Year-over-year tone shift - average net-tone change across Risk Factors and MD&A vs the prior 10-K. This filing is 0.00pp more bearish than last year's.
Why YoY instead of absolute: the LM lexicon has ~6.6× more negative words than positive (legal/risk-disclosure language is heavy on hedging), so every 10-K reads bearish on raw tone. Year-over-year change strips that bias and surfaces the actual shift in management's framing.
Tone shift by section
The two components the gauge averages: how Risk Factors and MD&A each shifted in net tone versus last year's 10-K. The headline above is their average, so a green needle over a soft section just means the other section carried it.
Risk Factors
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Flat
Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
MD&A
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Flat
Net-tone change vs last year's 10-K.
Per-snippet highlights
Sentence-level sentiment highlighting with category and subcategory filters is coming once the snippet-scoring pipeline lands. For now, dig into the actual section text on the Sections tab.
Risk Factors (Item 1A)
13,351 words
ITEM 1A. Risk Factors
Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before making any investment decision, you should consider carefully the following risks and other information in this Report, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes. The risks and uncertainties we describe are not the only ones facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of or that we believe are not material at the time could also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. In any case, the value of our Common Stock could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Please also see the section entitled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
Our business is highly dependent on macroeconomic and U.S. residential real estate market conditions, including those affecting the broader mortgage market. Deterioration of such conditions may have a impact on our rate of growth and potential to or maintain .
MD&A (Item 7)
8,857 words
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
This management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with those statements. You should read the following discussion in conjunction with “Selected Historical Financial and Other Data” and our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes which are included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to, those described under “Risk Factors” and included in other portions of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and assumptions about us that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “continue,” or the of such terms or other similar expressions. Factors that might cause or contribute to such a include, but are not limited to, those described in our other Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filings. References to “we”, “us”, “our,” or the “Company” are to Linkhome Holdings Inc. and its subsidiary, except where the context requires otherwise.
Our success depends largely on the health of the U.S. residential real estate industry, which is seasonal, cyclical, and affected by changes in general economic conditions beyond our control. Any of the following macroeconomic factors could adversely affect demand for residential real estate, result in falling home prices, and harm our business:
increased interest rates;
increased unemployment rates or stagnant or declining wages;
slow economic growth or recessionary conditions;
weak credit markets;
low consumer confidence in the economy or the U.S. residential real estate industry;
adverse changes in local or regional economic conditions in the markets that we serve;
fluctuations in local and regional home inventory levels;
constraints on the availability of mortgage financing, enhanced mortgage underwriting standards, or increased down payment requirements;
federal and state legislative, tax or regulatory changes that would adversely affect the U.S. residential real estate industry, including potential reform relating to Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and other government sponsored entities that provide liquidity to the mortgage market, and limitations on the deductions of certain mortgage interest expenses;
increases in the exchange rate for the U.S. dollar compared to foreign currencies, causing U.S. real estate to be more expensive for foreign purchasers;
foreign regulatory changes or capital controls that would make it more difficult for foreign purchasers to withdraw capital from their home countries or purchase and hold U.S. real estate;
strength of financial institutions;
high levels of foreclosure activity in particular markets;
a decrease in home ownership rates;
general economic and real estate market conditions risks, related to our acquisition, ownership and subsequent selling of real property;
political uncertainty, changes in governmental policies, or shifts in the regulatory environment; or
acts of nature, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and other natural disasters, as well as adverse environmental and climate changes that disrupt the local or regional real estate markets we serve.
We may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future.
We expect to continue to make future investments in developing and expanding our business, including technology, recruitment and training, marketing, and pursuing strategic opportunities. These investments may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business. Additionally, we may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including:
our inability to grow market share;
increased competition in the U.S. residential real estate industry;
changes in our commission rates;
our failure to realize our anticipated efficiency through our technology and business model;
failure to execute our growth strategies;
declines in the U.S. residential real estate industry; and
unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays, and other unknown factors.
Accordingly, we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability and we may continue to incur significant losses in the future.
Our business is concentrated in certain geographic markets. Failing to grow in those markets or any disruptions in those markets could harm our business.
For 2024 and 2025, a substantial majority of our real estate revenue, respectively, was derived from our top markets, which consists primarily of major metropolitan areas in California. These markets are primarily major metropolitan areas, where home prices and transaction volumes are generally higher than other markets. Local and regional economic conditions in these markets differ materially from prevailing conditions in other parts of the United States. In addition, due to the higher home prices in these markets, our real estate revenue and gross margin is generally higher in these markets than in our smaller markets. Any overall or disproportionatedownturn in demand or economic conditions in any of our largest markets, particularly if we are not able to increase revenue from our other markets, could result in a decline in our revenue and harm our business.
Our future market share gains may take longer than planned and cause us to incur significant costs.
We represent people buying and selling homes in California, in the future, we plan to expand to more markets in the United States. We have a limited operating history in many of these markets. Expanding our services in existing and new markets and increasing the depth and breadth of our presence imposes significant burdens on our marketing, compliance, and other administrative and managerial resources. Our plan to expand and deepen our market share in our existing markets and possibly expand into additional markets is subject to a variety of risks and challenges. These risks and challenges include the varying economic and demographic conditions of each market, competition from local and regional residential brokerage firms, variations in transaction dynamics, and pricing pressures. Additionally, our earlier markets typically have higher mean home prices than our more recent markets. In addition, many valuable markets have established residential brokerages with superior local referral networks, name recognition, and perceived local knowledge and expertise. If we cannot manage our expansion efforts efficiently, our market share gains could take longer than planned and our related costs could exceed our expectations. In addition, we could incur significant costs to seek to expand our market share, and still not succeed in attracting sufficient customers to offset such costs.
We expect our revenue and results of operations to fluctuate on a quarterly and annual basis.
Our revenue and results of operations are likely to vary significantly from period to period and may fail to match expectations as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside our control. The other risk factors discussed in this “ Risk Factors ” section may contribute to the variability of our quarterly and annual results. In addition, our revenue and results may fluctuate as a result of:
seasonal variances of home sales, which historically peak during the summer and are weaker during the first and fourth quarters of each year;
cyclical periods of slowdowns or recessions in the U.S. real estate market;
our ability to increase market share;
fluctuations in sale prices and transaction volumes in our top markets;
the price of homes bought or sold by Linkhome homebuyers and home sellers;
price competition;
volume of transactions in markets with a higher than average mean home price;
mix of transactions;
impairment charges associated with goodwill and other intangible assets;
the timing and success of new offerings by us and our competitors;
changes in local market conditions;
changes in interest rates and the mortgage and credit markets;
changes in federal, state, or local laws or taxes that affect real estate transactions or residential brokerage, title insurance, and mortgage insurance industries;
changes in multiple listing services, or MLS, or other rules and regulations affecting the residential real estate industry; and
any acquisitions of, or investments in, third-party technologies or businesses.
As a result of potential variations in our revenue and results of operations, period-to-period comparisons may not be meaningful and the results of any one period should not be relied on as an indication of future performance. In addition, our results of operations may not meet the expectations of investors or public market analysts who follow us, which may adversely affect our stock price.
Our business model and growth strategy depend on our ability to attract homebuyers and home sellers to our website and mobile application in a cost-effective manner.
Our success depends on our ability to attract homebuyers and home sellers to our website and mobile application in a cost-effective manner. Our website and mobile application are our primary channels for meeting customers. We rely on organic traffic generated from search engines and other unpaid sources to meet customers. We use a variety of media in our marketing efforts, including online and television advertising and social media, to drive traffic. We intend to continue to invest resources in our marketing efforts.
We are heavily dependent on digital marketing initiatives such as search engine optimization to improve our website’s search result ranking and generate new customer leads. We also rely on other marketing methods such as social media marketing, paid search advertising, and targeted email communications. Advertising platforms, such as Facebook, Google, and others, may raise their rates significantly, and we may choose to use alternative and less expensive channels, which may not be as effective at attracting homebuyers and home sellers to our website and mobile application. We also use video advertising, which may have significantly higher costs than other methods. In addition, we may be required to expand into or continue to invest in more expensive channels than those we are currently in, which could harm our business.
These marketing efforts may not succeed for a variety of reasons, including changes to search engine algorithms, ineffective campaigns across marketing channels, and limited experience in certain marketing channels like television. External factors beyond our control may also affect the success of our marketing initiatives, such as filtering of our targeted communications by email servers, homebuyers and home sellers failing to respond to our marketing initiatives, and competition from third parties. Any of these factors could reduce the number of homebuyers and home sellers to our website and mobile application. We also anticipate that our marketing efforts will become increasingly expensive as competition increases and we seek to expand our business in existing markets. Generating a meaningful return on our marketing initiatives may be difficult. If our strategies do not attract homebuyers and home sellers efficiently, our business and growth would be harmed. Even if we successfully increase revenue as a result of these efforts, that additional revenue may not offset the related expenses we incur.
We rely heavily on internet search engines and mobile application stores to direct traffic to our website and our mobile application, respectively.
We rely on Internet search engines, such as Google, Bing and Yahoo!, to drive traffic to our website and on mobile application stores, such as Apple iTunes Store and the Android Play Store, for downloads of our mobile application. The number of visitors to our website and mobile application downloads depends in large part on how and where our website and mobile application rank in Internet search results and mobile application stores, respectively. For example, when a user types a property address into an Internet search engine, we rely on that search engine to rank our webpages in the search results and to direct a user to the listing on our website. While we use search engine optimization to help our webpages rank highly in search results, maintaining our search result rankings is not within our control. Internet search engines frequently update and change their ranking algorithms, referral methodologies, or design layouts, which determine the placement and display of a user’s search results. In some instances, Internet search engines may change these rankings in order to promote their own competing services or the services of one or more of our competitors. Similarly, mobile application stores can change how they display searches and how mobile applications are featured. For instance, editors at the Apple iTunes Store can feature prominently editor-curated mobile applications and cause the mobile application to appear larger than other applications or more visibly on a featured list. Listings on our website and mobile application have experienced fluctuations in search result and mobile application rankings in the past, and we anticipate fluctuations in the future. If our website or listings on our website fail to rank prominently in Internet search results, our website traffic could decline. Likewise, a decline in our website and mobile application traffic could reduce the number of customers for our services.
Cyber-attacks and security vulnerabilities could result in seriousharm to our reputation, business, and financial condition.
Threats to network and data security are constantly evolving and becoming increasingly diverse and sophisticated. Our products and services, as well as our servers and computer systems and those of third parties that we rely on, are subject to cybersecurity risks inherent to companies that process personal data. An increasing number of organizations have disclosedbreaches of their information security systems, some of which have involved sophisticated and highly targeted attacks.
To that end, we employ robust security to defendagainstintrusion and attack of our systems, to protect our data and to resolve and mitigate the impact of any incidents. We also regularly educate our employees on these risks, and provide training to them to learn how to identify and respond to the same. Like most companies today, despite these efforts there is no way to fully remove the possibility of a cybersecurity incident from occurring and we, and third parties that we rely on, will likely experience cyber incidents in the future. Thus, in addition to the identified risk above, any additional future cyber incidents and resulting data breaches could result in substantial liability, regulatory actions, financial penalties, significant out of pocket costs, damage to our data and ability to do business, and reputational harm.
We and third parties that we rely on may experience cybersecurity incidents due to human error, malfeasance, system errors or vulnerabilities, or other issues. Actual or perceived cybersecurity incidents relating to our data or confidential information could subject us to regulatory investigations and orders, litigation, indemnity obligations, damages, penalties, fines and other costs in connection with actual and alleged contractual breaches, violations of applicable laws and regulations and other liabilities. Any such incident could also materially damage our reputation and harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. We maintain errors, omissions, and cyber liability insurance policies covering certain security and privacy damages. However, we cannot be certain that our coverage will always be adequate for the liabilities actually incurred or that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all, especially depending on the facts of the situation and method of incident.
We may not be able to obtain and maintain accurate, comprehensive, or reliable data, because data suppliers may withdraw data that we have previously collected or withhold data from us in the future or we may fail to maintain and improve our methods and technologies, or anticipate new methods or technologies, for data collection, organization, and cleansing. As a result, we may experience reduced demand for our products and services and loss of customer confidence.
Our success depends on our users’ confidence in the depth, breadth, and accuracy of our data. The task of establishing and maintaining accurate data is challenging and expensive. The depth, breadth, and accuracy of our data differentiates us from our competitors. If our data, including the data we obtain from third parties and our data extraction, cleaning, and insights, are not current, accurate, comprehensive, or reliable, it would increase the likelihood of negative user experiences, which in turn would reduce the likelihood of users utilizing our app or website and harm our reputation, making it more difficult to obtain new users, which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
If we cannot obtain and provide to our customers comprehensive and accurate real estate listings quickly, or at all, our business will suffer.
Our ability to attract consumers to our website and mobile application is heavily dependent on our timely access to comprehensive and accurate real estate listings data. We get listings data primarily from MLS in the markets we serve. We also source listings data from public records, other third-party listing providers, and individual homeowners and brokers. Many of our competitors and other real estate websites also have access to MLS and other listings data, including proprietary data, and may be able to source listings data or other real estate information faster or more efficiently than we can. Since MLS participation is voluntary, brokers and homeowners may decline to post their listings data to their local MLS or may seek to change or limit the way that data is distributed. A competitor or another industry participant could also create an alternative listings data service, which may reduce the relevancy and comprehensive nature of the MLS. If MLS cease to be the predominant source of listings data in the markets that we serve, we may be unable to get access to comprehensive listings data on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and we may be unable to provide timely listings to our customers.
If we do not comply with the rules, terms of service and policies of the MLS, our access to and use of listings data may be restricted or terminated and harm our business.
We must comply with the MLS’s rules, terms of service and policies to access and use its listings data. Each MLS that we belong to has adopted its own rules, terms of service, and policies governing, among other things, how MLS data may be used, and listings data must be displayed on our website and mobile application. These rules typically do not contemplate multi-jurisdictional online brokerages like ours and vary widely among markets. They also are in some cases inconsistent with the rules of other MLS such that we are required to customize our website, mobile application, or service to accommodate differences between MLS rules. Complying with the rules of each MLS requires significant investment, including personnel, technology and development resources, other resources, and the exercise of considerable judgment. If we are deemed to be noncompliant with an MLS’s rules, we may face disciplinary sanctions in that MLS, which could include monetary fines, restricting or terminating our access to that MLS’s data, or other disciplinary measures. The loss or degradation of this listings data could materially and adversely affect traffic to our website and mobile application, making us less relevant to consumers and restricting our ability to attract customers. It also could reduce agent and customer confidence in our services and harm our business.
Competition in the residential brokerage industry is intense and if we cannot compete effectively, our business will be harmed.
We face intense competition in each of the markets we serve. We compete primarily against other residential brokerages, which include operations affiliated with national or local brands and small independent brokerages. We also compete with a growing number of AI-based residential brokerages and others who operate with non-traditional real estate business models. Competition with brokerages is particularly intense in some of the densely populated metropolitan markets we serve. To capture and retain market share, we must compete successfullyagainst other brokerages, not only for customers, but also for high-performing agents and other critical employees.
The residential brokerage industry has low barriers to entry for new participants, including other technology-driven brokerages that offer lower commissions than the traditional pricing model. We may change our pricing strategies in response to a number of factors, including competitive pressures or in response to transaction volume fluctuations in particular markets we serve. As competitors introduce new offerings that compete with ours or reduce their commission rates, we may need to change our pricing strategies to compete effectively. Any such changes, particularly in the top markets we serve, may affect our ability to compete successfully and harm our business.
Many of our brokerage competitors have substantial competitive advantages, such as longer operating histories, greater financial resources, stronger brand recognition, more management, sales, marketing and other resources, and extensive relationships with participants in the residential real estate industry, including third-party data providers such as MLS. Consequently, these brokerages may have an advantage in recruiting and retaining agents, attracting consumers, acquiring customers, and growing their businesses. They may be able to provide consumers with offerings that are different from or superior to those we provide. They may also be acquired by third parties with greater resources than ours, which would further strengthen and enable them to compete more vigorously or broadly with us. The success of our competitors could result in our loss of market share and harm our business.
Our revenue may not continue to grow at its recent pace, or at all.
Our revenue may not continue to grow at the same pace as it has over the past several years. We believe that our future revenue growth will depend, among other factors, on our ability to:
successfully expand and deepen our business and market share;
respond to seasonality and cyclicality in the real estate industry and the U.S. economy;
compete with the pricing and offerings of our competitors;
attract more customers to our website and mobile application;
successfully invest in developing technology, tools, features, and products;
maintain high levels of customer service;
maximize our agents’ productivity;
attract and retain high-quality agents;
successfully contract with high-quality partner agents; and
increase our brand awareness.
We may not be successful in our efforts to do any of the foregoing, and any failure to be successful in these matters could adversely affect our revenue growth. You should not consider our past revenue growth to be indicative of our future growth.
If we’re not able to deliver a rewarding experience on mobile devices, whether through our mobile website or mobile application, we may be unable to attract and retain customers.
Developing and supporting a mobile website and mobile application across multiple operating systems and devices requires substantial time and resources. We may not be able to consistently provide a rewarding customer experience on mobile devices and, as a result, customers we meet through our mobile website or mobile application may not choose to use our brokerage services, or those of our partner agents, at the same rate as customers we meet through our website.
As new mobile devices and mobile operating systems are released, we may encounter problems in developing or supporting our mobile website or mobile application for them. Developing or supporting our mobile website or mobile application for new devices and their operating systems may require substantial time and resources. The success of our mobile website and mobile application could also be harmed by factors outside our control, such as:
increased costs to develop, distribute, or maintain our mobile website or mobile application;
changes to the terms of service or requirements of a mobile application store that requires us to change our mobile application development or features in an adverse manner; and
changes in mobile operating systems, such as Apple’s iOS and Google’s Android, that disproportionately affect us, degrade the functionality of our mobile website or mobile application, require that we make costly upgrades to our offerings, or give preferential treatment to competitive websites or mobile applications.
Adverse developments in economic conditions could harm our business.
Our business is sensitive to general economic conditions that are outside our control. These conditions include interest rates, inflation, fluctuations in consumer confidence, fluctuations in equity and debt capital markets, availability of credit, and the strength of financial institutions, which are sensitive to changes in the general macroeconomic environment. A host of factors beyond our control could cause fluctuations in these conditions, including the political environment, disruptions in an economically significant geographic region, or equity or debt markets, acts or threats of war, or terrorism, any of which could harm our business.
Our growth may be limited due to historically low home inventory levels.
Traditionally, a “balanced” residential real estate industry requires enough homes on the market to satisfy six months of homebuyer demand. In recent years, home inventory has remained at historically low levels in many parts of the United States. Low inventory levels can harm our ability to attract customers, inflate home prices, increase competition for homes, increase our operating expenses because of home touring and offer-writing activities that do not result in closed home purchases, and reduce transaction volumes. As a result, our customers may be unable to complete a sufficient number of real estate transactions to sustain or grow our transaction volume and revenue.
We are, and expect in the future to become, subject to an increasing variety of federal, state and local laws and regulations, many of which are continuously evolving, which increases our compliance costs and could subject us to claims or otherwise harm our business.
We are currently subject to a variety of, and may in the future become subject to, additional, federal, state, and local laws that are continuously changing, including laws related to: the real estate, brokerage, title, and mortgage industries; mobile- and Internet-based businesses; and data security, advertising, privacy and consumer protection laws. For instance, we are subject to federal laws such as the Fair Housing Act of 1968, or FHA, and the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974. These laws can be costly to comply with, require significant management attention, and could subject us to claims, government enforcement actions, civil and criminal liability, or other remedies, including revocation of licenses and suspension of business operations.
In some cases, it is unclear as to how such laws and regulations affect us based on our business model that is unlike traditional brokerages, and the fact that those laws and regulations were created for traditional real estate brokerages. If we are unable to comply with and become liable for violations of these laws or regulations, or if unfavorable regulations or interpretations of existing regulations by courts or regulatory bodies are implemented, we could be directly harmed and forced to implement new measures to reduce our liability exposure. It could cause our operations in affected markets to become overly expensive, time consuming, or even impossible. This may require us to expend significant time, capital, managerial, and other resources to modify or discontinue certain operations, limiting our ability to execute our business strategies, deepen our presence in our existing markets, or expand into new markets. In addition, any negative exposure or liability could harm our brand and reputation. Any costs incurred as a result of this potential liability could harm our business.
Further, due to the geographic scope of our operations and the nature of the services we provide, we may be required to obtain and maintain additional real estate brokerage, title insurance agency, and mortgage broker licenses in certain states where we operate. Additionally, if we enter new markets, we may be required to comply with new laws, regulations, and licensing requirements. As part of licensing requirements, we are typically required to designate individual licensees of record. We cannot assure you that we are, and will remain at all times, in full compliance with all real estate, title insurance, and mortgage licensing laws and regulations, and we may be subject to fines or penalties, including license revocation, for any non-compliance. If in the future a state agency were to determine that we are required to obtain additional licenses in that state in order to transact business, or if we lose an existing license or are otherwise found to be in violation of a law or regulation, our business operations in that state may be suspended until we obtain the license or otherwise remedy the compliance issue.
Our failure to comply with the requirements governing the licensing and conduct of real estate brokerage and brokerage-related businesses in the jurisdictions in which we operate could adversely affect our business.
Linkhome, as a licensed real estate brokerage firm, and our agents are required to comply with the requirements governing the licensing and conduct of real estate brokerage and brokerage-related businesses in the markets where we operate. These laws and regulations contain general standards for and limitations on the conduct of real estate brokerages and agents, including those relating to licensing of brokerages and agents, fiduciary and agency duties, administration of trust funds, collection of commissions, advertising, and consumer disclosures. Under applicable laws and regulations, our agents, managing brokers, designated brokers, and other individual licensees have certain duties and are responsible for the conduct of real estate brokerage activities. If we or our agents fail to obtain or maintain the licenses and permits for conducting our brokerage business required by law or fail to conduct ourselves in accordance with the associated regulations, the relevant government authorities may order us to suspend relevant operations or impose fines or other penalties. There is no assurance that we will be able to obtain or renew these licenses in a timely manner, or at all.
Our fee-based service offerings may require additional real estate, mortgage, title, insurance, or other licenses, and failure to obtain or maintain such licenses could limit our growth, subject us to penalties, or force us to discontinue certain services.
We currently derive revenue from, and intend to expand, fee-based services such as mortgage referral, property management, title-related facilitation and other ancillary products. Many of these activities are governed by complex and continuously evolving federal, state and local laws, including licensing regimes administered by real estate commissions, departments of insurance and financial services regulators. We are not presently licensed to offer title insurance or certain other regulated services in any jurisdiction, and there is no assurance that we will be able to obtain or maintain the required approvals on a timely basis or at all. Operating without the appropriate licenses, or failing to comply with associated conduct requirements, could result in civil or criminalpenalties, monetary fines, cease-and-desist orders, rescission of contracts, restitution to customers, reputational damage and the suspension or revocation of existing licenses. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to grow our fee-based revenue streams and could materially and adversely affect our business and financial performance.
We are subject to certain risks related to litigation filed by or against us, and adverse results may harm our business and financial condition.
We are from time to time involved in, and may in the future be subject to, claims, suits, government investigations, and proceedings arising from our business. We cannot predict with certainty the cost of defense, the cost of prosecution, insurance coverage, or the ultimate outcome of litigation and other proceedings filed by or against us, including remedies, damage awards, and penalties. Regardless of outcome, any such claims or actions could require significant time, money, managerial and other resources, result in negative publicity, and harm our business and financial condition. Such litigation and other proceedings may relate to:
violations of laws and regulations governing the residential brokerage, title, or mortgage industries;
employment law claims, including claims regarding worker misclassification;
compliance with wage and hour regulations;
privacy, cybersecurity incidents, and data breachclaims;
intellectual property disputes;
consumer protection and fraud matters;
brokerage disputes such as the failure to disclose hidden property defects, as well as other claims associated with failure to meet our client legal obligations, or incomplete or inaccurate listings data;
claims that our agents or brokerage engage in discriminatory behavior in violation of the FHA;
liability based on the conduct of individuals or entities outside of our control, such as independent contractor partner agents or independent contractor associate agents;
disputes relating to our commercial relationships with third parties; and
actions relating to claimsalleging other violations of federal, state, or local laws and regulations.
In addition, class action lawsuits, can often be particularly vexatious litigation given the breadth of claims, the large potential damages claimed, and the significant costs of defense. The risks of litigation become magnified and the costs of settlement increase in class actions in which the courts grant partial or full certification of a large class. Also, insurance coverage may be unavailable for certain types of claims and, even where available, insurance carriers may dispute coverage for various reasons, including the cost of defense. Further, such insurance may not be sufficient to cover the losses we incur.
Any failure to maintain, protect, and enhance our brand could hurt our ability to grow our business, particularly in markets where we have limited brand recognition.
Maintaining, protecting, and enhancing our brand is critical to growing our business, particularly in markets where we have limited brand recognition and compete with well-known traditional brokerages with longer histories and established community presence. This will partially depend on our ability to continue to provide high-value, customer-oriented, and differentiated services, and we may not be able to do so effectively. Enhancing and maintaining the quality of our brand may require us to make substantial investments, such as in marketing and advertising, technology, and agent training. If we do not successfully build and maintain a strong brand, our business could be harmed. In addition, despite these investments, our brand could be damaged from other events that are or may be beyond our control, such as litigation and claims, our failure to comply with local laws and regulations, and illegal activity such as phishing scams or cybersecurity attacks targeted at us, our customers, or others.
We are subject to an array of employment-related laws and regulations and failure to comply with these obligations could harm our business.
Our relationship with our employees is subject to various tax, wage and hour, unemployment, workers’ compensation, right to organize, anti-discrimination, workplace safety, and other employment-related laws. Each state has its own unique wage and hour laws, which have been the subject of growing litigation nationwide. In addition, federal and state regulatory authorities have increasingly challenged the classification of workers as independent contractors rather than as employees. Legislators have also proposed legislation to make it easier to reclassify independent contractors as employees, including legislation to increase recordkeeping requirements for employers of independent contractors, and to abolish safe harbors allowing certain individuals to be treated as independent contractors. Federal agencies and each state have their own rules and tests for determining the classification of workers, as well as whether employees meet exemptions from minimum wages and overtime laws. These tests consider many factors that also vary from state to state and have evolved based on case law, regulations, and legislative changes and frequently involve factual analysis as well. We may face significant penalties and damages if we are found to be noncompliant with any of these laws and regulations.
If our technology and development efforts are not successful, our business may be harmed.
We intend to continue investing significant resources in developing technology, tools, features, and products. If we do not spend our development budget efficiently or effectively on commercially successful and innovative technologies, we may not realize the expected benefits of our strategy. Moreover, technology development is inherently challenging and expensive, and the nature of development cycles may result in delays between the time we incur expenses and the time we make available new offerings and generate revenue, if any, from those investments. Anticipated customer demand for an offering we are developing could also decrease after the development cycle has commenced, and we would not be able to recoup substantial costs we incurred. In addition, there are many competitors in the markets we serve, including brokerages as well as non-brokerage real estate websites, and we may not be able to effectively compete both as a brokerage and a developer of technology. We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify, design, develop, implement, and utilize, in a timely and cost-effective manner, technologies necessary for us to compete effectively, that such technologies will be commercially successful, or that products and services developed by others will not render our offerings noncompetitive or obsolete. If we do not achieve the desired or anticipated customer acquisition and transaction efficiency leverage from our technology investments, our business may be harmed.
Our introduction of new services, and the expansion of existing services such as Cash Offer for customers and buying and selling homes directly, could fail to produce the desired or predicted results or harm our reputation.
From time to time, we develop new services. For example, in the third quarter of 2023, we began originating an underwritten cash offer service called Cash Offer for customers in California through our wholly owned subsidiary, Linkhome Realty Group. Using this service incurs additional transfer fees, increasing the cost of transactions. If the customer’s loan is not approved or approval times are delayed, or if for any reason the customer does not close on the transaction, it could cause customers to fail to complete a contemplated Cash Offer transaction, increasing the risk that Linkhome Realty Group would then own the property and need to re-list the contemplated property or sell it at a discount.
We plan in the future begin testing an experimental new service called Linkhome Flash Sale, where we buy homes directly from home sellers through a wholly owned subsidiary and resell them to homebuyers. Our estimates of what a home is worth and the algorithm we use to inform those estimates may not be accurate and we may pay more for homes than their resale value. In determining whether a particular property meets our purchase criteria, we make a number of additional assumptions, including the estimated time of possession, market conditions and proceeds on resale, renovation costs, and holding costs. These assumptions may not be accurate, particularly because properties vary widely in terms of quality, location, need for renovation, and property hazards. Unknown defects in any acquired properties may also affect their resale value. As a result, we may pay more to buy these properties than their resale value, and we may not be able to resell them as anticipated or at all. Homes that we own might sufferlosses in value due to rapidly changing market conditions, natural disasters, or other forces outside our control.
We have limited experience operating businesses outside of our core brokerage and forecasting our revenue for any new service is inherently uncertain; our actual results may vary significantly from what we desire or predict. Additionally, our new services may fail to attract customers, reduce customer confidence in our services, undermine our customer-first reputation, create real or perceived conflicts of interest between us and our customers, expose us to increased market risks, subject us to claims related to undiscloseddefects in homes that we sell, alleging that we have breached our duties to our customers, or result in other disputes with our customers. Any of these events could harm our reputation or mean that such new services will harm our business.
New services that we plan to introduce and implement may subject us to new laws and regulations.
From time to time, we may introduce and implement new services in highly regulated areas. For instance, our title and settlement services are subject to regulation by insurance and other regulatory authorities on the federal level and in each state in which we provide such services. Compliance with new and existing regulatory and compliance regimes is time consuming and may require significant time and effort, which may divert attention and resources from our other offerings.
Mortgage is subject to a wide array of stringent federal and state laws, regulations, and agency oversight. These include laws and regulations governing the relationship between us and mortgage lenders, the manner in which the Company conducts or may in the future conduct loan origination and servicing, the fees that it may charge, procedures relating to real estate settlement, fair lending, fair credit reporting, truth in lending, loan officer licensing, property valuation, escrow, payment processing, collection, foreclosure, and federal and state disclosure and licensing requirements, as they may be applicable to services that we currently or may in the future offer. The sharing, use, disclosure, and protection of information that Linkhome could collect in connection with the foregoing is governed by federal, state, and international laws regarding privacy and data security, all of which are constantly evolving. Changes to or a failure to comply with these laws and regulations could limit our ability to refer, originate or fund mortgage loans, require us to change our business practices, result in revocation or suspension of our licenses and subject us to significant civil and criminalpenalties. Any such events could harm our business.
Homes that we own are also subject to federal, state, and local laws governing hazardous substances. These laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner was responsible for, or aware of, the release of such hazardous substances. If we take title to a property, the presence of hazardous substances may adversely affect our ability to resell the property, and we may became liable to governmental entities or third parties for various fines, damages, or remediation costs.
If our current or future technology developments and service improvements do not meet customer or agent expectations, our business may be harmed.
Our technology-powered brokerage model is relatively new and unproven, and differs significantly from traditional residential brokerages. Our success depends on our ability to innovate and adapt our technology-powered brokerage to meet evolving industry standards and customer and agent expectations. We have expended, and expect to continue to expend, substantial time, capital, and other resources to understand the needs of customers and agents and to develop technology and service offerings to meet those needs. We cannot assure you that our current and future offerings will be satisfactory to or broadly accepted by customers and agents, or competitive with the offerings of other businesses. If our current or future offerings are unable to meet industry and customer and agent expectations in a timely and cost-effective manner, our business may be harmed.
We could be required to cease certain activities or incur substantial costs as a result of any claim of infringement of another party’s intellectual property rights.
From time to time, we may receive claims from third parties, including our competitors, that our offerings or underlying technology infringe or violate that third party’s intellectual property rights. We may be unaware of the intellectual property rights of others that may cover some or all of our technology. If we are sued by a third party that claims our technology infringes on its rights, the litigation (with or without merit) could be expensive, time-consuming, and distracting to management.
The results of such disputes or litigation are difficult to predict. The results of any intellectual property litigation to which we might become a party may require us to do one or more of the following:
cease offering or using technologies that incorporate the challenged intellectual property;
make substantial payments for judgments, legal fees, settlement payments, ongoing royalties, or other costs or damages;
obtain a license, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all, to use the relevant technology; or
redesign our technology to avoid infringement.
If we are required to make substantial payments or undertake any of the other actions noted above as a result of any intellectual property infringementclaimsagainst us, such payments or costs could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results. Even if we were to prevail, such claims and proceedings could harm our business.
Any failure to protect our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology and our brand.
Our success and ability to compete depends in part on our intellectual property. We primarily rely on a combination of patent, trademark, trade secret, and copyright laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions with our employees, independent contractors and others to establish and protect our intellectual property rights. However, the steps we take to protect our intellectual property rights may be inadequate or we may be unable to secure intellectual property protection for all of our technology and methodologies.
If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, our competitors could use our intellectual property to market offerings similar to ours and our ability to compete effectively would be impaired. Moreover, others may independently develop technologies that are competitive to ours or infringe on our intellectual property. The enforcement of our intellectual property rights depends on our legal actions against these infringers being successful, but we cannot be sure these actions will be successful, even when our rights have been infringed. In addition, defending our intellectual property rights might entail significant expense and diversion of management resources. Any of our intellectual property rights may be challenged by others or invalidated through administrative processes or litigation. Furthermore, legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability, and scope of protection of intellectual property rights are uncertain and constantly changing. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing or misappropriating our intellectual property. Any intellectual property that we own may not provide us with competitive advantages or may be successfullychallenged by third parties.
Our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims, and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Litigation to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be expensive, time-consuming and distracting to management, and could ultimately result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property.
We employ third-party licensed technology, and the inability to maintain these licenses or errors in the software we license could result in increased costs, or reduced service levels, which would harm our business.
Our technology employs certain third-party software obtained under licenses from other companies. We anticipate that we will continue to rely on such third-party software and tools in the future. Although we believe that there are commercially reasonable alternatives to the third-party software we currently license, this may not always be the case, or it may be difficult or costly to replace. In addition, integration of our technology with new third-party software may require significant work and require substantial investment of our time and resources. Also, to the extent that our technology depends on the successful operation of third-party software, any undetectederrors or defects in the third-party software could prevent the deployment or impair the functionality of our technology, delay new offerings, result in a failure of our website or mobile application, and harm our reputation. Our use of additional or alternative third-party software would require us to enter into license agreements with third parties, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.
Some aspects of our technology include open source software, and any failure to comply with the terms of one or more of these open source licenses could harm our business.
Our technology incorporates software covered by open source licenses. The terms of various open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our technology. If portions of our proprietary software are determined to be subject to an open source license, we could be required to publicly release the affected portions of our source code, re-engineer all or a portion of our technologies or otherwise be limited in our use of such software, each of which could reduce or eliminate the value of our technologies and harm our business. In addition to risks related to license requirements, use of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software. Many of the risks associated with use of open source software cannot be eliminated and, if such risks materialize, could harm our business.
Moreover, we cannot assure you that our processes for controlling our use of open source software will be effective. If we are held not to have complied with the terms of an applicable open source software license, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties to continue offering our services on terms that are not economically feasible, to re-engineer our technology to remove or replace the open source software, to discontinue the use of certain technology if re-engineering could not be accomplished on a timely basis, to pay monetary damages, to make generally available the source code for our proprietary technology, or to waive certain intellectual property rights, any of which could harm our business.
Responding to any infringement or other enforcement claim, regardless of its validity, could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition, by, among other things:
resulting in time-consuming and costlylitigation;
diverting management’s time and attention from developing our business;
requiring us to pay monetary damages or enter into royalty and licensing agreements that we would not normally find acceptable;
requiring us to redesign certain components of our software using alternative non-infringing source technology or practices, which could require significant effort and expense;
disrupting our customer relationships if we are forced to cease offering certain services;
requiring us to waive certain intellectual property rights associated with our release of open source software, or contributions to third-party open source projects;
requiring us to disclose our software source code; and
requiring us to satisfy indemnification obligations.
Our business depends on third-party network and mobile infrastructure and on our ability to maintain and scale the technology underlying our offerings.
Our brand, reputation, and ability to attract homebuyers and home sellers and provide our offerings depend on the reliable performance of third-party network and mobile infrastructure. As the number of homebuyers and home sellers, agents, and listings shared on our website and mobile application and the extent and types of data grow, our need for additional network capacity and computing power will also grow. Operating our underlying technology systems is expensive and complex, and we could experience operational failures. If we experience interruptions or failures in these systems, whether due to system failures, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins, attacks on domain name servers or other third parties on which we rely, or any other reason, the security and availability of our services and technologies could be affected. Any such event could harm our reputation, result in a loss of consumers, customers and agents using our offerings, and cause us to incur additional costs.
Our website is hosted at a single facility, the failure of which would harm our business.
Our website is hosted at a single facility in Phoenix, Arizona. We do not currently have a back-up web hosting facility in a different geographic area. Should this facility experience outages or downtimes for any reason, including a natural disaster or some other event, such as human error, fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, physical or electronic break-ins, terrorist attacks, acts of war, and similar events, we could suffer a significant interruption of our website and mobile application, which would harm our business. In addition, our website and mobile application could be interrupted even if this facility experiences temporary outages, which could also negatively affect our services and harm our business.
Cybersecurity incidents could disrupt our business operations, result in the loss of critical and confidential information, and harm our business.
Global cybersecurity threats and incidents directed at us or our third-party service providers can range from uncoordinated individual attempts to gainunauthorized access to information technology systems to sophisticated and targeted measures known as advanced persistentthreats. In the ordinary course of our business, we and our third-party service providers collect and store sensitive data, including our proprietary business information and intellectual property, and that of our customers, including personally identifiable information. Additionally, we rely increasingly on third-party providers to store and process data, and to communicate and work collaboratively. The secure processing, maintenance, and transmission of information are critical to our operations and we rely on the security procedures of these third-party providers. Although we employ comprehensive measures designed to prevent, detect, address, and mitigate these threats (including access controls, data encryption, vulnerability assessments, and maintenance of backup and protective systems), cybersecurity incidents, depending on their nature and scope, could potentially result in the misappropriation, destruction, corruption, or unavailability of critical data and confidential or proprietary information (our own or that of third parties, including personally identifiable information of our customers) and the disruption of business operations. Any such compromises to our security, or that of our third-party providers, could cause customers to lose trust and confidence in us, and stop using our website and mobile application in their entirety. In addition, we may incur significant costs for remediation that may include liability for stolen assets or information, repair of system damage, and compensation to customers and business partners. We may also be subject to legal claims, government investigation, and additional state and federal statutory requirements.
Our software is highly complex and may contain undetectederrors.
The software and systems underlying our technology and offerings are highly complex and may contain undetectederrors or vulnerabilities, some of which may only be discovered after their implementation. Our development and testing processes may not be sufficient to ensure that we will not encounter technical problems. Any inefficiencies, errors, technical problems, or vulnerabilities discovered in our software and systems after release could reduce the quality of our services or interfere with our agents’ and customers’ access to and use of our technology and offerings. This could result in damage to our reputation, loss of revenue or liability for damages, any of which could harm our business.
Changes in privacy or consumer protection laws could adversely affect our ability to attract customers and harm our business.
We collect information relating to our customers as part of our business and marketing activities. The collection and use of personal data is governed by privacy laws and regulations of the United States and other jurisdictions. Privacy regulations continue to evolve and, occasionally, may be inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another. Compliance with applicable privacy regulations may increase our operating costs or adversely affect our ability to market our services and products and serve our customers. In addition, non-compliance with applicable privacy regulations by us, or a breach of security systems storing our data, may result in fines, payment of damages, or restrictions on our use or transfer of data.
In addition, we are subject to, and may become subject to additional, laws or regulations that restrict or prohibit use of emails, similar marketing or advertising activities or other types of communication that we currently rely on. Such laws and regulations currently include the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 and similar laws adopted by a number of states to regulate unsolicited commercial emails; the U.S. Federal Trade Commission guidelines that impose responsibilities on companies with respect to communications with consumers; federal and state laws and regulations prohibiting unfair or deceptive acts or practices; and the Telephone Consumer Protection Act that limits certain uses of automatic dialing systems, artificial or prerecorded voice messages and SMS text messages. Any further restrictions under such laws that govern our marketing and advertising activities could adversely affect the effectiveness of our marketing and advertising activities or other customer communications. Furthermore, even if we can comply with existing or new laws and regulations, we may discontinue certain activities or communications if we become concerned that our customers or potential customers deem them intrusive or they otherwise adversely affect our reputation. If our marketing and advertising activities are restricted, our ability to attract customers could be adversely affected and harm our business.
If our promotional emails are not delivered and accepted, or are routed by email providers less favorably than other emails, our business may be harmed.
We rely on targeted email campaigns to generate customer interest in our products and services. If email providers implement new or more restrictive email delivery policies it may become more difficult to deliver emails to our customers. For example, certain email providers categorize commercial email as “promotional,” and direct such emails to a less readily-accessible section of a customer’s inbox. If email providers materially limit or halt the delivery of certain of our emails, or if we fail to deliver emails to customers in a manner compatible with email providers’, email handling or authentication technologies, our ability to generate customer interest in our offerings using email may be restricted, which could harm our business.
We rely on business data to make business decisions and drive our machine-learning technology, and errors or inaccuracies in such data may adversely affect our business decisions and the customer experience.
We regularly analyze business data to evaluate growth trends, measure our performance, establish budgets, and make strategic decisions. Much of this data is internally generated and calculated and has not been independently verified. While our business decisions are based on what we believe to be reasonable calculations for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges in measuring and interpreting the data, and we cannot be sure that the data, or the calculations using such data, are accurate. Errors or inaccuracies in the data could result in poor business decisions, resource allocation, or strategic initiatives. For instance, if we overestimate traffic to our website and mobile application, we may not invest an adequate amount of resources in attracting new customers. If we make poor decisions based on erroneous or inaccurate data, our business may be harmed.
We use our business data and proprietary algorithms to inform our machine learning, such as in the calculation of our HomeGPT. If customers disagree with us or if our HomeGPT fails to accurately reflect market pricing such that we are unable to attract homebuyers or help our customers sell their homes at satisfactory prices, or at all, customers may lose confidence in us, and our brand and business may be harmed.
We have integrated, and may continue to integrate in the future, AI in certain tools and features available on our platform. AI technology presents various operational, compliance, and reputational risks and if any such risks were to materialize, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.
We have integrated artificial intelligence (“AI”) technologies in many of our tools and features available on our website and mobile application and in the tools that our agents use in their daily activities. We may continue to integrate AI technologies in new product or service offerings. Notwithstanding the use of AI in our application and with certain agent activities, we’ve yet to utilize AI within our financial reporting or internal control over financial reporting functions. Given that AI is a rapidly developing technology that is in its early stages of business use, it presents a number of operational, compliance and reputational risks. AI algorithms are currently known to sometimes produce unexpected results and behave in unpredictable ways (e.g., “hallucinatory behavior”) that can generate irrelevant, nonsensical, fictitious, deficient, offensive or factually incorrect content and results, which, if incorporated into our platform, may result in reputational harm to us and our agents and be damaging to our brand. Additionally, content, analyses or recommendations that are based on AI might be found to be biased, discriminatory or harmful. Data sets from which Large Language Models learn are at risk of poisoning or manipulation by bad actors, resulting in offensive or undesired output. Similarly, the data set could contain copyrighted material resulting in infringing output. AI output might present ethical concerns or violate current and future laws and regulations, including licensing laws and a variety of federal and state fair lending laws and regulations such as the Fair Housing Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, and the prohibition against engaging in Unfair, Deceptive, or Abusive Acts or Practices pursuant to the Dodd-Frank act.
We expect that there will continue to be new laws or regulations concerning the use of AI technology, which might be burdensome for us to comply with and may limit our ability to offer or enhance our existing tools and features or new offerings based on AI technology. Further, the use of AI technology involves complexities and requires specialized expertise. We may not be able to attract and retain top talent to support our AI technology initiatives. If any of the operational, compliance or reputational risks were to materialize, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.
We may be subject to risks associated with artificial intelligence and machine learning technology.
Recent technological advances in AI and machine learning technology may pose risks to us. Our use of AI could give rise to legal or regulatory action, create liabilities, or materially harm our business. While we aim to develop and use AI and machine learning technology responsibly and attempt to mitigate ethical and legal issues presented by its use, we may ultimately be unsuccessful in identifying or resolving issues before they arise. Further, as the technology is rapidly evolving, costs and obligations could be imposed on us to comply with new regulations.
We also could be exposed to the risks of machine learning technology if third-party service providers or any counterparties, whether or not known to us, also use machine learning technology in their business activities. We will not be in a position to control the use of such technology in third-party products or services. Use by third-party service providers could give rise to issues pertaining to data privacy, data protection, and intellectual property considerations.
Increased data protection regulation may result in increased complexities and risk in connection with the operation of our business and our products.
Our business is highly dependent on information systems and technology. The costs related to cyber or other security threats or disruptions may not be fully insured or indemnified by other means. Cybersecurity has become a priority for regulators in the U.S. and around the world. Recently, the SEC adopted rules requiring public companies to disclose material cybersecurity incidents on Form 8-K and periodic disclosure of a registrant’s cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance in annual reports. The rules became effective beginning with annual reports for fiscal years ending on or after December 15, 2023, and beginning with Form 8-Ks on December 18, 2023. The SEC has also particularly focused on cybersecurity, and we expect increased scrutiny of our policies and systems designed to manage our cybersecurity risks and our related disclosures as a result. We also expect to face increased costs to comply with the new SEC rules, including increased costs for cybersecurity training and management. The SEC has indicated in recent periods that one of its examination priorities for the Division of Examinations is to continue to examine cybersecurity procedures and controls, including testing the implementation of these procedures and controls.
There may be substantial financial penalties or fines for breach of privacy laws (which may include insufficient security for our personal or other sensitive information). Non-compliance with any applicable privacy or data security laws represents a serious risk to our business. Some jurisdictions have also enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals of data security breaches involving certain types of personal information. Breaches in security could potentially jeopardize our or our stockholders’ or counterparties’ confidential or other information processed and stored in, or transmitted through, our computer systems and networks (or those of our third-party vendors), or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our or our stockholders’ or our counterparties’ or third parties’ operations, which could result in significant losses, increased costs, disruption of our business, liability to our stockholders and other counterparties, fines or penalties, litigation, regulatory intervention or reputational damage, which could also lead to loss of stockholders.
Finally, there has been significant evolution and developments in the use of AI technologies. We cannot fully determine the impact or cybersecurity risk of such evolving technology to our business at this time.
If we do not respond to technological innovations or changes or upgrade our technology systems, our growth prospects and results of operations could be adversely affected.
To remain competitive, we must continue to enhance and improve the functionality, features and security of our technology infrastructure. Infrastructure upgrades may require significant capital investment outside of the normal course of business. In the future, we will likely need to improve and upgrade our technology, database systems and network infrastructure to allow our business to grow in both size and scope. Without such improvements, our operations might suffer from unanticipated system disruptions, slow performance or unreliable service levels, any of which could negatively affect our ability to provide rapid customer service. We may face significant delays in introducing new services or developing new technologies. Moreover, if we do not keep pace with the rapid innovations and changes taking place in information technology in our industry, we could be at a competitive disadvantage. The proliferation of freely available information on the Internet, including advancements in areas such as AI, for example, has substantially increased the accessibility and transparency of information relating to residential real estate listings and transactions, which could change the way residential real estate transactions are conducted. Further, the rapid dissemination and increasing transparency of information, particularly for public companies, increases the risks to our business that could result from negative media or announcements about ethics lapses, improper behavior or other operational problems, which could lead clients to terminate or reduce their relationships with us. If competitors introduce new products and services using new technologies, our proprietary technology and systems may become less competitive, and our business may be harmed. In addition, the expansion and improvement of our systems and infrastructure may require us to commit substantial financial, operational and technical resources, with no assurance that our business will improve.
If we fail to effectively manage the growth of our operations, technology systems, and infrastructure to service customers and agents, our business could be harmed.
We have experienced rapid and significant growth in recent years that has placed, and may continue to place, significant demands on our management and our operational and financial infrastructure. For example, our employees and contractors increases. As we continue to grow, our success will depend on our ability to expand, maintain, and improve technology that supports our business operations, as well as our financial and management information systems, disclosure controls and procedures, internal controls over financial reporting, and to maintain effective cost controls. This requires us to commit substantial financial, operational and technical resources. Our ability to manage these efforts could be affected by many factors, including a lack of adequate staffing with the requisite expertise and training. If our operational technology is insufficient to reliably service our customers and agents, then the number of visitors to our website and mobile application could decrease, agents may not desire to work for us, our customer service and transaction volume could suffer, and our costs could increase. In addition, our reputation may be negatively affected. Any of these events could harm our business.
We depend on our senior management team to grow and operate our business, and if we are unable to hire, retain, manage, and motivate our key personnel, or if our new personnel do not perform as we anticipate, our business may be harmed.
Our future success depends on our continued ability to identify, hire, develop, manage, motivate, and retain qualified personnel, particularly those who have specialized skills and experience in technology fields and the residential brokerage industry. Further, we may not be able to retain the services of our key employees or other members of senior management in the future. In particular, we are highly dependent on Bill Qin, our Chief Executive Officer, who is critical to our business, consumer-focused mission, and strategic direction.
We do not have employment agreements other than offer letters with any employee, including our senior management team, and we do not maintain key person life insurance for any employee. Any changes in our senior management team may be disruptive to our business. If we fail to retain or effectively replace members of our senior management team, or if our senior management team fails to work together effectively and to execute our plans and strategies, our business could be harmed.
Our growth strategy also depends on our ability to expand our organization by attracting and retaining high-quality personnel, particularly agents and experienced technical personnel. Identifying, recruiting, training, integrating, managing, and motivating talented individuals will require significant time, expense, and attention. Competition for talent is intense, particularly in many major markets we serve. In particular, hiring for technical personnel is highly competitive in Irvine, California, where substantially all of our technical team is located. If we are unable to effectively attract and retain qualified personnel, our business could be harmed.
We depend heavily on the leadership, industry relationships and strategic vision of our Chief Executive Officer and other key personnel, and the loss of any of these individuals could disrupt our operations and harm our future prospects.
Our success to date has been largely attributable to the efforts and expertise of our Chief Executive Officer, Zhen “Bill” Qin, who founded the Company, holds approximately 45.85% of our voting securities and plays a central role in developing our artificial-intelligence platform, managing our Cash Offer program, and cultivating relationships with customers, investors and third-party service providers. We also rely on a limited number of highly skilled employees and independent contractor agents with specialized knowledge of real estate transactions and technology development. The loss of Mr. Qin, or of any other key personnel, could result in the loss of industry know-how, strategic relationships and institutional knowledge that would be difficult and time-consuming to replace. Competition for qualified executives, product engineers, data scientists and licensed real estate professionals is intense, and we may be unable to attract and retain suitable replacements on satisfactory terms. If we are unable to retain our existing leadership team and other critical personnel, or fail to recruit additional talent as our business scales, our growth strategy, operational execution and financial results could be materially and adversely affected.
Our dedication to our values and the customer experience may negatively influence our short-term financial results.
We have taken, and may continue to take, actions that we believe are in the best interests of customers and the long-term interests of our business, even if those actions do not necessarily maximize short-term financial results.
We may need to raise additional capital to grow our business and satisfy our anticipated future liquidity needs, and we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to us, or at all.
Growing and operating our business will require significant cash outlays, liquidity reserves and capital expenditures and commitments to respond to business challenges, including developing or enhancing new or existing services and technologies, and expanding our operating infrastructure. If cash on hand, cash generated from operations, and our existing capital resources are not sufficient to meet our cash and liquidity needs, we may need to seek additional capital, potentially through debt or equity financings. We may not be able to raise needed cash on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Such financings may be on terms that are dilutive or potentially dilutive to our stockholders, and the prices at which new investors would be willing to purchase our securities may be lower than the then-current market price per share of our common stock. The holders of new securities may also have rights, preferences, or privileges that are senior to those of existing stockholders. If new financing sources are required, but are insufficient or unavailable, we may need to modify our growth and operating plans and business strategies based on available funding, if any, which would harm our ability to grow our business.
We intend to evaluate acquisitions or investments in third-party technologies and businesses, but we may not realize the anticipated benefits from, and may have to pay substantial costs related to, any acquisitions, mergers, joint ventures, or investments that we undertake.
As part of our business strategy, we evaluate acquisitions of, or investments in, a wide array of potential strategic opportunities, including third-party technologies and businesses. We may be unable to identify suitable acquisition candidates in the future or to make these acquisitions on a commercially reasonable basis, or at all. Any transactions that we enter into could be material to our financial condition and results of operations. Such acquisitions may not result in the intended benefits to our business, and we may not successfully evaluate or utilize the acquired technology, offerings, or personnel, or accurately forecast the financial effect of an acquisition transaction. The process of integrating an acquired company, business, technology, or personnel into our own company is subject to various risks and challenges, including:
diverting management time and focus from operating our business to acquisition integration;
disrupting our respective ongoing business operations;
customer and industry acceptance of the acquired company’s offerings;
our ability to implement or remediate the controls, procedures, and policies of the acquired company;
retaining and integrating acquired employees;
failing to maintain important business relationships and contracts;
liability for activities of the acquired company before the acquisition;
litigation or other claims arising in connection with the acquired company;
impairment charges associated with goodwill and other acquired intangible assets; and
other unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures.
Our failure to address these risks or other problems we encounter with our future acquisitions and investments could cause us to not realize the anticipated benefits of such acquisitions or investments, incur unanticipated liabilities, and harm our business.
We will incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.
The Company is a reporting company under section 15(d) of the Exchange Act and therefore the Company is subject to the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002. As a public company, particularly after we are no longer an emerging growth company, we will incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq have imposed various requirements on public companies, including establishing and maintaining effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel have limited experience operating a public company, which may result in operational inefficiencies or errors, or a failure to improve or maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures necessary to ensure timely and accurate reporting of operational and financial results. We may need to hire additional personnel, and our existing management team will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly.
Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we will be required to furnish a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting, including an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. However, while we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with Section 404 within the prescribed period, we will be engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants, and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented, and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that neither we nor our independent registered public accounting firm will be able to conclude within the prescribed timeframe that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404. This could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our consolidated financial statements.
In addition, changing laws, regulations, and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs, and making some activities more time consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations, and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and divert management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be harmed.
We also expect that being a public company and complying with applicable rules and regulations will make it more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to incur substantially higher costs to obtain and maintain the same or similar coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified executive officers and members of our Board.
Changes in applicable tax laws and regulations could adversely affect our business.
The tax treatment of our company is subject to changes in tax laws or regulations, tax treaties, or positions by the relevant authority regarding the application, administration, or interpretation of these tax laws and regulations. These factors, together with the ambiguity of tax laws and regulations, the subjectivity of factual interpretations, and uncertainties regarding the geographic mix of earnings in any period, can affect our estimates of our effective tax rate and income tax assets and liabilities, result in changes in our estimates and accruals, and have a material adverse effect on our business results, cash flows, or financial condition. We are unable to predict what tax reforms may be proposed or enacted in the future or what effect such changes would have on our business, but such changes could potentially result in higher tax expense and payments, along with increasing the complexity, burden, and cost of compliance.
Catastrophic events may disrupt our business.
Natural disasters or other catastrophic events may damage or disrupt our operations, local and regional real estate markets, or the U.S. economy, and thus could harm our business. Our headquarters is located in Irvine, California, an earthquake-prone area. A natural disaster or catastrophic event in Irvine California could interrupt our engineering and financial functions and impair access to internal systems, documents, and equipment critical to the operation of our business. Many of the major markets we serve, such as the San Francisco Bay Area and Southern California, are also located in earthquake zones and are susceptible to natural disasters. Additionally, other significant natural disasters or catastrophic events in any of the major markets we serve could harm our business.
As we grow, the need for business continuity planning and disaster recovery plans will become increasingly important. If we are unable to develop adequate plans to ensure that our business functions continue to operate during and after a disaster, and successfully execute on those plans in the event of a disaster or emergency, our business could be harmed.
achievements
negative
discrepancy
Overview
Linkhome Holdings Inc. (“Linkhome,” “Linkhome Holdings,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” or “us”) is a holding company incorporated in the State of Nevada on November 6, 2023. The Company conducts substantially all of its operations through its wholly owned subsidiary, Linkhome Realty Group, a California corporation (“Linkhome Realty”).
Headquartered in Irvine, California, the Company currently focuses on the California markets and is gradually expanding its operations into additional markets across the United States.
Linkhome is developing an artificial intelligence–enabled real estate services platform designed to improve the efficiency, transparency and accessibility of residential real estate transactions. Our platform integrates traditional real estate brokerage services with technology-driven tools that streamline property search, transaction coordination and related services for homebuyers and sellers.
Through our operating subsidiary, Linkhome Realty, we provide a range of real estate-related services, including residential real estate brokerage services, fintech-enabled services, property management services and mortgage advisory services. Our objective is to provide clients with a comprehensive service ecosystem that supports multiple stages of the real estate transaction lifecycle.
In addition, as part of our fintech initiatives, we operate a Cash Offer program designed to help homebuyers compete more effectively in competitive real estate markets by enabling them to present all-cash offers on properties. Under this program, the Company may temporarily acquire residential properties using its own capital and subsequently transfer those properties to the end buyer within a short period of time. We believe this program enhances our ability to attract clients and facilitates more efficient real estate transactions.
Historically, funding for the Cash Offer program primarily came from investments made by our Chief Executive Officer and other shareholders. Following our initial public offering in 2025, we expect to continue expanding the program using a combination of available capital, operating cash flows and other financing sources.
Our long-term strategy is to continue developing a technology-driven real estate platform that integrates artificial intelligence with real estate and financial services, enabling us to improve transaction efficiency, expand our service capabilities and support the long-term growth of our business.
Technology and AI Platform Strategy
We are developing an artificial intelligence–enabled real estate platform designed to enhance the efficiency, transparency and accessibility of residential real estate transactions. Our technology strategy focuses on integrating data, artificial intelligence and digital tools into the real estate transaction process to improve property discovery, transaction coordination and client engagement.
Our platform is designed to support multiple stages of the real estate transaction lifecycle, including property search, client matching, transaction management and related financial services. By leveraging artificial intelligence and data analytics, we aim to provide users with more relevant property information, improve transaction efficiency and enhance the overall customer experience.
Over time, we intend to expand the capabilities of our platform to include additional technology-enabled services, such as automated property analysis, intelligent client matching and digital transaction management tools. We believe that integrating technology with traditional real estate services will enable us to scale our operations more efficiently and strengthen our competitive position in the real estate market.
Our long-term objective is to build a technology-driven real estate platform that connects property search, brokerage services and financial services within a unified ecosystem. We believe this approach will enable us to create a more streamlined and transparent path to homeownership while supporting the long-term growth of our business.
Fintech-Enabled Cash Offer Program
In competitive housing markets, sellers often prefer offers that are not contingent on mortgage financing. As part of our fintech-enabled services, we operate a Cash Offer program designed to help clients present all-cash offers on residential properties, which may increase the likelihood that their offers are accepted.
Under this program, the Company may temporarily acquire a residential property using its own capital and subsequently transfer the property to the client once the client’s financing is finalized. These transactions are typically completed within a short time frame.
We believe our Cash Offer program represents a fintech-enabled solution within the residential real estate transaction process, providing several strategic benefits:
improves our clients’ competitiveness in fast-moving housing markets
enhances transaction efficiency for buyers and sellers
expands our ability to generate transaction-based revenue
strengthens client acquisition for our real estate services platform
Key Factors that Affect Our Results of Operations
Market Conditions: Fluctuations in the residential real estate market, including changes in housing supply, buyer demand, mortgage interest rates, and general economic conditions, can significantly affect our business. Periods of rising interest rates may reduce home affordability and transaction volumes, while periods of stronger economic growth and consumer confidence may increase housing demand.
Technology Development and AI Integration: We are investing in technology and artificial intelligence capabilities designed to enhance the real estate transaction process, including tools for property search, client engagement and transaction support. Our ability to effectively integrate technology into our services may influence our operational efficiency and long-term growth potential.
Client Preferences and Demands: Our Cash Offer program represents a key driver of our revenue growth. The volume of transactions completed through this program depends on market conditions, the availability of capital and the level of demand from homebuyers seeking to compete with cash offers in competitive housing markets.We continuously assess client feedback, market research and industry trends to improve our services.
Competitive Landscape: The residential real estate industry is highly competitive. We compete with traditional real estate brokerages as well as technology-enabled real estate platforms. Our ability to differentiate our services through technology, service quality and transaction efficiency is critical to maintaining and expanding our market position.
Economic Factors: We aim to continuously evaluate macroeconomic factors, such as GDP growth, employment rates, inflation, which can influence real estate market dynamics and consumer behavior. When GDP growth and employment rates are strong, we typically see higher consumer confidence and spending power. On the other hand, rising inflation can lead to increased interest rates, potentially reducing consumer buying power and making it more expensive for consumers to purchase homes.
Operational Efficiency: Real estate transactions involve multiple operational steps, including marketing, negotiation, escrow coordination and closing. Our ability to efficiently manage these processes, while leveraging technology to streamline workflows, is important to maintaining profitability and scaling our operations.
Related Party Transactions
Related Parties
The following individuals are considered related parties due to their roles and shareholding in the Company:
Haiyan Ma: The Company’s shareholder.
Zhen Qin: Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), and major shareholder. Zhen Qin is also a licensed real estate broker affiliated with the Company.
Na Li: Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) and Director. Na Li is the spouse of Zhen Qin.
For the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024
Property Purchases and Sales Through Cash Offer
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company purchased three properties in cash for $2,884,882 from unrelated parties and subsequently sold them to Haiyan Ma for $2,940,544.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company purchased a property in cash for $1,425,930 from Haiyan Ma, which included $1,420,000 paid to Haiyan Ma as the total consideration and $5,930 in title charges, escrow charges, and other related costs. The Company subsequently sold the property to Na Li for $1,670,000.
Real Estate Agency Service
For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company provided real estate agency services to Na Li, assisting with the sale of one property. The Company earned $126,000 in real estate agency commission from Na Li but paid a referral fee of $28,440 to Haiyan Ma for introducing the buyer, resulting in net revenue of $97,560 recognized by the Company.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company provided real estate agency services to Haiyan Ma, assisting with the sale of two properties and the purchase of one property, for which the Company earned a total of $62,650 in real estate agency commission.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company provided real estate agency services to Zhen Qin and Na Li, assisting with the purchase of a property, for which the Company earned $50,000 in real estate agency commission.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company provided real estate agency services to two minority shareholders, assisting one shareholder with selling a property and the other shareholder with purchasing a property, for which the Company earned real estate agency commission of $15,550 in total.
Property Management Service
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company provided tenant placement services to a minority shareholder, assisting with securing a rental property, for which the Company earned $1,800 in property management service revenue.
Home Renovation Service
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company provided home renovation services to Haiyan Ma on three home renovation projects, for which the Company earned $53,012 in home renovation service revenue and incurred $43,332 in renovation costs.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company provided home renovation services to Na Li on four home renovation projects, for which the Company earned $64,500 in home renovation service revenue and incurred $56,769 in renovation costs.
Commission Expense
For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company incurred commission expenses of $45,000 paid to Na Li in connection with real estate transactions. This amount was recorded in cost of revenues.
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024
Due to Related Party
On May 1, 2024, Zhen Qin lent $530,000 to the Company to support its operational needs. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had fully repaid the outstanding balance to Zhen Qin, resulting in no amount due to the related party. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had repaid $475,000 to Zhen Qin, leaving an outstanding balance of $55,000.
Selected Income Statement Items
Net Revenues
We derive our net revenues from (i) real estate purchases and sales made through Cash Offer, and (ii) real estate services including acting as real estate agency for buying and selling properties, property management, home renovation and mortgage referral services. The following table presents our net revenues by revenue stream for the periods presented:
Years Ended December 31,
Change
Amount
Amount
Amount
Revenue from property purchases and sales through Cash Offer
Real estate service revenue
Real estate agency commission
Property management service
Home renovation service
Mortgage referral fee
Total real estate service revenue
Total net revenues
Revenue from Property Purchases and Sales Through Cash Offer
In a competitive real estate market, a buyer who pays in cash is more likely to secure a property. To give buyers an edge in competitive markets, we offer the Cash Offer program to enable buyers to make all-cash offers on properties, even if they require financing. Through the Cash Offer program, we facilitate cash offers for clients and may temporarily acquire properties before transferring them to the clients within a short period of time. Our property purchases and sales through Cash Offer primarily involve residential properties.
Revenue from property purchases and sales through our Cash Offer program accounted for 96.00% and 86.25% of net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Our revenue from this program increased by $13,585,858, or 206.84%, from $6,568,404 for the year ended December 31, 2024 to $20,154,262 for the year ended December 31, 2025.
For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we completed 20 and 6 property transactions, respectively, through the Cash Offer program. The increase in revenue was primarily driven by the higher number of transactions and increased transaction volume. The average transaction price was approximately $1.02 million and $1.08 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Real Estate Service Revenue
We offer comprehensive real estate services tailored to meet the diverse needs of our clients. Our real estate service revenue consists primarily of real estate agency commissions for buying and selling properties for clients, and revenue generated from property management, home renovation and mortgage referral services.
Real estate service revenue accounted for 4.00% and 13.75% of net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Real estate service revenue decreased by $206,818, or 19.76%, from $1,046,903 for the year ended December 31, 2024 to $840,085 for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily due to decreases in real estate agency commissions and home renovation service revenue, partially offset by increases in property management and mortgage referral services.
Real estate agency commission revenue decreased by $123,437, or 15.80%, from $781,351 for the year ended December 31, 2024 to $657,914 for the year ended December 31, 2025. The decrease was primarily driven by a decrease in the number of real estate transactions and overall transaction volume. For the year ended December 31, 2025, we completed 22 real estate transactions with total transaction volume of approximately $29.5 million, compared to 46 transactions with total transaction volume of approximately $48.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The average transaction price increased from approximately $1.06 million in 2024 to $1.34 million in 2025. Gross commissions were partially offset by client rebates, which were $169,946 and $208,125 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, representing approximately 20.53% and 21.03% of gross commissions for the respective periods.
Revenue from home renovation services decreased by $162,457, or 66.25%, from $245,226 for the year ended December 31, 2024 to $82,769 for the year ended December 31, 2025. The decrease was primarily attributable to a lower number of renovation projects. We completed three renovation projects in 2025, compared to 15 renovation projects in 2024.
Revenue from mortgage referral services increased by $60,204, or 1,486.52%, from $4,050 for the year ended December 31, 2024 to $64,254 for the year ended December 31, 2025. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in the number of mortgage referrals. We assisted 12 clients in securing mortgage loans in 2025, compared to one client in 2024.
Revenue from property management services increased by $18,872, or 115.95%, from $16,276 for the year ended December 31, 2024 to $35,148 for the year ended December 31, 2025. The increase was primarily attributable to growth in tenant placement services and the number of properties under ongoing property management. We completed 10 tenant placements in 2025, compared to nine tenant placements in 2024. In addition, the number of properties under ongoing property management increased to six properties as of December 31, 2025, compared to three properties as of December 31, 2024.
Cost of Revenues
Our cost of revenues consists primarily of (i) costs related to property purchases made through the Cash Offer program, which properties are subsequently sold to customers, and (ii) costs associated with real estate services, including commission expenses for real estate agents and renovation costs incurred for home renovation services.
We derive our cost of revenues from two revenue streams: (i) property purchases and sales through Cash Offer and (ii) real estate services. The following table presents our cost of revenues by revenue stream for the periods presented.
Years Ended December 31,
Change
Amount
Amount
Amount
Cost of property purchases and sales through Cash Offer
Cost of real estate services
Total cost of revenues
Cost of property purchases and sales through Cash Offer increased by $14,075,932, or 237.41%, from $5,928,865 for the year ended December 31, 2024 to $20,004,797 for the year ended December 31, 2025. The increase was primarily driven by a higher volume of Cash Offer transactions in 2025 compared to 2024.
Cost of real estate services remained relatively stable, increasing by $472, from $216,061 for the year ended December 31, 2024 to $216,533 for the year ended December 31, 2025. The change in cost of real estate services was primarily attributable to higher real estate agency service costs, partially offset by lower home renovation service costs. Real estate agency service costs increased from $12,926 in 2024 to $146,810 in 2025, primarily due to increased commission expenses associated with real estate agency transactions. In contrast, home renovation service costs decreased from $201,017 in 2024 to $69,724 in 2025, reflecting the lower number of renovation projects in 2025 compared to 2024.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Our selling expenses primarily consist of staging, advertising and marketing costs, including online and offline marketing, photography and videography. We expect our selling expenses to increase in absolute amounts as we continue to expand our marketing activities; however, we expect selling expenses as a percentage of net revenues to remain relatively stable or decrease over time as our revenues grow.
Our general and administrative expenses primarily consist of professional service costs, payroll and payroll-related costs, rent and other overhead costs. As a public company, we expect to incur additional costs associated with regulatory compliance, legal, accounting and other professional services. While these costs may increase our general and administrative expenses in absolute amounts, we expect our general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues to decrease over the long term as we continue to scale our operations and improve operating efficiency.
Results of Operations
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024
The following table summarized our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:
Years Ended December 31,
Revenues
Revenues
Change
Percentage
Change
Net revenues
Cost of revenues
Gross profit
Operating expenses
Selling expenses
General and administrative expenses
Total operating expenses
Operating income
Other income (expenses), net
Income before income taxes
Income tax expense
Net income
Net Revenues
Net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $20,994,347 and $7,615,307, respectively, representing an increase of $13,379,040, or 175.69%. This increase was primarily driven by a $13,585,858 increase in revenue from property purchases and sales through Cash Offer, partially offset by a $206,818 decrease in real estate service revenue. The growth in Cash Offer revenue was primarily attributable to a higher number of property transactions completed through the Cash Offer program in 2025 compared to 2024.
Cost of Revenues
Years Ended December 31,
Change
Percentage
Change
Cost of property purchases and sales through Cash Offer
Cost of real estate services
Total cost of revenues
As a percentage of net revenues
Cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $20,221,330 and $6,144,926, respectively, representing an increase of $14,076,404, or 229.07%. The increase was primarily driven by higher costs associated with property purchases and sales through the Cash Offer program as the number and value of Cash Offer transactions increased significantly in 2025 compared to 2024. Cost of real estate services remained relatively stable, increasing slightly from $216,061 in 2024 to $216,533 in 2025.
Gross Profit and Gross Margin
Years Ended December 31,
Gross Profit
Gross Margin
Gross Profit
Gross Margin
Property purchases and sales through Cash Offer
Real estate services
Total
Gross profit for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $773,017 and $1,470,381, respectively, representing a decrease of $697,364, or 47.43%. The blended gross margin was 3.68% for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to 19.31% for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in gross margin was primarily attributable to lower margins on property purchases and sales through the Cash Offer program as the Company significantly increased transaction volume in 2025.
Gross profit from property purchases and sales through the Cash Offer program decreased to $149,465 in 2025, compared to $639,539 in 2024, primarily due to lower margins on these transactions. Gross profit from real estate services decreased from $830,842 in 2024 to $623,552 in 2025, primarily due to lower home renovation service revenue and lower real estate agency commission revenue.
Selling Expenses
Selling expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $34,141 and $15,754, respectively, representing an increase of $18,387, or 116.71%. The increase was primarily attributable to higher advertising and marketing expenditures as the Company continued to expand its marketing efforts to support the growth of its real estate transaction volume.
General and Administrative Expenses
The following table summarized our general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:
Years Ended December 31,
Change
Percentage
Change
Legal and accounting expenses
Payroll expense
Payroll tax expense
Rent expenses
Depreciation and amortization expenses
Other general and administrative expenses
Total general and administrative expenses
As a percentage of net revenues
General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $662,444 and $365,207, respectively, representing an increase of $297,237, or 81.39%. The increase was primarily driven by higher legal and accounting expenses, rent expenses, payroll and payroll tax expenses, depreciation and amortization expenses, and other general and administrative expenses.
Legal and accounting expenses increased by $118,887, primarily due to additional costs associated with regulatory compliance, legal, accounting and other professional services following the Company’s initial public offering. Rent expenses increased by $61,998, primarily due to the Company relocating to a new office in 2025 with higher lease costs, as well as additional technology-related lease arrangements. Payroll and payroll tax expenses increased by $31,252, primarily due to the hiring of additional employees. Depreciation and amortization expenses increased by $28,240, primarily due to purchases of furniture, leasehold improvements, and the capitalization and amortization of internally developed software, including the Company’s website and mobile application. Other general and administrative expenses increased by $56,860, primarily due to higher administrative and operational costs associated with the expansion of the Company’s business activities.
Other Income (Expenses), Net
Other income (expenses), net was income of $49,775 for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to expense of $1,832 for the year ended December 31, 2024. Other income in 2025 primarily consisted of interest income and other miscellaneous income, partially offset by interest expense and realized loss on trading securities. Other expenses in 2024 primarily consisted of interest expense, partially offset by credit card rebates and bank rewards.
Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $51,333 and $309,352, respectively, representing a decrease of $258,019, or 83.41%. The decrease in income tax expense was primarily attributable to lower net income before income taxes in 2025.
Net Income
Net income for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $74,874 and $778,236, respectively, representing a decrease of $703,362, or 90.38%. The decrease in net income was primarily attributable to lower gross profit in 2025, partially offset by the increase in net revenues.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Historically, the Company has funded its operations and working capital requirements primarily through operating cash flows, shareholder contributions and equity financing.
Our liquidity position improved significantly during 2025, primarily due to proceeds from the issuance of common stock in connection with our initial public offering. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $7,018,931, compared to $1,670,949 as of December 31, 2024.
We believe that our current cash position and expected operating cash flows will be sufficient to meet our working capital and operating requirements for at least the next twelve months from the date of issuance of the consolidated financial statements.
However, as we continue to expand our business, including potential investments in technology development and real estate transaction activities, we may seek additional financing from time to time. Such financing may include equity financing, debt financing or other strategic funding sources.
Any financing involving the issuance of equity securities or securities convertible into equity could result in dilution to our existing stockholders.
Cash Flows For the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024
As of December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $7,018,931, other current assets of $128,235, current liabilities of $2,082,601, net working capital of $5,064,565, and a current ratio of 3.43:1. As of December 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $1,670,949, other current assets of $1,652,699, current liabilities of $944,447, net working capital of $2,379,201, and a current ratio of 3.52:1.
The following table presented a summary of our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:
Year
Ended
December 31,
Year
Ended
December 31,
Net cash provided by operating activities
Net cash used in investing activities
Net cash provided by financing activities
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $524,430 for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily derived from (i) net income of $74,874, adjusted for non-cash items including lease expense of $108,570, depreciation and amortization of $47,002, and a realized loss on trading securities of $2,651, partially offset by deferred tax benefit of $742, and (ii) net changes in operating assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024, primarily consisting of (a) an increase in other current liabilities of $1,040,459, (b) a decrease in real estate held for sale of $907,061, (c) an increase in accounts payable of $72,435, and (d) a decrease in prepaid expenses and other receivables of $9,712, partially offset by (a) a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $999,140, (b) an increase in long-term prepaid expenses of $617,625, (c) an increase in accounts receivable of $91,808, and (d) an increase in security deposits of $29,019.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $694,655 for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily derived from (i) net income of $778,236, adjusted for non-cash items including lease expense of $45,347 and depreciation of $18,762, partially offset by a decrease in allowance for credit losses of $9,092; (ii) net changes in operating assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023, primarily consisting of (a) an increase in other current liabilities of $820,575 and (b) an increase in accounts payable of $4,597, partially offset by (a) an increase in real estate held for sale of $907,061, (b) a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $45,062, (c) an increase in accounts receivable of $8,676, and (d) an increase in prepaid expenses and other receivables of $2,971.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $524,430 for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $694,655 for the year ended December 31, 2024, representing a decrease in cash inflow of $170,225. This decrease was primarily due to (i) an increase in cash outflow of $954,078 on operating lease liabilities, (ii) an increase in cash outflow of $617,625 on long-term prepaid expenses, (iii) a decrease in cash inflow of $600,898 on net income adjusted for noncash items, (iv) a decrease in cash inflow of $83,132 on accounts receivable, and (v) an increase in cash outflow of $29,019 on security deposits, partially offset by (i) a decrease in cash outflow of $1,814,122 on real estate held for sale, (ii) a decrease in cash outflow of $219,884 on other current liabilities, (iii) a decrease in cash outflow of $67,838 on accounts payable, and (iv) a decrease in cash outflow of $12,683 on prepaid expenses.
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $927,726 for the year ended December 31, 2025, which primarily consisted of capitalized internally developed software and other intangible assets of $571,425, purchases of property and equipment of $303,650, purchases of trading securities of $274,718, and an investment under the cost method of $50,000, partially offset by proceeds from the sale of trading securities of $272,067.
Net cash used in investing activities was $3,513 for the year ended December 31, 2024, which primarily consisted of purchases of property and equipment of $2,064 and purchases of trademarks of $1,449.
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was $5,751,278 for the year ended December 31, 2025, which primarily consisted of proceeds from the issuance of common stock of $6,203,000 and proceeds from related party advances of $465,347, partially offset by repayments of related party advances of $520,347, payment of offering costs of $388,624, and repayments of auto loan principal of $8,098.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $327,896 for the year ended December 31, 2024, which primarily consisted of proceeds from equity financing of $980,000 and proceeds from related party advances of $880,000, partially offset by repayments of related party advances of $825,000, payment of offering costs of $699,499, and repayments of auto loan principal of $7,605.
Contractual Obligations
Our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2025 were as follows:
1 Year or
Less
More Than
1 Year
Total
Operating lease liabilities
Auto loan payable
Total
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.
Trend Information
Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments, or events that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our revenue, income from operations, net income, liquidity, or capital resources, or that would cause reported financial information not necessarily to be indicative of future operating results or financial condition.
Inflation
Inflation and rising interest rates have significantly influenced the economic environment, impacting our operations and financial performance. Monetary authorities, in response to heightened inflationary pressures, have raised interest rates, which has increased borrowing costs and reduced the availability of financing. These changes have directly affected the real estate market by making mortgages less affordable for potential homebuyers, leading to decreased demand for real estate. We continue to monitor inflation, monetary policy changes, and their potential adverse effects on our business. Despite these challenges, higher interest rates have reduced competition among buyers, which may create opportunities for certain buyers in the real estate market.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements. These financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities and revenue and expenses, to disclose contingent assets and liabilities on the date of the consolidated financial statements, and to disclose the reported amounts of revenue and expenses incurred during the financial reporting period. We continue to evaluate these estimates and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We rely on these evaluations as the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of our accounting policies require higher degrees of judgment than others in their application. We believe that the critical accounting policies disclosed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K reflect the more significant judgments and estimates used in preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Further, as an emerging growth company, we have elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for emerging growth companies until the earlier of the date that we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, these financial statements contained in our subsequent filings with the SEC may not be comparable to other public companies.
The following critical accounting policies rely upon assumptions and estimates and were used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements:
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the dates of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates and judgments include, but are not limited to, revenue recognition, allowance for credit losses, income taxes, the useful lives of long-lived assets and assumptions used in assessing impairment of long-lived assets. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Although actual amounts may differ from the estimated amounts, such differences are not likely to be material.
Revenue Recognition
In accordance with ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration that the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these goods or services. The Company recognizes revenues following the five-step model prescribed under ASU No. 2014-09: (i) identifies contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identifies the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determines the transaction price; (iv) allocates the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognizes revenues when (or as) it satisfies the performance obligation.
The Company derives its revenues primarily from real estate services and real estate purchases and sales through Cash Offer.
Real Estate Service Revenue
The Company’s real estate service revenue consists primarily of real estate agency commission for buying and selling properties for clients, revenue generated from property management service, home renovation service, and mortgage referral service.
The Company earns agency commission revenue, usually at a fixed percentage of property’s selling price, through facilitating the buy or sale of various types of properties, including residential, commercial, and land parcels. The Company is considered an agent for these services provided, and reports service revenue earned through these transactions on a net basis. Revenue is recognized when the agency service is provided, usually at the closing of the escrow.
Prior to November 17, 2023, the Company conducted real estate transactions through a licensed third-party brokerage firm. On November 17, 2023, Linkhome Realty obtained its own real estate broker license, allowing the Company to conduct brokerage transactions independently.
The Company provides property management services, which include two primary activities: tenant placement and ongoing property management. Tenant placement services involve marketing the property, identifying suitable tenants, and facilitating the rental agreement. For these services, the Company acts as an agent and charges a rental commission, either as a percentage of the first year’s rent or a fixed fee. Revenue from tenant placement is recognized at a point in time when a tenant is secured, and the lease contract is executed. Additionally, the Company provides ongoing property management services, which may include collecting rent on behalf of the landlord, coordinating maintenance and repairs, and addressing tenant inquiries during the lease term. For these services, the Company also acts as an agent and charges a service fee. Revenue from ongoing property management is recognized over time as the services are rendered, as the landlord simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the Company’s efforts.
The Company also offers a full range of home renovation services, from bathroom and kitchen renovations to customized home renovations and extensions, helping clients prepare their homes for sale or personalize newly purchased properties. The Company considers itself as a principal for this service as it has control of the specified service at any time before it is transferred to the customer, which is evidenced by (i) the Company is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promises to provide home renovation services meeting customer specifications, and assumes fulfilment risk (i.e., risk that the performance obligation will not be satisfied); and (ii) the Company has discretion in selecting third-party renovation contractors and establishing the price, and bears the risk for services that are not fully paid for by customers. The renovation period is usually within one to three months; the Company recognizes revenue when the renovation service is completed, on a gross basis with corresponding costs incurred.
In addition, the Company collaborates with lending institutions and mortgage brokers to assist clients in seeking and securing mortgage services, and aiding clients in the process of obtaining loans or financing for property purchases. Revenue is recognized when the related loan transaction is completed and the Company becomes entitled to the referral fee.
Revenue from Property Purchases and Sales through Cash Offer
The Company’s revenue from purchases and sales through its Cash Offer program primarily consists of purchasing residential properties and subsequently reselling those properties to customers within a short period of time. Under the Cash Offer program, the Company may purchase residential properties using its own capital, with title transferred to Linkhome Realty, and subsequently resell the properties to customers. Both purchase and sales transactions go through an escrow company. The Company is the principal of these transactions and recognizes revenue and cost when the property purchased is sold and escrow is closed. This type of revenue does not contain a financing component due to there being no difference between the amount of promised consideration and the cash selling price of the promised goods or services, and the length of time between when the Company transfers the promised goods or services to the customer and when the customer pays for those goods is very short, usually within a few weeks or a few months.
Credit Losses
On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASC 326”). This standard replaced the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology. CECL requires an estimate of credit losses for the remaining estimated life of the financial asset using historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts and generally applies to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables and held-to-maturity debt securities, and some off-balance sheet credit exposures such as unfunded commitments to extend credit. Financial assets measured at amortized cost will be presented at the net amount expected to be collected by using an allowance for credit losses. In addition, CECL made changes to the accounting for available-for-sale debt securities. One such change is to require credit losses to be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down on available-for-sale debt securities if management does not intend to sell and does not believe that it is more likely than not they will be required to sell.
The Company adopted ASC 326 and all related subsequent amendments thereto effective January 1, 2023, using the modified retrospective approach for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures. There was no transition adjustment upon the adoption of CECL.
The Company’s accounts receivable and prepaid expense in the consolidated balance sheets are within the scope of ASC Topic 326. As the Company has limited customers and debtors, the Company uses the loss-rate method to evaluate the expected credit losses on an individual basis. When establishing the loss rate, the Company makes the assessment on various factors, including historical experience, creditworthiness of customers and debtors, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect its ability to collect from the customers and debtors. The Company also provides specific provisions for allowance when facts and circumstances indicate that the receivable is unlikely to be collected.
Expected credit losses are recorded as an allowance for credit losses, which is netted against accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheets, and are recognized as an expense in the consolidated statements of income. Receivables are written off against the allowance when all collection efforts have been exhausted and recovery is deemed remote. If the Company recovers amounts that were previously written off, the recovered amounts are recognized as a reduction to the provision for credit losses in the consolidated statements of income.
Accounts Receivable, Net
Accounts receivable represent the amounts that the Company has an unconditional right to consideration, which are stated at the historical carrying amount net of allowance for credit losses. The Company maintains allowances for credit losses for estimated losses. The Company reviews the accounts receivable on a periodic basis and makes allowances when there is doubt as to the collectability of individual balances. In evaluating the collectability of individual receivable balances, the Company considers many factors, including historical losses, the age of the receivable balance, the customer’s historical payment pattens and creditworthiness, current economic conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. Accounts are written off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had no allowances for credit losses.
Impairment of Long-lived Assets
Long-lived assets, which include property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The recoverability of long-lived assets to be held and used is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the assets. Fair value is generally determined using the asset’s expected future discounted cash flows or market value, if readily determinable.
The Company evaluates events and changes in circumstances that could indicate the carrying amounts of long-lived assets may not be recoverable. When such events or changes in circumstances occur, the Company assesses the recoverability of long-lived assets by determining whether the carrying value of such assets will be recovered through undiscounted expected future cash flows. If the total of the future undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of those assets, the Company records an impairment charge in the period in which such a determination is made. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Based on the above analysis, no impairmentloss was recognized related to these assets for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.
Income Taxes
The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes.” Under this method, income tax expense is recognized for the amount of: (i) taxes payable or refundable for the current period and (ii) deferred tax consequences of temporary differences resulting from matters that have been recognized in an entity’s financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets also include the prior years’ net operating losses carried forward. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the results of operations in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is provided to reduce the deferred tax assets reported if based on the weight of the available positive and negative evidence, it is more likely than not some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
The Company follows FASB ASC Topic 740, which prescribes a more-likely-than-not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. FASB ASC Topic 740 also provides guidance on recognition of income tax assets and liabilities, classification of current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities, accounting for interest and penalties associated with tax positions, accounting for income taxes in interim periods, and income tax disclosures.
Under the provisions of FASB ASC Topic 740, when tax returns are filed, it is likely some positions taken would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, while others are subject to uncertainty about the merits of the position taken or the amount of the position that would be ultimately sustained. The benefit of a tax position is recognized in the financial statements in the period during which, based on all available evidence, management believes it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of appeals or litigation processes, if any. Tax positions taken are not offset or aggregated with other positions. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely of being realized upon settlement with the applicable taxing authority. The portion of the benefits associated with tax positions taken that exceeds the amount measured as described above is reflected as a liability for unrecognized tax benefits in the accompanying balance sheets along with any associated interest and penalties that would be payable to the taxing authorities upon examination. Interest associated with unrecognized tax benefits is classified as interest expense and penalties are classified in selling, general and administrative expenses in the statements of income. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not take any uncertain positions that would necessitate recording a tax related liability.
Prior to January 1, 2024, Linkhome Realty filed its income tax return under Subchapter S of the Internal Revenue Code (“IRS”) as a S-corporation, and elected to be taxed as a pass-through entity, for which the income, losses, deductions, and credits flow through to the shareholders of the company for federal income tax purposes. Effective January 1, 2024, Linkhome Realty’s tax status became C-corporation, and is subject to a federal income tax rate of 21% and California state income tax rate of 8.84%. As a parent holding company of Linkhome Realty, Linkhome Holdings was incorporated in the State of Nevada on November 6, 2023, and is only subject to a federal income tax rate of 21%. Effective for the tax year beginning January 1, 2024, and continuing thereafter unless revoked, Linkhome Holdings and Linkhome Realty have elected to file a consolidated federal income tax return.
New Accounting Pronouncements
The Company considers the applicability and impact of all ASUs and periodically reviews new accounting standards that are issued. Under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended (the “JOBS Act”), the Company meets the definition of an emerging growth company and has elected the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards, which delays the adoption of these accounting standards until they would apply to private companies.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” The amendments in the ASU are intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. In addition, the amendments enhance interim disclosure requirements, clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and contain other disclosure requirements. The purpose of the amendments is to enable “investors to better understand an entity’s overall performance” and assess “potential future cash flows.” The amendments in ASU 2023-07 are effective for all public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 for the year ended December 31, 2024, and the adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which requires enhanced income tax disclosures, including additional information in the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted ASU 2023-09 for the year ended December 31, 2025, and the adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Pending Adoption
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40),” which is intended to improve disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses and provide more detailed information about the nature of expenses included in commonly presented expense captions, such as cost of revenues and selling, general and administrative expenses. The amendments require entities to disclose, in the notes to the financial statements, specified information about certain expense categories, including employee compensation, depreciation, and amortization, within relevant income statement captions. The amendments also require tabular disclosures of such disaggregated expense information, as well as qualitative descriptions of the remaining amounts not separately disaggregated.
In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, which clarifies the effective date of ASU 2024-03. As clarified, the amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of ASU 2024-03 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
The Company does not believe that any other recently issued but not yet effective authoritative guidance, if adopted currently, would have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or related disclosures.
