Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunctio n with, the consolidated financial statements and related notes (“Notes”) to enhance the understanding of our operations and our present business environment. For more information about our company’s operations and the risks facing our businesses, see Item 1: Business and Item 1A: Risk Factors, respectively. Refer to Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for fiscal year 2024, including comparison to fiscal year 2023.
Overview
We are a global media and technology company with two primary businesses: Connectivity & Platforms and Content & Experiences. We present the operations of (1) our Connectivity & Platforms business in two segments: Residential Connectivity & Platforms and Business Services Connectivity; and (2) our Content & Experiences business in three segments: Media, Studios and Theme Parks.
The discussion and analysis that follows includes the results of the cable television networks and complementary digital platforms included in Versant as the Separation did not occur until 2026. Refer to Note 16 for additional information.
Consolidated Revenue, Net Income Attributable to Comcast Corporation and Adjusted EBITDA (a)
(in billions)
Revenue
Net Income Attributable to Comcast Corporation
Adjusted EBITDA
(a) Adjusted EBITDA is a financial measure that is not defined by generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section on page 46 for additional information, including our definition and our use of Adjusted EBITDA, and for a reconciliat ion from net income attributable to Comcast Corporation to Adjusted EBITDA. Revenue, Net Income Attributable to Comcast Corporation and Adjusted EBITDA charts are not presented on the same scale.
2025 Revenue and Adjusted EBITDA Segment Contribution (a)
Revenue
Adjusted EBITDA
(a) Charts exclude the results of Content & Experiences Headquarters and Other, Corporate and Other, and eliminations. Refer to our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for additional information.
Comcast 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K
Table of Contents
2025 Developments
Connectivity & Platforms (a)
Content & Experiences (a)(b)
(a) Revenue and Adjusted EBITDA charts are not presented on the same scale.
(b) Segment details in the charts exclude the results of Content & Experiences Headquarters and Other and Eliminations and therefore the amounts do not equal the total.
Residential Connectivity & Platforms
Media
• Revenue decreased due to decreases in video, other and advertising revenue, partially offset by increases in domestic wireless and international connectivity revenue.
• Adjusted EBITDA decreased primarily due to a decrease in revenue and an increase in other costs and expenses, partially offset by a decrease in programming expenses.
• Adjusted EBITDA margin decreased from 38.2% to 37.7%.
Business Services Connectivity
• Revenue increased due to an increase in revenue from enterprise solutions offerings and small business customers.
• Adjusted EBITDA increased due to an increase in revenue, partially offset by increased costs and expenses.
• Adjusted EBITDA margin decreased from 56.7% to 55.9%.
Customer Metrics
• Total customer relationships decreased by 967,000 to 50.8 million.
• Domestic broadband customers decreased by 711,000 to 31.3 million.
• Domestic wireless lines increased by 1.5 million to 9.3 million.
• Domestic video customers decreased by 1.3 million to 11.3 million.
• Domestic homes and businesses passed increased by 1.3 million to 65.0 million.
Capital Expenditures
• Total Connectivity & Platforms capital expenditures increased 5.3% to $8.7 billion, reflecting increased spending on customer premise equipment, scalable infrastructure and support capital.
• Revenue decreased primarily due to the impact of the Paris Olympics in 2024. Excluding $1.9 billion of incremental revenue associated with this event, revenue increased due to increases in international networks, domestic distribution and other revenue, partially offset by a decrease in domestic advertising revenue.
• Adjusted EBITDA increased primarily due to a decrease in programming and production costs driven by the Paris Olympics, partially offset by a decrease in revenue.
• Peacock generated revenue and costs and expenses of $5.4 billion and $6.5 billion in 2025 , respectively, compared to $4.9 billion and $6.7 billion in 2024, respectively, including the Paris Olympics . Paid subscribers increased by 8 million to 44 million in 2025 .
Studios
• Revenue increased primarily due to an increase in content licensing, partially offset by a decrease in theatrical revenue.
• Adjusted EBITDA decreased due to an increase in costs and expenses driven by marketing and promotion and programming and production, partially offset by an increase in revenue.
Theme Parks
• Revenue increased primarily due to an increase in revenue at our theme parks in Orlando, driven by the opening of Epic Universe in May 2025.
• Adjusted EBITDA increased due to an increase in revenue, partially offset by an increase in costs and expenses.
• Capital expenditures continued to reflect significant spending for the development of Epic Universe in Orlando ahead of its opening.
Comcast 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K
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Other
• Repurchased a total of 205 million shares of our Class A common stock for $6.8 billion in 2025 compared to a total of 212 million shares of our Class A common stock for $8.6 billion in 2024. Raised our dividend by $0.08 to $1.32 per share on an annualized basis in January 2025 and paid $4.9 billion of dividends in 2025.
• In June 2025, we sold our interest in Hulu, at which time we recognized the sale of our interest with a pre-tax gain of $9.4 billion (see Note 8).
• On January 2, 2026, we completed the Separation of Versant into an independent, publicly traded company and we made a pro rata distribution of 100% of the shares of Versant common stock to Comcast shareholders in which each Comcast shareholder received 1 share of Versant common stock for every 25 shares of Comcast common stock owned as of the close of business on December 16, 2025 (see Note 16).
Consolidated Operating Results
Year ended December 31 (in millions, except per share data)
Change
Revenue
Costs and Expenses:
Programming and production
Marketing and promotion
Other operating and administrative
Depreciation
Amortization
Total costs and expenses
Operating income
Interest expense
Investment and other income (loss), net
Income before income taxes
Income tax expense
Net income
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
Net income attributable to Comcast Corporation
Basic earnings per common share attributable to Comcast Corporation shareholders
Diluted earnings per common share attributable to Comcast Corporation shareholders
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding - basic
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted
Adjusted EBITDA (a)
Percentage changes that are considered not meaningful are denoted with NM.
(a) Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section on page 46 for additional information, including our definition and our use of Adjusted EBITDA, and for a reconciliation from net income attributable to Comcast Corporation to Adjusted EBITDA.
Comcast 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K
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Consolidated Revenue
The following graph illustrates the contributions to the change in consolidated revenue made by our Connectivity & Platforms and Content & Experiences businesses, as well as by Corporate and Other activities, including eliminations.
(a) Graph is presented using a truncated scale.
Revenue for our segments and other businesses is discussed separately below under the heading “Segment Operating Results.”
Consolidated Costs and Expenses
The following graph illustrates the contributions to the change in consolidated costs and expenses, excluding depreciation expense and amortization expense, made by our Connectivity & Platforms and Content & Experiences businesses, as well as by Corporate and Other activities, including adjustments and eliminations. The increase in adjustments in the current year is primarily driven by transaction and transaction-related costs associated with the Separation of Versant that are excluded from Adjusted EBITDA and our segment operating results.
(a) Graph is presented using a truncated scale.
Costs and expenses for our segments and our corporate operations and other businesses are discussed separately below under the heading “Segment Operating Results.”
Consolidated depreciation and amortization expense increased in 2025 compared to 2024 primarily due to increased amortization of certain acquisition-related intangible assets related to the linear media business, increased depreciation due to the opening of Epic Universe in May 2025, impairments of certain long-lived assets in 2025 and the impact of foreign currency.
Amortization expense from acquisition-related intangible assets totaled $3.3 billion and $2.7 billion in 2025 and 2024, respectively. Amounts primarily relate to customer relationship intangible assets recorded in connection with the NBCUniversal transaction in 2011 and the Sky transaction in 2018.
Comcast 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K
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Consolidated interest expense increased in 2025 compared to 2024 primarily due to a decrease in capitalized interest driven by the opening of Epic Universe, as well as higher weighted-average interest rates in the current year.
Consolidated investment and other income (loss), net increased in 2025 compared to 2024.
Year ended December 31 (in millions)
Equity in net income (losses) of investees, net
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities, net
Other income (loss), net
Total investment and other income (loss), net
The change in equity in net income (losses) of investees, net in 2025 compared to 2024 was primarily due to our investments in Atairos and Hulu. The income (losses) at Atairos were driven by fair value adjustments on its underlying investments with income (loss) of $(377) million and $(474) million in 2025 and 2024, respectively.
The change in realized and unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities, net in 2025 compared to 2024 was primarily due to a gain on the sale of a nonmarketable security in the current year and due to higher net unrealized losses on nonmarketable securities in the prior year.
The change in other income (loss), net in 2025 compared to 2024 primarily resulted from a $9.4 billion pre-tax gain from the sale of our interest in Hulu in 2025 (see Note 8).
Consolidated Income Tax Expense
Our effective income tax rate in 2025 and 2024 was 23.7% and 15.0%, respectively.
The increase in income tax expense in 2025 was primarily driven by a tax benefit in the prior year from an internal corporate reorganization completed in 2024 and higher domestic income before income taxes in the current year.
See Note 5 for additional information on our income taxes.
Consolidated Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests
The changes in net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests in 2025 compared to 2024 were primarily due to our regional sports networks and Universal Beijing Resort.
Comcast 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K
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Segment Operating Results
Our segment operating results are presented based on how we assess operating performance and internally report financial information. See Note 2 for additional information on our segments.
Connectivity & Platforms Overview
Year ended December 31 (in millions)
Change
Constant Currency Change (b)
Revenue
Residential Connectivity & Platforms
Business Services Connectivity
Total Connectivity & Platforms revenue
Adjusted EBITDA
Residential Connectivity & Platforms
Business Services Connectivity
Total Connectivity & Platforms Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA Margin (a)
Residential Connectivity & Platforms
(50) bps
(30) bps
Business Services Connectivity
(80) bps
(80) bps
Total Connectivity & Platforms Adjusted EBITDA margin
(40) bps
(20) bps
(a) Our Adjusted EBITDA margin is Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenue. We believe this metric is useful particularly as we continue to focus on growing our higher-margin businesses and improving overall operating cost management. The changes reflect the year-over-year basis point changes in the rounded Adjusted EBITDA margins.
(b) Constant currency is a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section on page 46 for additional information, including our definition and our use of constant currency, and for a reconciliation of constant currency amounts.
We continue to focus on growing our higher-margin connectivity businesses while managing overall operating costs. We also continue to invest in our network to support higher-speed broadband offerings and to expand the number of homes and businesses passed. Our customer relationship additions/(losses) continue to be negatively impacted by an increasingly competitive environment. We are focused on increasing our residential connectivity revenue. In 2025, we simplified our broadband pricing structure and began offering a free wireless line for one year to new and existing domestic broadband customers, which we expect will improve customer retention and strengthen our ability to compete for new customers, but will negatively impact average domestic broadband revenue per customer. We also expect continued declines in video revenue as a result of domestic customer net losses due to shifting video consumption patterns and the competitive environment, although customer net losses typically mitigate the impact of continued rate increases on programming expenses, as well as continued declines in other revenue related to in wireline voice revenue. We are also focused on growing our Business Services Connectivity segment revenue by offering competitive services, including enterprise solutions, and driving higher adoption of our advanced solutions.
Comcast 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K
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Connectivity & Platforms Customer Metri cs
Net Additions / (Losses)
(in thousands)
Customer Relationships
Domestic Residential Connectivity & Platforms customer relationships (a)
International Residential Connectivity & Platforms customer relationships (a)
Business Services Connectivity customer relationships (b)(c)
Total Connectivity & Platforms customer relationships
Domestic Broadband
Residential customers
Business customers (b)(c)
Total domestic broadband customers
Domestic Wireless
Total domestic wireless lines (d)
Domestic Video
Total domestic video customers
Domestic homes and businesses passed (e)
Domestic broadband penetration of homes and businesses passed (f)
(a) Residential Connectivity & Platforms customer relationships generally represent the number of residential customer locations that subscribe to at least one of our services. International Residential Connectivity & Platforms customer relationships represent customers receiving Sky services in the United Kingdom and Italy. Because each of our services includes a variety of product tiers, which may change from time to time, net additions or losses in any one period will reflect a mix of customers at various tiers.
(b) Business Services Connectivity customer metrics are generally counted based on the number of connections receiving services, including connections within our network in the United States, as well as connections outside of our network both in the United States and internationally. Certain arrangements whereby third parties provide connectivity services leveraging our network are also generally counted based on the number of connections served.
(c) Beginning in the second quarter of 2025, Business Services Connectivity customer relationships and domestic broadband business customers include connections from the acquisition of Nitel and other conforming changes, resulting in an increase of 124,000 Business Services Connectivity customer relationships and 123,000 domestic broadband business customers as of April 1, 2025. Because these adjustments were made as of April 1, 2025, they are not reflected in 2024 customer metrics or in net additions/(losses) in 2024 or 2025.
(d) Domestic wireless lines represent the number of residential and business customers’ wireless devices. An individual customer relationship may have multiple wireless lines.
(e) Connectivity & Platforms domestic homes and businesses are considered passed if we can connect them to our network in the United States without further extending the transmission lines. Homes and businesses passed is an estimate based on the best available information.
(f) Penetration is calculated by dividing the number of domestic customers located within our network by the number of domestic homes and businesses passed.
Change
Constant Currency Change (a)
Average monthly total Connectivity & Platforms revenue per customer relationship
Average monthly total Connectivity & Platforms Adjusted EBITDA per customer relationship
(a) Constant currency is a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measure” section on page 46 for additional information, including our definition and our use of constant currency, and for a reconciliation of constant currency amounts.
Average monthly total revenue per customer relationship is impacted by rate adjustments and changes in the types and levels of services received by our residential and business customers, as well as changes in advertising and other revenue and in foreign currency exchange rates. While revenue from our individual service offerings is also impacted by changes in the allocation of revenue among services sold in a bundle, the allocation does not impact average monthly total revenue per customer relationship. Each of our services has a different contribution to Adjusted EBITDA margin. We use average monthly Adjusted EBITDA per customer relationship to evaluate the profitability of our customer base across our service offerings. We believe both metrics are useful to understand the trends in our business, and average monthly Adjusted EBITDA per customer relationship is useful particularly as we continue to focus on growing our higher-margin businesses.
Comcast 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K
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Connectivity & Platforms — Supplemental Costs and Expenses Information
Connectivity & Platforms supplemental costs and expenses information in the table below is presented on an aggregate basis across the Connectivity & Platforms segments as the segments use certain shared infrastructure, including our network in the United States. Costs and expenses information reported separately for the Residential Connectivity & Platforms and Business Services Connectivity segments includes each segment’s direct costs and an allocation of shared costs.
Year ended December 31 (in millions)
Change
Constant Currency Change (g)
Costs and Expenses
Programming (a)
Technical and support (b)
Direct product costs (c)
Marketing and promotion (d)
Customer service (e)
Other (f)
Total Connectivity & Platforms costs and expenses
(a) Programming expenses, which represent our most significant operating expense, are the fees we incur to provide video services to our customers, and primarily include fees related to the distribution of television network programming and fees charged for retransmission of the signals from local broadcast television stations. These expenses also include the costs of content on the Sky-branded entertainment television networks, including amortization of licensed content.
(b) Technical and support expenses primarily consist of costs for labor to complete service call and installation activities; and costs for network operations and satellite transmission, product development, fulfillment and provisioning.
(c) Direct product costs primarily consist of access fees related to using wireless and broadband networks owned by third parties to deliver our services and costs of products sold, including wireless devices and Sky Glass smart televisions.
(d) Marketing and promotion expenses primarily consist of the costs associated with attracting new customers and promoting our service offerings.
(e) Customer service expenses primarily consist of the personnel and other costs associated with customer service and certain selling activities.
(f) Other expenses primarily consist of administrative personnel costs; franchise and other regulatory fees; fees paid to third parties where we sell advertising on their behalf; bad debt; building and office expenses, taxes and billing costs; and other business, headquarters and support costs necessary to operate the Connectivity & Platforms business.
(g) Constant currency is a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section on page 46 for additional information, including our definition and our use of constant currency, and for a reconciliation of constant currency amounts.
Residential Connectivity & Platforms Segment Results of Operations
Year ended December 31 (in millions)
Change
Constant Currency Change (b)
Revenue
Domestic broadband
Domestic wireless
International connectivity
Total residential connectivity
Video
Advertising
Other
Total revenue
Costs and Expenses
Programming
Other
Total costs and expenses
Adjusted EBITDA
(a) Beginning in the first quarter of 2025, commission revenue from the sale of certain DTC streaming services and revenue related to certain equipment are presented in video revenue. Previously, these amounts were presented in domestic broadband and international connectivity. Prior periods have been reclassified to reflect the current year presentation.
Comcast 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K
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(b) Constant currency is a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section on page 46 for additional information, including our definition and our use of constant currency, and for a reconciliation of constant currency amounts.
Residential Connectivity & Platforms Segment – Revenue
Domestic broadband revenue primarily consists of revenue from sales of broadband services to residential customers in the United States, including equipment and installation services.
Domestic broadband revenue remained consistent in 2025 due to an increase in average rates, offset by a decline in the number of domestic broadband customers.
Domestic wireless revenue primarily consists of revenue from sales of wireless services and devices, including handsets, tablets and smart watches, to residential customers in the United States.
Domestic wireless revenue increased in 2025 primarily due to an increase in the number of customer lines and device sales.
International connectivity revenue primarily consists of revenue from sales of broadband services, including equipment and installation services, wireless devices and wireless services to residential customers in the United Kingdom and Italy.
International connectivity revenue increased in 2025 primarily due to an increase in broadband revenue resulting from an increase in average rates and an increase in wireless revenue primarily resulting from an increase in the number of customer lines and device sales. These increases include the positive impact of foreign currency.
Video revenue primarily consists of revenue from sales of video services to residential and business customers across the Connectivity & Platforms markets, including equipment and installation services. Video revenue includes pay-per-view and other transactional revenue and franchise fees, revenue from sales of certain hardware, including Sky Glass smart televisions, commission revenue from the sale of certain DTC streaming services, and revenue related to Xumo Stream Boxes.
Video revenue decreased in 2025 due to declines in the overall number of video customers, partially offset by an overall increase in average rates and the positive impact of foreign currency.
Advertising revenue primarily consists of revenue from the sale of advertising across our platforms in the Connectivity & Platforms markets, including advertising as part of our distribution agreements with cable networks in the United States, and advertising on Sky-branded entertainment television networks and on our digital properties. Advertising also includes revenue where we enter into representation agreements under which we sell advertising on behalf of third parties and from our advanced advertising businesses.
Advertising revenue decreased in 2025 primarily driven by lower domestic political and nonpolitical advertising, partially offset by the positive impact of foreign currency.
Other revenue primarily consists of revenue in the Connectivity & Platforms markets from sales of wireline voice services to residential customers; our residential security and automation services businesses; the licensing of our technology platforms to other multichannel video providers; the distribution of certain of our Sky-branded entertainment television networks to third-party video service providers; commissions from electronic retailing networks; and certain billing and collection fees.
Other revenue decreased in 2025 primarily due to a decrease in residential wireline voice revenue driven by a decline in the number of customers.
Residential Connectivity & Platforms Segment – Costs and Expenses
Programming expenses decreased in 2025 primarily due to a decline in the number of domestic video subscribers, partially offset by rate increases under our domestic programming contracts, an increase in programming expenses for our international sports networks and the impact of foreign currency.
Other expenses increased in 2025 primarily due to increased direct product costs, the impact of foreign currency and increased spending on marketing and promotion, partially offset by a decrease in franchise and other regulatory fees, and a decrease in fees paid to third parties relating to advertising sales.
Comcast 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K
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Business Services Connectivity Segment Results of Operations
Year ended December 31 (in millions)
Change
Revenue
Costs and expenses
Adjusted EBITDA
Business services connectivity revenue primarily consists of revenue from our service offerings for small business locations in the United States, which include broadband, wireline voice and wireless services, as well as our enterprise solutions offerings, and our business connectivity service offerings in the United Kingdom.
Business services connectivity revenue increased in 2025 primarily due to an increase in revenue from enterprise solutions offerings, including the results from Nitel, which was acquired in April 2025, and from an increase in revenue from small business customers.
Business services connectivity costs and expenses increased in 2025 primarily due to increases in direct product costs, which include the results from Nitel.
Content & Experiences Overview
Year ended December 31 (in millions)
Change
Revenue
Media
Studios
Theme Parks
Headquarters and Other
Eliminations
Total Content & Experiences revenue
Adjusted EBITDA
Media
Studios
Theme Parks
Headquarters and Other
Eliminations
Total Content & Experiences Adjusted EBITDA
We operate our Media segment as a combined television and streaming business and will continue to do so following the Separation of the Versant business. We expect that the number of subscribers and audience ratings at our remaining linear television networks will continue to decline as a result of the competitive environment and shifting video consumption patterns, which we aim to mitigate over time by growth in both paid subscribers and advertising revenue at Peacock. We expect to continue to incur significant costs related to content and marketing at Peacock. Revenue and programming expenses are also impacted by the timing of certain sporting events, including the Paris Olympics in the third quarter of 2024 and the NBA beginning in the fourth quarter of 2025. We expect lower revenue and costs and expenses for the Media segment in 2026 as a result of the Separation of Versant.
Our Studios segment generates revenue primarily from third parties and from licensing content to our Media segment. While the results of operations for our Studios segment are not impacted, results for our total Content & Experiences business may be impacted as the Studios segment licenses content to the Media segment, including for Peacock, rather than licensing the content to third parties.
We continue to invest significantly in existing and new theme park attractions, hotels and infrastructure, including Epic Universe in Orlando, which opened in May 2025, as well as in new destinations and experiences, including a Universal theme park and resort in the United Kingdom with a projected opening date in 2031, subject to various approvals.
Comcast 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K
Table of Contents
Media Segment Results of Operations
Year ended December 31 (in millions)
Change
Revenue
Domestic advertising
Domestic distribution
International networks
Other
Total revenue
Costs and Expenses
Programming and production
Marketing and promotion
Other
Total costs and expenses
Adjusted EBITDA
Media Segment – Revenue
Revenue decreased in 2025 primarily due to the Paris Olympics in 2024. Excluding incremental revenue associated with this event, revenue increased in 2025 driven by increases in international networks, domestic distribution and other revenue, partially offset by a decrease in domestic advertising revenue.
Year ended December 31 (in millions)
Change
Total revenue
Olympics
Total revenue, excluding Olympics
Total domestic advertising revenue
Olympics
Domestic advertising revenue, excluding Olympics
Total domestic distribution revenue
Olympics
Domestic distribution revenue, excluding Olympics
Percentage changes that are considered not meaningful are denoted with NM.
Domesti c advertising revenue primarily consists of revenue generated from sales of advertising on our linear television networks, Peacock and other digital properties operating predominantly in the United States.
Domestic advertising revenue decreased in 2025 primarily due to the Paris Olympics in 2024. Excluding incremental revenue associated with this event, domestic advertising revenue decreased in 2025 primarily due to a decrease in revenue at our linear television networks, partially offset by an increase in revenue at Peacock.
Domestic distribution revenue primarily consists of revenue generated from the distribution of our television networks operating predominantly in the United States to traditional and virtual multichannel video providers, and from NBC-affiliated and Telemundo-affiliated local broadcast television stations. Our revenue from distribution agreements is generally based on the number of subscribers receiving the programming on our television networks and a per subscriber fee. Distribution revenue also includes Peacock subscription fees.
Domestic distribution revenue decreased in 2025, including the impact of the Paris Olympics in 2024. Excluding incremental revenue associated with this event, domestic distribution revenue increased in 2025 primarily due to an increase in revenue at Peacock, partially offset by a decrease in revenue at our linear television networks. The decrease at our linear television networks was primarily due to a decline in the number of subscribers, partially offset by contractual rate increases.
Comcast 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K
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International networks revenue primarily consists of revenue generated by our networks operating predominantly outside the United States, including the Sky Sports networks in the United Kingdom and Italy. This revenue primarily results from the distribution of our television networks to traditional and virtual multichannel video providers and other platforms, as well as sales of advertising. A significant portion of this revenue comes from the Residential Connectivity & Platforms segment.
International networks revenue increased in 2025 primarily due to an increase in revenue associated with the distribution of sports networks and the positive impact of foreign currency.
Ot her r evenue primarily consists of revenue generated from various digital properties and the licensing of our owned content and technology.
Other revenue increased in 2025 primarily due to increased revenue from a digital property and increased licensing of our owned content.
Media segment total revenue included $5.4 billion and $4.9 billion related to Peacock in 2025 and 2024, respectively, including amounts related to the Paris Olympics in 2024. We had 44 million and 36 million paid subscribers of Peacock as of 2025 and 2024, respectively. Peacock paid subscribers represent customers from which we recognize distribution revenue, including both customers that pay us directly and customers receiving the service through arrangements with companies who sell Peacock on our behalf. In these arrangements, paid subscribers are counted based on the terms of the arrangement when the related revenue is recognized. As a result, certain customers are counted when they activate their account, while other customers are counted when the Peacock service is made available to them as part of their bundled service offering regardless of whether it is activated. The increase in paid subscribers in 2025 is mainly due to the availability of Peacock through third-party bundled service offerings.
Media Segment – Costs and Expenses
Programming and production costs primarily consists of the amortization of owned and licensed content, including sports rights, direct production costs, p roduction overhead, on-air talent costs and costs associated with the distribution of our television networks to multichannel video providers.
Programming and production costs decreased in 2025 primarily due to costs associated with the Paris Olympics in 2024, partially offset by an increase in sports programming costs for our international television networks and the impact of foreign currency.
Marketing and promotion expenses primarily consists of the costs associated with promoting our television networks, Peacock and other digital properties.
Marketing and promotion expenses remained consistent in 2025 primarily due to costs associated with the Paris Olympics in 2024, offset by higher costs related to marketing for our linear television networks.
Other expenses primarily consists of salaries, employee benefits, rent and other overhead expenses.
Other expenses remained consistent in 2025 primarily due to higher severance charges in 2024, offset by an increase in costs related to Peacock.
Media segment total costs and expenses included $6.5 billion and $6.7 billion related to Peacock in 2025 and 2024, respectively, including amounts related to the Paris Olympics in 2024.
Comcast 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K
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Studios Segment Results of Operations
Year ended December 31 (in millions)
Change
Revenue
Content licensing
Theatrical
Other
Total revenue
Costs and Expenses
Programming and production
Marketing and promotion
Other
Total costs and expenses
Adjusted EBITDA
Studios Segment – Revenue
C ontent licensing r evenue primarily relates to the licensing of our owned film and television content in the United States and internationally to television networks and DTC streaming service providers, as well as through video on demand services provided by multichannel video providers and other service providers.
Content licensing revenue increased in 2025 primarily due to the timing of when content was made available by our television studios under licensing agreements, partially offset by the timing of when content was made available by our film studios.
Theatrical r evenue primarily relates to the worldwide distribution of our produced and acquired films for exhibition in movie theaters.
Theatrical revenue decreased in 2025 primarily due to higher revenue from releases in our 2024 slate, including Despicable Me 4 , Wicked , and Kung Fu Panda 4 , compared to revenue from releases in our 2025 slate, including Jurassic World Rebirth , How to Train Your Dragon and Wicked: For Good.
Other revenue primarily consists of the sale of physical and digital home entertainment products, as well as the production and licensing of live stage plays and the distribution of content produced by third parties.
Studios Segment – Costs and Expenses
Prog ramming and production costs primarily consists of the amortization of capitalized film and television production and acquisition costs; participations and residuals expenses; and distribution expenses.
Programming and production costs increased in 2025 primarily due to higher costs associated with content licensing sales, partially offset by lower costs associated with theatrical releases.
Marketing and promotion expenses primarily consists of expenses associated with advertising for our theatrical releases.
Marketing and promotion expenses increased in 2025 primarily due to increased spending on current year and upcoming theatrical film releases.
Other expenses include salaries, employee benefits, rent and other overhead expenses.
Theme Parks Segment Results of Operations
Year ended December 31 (in millions)
Change
Revenue
Costs and expenses
Adjusted EBITDA
Comcast 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K
Table of Contents
Theme parks segment revenue primarily relates to guest spending at our theme parks, including ticket sales and in-park spending, and to our c onsumer products business.
Theme park segment revenue increased in 2025 primarily driven by our domestic theme parks, which included higher revenue at our theme parks in Orlando driven by the opening of Epic Universe in May 2025, partially offset by lower revenue at our theme park in Hollywood.
Theme parks segment costs and expenses primarily consists of theme park operations, including repairs and maintenance and related administrative expe nses; food, beverage and merchandise costs; labor costs; and sales and marketing costs.
Theme parks segment costs and expenses increased in 2025 primarily due to operating costs associated with Epic Universe.
Content & Experiences Headquarters, Other and Eliminations
Headquarters and Other Results of Operations
Year ended December 31 (in millions)
Change
Revenue
Costs and expenses
Adjusted EBITDA
Headquarters and Other expenses primarily consist of overhead, personnel and other costs necessary to operate the Content & Experiences business.
Eliminations
Year ended December 31 (in millions)
Change
Revenue
Costs and expenses
Adjusted EBITDA
Amounts represent eliminations of transactions between segments in our Content & Experiences business, the most significant being content licensing between the Studios and Media segments, which are affected by the timing of recognition of content licenses.
Eliminations increase or decrease to the extent that additional content is made available to our other segments within the Content & Experiences business. Refer to Note 2 for additional information on transactions between our segments.
Corporate, Other and Eliminations
Corporate and Other Results of Operations
Year ended December 31 (in millions)
Change
Revenue
Costs and expenses
Adjusted EBITDA
Corporate and Other primarily consists of overhead and personnel costs; Sky-branded video services and television networks in Germany; Comcast Spectacor, which owns the Philadelphia Flyers and the Xfinity Mobile Arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Xumo, our consolidated streaming platform joint venture.
Corporate and Other revenue increased in 2025 primarily due to an increase from Sky operations in Germany, which includes the positive impact of foreign currency and an underlying increase in revenue, partially offset by a decrease in revenue from Comcast Spectacor.
Corporate and Other costs and expenses increased in 2025 primarily due to our corporate functions and higher costs related to Sky operations in Germany which includes the impact of foreign currency partially offset by an underlying decrease in costs and expenses. These increases were partially offset by marketing associated with the Paris Olympics in 2024.
Comcast 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K
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Eliminations
Year ended December 31 (in millions)
Change
Revenue
Costs and expenses
Adjusted EBITDA
Amounts represent eliminations of transactions between our Connectivity & Platforms, Content & Experiences and other businesses, the most significant being distribution of television network programming between the Media and Residential Connectivity & Platforms segments. Eliminations of transactions between segments within Content & Experiences are presented separately. Amounts are affected by the periodic broadcast of the Olympic Games, including the Paris Olympics in 2024. Refer to Note 2 for additional information on transactions between our segments.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and is the primary basis used to measure the operational strength and performance of our businesses as well as to assist in the evaluation of underlying trends in our businesses. This measure eliminates the significant level of noncash depreciation and amortization expense that results from the capital-intensive nature of certain of our businesses and from intangible assets recognized in business combinations. It is also unaffected by our capital and tax structures, and by our investment activities, including the results of entities that we do not consolidate, as our management excludes these results when evaluating our operating performance. Our management and Board of Directors use this financial measure to evaluate our consolidated operating performance and the operating performance of our operating segments and to allocate resources and capital to our operating segments. It is also a significant performance measure in our annual incentive compensation programs. Additionally, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors because it is one of the bases for comparing our operating performance with that of other companies in our industries, although our measure of Adjusted EBITDA may not be directly comparable to similar measures used by other companies.
We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income attributable to Comcast Corporation before net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, income tax expense, investment and other income (loss), net, interest expense, depreciation and amortization expense, and other operating gains and losses (such as impairment charges related to fixed and intangible assets and gains or losses on the sale of long-lived assets), if any. From time to time, we may exclude from Adjusted EBITDA the impact of certain events, gains, losses or other charges (such as significant legal settlements) that affect the period-to-period comparability of our operating performance.
We reconcile consolidated Adjusted EBITDA to net income attributable to Comcast Corporation. This measure should not be considered a substitute for operating income (loss), net income (loss), net income (loss) attributable to Comcast Corporation, or net cash provided by operating activities that we have reported in accordance with GAAP.
Reconciliation from Net Income Attributable to Comcast Corporation to Adjusted EBITDA
Year ended December 31 (in millions)
Net income attributable to Comcast Corporation
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
Income tax expense
Interest expense
Investment and other (income) loss, net
Depreciation
Amortization
Adjustments (a)
Adjusted EBITDA
(a) Amounts represent the impact of certain events, gains, losses or other charges that are excluded from Adjusted EBITDA. For the periods presented, Adjusted EBITDA excludes transaction and transaction-related costs associated with the Separation of Versant, as well as other operating and administrative expenses related to our investment portfolio. Transaction costs are incremental costs directly related to effectuating the Separation and primarily include advisory, legal and audit fees, as well as legal entity separation costs. Transaction-related costs are incremental costs incurred in anticipation of the Separation, including costs that reflect strategic decisions about how the standalone Versant business will be structured or operated, which may be different than if it remained part of Comcast. Transaction-related costs primarily include certain separation-related employee compensation, severance and retention bonuses; IT separation and implementation costs; and other one-time costs.
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Year ended December 31 (in millions)
Transaction-related costs
Transaction costs
Costs related to our investment portfolio
Total Adjustments
Constant Currency
Constant currency and constant currency growth rates are non-GAAP financial measures that present our results of operations excluding the estimated effects of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. Certain of our businesses, including Connectivity & Platforms, have operations outside the United States that are conducted in local currencies. As a result, the comparability of the financial results reported in U.S. dollars is affected by changes in foreign currency exchange rates. In our Connectivity & Platforms business, we use constant currency and constant currency growth rates to evaluate the underlying performance of the businesses, and we believe they are helpful for investors because such measures present operating results on a comparable basis year over year to allow the evaluation of their underlying performance.
Constant currency and constant currency growth rates are calculated by comparing the results for each comparable prior year period adjusted to reflect the average exchange rates from each current year period presented rather than the actual exchange rates that were in effect during the respective periods.
Reconciliation of Connectivity & Platforms Constant Currency
Year ended December 31 (in millions)
As Reported
Effects of Foreign Currency
Constant Currency Amounts
Revenue
Residential Connectivity & Platforms
Business Services Connectivity
Total Connectivity & Platforms revenue
Adjusted EBITDA
Residential Connectivity & Platforms
Business Services Connectivity
Total Connectivity & Platforms Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA Margin
Residential Connectivity & Platforms
(20) bps
Business Services Connectivity
— bps
Total Connectivity & Platforms Adjusted EBITDA margin
(20) bps
As Reported
Effects of Foreign Currency
Constant Currency Amounts
Average monthly total Connectivity & Platforms revenue per customer relationship
Average monthly total Connectivity & Platforms Adjusted EBITDA per customer relationship
(in millions)
As Reported
Effects of Foreign Currency
Constant Currency Amounts
Costs and Expenses
Programming
Technical and support
Direct product costs
Marketing and promotion
Customer service
Other
Total Connectivity & Platforms costs and expenses
Comcast 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K
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Reconciliation of Residential Connectivity & Platforms Constant Currency
(in millions)
As Reported
Effects of Foreign Currency
Constant Currency Amounts
Revenue
Domestic broadband
Domestic wireless
International connectivity
Total residential connectivity
Video
Advertising
Other
Total revenue
Costs and Expenses
Programming
Other
Total costs and expenses
Adjusted EBITDA
Other Adjustments
From time to time, we present adjusted information, such as revenue, to exclude the impact of certain events, gains, losses or other charges. This adjusted information is a non-GAAP financial measure. We believe, among other things, that the adjusted information may help investors evaluate our ongoing operations and can assist in making meaningful period-over-period comparisons.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Year ended December 31 (in billions)
Cash provided by operating activities
Cash used in investing activities
Cash used in financing activities
December 31 (in billions)
Cash and cash equivalents
Restricted cash included in other current assets and other noncurrent assets, net
Debt
Our businesses generate significant cash flows from operating activities. We believe that we will be able to continue to meet our current and long-term liquidity and capital requirements, including fixed charges, through our cash flows from operating activities; existing cash, cash equivalents and investments; available borrowings under our existing credit facility; and our ability to obtain future external financing. Refer to the “Contractual Obligations” discussion below for additional information regarding our cash requirements. We anticipate that we will continue to use a substantial portion of our cash flows from operating activities in repaying our debt obligations, funding our capital expenditures and cash paid for intangible assets, investing in business opportunities, and returning capital to shareholders.
We maintain significant availability under our revolving credit facility and our commercial paper program to meet our short-term liquidity requirements. Our commercial paper program generally provides a lower-cost source of borrowing to fund our short-term working capital requirements. As of December 31, 2025, amounts available under our revolving credit facility, net of amounts outstanding under our commercial paper program and outstanding letters of credit and bank guarantees, totaled $ 11.8 billion.
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W e are subject to customary covenants and restrictions set forth in agreements related to debt issued at Comcast and certain of our subsidiaries, including the indentures governing our public debt securities and the credit agreement governing the Comcast revolving credit facility. Our revolving credit facility contains a financial covenant pertaining to leverage, which is the ratio of debt to EBITDA, as defined in the agreement. Compliance with this financial covenant is tested on a quarterly basis. As of December 31, 2025, we met this financial covenant and other covenants related to our debt, and we expect to remain in compliance with this financial covenant and other covenants related to our debt.
Operating Activities
Components of Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
Year ended December 31 (in millions)
Operating income
Depreciation and amortization
Noncash share-based compensation
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Payments of interest
Payments of income taxes
Proceeds from investments and other
Net cash provided by operating activities
The variance in changes in operating assets and liabilities in 2025 was primarily related to the timing of our accounts payable; timing of deferred revenue, which includes the impact of the Olympics; and the timing of amortization and related payments for our film and television costs, including the timing of sports; partially offset by increases in inventory and receivables.
The increase in payments of interest in 2025 was primarily due to decreased capitalized interest driven by the opening of Epic Universe and higher weighted-average interest rates.
Payments of income taxes decreased in 2025 primarily due to higher payments in 2024 related to the 2023 tax year primarily driven by the taxable gain recognized on our investment in Hulu (see Note 8), a federal income tax refund received in 2025 as a result of carrying back a capital loss created primarily as part of a 2024 internal corporate reorganization (see Note 5), and additional deductions allowed under legislation enacted in 2025 (see Note 5). These decreases were partially offset by the timing of transferable tax credit purchases.
Legislation signed into law in 2025 in the United States is expected to significantly reduce our payments of income taxes over the next several years, with variability across the years, primarily due to additional depreciation deductions and the reinstatement of the immediate deduction of domestic research and development expenses.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities increased in 2025 primarily due to the acquisition of Nitel in 2025, the purchase of an equity method investment in the current year, and proceeds from the maturity of short-term investments in the prior year, partially offset by purchases of short-term investments in the prior year, additional proceeds received in 2025 for the sale of our interest in Hulu (see Note 8), decreased capital expenditures, decreased cash paid for intangible assets related to software development, and proceeds from the sale of a nonmarketable security in the current year.
In 2025, we entered into an agreement with RTL Group to sell our Sky operations in Germany, subject to various conditions and approvals, and we expect the sale to be completed in 2026. The related assets and liabilities are presented as held for sale as of December 31, 2025 (see Note 7).
In 2023, we entered into an agreement with T-Mobile to sell certain of our spectrum licenses. The agreement provides us with a right to remove certain licenses from the transaction, which will result in total cash consideration between $1.2 billion and $3.3 billion. The sale is expected to close in 2028 subject to various conditions and approvals.
Capital Expenditures
Capital expenditures decreased in 2025 primarily due to decreased spending on Epic Universe driven by the opening in May 2025, partially offset by increased spending by the Connectivity & Platforms businesses. The costs associated with the construction of Universal Beijing Resort are presented separately in our consolidated statements of cash flows. See Note 8.
Our most significant capital expenditures are within the Connectivity & Platforms business, and we expect that this will continue in the future. Connectivity & Platforms’ capital expenditures increased in 2025 primarily due to increased spending on customer premise equipment, scalable infrastructure and support capital. The table below summarizes the capital expenditures we incurred in our segments in the Connectivity & Platforms business in 2025 and 2024.
Comcast 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K
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Year ended December 31 (in millions)
Customer premise equipment
Scalable infrastructure
Line extensions
Support capital
Total
We expect our capital expenditures in 2026 will continue to be focused on investments in the Connectivity & Platforms business in scalable infrastructure as we increase capacity and continue to execute our plans to upgrade our network to deliver multigigabit symmetrical speeds, in the continued deployment of next generation wireless gateways, and in line extensions for the expansion of homes and businesses passed. In addition, we expect to continue investment in existing and new attractions at our Universal theme parks. Capital expenditures for subsequent years will depend on numerous factors, including competition, changes in technology, regulatory changes, the timing and rate of deployment of new services, the capacity required for existing services, the timing of new attractions at our theme parks and potential acquisitions.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities increased in 2025 primarily due to lower proceeds from borrowings and higher repurchases and repayments of debt in the current year, partially offset by a decrease in repurchases of common stock under our share repurchase program and employee plans.
In October 2025, we completed debt exchange transactions and concurrent tender offers. We issued $1.2 billion aggregate principal amount of new 5.17% senior notes due 2037 and made cash payments of approximately $0.8 billion in exchange for $1.9 billion aggregate principal amount of certain series of outstanding senior notes with maturities ranging from 2027 to 2029 and a weighted-average interest rate of 4.01%. These transactions did not have a material impact on our interest expense or on our overall weighted-average interest rate or weighted-average maturity for our total outstanding debt.
In May 2025, we issued $2.5 billion aggregate principal amount of fixed-rate senior notes, which have maturities ranging between 2032 and 2055 and a weighted-average interest rate of 5.51%. The net proceeds from this issuance were intended for the early redemption of all outstanding amounts of our $1.5 billion aggregate principal amount of 3.375% Notes due August 2025, which was completed in June 2025, and for general corporate purposes.
In 2025, we made debt repayments of $5.7 billion, including $2.6 billion of 3.950% Notes due October 2025, $1.2 billion of 3.375% Notes due August 2025, $1.0 billion principal amount of notes due at maturity and $0.8 billion of cash payments in the debt exchange transactions.
We have made, and may from time to time in the future make, optional repayments on our debt obligations, which may include repurchases or exchanges of our outstanding public notes and debentures, depending on various factors, such as market conditions. Any such repurchases may be effected through privately negotiated transactions, market transactions, tender offers, redemptions or otherwise. In particular, we may repurchase varying amounts of our outstanding public notes and debentures with short to medium term m aturities through privately negotiated or market transactions. See Notes 6 and 8 for additional information on our financing activities.
Additionally, in October 2025, in anticipation of the Separation of Versant, Versant entered into a credit agreement with respect to a $1.0 billion senior secured term A loan facility due January 2031 (the “Term A Loan Facility”) and a $750 million revolving credit facility due January 2031 (the “Versant Revolving Credit Facility”). As of December 31, 2025, the Term A Loan Facility was not funded and the Versant Revolving Credit Facility was undrawn. Versant also entered into an indenture pursuant to which Versant issued $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 7.25% senior secured notes due January 2031 (the “Notes”). As of December 31, 2025, the net proceeds from the Notes issuance, plus accrued and unpaid interest, were held in an escrow account and reported as restricted cash within our consolidated balance sheet due to a special mandatory redemption provision that would have required the Notes to be redeemed if the Separation of Versant from Comcast had not been consummated by March 2, 2026.
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On January 2, 2026, before the Distribution, Versant entered into a credit agreement with respect to a $1.0 billion term B loan facility due January 2031 (the “Term B Loan Facility”), and each of the Term A Loan Facility and the Term B Loan Facility was funded. Versant’s $3.0 billion aggregate principal amount of indebtedness consisting of the Notes and borrowings under the Term A Loan Facility and Term B Loan Facility ceased to be consolidated indebtedness of Comcast in connection with the Separation. Further, in connection with the Separation, Versant used the net proceeds from the issuance of the Notes and a portion of the proceeds of its borrowings under the Term A Loan Facility and the Term B Loan Facility to make a cash distribution of $2.25 billion to us. The proceeds from the distribution, together with cash on hand, were used for the redemption on January 15, 2026 of all outstanding amounts of our 3.15% Notes due March 2026, including accrued and unpaid interest, totaling approximately $2.1 billion and all outstanding amounts of our 5.35% Notes due November 2027, including accrued and unpaid interest, totaling approximately $650 million. See Note 16 for additional information on the Separation.
Share Repurchases and Dividends
In January 2024, our Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase program authorization of $15.0 billion and in January 2025, our Board of Directors terminated the existing program and approved a new share repurchase program authorization of $15.0 billion, effective as of January 31, 2025, which has no expiration date. In 2025, we repurchased a total of 205 million shares of our Class A common stock for $6.8 billion under our authorization programs. We did not purchase any shares outside of these programs. As of December 31, 2025, we had $8.9 billion remaining under the authorization.
We expect to repurchase additional shares of our Class A common stock under this authorization in the open market or in private transactions, subject to market and other conditions.
In 2025, our Board of Directors declared quarterly dividends of $0.33 per share, including our fourth quarter dividend to be paid in February 2026, and we made dividend payments of $4.9 billion. In January 2026, our Board of Directors approved a dividend consistent with the prior year of $1.32 per share on an annualized basis and approved our first quarter dividend of $0.33 per share, to be paid in April 2026. We expect to continue to pay quarterly dividends, although each dividend is subject to approval by our Board of Directors.
The chart below summarizes share repurchases and dividend payments. In addition, we paid $371 million and $463 million in 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to employee taxes associated with the administration of our share-based compensation plans and excise taxes related to share repurchases. Our share repurchases have more than offset dilution that resulted from issuing our Class A common stock in connection with our share-based compensation plans in those years, thereby having the effect of reducing the total number of our Class A common stock outstanding.
Share Repurchases Under Share Repurchase Program Authorization and Dividends Paid and Weighted-Average Number of Common Shares Outstanding - Diluted
($ in billions and shares in millions)
Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our most significant contractual obligations as of December 31, 2025 :
As of December 31, 2025 (in billions)
Total
Within the next 12 months
Beyond the next 12 months
Debt obligations (a)
Programming and production obligations (b)(c)
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(a) A mounts represent the face value of debt and exclude interest payments. Subsequent to December 31, 2025, $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 7.25% fixed-rate senior secured notes due January 2031 issued by Versant ceased to be our contractual obligation due to the completion of the Separation on January 2, 2026.
(b) Amounts include contractual obligations for our assets presented as held for sale as of December 31, 2025.
(c) Subsequent to December 31, 2025, certain content license agreements, or parts thereof, including sports rights agreements, were transferred to Versant in connection with the Separation, thereby reducing our programming and production obligations by $5.9 billion, of which $1.5 billion was due within the next 12 months and $4.4 billion was due thereafter. The vast majority of this reduction relates to multiyear sports rights agreements.
Our largest contractual obligations relate to our outstanding debt. As of December 31, 2025 , our debt had a weighted-average time to maturity of approximately 15 years. Including the effects of our derivative financial instruments, as of December 31, 2025, our debt had a weighted-average interest rate based on the stated coupons of 3.8% and the percentage of our debt obligations that were fixed-rate debt was 95%. We typically fund and expect to continue to be able to fund debt maturities and interest payments with cash flows generated in our operations; existing cash, cash equivalents and investments; or proceeds from additional external financing. See Note 6 and Item 7A for additional information on our debt.
We also have significant contractual obligations associated with our programming and production expenses. We have multiyear agreements for television and/or streaming rights of sporting events, such as for the NBA, the NFL, the Olympics and the English Premier League, which represent the substantial majority of our programming and production obligations. Connectivity & Platforms’ programming expenses related to the distribution of third-party television networks are generally acquired under multiyear distribution agreements with fees based on the number of subscribers receiving the television network programming and a per subscriber fee. The amounts included in the table above relate to minimum guaranteed commitments for these distribution agreements or fixed fees, and as a result, we expect the total fees to be paid under these arrangements to be significantly higher than the amounts included above. We have funded and expect to continue to be able to fund our programming and production obligations with the cash generated from our operations. As of December 31, 2025 , approximately 36% of cash payments related to our programming and production obligations are due after five years, of which the vast majority related to multiyear sports rights agreements. See Note 4 for additional information on programming and production costs.
Our other contractual obligations relate primarily to operating leases (see Note 15) and other arrangements recorded in our consolidated balance sheets or disclosed in the notes to our financial statements, including benefit plan obligations (see Note 11), liabilities for uncertain tax positions (see Note 5), our remaining unfunded capital commitment to Atairos (see Note 8) and a contractual obligation related to an interest held by a third party in the revenue of certain theme parks (see Note 15).
Guarantee Structure
Our debt is primarily issued at Comcast, although we also have debt at certain of our subsidiaries as a result of acquisitions and other issuances. A substantial amount of this debt is subject to guarantees by Comcast and by certain subsidiaries that we have put in place to simplify our capital structure. We believe this guarantee structure provides liquidity benefits to debt investors and helps to simplify credit analysis with respect to relative value considerations of guaranteed subsidiary debt.
Debt and Guarantee Structure
December 31 (in billions)
Debt Subject to Cross-Guarantees
Comcast
NBCUniversal (a)
Comcast Cable (a)
Debt Subject to One-Way Guarantees
Sky
Other (a)
Debt Not Guaranteed
Universal Beijing Resort (b)
Other (c)
Debt issuance costs, premiums, discounts, fair value adjustments for acquisition accounting and hedged positions, net
Total debt
Comcast 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K
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(a) NBCUniversal Media, LLC (“NBCUniversal”), Comcast Cable Communications, LLC (“Comcast Cable”) and Comcast Holdings Corporation (“Comcast Holdings”), which is included within other debt subject to one-way guarantees, are each consolidated subsidiaries subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the SEC. The guarantee structures and related disclosures in this section, together with Exhibit 22, satisfy these reporting obligations.
(b) Universal Beijing Resort debt financing is secured by the assets of Universal Beijing Resort and the equity interests of the investors. See Note 8 for additional information.
(c) Other includes $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 7.25% fixed-rate senior secured notes due January 2031 issued by Versant which was secured by the assets of Versant. Subsequent to December 31, 2025, the notes ceased to be our contractual obligation due to the completion of the Separation.
Cross-Guarantees
Comcast, NBCUniversal and Comcast Cable (the “Guarantors”) fully and unconditionally, jointly and severally, guarantee each other’s debt securities. NBCUniversal and Comcast Cable also guarantee other borrowings of Comcast, including its revolving credit facility. These guarantees rank equally with all other general unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of the respective Guarantors. However, the obligations of the Guarantors under the guarantees are structurally subordinated to the indebtedness and other liabilities of their respective non-guarantor subsidiaries. The obligations of each Guarantor are limited to the maximum amount that would not render such Guarantor’s obligations subject to avoidance under applicable fraudulent conveyance provisions of U.S. and non-U.S. law. Each Guarantor’s obligations will remain in effect until all amounts payable with respect to the guaranteed securities have been paid in full. However, a guarantee by NBCUniversal or Comcast Cable of Comcast’s debt securities, or by NBCUniversal of Comcast Cable’s debt securities, will terminate upon a disposition of such Guarantor entity or all or substantially all of its assets.
The Guarantors are each holding companies that principally hold investments in, borrow from and lend to non-guarantor subsidiary operating companies; issue and service third-party debt obligations; repurchase shares and pay dividends; and engage in certain corporate and headquarters activities. The Guarantors are generally dependent on non-guarantor subsidiary operating companies to fund these activities.
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the combined Guarantors have noncurrent notes payable to non-guarantor subsidiaries of $107 billion and $88 billion, respectively, and noncurrent notes receivable from non-guarantor subsidiaries of $14 billion for both periods. This financial information is that of the Guarantors presented on a combined basis with intercompany balances between the Guarantors eliminated. The combined financial information excludes financial information of non-guarantor subsidiaries. The underlying net assets of the non-guarantor subsidiaries are significantly in excess of the Guarantor obligations. Excluding investments in non-guarantor subsidiaries, external debt and the noncurrent notes payable and receivable with non-guarantor subsidiaries, the Guarantors do not have material assets, liabilities or results of operations.
One-Way Guarantees
Comcast provides full and unconditional guarantees of certain debt issued by Sky Limited (“Sky” ) , including all of its senior notes, and other consolidated subsidiaries not subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the SEC.
Comcast also provides a full and unconditional guarantee of $138 million principal amount of subordinated debt issued by Comcast Holdings. Comcast’s obligations under this guarantee are subordinated and subject, in right of payment, to the prior payment in full of all of Comcast’s senior indebtedness, including debt guaranteed by Comcast on a senior basis, and are structurally subordinated to the indebtedness and other liabilities of its non-guarantor subsidiaries (for purposes of this Comcast Holdings discussion, Comcast Cable and NBCUniversal are included within the non-guarantor subsidiary group). Comcast’s obligations as guarantor will remain in effect until all amounts payable with respect to the guaranteed debt have been paid in full. However, the guarantee will terminate upon a disposition of Comcast Holdings or all or substantially all of its assets. Comcast Holdings is a consolidated subsidiary holding company that directly or indirectly holds 100% and approximately 32% of our equity interests in Comcast Cable and NBCUniversal, respectively.
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, Comcast and Comcast Holdings, the combined issuer and guarantor of the guaranteed subordinated debt, have noncurrent senior notes payable to non-guarantor subsidiaries of $71 billion and $53 billion, respectively, and noncurrent notes receivable from non-guarantor subsidiaries of $11 billion and $10 billion, respectively. This financial information is that of Comcast and Comcast Holdings presented on a combined basis with intercompany balances between Comcast and Comcast Holdings eliminated. The combined financial information excludes financial information of non-guarantor subsidiaries of Comcast and Comcast Holdings. The underlying net assets of the non-guarantor subsidiaries of Comcast and Comcast Holdings are significantly in excess of the obligations of Comcast and Comcast Holdings. Excluding investments in non-guarantor subsidiaries, external debt, and the noncurrent notes payable and receivable with non-guarantor subsidiaries, Comcast and Comcast Holdings do not have material assets, liabilities or results of operations.
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Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and the related disclosure of contingent assets and contingent liabilities. We base our judgments on our historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making estimates about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
We believe our estimates associated with the valuation and impairment testing of goodwill and cable franchise rights and the accounting for film and television costs are critical in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Management has discussed the development and selection of these critical accounting estimates with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, and the Audit Committee has reviewed the related disclosures below. See also Notes 4 and 10.
Valuation and Impairment Testing of Goodwill and Cable Franchise Rights
We assess the recoverability of our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, including cable franchise rights, annually as of July 1, or more frequently whenever events or substantive changes in circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired. We evaluate the unit of account used to test for impairment of our cable franchise rights and other indefinite-lived intangible assets periodically or whenever events or substantive changes in circumstances occur to ensure impairment testing is performed at an appropriate level. The assessment of recoverability may first consider qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit or an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount. A quantitative assessment is performed if the qualitative assessment results in a more-likely-than-not determination or if a qualitative assessment is not performed. In connection with our impairment assessment process, from time to time, we perform quantitative assessments of our reporting units and cable franchise rights in order to support our qualitative assessments.
Goodwill
Goodwill results from business combinations and represents the excess amount of the consideration paid over the identifiable assets and liabilities recorded in the acquisition. We test goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level.
When performing a quantitative assessment, we estimate the fair values of our reporting units primarily based on a discounted cash flow analysis that involves significant judgment, including market participant estimates of future cash flows expected to be generated by the business and the selection of discount rates. When performing this analysis, we also consider multiples of earnings from comparable public companies and recent market transactions.
We performed qualitative assessments in 2025 for goodwill in our Residential Connectivity & Platforms, Business Services Connectivity, Media and Theme Parks segments in connection with our annual impairment testing. These analyses considered the results of previous quantitative assessments, and also considered various factors that would affect the estimated fair value of these reporting units in our qualitative assessments, including changes in projected future cash flows, recent market transactions and overall macroeconomic conditions, discount rates, and changes in our market capitalization. Based on these assessments, we concluded that it was more likely than not that the estimated fair values of our reporting units were substantially higher than their carrying values and that the performance of a quantitative impairment test was not required. We performed a quantitative assessment in 2025 for goodwill in our Studios segment, pursuant to our practice of performing quantitative assessments from time to time. Based on this assessment, the estimated fair value of the Studios reporting unit substantially exceeded its carrying value and no impairment was required.
Changes in market conditions, laws and regulations, and key assumptions made in future quantitative assessments, such as expected cash flows, competitive factors, discount rates, and value indications from market transactions, including the separation of Versant, could negatively impact the results of future impairment testing and could result in the recognition of an impairment charge.
Cable Franchise Rights
Our cable franchise rights assets result from agreements we have with state and local governments that allow us to construct and operate a cable business within a specified geographic area. The value of a franchise is derived from the economic benefits we receive from the right to solicit new customers and to market additional services in a particular service area. The amounts we record for cable franchise rights are primarily a result of cable system acquisitions. Typically when we acquire a cable system, the most significant asset we record is the value of the cable franchise rights.
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When performing a quantitative assessment, we estimate the fair values of our cable franchise rights primarily based on a discounted cash flow analysis that involves significant judgment, including the estimate of future cash flows and the selection of discount rates.
In 2025, we performed a qualitative assessment of our cable franchise rights. At the time of our previous quantitative assessment in 2022, which was pursuant to our practice of performing quantitative assessments from time to time, the estimated fair values of our franchise rights substantially exceeded their carrying values. We also considered various factors that would affect the estimated fair values of our cable franchise rights in our qualitative assessment, including changes in our projected future cash flows, recent market transactions and overall macroeconomic conditions, discount rates, and changes in our market capitalization. Based on this assessment, we concluded that it was more likely than not that the estimated fair values of our cable franchise rights were substantially higher than the carrying values and that the performance of a quantitative impairment test was not required.
Changes in market conditions, laws and regulations, and key assumptions made in future quantitative assessments, such as expected cash flows, competitive factors, discount rates, and value indications from market transactions, could negatively impact the results of future impairment testing and could result in the recognition of an impairment charge.
Film and Television Content
We capitalize costs for owned film and television content, including direct costs, production overhead, print costs, development costs and interest, as well as acquired libraries. We have determined that the predominant monetization strategy for the substantial majority of our content is on an individual basis. Amortization for owned content predominantly monetized on an individual basis and accrued costs associated with participations and residuals payments are recorded using the individual film forecast computation method, which recognizes the costs in the same ratio as the associated ultimate revenue.
Our estimates of ultimate revenue for films generally include revenue from all sources that are expected to be earned within 10 years from the date of a film’s initial release. These estimates are based on the distribution strategy and historical performance of similar content, as well as factors unique to the content itself. The most sensitive factor affecting our estimate of ultimate revenue for a film intended for theatrical release is the film’s theatrical performance, as subsequent revenue from the licensing and sale of a film has historically exhibited a high correlation to its theatrical performance. Upon a film’s release, our estimates of revenue from succeeding markets, including from content licensing across multiple platforms and home entertainment sales, are revised based on historical relationships and an analysis of current market trends.
With respect to television series or other owned television programming, the most sensitive factor affecting our estimate of ultimate revenue is whether the series can be successfully licensed beyond its initial license window. Initial estimates of ultimate revenue are limited to the amount of revenue attributed to the initial license window. Once it is determined that a television series or other owned television programming can be licensed beyond the initial license window, revenue estimates for these additional windows or platforms, such as U.S. and international syndication, home entertainment, and other distribution platforms, are included in ultimate revenue. Revenue estimates for produced episodes include revenue expected to be earned within 10 years of delivery of the initial episode or, if still in production, 5 years from the delivery of the most recent episode, if later.
We capitalize the costs of licensed content when the license period begins, the content is made available for use and the costs of the licenses are known. Licensed content is amortized as the associated programs are used, incorporating estimated viewing patterns.
Capitalized film and television costs are subject to impairment testing when certain triggering events are identified. The substantial majority of our owned content is evaluated for impairment on an individual title basis. Licensed content that is not part of a fil m group is tested for impairment primarily on a channel, network or platform basis, with the exception of our broadcast networks and owned local broadcast television stations, which are tested on a daypart basis. When performing an impairment assessment, we estimate fair value primarily based on a discounted cash flow analysis that involves significant judgment, including market participant estimates of future cash flows, which are supported by internal forecasts. Impairments of capitalized film and television costs were not material in any of the periods presented.
We recognize the costs of multiyear, live-event sports rights as the rights are used over the contract term based on estimated relative value. Estimated relative value is generally based on terms of the contract and the nature of and potential revenue generation of the deliverables within the contract. Sports rights are accounted for as executory contracts and are not subject to impairment.
Comcast 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K
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