as well as application of tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate. A valuation allowance is provided when we determine that it is "more likely than not" that a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Our deferred tax positions may change if our estimates regarding future realization of deferred tax assets were to change.
A minimum probability threshold for a tax position must be met before a financial statement benefit is recognized. The tax benefit to be recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The tax benefits ultimately realized by us may differ from those recognized in our financial statements based on a number of factors, including our decision to settle rather than litigate a matter, relevant legal precedent related to similar matters and our success in supporting its filing positions with taxing authorities.
We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits on the income tax expense line in the consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest and penalties are included in the related tax liability line in the consolidated balance sheet.
Tax Receivable Agreement Liability
Generally, we are required under the TRA to make payments to the TRA Holders that are generally equal to 85% of the applicable cash tax savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax or franchise tax that we realize or are deemed to realize (determined by using certain assumptions) as a result of favorable tax attributes that will be available to us as a result of certain transactions contemplated in connection with our IPO, exchanges of Endeavor Operating Company Units for Class A common stock or cash and payments made under the TRA. The actual tax benefit, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the TRA, will vary depending upon a number of factors, which may include, among others, the timing of redemptions or exchanges by members of Endeavor Operating Company, the price of our Class A common stock at the time of the redemptions or exchanges, the extent to which such redemptions or exchanges are taxable, the amount and timing of the taxable income we generate in the future and the tax rate then applicable, and the portion of our payments under the TRA constituting imputed interest. Estimating future taxable income is inherently uncertain and requires judgment. In projecting future taxable income, we consider our historical results as well as assumptions related to future forecasts for our various businesses by location. The impact of any changes in the total projected obligations recorded under the TRA as a result of actual changes in the geographic mix of our earnings, changes in tax legislation and tax rates or other factors that may impact our actual tax savings realized will be reflected in income before taxes in the period in which the change occurs.
Consolidation
We typically consolidate entities in which we own more than 50% of the voting common stock and control operations, as well as variable interest entities ("VIE") for which we are deemed the primary beneficiary.
Evaluating whether an entity in which we have a variable interest is a VIE and whether we are the primary beneficiary requires management to make significant judgments involving evaluating the fair value and capitalization of the investee along with the most significant activities of the entity and the party that has power over those activities.
Business Combinations
We account for our business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting. Identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree are recognized and measured as of the acquisition date at fair value. Additionally, contingent consideration is recorded at fair value on the acquisition date and classified as a liability. Goodwill is recognized to the extent by which the aggregate of the acquisition-date fair value of the consideration transferred and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree exceeds the recognized basis of the identifiable assets acquired, net of assumed liabilities. Determining the fair value of assets acquired, liabilities assumed and non-controlling interest requires management’s judgment and often involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions, including assumptions with respect to future cash flows, discount rates and asset lives, among other items. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments, in the period in which they are determined, to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.
Non-Controlling Interests
Non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries represent the component of common equity in consolidated subsidiaries held by third parties. Non-controlling interests with redemption features, such as put options, that are redeemable outside of our control are considered redeemable non-controlling interests and are classified as temporary equity on the consolidated balance sheet. Redeemable non-controlling interests are recorded at the greater of carrying value, which is adjusted for the non-controlling interests’ share of net income or loss, or estimated redemption value at each reporting period. Estimating the fair value or other redemption value requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions specific to each non-controlling interest including revenue growth, profit margins, terminal value growth rates, discount rates under the income approach and other assumptions such as market multiples for comparable companies. These estimates and assumptions may vary between each redeemable non-controlling interest depending on the facts and circumstances specific to that consolidated subsidiary.
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Recent Accounting Standards
See Note 3, "Recent Accounting Pronouncements," to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further information on certain accounting standards that have been recently adopted or that have not yet been required to be implemented and may be applicable to our future operations.
Item 7A. Qua ntitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Interest rate risk
Our exposure to changes in interest rates relates primarily to the floating interest component on our long-term debt. The Senior Credit Facilities and Margin Loan Facility bear interest at floating rates and we regularly monitor and manage interest rate risks. A 1% increase in the effective interest rates would have increased our annual interest expense by $56 million.
Foreign currency risk
We have operations in several countries outside of the United States, and certain of our operations are conducted in foreign currencies, principally the British Pound and the Euro. The value of these currencies fluctuates relative to the U.S. dollar. These changes could adversely affect the U.S. dollar equivalent of our non-U.S. dollar revenue and operating costs and expenses and reduce international demand for our content and services, all of which could negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations in a given period or in specific territories.
Holding other variables constant (such as interest rates and debt levels), if the U.S. dollar appreciated by 10% against the foreign currencies used by our operations in the year ended December 31, 2024, revenues would have decreased by approximately $165.8 million and operating income would have declined by approximately $0.3 million.
We regularly review our foreign exchange exposures that may have a material impact on our business and from time to time use foreign currency forward exchange contracts or other derivative financial instruments to hedge the effects of potential adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates arising from these exposures. We do not enter into foreign exchange contracts or other derivatives for speculative purposes.
Credit risk
We maintain our cash and cash equivalents with various major banks and other high-quality financial institutions, and our deposits at these institutions exceed insured limits. Market conditions can impact the viability of these institutions and, in the event of failure of any of the financial institutions where we maintain our cash and cash equivalents or any inability to access or delays in our ability to access our funds could adversely affect our business and financial position.
Item 8. Fi nancial Statements and Supplementary Data
The Financial Statements required by this Item 8 appear beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report and are incorporated by reference herein.
Item 9. Ch anges in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
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Item 9A. C ontrols and Procedures
Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures
In designing and evaluating our disclosures controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company's management has evaluated, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2024.
Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act.
Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, management used the criteria established in the Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that assessment, management concluded that as of December 31, 2024, the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective.
The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is below.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc.
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, based on our audit and the report of KPMG LLP, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
With the exception of controls related to goodwill, which we have audited, we did not audit the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of TKO Group Holdings, Inc., a subsidiary of the Company, which financial statements reflect total assets, excluding goodwill audited by us, constituting 24% of consolidated total assets as of December 31, 2024, and total revenues constituting 39% of consolidated total revenue for the year then ended. The effectiveness of TKO Group Holdings, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting was audited by KPMG LLP, whose report has been furnished to us, and our opinion, insofar as it relates to the effectiveness of TKO Group Holdings, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting, exclusive of controls related to goodwill audited by us, is based solely on the report of KPMG LLP.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, of the Company and our report dated February 27, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements based on our audit and the report of KPMG LLP and included an explanatory paragraph regarding substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
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We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit and the report of KPMG LLP provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
New York, NY
February 27, 2025
Item 9B. O ther Information
(a) None.
(b) Other than the below, during the three months ended December 31, 2024, no director or "officer" (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) of the Company adopted , modified or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" and/or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" (each as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).
Ariel Emanuel, Chief Executive Officer and Director
On October 8, 2024 , Mr. Emanuel terminated a then-existing Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement, originally adopted on August 31, 2023 and intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) (the "2023 Emanuel Trading Arrangement"). The 2023 Emanuel Trading Arrangement provided for the sale of up to 1,200,000 shares of Class A common stock with a plan end date of November 29, 2024 .
Item 9C. Di sclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Not applicable.
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PART III
Item 10. Di rectors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this Item will be set forth in our Definitive Proxy Statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "2025 Proxy Statement"), expected to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after our fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 11. Ex ecutive Compensation
The information required by this Item will be set forth in the 2025 Proxy Statement, expected to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after our fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12. Se curity Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this Item will be set forth in the 2025 Proxy Statement, expected to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after our fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13. Ce rtain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this Item will be set forth in the 2025 Proxy Statement, expected to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after our fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. P rincipal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by this Item will be set forth in the 2025 Proxy Statement, expected to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after our fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, and is incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV
Item 15. Ex hibits and Financial Statement Schedules
The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report:
(a)(1) The financial statements as indicated in index set forth on page F-1.
(a)(2) Financial statement schedules have been omitted since they either are not required, not applicable, or the information is otherwise included in the consolidated financial statements or the related footnotes.
(a)(3) Exhibits:
Exhibits
Exhibit Number
Description
Form
File No.
Exhibit
Filing Date
Filed/Furnished Herewith
Equity Purchase Agreement, dated September 27, 2021, by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company LLC and Scientific Games Company
Amendment No. 1 to the Equity Purchase Agreement, dated June 30, 2022, by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC and Light & Wonder, Inc. (formerly known as Scientific Games Company)
Amendment No. 2 to the Equity Purchase Agreement, dated August 2, 2022, by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC and Light & Wonder, Inc.
Transaction Agreement, dated April 2, 2023, by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC, Zuffa Parent, LLC, World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. New Whale Inc., and Whale Merger Sub Inc.
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Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of April 2, 2024 by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Executive Holdco, LLC, Endeavor Executive II Holdco, LLC, Endeavor Executive PIU Holdco, LLC, Endeavor Manager, LLC, Endeavor Operating Company, LLC, Wildcat EGH Holdco, L.P., Wildcat OpCo Holdco, L.P., Wildcat PubCo Merger Sub, Inc., Wildcat OpCo Merger Sub, L.L.C., Wildcat Manager Merger Sub L.L.C., Endeavor Executive Holdco, LLC, Endeavor Executive II Holdco, LLC and Endeavor Executive PIU Holdco, LLC
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc.
Amended and Restated Bylaws of Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc.
Form of Specimen Certificate Representing Class A Common Stock
Description of Securities
First Lien Credit Agreement dated as of May 6, 2014, among WME IMG Holdings, LLC, WME IMG, LLC, William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC, Iris Merger Sub, Inc., the lenders party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, collateral agent, swingline lender and issuing bank, Barclays Bank PLC, as syndication agent and Royal Bank of Canada and Deutsche Bank AG New York Branch, as co-documentation agents.
First Incremental Term Facility Amendment dated as of June 10, 2016, among WME IMG Holdings, LLC, William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC, IMG Worldwide Holdings, LLC and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and the initial Additional Term B Lenders.
Second Incremental Term Facility Amendment dated as of November 10, 2016, among WME IMG Holdings, LLC, William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC, IMG Worldwide Holdings, LLC and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and the initial Second Additional Term B Lenders.
First Refinancing Amendment, dated as of February 9, 2017, among WME IMG Holdings, LLC, William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC, IMG Worldwide Holdings, LLC, the lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent.
Third Incremental Term Facility Amendment, dated as of March 1, 2017, among WME IMG Holdings, LLC, William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC, IMG Worldwide Holdings, LLC and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and the initial Third Additional Term B Lenders.
Amendment No. 5, dated as of May 18, 2018 among WME IMG Holdings LLC, WME IMG, LLC, William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC, IMG Worldwide Holdings, LLC, each lender from time to time party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, collateral agent, swingline lender and issuing bank.
Amendment No. 6, dated as of February 18, 2020, among WME IMG Holdings LLC, WME IMG, LLC, William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC, IMG Worldwide Holdings, LLC, each lender from time to time party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as
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administrative agent, collateral agent, swingline lender and issuing bank.
Amendment No. 7, dated as of April 2, 2020, among WME IMG Holdings LLC, WME IMG, LLC, William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC, IMG Worldwide Holdings, LLC, each lender from time to time party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, collateral agent, swingline lender and issuing bank.
Amendment No. 8, dated as of May 13, 2020, among WME IMG Holdings LLC, WME IMG, LLC, William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC, IMG Worldwide Holdings, LLC, each lender from time to time party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, collateral agent, swingline lender and issuing bank.
Amendment No. 9, dated as of April 19, 2021, among WME IMG Holdings LLC, WME IMG, LLC, William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC, IMG Worldwide Holdings, LLC, each lender from time to time party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, collateral agent, swingline lender and issuing bank.
Amendment No. 10, dated as of April 10, 2023, among WME IMG Holdings LLC, WME IMG, LLC, William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC, IMG Worldwide Holdings, LLC, each lender from time to time party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, collateral agent, swingline lender and issuing bank.
Amendment No. 11, dated as of June 26, 2023, among WME IMG Holdings LLC, WME IMG, LLC, William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC, IMG Worldwide Holdings, LLC, each lender from time to time party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, collateral agent, swingline lender and issuing bank.
Amendment No. 12, dated as of May 1, 2024, among WME IMG Holdings LLC, WME IMG, LLC, William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC, IMG Worldwide Holdings, LLC, each lender from time to time party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, collateral agent, swingline lender and issuing bank.
First Lien Credit Agreement dated as of August 18, 2016, among Zuffa Guarantor, LLC, UFC Holdings, LLC, the lenders party thereto, Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent, collateral agent, swingline lender and issuing bank, Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., as syndication agent, and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Barclays Bank PLC, Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. and KKR Capital Markets LLC as co-documentation agents.
First Refinancing Amendment, dated as of February 21, 2017, among Zuffa Guarantor, LLC, UFC Holdings, LLC, the lenders party thereto and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent.
Second Refinancing Amendment dated as of January 27, 2021, among Zuffa Guarantor, LLC, UFC Holdings, LLC, the lenders party thereto and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent.
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Third Refinancing Amendment dated as of April 10, 2023, among Zuffa Guarantor, LLC, UFC Holdings, LLC, the lenders party thereto and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent.
Fourth Refinancing Amendment dated as of May 1, 2024, among Zuffa Guarantor, LLC, UFC Holdings, LLC, the lenders party thereto and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent.
Fifth Refinancing Amendment, dated as of November 21, 2024, among Zuffa Guarantor, LLC, UFC Holdings, LLC, the lenders party thereto and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by TKO Group Holdings, Inc. on November 21, 2024).
First Lien Incremental Term Facility Amendment, dated as of April 25, 2017, among Zuffa Guarantor, LLC, UFC Holdings, LLC, Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent and the initial First Additional Term B Lender.
Third Amendment dated as of March 26, 2019, among Zuffa Guarantor, LLC, UFC Holdings, LLC, Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto.
Fourth Amendment dated April 29, 2019, among Zuffa Guarantor, LLC, UFC Holdings, LLC, Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto.
Fifth Amendment dated September 18, 2019, among Zuffa Guarantor, LLC, UFC Holdings, LLC, Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto.
Sixth Amendment dated June 15, 2020, among Zuffa Guarantor, LLC, UFC Holdings, LLC, Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto.
Eighth Amendment, dated October 27, 2021, to the First Lien Credit Agreement, dated as of August 18, 2016 among Zuffa Guarantor, LLC, UFC Holdings, LLC, Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto, as amended.
Tenth Amendment, dated as of June 26, 2023, to the First Lien Credit Agreement, dated as of August 18, 2016, among Zuffa Guarantor, LLC, UFC Holdings, LLC, Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto, as amended.
Revolving Credit Agreement dated February 27, 2020, among Endeavor OLE Buyer, LLC, On Location Events, LLC, PrimeSport Holdings Inc., and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto.
Amendment No. 1, dated August 12, 2021 to Revolving Credit Agreement dated February 27, 2020, among Endeavor OLE Buyer, LLC, On Location Events, LLC, PrimeSport Holdings, Inc., and JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto.
Amendment No. 2, dated as of June 29, 2023, to Revolving Credit Agreement dated February 27, 2020, among Endeavor OLE Buyer, LLC, On Location Events, LLC, PrimeSport Holdings, Inc., and JP
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Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto.
Form of Indemnification Agreement.
Stockholders Agreement, dated as of April 28, 2021, by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. and the stockholders named therein.
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of April 28, 2021, by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. and the stockholders party thereto.
Tax Receivable Agreement, dated as of April 28, 2021, by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. and the Post-IPO TRA Holders.
Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Endeavor Operating Company, LLC., dated as of April 28, 2021.
Amendment No. 1, effective as of June 27, 2023, to the Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Endeavor Operating Company, LLC., dated as of April 28, 2021
Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Endeavor Manager, LLC., dated as April 28, 2021.
Second Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Zuffa Parent, LLC, dated as of August 18, 2016.
Subscription Agreement.
Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. 2021 Amended and Restated 2021 Incentive Award Plan.
Form of Nonqualified Option Award Agreement under the Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan.
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award under the Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan.
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan.
Second Amended and Restated Term Employment Agreement by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC and Ariel Emanuel, dated March 13, 2019.
Second Amended and Restated Term Employment Agreement by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC and Patrick Whitesell, dated March 13, 2019.
Term Employment Agreement by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC and Jason Lublin, dated April 19, 2021.
Amendment No. 1 to Term Employment Agreement by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC and Jason Lublin, dated February 23, 2023
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Amendment No.2 to Term Employment Agreement by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC and Jason Lublin, dated November 3, 2023
Term Employment Agreement by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC and Mark Shapiro, dated April 19, 2021.
Term Employment Agreement by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC and Seth Krauss, dated April 19, 2021.
Amendment No. 1 to Term Employment Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2023 by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC and Seth Krauss, dated April 19, 2021
Restrictive Covenant Agreement by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC and Ariel Emanuel, dated March 13, 2019.
Restrictive Covenant Agreement by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC and Patrick Whitesell, dated March 13, 2019.
Future Incentive Units Award Agreement by and among Endeavor Operating Company, LLC, Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Ariel Emanuel and solely for purposes of Section 1 and 4, WME Iris Management Holdco II, LLC, WME Iris Management V Holdco, LLC and WME Holdco, LLC, dated March 13, 2019.
Award Agreement by and among Endeavor Operating Company, LLC, Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Patrick Whitesell and solely for purposes of Section 1 and 3, WME Iris Management Holdco II, LLC, WME Iris Management V Holdco, LLC, WME Holdco and LLC, dated March 13, 2019.
Equity Award Agreement by and among Endeavor Operating Company, LLC, Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Jason Lublin, WME Iris Management Holdco II, LLC, WME Iris Management IV Holdco, LLC and WME Holdco, LLC, dated April 19, 2021.
Equity Award Agreement by and among Endeavor Operating Company, LLC, Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Mark Shapiro, WME Iris Management Holdco, LLC, WME Iris Management Holdco II, LLC and WME Iris Management IV Holdco, LLC, dated April 19, 2021 .
Equity Award Agreement by and among Endeavor Operating Company, LLC, Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Seth Krauss, WME Iris Management Holdco, LLC, WME Iris Management IV Holdco, LLC and WME Iris Management V Holdco, LLC, dated April 19, 2021.
Award Agreement, by and between Zuffa Parent, LLC and Ariel Emanuel, dated March 13, 2019, as amended.
Letter Agreement, by and between Zuffa Parent, LLC and Ariel Emanuel, dated April 1, 2019.
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Award Agreement, by and between Zuffa Parent, LLC and Patrick Whitesell, dated November 15, 2016.
Award Agreement, by and between Zuffa Parent, LLC and Patrick Whitesell, dated December 16, 2016.
Management Unit Award Agreement, by and between UFC Management Holdco LLC and Jason Lublin, dated December 16, 2016.
Management Unit Award Agreement, by and between UFC Management Holdco LLC and Mark Shapiro, dated December 16, 2016.
Management Unit Award Agreement, by and between UFC Management Holdco LLC and Seth Krauss, dated February 6, 2017.
Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy.
Class B Unit Award Agreement, by and between Endeavor China Direct, LLC and Grantee.
Profits Interest Award Agreement, by and between WME IMG China, LP and Grantee.
Time-Vesting and Performance-Vesting Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan, by and between Ariel Emanuel and Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., dated May 3, 2021.
Time-Vesting Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan, by and between Ariel Emanuel and Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., dated May 3, 2021.
Performance-Vesting Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan, by and between Patrick Whitesell and Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., dated May 3, 2021.
Zuffa Future Incentive Unit Cancellation Agreement, by and between Zuffa Parent, LLC and Ariel Emanuel, dated April 19, 2021.
Future Incentive Unit Cancellation Agreement, by and among Endeavor Operating Company, LLC, Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. and Ariel Emanuel, dated April 19, 2021.
Amendment No. 1 to Term Employment Agreement, dated as of February 26, 2024 by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC and Mark Shapiro, dated as of April 19, 2021
Amendment No. 2 to Term Employment Agreement, dated as of April 2, 2024, by and among Mark Shapiro, Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC.
Amendment No. 3 to Term Employment Agreement, dated as of April 2, 2024, by and among Mark Shapiro, Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. and Endeavor Operating Company, LLC.
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Letter Agreement, dated February 26, 2024, by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC and Jason Lublin
Letter Agreement, dated February 26, 2024, by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC and Seth Krauss
Amended and Restated Operating Agreement of TKO Operating Company, LLC
Governance Agreement, dated as of September 12, 2023, by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC, January Capital Sub, LLC, January Capital HoldCo, LLC, TKO Operating Company, LLC, TKO Group Holdings, Inc., and Vince McMahon
Amendment No.1, dated as of January 23, 2024, to the Governance Agreement, dated as of September 12, 2023, by and among Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC, January Capital Sub, LLC, January Capital Holdco, LLC, TKO Operating Company, LLC TKO Group Holdings, Inc., and Vincent K. McMahon
Term Employment Agreement, dated as of September 12, 2023, by and between TKO Group Holdings, Inc. and Ariel Emanuel
Term Employment Agreement, dated as of September 12, 2023, by and between TKO Group Holdings, Inc. and Mark Shapiro
TKO Group Holdings, Inc. 2023 Incentive Award Plan
TKO Group Holdings, Inc. Form of Stock Option Grant Notice and Stock Option Award Agreement under the TKO Group Holdings, Inc. 2023 Incentive Award Plan
TKO Group Holdings, Inc. Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice and Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the TKO Group Holdings, Inc. 2023 Incentive Award Plan (Sell to Cover)
TKO Group Holdings, Inc. Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice and Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the TKO Group Holdings, Inc. 2023 Incentive Award Plan (Net Settlement)
Margin Loan Agreement, dated September 13, 2024, among January Capital Holdco, LLC, Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, as calculation agent, and the lenders party hereto.
Amendment No. 1 to Margin Loan Agreement, dated December 16, 2024, among January Capital Holdco, LLC, Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, as calculation agent, and the lenders party hereto.
Stockholder Purchase Agreement, dated April 4, 2024, by and between WME IMG, LLC and Vincent K. McMahon
Letter Agreement, dated as of April 2, 2024, by and among Ariel Emanuel, Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating
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Company, LLC, Wildcat EGH Holdco, L.P. and Wildcat Opco Holdco, L.P.
Letter Agreement, dated as of April 2, 2024, by and among Patrick Whitesell, Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC, William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC, Wildcat EGH Holdco, L.P. and Wildcat Opco Holdco, L.P.
Employment Agreement, dated as of April 2, 2024, by and among Mark Shapiro, Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC, Wildcat Aggregator, L.P., Wildcat EGH Holdco, L.P. and Wildcat Opco Holdco, L.P.
Transaction Agreement, dated October 23, 2024, by and among Endeavor Operating Company, LLC, TKO Operating Company, LLC, TKO Group Holdings, Inc., IMG Worldwide, LLC, and Trans World International, LLC.
Amendment to Amended and Restated Term Employment Agreement, dated as of October 23, 2024, by and among Mark Shapiro, Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC, Wildcat EGH Holdco, L.P. and Wildcat Opco Holdco, L.P.
Amendment to Letter Agreement, dated as of October 23, 2024, by and among Ariel Emanuel, Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., Endeavor Operating Company, LLC, William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC, Wildcat EGH Holdco, L.P. and Wildcat Opco Holdco, L.P.
Transaction Agreement, dated as of November 11, 2024, by and among WME IMG, LLC, OB Global Holdings LLC, OB US Parent LLC and IMG Arena US Parent, LLC.
Insider Trading Policy
Subsidiaries of Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc.
Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP, independent registered accounting firm
Consent of KPMG LLP, independent registered accounting firm
Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
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Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. Policy for Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation
Reports of Independent Public Accounting Firm - TKO Group Holdings, Inc.
The following financial statements from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2025, formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL): (1) the Consolidated Statement of Operations; (2) the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss); (3) the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows; (4) the Consolidated Balance Sheet; (5) the Consolidated Statement of Stockholders'/ Members' Equity; and (6) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Cover Page Interactive Data File – formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101
* Filed herewith
** Furnished herewith
+ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement
^Certain portions of this exhibit (indicated by "[***]") have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K. The Registrant undertakes to furnish unredacted versions of the exhibit upon request by the SEC.
# Schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Registrant undertakes to furnish supplemental copies of any of the omitted schedules upon request by the SEC.
Item 16. F orm 10-K Summary
None.
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SIG NATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
ENDEAVOR GROUP HOLDINGS, INC.
Date: February 27, 2025
/s/ Ariel Emanuel
Ariel Emanuel
Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: February 27, 2025
/s/ Jason Lublin
Jason Lublin
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
SIGNATURE
TITLE
DATE
/s/ Ariel Emanuel
Chief Executive Officer and Director
February 27, 2025
Ariel Emanuel
(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Jason Lublin
Chief Financial Officer
February 27, 2025
Jason Lublin
(Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ William Fullerton
Global Controller and Chief Accounting Officer
February 27, 2025
William Fullerton
(Principal Accounting Officer)
/s/ Egon Durban
Chairman of the Board and Director
February 27, 2025
Egon Durban
/s/ Patrick Whitesell
Executive Chairman and Director
February 27, 2025
Patrick Whitesell
/s/ Ursula Burns
Director
February 27, 2025
Ursula Burns
/s/ Stephen Evans
Director
February 27, 2025
Stephen Evans
/s/ Jacqueline Reses
Director
February 27, 2025
Jacqueline Reses
/s/ Fawn Weaver
Director
February 27, 2025
Fawn Weaver
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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 34 )
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the Years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company" or “EGH”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, redeemable interests and shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, based on our audits and the report of KPMG LLP, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 27, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit and the report of KPMG LLP.
With the exception of goodwill, which we have audited, we did not audit the 2024 financial statements of TKO Group Holdings, Inc., a subsidiary of the Company, which financial statements reflect total assets, excluding goodwill audited by us, constituting 24% of consolidated total assets as of December 31, 2024, and total revenues constituting 39% of consolidated total revenue for the year then ended. The financial statements of TKO Group Holdings, Inc. were audited by KPMG LLP, whose report has been furnished to us, and our opinion, insofar as it relates to the amounts included for TKO Group Holdings, Inc., exclusive of goodwill audited by us, is based solely on the report of KPMG LLP.
Going Concern
The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has not secured additional liquidity to repay, or extended the maturity of or refinanced, the outstanding borrowings on its First Lien Term Loan that is scheduled to mature on May 18, 2025, which raises substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits and the report of KPMG LLP provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Revenue Recognition – Refer to Notes 2 and 18 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company enters into many arrangements that require the Company to determine whether it is acting as a principal or an agent. This determination involves judgment and requires evaluation as to whether the Company controls the goods or services before they are transferred to the customer. The Company considers if it is primarily responsible for fulfillment and acceptability of the goods or services, if it has the inventory risk before or after the transfer to the customer, and if the Company has discretion in establishing prices.
We have identified revenue recognition for certain customer arrangements involving experience packages sold by third-parties as a critical audit matter because of the significant audit effort necessary to evaluate the Company’s principal versus agent conclusions. This required a higher degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort in auditing the accounting for these arrangements.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the revenue recognition for certain customer arrangements involving experience packages sold by third-parties included the following, among others:
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We tested the effectiveness of controls over revenue, including management’s controls over revenue recognition for these customer arrangements.
We evaluated the Company’s revenue recognition policy for arrangements with principal versus agent considerations.
We obtained and read the underlying contracts and other source documents that were part of the arrangement.
With the assistance of professionals in our firm having expertise in accounting for revenue, we evaluated management’s conclusion regarding principal versus agent considerations.
We tested management’s application of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, including the identification of the performance obligation(s) within the customer contract, the allocation of transaction price to each distinct performance obligation, management’s assessment of whether to recognize revenue at a point in time or over time for the identified performance obligations in each contract and the determination of presentation as principal or agent.
We tested the mathematical accuracy of management’s calculations of revenue and the associated timing of revenue recognition in the financial statements.
Liquidity and Going Concern – Refer to Notes 1 and 11 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had an aggregate of $5.7 billion outstanding indebtedness, of which $2.2 billion was funded by a First Lien Term Loan under the 2014 Credit Facilities agreement that is scheduled to mature on May 18, 2025. Absent the Company’s ability to secure additional liquidity, extend the maturity of or refinance the First Lien Term Loan, the Company’s operations may be adversely impacted in the event the lenders declare an event of default and exercise their rights and remedies under the 2014 Credit Facilities agreement, which may include a foreclosure on certain secured assets. While the Company has had a history of being able to secure additional liquidity or refinance its outstanding indebtedness, the feasibility of some of its plans is contingent upon factors outside of the Company's control, and as such, this uncertainty raises substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern.
We identified the evaluation of the Company's ability to continue as a going concern and related disclosures as a critical audit matter. This matter required a high degree of auditor judgment and increased effort when performing audit procedures to evaluate the adequacy of the financial statement disclosures related to the going concern assessment.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the Company's analysis of its ability to continue as a going concern and related disclosures in accordance with ASC 205-40, Going Concern ("ASC 205-40") included the following, among others:
We tested the effectiveness of controls over the Company’s going concern analysis, including controls over the inputs and assumptions used in the analysis.
We obtained the Company's going concern analysis and evaluated whether the analysis and conclusions reached comply with ASC 205-40.
We assessed the accuracy and completeness of the conditions and events that raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.
We obtained the cash flow forecast used by the Company in its going concern analysis and evaluated the reasonableness of the significant inputs to and assumptions made in the preparation of the forecast, relative to the Company's recent operating performance, its forecasting process, and other evidence in our audit.
We obtained and read the agreements related to the Company’s outstanding borrowings, including the 2014 Credit Facilities agreement.
We assessed the Company's anticipated compliance with the covenants required by the Company's outstanding borrowing agreements, including the 2014 Credit Facilities agreement, over the cash flow forecast period.
We evaluated management's plans in the context of other audit evidence obtained during the audit, including assessing the Company's external communications to identify any supporting or contradictory evidence associated with management's plans and the conclusions reached.
We assessed the appropriateness of the Company's going concern disclosures in the financial statements.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
New York, NY
February 27, 2025
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2014.
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ENDEAVOR GROUP HOLDINGS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED B ALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share data)
As of December 31,
ASSETS
Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
Restricted cash
Accounts receivable (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $ 56,171 and $ 58,026 respectively)
Deferred costs
Assets held for sale
Other current assets
Current assets of discontinued operations
Total current assets
Property, buildings and equipment, net
Operating lease right-of-use assets
Intangible assets, net
Goodwill
Investments
Deferred income taxes
Other assets
Long-term assets of discontinued operations
Total assets
LIABILITIES, REDEEMABLE INTERESTS AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable
Accrued liabilities
Current portion of long-term debt
Current portion of operating lease liabilities
Deferred revenue
Deposits received on behalf of clients
Current portion of tax receivable agreement liability
Liabilities held for sale
Other current liabilities
Current liabilities of discontinued operations
Total current liabilities
Long-term debt
Long-term operating lease liabilities
Long-term tax receivable agreement liability
Deferred tax liabilities
Other long-term liabilities
Long-term liabilities of discontinued operations
Total liabilities
Commitments and contingencies (Note 21)
Redeemable non-controlling interests
Shareholders' Equity:
Class A common stock, $ 0.00001 par value; 5,000,000,000 shares authorized; 312,605,680 and 298,698,490 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively
Class B common stock, $ 0.00001 par value; 5,000,000,000 shares authorized;
none issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023
Class C common stock, $ 0.00001 par value; 5,000,000,000 shares authorized;
none issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023
Class X common stock, $ 0.00001 par value; 4,967,940,840 and 4,983,448,411 shares authorized; 155,699,136 and 166,569,908 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively
Class Y common stock, $ 0.00001 par value; 987,806,109 and 989,681,838 shares authorized; 215,927,779 and 225,960,405 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively
Additional paid-in capital
Accumulated deficit
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
Total Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. shareholders' equity
Nonredeemable non-controlling interests
Total shareholders' equity
Total liabilities, redeemable interests and shareholders' equity
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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ENDEAVOR GROUP HOLDINGS, INC.
CONS OLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except share and per share data)
Year Ended December 31,
Revenue
Operating expenses:
Direct operating costs
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Depreciation and amortization
Impairment charges
Total operating expenses
Operating (loss) income from continuing operations
Other (expense) income:
Interest expense, net
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment
Other income, net
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity losses of affiliates
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes
(Loss) income from continuing operations before equity losses of affiliates
Equity losses of affiliates, net of tax
(Loss) income from continuing operations, net of tax
Discontinued operations:
(Loss) income from discontinued operations
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes
(Loss) income from discontinued operations, net of tax
Net (loss) income
Less: Net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests
Net (loss) income attributable to Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc.
(Loss) earnings per share of Class A common stock:
Basic from continuing operations
Basic from discontinued operations
Basic
Diluted from continuing operations
Diluted from discontinued operations
Diluted
Weighted average number of shares used in computing basic and diluted (loss) earnings per share:
Basic
Diluted
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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ENDEAVOR GROUP HOLDINGS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
(In thousands)
Years Ended December 31,
Net (loss) income
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Change in unrealized gains/losses on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized gains on forward foreign exchange contracts
Reclassification of gains to net (loss) income for forward foreign exchange contracts
Unrealized gains on interest rate swaps
Reclassification of (gains) losses to net (loss) income for interest rate swaps
Foreign currency translation adjustments
Reclassification of foreign currency translation loss (gain) to net (loss) income for business divestiture
Total comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax
Less: Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc.
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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ENDEAVOR GROUP HOLDINGS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF REDEEMABLE INTERESTS AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands, except share data)
Year Ended December 31, 2024
Accumulated
Total Shareholders'
Redeemable
Additional
Other
Equity Attributable
Nonredeemable
Total
Non-controlling
Class A Common Stock
Class X Common Stock
Class Y Common Stock
Paid-In
Accumulated
Comprehensive
to Endeavor Group
Non-controlling
Shareholders'
Interests
Shares
Amount
Shares
Amount
Shares
Amount
Capital
Deficit
Loss
Holdings, Inc.
Interests
Equity
Balance at January 1, 2024
Comprehensive income (loss)
Equity-based compensation
Issuance of Class A common stock due to exchanges
Issuance of Class A common stock due to releases of RSUs
Exercise of stock options
Contributions
Distributions
Dividends ($ 0.06 per share)
Accretion of redeemable non- controlling interests
Acquisition of non-controlling interests
Non-controlling interests for sale of businesses
Taxes paid related to net settlement upon vesting of equity awards
Equity reallocation between controlling and non-controlling interests
Equity impact of tax receivable agreement for exchanges of EOC units and Endeavor Manager units, and deferred taxes arising from changes in ownership
Balance at December 31, 2024
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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ENDEAVOR GROUP HOLDINGS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF REDEEMABLE INTERESTS AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands, except share data)
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Accumulated
Total Shareholders'
Redeemable
Additional
Other
Equity Attributable
Nonredeemable
Total
Non-controlling
Class A Common Stock
Class X Common Stock
Class Y Common Stock
Paid-In
Accumulated
Comprehensive
to Endeavor Group
Non-controlling
Shareholders'
Interests
Shares
Amount
Shares
Amount
Shares
Amount
Capital
Deficit
Loss
Holdings, Inc.
Interests
Equity
Balance at January 1, 2023
Comprehensive income
Equity-based compensation
Issuance of Class A common stock due to exchanges
Issuance of Class A common stock due to releases of RSUs
Exercise of stock options
Contributions
Distributions
Dividends ($ 0.06 per share)
Repurchase of Class A common stock, including payment for equity forward contract
Accretion of redeemable non- controlling interests
Issuance of Class A common stock due to an acquisition
Acquisition of non-controlling interests
Effects of acquisition and reorganization due to TKO Transactions
Non-controlling interests for sale of businesses
Equity reallocation between controlling and non-controlling interests
Equity impact of tax receivable agreement for exchanges of EOC units and Endeavor Manager units, and deferred taxes arising from changes in ownership
Balance at December 31, 2023
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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ENDEAVOR GROUP HOLDINGS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF REDEEMABLE INTERESTS AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands, except share data)
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Accumulated
Total Shareholders'
Redeemable
Additional
Other
Equity Attributable
Nonredeemable
Total
Non-controlling
Class A Common Stock
Class X Common Stock
Class Y Common Stock
Paid-In
Accumulated
Comprehensive
to Endeavor Group
Non-controlling
Shareholders'
Interests
Shares
Amount
Shares
Amount
Shares
Amount
Capital
Deficit
Loss
Holdings, Inc.
Interests
Equity
Balance at January 1, 2022
Comprehensive income
Equity-based compensation
Issuance of Class A common stock due to exchanges
Issuance of Class A common stock due to releases of RSUs
Distributions
Accretion of redeemable non- controlling interests
Issuance of Class A common stock due to an acquisition
Establishment and acquisition of non-controlling interests
Non-controlling interests for sale of businesses
Equity reallocation between controlling and non-controlling interests
Tax receivable agreement in connection with exchanges
Balance at December 31, 2022
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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ENDEAVOR GROUP HOLDINGS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEM ENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
Years Ended December 31,
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net (loss) income from continuing operations
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations:
Depreciation and amortization
Amortization and write-off of original issue discount and deferred financing cost
Paid in kind interest
Amortization of content costs
Impairment charges
Net loss (gain) on sale/disposal and impairment of assets
Loss (gain) on held for sale and business divestitures
Equity-based compensation expense
Change in fair value of contingent liabilities
Change in fair value of equity investments with and without readily determinable fair value
Change in fair value of financial instruments
Equity losses from affiliates
Net (benefit from) provision for allowance for doubtful accounts
Net loss (gain) on foreign currency transactions
Distributions from affiliates
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment
Income taxes
Other, net
Changes in operating assets and liabilities - net of acquisitions and divestitures:
(Increase)/decrease in receivables
Decrease/(increase) in other current assets
Increase in other assets
Decrease/(increase) in deferred costs
(Decrease)/increase in deferred revenue
Increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities
Decrease in tax receivable agreement liability
Increase in other liabilities
Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired
Purchases of property and equipment
Proceeds from infrastructure improvement incentives
Proceeds from business divestitures, net of cash sold
Proceeds from sale of assets
Investments in affiliates
Other, net
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities from continuing operations
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from borrowings
Payments on borrowings
Payments under tax receivable agreement
Contributions
Distributions
Repurchase of Class A common stock, including payment of equity forward contract
Dividends
Taxes paid related to net settlement upon vesting of equity awards
Redemption payments related to pre-IPO units
Exercise of stock options
Acquisition of non-controlling interests
Payments of contingent and deferred consideration related to acquisitions
Other, net
Net cash used in financing activities from continuing operations
DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS:
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities
Net cash used in investing activities
Net cash used in financing activities
Net cash flows (used in) provided by discontinued operations
Change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash balances held for sale
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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ENDEAVOR GROUP HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSO LIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND ORGANIZATION
Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc. (the "Company" or "EGH") was incorporated as a Delaware corporation in January 2019. The Company was formed as a holding company for the purpose of completing an initial public offering ("IPO") and other related transactions in order to carry on the business of Endeavor Operating Company, LLC (d.b.a. Endeavor) and its subsidiaries (collectively, "Endeavor" or "EOC"). As the sole managing member of Endeavor Manager, LLC ("Endeavor Manager"), which in turn is the sole managing member of EOC, the Company operates and controls all the business and affairs of Endeavor, and through Endeavor and its subsidiaries, conducts the Company’s business. The Company is a global sports and entertainment company.
Prior to the IPO, Endeavor was owned by WME Holdco, LLC (which is referred to as "Holdco" herein and is principally owned by executive employees of the Company), affiliates of Silver Lake (which are collectively referred to as "Silver Lake" herein), and other investors and executive employees of the Company.
Agreement and Plan of Merger
In April 2024, following the Company's review to evaluate strategic alternatives, the Company entered into the Agreement and Plan of Merger, entered into on April 2, 2024, by and among the Company, Endeavor Manager, EOC, Endeavor Executive Holdco, LLC, Endeavor Executive PIU Holdco, LLC, and Endeavor Executive II Holdco, LLC, Wildcat EGH Holdco, L.P., Wildcat OpCo Holdco, L.P., Wildcat PubCo Merger Sub, Inc., Wildcat Manager Merger Sub, L.L.C., and Wildcat OpCo Merger Sub, L.L.C (the “Merger Agreement”). Pursuant to the Merg er Agreement, affiliates of Silver Lake agreed to acquire 100 % of the outstanding shares of the Company's stock that it does not already own (other than certain equity interests held by certain current directors and executive officers of the Company and any other Rollover Holders (as defined therein) (the "Rollover Interests")). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement and subject to the satisfaction or waiver of certain conditions and on the terms set forth therein, equityholders of EGH, EOC and Endeavor Manager are to receive $ 27.50 in cash per share or unit, as applicable. The Merger Agreement also requires the Company to, in each calendar quarter prior to the closing, declare and pay a dividend in respect of each issued and outstanding share of our Class A common stock at a price equal to $ 0.06 per share. Completion of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreements (the "Merger-Related Transactions") is subject to certain customary closing conditions, including required regulatory approvals. The Merger Agreement also includes certain covenants of the Company, EOC and Endeavor Manager, including with respect to sales of certain specified assets of the Company (other than with respect to TKO Group Holdings, Inc. ("TKO") and the agency representation business of WME), as well as other customary representations, warranties and covenants by the parties to the Merger Agreement. Upon completion, the Company's common stock will no longer be listed on any public market.
Asset dispositions
In October 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with TKO and TKO Operating Company, LLC ("TKO OpCo"), pursuant to which TKO OpCo will acquire PBR, On Location, and certain of the IMG businesses for total consideration of $ 3.25 billion, based on the volume-weighted average sales price of TKO Class A common stock for the twenty-five trading days ending on October 23, 2024 (the "TKO Asset Acquisition"). Upon completion of the TKO Asset Acquisition, the Company will receive approximately 26.1 million common units of TKO OpCo and will subscribe for an equal number of shares of TKO Class B common stock, subject to purchase price adjustments to be settled in cash and equity. The TKO Asset Acquisition is expected to close in the first quarter of 2025, subject to the satisfaction or waiver of certain customary closing conditions, including receipt of required regulatory approvals and the affirmative vote of holders of a majority of the voting power of TKO common stock in favor of adopting the transaction agreement (which has been satisfied by delivery of a written consent by such stockholders). The TKO Asset Acquisition will be accounted for as a common control transaction between the companies. See Note 4 for descriptions of additional asset dispositions.
Going Concern
These financial statements have been prepared on the going concern basis, which assumes that the Company will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business. The continuation of the Company as a going concern is dependent upon the ability of the Company to refinance or repay its long-term debt, and the attainment of profitable operations.
Historically, the Company has relied principally on liquidity generated from operating activities to fund the Company’s day-to-day operations and routine capital expenditures, invest in revenue-generating activities, and service its long-term debt. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had an aggregate of $ 5.7 billion outstanding indebtedness, of which $ 2.2 billion is a term loan scheduled to mature on May 18, 2025 (Note 11). We expect that the term loan then outstanding will be repaid as part of the Merger-Related Transactions or will otherwise be refinanced prior to its maturity. Absent the Company’s ability to secure additional liquidity, extend the maturity of or refinance such term loan, the Company’s operations may be adversely impacted in the event the lenders declare an event of default and exercise their rights and remedies under the first lien credit agreement (Note 11).
As a result of the upcoming maturity of the term loan on May 18, 2025, the Company has evaluated plans over the next twelve months beyond the date the accompanying consolidated financial statements are issued to secure additional liquidity which include, but are not limited to, (i) repayment or refinancing of the term loan as part of the Merger-Related Transactions (ii) reducing discretionary capital and operating expenses (iii) obtaining additional facilities from banks and renewal of existing bank borrowings and (iv) proceeds from asset sales. While the Company has had a history of being able to secure additional liquidity or refinance its outstanding indebtedness, the feasibility of some of these plans is contingent upon factors outside of the control of the Company, and as such, this uncertainty raises substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of these uncertainties. Accordingly, the accompanying consolidated financial statements have
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been prepared on a basis that assumes the Company will continue as a going concern and which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the ordinary course of business.
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") for reporting financial inform ation.
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all wholly-owned subsidiaries and other subsidiaries in which a controlling voting interest is maintained, which is typically present when the Company owns a majority of the voting interest in an entity and the non-controlling interests do not hold any substantive participating rights. In addition, the Company evaluates its relationships with other entities to identify whether they are variable interest entities as defined by Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 810, Consolidation ("ASC 810"), and to assess whether it is the primary beneficiary of such entities. If the determination is made that the Company is the primary beneficiary, then that entity is consolidated. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. Non-controlling interest in subsidiaries are reported as a component of equity or temporary equity in the consolidated balance sheets with disclosure of the net income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) attributable to the Company and the non-controlling interests on the consolidated statements of operations and the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). The equity method of accounting is used for investments in affiliates and joint ventures where the Company has significant influence over operating and financial policies but not control. Investments in which the Company does not have significant influence over operating and financial policies are accounted for either at fair value if the fair value is readily determinable or at cost, less , adjusted for subsequent observable price changes if the fair value is not readily determinable.
Reclassification
Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior periods’ consolidated financial statements in order to conform to the current period presentation, including the recast for discontinued operations (Note 4). These reclassifications did not impact any prior amounts of net income (loss) or cash flows.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying disclosures.
Significant accounting policies that contain subjective management estimates and assumptions include those related to revenue recognition, allowance for doubtful accounts, content cost amortization and impairment, the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities associated with acquisitions, the fair value of a disposal group associated with divestitures, the fair value of the Company’s reporting units and the assessment of goodwill, other intangible assets and long-lived assets for impairment, consolidation, investments, redeemable non-controlling interests, the fair value of equity-based compensation, tax receivable agreement liability, income taxes and contingencies.
Management evaluates these estimates using historical experience and other factors, including the general economic environment and actions it may take in the future. The Company adjusts such estimates when facts and circumstances dictate. However, these estimates may involve significant uncertainties and judgments and cannot be determined with precision. In addition, these estimates are based on management’s best judgment at a point in time and as such, these estimates may ultimately differ from actual results. Changes in estimates resulting from weakness in the economic environment or other factors beyond the Company’s control could be material and would be reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements in future periods.
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Revenue Recognition
The Company’s Owned Sports Properties segment primarily generates revenue via media rights fees, sponsorships, ticket sales, subscriptions, license fees and pay-per-view. The Company’s Events, Experiences & Rights segment primarily generates revenue from media rights sales, production service and studio fees, sponsorships, ticket sales, subscriptions, streaming fees, tuition, profit sharing and commissions. The Company’s Representation segment primarily generates revenue through commissions, packaging fees, marketing and consulting fees, production fees and content licensing fees. The Company’s Sports Data & Technology ("SD&T") segment, which is presented as discontinued operations, primarily generates revenue via streaming and data rights fees, software license fees, and service fees, by providing media, data and technology platforms that offer tailored solutions for sportsbooks as well as proprietary trading and pricing solutions.
In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"), revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the Company’s customers either at a point in time or over time, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. For contracts which have more than one performance obligation, the total transaction price, which includes the estimated amount of variable consideration, is allocated based on observable prices or, if standalone selling prices are not readily observable, based on management’s estimate of each performance obligation’s standalone selling price. The variable consideration contained in the Company’s contracts includes sales or usage-based royalties earned on licensing the Company’s intellectual property and commissions earned on sales or usage-based royalties related to representing its clients, which are recognized in accordance with the sales or usage-based royalty exception under ASC 606. The variability related to these royalties will be resolved in the periods when the licensee generates sales or usage related to the intellectual property license. For the Company’s contracts that do not include licensing of intellectual property, the Company either estimates the variable consideration, subject to the constraint, or is using the variable consideration allocation exception if applicable. The following are the Company’s primary sources of revenue.
Representation
The Company earns commissions on its clients’ earnings from their engagements. As part of the client representation business, the Company represents, supports and advocates for its clients in the sourcing, negotiating, and execution of income generating engagements. The Company’s clients include actors, writers, directors, producers, athletes, models, photographers, musicians and other creative professionals.
The Company’s promise, as well as its performance obligation, under the Company’s representation arrangements is to achieve a successful engagement for its clients, which is fulfilled when its clients perform in accordance with the terms of their respective engagements. Accordingly, the Company recognizes commission revenue when a client achieves a successful engagement, as this is when a client also obtains control of the representation service.
The Company’s clients may receive a fixed fee for their services or receive a combination of a fixed fee and the potential to earn a back-end profit participation. Such back-end profit participation is generally based on the net profitability from the sales or usage of the intellectual property (e.g., an episodic television series or feature film) in which clients have played a role. The commission the Company receives is calculated based upon the fixed commission rate agreed-upon with the client applied to the client’s earnings successfully achieved for each respective engagement. With respect to arrangements involving a client’s back-end profit participation, the client’s back-end profit participation and, in turn, the Company’s commission is directly tied to the sales or usage of the intellectual property involving its client. Commission revenue from a client’s back-end participation is recognized during the period the profit participation is generated in accordance with the sales and usage-based royalty exception for licenses of intellectual property under ASC 606.
The Company earns packaging revenue by playing an integral role in arranging the key creative elements and sale of a program that will be exhibited on broadcast, cable, streaming, video-on-demand or similar platforms. In a package, the Company receives payment directly from the studio for representing the project, and the Company foregoes rights to commission from its represented clients on such project. The Company’s fee in a package typically involves (i) a percentage commission on the initial network license fees for each of the episodes produced in a show that is licensed and broadcast and (ii) a profit participation right equal to a percentage of a contractually defined profitability measure. The commission on the initial network license fee is often subject to a fixed dollar cap per episode. The back-end profit participation is a form of contingent compensation payable out of profits (if any) generated by the packaged program.
The Company’s promise, as well as its performance obligation, under packaging arrangements is the successful execution of the project, which is fulfilled when the studio transfers control of each episode of a packaged program to the network. Accordingly, the Company recognizes its commission on the initial network license fee when its customer achieves a successful execution of the project as this is the point in time the Company’s customer obtains control of its service. Commission revenue from participation in back-end profits is directly tied to the sales or usage of the intellectual property licensed by the Company’s customer. Such back-end profit participation is recognized in the period the profit participation is generated in accordance with the sales and usage-based royalty exception for licenses of intellectual property (based on either statements received or management’s estimate if statements are received on a lag).
Content Development
Revenue from production services and studio fees for the production and licensing of original content, including television properties, documentaries and films, is recognized when the content becomes available for exploitation and has been accepted by the customer. Revenue from production services of live entertainment and sporting events is recognized at the time of the event on a per event basis. Revenue from production services of editorial video content is recognized when the content is delivered to and accepted by the customer and the license period begins. Revenue for license fees that include a royalty is recognized in the period the royalty is generated in accordance with the sales and usage-based royalty exception for licenses of functional intellectual property. Customers for the Company’s production services include broadcast networks, sports federations, independent content producers, and over-the-top streaming service providers among others.
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Revenue from concept development and advisory services to independent production companies is recognized over the period the services are performed.
Content Distribution and Sales
The Company is an independent global distributor of sports programming and possesses relationships with a wide variety of broadcasters and media partners around the world. The Company sells media rights globally on behalf of its clients as well as its owned assets, including Ultimate Fighting Championship ("UFC"), World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. ("WWE") and Professional Bull Riders ("PBR"). For sales of media and broadcast rights for live entertainment and sporting event programming on behalf of clients, the Company has both arrangements in which it is acting as a principal (full rights buy-out model) as well as an agent (commission model).
Full rights buy-out model: For media rights sales in which the Company is acting as a principal, the Company generally will enter into an agreement with the underlying media rights owner to license the media rights prior to negotiating license arrangements with customers, primarily broadcasters and other media distributors. Upon licensing the media rights from the rights owner, the Company obtains control of the rights and has the ability to obtain substantially all the remaining economic benefits of the rights. The Company is also obligated to pay the media rights owner the licensee fee regardless of the Company’s ability to monetize the rights. The Company has discretion in negotiating licensee fees with customers and it retains customer credit risk. The Company recognizes the customer license fees as revenue and the consideration paid to the rights holders for the acquisition of the rights as a direct operating cost. The satisfaction of the performance obligation depends on the number and timing of events delivered and is satisfied when the events take place.
Commission model: For media rights sales in which the Company does not obtain control of the underlying rights, the Company earns a commission equal to a stated percentage of the license fees for the rights distributed. As the Company does not obtain control of the underlying media rights, the Company recognizes the sales commission as revenue. The Company’s performance obligation generally includes distributing the live video feed and revenue is typically recognized on an event basis.
For owned assets, the Company enters into media rights agreements with broadcasters and other distributors for the airing of certain programming rights the Company produces. The Company’s media rights agreements are generally for multiple years, include a specified amount of programming (both number of events and duration) and contain fixed annual rights fees. The programming under these arrangements can include several performance obligations for each contract year such as media rights for live event programming, episodic programming, taped programming archives and sponsorship rights at the underlying events. The Company allocates the transaction price across performance obligations based on management’s estimate of the standalone selling price of each performance obligation. License fees from media rights are recognized when the event or program has been delivered and is available for exploitation. The transaction price for live entertainment and sporting event programming rights is generally based on a fixed license fee. Revenues from the sale of subscriptions to UFC FIGHT PASS and WWE Network are recognized ratably over each paid monthly membership period, as the customer benefits from the stand-ready performance obligation evenly throughout the membership period. Deferred revenues consist of subscription fees billed to members that have not been recognized and gift memberships that have not been redeemed.
Commission revenue from distribution and sales arrangements for television properties, documentaries and films of independent production companies is recognized when the underlying content becomes available for view or telecast and has been accepted by the customer.
Events
The Company earns fees from events that it controls in addition to providing event related services to events controlled by third parties. The Company generates revenue primarily through ticket sales and participation entry fees, hospitality and sponsorship sales, and management fees each of which may represent a distinct performance obligation or may be bundled into an experience package. The Company allocates the transaction price to all performance obligations contained within an arrangement based upon their relative stand-alone selling price.
For controlled events (owned or licensed), revenue is generally recognized for each performance obligation over the course of the event, multiple events, or contract term in accordance with the pattern of delivery for the particular revenue source. Advance ticket sales, participation entry fees, hospitality sales and bundled experience packages are recorded as deferred revenue pending the event date. Sponsorship income is recognized over the term of the associated event, or events, to which the sponsorship is associated. Revenue from merchandise sales and concessions is recognized when the products are delivered which is generally at point of sale during the event. Where third party vendors provide merchandise sales and concessions for owned events and the Company receives a profit participation on such sales, the Company recognizes the profit participation as revenue.
Revenue from pay-per-view programming from owned live sporting events is recorded when the event is aired and is based upon an initial estimate from certain pay-per-view distributors of the number of buys achieved. Pay-per-view programming is distributed through cable, satellite and digital providers to residential and commercial establishments.
The Company’s bundled experience packages may include individual tickets, experiential hospitality, hotel accommodations and transportation. For these experience packages, the Company recognizes revenue at the event date when all of the package components have been delivered to the customer. The Company defers the revenue and cost of revenue on experience packages until the date of the event.
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For services related to third-party controlled events, the Company’s customer is the third-party event owner. The Company earns fixed and/or variable commission revenue for ticket sales, collection of participation entry fees, hospitality sales or sponsorship sales on behalf of an event owner. For these arrangements, the Company recognizes as revenue the stated percentage of commissions due from the event owner (i.e., not the gross ticket sales/earnings from the event itself) as sales are completed, as the Company is acting as an agent of the event owner. The Company also provides event management services to assist third party event owners with producing certain live events, including managing hospitality and sponsorships. The Company earns fixed fees and/or variable profit participation commissions for event management services, and generally recognizes such revenue under the series guidance over the course of the event, multiple events, or contract term in accordance with the pattern of delivery for the service. For event management services, the Company may process payments to third party vendors on behalf of the event owner. The Company accounts for the pass-through of such third-party vendor payments either on a gross or net basis depending on whether the Company obtains control of the third-party vendor’s services.
Marketing
The Company provides marketing and consultancy services to brands with expertise in brand strategy, activation, sponsorships, endorsements, creative development and design, digital and original content, public relations, live events, branded impact and B2B services. Marketing revenue is either recognized over time, based on the number of labor hours incurred, costs incurred or time elapsed based on the Company’s historical practice of transferring similar services to customers, or at a point in time for live event activation engagements. Consulting fees are typically recognized over time, based on the number of labor hours incurred.
Licensing
Licensing revenue is generated from royalties or commissions from sales of licensed merchandise by the licensee. The nature of the licensing arrangements is typically for logos, trade names, trademarks and related forms of symbolic intellectual property to include in merchandise sales. Certain of the licensing agreements contain minimum guaranteed fees that are recoupable during the term of the agreement, and variable royalties after the minimum is recouped. The Company recognizes revenue for the fixed consideration over time based on the terms of the arrangement. Variable revenue is recognized during the period the royalty or commission is generated, following the royalty exception for licenses of symbolic intellectual property, based on either statements received or management’s best estimates if statements are received on a lag.
Endeavor Streaming
Through Endeavor Streaming, the Company offers digital streaming video solutions. The Company’s digital streaming video solutions represent a single performance obligation recognized over time under the series guidance. Revenue is generally recognized upon delivery of the offering to the consumer or over the course of an over-the-top distribution platform subscription agreement term. Revenues from subscription services based on usage, such as data volume, are generally recognized as services are utilized by the customer.
Sports Data & Technology Revenue (presented as discontinued operations)
Technology platforms revenue includes revenue generated by providing gaming operators licenses for comprehensive sports betting technology solutions enabling end-to-end operation of online sports betting. The Company currently license its technology solutions software, which is functional intellectual property, on a term basis of three to five years and offers its technology solutions based on two different approaches to the market: (i) fixed-fee license; and (ii) revenue-share license. For the fixed-fee license, revenue is recognized over the customer development period and for license renewals upon commencement of the renewal license period. For the revenue-share license, revenue is variable in nature, and as such, revenue is recognized in the period the revenue share is generated in accordance with the sales and usage-based royalty exception for licenses of functional intellectual property. Technology platforms revenue mainly includes technology solutions software, development services and support services. Development services and support services are distinct performance obligations and are recognized over time based on the number of development service hours performed or on a straight-line basis, respectively. The Company allocates the transaction price to the performance obligations contained within an arrangement based upon their relative stand-alone selling price. For the revenue-share licenses, the Company allocates the variable revenue to the license performance obligation.
Sports streaming and data revenue includes revenue generated via streaming and data rights fees and by providing information and features that enhance the betting experience. Sports streaming and data revenue is recognized as follows: (i) fixed license fees are recognized when sport matches take place, and (ii) variable fees are recognized in the period the revenue is generated in accordance with the as-invoiced practical expedient.
Performance
Prior to the sale of the Academy, the Company owned performance facilities used to train and educate athletes. Revenue derived from performance operations was primarily related to membership fees and tuition-based fees (including room and board), which were generally received in advance of the academic year and recorded as deferred revenue. Revenue was recognized ratably over the period of the athletes' membership or attendance at a facility, as the services provided were substantially the same throughout the service period.
The Company also provided recruiting and admissions services to high school students and colleges for which the Company earned membership fees. Such fees were either paid upon enrollment or received in monthly installments typically over a 12-month period. Revenue was recognized as services were performed during the term of the contract, which generally ended when a student graduates from high school.
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Principal versus Agent
The Company enters into many arrangements that requires the Company to determine whether it is acting as a principal or an agent. This determination involves judgment and requires evaluation as to whether the Company controls the goods or services before they are transferred to the customer. As part of this analysis, the Company considers if it is primarily responsible for fulfillment and acceptability of the goods or services, if it has the inventory risk before or after the transfer to the customer, and if the Company has discretion in establishing prices.
Direct Operating Costs
Direct operating costs primarily include third-party expenses associated with the production of events and experiences, content production costs, fees for media rights, including required payments related to media sales agency contracts when minimum sales guarantees are not met, venue rental and related costs associated with the staging of live events, compensation costs for athletes and talent, and material and related costs associated with consumer product merchandise sales. Prior to the sale of the Academy, direct operating costs also included the operations of the Company’s training and education facilities.
Selling, General, and Administrative
Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily include personnel costs as well as rent, professional service costs and other overhead required to support the Company’s operations and corporate structure.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include demand deposit accounts and highly liquid money market accounts with original maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash primarily includes cash held in trust on behalf of clients, which has a corresponding liability called deposits received on behalf of clients in the consolidated balance sheets.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. Cash and cash equivalents are maintained with various major banks and other high-quality financial institutions. The Company periodically evaluates the relative credit standings of these banks and financial institutions. The Company’s accounts receivable are typically unsecured and concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable are limited due to the large number of individuals and entities comprising the Company’s client base.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, no single customer accounted for 10 % or more of the Company’s accounts receivable. For the year ended December 31, 2024 , no single customer accounted for 10% of the Company's revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was one customer who accounted for more than 10 % of the Company’s revenue.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are recorded at net realizable value. Accounts receivable are presented net of an allowance for doubtful accounts, which is an estimate of expected losses. In determining the amount of the reserve, the Company makes judgments about the creditworthiness of significant customers based on known delinquent activity or disputes and ongoing credit evaluations in addition to evaluating the historical loss rate on the pool of receivables. Accounts receivable includes unbilled receivables, which are established when revenue is recognized, but due to contractual restraints over the timing of invoicing, the Company does not have the right to invoice the customer by the balance sheet date.
Deferred Costs
Deferred costs principally relate to payments made to event owners and third-party vendors in advance of events taking place, upfront contractual payments and prepayments on media and licensing rights fees and advancements for content production or overhead costs. These costs are recognized when the event takes place or over the respective period of the media and licensing rights. If payments to event owners and third-party vendors are made more than one year in advance of the event, the deferred cost will be classified as other assets in the consolidated balance sheet.
Property, Buildings and Equipment
Property, buildings and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is charged against income over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line method. The estimated useful lives of property, buildings and equipment are as follows:
Buildings
35 - 40 years
Leasehold improvements
Lesser of useful life or lease term
Furniture, fixtures, office and other equipment
2 - 28.5 years
Production equipment
3 - 7 years
Computer hardware and software
2 - 5 years
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Costs of normal repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred.
Leases
The Company determines whether a contract contains a lease at contract inception. The right-of-use asset and lease liability are measured at the present value of the future minimum lease payments, with the right-of-use asset being subject to adjustments such as initial direct costs, prepaid lease payments and lease incentives. Due to the rate implicit in each lease not being readily determinable, the Company uses its incremental collateralized borrowing rate to determine the present value of the lease payments. The lease term includes periods covered by options to extend when it is reasonably certain the Company will exercise such options as well as periods subsequent to an option to terminate the lease if it is reasonably certain the Company will not exercise the termination option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term for our operating leases and for our finance leases, we record interest expense on the lease liability and straight-line amortization of the right-of-use asset over the lease term. Variable lease costs are recognized as incurred. Operating lease assets are included on our consolidated balance sheets in non-current assets as an operating right-of-use asset and finance lease assets are included in non-current assets as other assets. Operating lease liabilities are included on our consolidated balance sheets in long-term liabilities for the portion that is due on a long-term basis and in current liabilities for the portion that is due within 12 months of the financial statement date. Finance lease liabilities are included in other long-term liabilities for the portion that is due on a long-term basis and in other current liabilities for the portion that is due within 12 months of the financial statement date.
Business Combinations
The Company accounts for acquisitions in which it obtains control of one or more businesses as a business combination. The purchase price of the acquired businesses, including management’s estimation of the fair value of any contingent consideration, is allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over those fair values is recognized as goodwill. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments, in the period in which they are determined, to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.
Goodwill
Goodwill is tested annually as of October 1 for impairment and at any time upon the occurrence of certain events or substantive changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of goodwill may not be recoverable. The Company has the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine if an impairment is "more likely than not" to have occurred. If the Company can support the conclusion that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount under the qualitative assessment, the Company would not need to perform the quantitative impairment test for that reporting unit. If the Company cannot support such a conclusion or the Company does not elect to perform the qualitative assessment, then the Company must perform the quantitative impairment test. When the Company performs a quantitative test, it records the amount of goodwill impairment, if any, as the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. Charges resulting from an impairment test are recorded in impairment charges in the consolidated statements of operations.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets consist primarily of trade names and customer and client relationships. Intangible assets with finite lives are recorded at their estimated fair value at the date of acquisition and are amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. The estimated useful lives of finite-lived intangible assets are as follows:
Trade names
2 - 25 years
Customers and client relationships
2 - 22 years
Internally developed technology
2 - 9 years
Other
2 - 8 years
For intangible assets that are amortized, the Company evaluates assets for recoverability when there is an indication of potential impairment or when the useful lives are no longer appropriate. If the undiscounted cash flows from a group of assets being evaluated is less than the carrying value of that group of assets, the fair value of the asset group is determined and the carrying value of the asset group is written down to fair value and an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between the fair value and carrying value, which is recorded in impairment charges in the consolidated statements of operations.
Identifiable indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested annually for impairment as of October 1 and at any time upon the occurrence of certain events or substantive changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of an indefinite-lived intangible may not be recoverable. The Company has the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine if an impairment is "more likely than not" to have occurred. In the qualitative assessment, the Company must evaluate the totality of qualitative factors, including any recent fair value measurements, that impact whether an indefinite-lived intangible asset has a carrying amount that "more likely than not" exceeds its fair value. The Company must then conduct a quantitative analysis if the Company (1) determines that such an impairment is "more likely than not" to exist, or (2) forgoes the qualitative assessment entirely. The impairment test for identifiable indefinite-lived intangible assets consists of a comparison of the estimated fair value of the intangible asset with its carrying value. If the carrying value of the intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess and is recorded in impairment charges in the consolidated statements of operations.
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Investments
For equity method investments, the Company periodically reviews the carrying value of its investments to determine if there has been an other-than-temporary decline in fair value below carrying value. For equity investments without readily determinable fair value, the Company performs a qualitative assessment at each reporting period. A variety of factors are considered when determining if an impairment exists, including, among others, the financial condition and business prospects of the investee, as well as the Company’s investment intent.
Content Costs
The Company incurs costs to produce and distribute film and television content, which are monetized on a title-by-title basis. These costs include development costs, direct costs of production as well as allocations of overhead and capitalized interest, where applicable. The Company capitalizes these costs and includes them in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. Content costs are amortized over the estimated period of ultimate revenue subject to an individual-film-forecast model. The Company’s estimates of ultimate revenue are based on industry and Company specific trends as well as the historical performance of similar content. These estimates are reviewed at the end of each reporting period and adjustments, if any, will result in changes to amortization rates. Participations and residuals are expensed in line with the amortization of production costs.
Such amortization is recorded in direct operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Unamortized content costs are also tested for impairment whenever there is an impairment indication, as a result of certain triggering events or changes in circumstances, that the fair value of the individual film and television content may be less than its unamortized costs. The impairment test compares the estimated fair value of the individual film and television content to the carrying value of the unamortized content costs. Where the unamortized content costs exceed the fair value, the excess is recorded as an impairment charge in the consolidated statements of operations.
Content Production Incentives
As there is no authoritative guidance under U.S. GAAP on accounting for government assistance to for profit business entities, the Company accounts for content production incentives by analogy to International Accounting Standard ("IAS") 20, Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance.
The Company has access to various governmental programs primarily related to WWE that are designed to promote content production within the United States and certain international jurisdictions. Tax incentives earned with respect to expenditures on qualifying film production activities are included as an offset to other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Tax incentives earned with respect to expenditures on qualifying capital projects are included as an offset to property, buildings and equipment, net in the consolidated balance sheets. Tax incentives earned with respect to expenditures on qualifying television and other production activities are recorded as an offset to production expenses within direct operating costs within the consolidated statements of operations. The Company recognizes these benefits when we have reasonable assurance regarding the realizable amount of the tax credits. The realizable amount is recorded within accounts receivable, net in the consolidated balance sheets until the Company receives the funds from the respective governmental jurisdiction.
Debt Issuance Costs
Costs incurred in connection with the issuance of the Company’s long-term debt have been recorded as a direct reduction against the debt and amortized over the life of the associated debt as a component of interest expense using the effective interest method. Costs incurred with the issuance of the Company’s revolving credit facilities have been deferred and amortized over the term of the facilities as a component of interest expense using the straight-line method. These deferred costs are included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company accounts for certain assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value measurements are categorized within a fair value hierarchy, which is comprised of three categories. Categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
The carrying values reported in the consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and deposits received on behalf of clients approximate fair value because of the immediate or short-term maturities of these financial instruments.
The Company’s assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include investments, long-lived assets, indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill. These assets are not measured and adjusted to fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to periodic evaluations for potential impairment (Note 7 and Note 8 ). The resulting fair value measurements of the assets are considered to be Level 3 measurements.
Non-controlling Interests
Non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries represent the component of equity in consolidated subsidiaries held by third parties. Any change in ownership of a subsidiary while the controlling financial interest is retained is accounted for as an equity transaction between the controlling and non-controlling interests. In addition, when a subsidiary is deconsolidated, any retained non-controlling equity investment in the former subsidiary will be initially measured at fair value and the difference between the carrying value and fair value of the retained interest will be recorded as a gain or loss.
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Non-controlling interests with redemption features, such as put options, that are not solely within the Company’s control are considered redeemable non-controlling interests. Redeemable non-controlling interests are considered to be temporary equity and are reported in the mezzanine section between total liabilities and shareholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets. Redeemable non-controlling interests are recorded at the greater of carrying value, which is adjusted for the non-controlling interests’ share of net income or loss, or estimated redemption value at each reporting period. If the carrying value, after the income or loss attribution, is below the estimated redemption value at each reporting period, the Company remeasures the redeemable non-controlling interests to its redemption value.
Equity-Based Compensation
Equity-based compensation is accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 718-10, Compensation-Stock Compensation. The Company records compensation costs related to its incentive awards. Equity-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award. Compensation cost for time-based awards is recognized ratably over the applicable vesting period. Compensation cost for performance-based awards with a performance condition is reassessed each period and recognized based upon the probability that the performance conditions will be achieved. The performance-based awards with a performance condition are expensed when the achievement of performance conditions are probable. The total expense recognized over the vesting period will only be for those awards that ultimately vest. Compensation cost for performance-based awards with a market condition is recognized regardless of the number of units that vest based on the market condition and is recognized on straight-line basis over the estimated service period, with each tranche separately measured. Compensation expense is not reversed even if the market condition is not satisfied. See Note 15 for further discussion of the Company’s equity-based compensation.
Earnings per Share
Earnings per share ("EPS") is computed in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings per Share. Basic EPS is computed by dividing the net income available to our Class A Common Stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing the net income available for common stockholders by the diluted weighted average shares outstanding for that period. Diluted EPS includes the determinants of basic EPS and, in addition, reflects the dilutive effect of additional shares of Class A Common Stock issuable in exchange for redemption of certain redeemable non-controlling interests and vested units of Endeavor Manager and EOC, as well as under the Company’s share based compensation plans (if dilutive), with adjustments to net income available for common stockholders for dilutive potential common shares.
The Company may be required to calculate basic EPS using the two-class method as a result of our redeemable non-controlling interests. To the extent that the redemption value increases and exceeds the then-current fair value of a redeemable non-controlling interest, net income available to common stockholders (used to calculate EPS) could be negatively impacted by that increase, subject to certain limitations. The partial or full recovery of any reductions to net income available to common stockholders (used to calculate EPS) is limited to any cumulative prior- period reductions. There was no impact to EPS for such adjustments related to our redeemable non-controlling interests.
Income Taxes
The Company was incorporated as a Delaware corporation in January 2019. It was formed as a holding company for the purpose of completing an IPO and other related transactions. As the sole managing member of Endeavor Manager, which is the sole managing member of EOC, EGH operates and controls all the business and affairs of EOC, and through EOC and its subsidiaries, conducts the Company’s business. EGH is subject to corporate income tax on its share of taxable income or loss of EOC derived through Endeavor Manager. EOC is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and is therefore not subject to U.S. corporate income tax. The Company’s U.S. and foreign corporate subsidiaries are subject to entity-level taxes. The Company also is subject to entity- level income taxes in certain U.S. state and local jurisdictions. In addition, TKO, which is a consolidated subsidiary of EGH, is subject to corporate income tax.
The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes ("ASC 740"). Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Significant factors considered by the Company in estimating the probability of the realization of deferred tax assets include expectations of future earnings and taxable income, as well as the application of tax laws in the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. A valuation allowance is provided when the Company determines that it is "more likely than not" that a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.
ASC 740 prescribes a minimum probability threshold that a tax position must meet before a financial statement benefit is recognized. The minimum threshold is defined as a tax position that is "more likely than not" to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit to be recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 % likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. To the extent the Company prevails in matters for which a liability for an unrecognized tax benefit is established or is required to pay amounts in excess of the liability, the Company’s effective tax rate in a given financial statement period may be affected.
The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits on the income tax expense line in the consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest and penalties are included in the related tax liability line in the consolidated balance sheets.
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Tax Receivable Agreement Liability
Generally, we are required under the tax receivable agreement ("TRA") to make payments to the TRA Holders that are generally equal to 85 % of the applicable cash tax savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax or franchise tax that we realize or are deemed to realize (determined by using certain assumptions) as a result of favorable tax attributes that will be available to us as a result of certain transactions contemplated in connection with our IPO, exchanges of EOC Units for Class A common stock or cash and payments made under the TRA. The timing and amounts payable under the TRA will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the amount, character and timing of the taxable income of EGH in the future and the tax rates in effect. The Company recognizes obligations under the TRA after concluding that it is probable that the Company would have sufficient future taxable income to utilize the related tax benefits. The projection of future taxable income involves judgment and actual taxable income may differ from the Company’s estimates, which could impact the timing of payments under the TRA.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
Derivative financial instruments are used by the Company in the management of its foreign currency exposures and interest rate risks. The Company’s policy is not to use derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
The Company enters into forward foreign exchange contracts to hedge its foreign currency exposure on future production expenses denominated in various foreign currencies as well as to economically hedge certain of its foreign currency risks. In addition, the Company enters into interest rate swaps to hedge certain of its interest rate risks. The Company evaluates whether its derivative financial instruments qualify for hedge accounting at the inception of the contract. The fair value of the derivative financial instrument is recorded in the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of the derivative financial instruments that are designated for hedge accounting are reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a separate component of shareholders’ equity, and changes in the fair value of the derivative financial instruments that are not designated for hedge accounting are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. Gains and losses reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for production expenses are amortized to the consolidated statements of operations on the same basis as the production expenses being hedged and for interest rate swaps are recognized in interest expense on settlement.
Foreign Currency
The Company has operations outside of the United States. Therefore, changes in the value of foreign currencies affect the consolidated financial statements when translated into U.S. Dollars. The functional currency for substantially all subsidiaries outside the U.S. is the local currency. Financial statements for these subsidiaries are translated into U.S. Dollars at period end exchange rates for assets and liabilities and monthly average exchange rates for revenue, expenses and cash flows. For these countries, currency translation adjustments are recognized in shareholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), whereas transaction gains and losses are recognized in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company recognized $ 5.7 million, $( 16.0 ) million and $ 26.1 million of realized and unrealized foreign currency transaction losses (gains) for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 , respectively.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2022, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") 2022-03, Fair Value Measurements (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions. This ASU clarifies the guidance in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of that security. The amendments in this update were effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2024 with no material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-01, Leases (Topic 842): Common Control Arrangements. This ASU amends certain provisions in Topic 842, Leases, that apply to arrangements between related parties under common control. The amendments in this update were effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2024 with no material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-02, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force). This ASU allows a reporting entity to elect to account for its tax equity investments by using the proportional amortization method regardless of the program from which it receives income tax credits, provided certain conditions are met. The amendments in this update were effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2024 with no material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in this update were effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted this guidance for the year ended December 31, 2024 with the comparative periods updated to reflect additional disclosures. See Note 19 for further detail.
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Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-05, Business Combinations – Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60): Recognition and Initial Measurement. This ASU addresses the accounting for contributions made to a joint venture, upon formation, in a joint venture’s separate financial statements. The amendments in this update are effective to all joint venture formations with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.
In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative. This ASU amends the disclosure or presentation requirements related to various subtopics in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. The effective dates of this ASU depend on the specific codification subtopic and the date on which the SEC’s removal of that related disclosure requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective. Early adoption is prohibited. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-08, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Crypto Assets (Subtopic 350-60): Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets. This ASU requires that crypto assets be measured at fair value in the statement of financial position each reporting period with changes from remeasurement recognized in net income. The amendments also require that an entity provide enhanced disclosures for both annual and interim reporting periods. The amendments in this update are effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption will not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU requires that an entity annually disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (if the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than 5 percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income or loss by the applicable statutory income tax rate). The amendments in this update are effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.
In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-01, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718). This ASU illustrates how to apply the scope guidance to determine whether a profits interest award should be accounted for as a share-based payment arrange under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 718 or another accounting standard. The amendments in this update are effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.
In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02 Codification Improvements – Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements. This ASU amends the ASC by removing references to various FASB Concepts Statements to simplify the ASC and draw a distinction between authoritative and non-authoritative literature. The amendments in this update apply to all reporting entities within the scope of the affected accounting guidance and are effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. This ASU improves the disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses and addresses requests from investors for more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The amendments in this update are effective for public entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-04, Debt — Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) — Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments. This ASU clarifies the requirements related to accounting for the settlement of a debt instrument as an induced conversion. The amendments in this update are effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is in the process of assessing the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.
DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS AND HELD FOR SALE
As contemplated in the Merger Agreement with Silver Lake, which was executed in April 2024, the Company initiated a process to sell certain businesses of the Company.
Discontinued Operations
During the second quarter of 2024, the Company began to actively market its SD&T segment. The SD&T segment includes OpenBet, which specializes in betting engine products, services and technology, processing billions of bets annually, as well as trading, pricing and risk management tools; player account and wallet solutions; innovative front-end user experiences and user interfaces; and content offerings, such as BetBuilder, DonBest pricing feeds and a sports content aggregation platform. As part of OpenBet, IMG ARENA delivers live streaming and data feeds for more than 65,000 sports events annually to sportsbooks, rightsholders and media partners around the globe. This data also powers IMG ARENA's portfolio of on-demand virtual sports products and front-end solutions, including the UFC Event Centre.
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I n November 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with WME IMG, OB Global Holdings LLC, an entity affiliated with Ariel Emanuel, our Chief Executive Officer, and certain members of OpenBet management, pursuant to which OB Global Holdings LLC will acquire OpenBet and IMG ARENA for total consideration of approximately $ 450.0 million (the "OpenBet Acquisition"), subject to certain adjustments, consisting of (i) a $ 100.0 million cash payment, subject to specified adjustments as set forth in the agreement, and (ii) an unsecured promissory note with a make-whole value of approximately $ 350.0 million upon the occurrence of certain events, including a voluntary prepayment or a change of control of OB Global Holdings LLC.
The Company determined the SD&T segment continued to meet the definition of a discontinued operation as of December 31, 2024; and as such, the Company has recast its financial statements to present the SD&T segment as discontinued operations for all periods.
The following table presents the aggregate carrying amounts of major classes of assets and liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets related to the SD&T segment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):
December 31,
December 31,
Assets of discontinued operations:
Accounts receivable
Deferred costs
Other current assets
Current assets of discontinued operations
Property and equipment, net
Operating lease right-of-use assets
Intangible assets, net
Goodwill
Investments (1)
Deferred income taxes
Other assets
Valuation allowance
Long-term assets of discontinued operations
Total assets of discontinued operations
Liabilities of discontinued operations:
Accounts payable
Accrued liabilities
Current portion of operating lease liabilities
Deferred revenue
Other current liabilities
Current liabilities of discontinued operations
Long-term operating lease liabilities
Deferred tax liabilities
Other long-term liabilities
Long-term liabilities of discontinued operations
Total liabilities of discontinued operations
(1) During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company committed to funding $ 10.0 million for an investment.
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The following table presents the statements of operations for the discontinued operations of the SD&T segment for the three years ended December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
Year ended December 31,
Revenue
Operating expenses:
Direct operating costs
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Depreciation and amortization
Impairment charges (1)
Total operating expenses
Operating (loss) income
Other (expense) income:
Interest income, net
Other (expense) income, net (2)
(Loss) income from discontinued operations before income taxes and equity losses of affiliates
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes
(Loss) income from discontinued operations before equity losses of affiliates
Equity losses of affiliates, net of tax
(Loss) income from discontinued operations, net of tax
(Loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests
(Loss) income from discontinued operations attributable to Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc.
(1) During the year ended December 2024, the Company performed impairment reviews of the SD&T reporting unit due to triggering events. As a result, the Company recorded non-cash impairment charge s of $ 205.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 for goodwill driven by lower streaming and data rights projections combined with the transaction method calculation.
(2) The Company recorded a $ 525.9 million loss to write-down th e SD&T segment's carrying value to its estimated fair value less costs to sell in the year ended December 31, 2024, respectively.
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Held For Sale
In October 2024, the Company commenced a review and potential sale of certain assets primarily within its events portfolio, including but not limited to the Miami Open and the Madrid Open tennis tournaments, and art platform, Frieze. As a result, such assets and liabilities are reflected as held for sale in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024. These businesses and others held for sale are included the Company's Events, Experiences & Rights and Representation segments.
The major classes of assets and liabilities held for sale, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):
December 31,
Accounts receivable
Deferred costs
Other current assets
Property and equipment
Operating lease right-of-use assets
Intangible assets, net
Goodwill
Deferred income taxes
Other assets
Total assets held for sale
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
Current portion of operating lease liabilities
Deferred revenue
Deposits received on behalf of clients
Other current liabilities
Long-term operating lease liabilities
Deferred tax liabilities
Other long-term liabilities
Total liabilities held for sale
ACQUISITIONS AND DIVESTITURES
2024 ACQUISITION
In October 2024, the Company completed an acquisition for a total purchase price of $ 94.3 million, which was comprised of $ 45.9 million of cash, $ 45.8 million of contingent consideration, and $ 2.6 million of deferred consideration. The Company recorded $ 46.0 million of goodwill and $ 36.0 million of intangible assets, which have useful lives ranging from 7 to 9 years. The goodwill was assigned to the Company's Representation segment and is not deductible for tax purposes.
2023 ACQUISITIONS
World Wrestling Entertainment
On September 12, 2023, the Company completed the transactions involving the business combination of WWE, which is a media and entertainment company, and TKO OpCo, which owns and operates the UFC (the "TKO Transactions"). As part of the TKO Transactions, among other things, a new, publicly listed company, TKO, was formed. Upon closing of the TKO Transactions, Endeavor holds a controlling interest in TKO, which became a consolidated subsidiary of the Company.
As a result of the TKO Transactions and at the time of closing, (A) EGH and/or its subsidiaries received (1) a 51.0 % controlling non-economic voting interest in TKO on a fully-diluted basis and (2) a 51.0 % economic interest on a fully-diluted basis in the operating subsidiary, TKO OpCo, which owns all of the assets of the UFC and WWE businesses after the closing of the TKO Transactions, and (B) the stockholders of WWE received (1) a 49.0 % voting interest in TKO on a fully-diluted basis and (2) a 100 % economic interest in TKO, which in turn holds a 49.0 % economic interest in TKO OpCo on a fully-diluted basis.
WWE is an integrated media and entertainment company that has been involved in the sports entertainment business for four decades . WWE is principally engaged in the production and distribution of unique and creative content through various channels, including content rights agreements for its flagship programs, Raw, SmackDown and NXT, premium live event programming, monetization across social media outlets, live events, and licensing of various WWE themed products.
The purchase price was $ 8.4 billion, which consisted of 83,161,123 shares of TKO Class A common stock valued at $ 8.0 billion, cash consideration of $ 321.0 million and replacement awards valued at $ 49.3 million. The cash consideration was paid after closing in September in the form of a dividend. The replacement awards consisted of the WWE restricted stock units and performance stock units outstanding
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immediately prior to the closing of the TKO Transactions that converted into awards of TKO restricted stock units and performance stock units, respectively, on the same terms and conditions as were applicable immediately prior to the closing of the TKO Transactions. The portion of the fair-value-based measure of the replacement awards that was attributable to pre-combination vesting was purchase consideration.
The Company incurred $ 88.8 million in transaction related costs, including transaction bonuses, in connection with this acquisition. The costs were expensed as incurred and included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations.
The goodwill for the WWE business combination was assigned to the Company's Owned Sports Properties segment. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. The weighted average life of finite-lived intangible assets acquired as part of the WWE business combination is 20.3 years.
Allocation of Purchase Price
The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination and the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the business combination are as follows (in thousands):
WWE
Cash and cash equivalents
Accounts receivable
Other current assets
Property, buildings and equipment
Right of use assets
Investments
Other assets
Intangible assets:
Trade names
Customer relationships
Internally developed technology
Other
Goodwill
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
Operating lease liability
Deferred revenue
Deferred tax liabilities
Debt
Other long-term liabilities
Net assets acquired
At acquisition date, WWE had finance lease right of use assets of $ 257.4 million and finance lease long term liabilities of $ 255.9 million, which are included in other assets and other long-term liabilities, respectively, in the above table.
Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information
The following unaudited pro forma financial information presents the Company’s financial results as if the WWE acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2022 (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Pro forma revenue
Pro forma net income (loss)
The pro forma information includes the historical results of WWE prior to the TKO Transactions and adjustments directly attributable to the business combination. Pro forma adjustments are primarily related to the nonrecurring transaction costs incurred in connection with the TKO Transactions, incremental intangible asset amortization to be incurred based on the fair values and useful lives of each intangible asset, incremental compensation expense for two key executives, including salaries, bonuses and TKO equity awards granted, and incremental equity-based compensation related to the WWE replacement awards.
Other 2023 Acquisitions
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company completed ten other acquisitions, of which two were included as discontinued operations (Note 4).
The total purchase price of other acquisitions for continuing operations was $ 72.8 million, which included cash of $ 64.2 million, contingent consideration with a fair value of $ 7.6 million, and deferred purchase price of $ 1.0 million. The Company recorded $ 39.7 million of goodwill and $ 36.4 million of intangible assets, of which the weighted average useful life ranges from 3.0 to 9.0 years. The goodwill was assigned to the Company's Events, Experiences & Rights and Representation segments and is partially deductible for tax purposes.
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The total purchase price of other acquisitions for discontinued operations was $ 32.2 million, which included cash of $ 24.8 million, deferred purchase price of $ 6.6 million, and the issuance of EGH Class A common stock valued at $ 0.8 million. The Company recorded $ 16.6 million of goodwill and $ 21.3 million of intangible assets, of which the weighted average useful life ranges from 7.5 to 10.8 years. The goodwill was assigned to the Company's Sports Data & Technology segment, which is presented as discontinued operations, and is partially deductible for tax purposes.
2023 DIVESTITURE
In the second quarter of 2023, the Company closed the sale of its IMG Academy business ("Academy"), which was an academic and sports training institute and provided recruiting and admissions services to high school student athletes and college athletic departments and admissions officers. The Company received cash proceeds of $ 1.1 billion and divested $ 38.6 million of cash and restricted cash. The Company recorded a net gain of $ 737.0 million, inclusive of $ 5.5 million of transaction costs, which were contingent on the sale closing, in other income, net during the year ended December 31, 2023. The Academy was included in the Company's Events, Experiences & Rights segment prior to the sale.
2022 ACQUISITIONS
Diamond Baseball Holdings, Madrid Open, Barrett-Jackson, and OpenBet
In January 2022, the Company acquired four additional Professional Development League clubs (the "PDL Clubs"), which were being operated under the Diamond Baseball Holdings ("DBH") umbrella. DBH supported the PDL Clubs' commercial activities, content strategy and media rights. For these four additional PDL Clubs, the Company paid $ 64.2 million in cash. In September 2022, the Company sold the PDL Clubs.
In April 2022, the Company acquired the Mutua Madrid Open tennis tournament and additional assets ("Madrid Open"), including the Acciona Open de España golf tournament, from Super Slam Ltd and its affiliates . The Company paid $ 386.1 million for consideration and transfer fees at closing, an additional $ 31.8 million of consideration is payable within two years of closing, of which half was paid in the second quarter of 2023 and the other half was paid in the second quarter of 2024, and $ 0.6 million of contingent consideration is payable within three years of closing. The Madrid Open has been included in held for sale as of December 31, 2024 (Note 4).
In August 2022, the Company acquired 55 % of Barrett-Jackson Holdings, LLC ("Barrett-Jackson"), which is engaged in the business of collector car auctions and sales as well as other collector car related events and experiences, in exchange for consideration having an aggregate value of $ 256.9 million. The aggregate consideration consisted of $ 244.4 million of cash and 563,935 newly-issued shares of the Company's Class A common stock valued at $ 12.5 million.
In September 2022, the Company acquired the OpenBet business ("OpenBet") of Light & Wonder, Inc. (formerly known as Scientific Games Corporation) ("Light & Wonder"). OpenBet consists of companies that provide products and services to sports betting operators for the purposes of sports wagering. The Company paid consideration to Light & Wonder of $ 843.8 million, consisting of $ 797.1 million of cash and 2,305,794 newly-issued shares of the Company's Class A common stock valued at $ 46.7 million. OpenBet has been included in discontinued operations (Note 4).
The Company incurred $ 31.6 million in transaction related costs in connection with these acquisitions. The costs were expensed as incurred and included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations.
The goodwill for the PDL Clubs was assigned to the Company's Owned Sports Properties segment and the goodwill for the Madrid Open, Barrett-Jackson, and OpenBet acquisitions was assigned to the Company's Events, Experiences & Rights segment. OpenBet was reclassified to the Company's SD&T segment effective January 1, 2023 and the SD&T segment was subsequently recast as discontinued operations (Note 4). The goodwill is partially deductible for tax purposes. The weighted average life of finite-lived intangible assets acquired for these four PDL Clubs was 18.7 years and the intangibles acquired for Madrid Open are indefinite-lived. The intangibles acquired for Barrett-Jackson and OpenBet include both finite-lived intangibles, which have a weighted average life of 6.2 and 11.6 years, respectively, and indefinite-lived intangibles.
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Allocation of Purchase Price
The acquisitions were accounted for as business combinations and the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the business combinations are as follows (in thousands):
DBH
Madrid Open
Barrett-Jackson
OpenBet
Cash and cash equivalents
Accounts receivable
Deferred costs
Other current assets
Property, buildings and equipment
Right of use assets
Investments
Deferred income taxes
Other assets
Intangible assets:
Trade names
Customer relationships
Internally developed software
Owned events
Other
Goodwill
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
Other current liabilities
Operating lease liability
Deferred revenue
Debt
Other long-term liabilities
Redeemable non-controlling interests
Net assets acquired
Other 2022 Acquisitions
In May 2022, the Company completed an acquisition for a total purchase price of $ 15.6 million in return for a 73.5 % controlling interest. The Company paid $ 4.6 million in cash and issued 396,917 shares of EGH Class A common stock valued at $ 11.0 million. The Company recorded $ 10.8 million of goodwill and $ 3.4 million of intangible assets, of which the weighted average useful life ranges from 4 to 8 years. The goodwill is partially deductible for tax purposes. The goodwill was assigned to the Company's Events, Experiences & Rights segment and reclassified to the Company's SD&T segment effective January 1, 2023. The SD&T segment was subsequently recast as discontinued operations (Note 4). In September 2022, the Company completed another acquisition for a total purchase price of $ 3.9 million including contingent consideration with a fair value of $ 0.9 million. The Company recorded $ 3.0 million of goodwill and $ 0.8 million of intangible assets, of which the weighted average useful life ranges from 9 to 11 years. The goodwill for this acquisition was assigned to the Company's Events, Experiences & Rights segment and is partially deductible for tax purposes.
2022 DIVESTITURES
Endeavor Content
In February 2021, the Company signed a new franchise agreement and side letter (the "Franchise Agreements") directly with the Writer’s Guild of America East and the Writer’s Guild of America West (collectively, the "WGA"). These Franchise Agreements included terms that, among other things, prohibited the Company from (a) negotiating packaging deals after June 30, 2022 and (b) having more than a 20 % non-controlling ownership or other financial interest in, or being owned or affiliated with any individual or entity that has more than a 20 % non-controlling ownership or other financial interest in, any entity or individual engaged in the production or distribution of works written by WGA members under a WGA collective bargaining agreement. The Company sold 80 % of its interest in the restricted Endeavor Content business in January 2022. The Company received cash proceeds of $ 666.3 million and divested $ 16.6 million of cash and restricted cash on the date of sale. The retained 20 % interest of the restricted Endeavor Content business is accounted for as an equity method investment and was valued at $ 196.3 million at the date of sale. The fair value of the retained 20 % interest of the restricted Endeavor Content business was determined using the market approach. The key input assumption was the transaction price paid for the Company's 80 % interest in the restricted Endeavor Content business. T he Company recorded a net gain of $ 463.6 million, inclusive of a $ 121.1 million gain related to the remeasurement of the retained interest in the restricted Endeavor Content business to fair value and $ 15.0 million of transaction costs, in other income, net during the year ended December 31, 2022. The restricted Endeavor Content business was included in the Company's Representation segment prior to the sale.
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Diamond Baseball Holdings
In September 2022, the Company closed the sale of the ten PDL Clubs that operated under the DBH umbrella to Silver Lake, stockholders of the Company, for an aggregate purchase price of $ 280.1 million in cash. The Comp any recorded a net gain of $ 23.3 million in other income, net during the year ended December 31, 2022. The business was included in the Company's Owned Sports Properties segment.
6. SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Property, Buildings and Equipment
Property, buildings and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):
December 31,
Land
Buildings and improvements
Furniture and fixtures
Office, computer, production and other equipment
Computer software
Construction in progress
Less: accumulated depreciation
Total property, buildings and equipment, net
Depreciation of property, buildings and equipment, including amortization of leasehold improvements, was $ 175.4 million, $ 111.5 million and $ 91.7 million during th e years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Accrued Liabilities
The following is a summary of accrued liabilities (in thousands):
December 31,
Accrued operating expenses
Legal settlement (Note 21)
Payroll, bonuses and benefits
Other
Total accrued liabilities
Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
The following table sets forth information about the Company's valuation and qualifying accounts (in thousands):
Balance at
Additions/
Charged
Divestitures /
Balance at
Beginning
to Costs and
Foreign
Assets Held
End of
of Year
Expenses, Net
Deductions
Exchange
for Sale
Year
Allowance for doubtful accounts
Year Ended December 31, 2024
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Deferred tax valuation allowance
Year Ended December 31, 2024
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Year Ended December 31, 2022
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Supplemental Cash Flow
The Company’s supplemental cash flow information is as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
Supplemental information:
Cash paid for interest
Cash payments for income taxes
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Capital expenditures included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities
Contingent consideration provided in connection with acquisitions
Establishment and acquisition of non-controlling interests
Accretion of redeemable non-controlling interests
Investment in affiliates retained from a business divestiture
Deferred consideration in connection with acquisitions
Non-cash contributions from non-controlling interests
Issuance of Class A common stock due to an acquisition
Acquisition of WWE, net of deferred consideration
Items arising from exchanges of EOC units and Endeavor Manager units, and changes in ownership:
Establishment of liabilities under tax receivable agreement
Deferred tax asset
7. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill
The changes in the carrying value of goodwill are as follows (in thousands):
Owned Sports Properties
Events, Experiences & Rights
Representation
Total
Balance — December 31, 2022
Acquisitions
Divestiture
Impairment
Foreign currency translation and other
Balance — December 31, 2023
Acquisitions
Impairment
Assets held for sale
Foreign currency translation and other
Balance — December 31, 2024
(1) Net of accumulated impairment losses of $ 296.6 million and $ 224.4 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
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Intangible Assets
The following table summarizes information relating to the Company’s identifiable intangible assets as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
Weighted Average
Estimated Useful Life
(in years)
Gross
Amount
Accumulated
Amortization
Carrying
Value
Amortized:
Trade names
Customer and client relationships
Internally developed technology
Other
Indefinite-lived:
Trade names
Owned events
Total intangible assets
The following table summarizes information relating to the Company’s identifiable intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
Weighted Average
Estimated Useful Life
(in years)
Gross
Amount
Accumulated
Amortization
Carrying
Value
Amortized:
Trade names
Customer and client relationships
Internally developed technology
Other
Indefinite-lived:
Trade names
Owned events
Total intangible assets
Intangible asset amortization expense was $ 363.7 million, $ 198.7 million and $ 157.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Estimated annual intangible amortization for the next five years and thereafter is as follows (in thousands):
Years Ending
December 31,
Thereafter
Total
Annual Impairment Assessments
During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company completed its annual impairment review of goodwill and intangibles. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded total non-cash impairment charges of $ 72.2 million and $ 31.8 million, respectively, for goodwill, and $ 3.5 million and $ 43.1 million, respectively, for intangible assets driven by either the transaction method calculation or lower projections. These impairments charges were recorded in the Company's Events, Experiences & Rights segment. The Company determines the fair value of each reporting unit based on discounted cash flows using an applicable discount rate for each reporting unit, or indications of fair value based on third party bids. Intangible assets were valued based on a relief from royalty method or an excess earnings method. For the year ended December 31, 2022 , the Company did no t record an impairment charge for such review.
In connection with certain divestitures, t he Company recorded non-cash impairment charges for goodwill of $ 0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was recorded in the Company's Events, Experiences & Rights and Representation segments.
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8. INVESTMENTS
The following is a summary of the Company’s investments (in thousands):
December 31,
Equity method investments (1)
Equity investments without readily determinable fair values
Equity investments with readily determinable fair values
Total investments
(1) The book value o f four equity method investments exceeded the Company’s percentage ownership share of their underlying net assets by $ 17.2 million, $ 27.3 million, $ 13.2 million and $ 9.6 million as of December 31, 2024 and $ 21.5 million, $ 27.7 million, none and $ 10.6 million as of December 31, 2023 . The basis differences, primarily resulting from acquisition purchase price step-ups on the investments, are accounted for as goodwill, which is not tested for impairment separately. Instead, the investments are tested if there are indicators of an other-than-temporary decline in carrying value.
Equity Method Investments
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company held various investments in non-marketable equity instruments of private companies. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s equity method investments are primarily comprised of the restricted Endeavor Content business (now operating un der the name Fifth Season) and Sports News Television Limited. The Company’s ownership of its equity method investments ranges from 5 % to 50 % as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
In January 2022, in connection with the Company's sale of 80 % of the restricted Endeavor Content business, the Company retained 20 % ownership in the restricted Endeavor Content business ("Fifth Season"). As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s ownership interest is approximately 15 % as a result of an investment made in Fifth Season by a third party investor in December 2023. The Company recognized a $ 10.1 million gain as a result of the reduction of its equity interest in Fifth Season during the year ended December 31, 2023. The investment is accounted for as an equity method investment. The Company’s share of the net loss of Fifth Season for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 and period ended December 31, 2022 were $ 12.4 million, $ 21.2 million, and $ 11.2 million, respectively, and was recognized within equity losses of affiliates in the consolidated statements of operations.
In September 2023, Learfield IMG College underwent a recapitalization transaction that resulted in the Company’s ownership interest in Learfield, the recapitalized Learfield IMG College, being reduced from approximately 42 % to approximately 1 %. Subsequent to the recapitalization transaction, the Company accounts for its interest in Learfield as an investment without readily determinable fair value. The Company’s share of the net loss of Learfield IMG College for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were none , and $ 129.7 million, respectively, and was recognized within equity losses of affiliates in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company's share of the results of Learfield IMG College for the year ended December 31, 2022 included a $ 56.1 million charge as a result of its annual goodwill and indefinite lived intangibles asset impairment test, primarily due to continued losses.
During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, other-than-temporary impairment charges were $ 2.9 million , $ 9.9 million, and $ 84.6 million, respectively, for its equity method investments, which were recognized within equity losses of affiliates in the consolidated statements of operations.
Summarized Financial Information
The following is a summary of financial data for investments in affiliates accounted for under the equity method of accounting (in thousands):
Current assets
Non-current assets
Current liabilities
Non-current liabilities
Years Ended December 31,
Revenue
Income (loss) from operations
Net Loss
Equity Investments without Readily Determinable Fair Values
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company holds various investments in non-marketable equity instruments of private companies. During 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company invested $ 9.6 million, $ 63.2 million and $ 29.4 million, respectively, in investments without readily determinable fair value .
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For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 , the Company performed its assessment on its investments without readily determinable fair values and recorded a net increase of $ 2.7 million, $ 0.6 million and $ 13.1 million, respectively, in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations. The net increase for each year was due to observable price changes, which were partially offset by impairments. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, t he Company recorded gains on disposals/sales of $ 3.8 million, $ 1.1 million, and $ 3.3 million, respectively.
9. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
The Company enters into forward foreign exchange contracts to hedge its foreign currency exposures on future production expenses denominated in various foreign currencies (i.e., cash flow hedges). The Company also enters into forward foreign exchange contracts that economically hedge certain of its foreign currency risks, even though hedge accounting does not apply or the Company elects not to apply hedge accounting. In addition, the Company enters into interest rate swaps to hedge certain of its interest rate risks on its debt. The Company monitors its positions with, and the credit quality of, the financial institutions that are party to its financial transactions.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had the following outstanding forward foreign exchange contracts (all outstanding contracts have maturities of less than 12 months from December 31, 2024) (in thousands except for exchange rates):
Foreign Currency
Foreign
Currency
Amount
US Dollar
Amount
Weighted Average
Exchange Rate Per
$1 USD
British Pound Sterling
in exchange for
Euro
in exchange for
Singapore Dollar
in exchange for
Canadian Dollar
in exchange for
United Arab Emirates Dirham
in exchange for
For forward foreign exchange contracts designated as cash flow hedges, the Company recognized a net gain in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) of $ 0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company did no t recognize any gains or losses in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company reclassified gains of $ 0.8 million into net income for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company did no t reclassify any gains or losses into net (loss) income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
For forward foreign exchange contracts not designated as cash flow hedges, the Company recorded net (losses) gains of $( 0.4 ) million, $ 4.5 million and $( 7.2 ) million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These amounts were included in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations.
In certain circumstances, the Company enters into contracts that are settled in currencies other than the functional or local currencies of the contracting parties. Accordingly, these contracts consist of the underlying operational contract and an embedded foreign currency derivative element. Hedge accounting is not applied to the embedded foreign currency derivative element. The Company recorded net gains (losses) of $ 3.2 million, $ 1.7 million and $( 0.4 ) million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations.
In addition, the Company has entered into interest rate swaps for portions of its 2014 Credit Facilities and other variable interest bearing debt and has designated them cash flow hedges. In June 2023, the Company executed amendments to transition the interest rate swaps on its 2014 Credit Facilities from LIBOR to Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") with a new average fixed coupon of approximately 2.05 % for $ 1.5 billion of interest rate swaps and approximately 3.10 % for $ 750 million of interest rate swaps. The $ 1.5 billion of interest rate swaps matured during the quarter ended June 30, 2024 and the $ 750 million of interest rate swaps matured during the quarter ended September 30, 2024 . For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 , the Company recorded net gains of $ 9.7 million, $ 23.2 million and $ 98.6 million, respectively, in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified gains (losses) of $ 36.6 million, $ 59.4 million and $( 5.6 ) million, respectively, into net (loss) income.
10. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
The fair value hierarchy is composed of the following three categories:
Level 1 —Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 —Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 —Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurements.
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The following tables present, for each of the fair value hierarchy levels, the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):
Fair Value Measurements as of
December 31, 2024
Level I
Level II
Level III
Total
Assets:
Investments in equity securities with readily determinable fair values
Forward foreign exchange contracts
Interest rate swaps
Total
Liabilities:
Contingent consideration
Forward foreign exchange contracts
Total
Fair Value Measurements as of
December 31, 2023
Level I
Level II
Level III
Total
Assets:
Investments in equity securities with readily determinable fair values
Forward foreign exchange contracts
Interest rate swaps
Total
Liabilities:
Contingent consideration
Forward foreign exchange contracts
Total
There have been no transfers of assets or liabilities between the fair value measurement classifications during the year ended December 31, 2024.
Investments in Equity Securities with Readily Determinable Fair Values
The estimated fair value of the Company’s equity securities with readily determinable fair values is based on observable inputs in an active market, which is a Level 1 measurement within the fair value hierarchy.
Contingent Consideration
The Company has recorded contingent consideration liabilities in connection with its acquisitions. Contingent consideration is included in current liabilities and other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in fair value are recognized in selling, general and administrative expenses. The estimated fair value of the contingent consideration is based on significant inputs not observable in the market, which represents a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. During 2024, contingent consideration increased primarily from the Company's 2024 acquisition (Note 5).
Forward Foreign Exchange Contracts
The Company classifies its forward foreign exchange contracts within Level 2 as the valuation inputs are based on quoted prices and market observable data of similar instruments (Note 9). As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had $ 1.3 million and $ 1.3 million in other current assets, $ 2.0 million and $ 0.1 million in other assets, $ 2.5 million and $ 2.2 million in other current liabilities, and none and $ 1.2 million in other long-term liabilities, respectively, recorded in the consolidated balance sheets related to the Company’s forward foreign exchange contracts.
Interest Rate Swaps
The Company classifies its interest rate swaps within Level 2 as the valuation inputs are based on quoted prices and market observable data of similar instruments (Note 9). The fair value of the swaps was $ 0.7 million and $ 32.7 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and was included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.
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11. DEBT
The following is a summary of outstanding debt (in thousands):
December 31,
2014 Credit Facilities:
First Lien Term Loan (due May 2025 )
Zuffa Credit Facilities:
Zuffa First Lien Term Loan (due November 2031 )
Other debt ( 3.25 %- 14.50 % Notes due at various dates through 2033 )
Total principal
Unamortized discount
Unamortized issuance costs
Total debt
Less: current portion
Total long-term debt
2014 Credit Facilities
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had $ 2.2 billion and $ 2.2 billion, respectively, outstanding under a credit agreement that was entered into in connection with the 2014 IMG acquisition (the "2014 Credit Facilities"). The 2014 Credit Facilities consist of a first lien secured term loan (the "First Lien Term Loan") and a $ 200.0 million secured revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility"). In May 2024, the Company entered into an amendment to extend the maturity date of the Revolving Credit Facility from November 18, 2024 to April 2, 2025 and increased the borrowing capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility by $ 50.0 million.
Payments under the First Lien Term Loan include 1 % principal amortization that is payable in equal quarterly installments, with any remaining balance payable on the final maturity date of May 18, 2025 . The First Lien Term Loan accrues interest at an annual interest rate of SOFR plus a credit spread adjustment (as defined in the credit agreement) plus 2.75 %, with SOFR floor of 0.00 %. Prior to June 2023, the reference rate was LIBOR.
Amounts under the Revolving Credit Facility are available to be borrowed and re-borrowed until its termination date, which is now April 2, 2025 . The Revolving Credit Facility accrues a commitment fee of 0.25 - 0.50 % per annum on the unused balance. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility accrue interest at a rate equal to SOFR plus 2.00 - 2.50 %, depending on the First Lien Leverage Ratio, with a SOFR floor of 0.00 %. Prior to April 2023, the reference rate was LIBOR. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company borrowed $ 150.0 million and subsequently repaid $ 150.0 million under its Revolving Credit Facility. The Company had no borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 under the Revolving Credit Facility.
In September and Dece mber 2022, and July 2023, the Company repaid $ 250.0 million, $ 200.0 million, and $ 32.0 million, respectively, related to the First Lien Term Loan .
The 2014 Credit Facilities contain a financial covenant that requires the Company to maintain a First Lien Leverage Ratio of Consolidated First Lien Debt to Consolidated EBITDA, as defined in the credit agreement, of no more than 7.5-to-1 . The Company is only required to meet the First Lien Leverage Ratio if the sum of outstanding borrowings on the Revolving Credit Facility plus outstanding letters of credit exceeding $ 50.0 million that are not cash collateralized exceeds thirty-five percent of the total Revolving Commitments as measured on a quarterly basis, as defined in the credit agreement . This covenant did not apply as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 as the Company had no borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility.
The Company had outstanding letters of credit under the 2014 Credit Facilities totaling $ 28.2 million and $ 28.9 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Zuffa Credit Facilities
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has $ 2.8 billion and $ 2.7 billion, respectively, outstanding under a credit agreement that was entered into in connection with the 2016 Zuffa acquisition (as amended the "Zuffa Credit Facilities"). The Zuffa Credit Facilities consist of a first lien secured term loan (the "Zuffa First Lien Term Loan") and a secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $ 205.0 million (collectively, the "Zuffa Revolving Credit Facility"). The Zuffa Credit Facilities are secured by liens on substantially all of the assets of Zuffa, including WWE.
In November 2024, the Company entered into the fifth amendment (the "Fifth Amendment") to the Zuffa Credit Facilities. The Fifth Amendment increased the aggregate principal amount of the Zuffa First Lien Term Loan by $ 44.5 million to $ 2.8 billion, which now matures November 21, 2031. The Fifth Amendment also extended the maturity date of the Zuffa Revolving Credit Facility to November 21, 2029 .
Payments under the Zuffa First Lien Term Loan include 1 % principal amortization that is payable in equal quarterly installments, with any remaining balance payable on the final maturity date, November 21, 2031 . Following the refinancing, the Zuffa First Lien Term Loan accrues interest at an annual interest rate of SOFR plus 2.25 %, with a SOFR floor of 0.00 %.
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Amounts under the amended Zuffa Revolving Credit Facility are available to be borrowed and re-borrowed until its termination date, November 21, 2029. The Zuffa Revolving Credit Facility accrues a commitment fee of 0.25 - 0.50 % per annum on the unused balance. Borrowings under the Zuffa Revolving Credit Facility, as amended, accrue interest at a rate equal to SOFR plus 2.00 - 2.25 %, depending on the First Lien Leverage Ratio (as defined in the credit agreement), with a SOFR floor of 0.00 %. During the year ended December 31, 2024 , the Company borrowed and subsequently fully repaid $ 150.0 million under the Zuffa Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no outstanding borrowings and no outstanding letters of credit und er the Zuffa Revolving Credit Facility.
The Zuffa Credit Facilities contain a financial covenant that requires Zuffa to maintain, commencing with the fiscal quarter ending June 30, 2025, a First Lien Leverage Ratio of Consolidated First Lien Debt to Consolidated EBITDA, as defined in the credit agreement, of no more than 8.25-to-1 . Prior to the Fifth Amendment, Zuffa was required to maintain a First Lien Leverage Ratio of no more than 6.5-to-1 . Pursuant to the Fifth Amendment, Zuffa is only required to meet the First Lien Leverage Ratio if the sum of outstanding borrowings under the Zuffa Revolving Credit Facility is the greater of (i) $ 85.0 million and (ii) forty percent of the borrowing capacity of the Zuffa Revolving Credit Facility (excluding any letters of credit, whether drawn or undrawn). Prior to the Fifth Amendment, this applicable testing condition was thirty-five percent of the borrowing capacity. This covenant did not apply as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 as Zuffa had no borrowings outstanding under the Zuffa Revolving Credit Facility.
Other Debt
Margin Loan
In September 2024, January Capital HoldCo, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of EOC, entered into a new five-year secured credit agreement (as amended, the "Margin Loan Agreement"), which matures on September 13, 2029 . Under the Margin Loan Agreement, the Company may borrow up to $ 2.25 billion in term loans, subject to the borrowing criteria as defined in the agreement. The interest rate on the drawn amount under the Margin Loan Agreement is the 3-month SOFR (as defined therein) plus 3.0 %, payable quarterly. At the Company's election, interest may be paid in cash or in kind by increasing the principal amount of the outstanding borrowings under the Margin Loan Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, $ 3.5 million of interest was paid in kind, increasing the principal amount of the outstanding borrowings. During the year ended December 31, 2024 , the Company borrowed an aggregate of $ 675.1 million under the Margin Loan Agreement. The amount outstanding as of December 31, 2024 was $ 678.6 million.
As security for the Margin Loan Agreement, the Company has granted a first-priority lien to the lenders, pro rata to the amount of their commitments, on 83.1 million common units of TKO OpCo and a corresponding number of shares of TKO Class B common stock (collectively, the "Pledged Securities"). If the Company defaults on its obligations under the Margin Loan Agreement, then the lenders can declare all amounts outstanding under the Margin Loan Agreement, with accrued interest, to be immediately due and payable, and if the Company is unable to pay such amounts, the lenders may foreclose on the Pledged Securities and any other collateral that then secures borrowings under the Margin Loan Agreement.
On Location Revolver
As of December 31, 2024, the Company has an On Location ("OL") revolving credit agreement with $ 42.9 million of borrowing capacity. T he maturity date is the earlier of August 2026 or the date that is 91 days prior to the maturity date of the term loans under the 2014 Credit Facilities. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no borrowings outstanding under this agreement.
The OL revolving credit agreement contains a financial covenant that requires OL to maintain a First Lien Leverage Ratio of Consolidated First Lien Debt to Consolidated EBITDA, as defined in the credit agreement, of no more than 3-to-1 . The Company is only required to meet the First Lien Leverage Ratio if the sum of outstanding borrowings on the OL revolving credit facility plus outstanding letters of credit exceeding $ 2.0 million that are not cash collateralized exceeds forty percent of the total Revolving Commitments as measured on a quarterly basis, as defined in the credit agreement. The financial debt covenant of the OL revolving credit facility did not apply as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 as OL has no borrowings outstanding under the OL revolving credit agreement.
OL had no outsta nding letters of credit under the revolving credit agreement as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. In June 2023, the Company executed an amendment of the OL revolving credit facility to replace LIBOR with SOFR.
In July 2023, the Company repaid $ 16.9 million for borrowings outstanding under the OL revolving credit agreement as well as paid $ 18.0 million outstanding under other debt arrangements.
Zuffa Secured Commercial Loans
Zuffa has two loan agreements totaling $ 40.0 million, which were used to finance the purchase of a building and its adjacent land ("Zuffa Secured Commercial Loans"). The Zuffa Secured Commercial Loans have identical terms except one loan is secured by a deed of trust for the Zuffa’s headquarters building and underlying land in Las Vegas and the other loan is secured by a deed of trust for the newly acquired building and its adjacent land, also located in Las V egas. The Zuffa Secured Commercial Loans bear interest at a rate of SOFR plus 1.70 % (with a SOFR floor of 0.88 %) and principal amortization of 4 % is payable in monthly installments with any remaining balance payable on the final maturity date of November 1, 2028 . Prior to May 2023, the reference rate was LIBOR.
The Zuffa Secured Commercial Loans contain a financial covenant that requires Zuffa to maintain a Debt Service Coverage Ratio of consolidated debt to Adjusted EBITDA as defined in the loan agreements of no more than 1.15-to-1 as measured on an annual basis. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, Zuffa was in compliance with its financial debt covenant under the Zuffa Secured Commercial Loans.
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Debt Maturities
The Company will be required to repay the following principal amounts in connection with its debt obligations (in thousands):
Years Ending
December 31,
Thereafter
Total
2014 Credit Facilities and Zuffa Credit Facilities
The 2014 Credit Facilities and the Zuffa Credit Facilities restrict the ability of certain subsidiaries of the Company to make distributions and other payments to the Company. These restrictions do include exceptions for, among other things, (1) amounts necessary to make tax payments, (2) a limited annual amount for employee equity repurchases, (3) distributions required to fund certain parent entities, (4) other specific allowable situations and (5) a general restricted payment basket. As of December 31, 2024, EGH held long-term deferred tax benefits of $ 701.1 million, and a TRA liability of $ 881.5 million, of which $ 130.5 million was classified as current and $ 751.0 million was classified as long-term. As of December 31, 2023 , EGH held cash of $ 40.5 million, long-term deferred income tax benefits of $ 486.2 million, income taxes payable of $ 22.0 million, as well as a TRA liability of $ 990.5 million, of which $ 156.2 million was classified as current and $ 834.3 million was classified as long-term. Otherwise, EGH has no material separate cash flows or assets or liabilities other than the investments in its subsidiaries. All its business operations are conducted through its operating subsidiaries; it has no material independent operations. EGH has no other material commitments or guarantees. As a result of the restrictions described above, substantially all of the subsidiaries’ net assets are effectively restricted in their ability to be transferred to EGH as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s First Lien Term Loan under the 2014 Credit Facilities and Zuffa’s First Lien Term Loan under its Credit Facilities had an estimated fair value of $ 5.0 billion and $ 5.0 billion, respectively. The estimated fair values of the Company’s First Lien Term Loan under the 2014 Credit Facilities and Zuffa’s First Lien Term Loan under its Credit Facilities are based on quoted market values for the debt. Since the First Lien Term Loan under the 2014 Credit Facilities and Zuffa’s First Lien Term Loan under its Credit Facilities do not trade on a daily basis in an active market, fair value estimates are based on market observable inputs based on quoted market prices and borrowing rates currently available for debt with similar terms and average maturities, which are classified as Level 2 under the fair value hierarchy.
12. SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, EGH has the following common stock:
Class of Common Stock
Par Value
Votes
Economic Rights
Class A common stock
Yes
Class B common stock
None
Yes
Class C common stock
None
Yes
Class X common stock
None
Class Y common stock
None
Voting shares of EGH’s common stock will generally vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of our stockholders.
Stock Repurchases
In May 2023, the Company approved an event-driven repurchase authorization that permitted the Company to repurchase shares of our Class A common stock in an aggregate amount of up to $ 300.0 million, with the proceeds from the sale of the Academy. Under this repurchase authorization, the Company was permitted to make purchases at any time and from time to time in the open market, by block purchases, in privately negotiated transactions, including under plans complying with Rules 10b5-1 or 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or in such other manner as determined by the Company with the amount and timing of repurchases to be determined at its discretion, depending on market conditions and corporate needs. In September 2023, the Company expanded the repurchase authorization to also include repurchases of EOC units, and in October 2023, the Company redeemed 4.0 million EOC common units for $ 93.6 million.
In August 2023, the Company entered into an accelerated share repurchase agreement with a financial institution. During the third quarter of 2023, the Company repurchased 6.5 million shares of its Class A common stock for an aggregate amount of $ 200.0 million under this share repurchase agreement. The accelerated share repurchase agreement was accounted for as a repurchase, which was recognized in accumulated deficit, and as an equity forward contract indexed to the Company’s Class A common stock. The equity forward contract was initially classified as an equity instrument and was recognized in additional paid in capital. In December 2023, upon final settlement of the equity forward contract, the Company received 2.6 million additional shares of its Class A common stock, at which point the equity gain on the equity forward contract was recognized in accumulated deficit.
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Following the final settlement of this $ 200.0 million accelerated share repurchase as well as the repurchase of $ 93.6 million in EOC units in October 2023 referenced above, the Company's activity under the repurchase authorization was completed and, as of December 31, 2023, no amount remained under the repurchase authorization.
Dividends
Since the quarter ended September 2023, the Company has declared and paid quarterly cash dividends. The dividends were paid from EOC to its common unit holders, including EGH, which, in turn, paid its portion as dividends to holders of shares of the Company's Class A common stock.
Non-controlling Interests
As discussed in Note 5, in September 2023, the Company completed the TKO Transactions. As a result and at the time of closing, (A) EGH and/or its subsidiaries received (1) a 51.0 % controlling non-economic voting interest in TKO on a fully-diluted basis and (2) a 51.0 % economic interest on a fully-diluted basis in TKO OpCo, and (B) the stockholders of WWE received (1) a 49.0 % voting interest in TKO on a fully-diluted basis and (2) a 100 % economic interest in TKO, which in turn holds a 49.0 % economic interest in TKO OpCo on a fully-diluted basis. The Company's nonredeemable non-controlling interests was adjusted in 2023 to reflect the TKO Transactions.
In December 2024, the Company purchased 863,847 shares of TKO Class A common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $ 125.6 million. In April 2024, the Company purchased 1,642,970 shares of TKO Class A common stock held by Vincent K. McMahon at a per share price of $ 89.01 for an aggregate amount of $ 146.2 million.
In April 2024, TKO purchased 1,853,724 shares of TKO Class A common stock held by Mr. McMahon at a per share price of $ 89.01 for an aggregate amount of $ 165.0 million and retired such shares.
In November 2023, TKO repurchased 1,308,729 shares of its Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $ 100.0 million, which was funded with approximately $ 100.0 million of borrowings under the Zuffa Revolving Credit Facility and was repaid in December 2023.
In October 2024, TKO announced that its board of directors authorized a share repurchase program of up to $ 2.0 billion of its Class A common stock and the approval of a quarterly cash dividend program pursuant to which holders of TKO Class A common stock will receive their pro rata share of $ 75.0 million expected quarterly distributions to be made by TKO OpCo. TKO will determine at its discretion the timing and the amount of any repurchases based on its evaluation of market conditions, share price, and other factors. Repurchases under the share repurchase program may be made in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, and TKO is not obligated to acquire any particular amount under the share repurchase program. The share repurchase program has no expiration, is expected to be completed within approximately three to four years and may be modified, suspended, or discontinued at any time. TKO's dividend will be paid quarterly to holders of TKO Class A common stock. In February 2025, TKO announced that its inaugural quarterly cash dividend would be paid on March 31, 2025. Future declarations of quarterly dividends are subject to the determination and discretion of TKO based on its consideration of various factors, such as its results of operations, financial condition, market conditions, earnings, cash flow requirements, restrictions in its debt agreements and legal requirements and other factors that TKO deems relevant.
13. REDEEMABLE NON-CONTROLLING INTERESTS
On Location
In connection with the acquisition of On Location Events, LLC, dba On Location ("OL"), in January 2020, the Company entered into the OL LLC Agreement of OLE Parent with 32 Equity, LLC ("32 Equity"). The terms of the agreement provided 32 Equity with certain rights to put its common units in OLE Parent to the Company upon a termination of the Commercial License Agreement ("CLA") or at its option at any time following the Lockup Period as defined. The Company also had certain call rights to require 32 Equity to sell its common units in OLE Parent to the Company upon a termination of the CLA in the event the aforementioned put rights were not exercised. The put/call price was an amount equal to fair market value and the exercise of these put/call rights would have given rise to an obligation of the Company to make a premium payment to 32 Equity in certain circumstances. The premium payment was recognized as a separate unit of account from the non-controlling interest.
In April 2022, a series of transactions was completed between the Company and 32 Equity. Per the terms of the OL LLC Agreement, 32 Equity had the right to purchase additional common units in OLE Parent from the Company that would result in 32 Equity having an aggregate ownership percentage interest in OLE Parent of 32 % at a price per unit equal to the original acquisition price of its rollover equity. 32 Equity exercised such right and paid the Company cash of $ 87.9 million. Following this exercise, EOC issued 8,037,483 EOC common units (and 32 Equity obtained an equal number of paired shares of the Company's Class X common stock) in exchange for 32 Equity's non-controlling interests of OLE Parent. The aggregate value of the shares was $ 223.7 million based on the volume-weighted average trading price of the Class A common stock for thirty days ending on the day before the close. The Company and 32 Equity also agreed to settle the premium contingent consideration resulting in the Company paying 32 Equity $ 24.0 million in cash. In addition, the Company issued 495,783 shares of Class A common stock to several employees of the Company in exchange for the employees' direct or indirect interests in OLE Parent based on the same valuation. As a result of these transactions, OLE Parent became an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of EOC.
China
In June 2016, the Company received a contribution of $ 75.0 million from third parties in a newly formed subsidiary of the Company that was formed to expand the Company’s existing business in China ("Endeavor China"). This contribution gave the non-controlling interests holders approximately 34 % ownership of the subsidiary. The holders of the non-controlling interests had the right to put their investment to the Company at any time after June 1, 2023 for fair market value.
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In April 2022, the Company issued 5,693,774 shares of Class A common stock in exchange for the non-controlling partnership interests of Endeavor China. The aggregate value of the shares was $ 158.5 million based on the volume-weighted average trading price of the Class A common stock for thirty days ending on the day before the close. In addition, EOC issued 659,896 common units in EOC to several employees of the Company, including members of management (and such employees obtained an equal number of paired shares of the Company's Class X common stock), in exchange for the employees' direct or indirect interests in Endeavor China based on the same valuation. As a result of these transactions, Endeavor China became an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of EOC.
Barrett-Jackson
In connection with the acquisition of Barrett-Jackson in August 2022 (Note 5 ), the terms of the agreement provide the sellers a put option to sell their remaining ownership to IMG Auction Company, LLC, a subsidiary of the Company. The first election is between April and July 2029 for 29.9 % of the total issued and outstanding units of Barrett-Jackson at that time and the second election is between April and July 2031 for any remaining ownership at that time. The purchase price of the put right is equal to Barrett-Jackson's EBITDA, as defined, multiplied by 13 . This redeemable non-controlling interest was recognized at the acquisition date at fair value of $ 210.1 million. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the estimated redemption value was below the carrying value of $ 211.0 million and $ 203.9 million, respectively.
Zuffa
In July 2018, the Company received a contribution of $ 9.7 million from third parties (the "Russia Co-Investors") in a newly formed subsidiary of the Company (the "Russia Subsidiary") that was formed to expand the Company’s existing business in Russia and certain other countries in the Commonwealth of Independent States. The terms of this contribution provide the Russia Co-Investors with a put option to sell their ownership in the Russia Subsidiary beginning five years and nine months after the consummation of the contribution. The purchase price of the put option is the greater of the total investment amount, defined as the Russia Co-Investors’ cash contributions less cash distributions, or fair value. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the estimated redemption value was $ 21.9 million and $ 11.2 million, respectively.
Frieze
In connection with the acquisition of Frieze in 2016, the terms of the agreement provide the sellers with a put option to sell their remaining 30 % interest after fiscal year 2020. The Company also had a call option to buy the remaining 30 % interest after fiscal year 2020 or upon termination of employment of the sellers who continued to be employees of Frieze after the acquisition. The price of the put and call option was equal to Frieze’s prior year’s EBITDA multiplied by 7.5 . In May 2023, the Company exercised its call option to purchase the remaining 30 % interest for $ 16.5 million.
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14. EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic earnings per share is calculated utilizing net (loss) income from continuing operations, net (loss) income from discontinued operations, or net (loss) income, available to common stockholders of the Company, divided by the weighted average number of shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding during the same period. Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing the net (loss) income from continuing operations, net (loss) income from discontinued operations, or net (loss) income, available for common stockholders, by the diluted weighted average shares outstanding for that period. The Company excludes securities from the calculation of diluted earnings per share if the effect of including such instruments is antidilutive.
The computation of earnings per share and weighted average shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding for the period presented below (in thousands, except share and per share data):
Year ended
December 31, 2024
Year ended
December 31, 2023
Year ended
December 31, 2022
Numerator for basic (loss) earnings per share
Numerator for continuing operations
Net (loss) income from continuing operations
Less: Net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests
Net (loss) income from continuing operations attributable to the Company
Adjustment to net (loss) income attributable to the Company
Net (loss) income from continuing operations attributable to EGH common shareholders- Basic
Numerator for discontinued operations
Net (loss) income from discontinued operations
Less: Net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests
Net (loss) income from discontinued operations attributable to the Company
Adjustment to net (loss) income attributable to the Company
Net (loss) income from discontinued operations attributable to EGH common shareholders- Basic
Net (loss) income attributable to EGH common shareholders for basic (loss) earnings per share
Year ended
December 31, 2024
Year ended
December 31, 2023
Year ended
December 31, 2022
Numerator for diluted (loss) earnings per share
Numerator for continuing operations
Net (loss) income from continuing operations
Less: Net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests
Net (loss) income from continuing operations attributable to the Company
Adjustment to net (loss) income attributable to the Company
Net (loss) income from continuing operations attributable to EGH common shareholders- Diluted
Numerator for discontinued operations
Net (loss) income from discontinued operations
Less: Net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests
Net (loss) income from discontinued operations attributable to the Company
Adjustment to net (loss) income attributable to the Company
Net (loss) income from discontinued operations attributable to EGH common shareholders- Diluted
Net (loss) income attributable to EGH common shareholders for diluted (loss) earnings per share
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Year ended
December 31, 2024
Year ended
December 31, 2023
Year ended
December 31, 2022
Denominator for basic and diluted (loss) earnings per share
Weighted average Class A Common Shares outstanding - Basic
Additional shares assuming exchange of all EOC Profits Units
Additional shares from RSUs, Stock Options and Phantom Units, as calculated using the treasury stock method
Additional shares assuming exchange of all Endeavor Operating Units and Endeavor Manager Units
Additional shares assuming redemption of redeemable non-controlling interests
Weighted average number of shares used in computing diluted (loss) earnings per share
Year ended
December 31, 2024
Year ended
December 31, 2023
Year ended
December 31, 2022
(Loss) earnings per share
Basic (loss) earnings per share from continuing operations
Basic (loss) earnings per share from discontinued operations
Basic
Diluted (loss) earnings per share from continuing operations
Diluted (loss) earnings per share from discontinued operations
Diluted
Year ended
December 31, 2024
Year ended
December 31, 2023
Year ended
December 31, 2022
Securities that are anti-dilutive for the period
Stock Options
Unvested RSUs
Manager LLC Units
EOC Common Units
EOC Profits Interest & Phantom Units
Redeemable Non-Controlling Interests
Accelerated share repurchase agreement
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15. EQUITY BASED COMPENSATION
The Board grants various awards to certain employees and service providers for their time and commitment to the Company. The awards are designed to share in the equity value appreciation of the Company and are granted under various plans either directly by the Company, a Company subsidiary or indirectly through various management Holdco entities. Prior to the IPO, awards granted were in the form of common units, profits units or an equivalent to a profits unit (membership interest or phantom unit) that corresponds to common units or profits units as applicable. In connection with the IPO, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2021 Incentive Award Plan (the "2021 Plan"). The 2021 Plan became effective on April 28, 2021 and was amended and restated effective April 24, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, the Company authorized a total o f 37,747,145 sha res of Class A common stock under the 2021 Plan.
Pursuant to the Transactions involving the business combination of WWE and TKO OpCo, TKO’s Board of Directors approved and adopted the TKO Group Holdings, Inc. 2023 Incentive Award Plan (the "TKO 2023 Plan") on September 12, 2023. A total of 10,000,000 shares of TKO Class A common stock have been authorized for issuance under the TKO 2023 Plan. In addition, TKO converted each WWE equity award of restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance stock units (PSUs) held by WWE directors, officers and employees into TKO RSUs and PSUs of equal value and vesting conditions (with such performance-vesting conditions equitably adjusted), respectively (the "Replacement Awards").
Additionally, the board of certain consolidated subsidiaries grant awards through plans in the form of profits units or phantom units that corresponds to profits units, designed to share in the equity value appreciation of each respective subsidiary.
Equity-based compensation by plan and total amounts included in selling, general and administrative expenses were as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2021 Incentive Award Plan
Pre-IPO equity awards
TKO 2023 Plan
WWE Replacement Awards
Other various subsidiaries awards
Total equity-based compensation expense
As of December 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation cost for unvested awards and the related remaining weighted average period for expensing is summarized below:
Unrecognized Compensation Costs (in thousands)
Period Remaining (in years)
2021 Incentive Award Plan
Pre-IPO equity awards
TKO 2023 Plan
WWE Replacement Awards
Total equity-based unrecognized compensation costs
Valuation Techniques
For time-based vesting RSUs and restricted share awards (RSAs), the Company used the closing share price on the date of grant. For RSUs with market-based vesting conditions, the Company used a Monte Carlo simulation model to determine the fair value and the derived service periods of these awards.
The Company estimates the fair value of each stock option (and prior to the IPO, each award) on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. Management is required to make certain assumptions with respect to selected model inputs. Expected volatility is based on comparable publicly traded companies’ stock movements. The expected life represents the period of time that the respective awards are expected to be outstanding. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. All stock options exercised will be settled in Class A common stock. No stock options were granted during the year ended December 31, 2024. The key assumptions used for units granted in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
Risk-free
Interest Rate
Expected
Volatility
Expected Life
(in years)
Expected
Dividend Yield
2021 Incentive Award Plan
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Year Ended December 31, 2022
2021 Incentive Award Plan
The terms of each award, including vesting and forfeiture, are fixed by the administrator of the 2021 Plan. Key grant terms include one or more of the following: (a) time-based vesting over a two to five year period or full vesting at grant; (b) market-based vesting conditions at
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graduated levels upon the Company’s attainment of certain market price per share thresholds; and (c) expiration dates (if applicable). Granted awards may include time-based vesting conditions only, market-based vesting conditions only, or both.
The following table summarizes the RSUs and RSAs award activity for the year ended December 31, 2024:
Time Vested RSUs, RSAs
Market/ Market and Time Vested RSUs
Units
Value *
Units
Value *
Outstanding at January 1, 2024
Granted
Released
Forfeited
Outstanding at December 31, 2024
Vested and releasable at December 31, 2024
* Weighted average grant date fair value
The following table summarizes the stock options award activity for the year ended December 31, 2024:
Stock Options
Options
Weighted average
exercise price
Outstanding at January 1, 2024
Exercised
Forfeited or expired
Outstanding at December 31, 2024
Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2024
The weighted average grant-date fair value of stock options granted under the Company’s 2021 Plan during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 9.92 and $ 12.57 , respectively. No stock options were granted during the year ended December 31, 2024.
The total grant-date fair value of RSUs and stock options which vested during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $ 83.0 million, $ 152.3 million and $ 96.2 million, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of vested RSUs and stock options as of December 31, 2024 was $ 35.8 million. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $ 0.3 million, less than hundred thousand , and no ne, respectively.
TKO 2023 Plan
The TKO 2023 Plan provides for the grant of incentive or non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, RSUs, other stock or cash-based awards and dividend equivalents. Awards may be granted under the TKO 2023 Plan to directors, officers, employees, consultants, advisors and independent contractors of TKO and its affiliates (including TKO OpCo and its subsidiaries).
The terms of each award, including vesting and forfeiture, are determined by the administrator of the TKO 2023 Plan. Key grant terms include time-based vesting over a six-month to four-year period.
The following table summarizes the RSU TKO Plan Awards activity for the year ended December 31, 2024:
Time Vested RSUs
Units
Value *
Outstanding at January 1, 2024
Granted
Vested
Forfeited
Outstanding at December 31, 2024
Vested and releasable at December 31, 2024
* Weighted average grant date fair value
WWE Replacement Awards
The value of the Replacement Awards was determined using the closing price of WWE Class A common stock, par value $ 0.01 per share ("WWE Class A common stock"), on the day immediately preceding the closing of the Transactions. The portion of the Replacement Awards issued in connection with the Transactions that was associated with services rendered prior to the date of the Transactions was included in the total consideration transferred, as described i n Note 5. The remaining unvested portion of the Replacement Awards, equity-based compensation costs of RSUs are recognized over the total remaining service period on a straight-line basis.
Unvested Replacement Awards accrue dividend equivalents at the same rate as are paid on shares of TKO Class A common stock, par value $ 0.00001 per share (the "TKO Class A common stock"). The dividend equivalents are subject to the same vesting schedule as the underlying Replacement Awards.
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The following table summarizes the RSU Replacement Awards activity for the year ended December 31, 2024:
Time Vested RSUs
Units
Value *
Outstanding at January 1, 2024
Vested
Forfeited
Outstanding at December 31, 2024
* Weighted average grant date fair value
The following table summarizes the PSU Replacement Awards activity for the year ended December 31, 2024:
Time Vested PSUs
Units
Value *
Outstanding at January 1, 2024
Vested
Forfeited
Outstanding at December 31, 2024
* Weighted average grant date fair value
CEO and Executive Chairman Market-Based Incentive Awards
Each of the Company’s CEO and Executive Chairman received an award of performance-vesting RSUs pursuant to which they are eligible to receive a number of shares of the Company’s Class A common stock with a specified target value each time the price per share of the Company’s Class A common stock (calculated based on volume weighted average price thereof) exceeds an applicable threshold price above the public offering price of $ 24.00 . One-third of any shares of the Company’s Class A common stock received upon achievement of any applicable threshold price will be vested upon grant and the remainder of such shares will vest in two equal installments on each of the first and second anniversaries of the date of gra nt. Since the issuance of the award in 2021, only one price threshold has been met. These performance-vesting RSUs will expire on the tenth anniversary of the date of grant.
The performance-vesting RSUs awarded to the CEO and Executive Chairman of the Company (each a "Market-Based Incentive Award") are accounted for under ASC 718 as equity-classified awards due to the fixed number of shares of the Company’s Class A common stock each of the CEO and the Executive Chairman will be eligible for upon the achievement of each respective threshold. The Company used a Monte Carlo simulation model to determine the fair value and the derived service periods of these Market-Based Incentive Awards.
For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 , total equity-based compensation expense for these Market-Based Incentive Awards was $ 38.6 million, $ 56.5 million and $ 76.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 , total unrecognized equity-based compensation related to these CEO and Executive Chairman Market-Based Incentive Awards is $ 75.1 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximatel y 1.89 years.
16. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS
Qualified Retirement Plan
The Company sponsors a matching 401(k) plan for eligible employees of the Company. Employees are automatically enrolled into the Plan after completing a required term of service. Under the Plan, employees can elect to contribute a percentage of annual pay and the Company will also match the 401(k) contributions. In addition, certain non-U.S. employees are covered by defined contribution government sponsored and administered programs. Contribution charges for the profit-sharing and defined contribution plans, which approximates actual cash contributions made, were $ 29.6 million, $ 25.6 million and $ 21.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 , respectively.
17. INCOME TAXES
EGH was incorporated as a Delaware corporation in January 2019. It was formed as a holding company for the purpose of completing an IPO and other related transactions. As the sole managing member of Endeavor Manager, which is the sole managing member of EOC, EGH operates and controls all the business and affairs of EOC, and through EOC and its subsidiaries, conducts the Company’s business. EGH is subject to corporate income tax on its share of taxable income or loss of EOC derived through Endeavor Manager. EOC is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and is therefore not subject to U.S. corporate income tax. However, certain of EOC’s subsidiaries are subject to U.S. or foreign corporate income tax. In addition, TKO, which is a consolidated subsidiary of EGH, is subject to corporate income tax.
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(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity losses of affiliates includes the following components (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
United States
Foreign
Total
The (benefit from) provision for income tax from continuing operations consists of the following (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
Current:
U.S. federal, state, and local
Foreign
Total current
Deferred:
U.S. federal, state, and local
Foreign
Total deferred
Total provision for (benefit from) income taxes
The Company's effective tax rate for the years December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was 9.1 % , 26.7 % and 530.0 % , respectively. The effective income tax rate based on the actual (benefit) provision from continuing operations shown in the consolidated statements of operations differs from the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
U.S. federal statutory income tax rate
Income tax benefit at U.S. federal statutory rate
Partnership loss (income) not taxable/deductible for tax
Tax impact of foreign operations
Permanent differences
Nondeductible meals and entertainment
Equity method investments
Capital loss carryforward
UK hybrid restriction
Withholding tax
Foreign tax credit, net of expiration
Foreign tax deduction
Equity compensation
Net operating loss adjustment
Section 743(b)/734 adjustment
Tax receivable agreement adjustment
Valuation allowance
Unrecognized tax benefits
U.S. state and local taxes
Investment in subsidiaries
Impairments
Transaction costs
Other
Total (benefit from) provision for income taxes
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Principal components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):
December 31,
Deferred tax assets:
Compensation and severance
Net operating loss, tax credits, and other tax carryforwards
Lease liability
Intangible assets
Accrued expenses
Write-down of assets to fair value
Other assets
Total gross deferred tax assets
Less valuation allowance
Total deferred tax assets
Deferred tax liabilities:
Investments
Loss contracts
Property, buildings and equipment
Lease asset
Branch offset
Other liabilities
Total gross deferred tax liabilities
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)
Of the $ 280.9 million of net deferred tax assets and $( 16.5 ) million of net deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, $ 660.8 million and $ 430.3 million, respectively, were recorded in deferred income taxes, and $ 371.9 million and $ 446.9 million, respectively, were recorded in deferred tax liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. The following amounts attributable to businesses classified as held for sale are included in the table above (in thousands):
December 31,
Deferred income taxes - assets
Deferred income taxes - liabilities
Net deferred tax liabilities classified as held for sale
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)
As of December 31, 2024 , the Company has U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards of $ 298.6 million, of which $ 53.8 million expires in years 2025 through 2037 and $ 244.8 million have an indefinite carryforward period. In addition, as of December 31, 2024, the Company has foreign tax credit carryforwards of $ 133.0 million, which expire in years 2025 through 2034 and U.S. federal capital loss carryforwards of $ 11.8 million, which expire in five years. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has foreign net operating losses of $ 45.2 million, which expire over various time periods ranging from five years to no expiration and foreign capital loss carryforwards of $ 9.7 million, which have no expiration. As of December 31, 2024, the Company also has state net operating losses, which will generate a tax benefit of $ 19.7 million and expire in years 2025 through 2044 .
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company increased its valuation allowances by $ 34.7 million and $ 11.0 million, respectively. Of the $ 34.7 million net valuation allowance change in 2024, $ 38.4 million was recorded in the continuing operations provision for income taxes as a tax expense, $( 3.0 ) million recorded in the discontinued operations provision for income taxes and $( 0.7 ) million recorded to other comprehensive income. Of the $ 11.0 million net valuation allowance change in 2023, $ 2.5 million was recorded in the continuing operations provision for income taxes as a tax expense, $( 8.1 ) million recorded in the discontinued operations provision for income taxes as a tax benefit, and $ 16.6 million was recorded to goodwill in connection with the TKO Transactions.
As of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company had unrecognized tax benefits of $ 41.6 million, $ 50.9 million, and $ 38.9 million, respectively. The aggregate changes to the liability for unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, were as follows (in thousands):
December 31,
Beginning balance
Acquisitions
Gross increases
Gross decreases
Lapse of statute of limitations
Translation adjustments
Settlements
Ending balance
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The Company recognized interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in its provisions for income taxes. The gross amount of interest accrued as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 related to unrecognized tax benefits is $ 14.8 million, $ 14.7 million, and $ 9.4 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized interest of $ 0.1 million, $ 5.4 million, and $ 3.3 million, respectively, through the income tax provision. The gross amount of penalties accrued as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 is $ 1.2 million, $ 1.2 million, and $ 0.2 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, 2022 the Company recognized less than $( 0.1 ) million, $ 1.0 million and $ 0.2 million, respectively, of penalties through the income tax provision. As of December 31, 2024, approximately $ 56.6 million would affect the Company’s effective tax rate upon resolution of the uncertain tax positions.
The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S. and various state and foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2024, with few exceptions, the Company is subject to review by U.S. federal taxing authorities for 2020 and subsequent years. Two of the Company's U.S. partnership income tax returns are under IRS examination for 2021 and 2022. Two of the Company's U.S. corporate tax returns are under IRS examination for 2020, 2021 and 2022. The Company has ongoing state and local audits beginning with the tax year 2016 and onward. The Company does not anticipate that the resolution of these audits will have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Discontinued Operations
The (benefit from) provision for income taxes from discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 is $( 138.2 ) million, $ 11.0 million and $ 9.2 million, respectively, based on pretax (loss) income of $( 820.6 ) million, $ 16.7 million and $ 20.9 million, respectively. The discontinued operations effective tax rate is 16.8 % , 65.7 % and 44.1 % for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The provision for income taxes from discontinued operations reflects the application of the "with and without" approach to allocating income taxes between continuing and discontinued operations.
Tax Receivable Agreement
In connection with the IPO and related transactions, the Company entered into a TRA with certain persons that held direct or indirect interests in EOC and Zuffa prior to the IPO ("TRA Holders"). The TRA generally provides for the payment by EGH of 85 % of the amount of any tax benefits that EGH actually realizes or is deemed to realize (determined by using certain assumptions) as a result of the following attributes (i) increases in EGH’s share of the tax basis in the net assets of EOC resulting from any redemptions or exchanges of LLC Units, (ii) increases in tax basis attributable to payments made under the TRA, (iii) deductions attributable to imputed interest pursuant to the TRA and (iv) other tax attributes (including existing tax basis) allocated to EGH post-IPO and related transactions that were allocable to the TRA Holders prior to the IPO and related transactions.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has a TRA liability of approximately $ 881.5 million and $ 990.5 million, respectively, after concluding that such TRA payments would be probable based on estimates of future taxable income over the term of the TRA.
The determination of the TRA liability requires management to make judgments in estimating the amount of tax attributes as of the date of exchanges (such as cash to be received by the Company on a hypothetical sale of assets and allocation of gain/loss to the Company at the time of the exchanges taking into account complex partnership tax rules). The amounts payable under the TRA will also vary depending upon a number of factors, including tax rates in effect, as well as the amount, character, and timing of the taxable income of EGH in the future and the expected realization of tax benefits with respect to deferred tax assets related to tax attributes subject to TRA, which may result in a valuation allowance recorded against these deferred tax assets. If a required valuation allowance recorded against certain deferred tax assets is released in a future period, or other tax attributes subject to the TRA are determined to be payable, additional TRA liabilities may be considered probable at that time and recorded within our statement of operations.
Other Matters
In December 2022, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") proposed Global Anti-Base Erosion Rules, which provides for changes to numerous long-standing tax principles including the adoption of a global minimum tax rate of 15 % for multinational enterprises ("GloBE rules"). Various jurisdictions have adopted or are in the process of enacting legislation to adopt GloBE rules and other countries are expected to adopt GloBE rules in the future. While changes in tax laws in the various countries in which the Company operates can negatively impact the Company's results of operations and financial position in future periods, the Company's impact related to the adoption of GloBE rules, effective January 1, 2024, was not material to the Company's consolidated financial position. The Company will continue to monitor legislative and regulatory developments in this area.
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18. REVENUE
The following table presents the Company’s revenue disaggregated by primary revenue sources for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, 2024
Owned Sports Properties
Events, Experiences
& Rights
Representation
Total
Media rights
Technology platforms and services
Media production, distribution and content
Events and performance
Talent representation and licensing
Marketing
Eliminations
Total
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Owned Sports Properties
Events, Experiences & Rights
Representation
Total
Media rights
Technology platforms and services
Media production, distribution and content
Events and performance
Talent representation and licensing
Marketing
Eliminations
Total
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Owned Sports Properties
Events, Experiences & Rights
Representation
Total
Media rights
Technology platforms and services
Media production, distribution and content
Events and performance
Talent representation and licensing
Marketing
Eliminations
Total
In the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, $ 56.5 million, $ 49.9 million and $ 53.7 million, respectively, of revenue was recognized from performance obligations satisfied in prior periods primarily related to talent representation and licensing.
Remaining Performance Obligations
The following table presents the aggregate amount of transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations for contracts greater than one year with unsatisfied or partially satisfied performance obligations as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands). The transaction price related to these future obligations does not include any variable consideration.
Years Ending
December 31,
Thereafter
The transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations for discontinued operations included in the above table is $ 143.7 million, $ 140.8 million, $ 7.4 million, $ 5.9 million, $ 3.1 million, and $ 4.8 million for the years 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, and thereafter, respectively.
Contract Liabilities
The Company records deferred revenue when cash payments are received or due in advance of its performance. The Company’s deferred revenue balance primarily relates to advance payments received related to advertising and sponsorship agreements, event advanced
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ticket sales and performance tuition. Deferred revenue is included in the current liabilities section and in other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.
The following table presents the Company’s contract liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):
Description
December 31, 2023
Additions
Deductions
Acquisitions
Divestitures/
Liabilities Held
for Sale
Foreign Exchange
December 31, 2024
Deferred revenue - current
Deferred revenue - noncurrent
19. SEGMENT INFORMATION
As a result of the SD&T segment being presented as discontinued operations (Note 4), the Company now has the following three reportable segments: Owned Sports Properties, Events, Experiences & Rights, and Representa tion. The Company also reports the results for the "Corporate and other" group. All prior period amounts related to the discontinued operations have been retrospectively reclassified to conform to the new presentation.
Owned Sports Properties consists of a portfolio of unique sports and entertainment properties, including UFC, WWE, PBR and Euroleague Ventures S.A. ("Euroleague") that license broadcast and other intellectual property rights and operate exclusive live events. In addition, at the end of 2021 and in January 2022, the Company acquired ten PDL Clubs, which were being operated under the DBH umbrella. In September 2022, the Company sold the DBH business, including the PDL Clubs.
Events, Experiences & Rights consists of providing services to a diverse portfolio of live events annually, including live sports events, fashion, art fairs and music, culinary and lifestyle festivals and major attractions. The Company owns and operates many of these events and operates other events on behalf of third parties. The Company previously owned and operated IMG Academy, a leading sports and education brand with an innovative suite of on-campus and online programming, including its Bradenton, Florida boarding school and sports camps. In June 2023, we sold all of the Academy business. Additionally, the Company produces and distributes sports video programming.
Representation consists of providing services to a diverse group of talent across entertainment, sports and fashion, including actors, directors, writers, athletes, models, musicians and other artists, in a variety of mediums, such as film, television, art, books and live events. The Company provides brand strategy, marketing, advertising, public relations, analytics, digital, activation and experiential services to corporate and other clients. Also, the Company provides intellectual property licensing services to a large portfolio of entertainment, sports and consumer product brands, including representing these clients in the licensing of their logos, trade names and trademarks.
Corporate and other primarily consists of overhead, personnel costs and costs associated with corporate initiatives that are not fully allocated to the segments. Such expenses include compensation and other benefits for corporate office employees, rent, professional fees related to internal control compliance and monitoring, financial statement audits and legal, information technology and insurance that is managed through the Company’s corporate office.
The profitability measure employed by the Company’s chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), which is the Chief Executive Officer , for allocating resources and assessing operating performance is Adjusted EBITDA. EBITDA is generally adjusted for equity-based compensation; merger, acquisition and earn-out costs; certain legal costs and settlements; restructuring, severance and impairment charges; certain non-cash fair value adjustments, certain equity earnings (losses), net gains on sales of businesses, TRA liability adjustments and certain other items, including gains/losses on business divestitures. The CODM uses Adjusted EBITDA for each segment in the annual budget and forecasting process. The CODM considers budget-to-actual and actual-to-actual variances monthly when making decisions about the allocation of operating and capital resources to each segment. All segments follow the same accounting policies as described in Note 2. Revenue by geographic area is based on the location of the legal entity that sells the services.
Asset information by segment is not provided to the Company’s CODM as that information is not used in the determination of resource allocation or in assessing the performance of the Company’s segments. A significant portion of the Company’s assets represent goodwill and intangible assets arising from business combinations.
Summarized financial information for the Company’s reportable segments is shown in the following tables (in thousands):
Revenue
Years Ended December 31,
Owned Sports Properties
Events, Experiences & Rights
Representation
Eliminations
Total consolidated revenue
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Reconciliation of segment profitability
Years Ended December 31,
Owned Sports Properties
Events, Experiences & Rights
Representation
Corporate and other
Adjusted EBITDA
Reconciling items:
Equity losses of affiliates
Interest expense, net
Depreciation and amortization
Equity-based compensation expense
Merger, acquisition and earn-out costs
Certain legal costs
Legal settlement
Restructuring, severance and impairment charges
Fair value adjustment - equity investments
Net gain on sale of the restricted Endeavor Content business
Net gain on sale of the Academy business
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustment
Other
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity losses of affiliates
Segment Adjusted EBITDA including expense categories
Segment
Owned Sports Properties
Events, Experiences & Rights
Representation
Year Ended December 31, 2024
Revenue
Direct operating costs
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Other segment items*
Adjusted EBITDA
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Revenue
Direct operating costs
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Other segment items*
Adjusted EBITDA
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Revenue
Direct operating costs
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Other segment items*
Adjusted EBITDA
* Other segment items primarily relate to (i) equity earnings (losses) from affiliates for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 and (ii) insurance recoveries for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Re venue by geographic area
Years Ended December 31,
United States
United Kingdom
Rest of world
Total revenue
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Long-lived assets by geographic area
December 31,
United States
United Kingdom
Rest of world
Total long-lived assets
20. LEASES
The Company has operating and finance leases, in which the Company is the lessee, primarily for real estate property for offices around the world. The Company’s operating and finance leases have lease terms, which range from one year to 26 years and one year to 27 years , respectively.
Lease cost for operating leases was $ 94.3 million, $ 85.2 million, and $ 79.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, and was classified within selling, general, and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Lease cost for finance leases for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 43.2 million and $ 11.4 million, respectively, of which $ 23.0 million and $ 5.4 million was classified within depreciation and amortization, and $ 20.2 million and $ 6.0 million was classified within interest expense, net, in the consolidated statement of operations, respectively.
The following table presents information on the Company’s operating and finance leases for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
Operating Leases
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations
Finance Leases
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of finance lease liabilities
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease obligations
The following table presents information on the Company’s operating and finance leases for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
Operating Leases
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)
Weighted average discount rate
Finance Leases
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)
Weighted average discount rate
The following table reconciles the undiscounted cash flows for the operating and finance leases as of December 31, 2024 to the operating and finance lease liabilities recorded in the consolidated balance sheet (in thousands):
Years Ending December 31,
Operating Leases
Finance Leases
Thereafter
Total future minimum lease payments
Less: imputed interest
Present value of future minimum lease payments
Less: held for sale leases
Less: current portion of operating and finance lease liabilities
Long-term operating and finance lease liabilities
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The operating lease amounts in the above table exclude amounts for discontinued operations (Note 4) of $ 2.4 million, $ 2.1 million, $ 1.8 million, $ 1.0 million, $ 1.1 million, and $ 0.8 million for the years 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029 and thereafter, respectively, and imputed interest of $ 1.3 million.
21. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Guarantees and Commitments
The Company routinely enters into purchase or guarantee arrangements for event, media or other representation rights. The following is a summary of the Company’s annual commitments under certain guaranteed agreements as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
Payments due by period
Total
After 2029
Purchase/guarantee agreements
The purchase or guarantee arrangements for discontinued operations included in the above table total $ 912.1 million, of which $ 231.7 million, $ 313.9 million, $ 225.9 million and $ 140.6 million is payable in 2025, 2026-2027, 2028-2029 and after 2029, respectively.
Claims and Litigation
The Company is involved in legal proceedings, claims and governmental investigations arising in the normal course of business. The types of allegations that arise in connection with such legal proceedings vary in nature, but can include, among others, contract, employment, tax and intellectual property matters. The Company evaluates all cases and records liabilities for losses from legal proceedings when the Company determines that it is probable that the outcome will be unfavorable and the amount, or potential range, of loss can be reasonably estimated. While any outcome related to litigation or such governmental proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes that the outcome of these matters, except as otherwise may be discussed below, individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In July 2017, the Italian Competition Authority ("ICA") issued a decision opening an investigation into alleged breaches of competition law in Italy, involving inter alia IMG, and relating to bidding for certain media rights of the Serie A and Serie B football leagues. In April 2018, the European Commission conducted on-site inspections at a number of companies that are involved with sports media rights, including the Company. The inspections were part of an ongoing investigation into the sector and into potential violations of certain antitrust laws that may have taken place within it. The Company investigated these ICA matters, as well as other regulatory compliance matters. In May 2019, the ICA completed its investigation and fined the Company approximately EUR 0.3 million. As part of its decision, the ICA acknowledged the Company’s cooperation and ongoing compliance efforts since the investigation commenced. In July 2019, three football clubs (the "Original Plaintiffs") and in June 2020, the Serie A football league (Lega Nazionale Professionisti Serie A or "Lega Nazionale," and together with the three clubs, the "") each filed separate IMG and certain other unrelated parties in the Court of Milan, Italy, that IMG engaged in anti-competitive practices with regard to bidding for certain media rights of the Serie A and Serie B football leagues. The seek from all deriving from the lower value of the media rights in amounts totaling EUR 554.6 million in the aggregate relating to the three football clubs and EUR 1,750 million relating to Lega Nazionale, along with attorneys’ fees and costs. Since December 2020, four additional clubs have each filed requests to intervene in the Lega Nazionale proceedings and individually seek to claim deriving from the lower value of the media rights in amounts in the aggregate totaling EUR 251.5 million. The Original and these four additional clubs are also seeking additional relating to profits and additional charges, quantified in the fourth quarter of 2022 in amounts totaling EUR 1,675 million. Ten other clubs also filed requests to intervene in support of Lega Nazionale’s claim or alternatively to individually claim deriving from the lower value of the media rights in the amount of EUR 284.9 million in the case of five clubs, and unspecified amounts (to be quantified as a percentage of the total amount sought by Lega Nazionale) in the other five cases. Collectively, the interventions of these 14 clubs are the "Interventions." By judgment issued on May 8, 2024, the Court of Milan ruled that the clubs have a concurrent right to bring a claim, and Lega Nazionale is entitled to retain only 10 % of the aggregate (if any) by the clubs deriving from the lower value of the media rights. The Company reserved the right to appeal the partial ruling. In December 2022, one further football club filed a separate claim IMG and certain other unrelated parties seeking from all deriving from the lower value of the media rights in the amount of EUR 326.9 million, in addition to additional relating to profits and additional charges which the club, with brief on May 13, 2024, quantified in amounts totaling EUR 513.5 million. On December 3, 2024, this latter lawsuit was consolidated with the one brought by the . The Company has in its submissions to date, and intends to continue to , all of the , Interventions and any related , and management believes that the Company has defenses to these , including the of actual . The Company may also be subject to regulatory and other and actions with respect to these ICA and other regulatory matters. Any judgment entered the Company or settlement entered into, including with respect to or actions brought by other parties, could materially and impact the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
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On April 12, 2024, purported stockholder Handelsbanken Fonder AB (“Handelsbanken”) filed a verified class action complaint on behalf of itself and similarly situated Endeavor stockholders in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, captioned Handelsbanken Fonder AB v. Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc., C.A. No. 2024-0391 ("Handelsbanken Action"), and filed a Motion for Expedited Proceedings ("Motion"). The Handelsbanken Action names as defendants the Company and certain of its affiliates, members of the Company’s board of directors, Mark Shapiro, Silver Lake and certain of its affiliates, Wildcat EGH Holdco, L.P., Wildcat Opco Holdco, L.P., The Ariel Z. Emanuel Living Trust, dated November 13, 2017, and The Patrick Whitesell Revocable Trust, dated May 31, 2019, and alleges breach of charter, tortious interference, breach of fiduciary duty, and aiding and abetting claims arising from the Company’s proposed transaction with Silver Lake. The Court held a hearing on Handelsbanken's Motion on May 6, 2024, during which the Court determined that a ruling on the Motion, if any, should come after the deadline for certain officers and directors to make stock rollover elections, which deadline is ninety days after the date of each of the rollover agreements, dated April 2, 2024. Following the stock rollover elections and limited discovery, on October 28, 2024, counsel for Handelsbanken withdrew the Motion. The Company additionally received multiple requests from stockholders seeking certain books and records in connection with the Company’s proposed transaction with Silver Lake under Section 220 of the Delaware General Corporation Law.
Five related class-action lawsuits were filed against Zuffa between December 2014 and March 2015 by a total of eleven former UFC fighters. The lawsuits, which were substantially identical, were transferred to the United States District Court for the District of Nevada and consolidated into a single action in June 2015, captioned Le et al. v. Zuffa, LLC, No. 2:15-cv-1045-RFB-BNW (D. Nev.) (the "Le" case). The lawsuit alleged that Zuffa violated Section 2 of the Sherman Act by monopsonizing an alleged market for the services of elite professional MMA athletes. The fighter plaintiffs claimed that Zuffa’s alleged conduct injured them by artificially depressing the compensation they received for their services. The plaintiffs sought treble damages under the antitrust laws, as well as attorneys’ fees and costs, and, in some instances, injunctive relief. On August 9, 2023, the district court certified the lawsuit as a class action, encompassing the period from December 16, 2010 to June 30, 2017. The fighter in the Le case their claim for injunctive relief, so the only relief the fighter would have sought at trial was . On June 24, 2021, another lawsuit, Johnson et al. v. Zuffa, LLC et al., No. 2:21-cv-1189-RFB-BNW (D. Nev.) (the "Johnson" case), was filed by a putative class of former UFC fighters and covering the period from July 1, 2017, to the present. The Johnson case substantially similar to the Le case and sought injunctive relief. On September 26, 2024, following the court's of an earlier proposed settlement agreement, TKO OpCo reached an agreement with the to settle all asserted in the Le case for an aggregate amount of $ 375.0 million payable in installments over an agreed-upon period of time by TKO OpCo and its subsidiaries (the "Updated Settlement Agreement"). The terms of the Updated Settlement Agreement have been memorialized in a long form agreement, which the court preliminarily approved on October 22, 2024 and finally approved on February 6, 2025. In connection with this Updated Settlement Agreement, the Company recorded charges of $ 375.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, which are included as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company paid $ 125.0 million of the aggregate $ 375.0 million settlement amount into escrow in October 2024 shortly following receipt of preliminary approval, and another $ 125.0 million into escrow in February 2025 shortly following receipt of final approval, in accordance with the terms of the Updated Settlement Agreement. The Company expects to make an additional payment covering the remaining $ 125.0 million in the second quarter of 2025.The Company anticipates that the settlement amount will be deductible for tax purposes. No trial date has been set in the Johnson action.
As announced in June 2022, a Special Committee of independent members of WWE’s board of directors (the "Special Committee") was formed to investigate alleged misconduct by WWE’s then-Chief Executive Officer, Mr. McMahon (the "Special Committee Investigation"). Mr. McMahon initially resigned from all positions held with WWE on July 22, 2022 but remained a stockholder with a controlling interest and served as Executive Chairman of WWE’s board of directors from January 9, 2023 through September 12, 2023, at which time Mr. McMahon became Executive Chair of the Board of Directors of TKO. Although the Special Committee investigation is complete, and, in January 2024, Mr. McMahon resigned from his position as Executive Chair and member of TKO's Board of Directors, as well as other positions, employment and otherwise, at TKO and its subsidiaries, WWE has received, and may receive in the future, regulatory, investigative and enforcement inquiries, subpoenas, demands, claims and/or complaints arising from, related to, or in connection with these matters. On July 17, 2023, federal law enforcement agents executed a search warrant and served a federal grand jury on Mr. McMahon. On January 10, 2025, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission settled charges Mr. McMahon for to certain settlement agreements to WWE’s Board of Directors, legal department, accountants, financial reporting personnel, or auditor, and in so doing, WWE’s system of internal accounting controls and causing material in WWE’s 2018 and 2021 financial statements. No charges have been brought the Company.
On January 25, 2024, a former WWE employee filed a lawsuit against WWE, Mr. McMahon and another former WWE executive in the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut alleging, among other things, that she was sexually assaulted by Mr. McMahon and asserting claims under the Trafficking Victims Protection Act.
On October 23, 2024, five unnamed plaintiffs filed a lawsuit against Mr. McMahon, Linda McMahon, WWE, and TKO in Maryland court, alleging sexual abuse by a former WWE employee during the 1980s.
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On November 17, 2023, a purported former stockholder of WWE, Laborers' District Council and Contractors' Pension Fund of Ohio ("Laborers"), filed a verified class action complaint on behalf of itself and similarly situated former WWE stockholders in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware ("Delaware Court"), captioned Laborers District Council and Contractors’ Pension Fund of Ohio v. McMahon, C.A. No. 2023-1166-JTL (“Laborers Action”). On November 20, 2023, another purported former WWE stockholder, Dennis Palkon, filed a verified class action complaint on behalf of himself and similarly situated former WWE stockholders in the Delaware Court, captioned Palkon v. McMahon, C.A. No. 2023-1175-JTL (“Palkon Action”). The Laborers and Palkon Actions allege breach of fiduciary duty claims against former WWE directors Mr. McMahon, Nick Khan, Paul Levesque, George A. Barrios, Steve Koonin, Michelle D. Wilson, and Frank A. Riddick III (collectively, the "Individual Defendants"), arising out of the TKO Transactions. On April 24, 2024, the City of Pontiac Reestablished General Employees' Retirement System (“Pontiac”), a former stockholder of WWE, filed another verified class action on behalf of itself and similarly situated former WWE stockholders in the Delaware Court captioned City of Pontiac Reestablished General Employees’ Retirement System v. McMahon, C.A. No. 2024-0432 (“Pontiac Action”). The Pontiac Action similarly of fiduciary duty the Individual and added WWE and TKO for stockholders their appraisal rights under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware ("DGCL") § 262, as well as the Company for aiding and the of fiduciary duties and for civil to DGCL § 262. On May 2, 2024, the Court entered an order consolidating the Laborers, Palkon, and Pontiac actions under the caption In re World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. Merger , C.A. No. 2023-1166-JTL (“Consolidated Action”). On August 8, 2024, the Delaware Court appointed the Laborers and Palkon as co-lead , and the co-lead subsequently designated the Palkon as operative. As a result, the Company, WWE and TKO are no longer . On October 24, 2024, the Delaware Court entered a stipulation all Messrs. Koonin and Riddick, who, therefore, are no longer . On October 28, 2024, the remaining Individual filed answers to the operative and discovery is currently underway.
22. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
The Company has the following related party transactions as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
December 31,
Other current assets
Investments
Other assets
Deferred revenue
Other current liabilities
Current liabilities of discontinued operations
Years Ended December 31,
Revenue
Direct operating costs
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Other (expense) income, net
Loss from discontinued operations
As of December 31, 2024, the Company has an equity-method investment in Euroleague, a related party. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 , the Company recognized revenue of $ 10.2 million, $ 9.4 million and $ 7.9 million, respectively, for a management fee to compensate it for representation and technical services it provides to Euroleague in relation to the distribution of media rights. This revenue is included in the Company's Owned Sports Properties segment. Also, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 , the Company recognized revenue of $ 12.8 million, $ 11.9 million and $ 10.3 million, respectively, for production services provided to Euroleague, which is included in the Company's Events, Experiences, & Rights segment. The Company incurred direct operating costs of $ 11.7 million, $ 9.3 million and $ 7.0 million, respectively, which are primarily related to the Company's Sports Data & Technology segment and are recorded in loss from discontinued operations. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had a receivable due from Euroleague of $ 10.9 million and $ 7.7 million, respectively, and a payable due to Euroleague of $ 0.5 million and $ 0.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had current liabilities of discontinued operations of $ 4.5 million and none , respectively.
As of December 31, 2024 the Company has an equity method investment in Fifth Season, a related party. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized revenue of $ 20.6 million and $ 8.7 million, respectively, and direct operating costs of none and $ 6.4 million, respectively for production services, which are primarily included in the Company's Representation segment. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had a receivable due from Fifth Season of $ 1.9 million and $ 1.0 million, respectively, and a payable due to Fifth Season of $ 0.2 million and $ 1.2 million, respectively. In June 2023, the Company provided a loan of $ 30.0 million to Fifth Season, which is recorded in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company received $ 2.2 million and $ 1.2 million of interest payments from Fifth Season related to the loan during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The loan matures in 2026.
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Silver Lake and certain of our executives indirectly own a minority interest in The Raine Group ("Raine"). During the year ended December 31, 2024 , 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded expenses of $ 5.5 million, $ 7.0 million and $ 26.3 million, respectively, in transaction costs with Raine for investment banking services in connection with the sale and acquisition of certain businesses (Note 4 and Note 5 ). In addition, during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company invested $ 0.8 million, $ 1.2 million and $ 2.1 million, respectively, in non-marketable funds maintained by Raine.
In September 2022, the Company sold the ten PDL Clubs that operated under the DBH umbrella to Silver Lake, stockholders of the Company (Note 5).
In connection with the IPO and related transactions, the Company entered into a TRA with certain persons that held direct or indirect interests in EOC and Zuffa prior to the IPO. The TRA generally provides for the payment by EGH of 85 % of the amount of any tax benefits that EGH realizes, or in some cases is deemed to realize ( Note 17). As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had $ 881.5 million and $ 990.5 million recorded, respectively, out of which $ 303.1 million and $ 362.8 million is due to related parties, respectively.
Mr. McMahon, who served as Executive Chairman of TKO's Board of Directors until January 26, 2024, previously controlled a significant portion of the voting power of the issued and outstanding shares of TKO’s common stock.
Mr. McMahon has agreed to make future payments to certain counterparties personally. In accordance with the SEC’s Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 5T, Miscellaneous Accounting, Accounting for Expenses or Liabilities Paid by Principal Stockholders ("Topic 5T"), the Company concluded that these amounts should be recognized by the Company as expenses in the period in which they become probable and estimable.
In connection with the acquisition of WWE, the Company assumed $ 3.5 million of liabilities related to future payments owed by Mr. McMahon to certain counterparties. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded $ 3.5 million of expenses associated with payments made directly by Mr. McMahon to certain counterparties. These costs are included within selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statement of operations. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, Mr. McMahon made payments of $ 1.5 million and $ 5.5 million, respectively, associated with these liabilities to certain counterparties directly. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded $ 3.5 million of costs associated with payments made directly by Mr. McMahon related to WWE’s global headquarters lease. These costs are included within finance lease right-of-use assets, which are recorded in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. These payments are considered non-cash capital contributions and are included as a component of nonredeemable non-controlling interests contributions in our consolidated statement of redeemable interests and shareholders' equity.
In connection with and/or arising from the investigation conducted by a Special Committee of the former WWE board of directors, Mr. McMahon has agreed to reimburse the Company for additional costs incurred in connection with and/or arising from the same matters. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, Mr. McMahon reimbursed the Company $ 6.4 million and $ 5.8 million, respectively, associated with these costs. These payments are considered capital contributions and are included as a component of non-controlling interest in our consolidated statements of redeemable interests and shareholders' equity.
Additionally, during the period of September 12, 2023 through December 31, 2023, TKO repurchased 1,308,729 shares of its Class A Common Stock held by Mr. McMahon for an aggregate purchase price of $ 100.0 million ( Note 12 ). In April 2024, the Company purchased 1,642,970 shares of TKO Class A common stock held by Mr. McMahon at a per share price of $ 89.01 for an aggregate amount of $ 146.2 million (Note 12). In April 2024, TKO purchased 1,853,724 shares of TKO Class A common stock held by Mr. McMahon at a per share price of $ 89.01 for an aggregate amount of $ 165.0 million and retired such shares (Note 12).
23. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
In January and February 2025, the Company borrowed a total of $ 400.0 million under the Margin Loan Agreement.
In January and February 2025, the Company purchased 1,897,650 shares of TKO Class A common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $ 300.9 million.
