ULS Ul Solutions Inc. - 10-K

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

UL Solutions’ business is subject to various risks and uncertainties. The following summary highlights some of the risks the Company is exposed to in the normal course of its business activities. If any of these risks actually occur, the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. This summary is not complete and the risks summarized below are not the only risks the Company faces. You should review and consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described in more detail following this summary in this Item 1A of Part I, which includes a more complete discussion of the risks summarized below, as well as a discussion of other risks related to the Company’s business and an investment in its Class A common stock.

Summary Risk Factors

• Because the Company’s success depends substantially on the value of its brand and reputation, any adverse publicity, damage to its brand or loss of reputation could impact the demand for its services, erode its market share or otherwise have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

• The Company or the third parties that it interacts with face cybersecurity risks and may fail to adequately secure or maintain the confidentiality, integrity or availability of data held as a result of a compromise of systems or data, which could result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations, and it may incur increasing costs in an effort to mitigate this risk. The Company is subject to evolving and complex data privacy and data protection laws, the violation of which could result in significant fines, operational restrictions or reputational harm.

• Technological advances in artificial intelligence (“AI”) may in the future disrupt the industries in which the Company operates, which could significantly reduce the demand for the Company’s services or otherwise adversely impact the Company’s reputation and business if it is unable to successfully keep pace and navigate this evolving environment. Regulatory landscapes relating to AI may impact the Company’s ability to use AI and limit the Company’s ability to operate and expand, and actual or perceived failures to comply with regulations relating to AI could result in significant liability or reputational harm.

• The Company’s business is highly competitive. If the Company fails to compete successfully, to innovate in response to changing customer needs, new technologies or other market requirements, to develop new proprietary solutions, to increase the functionality of its current solutions or to develop its reputation as a technology leader, its business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

• The Company maintains significant international operations and is subject to a variety of risks associated with doing business outside the United States, including difficulties associated with maintaining compliance with numerous laws and regulations, the imposition of tariffs and enhanced trade, import or export restrictions or changes in U.S. trade policy or similar government actions, general economic, social and political conditions and geopolitical tensions in countries where it operates and the need to expand into, and compete in, new jurisdictions resulting from shifts in supply chains.

• The Company may be adversely affected by global and regional economic and political instability.

• The Company conducts significant business in China, including through its joint venture with CCIC, and is therefore subject to China’s laws and regulations. These laws and regulations may change rapidly and with little notice, may be interpreted, applied or enforced inconsistently by different agencies or authorities and may be inconsistent with or restrictive of the Company’s current operations. Any new or changed regulations and policies, including in the economic policies of China, could result in a material change in the Company’s operations. The Chinese government has the power to exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of the Company’s business in China at any time, without notice, including placing restrictions on its operations in China.

• The Company’s success depends upon its ability to recruit, train and retain key employees, including its senior leadership and its trained and skilled engineering, technical and professional personnel.

• The Company works with dangerous materials and in dangerous environments that could injure its employees, contractors or customers, damage its or its customers’ facilities, disrupt its or its customers’ operations and could otherwise result in significant costs, liabilities and obligations.

• The Company is subject to risks related to sustainability.

• A conflict of interest or perceived conflict of interest between the Company’s testing, inspection or certification services, on the one hand, and its advisory and other services, on the other hand, could adversely impact its accreditation or its reputation or expose it to legal liability.

• Changes to relevant regulatory frameworks resulting in a reduction in required inspections, tests or certifications, any requirement that the Company accept third-party test results or certifications in lieu of collecting its own data and conducting its own tests, and the harmonization of international or cross-industry benchmarks and standards, in each case, could lead to the reduction in demand for, or commoditization of, the Company’s services, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

• The Company’s business depends substantially on the level of its customer satisfaction and specifically on customers maintaining their agreements with the Company and purchasing additional services from the Company, a significant decline in any of which could harm the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

• Part of the Company’s growth strategy is to pursue strategic transactions, including acquisitions, and the Company may not be able to find suitable acquisition targets or achieve its desired acquisition objectives.

• Allegations of the Company’s failure to properly perform its services may expose it to potential product and other liability claims, recalls, penalties and reputational harm or could otherwise cause a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

• Any failure to obtain, maintain, adequately protect or enforce the Company’s intellectual property and proprietary rights could impair the Company’s ability to protect its proprietary technology, the UL Mark and its brand.

• Any unethical conduct by the Company’s employees, agents, contractors, partners, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (“UL Research Institutes”) or ULSE Inc. (“UL Standards & Engagement”) could result in financial penalties or affect the Company’s brand, reputation or image, any of which could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

• Changes in, a significant delay in obtaining, failure to obtain or the withdrawal or revocation of the Company’s licenses, approvals, accreditations or other authorizations or delegations of authority would likely have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

• The Company is currently defending certain litigation, and it is likely to be subject to additional litigation in the future, any of which could be costly to defend and may harm the Company’s reputation.

• The substantial ownership of the Company’s common stock by UL Standards & Engagement, together with the dual class structure of the Company’s common stock and UL Standards & Engagement’s governance and consent rights under the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and the Stockholder Agreement, concentrates voting control with UL Standards & Engagement for the foreseeable future, which will limit the ability of the Company’s other stockholders to influence corporate matters, including the election or removal of directors and the approval or rejection of any change of control transaction.

• The Company may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of its indebtedness, and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy its obligations under its indebtedness, which may not be successful.

• As a result of becoming a public company, the Company has incurred, and will continue to incur, significant costs related to being a public company, and management will be required to devote substantial time to compliance with the Company’s public company responsibilities and corporate governance practices.

Risks Related to Our Industry and Business

Because our success depends substantially on the value of our brand and our reputation as a market leader in the TIC services industry, adverse publicity, damage to our brand or a loss of reputation could impact the demand for our services or erode our market share or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our reputation and the value of our brand are critical to our business. Adverse publicity concerning the quality or effectiveness of our services, safety or non-compliance issues with products we have tested or certified, whether or not directly relating to or involving the services we performed, and other matters, including adverse publicity about, or events relating to, UL Research Institutes, UL Standards & Engagement or their research or standard-setting activities (which we cannot control), could result in the loss of our existing customer relationships, our inability to attract new customers, legal claims, government or regulatory investigations, increased insurance costs or diminished trust from AHJs, all of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The value of our brand and our reputation could be severely damaged even by isolated incidents, particularly if the incidents receive considerable negative publicity or result in substantial litigation.

Any such incidents, and any resulting adverse publicity, may arise from events that are beyond our control, such as international trade disputes, regulatory changes, market fluctuations, supply chain constraints, actions taken by our customers, employees or other third parties and poor quality control in our customers’ manufacturing processes. For example, part of our business involves testing and inspecting products, facilities, processes, components and systems against various legal, regulatory, industry and customer standards and requirements, but we do not serve as an AHJ or other enforcement body in connection with such testing and inspection services. Misunderstandings regarding our role in our customers’ compliance processes or the failure by our customers or other third parties to appropriately and effectively use and act on the findings of our assessments could lead to reputational harm. In addition, from time to time, our customers and others make claims and take legal action against us, UL Research Institutes or UL Standards & Engagement. Whether or not any such claims have merit, they may adversely affect our reputation, our customers’ trust in our brand and the demand for our services. Demand for our services could also diminish significantly if any such incidents or other matters erode general confidence in us or our services, which would likely result in reputational damage or lower sales, either of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The TIC industry is currently highly competitive and fragmented, and our ability to effectively compete depends heavily on our brand and reputation. Any real or perceived issues with delivering our services to our customers or our failure to provide high-quality services to our customers could adversely affect our brand and reputation. Our customers may no longer choose us over our competitors, and our relevance with key stakeholders, such as AHJs, may be diminished. This, in turn, could cause us to lose market share and our market leadership position, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, if there is increased consolidation in the TIC industry in the future amongst our competitors, it may result in the loss of our market leadership position as competitors with greater financial, marketing and technical resources emerge. As a result, the demand for our products and services could decrease, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Technological advances in AI may in the future disrupt the industries in which we operate, which could significantly reduce the demand for our services or otherwise adversely impact our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations if we are unable to successfully keep pace and navigate this evolving environment.

The success of our TIC business depends on sustained demand for our services, which are carried out by our employees who leverage a broad range of technological advances to perform their work. For example, the majority of our TIC services are performed by skilled technicians, engineers, scientists and regulatory experts at our various facilities or on-site at our customers’ facilities. As AI technologies continue to evolve, tasks currently performed by people, including those performed by our employees, may be augmented or replaced by automation, robotics, AI and machine learning and other technological advances. These technological advances also have the potential to enable the development of alternative competitive services or enable our customers to reduce or bypass the use of our services. If any of our customers, competitors or new market entrants develop algorithms or other AI tools capable of replicating or better competing against our services, our services and solutions could, over time, become obsolete or unnecessary, or the demand for our services could be significantly reduced, particularly if any such AI alternative proved to be more accurate, more efficient or more cost-effective than our employees. Any widespread automation of our TIC services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, the use of AI by our customers could lead to product designs which incorporate safety standards and requirements so completely that AI-designed products become the more trusted norm versus human-driven design, testing and inspection.

We use machine learning and AI technologies in our business, and we are making investments in expanding AI capabilities in our products, services and tools, including developing new product features using AI technologies. However, AI technologies are complex and rapidly evolving, and we face significant competition from other companies as well as an evolving regulatory landscape. The proliferation of new and emerging AI technologies, such as generative AI, in the S&A industry may require additional investment in the development of proprietary datasets and machine learning models, new approaches and processes to provide attribution or remuneration to creators of training data and appropriate protections and safeguards

for handling the use of customer data with AI technologies, which may be costly if we decide to expand AI technologies in our software product offerings.

Ultimately, our failure to incorporate AI technologies in our product offerings in a timely, effective and compliant manner may place us at a competitive disadvantage, reducing demand for our offerings and adversely affecting our business, financial condition and results of operations; however, there can be no assurance that the usage of or our investments in such technologies will always enhance our products or services or be beneficial to our business, including our efficiency or profitability.

The legislative, judicial and regulatory landscapes relating to AI are evolving and may impact our ability to use AI, and could limit our ability to operate and expand our business, cause revenue to decline and adversely affect our business. The actual or perceived failure to comply with regulatory requirements and laws relating to AI could result in significant liability or reputational harm.

Uncertainty in the legal regulatory regime relating to AI may require significant resources to modify and maintain business practices to comply with U.S. and non-U.S. laws, the nature of which cannot be determined at this time. Several jurisdictions around the globe, including Europe, China and the United States, have already proposed frameworks or proposed or enacted laws and regulations governing AI, including the EU Artificial Intelligence Act (the “EU AI Act”). The EU AI Act establishes a comprehensive, risk-based governance framework for AI in the EU market and applies to companies that develop, use and/or provide AI in the EU and – depending on the AI use case - includes requirements around transparency, conformity assessments and monitoring, risk assessments, human oversight, security, accuracy, general purpose AI and foundation models, and fines for breach.

In China, a number of regulations to govern AI have been implemented, namely the Interim Provisions on Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services, Administrative Provisions on Algorithm Recommendation for Internet Information Services and Provisions on Management of Deep Synthesis in Internet Information Service, respectively, which impose strict obligations on service providers, among other entities, with respect to their provision and use of generative AI, algorithmic recommendation and deep synthesis technologies. For example, service providers must file the algorithms used and complete a security assessment with the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”) before the provision of the AI service. The regulatory framework in China is expected to have a material impact on the way AI is regulated in China, and together with developing guidance and/or decisions in this area, may affect our use of AI and our ability to provide and to improve our services. Other jurisdictions may adopt similar or more restrictive legislation that may render the use of such technologies challenging.

Additionally, certain privacy laws extend rights to individuals (such as the right to delete certain personal data) and regulate automated decision making, which may be incompatible with our AI features or our use of AI. These obligations may lead to regulatory fines or penalties or prevent or limit our use of AI. If we are deemed to not have sufficient rights to the data we use to train our generative AI technologies, we may be subject to litigation by the owners of the content or other materials that comprise such data, similar to the litigation that is currently pending in various U.S. courts against other developers of generative AI technologies, and in which the outcome of such litigation is uncertain. If we cannot use AI, or that use is restricted, our business may be less efficient, or we may be at a competitive disadvantage. We are implementing various initiatives that are designed to address potential AI risks; however, these initiatives may prove insufficient to mitigate potential risks.

A failure to effectively leverage emerging AI technologies in our internal operations and management of our business may adversely impact the efficiency of our operations and our ability to keep pace with our competitors and may expose us to regulatory and other risks.

As machine learning and AI technologies continue to evolve, more companies are leveraging these technologies to improve efficiencies and maximize opportunities with respect to the management of their respective businesses. We continue to evaluate the ability to leverage such technologies for our own internal operations, including, among other things, fuzzy searches, data extraction and content summarization. However, if we fail to effectively utilize and implement such technologies, or our utilization of such technologies is restricted as the regulatory environment around AI technologies evolves, our business may become less efficient or exposed to greater regulatory risk and may be at a competitive disadvantage.

Further, the introduction of AI technologies into our operations may result in new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, confidentiality (including placing our employees’ and our customers’ sensitive or confidential information at risk) or security risks, ethical concerns, legal liability or other complications that could adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, AI technologies incorporated into our product offerings may use algorithms, datasets or training methodologies that may be flawed or contain deficiencies that may be difficult to detect

which, in turn, may create an output that is factually inaccurate, biased or otherwise flawed. If our customers or others rely on or use such output to their detriment, it may lead to adverse outcomes, which may expose us or our customers to reputational harm, competitive harm or legal liability. Additionally, the use of certain AI technologies, including generative AI, may place our and our customers’ confidential information at risk if adequate security measures are not employed.

The use or adoption of third-party AI technologies into our products and services may result in exposure to claims of copyright infringement or other intellectual property misappropriation. If we are deemed to not have sufficient rights to the data we use to train our generative AI technologies, we may be subject to litigation by the owners of the content or other materials that comprise such data, similar to the litigation that is currently pending in various U.S. courts against other developers of generative AI technologies, and in which the outcome of such litigation is uncertain.

Our business is highly competitive, and the success of our business depends, in part, on our ability to develop new proprietary technical solutions, increase the functionality of our current solutions and develop our reputation as a technology leader. If we fail to compete successfully, or if we fail to innovate in response to changing customer needs, new technologies or other market requirements, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our success depends on our ability to continue to innovate, develop and introduce new software and techniques to support our services in order to continue to meet the requirements of our customers better than our competitors. We face competition from other providers of TIC and S&A services, as well as from new competitors such as start-ups and private equity-backed companies. We generally compete with them on the basis of quality, service, reputation, cost, capacity and turn-around time of our services and our reputation with third parties, such as retailers and regulators. If our services, supply, support, distribution, cost structure or reputation do not enable us to continue competing successfully with our current competitors, or to compete in the future with any new market entrants, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our future success and competitive advantage also depend on our ability to keep pace with rapid technological changes that could make our services less competitive or obsolete and on our ability to increase customer adoption of our services, including our SaaS offerings. Our customers are continuously innovating their products and technology and generally expect us to keep pace with their innovations. We risk losing market share if we fail to adapt quickly enough to market needs in areas like AI, embedded software, functional safety and other new technologies as they evolve. Our competitors or others might develop technologies or services that are more effective or commercially attractive than our current or future offerings, or that render our technologies or services obsolete. Furthermore, if our competitors have greater resources and access to funding, they may be able to finance the development of new technologies before we are able to do so, which may allow them to enter new markets and monetize their data solutions more quickly or effectively than us or provide lower-priced or better-quality services. If we fail to successfully monetize our data or data-based offerings, invest in the right technologies or innovate as technology and our customers’ needs evolve, or if our competitors introduce superior technologies or services and we cannot make enhancements to our own, our competitive position and, in turn, our business, financial condition and results of operations, could be materially and adversely affected. Many of the markets in which we compete, including cybersecurity and connected devices, are also subject to evolving industry and information technology (“IT”) operational standards and regulations, resulting in increasing compliance requirements for us and our customers. To the extent we expand further into highly regulated industries, our services may need to address additional requirements specific to those industries.

In addition, our ability to compete may be affected by increased digital disruption of the TIC industry by evolving technology and new solutions. The TIC industry is subject to increasingly rapid technological changes, including an increased focus on data provisioning and analysis. For example, increased digitization of regulatory or product information, simulation and predictive testing of products, remote inspection or reliance on AI could replace traditional TIC services. Our failure to innovate and adapt to address these changes, either on a timely basis or at all, could result in our loss of market share or significantly reduce demand for our services.

Finally, remaining competitive in our industry requires us to maintain a favorable geographic dispersion. If our geographic placement and dispersion are, or become, suboptimal, or our competitors are able to achieve more favorable geographic dispersion, whether through organic or inorganic growth, we could lose or miss out on market share. Additionally, we compete with a number of local and regional TIC service providers who may be better suited than us to compete in local and regional markets due to their brand recognition, expertise in local and regional regulations and better access to local and regional markets and customers. If we cannot adapt or meet the needs of our customers in the various regions in which we and our customers are located, we may not be able to continue to compete successfully on a global scale.

We are subject to a variety of risks associated with doing business outside the United States.

We maintain significant international operations, including operations in Greater China (mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan), Japan, Germany, the Republic of Korea, Italy and Canada, as well as other countries. We continue to increase our global footprint. For example, since 2022, we have opened additional laboratories in Mexico, the Republic of Korea, Vietnam and Taiwan. In 2025, approximately 59.0% of our revenue was generated from customers outside the United States. Any unfavorable government policies, whether in the United States or otherwise, including increased scrutiny on companies with significant operations outside the United States, may affect our competitive position, our ability to participate in state-sponsored programs, our ability to raise capital, the hiring of personnel or the demand for our services or prevent us from offering our services. As a result, we are subject to a number of risks and complications associated with international sales, services and other operations, as well as risks associated with U.S. regulations, national security priorities or foreign policy. These include:

• difficulties associated with compliance with numerous, potentially conflicting and frequently complex and changing laws and regulations in multiple jurisdictions, such as with respect to business licensing and environmental matters, intellectual property, privacy and data protection, corrupt practices, embargoes, trade sanctions, competition, employment and licensing;

• general economic, social and political conditions in countries where we operate, including international and U.S. trade, national security and other foreign policies, currency exchange rate fluctuations and political and economic instability;

• tax and other laws that reduce our profitability or restrict our ability to use tax credits, offset gains or repatriate funds, as well as changes in local and international tax laws, including transfer pricing regulations and changes in tax treaties, which may restrict our ability to use tax credits, offset gains, repatriate funds or result in adverse tax consequences;

• any adverse changes in the regulatory environments applicable to us, which could negatively impact our business;

• foreign exchange and currency restrictions, transfer pricing regulations and adverse tax consequences, which may affect our ability to transfer capital and profits;

• inflation, deflation and stagflation in any country in which we operate;

• foreign customers with longer payment cycles than customers in the United States; and

• imposition of or increases in customs duties and other tariffs.

Further, we operate in a number of countries throughout the world, including in countries that lack developed legal systems or do not have as strong a commitment to anti-corruption and ethical behavior as is required by U.S. laws or by our corporate policies. In addition, based on the nature of our services and our structure, we interact with both governments and government-owned enterprises, including in connection with our UL-CCIC Company Limited (“UL-CCIC”) joint venture, in which 30% of the equity interest is owned by China Certification & Inspection (Group) Co., Ltd. (“CCIC”), a Chinese state-owned enterprise. Therefore, we are subject to the risk that we, our officers, directors, employees, business partners, joint venture partners or any third party that we engage to do work on our behalf may take action determined to be in violation of anti-corruption laws in the jurisdictions in which we conduct business, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”), the UK Bribery Act 2010 (the “Bribery Act”) and the Canadian Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (the “CFPOA”), which prohibit corruptly providing, offering, promising or authorizing, directly or indirectly, anything of value to foreign officials, political parties or candidates for political office for the purposes of obtaining or retaining business or securing any improper business advantage. The provisions of the Bribery Act also prohibit non-governmental commercial bribery, soliciting or accepting bribes and “facilitation payments,” or small payments to low-level government officials to expedite routine approvals. The Bribery Act also has an offense applicable to corporate entities and partnerships that carry on part of their business in the UK that fail to prevent bribery, which can take place anywhere in the world, by persons who perform services for or on behalf of them, subject to a defense of having adequate procedures in place to prevent the bribery from occurring. The offense could render parties criminally liable for the acts of their agents, joint venture partners or commercial partners, even if done without their knowledge.

U.S. public companies are required to maintain records that accurately and fairly represent their transactions and have an adequate system of internal accounting controls. We maintain internal controls, policies and procedures to promote compliance by our directors, officers, employees, business partners and third parties acting on our behalf with the FCPA, the

Bribery Act, the CFPOA and other applicable anti-corruption laws. However, we can make no assurance that our controls, policies and procedures, even if enhanced, have been or will be followed at all times or will effectively detect and prevent all violations of the applicable laws. Further, in connection with past and future acquisitions by us, there is a risk of successor liability relating to such laws in connection with prior actions or alleged actions of an acquired company.

Compliance with multiple, and potentially conflicting, international laws and regulations, including anti-corruption laws, may be difficult, burdensome or expensive. A violation of the FCPA, the CFPOA, the Bribery Act or any similar anti-corruption law or regulation could result in substantial fines, sanctions, disgorgement of profits or civil or criminal penalties, debarment from business dealings with certain governments or government agencies or restrictions on the marketing of our services in certain countries, injunctions or other remedial measures, which could result in material harm to our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, detecting, investigating and resolving actual or alleged violations is expensive and can consume significant time and attention of our senior management.

Although we currently operate in a number of countries throughout the world, a shift in the location of our customers’ product development and manufacturing could result in us needing to expand into, and compete in, new jurisdictions and, as a result, to navigate new regulatory and competitive environments.

We may be adversely affected by global and regional economic and political instability.

We may be adversely affected by global and regional economic and political conditions. The uncertainty or prolonged instability of the global economic and political environment could adversely affect us. Customers may modify, delay or cancel plans to purchase our services. Any inability of current or potential customers to purchase or pay for our services due to, among other things, declining economic conditions as a result of inflation, rising interest rates, changes in spending patterns and the effects of governmental initiatives to manage economic conditions may have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, we may face uncertainties in the business environment or volatility in financial markets due to policy shifts in certain key markets. The U.S. government has implemented or announced significant new tariffs on products manufactured in a wide range of countries, including China, Mexico, and countries in Southeast Asia. These actions have prompted a cycle of retaliatory tariffs and potential retaliatory tariffs by a number of these countries and the United States. Actions that our customers take to adapt to new tariffs or other trade restrictions may, in turn, require us to modify our operations, which could be time-consuming and expensive and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Further, recent U.S. intervention in Venezuela and the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in Israel, Gaza and surrounding areas have created increasingly volatile geopolitical and economic conditions around the world; however, we do not currently expect that these situations will have a material, direct impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In March of 2022, we made the decision to stop all work in Russia and Belarus and not take on or pursue any new customer orders related to those countries for the foreseeable future. However, geopolitical instability and adversity arising from global geopolitical conflicts, the imposition of sanctions, taxes or tariffs, and impacts to energy markets and supplies could adversely affect the global economy or specific international, regional and domestic markets we operate in, increase inflationary pressures, or disrupt our customers’ supply chains, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, our operating cash flows, combined with access to the credit markets, provide us with significant discretionary funding capacity. However, deterioration in the global credit markets may limit our ability to access credit markets, which could adversely affect our liquidity or increase our cost of borrowing. Increases in our cost of borrowing could adversely affect our liquidity and results of operations.

Enhanced trade tariffs, import restrictions, export restrictions, regulations or other trade barriers could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are continuing to expand our international operations as part of our growth strategy and have experienced an increasing concentration of sales in certain regions outside the United States. There is currently significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and various other countries, most significantly mainland China, with respect to trade policies, investment access, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. Tariffs, trade restrictions or trade barriers that have been, and may in the future be, placed on products we test, inspect and certify by the U.S. and foreign governments, especially mainland China, have raised, and could further raise, amounts paid for some or all of our services, which may result in the loss of customers or harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further tariffs may be imposed that could cover imports of components and materials used in our customers’ products, or our business may be adversely impacted by retaliatory trade measures taken by mainland China or other countries, including restricted access to components or materials used in our customers’ products or increased amounts that must be paid for their products, which could significantly reduce demand for our services, in turn materially harming our business, financial condition and results of

operations. Further, the continued threats of tariffs, trade restrictions and trade barriers could have a generally disruptive impact on the global economy and, therefore, negatively impact our sales. Given the relatively fluid regulatory environment in mainland China and the United States and uncertainty regarding how the U.S. or foreign governments will act with respect to tariffs, international trade agreements and policies, there could be additional tax or other regulatory changes in the future. Any such changes could directly and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. For a discussion of additional risks related to our business in China, see “—Risks Related to Conducting Business in China.”

We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we violate the controls.

Our business is subject to U.S. export controls, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations. Obtaining the necessary export license or other authorization for a particular sale may be time-consuming and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. Furthermore, our activities are subject to U.S. economic sanctions laws and regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control that prohibit the sale or supply of most products and services to embargoed jurisdictions or sanctioned parties. Violations of U.S. sanctions or export control regulations can result in significant fines or penalties and possible incarceration for responsible employees and managers. If we fail to obtain appropriate import, export or re-export licenses or permits, we may be adversely affected through reputational harm, as well as other negative consequences, including government investigations and penalties.

Also, various countries, in addition to the United States, regulate the import and export of certain technology, including import and export licensing requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to distribute our SaaS and other technology solutions in those countries.

Future changes in export and import regulations may create delays in the introduction of our technology solutions in international markets. Any change in export or import regulations, economic sanctions or related legislation, increased export and import controls or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such regulations, could result in decreased use of our technology solutions by, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our technology solutions to, existing or potential customers with international operations. Any decreased use of our technology solutions or limitation on our ability to export or sell our technology solutions could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The success of our operations in international markets is highly dependent on the expertise of local management and operating staff, as well as the political, social, legal and economic operating conditions of each country in which we operate.

The success of our business depends on the actions of our employees. In our international locations, we are highly dependent on our local management and operating staff to serve our customers and operate our facilities in these markets in accordance with local law and best practices. If the local management or operating staff were to leave our employment, we would have to expend significant time and resources building up our management or operational expertise in these local markets. Such a transition could adversely affect our reputation in these markets and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, the health and safety of our employees or those working on our behalf, and the security of our physical infrastructure, may be affected due to acts of violence or vandalism by anti-social elements. Although we take protective measures to ensure the safety of our employees at our global locations of work and work-related travel, incidents of organized political demonstrations, civil unrest or random acts of rage can affect the safety of our assets and employees, impacting our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are also subject to other inherent risks attributed to operating in a global economy. As of December 31, 2025, we leased or owned 87 sites with laboratories spread across 27 countries. If the international markets in which we compete are affected by changes in political, social, legal, economic or other factors—such as deterioration in U.S.-China relations, instability in the Korean peninsula or South China Sea, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine or conflicts in the Middle East—our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Uncertainty as a result of such changes may last for years and could also impact our customers’ businesses and operations. Our international operations may subject us to additional risks that differ in each country in which we operate and such risks may negatively affect our results.

Our senior leadership team is critical to our continued success, and the loss of such personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our current and future success depends substantially on the continued service and performance of the members of our senior leadership team. These personnel possess business and technical capabilities that are difficult to replace. We have attempted to mitigate this risk by providing what we view as market compensation and benefits, as well as appropriate retention incentives, including long-term incentive compensation with multi-year vesting provisions intended to incentivize and retain these key personnel. If we lose key members of our senior leadership team or are unable to effect smooth transitions from one executive to another as part of our succession plan, we may not be able to effectively manage our current operations or meet ongoing and future business challenges, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, successfully executing organizational change, including management transitions and succession plans for our senior leadership, is critical to our business success. Although we have implemented disciplined, ongoing succession planning for our senior leadership and other key executives, this process does not guarantee that the services of qualified senior executives will continue to be available to us in the future.

Our success depends upon our ability to recruit, train and retain key employees—in particular, our technical personnel—including through the implementation of inclusivity and other human capital initiatives.

Our current and future success depends substantially on our employees, including highly trained and skilled engineering, technical and professional personnel. We depend on the technical and regulatory know-how of our skilled and technical personnel, and competition for their talent is intense among our competitors. Particularly in highly specialized and technical areas, it has become more difficult to retain employees and meet all of our needs for employees in a timely manner, which could affect our growth. We intend to continue to devote significant resources to recruiting, training and retaining qualified employees, including through various inclusivity and other human capital initiatives. However, our efforts may not be successful, particularly in light of the Restructuring Plan (as defined below), or our efforts may otherwise attract undesired scrutiny, which may result in additional risks, any of which may impair our ability to efficiently perform our contractual obligations, timely meet our customers’ needs and ultimately win new business, all of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In particular, the success of our TIC business relies on an adequate supply of skilled engineers. Trained and experienced technical personnel are in high demand and may be in short supply in some areas. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to recruit, attract and retain the skilled workforce of engineers necessary to continue offering our existing and future services widely or efficiently, or that labor expenses or employee turnover will not increase as a result of a shortage in the supply of skilled engineers, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, changes in immigration laws and policies have, in certain circumstances, made it more difficult—and may continue to make it more difficult—for us to recruit or relocate highly skilled technical, professional and management personnel to meet our business needs.

Our profitability could suffer if we are not able to timely and effectively utilize our employees or manage our cost structure.

The cost of providing our services, including the degree to which our employees are utilized, affects our profitability. The degree to which we are able to utilize our employees in a timely manner or at all is affected by a number of factors, including:

• our ability to hire, onboard and deploy new employees;

• our ability to forecast demand for our services and to maintain and deploy headcount that is aligned with demand, including employees with the right mix of skills and experience;

• our employees’ ability to obtain or retain required certifications;

• our ability to manage attrition; and

• our need to devote time and resources to training, business development and other non-chargeable activities.

Our greatest assets are our employees, and it is important that we spend adequate resources on their continued technical and regulatory training. If our employees are under-utilized, our profit margin and profitability could suffer. If our employees are over-utilized, it could have a material adverse effect on employee morale and attrition, which would, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our profitability is also affected by the extent to which we are able to effectively manage our overall cost structure for operating expenses, such as wages and benefits, real estate expenses, overhead and capital, including our test equipment and its maintenance, and other investment-related expenditures. If we are unable to effectively manage our costs and expenses and achieve efficiencies, our competitiveness and profitability may be adversely affected.

In November 2025, we announced an expense reduction initiative to further improve our operating model and exit certain lines of business that are no longer considered strategically important to us (the “Restructuring Plan”). However, there can be no assurance that our business will be more efficient or effective than prior to implementation of the Restructuring Plan. In addition, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to implement the Restructuring Plan within the anticipated timeframe, or that the Restructuring Plan will achieve the desired and anticipated benefits within any expected timeframe. Our expectations are subject to many estimates and assumptions, and the actual savings and costs, and the timing for those savings and costs, may vary materially. For example, local law and consultation requirements, including for potential position eliminations, may extend the restructuring process further in certain countries. The implementation of the Restructuring Plan, and any additional restructuring plans we may implement in the future, may be costly and disruptive to our business or have other negative consequences, including due to unanticipated events that may occur, such as litigation, attrition beyond our planned reduction in workforce, negative impacts on employee morale and productivity, or on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled employees, all of which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to various EHS obligations, and we work with dangerous materials and in dangerous environments that could injure our employees, contractors or visiting third parties, damage our or our customers’ facilities and disrupt our or our customers’ operations.

We are subject to numerous EHS laws and regulations, including those related to the emission of substances into the environment, management of hazardous materials, and workplace health and safety, among others. Various federal, state, and local authorities (including in the US, China, and other jurisdictions where we operate) have the power to enforce compliance with applicable laws and regulations and permits issued under them. Furthermore, failure to comply with these EHS laws and regulations could result in various fines, suspension or debarment from government contracting, investigations, the imposition of corrective actions or remedial obligations, revocation of permits or other restrictions on our operations, or other penalties. In certain instances, citizen groups also have the ability to bring legal proceedings against us if we are not in compliance with environmental laws. In addition, claims for damages to persons or property, including natural resources, may result from the EHS impacts of our operations. We, like other businesses, can never completely eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from certain materials that we use in our business, and we cannot guarantee that actions to mitigate these risks (including through procuring insurance) will be sufficient or otherwise successful. For example, although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover costs and expenses incurred due to on-the-job injuries to our employees and public liability insurance to cover costs and expenses that may be incurred if third parties are injured on our property, such insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. If we have any violations of, or incur liabilities pursuant to, these laws or regulations, it may result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Such laws also evolve, often becoming stricter over time, which can exacerbate our compliance risks.

Additionally, some of our operations involve destructive testing and the handling of hazardous materials that may pose the risk of fire, explosion, human exposure to hazardous substances or the release of hazardous substances into the environment. For example, as part of our process for certifying a number of products, we use flammable materials and conduct fire testing, such as by setting houses on fire in our large-scale fire laboratories. We also operate battery testing laboratories where we test lithium-ion batteries that contain potentially explosive materials. Such events could result from the actions of our employees, operational failures, natural disasters or terrorist attacks, and might cause injury or loss of life to our employees and others, environmental contamination and property damage. Additionally, as discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report, much of our work, including the work we complete using dangerous materials or in dangerous environments, requires certain permits and other permissions. There is a risk that we, or any of the third parties who complete work for us or are permitted to use a portion of any of our laboratories, fail to obtain or maintain the requisite permits or permissions, on time or at all. Failure to properly handle, transport or dispose of these materials or otherwise conduct our operations in accordance with EHS or other applicable laws or requirements, or any injury or property damage caused by our employees at our or our customers’ facilities, could expose us to substantial liability for administrative, civil and criminal penalties, cleanup and site restoration costs and liability associated with releases of such materials, damages to natural resources and other damages, as well as

potentially impair our ability to conduct our operations. Such liability is commonly on a strict, joint and several liability basis, without regard to fault. Liability may be imposed as a result of our conduct that was lawful at the time it occurred or the conduct of, or conditions caused by, prior operators or other third parties. Neighboring landowners and other third parties may file claims against us for personal injury or property damage allegedly caused by the release of pollutants into the environment. A disruption of our operations or our customers’ operations caused by these or other events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Finally, in connection with certain acquisitions, we could acquire, or be required to provide indemnification against, environmental liabilities that could expose us to material losses for similar EHS matters.

We are subject to risks related to sustainability.

Our business faces scrutiny related to sustainability issues, including renewable resources, environmental stewardship, supply chain management and sustainable procurement, climate change, biodiversity and sustainable land use, air quality, air quality safety, energy use and emissions, waste, water use, workplace conduct, human rights, philanthropy and support for local communities. Evolving expectations and regulations regarding such issues may result in increased costs (including, but not limited to, increased costs related to compliance, stakeholder engagement, contracting and insurance), changes in demand for certain products, enhanced compliance or disclosure obligations or other impacts to our business, financial condition and results of operations.

While we may at times engage in voluntary initiatives (such as voluntary disclosures, certifications or goals, among others) to improve our sustainability profile or to respond to stakeholder expectations, such initiatives may be costly and may not have the desired effect. Expectations around our management of sustainability matters continue to evolve rapidly, in many instances due to factors that are out of our control. For example, our sustainability-related actions or statements (including published targets) are based on data, assumptions, and methodologies that continue to evolve and may ultimately be determined to be erroneous or subject to misinterpretation. We may ultimately be unable to complete certain initiatives or targets, either on the timelines initially announced or at all, or otherwise address stakeholder expectations. Such expectations vary and, at times, can conflict. Both advocates and opponents of certain sustainability matters are increasingly resorting to various forms of activism, including media campaigns and litigation, to advance their perspectives. Any failure to successfully navigate stakeholder expectations may result in reputational damage (including with ratings), litigation or other stakeholder engagement, or other adverse effects to our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, as stakeholder perceptions of sustainability evolve, there have been increasing allegations of greenwashing against companies making significant environmental claims due to a variety of perceived deficiencies in performance. Additionally, developing alternative offerings that satisfy the market’s evolving expectations on greenhouse gas emissions and other climate related concerns may require us to incur significant costs, and we cannot guarantee that markets will adopt the standards and solutions we develop, either at the pace we expect or at all. As a result, the effects of climate change could have a long-term adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Certain organizations that provide corporate governance and other corporate risk information to investors and stockholders have developed, and others may in the future develop, scores and ratings to evaluate companies and investment funds based on ESG or sustainability metrics. Potential investors and stockholders may consider a company’s sustainability scores in making an investment decision. In addition, investors, particularly institutional investors, use these scores to benchmark companies against their peers, and if a company is perceived as lagging, these investors may engage with such companies to improve sustainability disclosure or performance and may also make voting decisions, or take other actions, to hold these companies and their boards of directors accountable. This may require us to incur significant additional costs or negatively impact our stock price or access to and cost of capital. Similarly, to the extent sustainability matters negatively impact our reputation, they may also impede our ability to compete effectively to attract and retain employees or customers, which may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Certain of our customers also have their own sustainability requirements, which are subject to change, and any failure to meet such requirements may adversely impact our ability to do business with them. We may be especially subject to scrutiny on such matters given our efforts to portray our operations and services as a tool to help assess and manage certain sustainability risk.

In addition, we expect there will likely be increasing levels of regulation, disclosure-related and otherwise, with respect to ESG matters, and we expect to be subject to risks associated with societal efforts to mitigate or otherwise respond to climate change. Increasing concern over climate change may result in more regional, federal and global legal and regulatory requirements, changes in investor and other stakeholder expectations and impacts on our suppliers, any of which could result in increased costs we incur. For example, various policymakers (including the SEC, the EU and the State of California) have adopted and may, in the future, further adopt requirements for climate- or other ESG-related disclosures and other actions. These requirements are not uniform across jurisdictions and may be inconsistently applied, which can increase the complexity and cost of compliance, and increase the risk of enforcement or litigation relating to our disclosures and

initiatives. While certain of these requirements are limited to listed companies, others (such as several laws adopted in California and the EU) apply to companies that meet certain financial and operational thresholds. These requirements and evolving other stakeholder expectations will likely lead to increased costs, as well as scrutiny that could heighten all of the risks identified in this risk factor. Additionally, many of our customers, business partners and suppliers may be subject to similar expectations, which may augment our existing risks or create new risks, including risks that may not be known to us.

Public perceptions that the products we use or the services we use and deliver are not environmentally friendly, environmentally safe or ethical could adversely impact the demand for our services and our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Public perception that the products we use or services we use and deliver are not environmentally friendly or safe or that they are harmful to humans, animals, or the environment, whether justified or not, could reduce demand for our services, increase regulation or government restrictions or actions, result in fines or penalties, impair our reputation, involve us in litigation, damage our brand reputation and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, we contract with companies that conduct testing on animals. If such companies fail to comply with the Animal Welfare Act or other laws and regulations governing the treatment of animals used in research, we could be subject to fines, penalties or adverse publicity, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

A conflict of interest or perceived conflict of interest between our testing, inspection or certification services, on the one hand, and our advisory and other services, on the other hand, could adversely impact our accreditations or credentials or our reputation or expose us to legal liability.

Through our advisory services, we provide sustainability, quality, risk management and other solutions for our customers’ products and their product development, supply chains and organizations, as well as regulatory market access services. Conflicts of interest may arise where we provide certain advisory services or solutions for products or customers to which we are also providing testing, inspection or certification services. To maintain certain of our accreditations or credentials, we must meet impartiality requirements from applicable regulations, scheme rules and/or standards that govern these conflicts of interest. For example, ISO/IEC 17065 prohibits a certification body and any part of the same legal entity from being the designer, manufacturer, installer, distributor, implementer, provider or maintainer of a certified product, process or service. Although we have systems in place designed to ensure compliance with ISO/IEC 17065 and other impartiality requirements, such conflicts of interest, or a perceived conflict of interest, between our testing, inspection or certification services and our advisory services could impact our accreditations or credentials. Meeting the impartiality requirements may require expending significant resources to implement operating firewalls and otherwise comply. Costs to comply are exacerbated by the fact that various accreditors around the world have offered differing interpretations of the standards governing impartiality and conflicts of interest, and requirements from certain regulators are stricter than others. If our testing, inspection or certification services are determined not to meet the necessary impartiality requirements due to our simultaneous advisory offerings, we could lose our accreditations (e.g., ISO/IEC 17025, ISO/IEC 17020, ISO/IEC 17065), credentials or be forced to divest conflicting businesses. Our reputation could also be harmed, and we could be exposed to significant liability. If any of the foregoing events occur, it would likely have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Adverse changes to applicable regulatory frameworks or an increase in the acceptance of self-declaration of conformity that results in a corresponding decrease in third-party certification could reduce demand for our TIC services, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is primarily driven by private sector requirements and government regulations that currently require independent third-party testing and certification of a significant number of products. For example, much of the demand for third-party certification of professionally installed products, including lighting, HVAC, building materials and electrical cable and products—which make up a significant portion of our TIC revenue—is driven primarily by state and local governments as enforced through the use of model codes. In addition, many large retailers currently require that the products they sell be third-party certified, and AHJs demand certification of certain products as well. Any significant adverse change to any regulations governing TIC services, or any significant adverse change in private sector preferences or demands, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, the regulatory regime for TIC services varies by country and product type. For example, some countries allow for self-declaration of conformity to applicable requirements for certain products. If regulations in the United States or other countries are changed, including, for example, as a result of enhanced judicial scrutiny of federal regulatory regimes following the overturning of the Chevron doctrine in the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Loper Bright Enterprises v.

Raimondo , to allow for additional self-declaration, or if large retailers were to start accepting self-declared products, the need for third-party certifications could decrease over time, thus reducing demand for our TIC services. A substantial increase in the self-declaration of conformity and any corresponding decreased demand for our TIC services would likely have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to increase capacity at our existing facilities or build new facilities in a timely and cost-effective manner, we may not achieve our expected revenue growth or profitability or such revenue growth and profitability, if any, could be delayed.

Our growth strategy depends on expanding our capacity, which may include building new facilities and expanding our existing facilities. For example, we are in the process of constructing a new laboratory in Singapore and expanding laboratories in the United States, Germany and Republic of Korea. The construction or expansion of modern and safe facilities requires significant expenditures. Delays in construction of such facilities, or in the review, zoning and licensing process for any new facility, could impair or delay our ability to develop that facility or increase the cost so substantially that the facility becomes unattractive to us. Any failure to procure and maintain the necessary licenses, or adhere to applicable zoning or other local use requirements, would adversely affect ongoing development, construction and the continuing operation of our facilities. Additionally, even when we maintain the necessary licenses and are in compliance with applicable regulations, we may be unable to maintain or expand our operations at existing facilities, or otherwise execute on our growth strategy, due to negative publicity or resistance from non-governmental organizations or local communities. Suspensions and closures of our facilities could materially impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any new facilities that are constructed and begin operations may not meet our return expectations due to schedule delays, cost overruns or revenue shortfalls, or they may not generate the capacity that we anticipate or result in the receipt of revenue in the originally anticipated time period, or at all. For example, we have experienced, and may continue to experience in the future, laboratory equipment shortages as a result of global supply chain disruptions. We may not maintain revenue growth or profitability, or such growth, if any, could be delayed if we are not successful in continuing to expand our capacity. Additionally, if future demand trends warrant capacity in geographic areas that we have not targeted for new growth, we may be unable to capitalize on opportunities in a timely manner.

Our failure to meet contractual schedule requirements, meet a required performance standard, meet our internal contractual performance projections or otherwise perform adequately on a project could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Under some of our agreements, we can incur liquidated or other damages if we do not achieve project completion by a scheduled date. In addition, our costs generally increase from schedule delays and could exceed our projections for a particular project. Project performance can be affected by a number of factors beyond our control, including unavoidable delays from governmental inaction, inability to obtain financing, weather conditions, unavailability of materials or site inaccessibility, changes in the project scope of services requested by our customers, industrial accidents, environmental hazards, labor disruptions and other factors. Any defects or errors, or failures to meet our customers’ expectations, in our projects or services could result in claims for damages against us and could adversely affect our reputation. Material performance problems for existing and future agreements could cause actual results of operations to differ from anticipated results of operations and could cause us to suffer damage to our reputation within our industries and among our customers.

For certain of our services, we face a long selling cycle to secure new agreements, and securing such agreements often requires significant resource commitments, which result in long lead times before we receive revenues from new relationships.

For the majority of our services, our selling cycle is managed by our sales teams and represents the time from initial contact to signed agreement. This type of sale is usually completed between one week and two months in most service areas. However, in some of our service areas, our selling cycle can also involve becoming an approved supplier for third-party services. Doing so is a business development process that can take between six months and one year, depending on the service, resulting in what we consider a long selling cycle. We occasionally incur significant business development expenses, and expend significant resources, during a longer selling cycle, and we may not succeed in winning a new customer’s business, in which case we receive no revenue and may receive no reimbursement for such expenses. Even if we succeed in developing a relationship with a potential new customer, we may not be successful in obtaining contractual commitments after the selling cycle or in maintaining contractual commitments after the implementation cycle, which may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The growth of our business may be adversely affected if we do not implement our growth strategies and initiatives successfully or if we are unable to manage our growth or operations effectively.

We have expanded, and are continuing to expand, our operations, suite of services and customer relationships, which has placed, and will continue to place, significant demands on our management and our operational, IT and financial infrastructures. Additionally, our ability to grow in the future will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to develop and expand new and existing customer relationships, continue providing and expanding the services we offer, hire and train qualified personnel, grow in existing markets and expand into new or future markets, develop and operationalize new service offerings and sustain operational excellence and efficiencies across our business lines. Achieving and sustaining growth requires the successful execution of our growth strategies, which may require the implementation of enhancements to customer-facing, operational and financial systems, expanded sales and marketing capacity, continuous updates to technology and improvements to processes and systems and additional or new organizational resources. Given these challenges, we may be unable to manage our expanding operations effectively, or to maintain our growth, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Part of our growth strategy is to pursue strategic transactions, including acquisitions, and we may not be able to find suitable acquisition targets or achieve our desired acquisition objectives.

As part of our strategy, we have in the past and plan in the future to seek to grow our business through acquisitions, and any such acquisitions may be significant. Any future growth through acquisitions will depend in part upon the continued availability of suitable acquisition candidates at favorable prices and upon advantageous terms and conditions, which may not be available to us, as well as sufficient funds from our cash on hand, cash flow from operations, existing debt facilities and additional indebtedness to fund these acquisitions.

Not only is the identification of such suitable acquisition candidates difficult and competitive, but these transactions, including the acquisitions completed in recent years, also involve numerous risks, including the diversion of management’s attention and their ability to:

• successfully integrate acquired facilities, companies, products, systems or personnel into our existing business;

• minimize any potential interruption to our ongoing business;

• successfully enter categories and markets in which we may have limited or no prior experience;

• achieve expected synergies and obtain the desired financial or strategic benefits;

• detect and address any financial or control deficiencies of the acquired company;

• retain key relationships with founders, management and other employees, contractors, customers, partners, accreditors and suppliers of acquired companies, as well as our own management, employees, contractors, customers, partners and suppliers; and

• maintain uniform compliance standards, controls, procedures and policies throughout acquired companies.

Companies, businesses or operations acquired or joint ventures created may not be profitable or may not achieve revenue and profitability levels that justify the investments made. Recent and future acquisitions could also result in the incurrence of indebtedness, subject to the restrictions contained in the documents governing our then-existing indebtedness.

Recent and future acquisitions could also result in the assumption of contingent liabilities, litigation risk, unfavorable commercial contract or lease terms, material expenses related to certain intangible assets, environmental liabilities, increased operating expenses and compliance issues under international laws and regulations, including antitrust laws, sanctions laws, labor laws, anti-corruption laws, the FCPA and similar anti-bribery laws, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, to the extent that the economic benefits associated with any of our acquisitions diminish in the future, we may be required to record additional write-downs of goodwill, intangible assets or other assets associated with such acquisitions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to realize the benefits we anticipate from our strategic transactions, including acquisition activities, anticipated cost savings and additional sales opportunities, will largely depend upon whether we are able to integrate such businesses efficiently and effectively. If we are unable to successfully integrate the operations of acquired businesses into our business or on the timeline we expect, we may be unable to realize the sales growth, cost synergies and other anticipated

benefits we expect to achieve as a result of such transactions and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Pursuant to our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement, until UL Standards & Engagement no longer beneficially owns at least 25% of the voting power of our then-outstanding voting stock, neither we nor any of our subsidiaries is permitted to, without the prior written consent of UL Standards & Engagement, among other things, (1) enter into any new material line of business, excluding TIC and S&A activities, (2) merge or consolidate with or into another entity, other than in connection with an internal restructuring or reorganization or any strategic transaction we undertake in the course of our business that does not exceed 15% of our equity market capitalization, in each case except where there is no change to the relative ownership or voting percentages of our stockholders or any other rights, (3) acquire stock or assets or enter into joint ventures involving consideration or obligations exceeding 15% of our equity market capitalization, (4) issue securities (i) at a price below fair market value, other than an underwritten public offering for cash, (ii) with rights that are senior to the rights of the holders of our Class B common stock, (iii) that would result in dilution of greater than 10% of our then-outstanding common stock, or (iv) that would result in UL Standards & Engagement beneficially owning less than a majority of our then-outstanding securities, or (5) incur indebtedness for borrowed money that would cause a downgrade of our debt securities from any of Moody’s Investor Service, Inc., Standard & Poor’s Ratings Group and Fitch Ratings, Inc. (collectively, the “Rating Agencies”) below investment grade.

Our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement grant certain consent rights to UL Standards & Engagement, which, among other things, may affect our ability to pursue strategic transactions, subject to certain exceptions and ownership requirements. We cannot guarantee that UL Standards & Engagement will exercise its consent rights in a way that aligns with the interests of our other stockholders. UL Standards & Engagement’s interests may not be the same as, or may conflict with, the interests of our other stockholders. Actions that UL Standards & Engagement takes with respect to us, as a controlling or significant stockholder, may not be favorable to us or our other stockholders. For example, if UL Standards & Engagement exercises its consent rights in a way that prevents us from taking advantage of business or strategic opportunities, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely impacted.

We operate across a number of industries that have inherent safety risks.

We provide TIC services to companies across a number of industries with a variety of inherent safety risks, such as the energy and utilities, buildings and construction, chemicals and materials and healthcare and life sciences industries. Such safety risks can give rise to serious and potentially catastrophic environmental or technological incidents. Our customers use our TIC services to assess their products, facilities, processes, components and systems. The results of such services may be incorrect or incomplete, whether as a result of poorly designed or flawed tests or inspections, malfunctioning testing equipment, the failure of our employees to adequately perform testing or properly record data or otherwise. If an accident or incident occurs involving products, facilities, processes, components or systems that we tested, inspected or certified, and causes personal injuries or property damage, particularly if the injuries or damage could have been prevented by correct or complete results, we may be subject to negligence or other legal claims or suffer damage to our reputation and, as a result, lose existing or future agreements with customers. In addition, any investigation into or claim related to such an incident could take a significant period of time to conclude, which could create a drain on our resources. Furthermore, we operate in industries that have stringent performance requirements. Incorrect or incomplete assessments of the performance of customers in those industries could give rise to negligence or other legal claims or cause damage to our reputation and, as a result, we could lose existing or future agreements with those customers. Even if our TIC services are carried out competently, we may face claims simply because we tested the product, facility, process, component or system in question.

The current liability regime in the United States and other markets generally minimizes our exposure to product liability claims because, among other factors, we are typically not considered to be directly in the stream of commerce of the products we test. We have also historically been able to contractually limit our liability, including through the use of indemnification provisions in our agreements with customers. If the law regarding products liability were to change unfavorably or if we were unable to contractually limit the scope of our potential liability, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Although we attempt to contractually limit our liability and make clear the limited scope of our engagements, there can be no assurance that we will be able to protect ourselves against claims or damage to our reputation resulting from an accident, disaster or other incident or litigation giving rise to substantial media coverage, particularly if any such publicity suggests substantial failures, real or alleged, by us in discharging our responsibilities. Serious damage to our reputation could result in us losing existing and future agreements or make it more difficult for us to compete effectively. Any of the foregoing events could significantly damage our reputation or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our reports, certificates, certification marks and name are at risk of being falsified, counterfeited, forged, tampered with or otherwise misused, which could result in costly legal proceedings and damage to our brand and reputation and materially impact our business.

Our core business involves the assessment of products, facilities, processes, components and systems against various legal, regulatory and industry requirements—typically standards and regulations governing quality, safety, performance, sustainability and social responsibility. We act as an independent body and issue reports, certificates and a right to use certification marks generally representing that products, facilities, processes, components and systems conform to applicable requirements.

Because obtaining certification is often vital for our customers and can enhance the marketability of their products, we are exposed to the risk that our reports or certifications could be falsified or tampered with, or that counterfeit reports, certifications or certification marks could be used, infringing our trademarks or copyrights. For example, a customer or other third party could falsely claim that their products or services have been certified by us or misrepresent or misconvey the content or nature of our reports, certifications or other assessments. The production of forged or counterfeit reports, certificates or certification marks can result from employee conduct or, more commonly, external sources, such as fraudulent behavior by a customer or third party aiming to meet regulatory requirements or the requirements of their customers or to gain market access. We endeavor to contractually restrict customers from using our reports, certificates, certification marks and name, but we are not always successful, including as a result of breaches of contract by those customers.

The fraudulent creation or use of our reports, certifications, certification marks or name could lead to the introduction of dangerous products into the marketplace, result in civil and criminal legal proceedings against us or brought by us, threaten our ability to maintain or renew the accreditations, approvals, permits, delegations of authority, official recognition and other authorizations we need to pursue certain activities that are important to our business, result in the withdrawal of certain products from the market or damage our reputation and the TIC industry in general. It could also adversely and significantly impact our reputation, brand, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our earnings and profitability may vary based on the mix of our agreements and may be adversely affected by our failure to accurately estimate and manage costs, time and resources.

We generate revenue under various types of agreements, which include time-and-materials and fixed-price agreements. We use time-and-materials agreements for certain of our advisory services. While charges under a fixed-price agreement are based on a fixed price, charges under a time-and-materials agreement are calculated by multiplying an agreed hourly rate by the number of hours incurred, and customers are typically invoiced on a monthly basis. For time-and-materials agreements, there is usually an estimated number of hours or a budget, and the term of the agreement is typically as long as it takes to complete a particular project or set of tasks, although it can also be open-ended if the agreement is a straight hourly agreement. In some cases, we may also charge customers on what we refer to as a cost-plus basis—using a reasonable mark-up, as determined by us, on expenses we incur in providing our services.

Our earnings and profitability may vary materially depending on changes in the proportionate amount of revenues derived from each type of agreement, the percentage of completion, the nature of services or solutions provided, as well as the achievement of performance objectives and the stage of performance at which the right to receive fees, particularly under incentive fee agreements, is finally determined. To varying degrees, each of our agreement types involves some risk that we could underestimate the costs and resources necessary to fulfill the agreement. Our profitability is adversely affected when we incur costs on cost-plus and time-and-materials agreements that we cannot bill to our customers. While fixed-price agreements allow us to benefit from cost savings, these agreements also increase our exposure to the risk of cost overruns.

Revenue derived from fixed-price agreements represented the majority of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025. When making proposals on fixed-price agreements, we rely heavily on our estimates of costs, scope and timing for completing the associated projects, as well as assumptions regarding technical issues. In each case, our failure to accurately estimate costs, scope or the resources and technology needed to perform our agreements or to effectively manage and control our costs during the performance of work could result, and in some instances has resulted, in reduced profits or in losses. More generally, any increased or unexpected costs or unanticipated delays in connection with the performance of our agreements, including costs and delays caused by contractual disputes or other factors outside of our control, such as performance failures of our subcontractors, natural disasters or other force majeure events, could make our agreements less profitable than expected or unprofitable.

Our focus on new growth areas for our business entails risks, including those associated with new relationships, customers, talent needs, capabilities and services.

We are focused on growing our presence in our addressable markets by offering TIC services and S&A solutions to both established and emerging industry verticals to which we do not offer services currently, extending into opportunity-rich adjacent markets and acquiring and integrating transformative, disruptive technologies. These efforts entail inherent risks associated with innovation, potential failure to help our customers respond to the challenges they face, shortages of necessary talent and our ability to comply with uncertain evolving legal standards. Some of our targeted growth areas in established and emerging industry verticals and adjacent markets subject us to new risks that we may not be equipped to address. As we attempt to develop new capabilities and service offerings in new markets, and to attract new customers, these efforts could harm our results of operations due to, among other things, a diversion of our focus and resources and actual costs, opportunity costs of pursuing these opportunities in lieu of others and a failure to reach a profitable return on our investments in new technologies, capabilities and businesses, including expenses on research and development investments. If we fail to develop new capabilities, our ability to procure new agreements could be negatively impacted, which would negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Although we closely monitor the quality of our services, attempt to contractually limit our liability and make clear the limited scope of our engagements, carefully review technical and operational decisions and maximize communication between our engineers and global leadership, there can be no assurance that we will be able to protect ourselves against claims or damage to our reputation resulting from an accident, disaster or other incident or litigation giving rise to substantial media coverage, particularly if any such publicity suggests substantial failures, real or alleged, by us in discharging our responsibilities. Serious damage to our reputation could result in us losing existing and future agreements or make it more difficult for us to compete effectively, any of which would have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any of the foregoing events could significantly damage our reputation or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations are subject to a variety of business continuity hazards and risks—for example, man-made disasters, climate change, weather and climate-related events, contagious diseases, terrorist activity or our reliance on the use of materials and services from a few locations or suppliers—any of which could interrupt our business operations or otherwise adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations, and the operations of our vendors and service providers, are subject to business continuity hazards and risks that include explosions, fires, earthquakes, inclement weather and other natural disasters, utility or other mechanical failures, labor difficulties or other workforce disruptions, disruption of our communications, terrorist attacks, political unrest, security breaches, and pandemics, epidemics or other public health crises.

The global outbreak of any new pandemic or contagious disease may in the future have negative impacts on our business, including, but not limited to, reductions in our laboratory capacities and increased costs and protective measures with respect to the health and safety of employees working in our laboratories, a decline in customer demand, delays in the delivery of certain products and equipment we use internally and of customer samples to our laboratories, as a result of global supply chain disruptions, excess turnover among our employees and postponed or canceled planned investments in response to changes in our business. Extreme weather conditions may also disrupt the productivity of our facilities, the operation of our supply chain or impact demand for our services. Climate change may also contribute to various chronic changes in the physical environment, such as sea-level rise or changes in ambient temperature or precipitation patterns, which may also adversely impact our operations or those of our customers or suppliers. While we may take various actions to mitigate our business risks associated with climate change, this may require us to incur substantial costs and may not be successful due to, among other things, the uncertainty associated with the longer-term projections associated with managing climate risk.

The circumstances listed above have also had and may in the future have adverse effects on our customers and our suppliers. For example, the sale of labels bearing the UL Mark is material to our certification business, and we currently fulfill label orders submitted to us through one supplier in the United States. Although we have identified alternate third parties to provide this service, we cannot guarantee we would be able to contract with any such alternate third parties within a reasonable amount of time or at all, or upon similar pricing and volume terms, nor can we be assured that any such third party would be capable of producing our labels in sufficient volume and quality. Any event, including those listed above, other circumstances that result in a prolonged business disruption or shutdown to one or more of their facilities, or the facilities of our other vendors and service providers, or a deterioration in our relationship with them, or any of our other vendors or service providers, in each case, could create conditions that prevent, or significantly and adversely affect, our sales, increase our expenses, create potential liabilities or damage our reputation, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Conducting Business in China

Changes in U.S. and Chinese regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and our ability to raise capital.

The U.S. government has taken certain actions that impact companies with connections to the United States or China, including imposing several rounds of tariffs affecting certain products manufactured in China and imposing certain sanctions and restrictions in relation to certain Chinese companies, entities and individuals. Such actions may have an impact on our business operations. By way of example, subsequent to the August 2025 adoption by the United States Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) of the Rule “Promoting the Integrity and Security of Telecommunication Certification Bodies, Measurement Facilities and the Equipment Authorization Program,” UL-CCIC withdrew as an FCC-recognized accredited testing laboratory under the FCC’s Equipment Authorization Program. Although this withdrawal did not have a material impact on our business, it is unknown whether and to what extent new legislation, executive orders, laws or regulations will be adopted, or the effect that any such actions would have on companies with significant connections to the United States or to China, our industry or on us, including on UL-CCIC. As we have business operations both in the United States and China, any unfavorable government policies on cross-border investments or other transactions or international trade, including increased scrutiny on U.S. companies with significant China-based operations, capital controls or tariffs, may affect our competitive position, our ability to participate in state-sponsored programs, our ability to raise capital, the hiring of personnel or the demand for our services or prevent us from offering our services in China or contracting with Chinese customers.

Further, ongoing tensions between the United States and China continue to pose a risk of either the United States or China imposing further economic or trade sanctions, expanding the scope of companies, entities and individuals which are subject to such sanctions, heightening export controls, or imposing regulations that restrict or otherwise interfere with the conduct of business in either the United States or China, which could restrict our ability to do business in the United States or China. For instance, with respect to the United States, the Bureau of Industry and Security of the U.S. Department of Commerce has added a number of Chinese parties to its Entity List and the Office of Foreign Asset Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury has designated a number of Chinese parties to its Specially Designated Nationals list. Such restrictions would prevent us, including UL-CCIC, where applicable, from selling certain products or providing certain services to entities on the list without a license issued subject to the Export Administration Regulations, or from conducting any business with those entities. Further, if additional parties in China, including current customers and suppliers of our business, are added to the Entity List, or to other lists of restricted or prohibited persons maintained by the U.S. government, that could negatively affect our business, including the business of UL-CCIC.

Additionally, in 2021 China enacted the Law on Countering Foreign Sanctions, under which foreign persons (individuals and companies), as well as certain affiliated organizations and responsible personnel, can be subjected to countermeasures for directly or indirectly participating in a foreign country’s “discriminatory restrictive measures” against Chinese entities, which could include adherence to U.S. or other foreign sanctions or, in some circumstances, export or other trade controls. Countermeasures authorized under the law include the seizure of property, barring transactions with individuals within the territory of China or entities incorporated under Chinese laws, denial of visas, deportation, and any other necessary measures. This law expands on and supplements the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China’s (“MOFCOM”) September 2020 Provisions of the Unreliable Entity List (“UEL”) and January 2021 Rules on Counteracting Unjustified Extra-territorial Application of Foreign Legislation, which created a private right of action under which Chinese entities can sue for damages they allege resulted from a company adhering to “discriminatory foreign measures.” Similar to U.S. additions to the Entity List, if the MOFCOM added UL-CCIC customers to its UEL or other Chinese sanctions lists, that could affect those customers’ abilities to import key components or export end product to other markets.

If any new legislation, executive orders, tariffs, sanctions, export controls, laws or regulations are implemented, if existing trade agreements are renegotiated or if the U.S. or Chinese governments take further retaliatory actions in response to the recent bilateral tensions, such changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, and the market price of our Class A common stock.

Our business is subject to complex and rapidly evolving laws and regulations in China. The Chinese government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our, including UL-CCIC’s, business there and may intervene in or influence our operations, which could result in a material adverse change in our, including UL-CCIC’s, operations.

As a U.S.-headquartered global company that conducts significant business in China, our Chinese operations are subject to China’s laws and regulations, which can be complex and evolve rapidly and with little or no notice to us. These laws and

regulations may be interpreted, applied or enforced with uncertainty and inconsistently by different agencies or authorities, or inconsistently with our current policies and practices. New and evolving laws, regulations and other government directives in China may also be costly to comply with. Such compliance, any associated inquiries or investigations or any other government actions or the inconsistent interpretation, application or enforcement of laws or regulations could impact our China operations in the following ways:

• delay or impede our development;

• result in negative publicity, decrease demand for our services or increase our operating costs;

• require significant management time and attention;

• require us to obtain additional licenses, permits, approvals or certificates;

• require us to exit certain industries or stop conducting business with certain customers; or

• subject us to remedies, administrative penalties and even criminal liabilities, including fines assessed for our current or historical operations, or demands or orders that we refrain from contracting with customers in China or modify or even cease our business practices in China.

Because Chinese administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions and contractual terms, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we may obtain. These uncertainties may affect our judgment on the relevance of legal requirements in China and our ability to enforce our contractual rights or tort claims there. In addition, third parties might exploit regulatory uncertainties through unmerited or frivolous legal actions or threats to extract payments or benefits from us.

Furthermore, the Chinese legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all and may have a retroactive effect. As such, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until after such violation occurs. In addition, administrative and court proceedings in China in which we may become involved in the future may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and requiring significant management time.

Regulatory developments in China may also lead to additional regulatory review in China over our activities there. For example, in recent years, the Chinese government has published new policies that significantly affect certain industries, such as the education and internet industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that the Chinese government will release new or revised regulations or policies concerning or impacting our industry. Any such new or revised regulations or policies could limit our service offerings, restrict the scope of our operations in China, require us to seek permission from Chinese authorities to continue to operate our businesses or cause the suspension or termination of our business in China entirely, all of which would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may have to adjust, modify or completely change our business operations in response to adverse regulatory changes or policy developments, and we cannot guarantee that any remedial action adopted by us can be completed in a timely, cost-efficient or liability-free manner, or at all.

Furthermore, the Chinese government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial control over the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership and has the power to exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business in China. This risk is heightened with respect to UL-CCIC because UL-CCIC is minority owned by CCIC, a Chinese state-owned enterprise, and, while we maintain the controlling interest in UL-CCIC, UL-CCIC’s ability to operate in China may be materially and adversely affected by the Chinese government’s significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of UL-CCIC’s business. Government actions in the future could significantly affect economic conditions in China and could require us, including UL-CCIC, to materially change our operating activities in China or other jurisdictions, or require us to divest ourselves of any interests we hold in Chinese assets. Our business may be subject to government and regulatory interference in the provinces in which we operate, and we may incur increased costs necessary to comply with existing and newly adopted laws and regulations or penalties for failure to comply.

If our relationship with CCIC were to be negatively impacted, if we are unable to renew our joint venture with CCIC in the future, or if the joint venture were to be terminated, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially adversely affected.

On October 28, 2022, we entered into an amended and restated joint venture agreement with CCIC pursuant to which we own a direct 70% equity interest in UL-CCIC. The amended and restated agreement expires in January 2033. If, in the future, we are unable to renew the agreement on existing or more favorable terms, or at all, or if the joint venture were to be terminated, our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations would likely be materially adversely impacted, and we may be unable to find an alternative partner for our China-based business. We also have a separate contract with CCIC pursuant to which CCIC’s staff conducts on-going certification inspections for our TIC safety certification business in China. In 2025, CCIC was responsible for approximately 36% of our global on-going certification inspections. If we were to lose our contract with CCIC, or if CCIC were to stop providing inspection services for us in the future, our business would be impacted significantly, and any negative impacts on our relationship with CCIC, including UL-CCIC, would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. As a minority joint-venture partner, CCIC has certain protective rights, whether contractually or pursuant to applicable local laws and regulations, and may have economic or business interests or goals that are not consistent with ours, or may, as a result of financial or other difficulties, be unable or unwilling to fulfill their obligations as a minority joint-venture partner.

Furthermore, we may be exposed to certain commercial and reputational risks as a result of CCIC being a state-owned enterprise and thus controlled by the Chinese government. For example, CCIC may make politically motivated business decisions that do not align with our commercial interests. In addition, CCIC could conduct business with other companies, organizations or institutions that attract unfavorable political attention in the United States, which could harm our reputation. Any such actions could negatively impact our relationship with CCIC, which would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If the government of China determines that UL-CCIC’s ownership structure, or the ownership structure of our other Chinese subsidiaries, does not comply with any current or future regulatory restrictions, we, including UL-CCIC, could be subject to severe penalties, or we could be forced to relinquish our interests in UL-CCIC’s or our other Chinese subsidiaries’ operations.

The industry sector in which we operate in China is currently not subject to foreign ownership restrictions, and hence we, through our wholly owned subsidiary, UL LLC, are able to hold a direct equity interest in UL-CCIC. However, it is possible that Chinese foreign ownership rules applicable to our sector may change in the future, which could adversely impact our ownership of UL-CCIC or of our other Chinese subsidiaries, and, as a result, have a material adverse effect on our business in China. For example, we may have to reduce our interest in UL-CCIC if tighter ownership limits are imposed, or divest our stake in UL-CCIC altogether should the sector become prohibited from foreign investment.

Our joint venture agreement with CCIC has not been tested in a court of law. If disputes with CCIC arise, or the ownership structure, joint venture terms or business of UL-CCIC are challenged and found to be unenforceable or in violation of any existing or future Chinese laws or regulations, we may not be able to enforce our rights under the joint venture agreement. Furthermore, if the interpretation of any such Chinese laws or regulations changes, our rights under the joint venture agreement may be similarly unenforceable. If a violation of relevant laws or regulations is found, the relevant regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations by, among other things:

• revoking our, including UL-CCIC’s, business or operating licenses;

• shutting down our, including UL-CCIC’s, servers, blocking our, including UL-CCIC’s, website or discontinuing or placing restrictions or onerous conditions on our operation through any transactions involving UL-CCIC or any of our other Chinese subsidiaries;

• imposing fines, confiscating the income of UL-CCIC or any of our other Chinese subsidiaries, blocking the offshore remittance of the profits and earnings of UL-CCIC or of any of our other Chinese subsidiaries or imposing other requirements with which we, including UL-CCIC, may not be able to comply;

• requiring us to restructure UL-CCIC’s ownership or governance structure or operations, which in turn could materially affect our ability to consolidate, derive economic interests from or exert control over UL-CCIC or our other Chinese subsidiaries; or

• restricting or prohibiting our use of the proceeds of any financing outside of China to finance our business and operations in China, and taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to our, including UL-CCIC’s, business.

If Chinese authorities were to take any of these actions, or if they were to disallow the ownership structure of UL-CCIC or any of our other Chinese subsidiaries, it could cause a material disruption to, or material adverse change in, our business operations, including the business operations of UL-CCIC, and severely damage our reputation in China, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in the economic policies of the government of China could have a significant impact upon the business we may be able to conduct in China and our profitability.

We have historically derived a significant portion of our revenues from our operations in China, and expect to do so in the future. Accordingly, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be influenced to a significant degree by economic, political, legal and social conditions in China. In recent years, the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of sound corporate governance in business enterprises. However, a significant portion of productive assets in China are still owned by the Chinese government. The Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industrial development. It also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policies, restricting the inflow and outflow of foreign capital and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

China’s economy differs from the economies of developed countries in many respects, including with respect to the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although China’s economy has experienced significant growth over the past four decades, growth has been uneven across different regions and among various economic sectors. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic development and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us, including UL-CCIC. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are currently applicable to us. In addition, in the past the Chinese government implemented certain measures, including interest rate increases, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

China’s economy is still not yet a fully market-oriented economy and is subject to five-year and annual plans adopted by the government that set national economic development goals. Policies of the Chinese government can have significant effects on the economic conditions within China. A change in policies by the Chinese government could adversely affect our interests through, among other factors, changes in laws, regulations or the interpretation thereof, restrictions on currency conversion, imports or sources of supplies and the expropriation or nationalization of private and foreign-owned enterprises. Although the Chinese government has been pursuing economic reform policies for decades, there is no assurance that the government will continue to pursue such policies or that such policies will not be significantly altered, especially in the event of social or political disruption, or other circumstances affecting China’s political, economic and social environment.

As the Chinese economy has become increasingly linked with the global economy, China is affected in various respects by downturns and recessions of major economies around the world. The various economic and policy measures enacted by the Chinese government to forestall economic downturns or bolster China’s economic growth could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Compliance with China’s new laws, regulations and guidelines relating to data privacy and protection, and any other similar future laws and regulations, could materially affect our business.

China has implemented a number of laws and regulations relating to data protection, including China’s Personal Information Protection Law (the “PIPL”). The PIPL creates a comprehensive set of data privacy and protection requirements that apply to the processing of personal information. We, including UL-CCIC, are subject to the PIPL. The PIPL also includes a list of rules which must be complied with prior to the transfer of personal information outside of China, such as compliance with a security assessment or certification by an agency designated by the relevant authorities or entering into standard form model contracts approved by the CAC with the overseas recipient, unless an exemption under the CAC’s Provisions for Promoting and Regulating Cross-Border Data Flows applies, such as the transfer being necessary for the performance of a contract which the individual is a party to or necessary for cross-border human resources management or the number of individuals whose personal information is transferred is less than 100,000 since January 1st of the current year. Notably, the PIPL applies

extraterritorially, similar to the GDPR. Failure to comply with the PIPL can result in fines of up to RMB 50 million or 5% of the prior year’s total annual revenue. Other potential penalties include a fine of up to RMB one million to the person(s) in charge (e.g., directors or management that oversee a company’s operations) or employees that are directly responsible for the processing of personal information (e.g., a data protection officer) and, in serious cases, individuals and entities may be exposed to criminal liabilities under other local Chinese law, such as the Criminal Law of China. The PIPL also prohibits responsible personnel for violations of the PIPL from holding high level management or data protection officer positions in relevant enterprises.

Under China’s Cybersecurity Law, any collection, use, transfer and storage of personal information of a Chinese citizen through a network by the network operator should be based on the three principles of legitimacy, justification and necessity and requires the consent of the data subject. In addition, China’s Cybersecurity Law requires operators of critical information and infrastructure (“CIIOs”) to store personal information and important data collected and generated from the critical information infrastructure within China and export outside of China is prohibited unless a security assessment is passed or an exemption can be relied on. Non-compliance with China’s Cybersecurity Law can result in fines of up to RMB 10 million for violations that cause particularly serious consequences and RMB 1 million for the violator’s directly responsible personnel and potentially five times the illegal gains where the illegal gains exceed RMB 100,000.

Where China’s Cybersecurity Law imposes network security obligations, China’s Data Security Law, which applies extra-territorially, regulates data activities and imposes data security and classification obligations, as well as specific obligations on data processors that process important data and on CIIOs. For example, the Data Security Law requires important data to be stored locally in China, unless a security assessment is passed.

We, including UL-CCIC, may need to make adjustments to our data processing practices if we are deemed to process important data or a CIIO. Penalties for breach under the Data Security Law can result in monetary fines of up to RMB one million for entities, with additional fines for responsible individuals. An entity whose violations result in “serious consequences” may face fines of up to RMB 10 million and the potential suspension of the business and revocation of its business license. Furthermore, if a violation amounts to a crime under Chinese law, the offender will be held criminally liable for committing the crime.

Government agencies in China promulgated several regulations and released a number of draft regulations for public comment, which are designed to provide further implemental guidance in accordance with the laws mentioned above. We cannot predict what impact these laws and regulations or the increased costs of compliance, if any, will have on our operations in China.

The interpretation, application and enforcement of these laws, rules and regulations evolve from time to time and their scope may continually change, through new legislation, amendments to existing legislation and changes in enforcement. Compliance could increase the cost to us of providing our service offerings, require significant changes to our operations or even prevent us from providing certain service offerings in jurisdictions in which we currently operate or in which we may operate in the future. Despite our efforts to comply with applicable laws, regulations and other obligations relating to privacy, data protection and information security, it is possible that our practices or offerings could fail to meet all of the requirements imposed on us by such laws and related implementing regulations. Any failure on our part to comply with such laws or regulations or any other obligations relating to privacy, data protection or information security, or any compromise of security that results in unauthorized access, use or release of personally identifiable information or other data, or the perception or allegation that any of the foregoing types of failure or compromise has occurred, could damage our reputation, discourage new and existing counterparties from contracting with us or result in investigations, fines, suspension or other penalties by Chinese government authorities and private claims or litigation, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Foreign exchange restrictions may limit our ability to transfer cash between us and UL-CCIC or our other Chinese subsidiaries, across borders and to U.S. investors and affect the value of our stock.

UL-CCIC and our other Chinese subsidiaries are subject to certain regulatory controls on foreign exchange in China, including the convertibility of the renminbi into foreign currencies and the remittance of currency in and out of China, which may affect our ability to transfer cash between us and such entities and across borders (including to U.S. investors).

With respect to UL-CCIC, it has been our practice to periodically distribute UL-CCIC earnings via dividend to us and CCIC in proportion to our respective contributions to UL-CCIC’s registered capital. Such dividends to us are declared in renminbi and in our case settled in U.S. dollars. In the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the dividends distributed from UL-CCIC to us, before withholding taxes, were $39 million, $34 million, and $32 million, respectively. In addition, we and

UL-CCIC have various normal course business interactions and exchange cash flows based on the agreements in place between us. These agreements generate payments to us in the form of payments for management fees relating to corporate support services, royalties and service fulfillment fees. Agreements between UL-CCIC and CCIC also generate payments from UL-CCIC to CCIC. The size and rate of any future distributions of UL-CCIC’s earnings will depend on the continued performance of UL-CCIC’s business.

Under Chinese foreign exchange regulations, cash generated from UL-CCIC may not be used to pay dividends without State Administration for Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”) approval. We must also obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from our China-based operations, including UL-CCIC, to pay debts in a currency other than renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than renminbi. These restrictions may in the future limit or prevent us from distributing earnings from UL-CCIC or our other Chinese subsidiaries to us and ultimately to our investors in the United States.

Similarly, our ability to transfer funds from outside of China to UL-CCIC or our other Chinese subsidiaries is subject to foreign exchange controls that may require the approval of, or registration with, Chinese government authorities, including SAFE. For example, if we finance UL-CCIC using debt from us or lenders outside of China, the loan would be subject to statutory limits and would need to be registered with the local branch of SAFE. If we finance UL-CCIC using capital contributions, these capital contributions may require registration with other governmental authorities in China, including registration with the Chinese State Administration for Market Regulation and SAFE or their local branches and the reporting of foreign investment information with the MOFCOM or its local branch.

In light of Chinese regulations on dividends, loans, capital contributions and other transfers between China-based entities and parent companies outside of China, we may not meet the necessary government requirements or obtain the required government approvals on a timely basis, if at all. Failure to meet such requirements or obtain such approvals may negatively impact our ability to distribute earnings from UL-CCIC or any of our other Chinese subsidiaries to us and U.S. investors or to fund or settle amounts under our joint venture agreement with CCIC. Any of the foregoing risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Information Technology and Our Software

We and our partners, service providers and other third parties that we interact with face cybersecurity risks and may fail to adequately secure or maintain the confidentiality, integrity or availability of the data held or detect any related threats, which could result in significant liability and reputational harm, and we may incur increasing costs in an effort to mitigate those risks.

Our business’ operations and reputation depend on its ability to maintain the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data and systems related to its customers, employees, suppliers, proprietary technologies, processes, and intellectual property. We and our business and commercial partners, and other third parties with which we interact rely extensively on third-party service providers’ IT systems, including cloud-based systems and on-premises servers (i.e., data centers), to record and process data and manage our operations, among other matters. Additionally, we collect, process, transmit and store data about our partners, customers, suppliers and others, including financial information and personal information, as well as other confidential or sensitive information.

We and our service providers and partners have experienced, and may in the future experience, failures of, or disruptions to, IT systems and data breaches, and attempted and successful cyber-attacks, such as ransomware attacks, and data breaches. For example, on February 13, 2021, we discovered that we were the target of a ransomware attack affecting certain IT systems and the data maintained on such systems. While we resolved the incident in a manner that restored the functions of our core and other IT systems and the integrity of the data maintained on them, as part of that resolution we relied on certain assurances (e.g., that recommended mitigation steps from the U.S. Department of Commerce’s National Institute of Standards and Technology and MITRE cybersecurity frameworks regarding passwords and threat detection are industry standard or best practice), some of which cannot be independently verified. We are unaware of any material notices, claims or enforcement actions in connection with our response to this incident, although they are possible.

The inadvertent disclosure of or unauthorized access to IT systems, networks and data, including personal information, confidential information or sensitive information, and actual data security breaches, cyber-attacks, or other security incidents have and could in the future result in or expose us to a risk of loss or misuse of personal, confidential or sensitive information, and significant costs to us, which may include, among others, fines and penalties, costs related to remediation, contractual claims from customers, potential costs and liabilities arising from governmental, regulatory or third-party investigations, proceedings or litigation and diversion of management attention, all of which could have a material adverse

effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, undiscovered compromises or vulnerabilities in our IT systems or services have and could expose us to hackers or other unscrupulous third parties who develop and deploy viruses and other malicious software programs that have and could attack our services and businesses.

Actual or perceived data security vulnerabilities in our services could harm our reputation and lead customers and partners to reduce or delay future services or use competing services. Cyber-attacks on us or our third-party suppliers, vendors, service providers, or other business or commercial partners can vary in scope and intent from economically-driven attacks to malicious attacks targeting key operating systems with the intent to disrupt, disable or otherwise cripple operations and service offerings. This has and can include any combination of phishing attacks, malware, ransomware attacks, insider threats or viruses targeted at our key systems. Furthermore, mitigating the risk of future cyber-attacks, data breaches or IT systems failures has resulted, and could in the future result, in additional operating and capital costs in IT systems technology, personnel, monitoring, insurance coverage, lost sales, mitigation, remediation and other investments.

We have taken steps to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our data, but we cannot guarantee that these steps will be effective. Successful cyber-attacks have and may continue to target us directly, or indirectly target or impact us through our third-party suppliers, vendors, service providers, or other business or commercial partners. Such data security breaches, cyber-attacks, and other security incidents could occur in the future either at their location or ours, or within their systems or our systems, and affect confidential, personal or sensitive information. The breadth and scope of this threat has grown over time, and the techniques and sophistication used to conduct cyber-attacks, including AI, as well as the sources and targets of the attacks, change frequently. Given the unpredictability of the timing, nature and scope of cyber-attacks and other security incidents, we cannot guarantee that the technologies we use will adequately secure the data we maintain, including confidential, personal or sensitive information, against such attacks, and we cannot entirely eliminate the risk of improper or unauthorized access to or disclosure of such data, cyber-attacks, or other security incidents that impact the confidentiality, integrity or availability of such data, or our systems and operations.

We may experience a compromise of our systems or data, either due to a failure to adequately protect our information technology systems and network infrastructure or otherwise, which could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, such as damage to our brand and reputation, legal claims, increased cost of insurance and remediation costs.

We have experienced, and may in the future experience failures of, or disruptions to, IT systems leading to the accidental or unauthorized destruction, loss, alteration, disclosure of or access to data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed by us. Such failures could include misconfiguration of identity and access management controls, misconfiguration of firewalls, failure to update and patch software on a timely basis, falling victim to social engineering schemes (such as phishing or vishing) or negligent or intentional employee or contractor acts or omissions. We take measures designed to prevent the compromise of our systems and data, including looking to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) Framework to serve as a benchmark for our program and provide guidance, using an endpoint detection and response solution and adding immutability to our backups; however, we cannot ensure these measures will prevent any such compromise. Further, while we have developed a cybersecurity risk management program that is intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our critical systems and information, there can be no assurance that such program, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our systems and information. A compromise of our systems or data may lead to the inadvertent disclosure of or unauthorized access to IT systems, networks and data, including confidential, personal or sensitive information, and could also result in or expose us to a risk of loss or misuse of confidential, personal or sensitive information, and result in significant costs to us, which may include, among others, fines and penalties, costs related to remediation, contractual claims from customers, potential costs and liabilities arising from governmental, regulatory or third-party investigations, proceedings or litigation and diversion of management attention, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may experience an incident leading to an outage of our IT systems or network infrastructure which may impact our operations, including our ability to deliver services to customers, which may result in damage to our brand and reputation, lost sales, legal claims, contractual obligations, and increased insurance costs.

Outages of our IT systems or network infrastructure, attempts to overload our servers with denial-of-service, ransomware attacks, cyber-attacks, computer viruses or malicious code, break-ins, social engineering attacks (such as phishing or vishing), unintentional incidents causing loss of data, or similar incidents or other IT failures, have and may in the future cause damage to our key systems or cause us to experience: (i) interruption or delays in our services, (ii) misappropriation of personal information regarding our employees, customers or partners, (iii) the inability to deliver services to customers or operate the services, and (iv) loss of critical data, all of which has and could interrupt our operations, adversely impact our reputation and

brand and expose us to increased risks of governmental and regulatory investigation and enforcement actions, private litigation and other liability, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The services we provide are often critical to our customers and partners’ businesses. Certain of our agreements require us to comply with certain data security obligations, which could include ongoing operation of our IT systems and network infrastructure without interruptions, maintaining network security and backup data, ensuring our network is virus-free and maintaining business continuity planning procedures. Any failure to meet such contractual obligations, whether or not a result of or related to the services we provide, or an incident leading to an outage of our IT systems or network infrastructure could damage our reputation or result in a claim for substantial damages against us. Our liability for such outages, breaches of data security requirements or similar incidents may require us to indemnify our customers or our partners, and could result in reputational damage or a loss of customers, partners and revenue.

We may experience a compromise of our systems or data or an incident leading to unauthorized access to, disclosure or loss of confidential, personal or sensitive information, which may result in damage to our brand and reputation, lost sales, legal claims, contractual obligations, and increased insurance costs and may impact our financial performance.

While we invest in systems and processes that are designed to detect and prevent compromises of our systems or data, including cyber-attacks and other security incidents, and we conduct periodic tests of our security systems and processes, we may not succeed in anticipating or adequately protecting against or preventing all such incidents from occurring, and we and our partners and third parties with whom we interact may still experience such incidents. Any such actual or perceived incidents have, and in the future could, expose us to additional regulatory scrutiny and result in a violation of applicable data privacy laws and other laws, litigation exposure, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, loss of confidence, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensatory costs, and additional compliance costs, and could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our existing general liability and cybersecurity insurance may not cover, or may cover only a portion of, any potential claims or expenses related to such incidents that affect us or may not be adequate to indemnify us for all or any portion of liabilities that may be imposed. In addition, such insurance may not be available to us on economically reasonable terms in the future. Any imposition of liability that is not covered by insurance or is in excess of insurance coverage would increase our operating expenses and reduce our net income, or increase our net loss.

Furthermore, our IT systems have been, and may in the future be, subject to ransomware attacks and similar incidents or disruptions. In addition to the other risks described above, as a result of such attacks, we could be subject to demands, claims, and litigation by private parties and investigations, related actions, and penalties by government authorities. Moreover, we have and could incur significant costs, including costs associated with paying the ransom, negotiating the ransom, notifying affected persons and entities and otherwise complying with a multitude of foreign, federal, state, and local laws and regulations. As such incidents continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities or incidents.

Partial or total destruction of our databases, technology support or technology solutions would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We maintain databases containing information on many of our available tests, which represent an integral part of our technological advantage. To limit the risk of a partial or total destruction, the main databases are kept in clusters of high availability datacenters interconnected via high-speed communication lines. To further ensure availability, we systematically apply immutable off-site back-ups of the databases. However, if the databases were to be corrupted, damaged or destroyed, it could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

If we fail to manage our SaaS hosting network infrastructure capacity, or if our infrastructure experiences a significant disruption, our existing customers may experience service outages and our new customers may experience delays in the deployment of our solutions, which could lead to litigation and have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have a high volume of users, transactions and data that our hosting infrastructure supports. We seek to maintain sufficient excess capacity in our SaaS hosting network infrastructure to meet the needs of all of our customers. We also seek to maintain excess capacity to facilitate the rapid provision of new customer deployments and the expansion of existing customer deployments. However, the provision of new hosting infrastructure requires significant lead time. If we do not accurately predict our infrastructure capacity requirements, our existing customers may experience service outages that may subject us to financial penalties, financial liabilities and customer losses. If our hosting infrastructure capacity fails to keep

pace with increased sales, customers may experience delays as we seek to obtain additional capacity, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, any disruption of or interference with our SaaS hosting network infrastructure, including the services and operations of the public cloud providers, could harm our reputation, business and results of operations. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, disruptions in our computing and communications infrastructure. Factors that may cause such disruptions that may harm our reputation include:

• human error;

• security breaches;

• telecommunications outages from third-party providers;

• computer viruses;

• acts of terrorism, sabotage, or other intentional acts of vandalism, including cyber-attacks;

• unforeseen interruption or damages experienced in moving hardware to a new location;

• fire, earthquake, flood, and other natural disasters; and

• power loss.

Although we maintain a comprehensive disaster recovery plan, store data in more than one geographically distinct location, and perform real-time mirroring of data to disaster recovery locations, we do not currently offer immediate access to disaster recovery locations in the event of a disaster or major outage. Thus, in the event of any factor causing disruption, including those described above, or certain other failures of our computing infrastructure, customers may not be able to access their data for 24 hours or more, and there is a remote chance that customer data from recent transactions may be permanently lost or otherwise compromised. In addition, we may not have adequate insurance coverage to compensate for losses from a major interruption. Moreover, some of our agreements include performance guarantees and service level standards that obligate us to provide credits, refunds or termination rights in the event of a significant disruption in our SaaS hosting network infrastructure or other technical problems that relate to the functionality or design of our solutions.

The legislative, judicial and regulatory landscapes relating to data collection, use and processing are challenging to comply with and are evolving and impact our ability to collect, use and process data, including personal information, and could limit our ability to operate and expand our business, cause revenue to decline and adversely affect our business. The actual or perceived failure to comply with data privacy laws and regulations could result in significant liability or reputational harm.

The domestic and international regulatory environment regarding data privacy and data security is increasingly evolving and demanding, including new and changing requirements, which could cause us to incur substantial costs. Failure of our services or solutions to adapt to changes in the regulatory environment in an efficient, cost-effective manner could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In the United States, various laws and regulations apply to the collection, processing, disclosure and security of certain types of data, including the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”) and state equivalents, and various state laws relating to data privacy and data security, including the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”) and the California Privacy Rights Act (the “CPRA”) . As such, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, many state attorneys general and many courts interpret the various existing federal and state data privacy and consumer protection laws, and therefore enforce various standards for the collection, disclosure, processing, use, storage and security of data, including personal information. For example, HIPAA is a federal law protecting patient health information and creating standards for entities subject to HIPAA, either as a covered entity or a business associate, and the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act (“CAN-SPAM Act”) is a federal law that imposes certain obligations on businesses that send commercial emails, such as a requirement to include in every commercial email an “unsubscribe link.” In addition, the CCPA created individual data privacy rights for California residents and places increased data privacy and security obligations on entities handling certain personal information of California-resident consumers and households. The CCPA, and other similar state comprehensive laws that have been passed since, require covered companies to provide disclosures to consumers of the relevant states about such companies’ data collection, use and disclosure practices,

provide such consumers with rights to access, correct and delete their personal information and to opt-out of certain processing of personal information.

In the United States, both Congress and state legislatures, along with federal regulatory authorities, have continued to increase their attention on the collection and use of data about individuals. Although data privacy legislation has been introduced in the U.S. Congress to address data privacy more generally, despite significant legislative activity, to date there has not been any significant successful effort at enacting any such legislation; nevertheless, in the event of any such legislation, it would create additional regulatory and compliance obligations, legal risk exposure, and could significantly impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Other states in addition to California have also enacted comprehensive consumer data privacy laws that create rights and impose corresponding obligations on covered companies relating to the access to, deletion of and disclosure of personal information collected by covered businesses about residents of the respective states. Currently, over a dozen states have enacted consumer privacy laws that are in effect. Similar other laws have been proposed in other states and at the federal level, and if passed, we could be subject to such laws regardless of whether we have operations or a physical presence in the applicable state. Although these new laws largely focus on consumers (other than the CCPA), these new and potential laws reflect a trend toward more stringent data privacy legislation in the United States, and we anticipate that similar laws will continue to be proposed at both the state and federal level. These new laws may impose obligations similar to or more stringent than those we are subject to under other data protection laws. Further, any such laws may also have potentially conflicting requirements that would make compliance challenging, as well as potentially resulting in further uncertainty and requiring us to incur additional costs and expenses in an effort to comply.

In the European Economic Area (the “EEA”) we are subject to the GDPR and any additional requirements in the national implementing laws of countries in the EEA, and in the UK, we are subject to the UK data protection regime consisting primarily of the UK General Data Protection Regulation (“UK GDPR”) and the UK Data Protection Act 2018, in each case in relation to our access, collection, control, processing, sharing, disclosure and other use of data relating to an identifiable living individual, or personal information. The GDPR and UK GDPR both apply extra-territorially and impose a strict data protection compliance regime with onerous requirements on controllers and processors of personal information. Where we act as a controller, these include, for example: (i) accountability and transparency requirements (detailed disclosures about how personal information is collected and processed), and enhanced requirements for obtaining valid consent (or demonstrating that another appropriate legal basis is in place or otherwise exists to justify data processing activities); (ii) obligations to consider and implement data protection requirements as any new services are developed and to limit the amount of personal information processed; (iii) obligations to comply with data protection rights of data subjects (including the right to access and the right to be “forgotten”); (iv) reporting of personal information breaches to the supervisory authority without undue delay (and no later than 72 hours); and (v) complying with the principle of accountability and the obligation to demonstrate compliance through policies, procedures, training and audit. We generally act as a processor when we process personal information on behalf of our customers. Where we act as a processor and process personal information on behalf of our customers or partners, we are required to execute mandatory data processing clauses with our customers/partners, notify our customers/partners of any personal information breaches involving customer personal information, assist our customers/partners with any data subject rights requests and any data protection impact assessments, and maintain a record of data processing, among other requirements under the GDPR and the UK GDPR.

The GDPR and UK GDPR each prohibit the international transfer of personal information from the EEA and the UK, respectively, to countries outside of the EEA and the UK, respectively, unless made to a country deemed to have adequate data privacy laws by the European Commission or the UK government (as applicable) or where a data transfer mechanism has been put in place. Recent international legal developments have created complexity and uncertainty regarding transfers of personal information. As data protection authorities in the EEA and UK issue further guidance on personal information export mechanisms, including circumstances where the standard contractual clauses cannot be used, or start taking enforcement action, we could suffer additional costs, complaints or regulatory investigations or fines, or if we are otherwise unable to transfer personal information between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the manner in which we operate our business and could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Other jurisdictions we operate in may have similar restrictions on transfers outside of the jurisdiction.

These data privacy laws are uncertain, evolving and interpreted and applied in different ways in different countries, even with respect to definitions of personal information and concepts such as anonymization and pseudonymization. There will be increasing scope for divergence in application, interpretation and enforcement, and risks. This will present operational challenges, for example, if dealing with notification requirements in the context of a multijurisdictional data breach. As a result, our legal obligations in different countries, and our efforts to comply with those legal obligations, may be inadequate or in conflict. We cannot guarantee that we are, or will be, in compliance with all applicable domestic and international regulations as they are enforced now or as they evolve.

In addition, many consumer advocates, privacy advocates and government regulators believe that the existing laws and regulations do not adequately protect privacy. As a result, they are lobbying for further restrictions on the dissemination or commercial use of personal information to the public and private sectors. Similar initiatives are under way in other countries in which we do business or from which we source data. Changes in cultural and consumer attitudes to favor further restrictions on information collection and sharing, which may lead to regulations that prevent full utilization of our services or solutions, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any actual or perceived failure by us to comply with laws, regulations, policies or regulatory guidance relating to data privacy, data security, or personal information may result in governmental investigations and enforcement actions, orders to cease or change how we process data, assessment notices (for a compulsory audit), litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity, and could cause our business or commercial partners and customers to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, under the CCPA the California Attorney General or California Privacy Protection Agency may impose civil penalties for violations of up to $7,500 per violation, and it also provides a private right of action for certain data breaches, and fines for certain violations of the GDPR and the UK GDPR are significant—up to the greater of €20 million (£17.1 million) or 4% of total global annual turnover. In addition, we may also face civil claims including representative actions and other class action type litigation (where individuals have suffered harm), potentially amounting to significant compensation or damages liabilities, as well as associated costs, diversion of internal resources, and reputational harm.

If we use open source software inconsistent with our policies and procedures or the license terms applicable to such software, we could be subject to legal expenses, damages or costly remediation or disruption to our business.

We use open source software in some of our solutions. The terms of various open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market our solutions as currently marketed. Certain open source software licenses require a user who intends to distribute the open source software as a component of the user’s software to disclose publicly part or all of the source code to the user’s software or to make any derivative works of the open source code available to others on terms that are unfavorable to such user or at no cost. This can effectively render what was previously proprietary software open source software. It is possible under the terms of certain open source licenses (often called “copyleft” or “viral” licenses), if we combine our proprietary software with open source software in a certain manner, that we could be required to release the source code of our proprietary software and make our proprietary software available under open source licenses. If portions of our proprietary software is subject to an open source license, we could be required to re-engineer all or a portion of our solutions or otherwise be limited in the licensing and commercialization of our solutions, each of which could reduce or eliminate the value of our solutions. There is a risk that we incorporate open source software with onerous licensing terms, including the obligation to make our source code available for others to use or modify without compensation to us.

In addition to risks related to license requirements, use of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software and use of open-source software or datasets could introduce inaccuracies or vulnerabilities that we are unable to anticipate, detect, or control. Further, sophisticated attackers may exploit vulnerabilities in open-source software to obtain access to our sensitive data or alter the outputs or results. If we receive an allegation that we have violated an open source license, we may incur significant legal expenses, be subject to damages, be required to redesign our product to remove the open source software, or be required to comply with onerous license restrictions, all of which could have a material impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even in the absence of a claim, if we discover the use of open source software inconsistent with our policies, we could be required to expend significant time and resources to replace the open source software or obtain a commercial license, which may not be available.

Sales and implementation of our software and related services, including our cloud services, are subject to a number of material risks, some of which are beyond our direct control.

A core element of our business is the successful implementation of our software and service solutions. The implementation of our software and cloud-based service deliveries depends on us, our partners, our customers or a combination thereof. The sale and implementation of our software and related services subjects us to a number of risks, including but not limited to:

• insufficient or incorrect information provided by customers, resulting in mismatched contractual commitments and execution;

• insufficient customer expectation management, including with respect to scope, integration capabilities, implementation and the utilization of our solutions;

• lack of customer commitments and respective engagements, including any insufficient commitment of resources or lack of solution migrations to the latest offerings, resulting in delays or deviations from recommended best practices;

• challenges to effectively implementing acquired technologies;

• unrenderable services committed during the sales stage;

• security risks related to our hosting infrastructure that are not mitigated by cloud platforms; and

• deviations from our standard terms and conditions.

Any of these events could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We use software vendors and network and cloud providers in our business, and if they cannot deliver or perform as expected or if our relationships with them are terminated or otherwise change, it could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our ability to provide our services to our customers and operate our global business requires that we work with certain third-party providers, including software vendors and network and cloud providers, and depends on such third parties meeting our expectations in timeliness, quality, quantity and economics. Our third-party suppliers may be unable to meet our expectations due to a number of factors, including personnel limitations as a result of a reduction in force. We may incur significant additional liabilities if the services provided by these third parties do not meet our expectations, if they terminate or refuse to renew their relationships with us or if they offer their services to us on less advantageous terms. In addition, while there are backup systems in many of our operating facilities, we may experience an extended outage of network services supplied by these vendors or providers that could impair our ability to deliver our services, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We could lose our access to our data providers, which could negatively impact our software solutions and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our software business depends upon continued access to and receipt of data from external sources. Our data providers could stop providing data, provide outdated data or inaccurate data or increase the costs for their data for a variety of reasons, including a perception that our systems are insecure as a result of a data security breach, budgetary constraints, a desire to generate additional revenue or for regulatory or competitive reasons. We could also become subject to increased legislative, regulatory or judicial restrictions or mandates on the collection, disclosure or use of such data, in particular if such data is not collected by our data providers in a way that allows us to legally use the data. If we were to lose access to this external data, either temporarily or permanently, or if our access or use were restricted or were to become less economical or desirable, our ability to provide the full breadth of our services and software solutions could be negatively impacted, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot provide assurance that we will be successful in maintaining our relationships with these external data providers or that we will be able to continue to obtain data from them on acceptable terms, or at all. Further, we cannot provide assurance that we will be able to obtain adequate data on commercially acceptable terms from alternative sources if our current sources become unavailable.

A failure in the integrity of our data or the systems upon which we rely could harm our brand and result in a loss of sales and an increase in legal claims.

The reliability of our services is dependent upon the integrity of the data in our global systems. A failure in the integrity of our systems, or an inability to ensure that our usage of data is consistent with any terms or restrictions on such use, whether inadvertently or through the actions of a third party, could harm us by exposing us to customer or third-party claims or by causing a loss of customer confidence in our solutions. For example, we license data from third parties for inclusion in the data solutions that we sell to our customers, and while we have guidelines and quality control requirements in place, we do not have absolute control over such third parties’ data collection and compliance practices. We may experience an increase in risks to the integrity of our systems as we acquire content through the acquisition of companies with existing systems that may not be of the same quality or integrity as our existing systems.

In addition, there are continuous improvements in computer hardware, network operating systems, programming tools, programming languages, operating systems, data matching, data filtering and other database technologies and the use of the internet as well as the emergence of new technologies. These improvements, as well as changes in customer preferences or regulatory requirements or transitions to non-traditional or free data sources or new technologies, may require changes in the

technology used to gather and process our data and deliver our solutions. Further, we rely on third-party technology contractors that have extensive knowledge of our systems and database technologies. The loss of these third-party contractors could negatively affect our ability to maintain and improve our systems. Our success will depend, in part, upon our ability to:

• internally develop and implement new and competitive technologies;

• leverage mature governance, data and analytic capabilities to enable a more efficient and scalable business;

• use leading third-party technologies and contractors effectively;

• respond to changing customer needs and regulatory requirements, including being able to bring our new solutions to the market quickly; and

• transition customers and data sources successfully to new interfaces or other technologies.

We may not successfully implement new technologies, cause customers or data suppliers to implement compatible technologies or adapt our technology to evolving customer, regulatory and competitive requirements. If we fail to respond, or fail to cause our customers or data suppliers to respond, to changes in technology, regulatory requirements or customer preferences, the demand for our services, the delivery of our services and our market reputation could be adversely affected. Additionally, our failure to implement important updates or the loss of key third-party technology consultants could affect our ability to successfully meet our anticipated timeline to generate cost savings resulting from our investments in improved technology. Failure to achieve any of these objectives would impede our ability to deliver strong financial results.

Although we are continually evolving the systems upon which we rely to meet customer demands and support the development of new solutions and technologies, certain of our existing infrastructure is comprised of complex legacy technology that requires time and investment to upgrade without disruption to the business. We have also licensed, and we may license in the future, proprietary rights to third parties. While we attempt to ensure that the quality of our brand is maintained by the third parties to whom we grant such licenses and by customers, they may take actions that could materially adversely affect the value of our proprietary rights or our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Third Parties

Our business depends substantially on the level of our customer satisfaction and specifically on customers maintaining their agreements with us and purchasing additional services from us. Any significant decline in our customer satisfaction rates or the rates at which our customers purchase additional services from us, as well as any increase in the rates at which our customers terminate our agreements with us, in each case, could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In order for us to improve our operating results, it is important that our customer satisfaction remains high, that our customers maintain their agreements with us and that they also purchase additional services from us. We believe we have a strong business model that will continue to generate significant recurring revenue as long as our customers continue to use the UL Mark on their products and components. However, our customers generally have no obligation to continue purchasing additional services under their agreements with us, and there is no assurance that our customers will continue to request services under their agreements with us at the same or a higher level of service, if at all. Every year, some of our customers elect not to continue purchasing services under their agreements with us. Moreover, certain of our customers have the right to cancel their agreements for convenience, subject to certain notice requirements and, in some cases, early termination fees. Our customer retention rates and the amount of services purchased under their agreements may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with our services, our customer service, our pricing, the prices of competing services, mergers and acquisitions affecting our customer base or the acquired customer base, reduced hiring by our customers or reductions in our customers’ spending levels. If our customers do not maintain their agreements with us or the level of services purchased thereunder, renegotiate such agreements, purchase our services on less favorable terms or fail to purchase additional services from us at all, our revenue may decline and our operating results may be harmed.

Any requirements that we accept third-party test results or certifications of components, end products, processes or systems in lieu of collecting our own data and conducting our own tests could impact the demand for our services and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any requirement—by our customers, regulators or otherwise—to accept third-party data, test results or certifications could negatively impact our reputation or reduce demand for our services. If we were forced to accept third-party test results or certifications for components or end products, and if any such end products were to fail, be non-compliant, cause property damage or physical injury or otherwise fail to meet our customers’ expectations, we could be subject to additional liability and reputational damage. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any unethical conduct by our employees, agents, customers, contractors or partners could result in financial penalties or affect our brand, reputation or image, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We strive to enforce strict ethical values and principles in conducting our business. However, the risk of isolated acts in breach of these values and principles by our employees, agents, customers, contractors or partners cannot be ruled out. These may include dry labbing (fabricating test results), wrongful disclosure of confidential customer information, violation of our policies or failures to act in the face of corruption in order to secure personal gain, facilitate business development, avoid or settle disputes or fast track administrative decisions, as well as fraudulent acts, conflicts of interest, anti-competitive practices and violation of international economic sanctions.

We believe our main risk exposure arising from unethical conduct to be the corruption of our employees or contractors during an audit or inspection carried out at a customer’s premises, or at the premises of one of the customer’s suppliers on behalf of the customer, and we have in the past received reports of our employees and contractors being offered bribes. The risk of corruption increases when (i) the audited or inspected entity is located in a jurisdiction where corruption is considered to be endemic, culturally accepted or commonly attempted, or (ii) the audited entity’s business or the development of that business depends on the delivery of a favorable report by us.

We may also experience unethical conduct from customers, which could impact our business. For example, we are subject to the risk that customers will, and have had customers in the past, provide curated or cherry-picked samples that are not representative of production units for use in our testing, inspection and certification processes, which can affect the integrity of our results. In addition, certification programs, or schemes, are governed by rules that can be complex and costly to implement. Our employees and contractors have in the past, and may in the future, face pressure from customers to deviate from a proscribed scheme. Any such deviation, or any other unethical conduct, could result in damage to our reputation or the loss of our accreditations. Additionally, failure to comply with independence or objectivity rules (which may or may not result from an act of corruption) is also considered a major risk for our business. As another example, we are subject to the risk that our customers or partners will use our name in a misleading or otherwise unethically impermissible way in an attempt to use our reputation to their advantage. The occurrence of any of the events described above could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our subcontractors, outside laboratories and other third parties with which we do business could take actions that could harm our business.

We outsource a number of our services, including certain of our laboratory activities. Our subcontractors, outside laboratories and other third parties with which we do business are contractually obligated to operate their businesses in accordance with the standards set forth in our agreements with them and applicable laws and regulations. However, they are independent third parties that we do not control, and who own, operate and oversee the daily operations of their businesses. If any of our subcontractors, outside laboratories or other third parties do not fulfill their contractual obligations to deliver their products or services competently, on time or on budget, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Additionally, if such third parties do not successfully operate their businesses in a manner consistent with required laws, standards or regulations, we could be subject to claims from regulators or legal claims for the actions or omissions of such third-party distributors, subcontractors and vendors. In addition, our relationship with our subcontractors and vendors could become strained (including resulting in litigation) as we impose new standards or assert more rigorous enforcement practices relating to the existing required standards. These strains in our relationships or claims could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

A conflict of interest or perceived conflict of interest between our business and the research and standards activities of UL Research Institutes and UL Standards & Engagement, respectively, could adversely impact our reputation and could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are controlled by UL Standards & Engagement, of which UL Research Institutes is the sole member. UL Research Institutes and UL Standards & Engagement are both nonprofit organizations. UL Research Institutes is focused on the research and exploration of, and communication about, threats to human safety, and UL Standards & Engagement is focused on the translation of research insights into practical innovations to advance human safety through development of safety standards and proactive communication, advocacy and policy initiatives related thereto. Like other TIC providers, we often test and certify against such standards when performing our TIC services, and we participate in meetings and in standards technical panels convened by UL Standards & Engagement on equal footing with other TIC companies. Although we are dedicated to maintaining our impartiality and independence and have appropriate systems and processes in place to maintain separation between our business and the activities of UL Research Institutes and UL Standards & Engagement, perceived conflicts of interest may arise where we test, inspect or certify products to assess whether they meet standards developed by UL Standards & Engagement. Conflicts of interest could also arise between UL Research Institutes’ or UL Standards & Engagement’s activities and our business or the interests of any of our customers, which could result in the loss of such customers or adversely affect our ability to grow our relationships with existing customers or to attract new customers in industries or areas on which our strategy and growth objectives are focused. A conflict of interest, whether actual or perceived, between us and UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes could negatively affect our brand or reputation or the integrity of our reports, certificates and certification marks, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to various restrictive covenants that could materially adversely impact our business, financial position and results of operations.

From time to time, we enter into noncompetition agreements or other restrictive covenants (e.g., exclusivity, take or pay and non-solicitation obligations), including in connection with business dispositions, joint venture arrangements or strategic contracts, that restrict us from entering into lines of business or operating in certain geographic areas into which we may desire to expand our business. We also are subject to various non-solicitation and no-hire covenants that may restrict our ability to solicit potential customers or employees. If we do not comply with such restrictive covenants, or if a dispute arises regarding the scope and interpretation thereof, litigation could ensue, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations. Further, to the extent that such restrictive covenants prevent us from taking advantage of business opportunities, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely impacted.

Risks Related to Litigation and Regulation

Allegations of our failure to properly perform our services may expose us to potential product and other liability claims, recalls, penalties and reputational harm or could otherwise cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face the risk of financial exposure to product, personal injury, consumer class action and other liability claims alleging that our failure to adequately perform our services resulted in adverse consequences, including product recalls or seizures, adverse publicity and safety alerts. For example, we have been, and may in the future be, subject to claims resulting from our misapplication of standards or regulations, errors in our testing procedures and our failure to perform certain inspections. We could also face claims that we performed erroneous or out-of-specification testing or data integrity complaints, which could require retesting or result in claims of economic or other loss or which could result in personal injury. We derive limited revenue from government customers and our government contracts may contain additional requirements that may increase our costs of doing business, subject us to additional government scrutiny and expose us to liability for failure to comply with contractual requirements. A product liability judgment against us could also result in substantial and unexpected costs, affect customer confidence in our services, damage our reputation and divert management’s attention from other responsibilities.

Although we maintain product and professional liability insurance coverage in amounts we believe are customary, there can be no assurance that level of coverage is adequate, that a particular claim would be covered under our product and professional liability insurance or that we will be able to continue to maintain our existing insurance or obtain comparable insurance at a reasonable cost, if at all. A product recall or seizure, consumer class action or partially or completely uninsured judgment against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes to the relevant regulatory frameworks could result in a reduction in required inspections, tests or certifications, or harmonized international or cross-industry benchmarks and standards, any of which could lead to the reduction in demand for, or commoditization of, our services.

We conduct our business in a heavily regulated environment, with regulations that may differ widely from one country to the next. Many of our business activities involve inspecting, testing or certifying compliance with all types of benchmarks, regulations and standards. These regulatory frameworks are at the heart of most of our operating activities and directly determine our capacity to exercise our TIC activities as well as the operating conditions in which we conduct them.

We benefit from a broad range of differing certification standards that apply to TIC across different countries, regions and states, as our customers are frequently required to comply with multiple applicable standards across jurisdictions, thereby increasing their regulatory compliance obligations. Increased competitive pressure on TIC activities could accelerate efforts to harmonize international or cross-industry benchmarks or standards with which our customers regularly need to demonstrate their compliance to act in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. If government or other authorities adopt uniform standards or agree to mutually recognize each other’s standards, this could lead to the reduction in demand for, or commoditization of, our TIC services. Conversely, there could be fragmentation owing to a decoupling of the Chinese, U.S. and European economies. Certain countries could also choose not to allow private or foreign companies to engage in the local TIC market or may decide to change the rules for conducting business such that we can no longer operate in those countries.

Failure to comply with labor and employment laws and regulations to which we are subject could result in penalties or costs that could adversely affect our consolidated results of operations.

Our business is subject to complex and stringent regulations, both in the United States and internationally, related to employment laws and regulations, minimum wage requirements, overtime requirements, working condition requirements, citizenship requirements, transportation and other laws and regulations. We have incurred, and will continue to incur, capital and operating expenditures and other costs in the ordinary course of our business in complying with the labor and employment laws and regulations to which we are subject, including, for example, the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Changes in laws, regulations and the related interpretations may alter the landscape in which we do business and may affect our costs of doing business. The impact of new laws and regulations cannot be predicted. Compliance with new laws and regulations may increase our operating costs or require significant capital expenditures. Any failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations could result in substantial fines by government authorities, payment of damages to private litigants, or possible revocation of our authority to conduct our operations, which could adversely affect our ability to service customers and our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in, a significant delay in obtaining, failure to obtain or the withdrawal or revocation of our licenses, approvals, accreditations or other authorizations or delegations of authority would likely have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are required to obtain and hold permits, licenses, accreditations and other regulatory approvals from numerous governmental bodies, both in the United States and in other countries in which we operate, in order to comply with operating and security standards imposed by such bodies. We are also required to obtain various accreditations and professional licenses. For example, in accordance with the laws and regulations of China, we are required to obtain and maintain various approvals, permissions, licenses, permits and registrations in order to operate our business there. Most critically to our business in China, and for each of our businesses there, we and UL-CCIC are required to register with and obtain a business license from the State Administration for Market Regulation and/or its local branches and, in the case of UL-CCIC, to receive approval from the Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People’s Republic of China. To date, we and UL-CCIC have completed such registration and received such required business licenses and accreditations to operate our business. In addition, depending on the services being provided by a laboratory in China, we are required to obtain certain qualifications from the China Inspection Body and Laboratory Mandatory Approval authority for such lab.

From time to time, we have experienced delays in obtaining or renewing, and may have failed to obtain, certain required approvals, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain or maintain any such approvals in the future. To date, any such delays or failures to obtain required approvals has not had a material impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Failure to maintain or renew necessary permits, licenses, accreditations, approvals or authorizations, or to comply with required standards, or any inadvertent conclusion by us that any such permits, licenses, accreditations, approvals or authorizations are not required, could result in our inability to continue our businesses in the various jurisdictions in which we operate in a manner consistent with past practice, which could in turn have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We could also be required to obtain new or different permits, licenses, accreditations, approvals or authorizations in the future. If any new necessary permits, licenses, accreditations, approvals or authorizations are required, or if any review or other procedure is required, we may or may not be able to obtain such permits, licenses, accreditations, approvals or authorizations or complete such review or other relevant procedure in a timely manner or at all. Any permits, licenses, accreditations, approvals or authorizations that we obtain could nevertheless be revoked or the terms of their issuance may impose restrictions on our operations.

Our customers may require evidence of various government and private professional licensing and accreditations as part of their selection of a provider of our services, while various governmental and regulatory authorities may mandate certain accreditations and professional licensing in connection with the performance of various services. Although we believe our operations comply with all material accreditation and professional licensing requirements, there can be no assurance that we will always be able to obtain the accreditations and professional licenses necessary or desirable for our business in each jurisdiction in which we operate or seek to operate. A material delay in obtaining, the failure to obtain or the withdrawal or revocation of, licenses, approvals or other authorizations could have a material adverse effect on individual operations within our business or, more broadly, a negative effect on our overall operations and reputation.

The accreditations, approvals, permits, delegations of authority, official recognition and other authorizations we must in some instances obtain are issued by public authorities or professional organizations, often following long and complex review procedures. Most authorizations are granted for limited periods of time and are subject to periodic renewal by the authority concerned. For some of our businesses, we must be an active member of certain professional organizations in order to be eligible for select projects.

Although we closely monitor the quality of services provided under these authorizations, as well as the renewal and stability of our authorizations portfolio, any failure to meet our professional obligations or conflicts of interest, real or perceived, could cause us to lose one or more of our authorizations, either temporarily or on a permanent basis. A public authority or professional organization that has granted us one or more authorizations could also unilaterally decide to withdraw such authorizations. For example, the American National Standards Institute accredits one of our primary certification programs using a set of standards published by ISO. If we were to lose this accreditation, our revenues would be negatively impacted, which would cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Similarly, although we monitor developments in the regulatory landscapes in the jurisdictions in which we operate, if any regulatory agency were to decide that we have not met their required standards or obtained or maintained their required permissions or approvals, such regulatory agency could impose fines and penalties on, limit or revoke our operating privileges in that jurisdiction or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are currently defending certain litigation, and we are likely to be subject to additional litigation in the future.

Our business exposes us to significant potential risk from lawsuits, investigations and other legal proceedings. We are currently pursuing and defending various proceedings and will likely be subject to additional proceedings in the future, including, among others, litigation regarding the services and solutions we provide, ordinary course employment litigation and intellectual property-related claims.

For example, as with any TIC company, the quality and pertinence of our work and findings could be called into question in the event that flaws are subsequently identified or a major incident occurs. These claims are unique because TIC companies can be held liable for sums that are often disproportionate in light of the amounts actually paid for the services provided. In the normal course of our business, we are sometimes involved in proceedings that seek to establish our professional liability on a contractual or extra-contractual basis in connection with the TIC services we provide.

In litigation, plaintiffs may seek various remedies, including declaratory or injunctive relief, compensatory or punitive damages, restitution, disgorgement, civil penalties, abatement, attorneys’ fees, costs or other relief. Settlement demands may seek significant monetary and other remedies, or otherwise be on terms that we do not consider reasonable under the circumstances. In some instances, even if we comply with applicable laws and regulations, an adverse judgment or outcome may occur based on other applicable laws or principles of common law, including negligence and strict liability, and result in significant liability and reputational damage for us. In addition, awards against and settlements by our competitors or publicity associated with our current litigation could incentivize parties to bring additional claims against us.

It is likely that we will be subject to other claims in addition to those described above in the future relating to our current or former facilities or activities. Any claim brought against us, regardless of its merits, could be costly to defend and could result

in an increase of our insurance premiums and exhaust our available insurance coverage. The financial impact of litigation is difficult to assess or quantify. Some claims brought against us might not be covered by our insurance policies or might exhaust our available insurance coverage for such occurrences. Furthermore, an insurer might refuse coverage, and even where the claim should be covered by insurance, we would have to pay in full significant self-insured retention amounts before obtaining any insurance proceeds. To the extent our insurance coverage is inadequate and we are not successful in identifying or purchasing additional coverage for such claims, we would have to pay the amount of any settlement or judgment that is in excess of policy limits. Claims against us that result in the entry of a judgment or that we settle that are not covered or not sufficiently covered by insurance policies, or which fall within retained liability under our policies, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

See Part II, Item 8, Note 19, “Commitments and Contingencies,” of this Annual Report” for information regarding our legal proceedings.

Our engagements may result in professional or other liability.

Much of our business involves the provision of professional services. Our services typically involve difficult engineering and scientific assignments and carry risks of professional and other liability. Many of our engagements involve matters that could have a severe impact on a customer’s business, cause a customer to lose significant amounts of money or prevent a customer from pursuing desirable business opportunities. Accordingly, if a customer is dissatisfied with our performance, the customer could threaten or bring litigation in order to recover damages or to contest its obligation to pay our fees. Litigation alleging that we performed negligently, disclosed customer confidential information, lost or damaged product samples, infringed on patents or other intellectual property rights or otherwise breached our obligations to a customer could expose us to significant liabilities to our customers or other third parties or tarnish our reputation.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Any failure to obtain, maintain, adequately protect or enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology, the UL Mark and our brand.

Our success depends to a significant degree on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights. We rely on a combination of trademarks, certification marks, service marks, patents, trade secrets, copyrights and other forms of intellectual property, contractual restrictions and confidentiality procedures to establish and protect our proprietary rights. If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights adequately, our competitors may gain access to or copy our proprietary technology, use similar trademarks and certification marks and develop and commercialize substantially identical services or technologies, such that our business, financial condition and results of operations may be harmed.

We believe that our trademarks, logos, service marks and certification marks are integral to our business and our success in building our reputation, customer loyalty and the goodwill associated with our business. The UL Mark, in particular, is critical to our business and our brand, and any loss of protection of the UL Mark would likely have a material impact on either or both. We have registered, or have applied to register, trademarks, service marks and certification marks that we believe are important to our business in the United States and in many foreign jurisdictions. We cannot assure that our applications will be approved or that these registrations will prevent imitation, counterfeiting or other infringement of our name, certification marks, service marks or the infringement of our other intellectual property rights by others. Third parties may oppose our trademark applications and registrations or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks, certification marks or service marks. Imitation, unauthorized use or misuse of our name, certification marks or service marks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. To assert control over the use of our trademarks, we rely on contractual protections, and we implement quality control measures and monitoring techniques intended to protect our trademarks from unauthorized use or other misuse. However, no assurances can be given that those contracts will not be breached, and we cannot be certain that the actions we have taken to establish, police and protect our trademarks or our resources will be adequate to prevent or detect infringing use by others. If disputes arise in the future, we may not be able to successfully resolve these types of conflicts to our satisfaction. In the event that our certification marks, trademarks or service marks are successfully challenged or cancelled, we could lose protection for them in the applicable jurisdiction, which could result in third parties using identical or confusingly similar marks to our trademarks, certification marks or service marks, loss of brand recognition, could require us to change the operation of our business and could require us to devote additional resources to advertising and marketing. In the future, we may acquire additional trademarks, service marks or certification marks, or license such marks from third parties, which could require significant cash expenditures. The loss of our trademark protection or the inability to enforce our trademarks, service marks, or certification marks against unauthorized copying or use could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have filed various applications for certain aspects of our intellectual property in the United States and other countries, and we currently hold issued patents in multiple jurisdictions. In the future, we may acquire additional patents or patent portfolios, license patents from third parties or agree to license the technology of third parties, which could require significant cash expenditures. Our patents do not cover all of our technologies, methods and systems, and our competitors or others may design around our patented technologies. Further, when we seek patent protection for a particular technology, there is no assurance that the applications we file will result in issued patents or that if patents do issue as a result that they will allow us to effectively block competitors creating competing technology. Some of our know-how or technology is not patented or patentable and may constitute trade secrets. To secure and protect our intellectual property, including know-how and trade secrets, we have a policy of requiring our employees, consultants, advisors and other collaborators who contribute to our material intellectual property or have access to our confidential or sensitive information to enter into agreements which include intellectual property assignments and confidentiality obligations. We also rely on customary contractual protections with our suppliers and customers, and we implement security measures intended to protect our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary information. However, no assurances can be given that all employees, consultants, advisors or other collaborators who have contributed to material intellectual property development or have had access to our confidential or sensitive information, have actually executed one of these agreements and even if they have, that those contracts will not be breached. Further, those contracts may be ineffective in protecting our intellectual property, may not prevent unauthorized disclosure, and do not prevent third parties from independently developing technologies that may be substantially equivalent or superior to our technology. The loss of our intellectual property or the inability to protect our proprietary technology against unauthorized copying or use could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We also currently hold various domain names relating to our brand. The regulation of domain names in the United States and other countries is subject to change. As a result, we may not be able to use our name or acquire or maintain all domain names that are important for our business. Furthermore, we may be unable to prevent third parties from acquiring and using domain names that are confusingly similar to, or that otherwise have a negative impact on, the value of our trademarks, certification marks and other proprietary rights or intellectual property rights. Any inability or failure to do so could adversely affect our brand and make it more difficult for users to find our websites.

A number of aspects of intellectual property protection in the field of AI and machine learning are currently under development, and there is uncertainty and ongoing litigation in different jurisdictions as to the degree and extent of protection warranted for AI and machine learning systems and relevant system inputs and outputs. The law is also uncertain across jurisdictions regarding the copyright ownership of content that is produced in whole or in part by generative AI tools. If we fail to obtain protection for the intellectual property rights concerning our AI technologies, or later have our intellectual property rights invalidated or otherwise diminished, our competitors may be able to take advantage of our research and development efforts to develop competing products which could adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. Given the long history of development of AI technologies, other parties may have (or in the future may obtain) patents or other proprietary rights that would prevent, limit, or interfere with our ability to make, use, or sell our own AI technologies.

Our inability to protect our proprietary technology against unauthorized copying or use, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management’s attention and resources could result in our substituting inferior or more costly technologies or injure our reputation. In addition, we cannot be certain that we could obtain commercial licenses of third-party technology on commercially reasonable terms or at all, which could harm our ability to compete and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be inadequate.

The absence of internationally harmonized intellectual property laws, together with different enforcement regimes, make it more difficult to ensure consistent protection of our proprietary rights. Despite our best efforts, we may not be able to secure registrations or protection of our trademarks, service marks, certification marks, patentable inventions, copyrights and other intellectual property in certain key foreign jurisdictions and markets due to applicable intellectual property laws and procedures in certain countries. Even if we are able to secure registrations in such foreign countries, our strong international presence may lead to increased exposure to unauthorized copying and use of our technologies, proprietary information or branding. Moreover, policing unauthorized use of our technologies, trade secrets and intellectual property may be difficult, expensive and time-consuming, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States and where mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be weak. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing upon, misappropriating or

otherwise violating our intellectual property rights. Our inability to secure or enforce our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our intellectual property is at risk of being copied, imitated, counterfeited or forged, which could result in costly legal proceedings and damage to our brand, reputation and business.

We rely on trademark laws to protect our proprietary rights with respect to our brand, including our service marks, certification marks, and other trademarks. Our efforts to protect our intellectual property may not be effective and may be challenged by third parties. We are also susceptible to injury from parallel trade (i.e., gray markets) and counterfeiting of our products, services and intellectual property, including our trademarks and certification marks, which could harm our reputation. See “—Any failure to obtain, maintain, adequately protect or enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology, the UL Mark and our brand.”

Since our marks are used internationally, we are dependent on the laws of foreign countries to protect our intellectual property. These laws may not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. See “—The laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be inadequate.” Although we will continue to devote substantial resources to the establishment and protection of our intellectual property on a worldwide basis, we cannot be certain that these efforts will be successful or that the costs associated with protecting our rights abroad will not be extensive. Given our geographic footprint across multiple continents, our business is subject to increased risks of theft and unauthorized use of our intellectual property.

To protect our intellectual property rights, we may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect these rights both inside and outside of the United States, and we may not be able to detect infringement by our customers or third parties. Litigation has been and may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights. Such litigation could be costly, time consuming, and distracting to management and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Further, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights against others may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our ability to adequately protect our intellectual property rights also depends, in part, on our relationships with enforcement officials in the jurisdictions in which we operate, their familiarity with us and the UL Mark and the reputation and vigilance of our field engineering and brand protection teams in such jurisdictions. When we relocate or expand our operations into new regions it takes time to develop these relationships and demonstrate our reputation as a company that actively works to protect its brand and enforce its intellectual property rights. Until such relationships and reputation have been established in these new regions, we may not be able to adequately protect and enforce our intellectual property rights, exposing us to heightened reputational and other harm.

Unintended or unauthorized disclosure of trade secrets, source code or other proprietary information could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the ordinary course of our business, we maintain sensitive data on our networks, including our intellectual property and confidential or sensitive business information relating to our business and that of our customers and business partners. The secure maintenance of this information is critical to our business.

In addition, our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary information may be stolen, used in an unauthorized manner or compromised through a direct intrusion by private parties or foreign actors, including those affiliated with or controlled by state actors, through cyber-attacks into our computer systems, physical theft through corporate espionage or other means or through more indirect routes, including by joint venture partners, licensees that do not honor the terms of the license, potential licensees that were ultimately not licensed or other parties reverse engineering our solutions. Unauthorized use or disclosure of this information could harm our reputation, subject us to liability under our agreements and harm our relationships with key counterparties, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations, which could result in substantial damages and diversion of our efforts and attention.

The steps we take to prevent misappropriation, infringement or other violation of the intellectual property of others may not be successful, and our defense of any claim, regardless of its merit, could be expensive and time consuming and could divert management resources. We may incur costs to defend against, face liability for or be vulnerable to intellectual property infringement claims brought against us by others, as third parties have asserted and may assert claims against us alleging that

we infringe upon, misappropriate, dilute or otherwise violate their intellectual property rights. These risks have been amplified by the increase in third parties whose sole or primary business is to assert such claims. We cannot predict the outcome of lawsuits and cannot ensure that the results of any such actions will not have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If such proceedings result in an adverse outcome, we could, among other things, be required to pay substantial damages, discontinue the use of the infringing processes, expend significant resources to develop non-infringing processes, and enter into licensing arrangements from the third party claiming infringement, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness and invest in the ongoing needs of our business and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, our total debt outstanding, prior to unamortized debt issuance costs, was $494 million and $747 million, respectively. Our ability to make scheduled payments due on our debt obligations or to refinance our debt obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic, industry and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business, legislative, regulatory and other factors beyond our control. We may be unable to maintain a level of cash flow from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness.

If our cash flow and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems. Any decrease in our liquidity could result in our inability to meet financial obligations or fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, dividends and other general corporate purposes, and we could be forced, subject to any restrictions under our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement, to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional debt or equity capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to implement any such alternative measures on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. In addition, our outstanding indebtedness may limit our ability to obtain additional financing in the future to enable us to react to changes in our business or industry or place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to businesses in our industry that have less debt.

Our inability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy our debt obligations or to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all, would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to satisfy our obligations.

An increase in interest rates would increase interest costs on our 2025 Credit Facility and any variable rate debt we incur, which could adversely impact our ability to refinance existing debt or acquire assets.

Borrowings under that certain credit agreement, by and among the Company and certain of its non-U.S. subsidiaries as co-borrowers, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto (the “Credit Agreement”, and the senior unsecured five-year multi-currency revolving facility pursuant thereto, the “2025 Credit Facility”) bear interest at a rate per annum equal to, at our option, (a) a specified benchmark rate for the applicable currency (which, in the case of U.S. Dollar loans, shall be the Term SOFR (as defined in the Credit Agreement)), plus a margin (loans with a rate based on this clause (a), “benchmark rate loans”), or (b) for U.S. Dollar loans made to the Company only, a base rate (which is equal to the highest of (i) the Bank of America prime rate, (ii) the U.S. federal funds rate plus 0.5% per annum, or (iii) the Term SOFR rate plus 1%) plus a margin (loans with a rate based on this clause (b), “base rate loans”). As of December 31, 2025, the margin was 1% for benchmark rate loans and 0% for base rate loans but may be adjusted based on our current debt rating and our most recently tested consolidated net leverage ratio and may vary from 0.875% to 1.375% for benchmark rate loans and 0.0% to 0.375% for base rate loans. The unused commitment fee varies from 0.090% to 0.175% based on our current debt rating and our most recently tested consolidated net leverage ratio. Any increase in the interest rate applicable to borrowings under the 2025 Credit Facility will reduce our cash flows available for other corporate purposes, including operations, capital expenditures and acquisitions. Further, rising interest rates could limit our ability to refinance existing debt when it matures and increase interest costs on any debt that is refinanced. We may from time to time enter into agreements such as interest rate swaps or other interest rate hedging contracts. While these agreements may lessen the impact of rising interest rates, they also expose us to the risk that other parties to the agreements will not perform or that the agreements will be unenforceable.

During 2025, the variable interest rates applicable to both benchmark rate loans and base rate loans under our 2025 Credit Facility generally fluctuated in line with interest rate changes in the marketplace and are expected to fluctuate with any future Federal Reserve Board interest rate changes and future changes in SOFR. In addition, increases in interest expenses are considered with other expense increases that may be passed, in whole or in part, along to our customers; however, we do not expect increases in interest expenses to materially impact our pricing strategy in the near term. The increased interest payments on our variable rate debt are not material to our overall liquidity position and have not impacted, and are not expected to have an impact on, our ability to make timely payments under our 2025 Credit Facility.

The terms of our 2025 Credit Facility and the indenture governing the notes contain restrictions and limitations on us that could impact our ability to operate our business.

In October 2023, we issued $300 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.500% senior notes due 2028 (the “notes”). Our 2025 Credit Facility and the indenture governing the notes contain covenants that, among other things, restrict our and certain of our subsidiaries’ ability to (i) incur indebtedness, (ii) create liens, (iii) make dividends or other distributions, (iv) make investments, and (v) consolidate with or merge into other parties or sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our properties and assets taken as a whole. Our ability to comply with these covenants and restrictions may be affected by economic, financial and industry conditions beyond our control, including credit or capital market disruptions. The breach of any of these covenants or restrictions, if not waived or cured, if applicable, could result in the acceleration of all or a substantial portion of our outstanding debt under our 2025 Credit Facility and the notes. We may be unable to borrow under the 2025 Credit Facility in the future and may not be able to repay the amounts due under the 2025 Credit Facility, the indenture governing the notes or our other outstanding indebtedness. This could have serious consequences to our financial position and results of operations and could cause us to become bankrupt or insolvent.

We and our subsidiaries may incur substantially more indebtedness, which could further exacerbate the risks associated with our indebtedness.

We and our subsidiaries may incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future. The terms of the instruments governing our indebtedness do not prohibit us or fully prohibit our subsidiaries from doing so. The 2025 Credit Facility permits additional borrowings beyond the committed amounts under certain circumstances. If new indebtedness is added to our current indebtedness levels, the related risks we face would increase, and we may not be able to meet all of our debt obligations.

Rating agency downgrades may increase our cost of capital.

Credit rating agencies continually review their ratings for the companies that they follow, including us. The rating agencies also evaluate our industry as a whole and may change their ratings for us based on their overall view of our industry, our performance and other factors. Rating agencies may lower their respective ratings of the notes or decide not to continue to rate the notes in their sole discretion. Any downgrade of our ratings by the rating agencies could reduce or limit our access to capital or increase our cost of capital.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock

Our Class A common stock price may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, resulting in substantial losses for investors.

Many factors, some of which are outside our control, may cause the market price of our Class A common stock to fluctuate significantly, including those described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section and this Annual Report, as well as the following:

• our operating and financial performance and prospects;

• our quarterly or annual earnings, or those of other companies in our industry, compared to market expectations;

• conditions that impact demand for our services;

• future announcements concerning our business or our competitors’ businesses;

• the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;

• coverage by or changes in financial estimates by securities analysts or our failure to meet their expectations;

• the size of our public float;

• market and industry perception of our success, or lack thereof, in pursuing our growth strategy;

• strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings, including the Restructuring Plan;

• changes in laws or regulations which adversely affect our industry or us;

• changes in trade flow and the global supply chain;

• geopolitical factors, including sanctions laws;

• changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;

• changes in our board of directors, senior management, or key personnel;

• issuances, exchanges or sales, or expected issuances, exchanges or sales of our capital stock;

• changes in our dividend policy;

• adverse resolution of new or pending litigation or other claims against us;

• changes in general market, economic and political conditions in the United States and global economies or financial markets, including those resulting from natural disasters, terrorist attacks, global pandemics, acts of war and responses to such events; and

• the other factors described in this “Part I, Item 1A Risk Factors.”

These broad market and industry factors may increase price volatility or materially reduce the market price of our Class A common stock, regardless of our operating performance. As a result, holders of our Class A common stock may suffer a loss on their investment.

In the past, stockholders have brought securities class action lawsuits following periods of market volatility or stock price declines. If we are involved in securities litigation, we could incur substantial costs, and our resources and the attention of management could be diverted from our business.

The dual class structure of our common stock may have adversely affected the trading market for our Class A common stock.

We cannot predict whether our dual class structure will result in a lower or more volatile market price of our Class A common stock, in adverse publicity or in other adverse consequences. For example, our dual class share structure makes us ineligible for inclusion in certain indices and, as a result, investment vehicles that attempt to passively track those indices may not invest in our Class A common stock. Given the sustained flow of investment funds into passive strategies that seek to track certain indices, exclusion from certain stock indices would likely preclude investment by many of these funds. These policies may therefore depress valuations of publicly traded companies excluded from such indices. We also cannot assure that other stock indices will not take similar actions.

The substantial ownership of our common stock by UL Standards & Engagement, together with the dual class structure of our common stock and UL Standards & Engagement’s governance and consent rights under our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement, concentrates voting control with UL Standards & Engagement for the foreseeable future, which limits the ability of our other investors to influence corporate matters, including the election or removal of directors and the approval or rejection of any change of control transaction.

Pursuant to our Amended Charter, our Class B common stock has ten votes per share, and our Class A common stock has one vote per share. As of December 31, 2025, UL Standards & Engagement, as the sole holder of our outstanding Class B common stock, beneficially owns 61.6% of our outstanding capital stock and holds 94.1% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. As a result, UL Standards & Engagement has control over a majority of the combined voting power

of all of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock and therefore is able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval until the earlier of 5:00 p.m. New York City time on (1) the seven year anniversary of the date of the closing of the IPO and (2) the date on which the number of outstanding shares of Class B common stock held by UL Standards & Engagement and certain permitted transferees represents less than 35% of the shares of Class B common stock that UL Standards & Engagement held immediately following the IPO (the “Sunset Date”). This concentrated control limits or precludes the ability of our other investors to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future. For example, for the foreseeable future, UL Standards & Engagement will have sufficient voting power to determine the outcome with respect to elections of directors and the composition of our board (including whether certain of our directors also hold a management or board position with UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes), amendments to our certificate of incorporation, amendments to our bylaws that are subject to a stockholder vote, increases to the number of shares available for issuance under our equity incentive plans or adoption of new equity incentive plans and approval or rejection of any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval. This concentrated control may directly or indirectly preclude us from pursuing opportunities we would otherwise pursue, including growth opportunities, which in turn may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, this concentrated control may also prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our capital stock that other stockholders may feel are in their best interest. This control may also adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock.

Furthermore, pursuant to our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement, UL Standards & Engagement is entitled to nominate up to four directors to our board based on its beneficial ownership of our common stock, and, until UL Standards & Engagement no longer beneficially owns at least 25% of the voting power of our then-outstanding voting stock, certain significant corporate actions taken by us or our subsidiaries require the prior written consent of UL Standards & Engagement. These actions include, subject to certain exceptions:

• entering into any new material line of business, excluding TIC and S&A activities;

• merging or consolidating with or into any other entity, other than in connection with certain internal restructurings or strategic transactions;

• acquiring stock or assets or entering into joint ventures, in each case involving consideration or obligations, as applicable, exceeding 15% of our equity market capitalization in any fiscal year;

• selling, transferring or disposing of assets with a book value exceeding 5% of our equity market capitalization in any fiscal year;

• issuing securities (i) at a price below fair market value, other than an underwritten public offering for cash, (ii) with rights that are senior to the rights of the holders of our Class B common stock, (iii) that would result in dilution of greater than 10% of our then-outstanding common stock, or (iv) that would result in UL Standards & Engagement beneficially owning less than a majority of our then-outstanding securities;

• repurchasing any of our securities in an amount exceeding 5% of our then-outstanding securities in any fiscal year;

• incurring indebtedness for borrowed money that would cause a downgrade of our debt securities from any of the Rating Agencies below investment grade;

• increasing the size of our board of directors to greater than 15 directors;

• hiring any CEO other than our current CEO, Ms. Jennifer Scanlon;

• paying or declaring any dividend inconsistent with our dividend policy, or modifying or amending our dividend policy;

• making a loan to any third party or purchasing any debt securities other than in connection with intercompany loans between UL Solutions and its subsidiaries; and

• amending, modifying or repealing our Amended Charter or our Amended Bylaws in a manner that disproportionately adversely affects UL Standards & Engagement.

As nonprofit entities, and in furtherance of their public safety missions, UL Research Institutes and UL Standards & Engagement collaborate with a wide variety of stakeholders, some of which may have views and interests that differ and diverge from those of us, our customers and other holders of our capital stock. For example, UL Research Institutes, which is the sole member of UL Standards & Engagement, could conduct safety-science research, the results of which may have negative implications for certain of our customers or their products. Similarly, UL Standards & Engagement could develop and publish safety standards that negatively impact certain of our customers, for example by requiring the re-design or re-engineering of products to comply with the requirements of the UL Standards & Engagement standards, which could increase our customers’ costs and delay market entry of the products. Affected customers may take actions that negatively affect our business. So long as UL Standards & Engagement continues to own a significant amount of the combined voting power of our outstanding capital stock, UL Standards & Engagement will continue to be able to strongly influence or effectively control our decisions, including potential mergers or acquisitions, asset sales and other significant corporate transactions.

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the rules of the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) and, as a result, qualify for exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. Investors do not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.

As of December 31, 2025, UL Standards & Engagement controls 94.1% of the combined voting power of our outstanding capital stock. As a result, we are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the NYSE and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including:

• the requirement that a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors;

• the requirement that our nominating and corporate governance committee be composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities;

• the requirement that our human capital and compensation committee be composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities; and

• the requirement for an annual performance evaluation of our nominating and corporate governance and human capital and compensation committees.

While we do not currently intend to take advantage of any of these exemptions, for so long as we remain a controlled company, we may at any time and from time to time utilize any or all of such exemptions. As a result, our board of directors and committees may have more directors who do not meet the NYSE’s independence standards than they would if those standards were to apply. The independence standards are intended to ensure that directors who meet the standards are free of any conflicting interest that could influence their actions as directors. Accordingly, our stockholders may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the NYSE.

If UL Standards & Engagement sells a controlling interest in us to a third party in a private transaction, investors may not realize any change-of-control premium on shares of our Class A common stock and we may become subject to the control of a presently unknown third party.

As of December 31, 2025, UL Standards & Engagement beneficially owns 61.6% of our outstanding common stock and controls 94.1% of the combined voting power of our outstanding common stock. UL Standards & Engagement may sell some or all of its shares of our common stock in a privately negotiated transaction, which, if sufficient in size, could result in a change of control. The ability of UL Standards & Engagement to privately sell its shares of our common stock, without a concurrent offer to public stockholders, could prevent investors from realizing any change-of-control premium on shares of our common stock that may otherwise accrue to UL Standards & Engagement. UL Standards & Engagement may pursue such sales to raise proceeds for its public safety mission or if it otherwise determines a sale transaction is in its best interests. The timing and amount of any such transaction may be based on the funding needs of UL Standards & Engagement and could be executed at a time or times that may not be in the best interests of us and our other stockholders. Subject to applicable law, UL Standards & Engagement is entitled to sell shares of our Class A common stock at a time or times and in such amounts that it determines to be in its best interests. Additionally, if UL Standards & Engagement privately sells its significant equity interest in us, we may become subject to the control of a presently unknown third party that may have conflicts of interest with those of our other stockholders. In addition, if UL Standards & Engagement sells a controlling interest in us to a third party, our outstanding indebtedness may be subject to acceleration, our liquidity could be impaired and our third-party commercial agreements and relationships could be impacted. Any resulting change in control could also have a negative effect on our various agreements with UL Standards & Engagement, including with respect to our access to UL

Standards & Engagement’s library of standards, any of which could adversely affect our ability to run our business and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Conflicts of interest may arise because certain of our directors hold, or may in the future hold, a management or board position with UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes.

We are controlled by UL Standards & Engagement, of which UL Research Institutes is the sole member. UL Research Institutes is focused on the research and exploration of, and communication about, threats to human safety, and UL Standards & Engagement is focused on the translation of research insights into practical innovations to advance human safety through the development of safety standards and proactive communication, advocacy and policy initiatives related thereto. From time to time, certain of our directors are, and may become, trustees, directors or officers of UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes. In particular, as of the date of this Annual Report, James M. Shannon and Elisabeth Tørstad serve as members of the board of trustees of UL Research Institutes and as members of the board of directors of UL Standards & Engagement, with Mr. Shannon serving as the chairman of such board of directors, and James P. Dollive and George A. Williams serve as members of the board of trustees of UL Research Institutes, with Mr. Williams serving as the chairman of such board of trustees. The interests of any such director in UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes and us could create, or appear to create, conflicts of interest with respect to decisions involving both us and UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes that could have different implications for them and us. Conflicts of interest could also arise if we enter into any new arrangements with UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes in the future.

Provisions of our Amended Charter and Amended Bylaws as well as certain of our policies address corporate opportunities that are presented to any of our directors who, from time to time, are also trustees, directors or officers of UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes. For example, our Amended Charter provides that the doctrine of “corporate opportunity” does not apply with respect to UL Standards & Engagement, any of its directors, officers or employees or any of its or their affiliates (other than UL Solutions and its subsidiaries). The doctrine of corporate opportunity generally provides that a corporate fiduciary may not develop an opportunity using corporate resources, acquire an interest adverse to that of the corporation or acquire property that is reasonably incident to the present or prospective business of the corporation or in which the corporation has a present or expectancy interest, unless that opportunity is first presented to the corporation and the corporation chooses not to pursue that opportunity. Because the doctrine of “corporate opportunity” does not apply with respect to UL Standards & Engagement, any of its directors, officers or employees or any of its or their affiliates (other than UL Solutions and its subsidiaries), each such “exempt person” has no duty to communicate or present certain corporate opportunities to us, and has the right to either hold such corporate opportunity for their (and their affiliates’) own account and benefit or to recommend, assign or otherwise transfer such corporate opportunity to persons other than us, including to any director or stockholder who is not employed by us or our subsidiaries. As a result, UL Standards & Engagement, its directors, officers or employees or any of its or their affiliates (other than UL Solutions and its subsidiaries) are not prohibited from operating or investing in competing businesses.

We cannot guarantee that our Amended Charter, Amended Bylaws or policies adequately address potential conflicts of interest, that potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in our favor or that we will be able to take advantage of corporate opportunities presented to any such individual who is a trustee or director of both us and UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes. As a result, we may find ourselves in competition with UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes, and we may be precluded from pursuing certain advantageous transactions or growth initiatives.

Our inability to resolve in a manner favorable to us any potential conflicts or disputes that arise between us and UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes with respect to our past and ongoing relationships could materially adversely affect our business and prospects.

Potential conflicts or disputes may arise between UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes and us in a number of areas relating to our past or ongoing relationships, including:

• our dividend policy or potential future share repurchase policy;

• UL Research Institutes’ research activities and the business or interests of our customers;

• intellectual property or other proprietary rights, including the use of our brand;

• joint communications and branding activities with either or both entities;

• operational activities related to support services provided by us to UL Standards & Engagement and UL Research Institutes, including information technology, human resources, benefits, finance and accounting, shared real estate, legal and other services;

• business opportunities that may be attractive to us and either entity;

• the nature, quality and pricing of services either entity has agreed, or may in the future agree, to provide us;

• tax, employee benefit, indemnification and other matters arising from our relationship with either entity;

• business combinations involving us;

• any matters over which UL Standards & Engagement will have consent rights pursuant to our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement; and

• the terms of the current or future agreements between us and UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes.

Any such conflicts or disputes, if not satisfactorily resolved, could have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects. The resolution of any potential conflicts or disputes between us and UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes over these or other matters may be less favorable to us than the resolution we might achieve if we were dealing with an unaffiliated third party. Furthermore, the agreements we have entered into with UL Standards & Engagement and UL Research Institutes are of varying durations and may be amended upon agreement of the parties. For so long as we are controlled by UL Standards & Engagement, we may be unable to negotiate renewals or amendments to these agreements, if required, on terms as favorable to us as those we would be able to negotiate with an unaffiliated third party.

In connection with our IPO, we entered into a Stockholder Agreement with UL Standards & Engagement, pursuant to which UL Standards & Engagement has certain information, consent and other governance rights that give UL Standards & Engagement significant influence over certain of our corporate and governance matters. The consent, board designation and related rights are also contained in our Amended Charter.

There can be no assurance that we will continue to declare cash dividends or repurchase our shares at all or in any particular amounts.

Payment of quarterly dividends or repurchase of our shares are subject to capital availability and periodic determinations by our board of directors that cash dividends are in the best interest of our stockholders and are in compliance with all laws and agreements applicable to the declaration and payment of cash dividends by us. Our dividend payments and share repurchases may change from time to time based on, among other factors: our views on potential future capital requirements for investments, including acquisitions; legal risks; stock repurchase programs; changes in federal and state income tax laws or corporate laws; contractual restrictions; and changes to our business model. We cannot provide assurance that we will continue to declare dividends or repurchase shares at all or in any particular amounts. A reduction or suspension in our dividend payments could have a negative effect on our stock price. Additionally, under our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement, until UL Standards & Engagement no longer beneficially owns at least 25% of the voting power of our then-outstanding voting stock, we are restricted from paying or declaring any dividend or other distribution that is inconsistent with our current dividend policy, or modifying or amending our dividend policy, without the prior written consent of UL Standards & Engagement.

Distributions we pay on our Class A common stock may not qualify as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which could adversely affect the U.S. federal income tax consequences to you of owning our Class A common stock.

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, a distribution we pay on a share of our Class A common stock generally will be treated as a dividend to the extent the distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Our accumulated earnings and profits as of December 31, 2023 were zero. While we generated earnings and profits for U.S. federal income tax purposes in 2024 and 2025, and we expect to generate earnings and profits for such purposes in subsequent tax years, our ability to generate such earnings and profits in any year may be impacted by external or other factors that are difficult to predict. Any distribution (or portion of a distribution) not constituting a dividend will be treated as first reducing your adjusted basis in your shares of our Class A common stock and, to the extent that the distribution exceeds your adjusted basis in your shares of our Class A common stock, as gain from the

sale or exchange of such shares. In addition, if you are a domestic corporation, you will not be entitled to claim a “dividends-received” deduction, which may apply to dividends received from other domestic corporations.

We may issue shares of preferred stock in the future, which could make it difficult for another company to acquire us or could otherwise adversely affect holders of our Class A common stock, which could depress the price of our Class A common stock.

Our Amended Charter authorizes us to issue one or more series of preferred stock. Our board of directors has the authority to determine the powers, designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, of the shares of preferred stock and to fix the number of shares constituting any series, without any further vote or action by our stockholders, except as set forth in our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement. Our preferred stock could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to the rights of our Class A common stock. The potential issuance of preferred stock may delay or prevent a change in control of us, which could discourage bids for our Class A common stock at a premium to the market price, and may materially and adversely affect the market price and the voting and other rights of the holders of our Class A common stock.

Future sales and issuances of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock or rights to purchase our Class A common stock or Class B common stock (or other equity securities or securities convertible into our Class A common stock), including pursuant to our equity incentive plans, or the perception of future sales, by us, UL Standards & Engagement or our other existing stockholders in the public market could result in dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause the market price for our Class A common stock to decline.

The sale of substantial amounts of shares of our Class A common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur, could harm the prevailing market price of shares of our Class A common stock or make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price we deem appropriate. Sales of our Class A common stock made as restrictions on resale end or made pursuant to registration rights may make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through offerings of our shares of Class A common stock or other securities. As of December 31, 2025, we had 77,270,964 shares of Class A common stock and 123,755,000 shares of Class B common stock outstanding. Shares of our Class B common stock are convertible into an equivalent number of shares of our Class A common stock and generally convert into shares of our Class A common stock upon transfer. All shares of Class B common stock outstanding are owned by UL Standards & Engagement.

In addition, pursuant to our registration rights agreement with UL Standards & Engagement, dated as of April 2, 2024 (the “Registration Rights Agreement”), UL Standards & Engagement has certain registration rights, including the right, subject to certain conditions, to require us to register the offer and sale of its shares of our Class A common stock under the Securities Act (including shares of Class A common stock issuable upon conversion of outstanding shares of Class B common stock). As of December 31, 2025, the shares covered by registration rights represent approximately 61.6% of our outstanding common stock. Registration of any of these outstanding shares of Class A common stock or shares of Class A common stock issuable upon conversion of outstanding shares of Class B common stock would result in such shares becoming freely tradable without compliance with Rule 144 of the Securities Act upon effectiveness of the registration statement, which could cause the prevailing market price of our Class A common stock to decline. Subject to the Registration Rights Agreement and applicable law, UL Standards & Engagement will determine the timing and amount of such sales, which determination may be based upon UL Standards & Engagement’s funding needs or other factors UL Standards & Engagement deems relevant to the furtherance of its public safety mission or otherwise in its best interests, and such sales could be executed by UL Standards & Engagement at a time or times that otherwise may not align with our interests or the interests of our other stockholders.

Future transfers, including sales, by UL Standards & Engagement of shares of Class B common stock will generally result in those shares automatically converting into shares of Class A common stock, subject to limited exceptions. The conversion of Class B common stock into Class A common stock as a result of such transfers or exchanges would dilute holders of Class A common stock in terms of voting power within the Class A common stock.

From time to time in the future, subject to our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement, including UL Standards & Engagement’s consent rights thereunder, we are also permitted to issue additional shares of our Class A common stock or securities convertible into Class A common stock, including additional shares of our Class B common stock, pursuant to a variety of transactions, including investments and acquisitions, which would dilute our existing stockholders’ ownership. The sale of a significant amount of such shares in the public market or otherwise could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our Class A common stock. We regularly evaluate potential investment and acquisition opportunities, including ones that

would be significant to us. The issuance of additional securities in connection with an investment or acquisition could constitute a material portion of our then-outstanding shares of Class A common stock.

We have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant costs as a result of being a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to compliance with our public company responsibilities and corporate governance practices.

We have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant costs associated with corporate governance requirements that are applicable to us as a public company, including rules and regulations of the SEC, under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2022 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and the Exchange Act, as well as under the rules of the NYSE. These rules and regulations significantly increase our accounting, legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time consuming. We cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we will incur as a public company or the timing of such costs.

We also expect these rules and regulations to make it more expensive for us to maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. In addition, our management team must devote substantial attention to interacting with public company analysts and investors and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies, which may divert attention away from the day-to-day management of our business. Increases in costs incurred or diversion of management’s attention as a result of being a publicly traded company may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As a public reporting company, we are subject to rules and regulations established from time to time by the SEC regarding our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, or report them in a timely manner.

As a public reporting company, we are subject to the rules and regulations established from time to time by the SEC and the NYSE. These rules and regulations require, among other things, that we establish and periodically evaluate procedures with respect to our internal control over financial reporting. Reporting obligations as a public company place a considerable strain on our financial and management systems, processes, and controls, as well as on our personnel.

In addition, as a public company, we are required to document and test our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act so that our management can certify as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. The process of reviewing and improving our internal control is both costly and challenging and may also require substantial attention from our management team, which could negatively impact other matters that are important to our business.

If our senior management is unable to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting, or to certify the effectiveness of such controls, and our independent registered public accounting firm cannot render an unqualified opinion on management’s assessment and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting at such time as it is required to do so, and material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting are identified, we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny, a loss of public and investor confidence and litigation from investors and stockholders, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we do not maintain adequate financial and management personnel, processes and controls, we may not be able to manage our business effectively or accurately report our financial performance on a timely basis, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the SEC, the NYSE or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources.

Anti-takeover provisions in our governing documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of our company more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management and depress the market price of our Class A common stock.

Our Amended Charter, Amended Bylaws, Stockholder Agreement and Delaware law contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors. For example, our Amended Charter provides that, from and after the Sunset Date:

• our board of directors will be classified so that not all of our directors are elected at one time;

• subject to the Stockholder Agreement, directors may only be removed for cause and only by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the voting power of our outstanding common stock at a meeting duly called for that purpose;

• our stockholders may not act without a meeting or by written consent, which may lengthen the amount of time required to take stockholder actions;

• special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by the chairperson of our board of directors, our CEO or our board of directors (not by stockholders); and

• the adoption, repeal, alteration, amendment or rescission of either our Amended Charter or our Amended Bylaws will require the approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting power of the outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of our directors.

These provisions, as well as anti-takeover provisions in our other governing documents, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management.

As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), which prevents interested stockholders, such as certain stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock, from engaging in certain business combinations for a period of 3 years following the time that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless (i) prior to the time such stockholder became an interested stockholder, the board approved the transaction that resulted in such stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, (ii) upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in such stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned 85% of the voting stock of the Company outstanding at the time the transaction commenced (excluding certain shares) or (iii) following board approval, the business combination receives the approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of our outstanding common stock not owned by such interested stockholder. Our Amended Charter provides that, until the Sunset Date, we are not governed by Section 203 of the DGCL, and from and after the Sunset Date, we will be governed by Section 203 of the DGCL.

In addition, pursuant to our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement, until UL Standards & Engagement no longer beneficially owns at least 25% of the voting power of our then-outstanding voting stock, certain significant corporate actions taken by us or our subsidiaries require the prior written consent of UL Standards & Engagement, subject to certain exceptions.

Any provision of our Amended Charter, Amended Bylaws, Stockholder Agreement or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our Class A common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our Class A common stock.

Our Amended Charter provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, and federal district courts are the sole and exclusive forum for Securities Act claims, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our Amended Charter provides that, unless we consent to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for: (a) any derivative action, suit or proceeding brought on our behalf; (b) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our current or former directors, officers or other employees or stockholders to us or to our stockholders, creditors or other constituents; (c) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim arising pursuant to the DGCL, our Amended Charter or Amended Bylaws, or as to which the DGCL confers exclusive jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware; or (d) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine; provided that the exclusive forum provisions do not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act, or to any claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Pursuant to the Exchange Act, claims arising thereunder must be brought in federal district courts of the United States.

Our Amended Charter further provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts are the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder; accordingly, we cannot be certain that a court would enforce such provision. The choice of forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability

to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our current or former directors, officers or other employees or stockholders, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our current or former directors, officers and other employees or stockholders. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provisions contained in our Amended Charter to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If securities analysts do not continue to publish research or reports about our company, or if they issue unfavorable commentary about us or our industry or downgrade our Class A common stock, the price of our Class A common stock could decline.

The trading market for our Class A common stock depends in part on the research and reports that third-party securities analysts publish about our company and our industry. If one or more analysts cease coverage of our company, we could lose visibility in the market. In addition, one or more of these analysts could downgrade our Class A common stock or issue other negative commentary about our company or our industry. As a result of one or more of these factors, the price or trading volume of our Class A common stock could decline. In addition, if we fail to meet the expectations and forecasts for our business provided by securities analysts, the price of our Class A common stock could decline.

If our operating and financial performance in any given period does not meet the guidance that we provide to the public, the market price of our Class A common stock may decline.

We currently intend to continue, but are not obligated and in the future may cease, to provide public guidance on our expected operating and financial results for future periods. Any such guidance will be comprised of forward-looking statements subject to the risks and uncertainties described in this Annual Report and in our other public filings and public statements. Our actual results may not always be in line with or exceed any guidance we have provided, especially in times of economic uncertainty. If, in the future, our operating or financial results for a particular period do not meet any guidance we provide or the expectations of investment analysts, or if we reduce our guidance for future periods, the market price of our Class A common stock may decline.

Financial, Tax and General Risks

Changes in tax laws or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our tax returns or those of UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our effective tax rate could also change materially as a result of various evolving factors, including changes in income tax law or changes in the scope of our operations.

We are subject to federal, state and local income and other taxes in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions because of the scope of our operations. In addition, we are controlled by UL Standards & Engagement, of which UL Research Institutes is the sole member, and UL Research Institutes may be deemed to control UL Standards & Engagement.

For U.S. federal tax purposes, UL Standards & Engagement and UL Research Institutes are tax-exempt entities, and, in the future, UL Research Institutes may likely become a “private foundation.” In general, private foundations are prohibited from engaging in acts of “self-dealing” with “disqualified persons,” each as defined under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and disqualified persons engaged in self-dealing transactions are subject to additional excise taxes. If UL Research Institutes becomes a private foundation, UL Standards & Engagement will become a disqualified person with respect to it if UL Standards & Engagement makes significant grants or contributions to UL Research Institutes. At that time, UL Solutions would also become a disqualified person if it is more than 35% (determined by voting power) owned by UL Standards & Engagement. Transactions between UL Research Institutes or UL Standards & Engagement, on the one hand, and UL Solutions (as a disqualified person), on the other hand, may be subject to the rules governing self-dealing transactions.

From time to time, U.S. federal, state, local and foreign governments make substantive changes to tax rules and the application thereof, which could result in materially different corporate taxes than would be incurred under existing tax law or interpretation and could adversely impact profitability. Governments have strengthened their efforts to increase revenues through changes in local tax laws, and international agreements, including laws and agreements regarding the taxation of software as services, transfer pricing, economic presence and apportionment of income to determine the tax base. In addition, international tax norms governing each country’s jurisdiction to tax cross-border international trade have evolved partly due to the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (“BEPS”) project led by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and supported by the G20, under which members of the inclusive framework on BEPS have committed to implementing a two-pillar plan to reform international taxation rules. The first pillar is focused on the allocation of taxing

rights between countries for in-scope multinational enterprises that sell goods and services into countries with little or no local physical presence and is intended to apply to multinational enterprises with global revenues above €20 billion (“Pillar One”). The second pillar is focused on developing a global minimum tax rate of at least 15% applicable to in-scope multinational enterprises and is intended to apply to multinational enterprises with annual consolidated group revenue in excess of €750 million (“Pillar Two”). Pillar One remains under negotiation by the members of the inclusive framework, and we are monitoring the developments. Aspects of Pillar Two rules have been enacted as legislation in several countries in which we operate. Although the overall impact of such legislation on our global effective tax rate for 2024 was not significant, our 2025 effective tax rate has increased to 26.6%. Subsequent periods may also be impacted by aspects of Pillar Two legislation. We will continue to monitor the impacts of Pillar Two rules as they continue to be refined by the OECD and implemented by various national governments, including a possible exemption for U.S. headquartered companies.

Furthermore, U.S. federal income tax law has undergone significant reform in recent years, including as a result of the enactment of the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 and the One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025. Changes in laws, including through implementing regulations, or any change in the position of tax authorities regarding their application, administration or interpretation could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Consequently, significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes. Our future effective tax rates and the value of our deferred tax assets could be adversely affected by changes in tax laws. In addition, changes in the scope of our operations, including expansion in existing and new geographies, could increase the amount of taxes to which we are subject, and could thereby increase our effective tax rate. We also are subject to the examination of our income tax returns and other tax authorities in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions. We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from such examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes and reserves for other taxes. Although we believe we have made appropriate provisions for taxes in the jurisdictions in which we operate, changes in tax laws, or challenges from tax authorities under existing tax laws could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our insurance may not provide adequate levels of coverage against claims or we may be unable to find insurance with sufficient coverage at a reasonable cost.

We believe that we maintain insurance customary for businesses of our size and type. However, there are types of losses we may incur that cannot be insured against or that we believe are not economically reasonable to insure, and there are certain markets in which we operate that require us to take on more risk. For example, we work with customers, such as technology companies and original equipment manufacturers, operating in the autonomous vehicle market who often demand uncapped liability for claims related to their proprietary information, such as trade secret claims or claims for breach of confidentiality. Moreover, if we do not make policy payments on a timely basis, we could lose our insurance coverage, or if a loss is incurred that exceeds policy limits, our insurance provider could refuse to cover our claims, which could result in increased costs. If we are unable to make claims on our insurance, then we may be liable for any such claims, which could cause us to incur significant liabilities. Although we believe that we have adequate coverage, if we lose our insurance coverage and are unable to find similar coverage elsewhere or if rates continue to increase, it may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our enterprise risk management program may not sufficiently identify, anticipate and mitigate risks.

We maintain an enterprise risk management program that is designed to identify, assess, mitigate and monitor the risks we face. There can be no assurance that our frameworks or models for assessing and managing risks and related controls will effectively mitigate risk and limit losses in all market environments or against all types of known and unknown risk in our business. If conditions or circumstances arise that expose flaws or gaps in our risk management programs, the performance and value of our business could be materially adversely affected.

We may incur impairment charges on our goodwill and other intangible assets, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to Accounting Standards Codification Topic 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other , which requires that goodwill be evaluated at least annually for impairment, or more frequently if an event occurs or conditions change that would indicate it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying amount. In addition, we are subject to Accounting Standards Codification Topic 360, Property, Plant and Equipment , which requires that long-lived assets, including intangible assets with finite useful lives, be evaluated for impairment whenever an event occurs or conditions change that indicate the carrying amount of the asset group may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of our goodwill and other intangible assets at December 31, 2025 was $704 million. If in the future we determine that there has been

an impairment, our financial results for the relevant period would be reduced by the amount of the non-cash impairment charge, net of any income tax effects, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, we identified a triggering event and performed a quantitative impairment assessment for a reporting unit in the Consumer segment, which resulted in a pre-tax impairment charge of $37 million. This partial impairment charge was the result of lower than expected demand for Non-certification Testing and Other Services in the mobility industry, which was impacted by auto industry conditions in the third quarter of 2023, including slowing of the pace of electric vehicle transition, labor uncertainties and the impact of more moderate growth expectations for the business. At December 31, 2025, the remaining goodwill related to this reporting unit was no longer considered at risk of further impairment.

We may incur changes in estimates to our reported revenue, contract assets and contract liabilities related to our contracts with customers. Changes in our estimates could adversely affect our future reported financial condition and results of operations in the relevant period of change.

We recognize revenue for certain performance obligations over time in accordance with ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) , and related standards (“ASC 606”). Changes in contract estimates are recognized prospectively in the period in which the change in estimates are made. We continuously assess these steps for contracts with customers using the information available.

For our Certification Testing and Non-certification Testing and Other Services arrangements recognized over time, we measure progress towards completion of these contracts based on the relationship between the time elapsed of each project phase relative to the expected duration of that phase. The portion of a project’s revenue to be recognized is determined based on the time elapsed between the start-date of each project phase relative to its estimated duration. The start date of each phase is based on the date that work begins on the phase and the estimated duration is determined using an analysis of historical data from similar projects.

In the future, as the information that we use to determine the expected duration of each revenue phase changes, this could result in changes to the pattern of revenue recognition of our contracts and the corresponding contract assets and contract liabilities recorded to date under ASC 606. If, in the future, we determine it is appropriate to revise our estimates used in the over-time recognition model, our reported revenue, contract assets and contract liabilities for the relevant period could be impacted by the amount of the non-cash adjustment, net of any income tax effects. Any such change in estimate could be significant and could have a material adverse effect on our reported financial condition and results of operations in the period of the change.

Changes with respect to funded status of our pension and postretirement benefit plans could materially increase liabilities with respect thereto.

We provide a range of benefits to our employees and retired employees, as well as employees and retired employees of UL Research Institutes and UL Standards & Engagement, including pension and postretirement benefits. We record amounts relating to these plans based on various actuarial and other assumptions. Differences in actual experience or changes in the assumptions, including resulting from external factors, may materially affect the funded status of the plans and the net periodic benefit cost. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” for more information.

Unionization efforts and labor regulations in certain countries in which we operate could materially increase our costs or limit our flexibility.

Certain of our employees in non-U.S. markets are represented by works councils or labor unions and work under collective bargaining or similar agreements, some of which are subject to periodic renegotiation. Unionization efforts, labor negotiations, new collective bargaining agreements or work stoppages could materially increase our costs, reduce our net revenues or limit our flexibility. Certain legal and contractual obligations in these markets require us to contribute amounts to retirement funds, pension plans and health plans, and restrict our ability to dismiss employees. Future regulations or court interpretations established in the countries in which we conduct our operations could increase our costs and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We lease many of our facilities, and we may be unable to renew our leases at the end of their terms.

Many of our facilities are located on leased premises. The terms of our leases vary in length and include options to renew for specified periods of time. At the end of the lease term and any renewal period for a facility, we may be unable to renew the lease without substantial additional cost, if at all. If we are unable to renew our facility leases, we may be required to relocate or close a facility. Relocating a facility involves significant expense in connection with the movement and installation of specialized equipment and any necessary recertification or licensing with regulatory authorities. Closing a facility, even briefly to relocate, would reduce the revenue that such facility would have contributed and could negatively impact our customer relations. Any such relocation or closure could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As a multinational company, we conduct our business in a variety of markets and are therefore subject to market risk for changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Instability in global financial markets or other events, such as geopolitical conflicts and other geopolitical developments, could cause fluctuations in exchange rates that may adversely affect our revenues, expenses and net earnings. As a result of our global operations, we generate a significant portion of our revenue and incur a significant portion of our expenses in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the euro, the Japanese yen, the Chinese renminbi, the New Taiwan dollar, the Korean won and the British pound sterling. Our results of operations are impacted by currency exchange rate fluctuations to the extent that we are unable to match net revenues received in foreign currencies with expenses incurred in the same currency. For example, where we have significantly more expenses than net revenues generated in a foreign currency, our profit from operations in that location would be adversely affected in the event that the U.S. dollar depreciates against that foreign currency. Our results of operations are also exposed to foreign currency exchange risk related to intercompany loan and operating balances between subsidiaries that are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the euro, Korean won and the Japanese yen. A transaction made in a currency that differs from the local entity’s functional currency is first remeasured at the entity’s functional currency. Such changes in foreign currency exchange rates could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis includes a comparison of the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and liquidity and capital resources for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and the related notes which are included in this Annual Report. For a comparison of our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity and capital resources for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on February 20, 2025, which discussion is incorporated herein by reference. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties about the Company’s business and operations. The Company’s actual results and the timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those the Company describes under “Risk Factors” in Part I Item 1A of this Annual Report. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Additionally, the Company’s historical results are

not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future. The Company has reclassified certain amounts in prior period financial statements to conform to the current period’s presentation.

References to “UL Solutions” and the “Company” refer to UL Solutions Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries as a whole, unless the context otherwise requires.

Business Overview

UL Solutions is a global safety science leader with a distinguished and trusted brand that dates back to its founding in 1894 as part of the nonprofit Underwriters Electrical Bureau, a predecessor to Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (“UL Research Institutes”), ULSE Inc. (“UL Standards & Engagement”) and UL Solutions. As of December 31, 2025, the Company provided independent third-party testing, inspection and certification (“TIC”) services and related software and advisory (“S&A”) offerings to more than 80,000 customers in over 110 countries. UL Solutions is the largest TIC services provider headquartered in North America (by revenue), and it maintains a leadership position across additional global markets, including Europe and Asia.

The Company conducts its operations across four major service categories: (1) Certification Testing of products, components and systems according to standards and regulatory requirements and other design and performance specifications; (2) Ongoing Certification Services to validate the ongoing compliance of previously certified products, components and systems; (3) Non-certification Testing and Other Services, which includes performance testing for customer or other requirements that may not be required by any regulation and may not result in a certification, as well as other services, including advisory and technical services; and (4) Software, comprising software as a service (“SaaS”) and license-based software solutions, including implementation and training services related to software.

The Company’s primary addressable market is the highly fragmented outsourced product TIC market, where the Company provides (1) testing, inspection and certification services for a wide array of products, components, assets and supply chains in the consumer and industrial end markets, and (2) emerging product lifecycle services, asset and sustainability performance advisory and supply chain services. Demand for outsourced TIC services is increasing across the markets the Company serves as a result of new emerging technologies, evolving global safety regulations and standards, increases in global trade and shorter product lifecycles. With more than 650 technical accreditations and the ability to test and certify against more than 4,000 global standards, the Company believes it is positioned to benefit from ongoing demand growth within the Company’s addressable market. Additionally, as the global economy evolves and becomes more digital and inter-connected, the Company’s customers continue to seek ways to bridge their traditional TIC needs with next generation software and services. The Company believes that its complementary TIC and S&A offerings position it to capitalize on this market need and better serve its customers.

Since January 1, 2024, the Company has completed the following acquisitions and divestitures, including those that impact the comparability of results between periods:

• In July 2024, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding stock of TesTneT Engineering GmbH (together with its subsidiaries, “TesTneT”) for approximately $19 million. TesTneT is a Germany-based company that provides testing services for various hydrogen storage systems, refueling stations and their components. The results of operations of TesTneT are included in the Industrial segment since the date of acquisition.

• In May 2024, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding stock of Batterielngenieure GmbH (together with its subsidiaries, “Batterielngenieure”) for approximately $12 million. Batterielngenieure is a Germany-based battery testing company that was, at the time of acquisition, in the process of building a laboratory in Aachen, Germany to replace the leased facility it was using and to add testing and simulation capacity. The results of operations of Batterielngenieure are included in the Industrial segment since the date of acquisition.

• In May 2024, the Company completed the sale of its payments testing business to an affiliate of Gallant Capital Partners, for a base price of $29 million. The business performed Software and Non-certification Testing and Other Services and the results of operations were included in the Industrial segment until the date of divestiture. The divestiture resulted in a pre-tax gain on sale of $24 million, which was recorded within other (expense) income, net in the Company’s consolidated results of operations.

In February 2026, the Company signed a definitive agreement to sell its Employee Health and Safety software business in the Company’s Risk & Compliance Software segment to an affiliate of Peak Rock Capital, a private investment firm, for a base

purchase price of $210 million in cash, subject to customary post-closing adjustments. The transaction is expected to close in the second quarter of 2026, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions.

Recently, the geopolitical environment and attendant increased levels of uncertainty have caused, and may continue to cause, the Company’s customers to modify, delay or cancel plans to purchase services. Accordingly, ongoing uncertainty related to the current geopolitical environment and the associated unpredictability of the macroeconomic environment could have an adverse effect on various aspects of the Company’s business in the future, including its results of operations and financial condition. The Company is unable at this time to reasonably determine any future negative impacts from reduced or delayed customer testing or product development as a result of uncertainty that may result from the current geopolitical environment.

The Company’s Segments

UL Solutions reports its financial results through three segments: Industrial, Consumer and Software and Advisory. Effective beginning in the first quarter of 2026, the Company reorganized its segments to be consistent with how the Chief Executive Officer will evaluate business performance and allocate resources. The amounts and discussions included within this Form 10-K reflect the Company’s segment structure that existed through the end of 2025. Refer to Item 8, “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements”, Note 22, “Subsequent Events” for further details.

Industrial

Industrial is a segment of the Company’s TIC business. This segment represented 44% of the Company’s consolidated revenue for both the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company generates revenue in this segment primarily through three major service categories: Certification Testing; Ongoing Certification Services; and Non-certification Testing and Other Services. The Industrial segment provides TIC services to help ensure that the Company’s customers’ industrial products meet or exceed international standards for product safety, performance and sustainability. The Industrial segment provides services that address needs across a number of end markets, including energy, industrial automation, engineered materials (plastics and wire and cable) and built environment, and across a variety of stakeholders, including manufacturers, building and asset owners, end users and regulators. The Company believes the products it tests, certifies and inspects in this segment generally represent very high cost of failure components, which in turn drives customers in this segment to choose UL Solutions based on its deep technical expertise, consistency and quality of service.

Consumer

Consumer is a segment of the Company’s TIC business. This segment represented 43% of the Company’s consolidated revenue for both the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company generates revenue in this reportable segment primarily through three major service categories: Certification Testing; Ongoing Certification Services; and Non-certification Testing and Other Services. The Consumer segment provides a variety of global product market acceptance and risk mitigation services for customers in the consumer products end market, including consumer electronics, medical devices, information technologies, appliances, HVAC, lighting, retail (softlines and hardlines) and emerging consumer applications, including new mobility, smart products and 5G. The primary services offered by this segment include safety certification testing, ongoing certification, global market access, testing for connectivity, performance and quality and critical systems advisory and training.

Software and Advisory

The Software and Advisory segment provides complementary software and advisory solutions that extend the value proposition of TIC services the Company offers. This segment represented 13% of the Company’s consolidated revenue for both the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company generates revenue in this segment through two major service categories: Software and Non-certification Testing and Other Services. The software and technical advisory offerings enable the Company’s customers to manage complex regulatory requirements, deliver supply chain transparency and operationalize sustainability.

Components of the Company’s Results of Operations

Revenue

The Company generates revenue from the services it provides to customers through the following service categories.

Certification Testing

The Company evaluates products, components and systems according to global or regional regulatory requirements and other design and performance specifications. Select certification testing services include testing to global or regional standards, engineering evaluation and project review and functional safety testing of embedded software. Certification testing services generally align with the new product development cycle and help customers mitigate risk, demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements and deliver confidence to businesses and consumers, resulting in demand for ongoing certification services. As a result of the certification process, the Company may authorize its customers to use the Company’s certification marks, including the UL Mark, on their products, packaging and marketing collateral as part of their manufacturing, distribution and marketing processes to demonstrate to the marketplace that their product has met the applicable requirements. Certification testing services often lead to ongoing certification services to support the continued safety, compliance and performance objectives of the customer.

Ongoing Certification Services

To maintain the right to use the Company’s certification marks, including the UL Mark, and meet certain regulatory requirements, the Company’s customers must meet certain certification program requirements, including mandatory inspection and monitoring by the Company. These requirements, addressed through standard certification and inspection services, are designed to validate the continued compliance of the Company’s customers’ previously certified products, components and systems. Services are delivered through periodic inspections, initial and follow-up audits, sample testing and UL Solutions label usage. The frequency and combination of these services can vary based on product, component or system type, production volume and historical risk-based customer compliance. These ongoing certification services are designed and executed to help the Company’s customers confirm ongoing compliance and to help protect the integrity of the UL Mark. Select services include factory inspection and testing to confirm products that are being produced match the configuration of products that were tested and certified.

Non-certification Testing and Other Services

The Company offers testing services to address performance and other requirements that may not be required by any regulation and may not result in a certification, but are still desired by the Company’s customers to help ensure the safety, performance and reliability of their products. Select services include on-site and remote inspections, audits and field engineering specialty services, testing for energy efficiency, wireless and electromagnetic compatibility, quality, chemical and reliability for customers in medical devices, information technologies, appliances, HVAC and lighting. For retail and consumer customers, the Company offers testing such as color-matching, sensory, emissions and flame resistance. Lastly, the Company offers advisory and technical services to support the Company’s customers in managing their safety, compliance, regulatory risk and sustainability programs.

Software

The Company provides SaaS and license-based software solutions, including implementation and training services related to software, to enable the Company’s customers to manage complex regulatory requirements, deliver supply chain transparency and operationalize sustainability. The Company’s SaaS and licensed software solutions provide data-driven product stewardship, chemicals management, supply chain insights, environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) data and reporting, environmental, health and safety (“EHS”) training, management and compliance, and additional regulatory driven software solutions.

Components of Revenue Change

The Company uses Organic, Acquisition / Divestiture and FX to explain the change in revenue from period to period. Revenue change is calculated as the percentage change in revenue in one period relative to the prior period’s revenue and is a key financial measure that the Company uses to manage its business. The Company defines these components of revenue as follows:

“Organic” reflects revenue change in a given period excluding Acquisition / Divestiture and FX in that same period, expressed in dollars or as a percentage of revenue in the prior period.

“Acquisition / Divestiture” is calculated as revenue change in a given period related to acquisitions or disposals of businesses using prior period exchange rates, expressed in dollars or as a percentage of revenue in the prior period. Revenues from an

acquisition or disposal are measured as Acquisition / Divestiture for the initial twelve-month period following the acquisition or disposal date. Subsequently, the revenue impact from the acquired or disposed business is measured as Organic.

“FX” reflects the impact that foreign currency exchange rates have on revenue in a given period, expressed in dollars or as a percentage of revenue in the prior period. The Company uses constant currency to calculate the FX impact on revenue in a given period by translating current period revenues at prior period exchange rates, expressed as a percentage of revenue in the prior period.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue includes employee compensation consisting of salaries, incentives, stock-based compensation and other benefits for employees directly attributable to revenue generation across each of the Company’s four major service categories. In addition, cost of revenue includes services and materials expenses including occupancy and facility-related costs for laboratories and other buildings where testing and inspection services are performed, customer-related travel costs, expenses related to third-party contractors or third-party facilities and consumable materials and supplies used in testing and inspection and other costs associated with generating revenue. Cost of revenue also includes depreciation on equipment used in testing and amortization of capitalized software sold to customers.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses include employee compensation consisting of salaries, incentives, stock-based compensation and other benefits for sales and indirect administrative functions such as executive, finance, legal, human resources and information technology, not included within cost of revenue. In addition, selling, general and administrative expenses includes services and materials expenses including third-party consultancy costs, facility costs, internal research and development costs as well as legal and accounting fees, travel, marketing, bad debt and non-chargeable materials and supplies. Selling, general and administrative expenses also include depreciation and amortization.

Goodwill Impairment

During the third quarter of 2023, the Company identified a triggering event and performed a quantitative impairment assessment for a reporting unit in the Consumer segment, which resulted in a pre-tax goodwill impairment charge of $37 million. Refer to Item 8, “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements”, Note 9, “Goodwill” for further details.

Restructuring

On November 4, 2025, the Company announced an expense reduction initiative to further improve the operating model and exit certain lines of business that are no longer considered strategically important to the Company (the “Restructuring Plan”). Costs incurred in connection with the Company’s restructuring actions, including the Restructuring Plan, consist of employee-separation costs, facility exit costs, as well as professional services. Refer to Item 8, “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements”, Note 18, “Restructuring” for further details.

Operating Income

Operating income is calculated as revenue less cost of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses, goodwill impairment and restructuring. Operating income margin is calculated as operating income as a percentage of revenue.

Components of Operating Income Change

The Company uses Organic, Acquisition / Divestiture and FX to explain the change in operating income from period to period. Operating income change is calculated as the percentage change in operating income in one period relative to the prior period’s operating income and is a key financial measure that the Company uses to manage its business. The Company defines these components of operating income as follows:

“Organic” reflects total operating income change in a given period excluding Acquisition / Divestiture, FX and Goodwill Impairment in that same period, expressed in dollars or as a percentage of operating income in the prior period.

“Acquisition / Divestiture” is calculated as operating income change in a given period related to acquisitions or disposals of businesses using prior period exchange rates, expressed in dollars or as a percentage of operating income in the prior period. Operating income change from an acquisition or disposal is measured as Acquisition / Divestiture for the initial twelve-month

period following the acquisition or disposal date. Subsequently, operating income impact from the acquired or disposed business is measured as Organic. Acquisition / Divestiture also includes the change in due diligence-related costs for merger and acquisition and disposal activities.

“FX” reflects the impact that foreign currency exchange rates have on operating income in a given period expressed in dollars or as a percentage of operating income in the prior period. The Company uses constant currency to calculate the FX impact on operating income in a given period by translating current period operating income at prior period exchange rates, expressed as a percentage of operating income in the prior period.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists primarily of interest expense on the Company’s debt obligations.

Other (Expense) Income, net

Other (expense) income, net consists primarily of non-operating gains and losses, including gains and losses related to foreign exchange transactions and the revaluation performed on designated balance sheet accounts, interest income, gains and losses on equity investments, non-operating pension and postretirement benefit expenses and gains on divestitures.

Income Before Income Taxes

Income before income taxes is calculated as revenue less cost of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses, goodwill impairment, restructuring, interest expense and other (expense) income, net.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense consists of current and deferred federal and state taxes for the Company’s U.S. and foreign jurisdictions.

Net Income

Net income is calculated as revenue less cost of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses, goodwill impairment, restructuring, interest expense, other (expense) income, net and income tax expense. Net income margin is calculated as net income as a percentage of revenue.

Results of Operations

The following tables set forth the Company’s condensed consolidated results of operations for the periods presented.

Year Ended December 31,

Change

(in millions)

% Revenue

% Revenue

Revenue

Cost of revenue

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Restructuring

Operating income

Interest expense

Other (expense) income, net

Income before income taxes

Income tax expense

Net income

Revenue

Year Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Change

% Change

Industrial

Consumer

Software and Advisory

Total

Revenue increased by $183 million, or 6.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. Revenue increased on an organic basis by $179 million, or 6.2%, due to organic growth across all segments in 2025, driven by the Industrial and Consumer segments in Certification Testing, Non-certification Testing and Other Services and Ongoing Certification Services revenue. FX increased revenue by $12 million, or 0.4%, primarily due to the relative strength of the euro. Acquisitions / Divestitures decreased revenue by $8 million, or 0.3%, primarily due to the sale of the payments testing business in the Industrial segment in 2024.

Year Ended December 31, 2025

(in millions)

Organic

Acquisition / Divestiture

Total

Organic % Change

Total % Change

Revenue change

Industrial

Consumer

Software and Advisory

Total

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue increased by $65 million, or 4.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. On an organic basis, employee compensation expenses increased $20 million, related to base salary and headcount increases. In addition, depreciation and amortization increased $16 million related to the completion of additional laboratory capacity and software placed in service. FX increased cost of revenue by $8 million, primarily due to the relative strength of the euro.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $22 million, or 2.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. On an organic basis, employee compensation expenses increased $24 million, primarily due to base salary increases and higher costs associated with performance-based incentives, including the Company’s long-term incentive awards and the Company’s annual cash bonus plan. In addition, technology costs increased $14 million on an organic basis, primarily associated with cloud computing service arrangements. The increase was partially offset by an $11 million organic decrease in professional fees, in part due to the Company’s public offerings and higher accounting and legal costs in the prior year. FX increased selling, general and administrative expenses by $5 million, primarily due to the relative strength of the euro.

Restructuring

The Company incurred $35 million of restructuring charges, primarily related to employee separation expenses in connection with the previously announced Restructuring Plan. The Company anticipates the Restructuring Plan will be substantially completed by the end of the first quarter of 2027, with the remaining charges of $5-10 million primarily expected to be incurred in the first half of 2026.

Interest Expense

Interest expense decreased by $14 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. The decrease is primarily due to lower balances in the current period on the Company’s credit facilities. During the fourth quarter of 2025, the Company entered into a new revolving credit agreement and repaid in full all indebtedness and other

obligations outstanding under, and terminated, its previous credit facility. For additional information refer to “—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Other (Expense) Income, net

Other (expense) income, net decreased by $19 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to a $24 million gain on divestiture of the Company’s payments testing business in May 2024.

Income Tax

The Company’s effective income tax rate was 26.6% for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to 16.9% for the year ended December 31, 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the effective tax rate differed from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate primarily due to foreign tax effects (including the impact of valuation allowances on foreign deferred tax assets), limitations on current year compensation deductions under U.S. Internal Revenue Code Section 162(m), state income tax, and U.S. tax on Global Intangible Low Taxed Income net of related foreign tax credits. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the effective rate differed from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate primarily due to earnings subject to lower tax rates in certain foreign jurisdictions and a reduction to uncertain tax positions as a result of expiration of the statute of limitations. This was partially offset by a reduction to previously established deferred tax assets due to the Company becoming subject to Section 162(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, which limits U.S. public company compensation expenses of certain executive officers that were previously deductible as a private company, as well as Section 162(m) limitations on current year compensation deductions.

Several countries in which the Company operates have enacted into their local legislation, effective either January 1, 2024, or January 1, 2025, aspects of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Pillar Two rules, which impose a 15% corporate minimum tax.

The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2025 of 26.6% was higher than the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 of 16.9% primarily due to the impact of the Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax, a subset of the Pillar Two rules that became effective on January 1, 2025, as well as a reduction to uncertain tax positions in the year ended December 31, 2024. Refer to Item 8, “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements”, Note 12, “Income Taxes” for a full reconciliation of the effective tax rate to the U.S. federal statutory rate.

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “OBBBA”) was enacted in the U.S. The OBBBA includes several corporate tax provisions that apply to the Company, such as the permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and modifications to the international tax framework and business interest expense limitations. The Company has assessed the impact of the OBBBA and has determined that there is no material impact to its consolidated financial statements.

Industrial

The Industrial segment provides TIC services to help ensure customers’ industrial products meet or exceed international standards for product safety, performance and sustainability. The Industrial segment provides services that address needs across a number of end markets, including energy, industrial automation, engineered materials (plastics and wire and cable) and built environment, and across a variety of stakeholders, including manufacturers, building and asset owners, end users and regulators.

The following tables summarize the change in Industrial’s revenue and operating income for the periods presented:

Year Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Change

% Change

Revenue

Employee compensation

Services and materials

Depreciation and amortization

Restructuring

Segment operating income

Segment operating income margin

Year Ended December 31, 2025

(in millions)

Organic

Acquisition / Divestiture

Total

Revenue change

Segment operating income change

Revenue

Revenue increased by $87 million, or 6.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. On an organic basis, revenue increased $89 million or 7.1%, primarily due to growth in Certification Testing revenue of $48 million across most industries, driven by continued demand for energy and automation and fire safety, price increases, and new capacity provided by recent laboratory investments. Ongoing Certification Services revenue increased $34 million across most industries due in part to price increases and additional volume. Acquisitions / Divestitures decreased revenue by $8 million, or 0.6%, primarily due to the sale of the payments testing business in 2024. FX increased revenue by $6 million, or 0.5%, primarily due to the relative strength of the euro.

Segment Operating Income

Segment operating income increased by $48 million, or 14.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024 primarily due to the $89 million increase in organic revenue noted above. This was partially offset by a $41 million organic increase in expenses, primarily due to higher employee compensation of $15 million related to base salary and headcount increases. Depreciation and amortization also increased $8 million on an organic basis primarily related to the completion of additional laboratory capacity. The Restructuring Plan charges also increased expenses by $7 million during the current period. In addition, technology costs increased $6 million on an organic basis, primarily associated with cloud computing service arrangements.

Consumer

The Consumer segment provides a variety of global product market acceptance and risk mitigation services for customers in the consumer products end market, including consumer electronics, medical devices, information technologies, appliances, HVAC, lighting, retail (softlines and hardlines) and emerging consumer applications, including new mobility, smart products and 5G. The primary services offered by this segment include safety certification testing, ongoing certification, global market access, testing for connectivity, performance and quality and critical systems advisory and training.

The following tables summarize the change in Consumer’s revenue and operating income for the periods presented:

Year Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Change

% Change

Revenue

Employee compensation

Services and materials

Depreciation and amortization

Restructuring

Segment operating income

Segment operating income margin

(a) not meaningful

Year Ended December 31, 2025

(in millions)

Organic

Acquisition / Divestiture

Total

Revenue change

Segment operating income change

Revenue

Revenue increased by $81 million, or 6.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. On an organic basis, revenue increased $76 million, or 6.1%, primarily due to Non-certification Testing and Other Services revenue growth of $43 million in consumer technology driven by increased demand for electromagnetic compatibility testing for consumer electronics and in retail. FX increased revenue by $5 million, or 0.4%, primarily due to the relative strength of the euro.

Segment Operating Income

Segment operating income increased by $8 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to the $76 million increase in organic revenue noted above. This was partially offset by a $63 million organic increase in expenses, primarily due to charges of $28 million in the current period related to the Restructuring Plan. Employee compensation also increased $25 million on an organic basis, primarily related to base salary increases. In addition, technology costs increased $8 million on an organic basis, primarily associated with cloud computing service arrangements.

Software and Advisory

The Software and Advisory segment provides complementary software and advisory solutions that extend the value proposition of TIC services the Company offers. The software and technical advisory offerings enable the Company’s customers to manage complex regulatory requirements, deliver supply chain transparency and operationalize sustainability.

The following tables summarize the change in Software and Advisory’s revenue and operating income for the periods presented:

Year Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Change

% Change

Revenue

Employee compensation

Services and materials

Depreciation and amortization

Restructuring

Segment operating income

Segment operating income margin

Year Ended December 31, 2025

(in millions)

Organic

Acquisition / Divestiture

Total

Revenue change

Segment operating income change

Revenue

Revenue increased by $15 million, or 4.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. On an organic basis, revenue increased $14 million, or 3.7%, primarily driven by demand for software, including retail product compliance.

Segment Operating Income

Segment operating income increased by $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to the $14 million increase in organic revenue noted above. This was partially offset by a $6 million organic increase in expenses, primarily driven by higher employee compensation of $5 million related to base salary increases. Depreciation and amortization also increased $5 million on an organic basis related to additional software placed in service.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to financial measures determined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), the Company considers a variety of supplemental non-GAAP financial measures, including Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, Adjusted Net Income, Adjusted Net Income margin, Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share, Free Cash Flow and Free Cash Flow margin. Management uses non-GAAP financial measures in addition to GAAP measures to understand and compare operating results across periods and for forecasting and other purposes. Management believes these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to investors and reflect results in a manner that enables, in some instances, more meaningful analysis of trends and facilitates comparison of results across periods. These measures are not financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered as a substitute for net income, operating income, diluted earnings per share, net cash provided by operating activities or any other measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies due to potential differences between the companies in calculations.

The Company uses Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, Adjusted Net Income, Adjusted Net Income margin and Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share to measure the operational strength and performance of its business and believes these measures provide additional information to investors about certain non-cash items and unusual items that the Company does not expect to continue at the same level in the future. Further, management believes these non-GAAP financial measures provide a meaningful measure of business performance. The Company uses Free Cash Flow and Free Cash Flow margin as additional liquidity measures and believes they provide useful information to investors about the cash generated from the Company’s core operations that may be available to repay debt, make other investments and return cash to stockholders.

There are material limitations to using these non-GAAP financial measures. Adjusted EBITDA does not take into account certain significant items, including depreciation and amortization, interest expense, other expense (income), net, income tax expense, stock-based compensation expense for equity-settled awards, material asset impairment charges and restructuring expenses which directly affect the Company’s net income, as applicable. Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share do not take into account certain significant items, including other expense (income), net, stock-based compensation expense for equity-settled awards, material asset impairment charges and restructuring expenses which directly affect the Company’s net income and diluted earnings per share, as applicable. Free Cash Flow adjusts for cash items that are ultimately within management’s discretion to direct, and therefore, may imply that there is less or more cash that is available than the most comparable GAAP measure. Free Cash Flow is not intended to represent residual cash flow for discretionary expenditures since debt repayment requirements and other non-discretionary expenditures are not deducted. These limitations are best addressed by considering the economic effects of the excluded items independently, and by considering these non-GAAP financial measures in conjunction with net income, operating income, diluted earnings per share and net cash provided by operating activities as calculated in accordance with GAAP.

The table below presents these non-GAAP measures with the most directly comparable GAAP measures.

Year Ended December 31,

(in millions, unless otherwise stated)

Net income

Net income margin

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA margin

Adjusted Net Income

Adjusted Net Income margin

Diluted Earnings per Share

Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share

Net Cash provided by Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities margin

Free Cash Flow

Free Cash Flow margin

Adjusted EBITDA

The Company defines Adjusted EBITDA as net income adjusted for depreciation and amortization expense, interest expense, other expense (income), net, income tax expense, as well as stock-based compensation expense for equity-settled awards, material asset impairment charges and restructuring expenses, as applicable. Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenue.

The table below reconciles net income to Adjusted EBITDA.

Year Ended December 31,

(in millions, unless otherwise stated)

Net income

Depreciation and amortization expense

Interest expense

Other expense (income), net

Income tax expense

Stock-based compensation

Goodwill impairment

Restructuring

Adjusted EBITDA

Revenue

Net income margin

Adjusted EBITDA margin

The table below reconciles segment operating income to segment Adjusted EBITDA.

Year Ended December 31,

(in millions, unless otherwise stated)

Industrial

Segment operating income

Depreciation and amortization expense

Stock-based compensation

Restructuring

Adjusted EBITDA

Revenue

Operating income margin

Adjusted EBITDA margin

Consumer

Segment operating income

Depreciation and amortization expense

Stock-based compensation

Goodwill impairment

Restructuring

Adjusted EBITDA

Revenue

Operating income margin

Adjusted EBITDA margin

Software and Advisory

Segment operating income

Depreciation and amortization expense

Stock-based compensation

Restructuring

Adjusted EBITDA

Revenue

Operating income margin

Adjusted EBITDA margin

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted Net Income

The Company defines Adjusted Net Income as net income adjusted for other expense (income), net, stock-based compensation expense for equity-settled awards, material asset impairment charges and restructuring expenses, as applicable, adjusted to give effect to the income tax impact of such adjustments. Adjusted Net Income margin is calculated as Adjusted Net Income as a percentage of revenue.

The table below reconciles net income to Adjusted Net Income.

Year Ended December 31,

(in millions, unless otherwise stated)

Net income

Other expense (income), net

Stock-based compensation

Goodwill impairment

Restructuring

Tax effect of adjustments (a)

Adjusted Net Income

Revenue

Net income margin

Adjusted Net Income margin

(a) The Company computed the tax effect of adjustments to net earnings by applying the statutory tax rate in the relevant jurisdictions to the taxable income or expense items that are adjusted in the period presented. If a valuation allowance exists, the rate applied is zero.

Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share

The Company defines Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share as diluted earnings per share attributable to stockholders of UL Solutions adjusted for other expense (income), net, stock-based compensation expense for equity-settled awards, material asset impairment charges and restructuring expenses, as applicable, adjusted to give effect to the income tax impact of such adjustments.

The table below reconciles diluted earnings per share to Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share.

Year Ended December 31,

Diluted earnings per share

Other expense (income), net

Stock-based compensation

Goodwill impairment

Restructuring

Tax effect of adjustments (a)

Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share

(a) The Company computed the tax effect of adjustments to net earnings by applying the statutory tax rate in the relevant jurisdictions to the taxable income or expense items that are adjusted in the period presented. If a valuation allowance exists, the rate applied is zero.

Free Cash Flow

The Company defines Free Cash Flow as cash from operating activities less cash outlays related to capital expenditures. The Company defines capital expenditures to include purchases of property, plant and equipment and capitalized software. These items are subtracted from cash from operating activities because they represent long-term investments that are required for normal business activities. Free Cash Flow margin is calculated as Free Cash Flow as a percentage of revenue.

The table below reconciles net cash provided by operating activities to Free Cash Flow.

Year Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Net cash provided by operating activities

Capital expenditures

Free Cash Flow

Revenue

Net cash provided by operating activities margin

Free Cash Flow margin

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

The Company’s primary sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents on hand and short-term investments, cash flows from operating activities and cash borrowed under the 2025 Credit Facility (as defined below). The Company believes the combination of cash and cash equivalents on hand and short-term investments, the generation of cash from operating activities, funds available under the 2025 Credit Facility, and the Company’s ability to access the capital markets provide sufficient liquidity to meet the Company’s cash requirements for working capital, capital expenditures, service of indebtedness and to address other needs for the next twelve months and the foreseeable future thereafter, as well as to finance acquisitions, make contributions to the Company’s pension and postretirement plans and pay dividends to stockholders, as the Company’s board of directors deems appropriate.

The Company’s cash flows from operations, borrowing availability and overall liquidity are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including those referenced in the section titled “Risk Factors” in Part I Item 1A. In addition, the Company cannot predict whether or when it may enter into acquisitions, joint ventures or dispositions, make contributions to the Company’s pension and postretirement plans, pay dividends, or what impact any such transactions could have on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had $295 million in cash and cash equivalents, $8 million in short-term investments, and $803 million of unused availability under the 2025 Credit Facility and access to an accordion feature permitting an increase in the 2025 Credit Facility by an aggregate amount of up to $500 million, subject to the consent of any lenders providing such increase, the absence of any default or event of default and entry into customary documentation with respect to such increase.

Cash Flows

The following table is a summary of the Company’s cash flow activity:

Year Ended December 31,

(in millions)

Net cash provided by operating activities

Net cash used in investing activities

Net cash used in financing activities

Cash flows from operating activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $600 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $76 million compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $524 million for the same period in 2024. The increase was primarily driven by higher net income after non-cash adjustments due to business performance.

Cash flows from investing activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $204 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, a decrease of $30 million compared to net cash used in investing activities of $234 million for the same period in 2024. The decrease in cash used in

investing activities was primarily driven by a $40 million decrease in capital expenditures and a $25 million decrease in cash paid for acquisitions compared to the same period in 2024. The decrease was partially offset by proceeds from the divestiture of the Company’s payments testing business of $29 million during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Cash flows from financing activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $396 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $112 million compared to net cash used in financing activities of $284 million for the same period in 2024. The change was primarily driven by an $88 million increase in repayments net of proceeds on the Company’s credit facilities compared to the same period in 2024 and $15 million in employee taxes paid on settlement of stock-based compensation for the year ended December 31, 2025 which did not occur for the same period in 2024.

Capital Expenditures

The Company makes strategic investments in capital expenditures to enable growth by expanding testing capacity to meet increased demand, to enable new capabilities and product offerings and to increase the efficiency of the Company’s processes. Capital expenditures include the building and refurbishment of laboratories and office space, the replacement and upgrade of existing laboratory equipment at the end of its useful life, and investments in technology for internal-use and sale to customers through product development of new software and enhancements of existing software. Cash paid for capital expenditures decreased $40 million, to $197 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $237 million for the same period in 2024.

Long-Term Debt

2022 Credit Facility

In January 2022, the Company entered into a credit agreement with Bank of America, N.A. and certain other lenders, which provided for senior unsecured credit facilities in an aggregate principal amount of $1.25 billion (collectively, and as amended, the “2022 Credit Facility”), consisting of term loans in an initial aggregate principal amount of $500 million and revolving loan commitments in an initial aggregate commitment amount of $750 million (including a $25 million sub-facility for letters of credit). The 2022 Credit Facility included an accordion feature permitting an increase in the 2022 Credit Facility by an aggregate amount of up to $625 million (of which up to $400 million may consist of term loans), subject to the consent of any lenders providing such increase, the absence of any default or event of default and entry into customary documentation with respect to such increase. The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, UL LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, provided a guaranty of its obligations thereunder. The 2022 Credit Facility was set to mature in January 2027 and could be prepaid without fees or penalties. The Company had $6 million outstanding in letters of credit, surety bonds, and performance and other guarantees with financial institutions as of December 31, 2024 under the 2022 Credit Facility.

In June 2024, the Company entered into an amendment (the “First Credit Facility Amendment”) to the 2022 Credit Facility with Bank of America, N.A. and certain other lenders. The First Credit Facility Amendment provided, among other things, for (i) the replacement of the Bloomberg Short-term Bank Yield (“BSBY”) with Term SOFR plus a SOFR adjustment as a benchmark rate for interest periods commencing subsequent to June 28, 2024; (ii) UL Solutions Inc., which was previously the guarantor of the facility, became the named borrower, and UL LLC, which was previously the named borrower, became the guarantor.

Effective from the date of the First Credit Facility Amendment, borrowings under the 2022 Credit Facility bore interest at a rate per annum equal to, at the Company’s option, (a) in the case of U.S. dollar loans, the Term SOFR plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.1% plus a margin, and for all other currencies, a specified benchmark rate for the applicable currency plus, in certain instances, a specified spread adjustment plus a margin (loans with a rate based on this clause (a), “benchmark rate loans”) or (b) for U.S. dollar loans only, the base rate plus a margin (loans with a rate based on this clause (b), “base rate loans”). Prior to the First Credit Facility Amendment, borrowings bore interest on the same terms with the exception that the BSBY Index rate plus a margin was used as the base rate in place of Term SOFR. As of December 31, 2024, the margin was 1.125% for benchmark rate loans and 0.125% for base rate loans but could be adjusted based on the Company’s most recently tested consolidated net leverage ratio and could vary from 1.0% to 1.5% for benchmark rate loans and 0% to 0.5% for base rate loans. The unused commitment fee could vary from 0.1% to 0.2% based on the Company’s most recently tested consolidated net leverage ratio.

The 2022 Credit Facility also included a financial covenant tested quarterly which required the Company to maintain a consolidated net leverage ratio of not greater than 3.5 to 1.0, calculated on a consolidated basis for each consecutive four

fiscal quarter period, with an increase in the maintenance level to 4.0 to 1.0 for each of the four test periods immediately following any permitted acquisition that involves the payment of aggregate consideration in excess of $100 million, subject to a two fiscal quarter rest period between increases for separate acquisitions. The calculation of the consolidated net leverage ratio permitted the netting of up to $250 million of unrestricted cash from funded debt.

The 2022 Credit Facility included customary representations and warranties, covenants and events of default, subject to certain customary exceptions, materiality thresholds and grace periods. The covenants included, among other things, financial reporting, maintenance of line of business, notices of default and other material changes, as well as limitations on investments and acquisitions, mergers and transfers of all or substantially all assets, dividends and distributions, burdensome contracts with affiliates, liens and indebtedness. Future borrowings under the 2022 Credit Facility were subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions, including the absence of any default or event of default and the accuracy of representations and warranties.

As described below, in connection with the entry into the 2025 Credit Facility, the Company repaid in full all indebtedness and other obligations outstanding under, and terminated, the 2022 Credit Facility.

2025 Credit Facility

In October 2025, the Company entered into a credit agreement, by and among the Company and certain of its non-U.S. subsidiaries as co-borrowers (collectively, the “Borrowers”), Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto (the “Credit Agreement”).

The Credit Agreement provides for a $1.0 billion senior unsecured five-year multi-currency revolving facility (collectively, and as amended, the “2025 Credit Facility”), with a $25 million sub-limit for the issuance of letters of credit. The Credit Agreement includes an accordion feature permitting an increase in the 2025 Credit Facility by an aggregate amount of up to $500 million, subject to the consent of any lenders providing such increase, the absence of any default or event of default and entry into customary documentation with respect to such increase. The Borrowers’ obligations (other than the Company’s) under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by the Company. Initial proceeds were used to refinance the outstanding amounts under the 2022 Credit Facility. The 2025 Credit Facility matures on October 28, 2030 and may be prepaid without fees or penalties, subject to reimbursement of the lenders’ customary breakage and redeployment costs in applicable cases. The Company had $6 million outstanding letters of credit under the 2025 Credit Facility as of December 31, 2025.

Borrowings under the 2025 Credit Facility bear interest at a rate per annum equal to, at the applicable Borrower’s option, (a) a specified benchmark rate for the applicable currency (which, in the case of U.S. Dollar loans, shall be the Term SOFR (as defined in the Credit Agreement)), plus a margin that ranges from 0.875% to 1.375% per annum or (b) for U.S. Dollar loans made to the Company only, a base rate (which is equal to the highest of (i) the Bank of America prime rate, (ii) the U.S. federal funds rate plus 0.5% per annum, or (iii) the Term SOFR rate plus 1%) plus a margin that ranges from 0.0% to 0.375% per annum. The unused commitment fee varies from 0.090% to 0.175% based on the Company’s current debt rating and its most recently tested consolidated net leverage ratio.

The 2025 Credit Facility also includes a financial covenant, tested quarterly, which requires the Company to maintain a consolidated net leverage ratio of not greater than 3.5 to 1.0, calculated on a consolidated basis for each consecutive four fiscal quarter period, with an increase in the maintenance level to 4.0 to 1.0 for each of the four test periods immediately following any permitted acquisition that involves the payment of aggregate consideration in excess of $100 million, commencing with the fiscal quarter in which such permitted acquisition occurred, subject to a two fiscal quarter rest period between increases for separate acquisitions. The calculation of the consolidated net leverage ratio permits the netting of up to $250 million of unrestricted cash from funded debt. As of December 31, 2025, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under this facility.

The 2025 Credit Facility includes customary representations and warranties, covenants and events of default, subject to certain customary exceptions, materiality thresholds and grace periods. The covenants include, among other things, financial reporting, maintenance of line of business, notices of default and other material changes, as well as limitations on investments and acquisitions, mergers and transfers of all or substantially all assets, dividends and distributions, burdensome contracts with affiliates, liens and indebtedness. Future borrowings under the 2025 Credit Facility are subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions, including the absence of any default or event of default and the accuracy of representations and warranties.

Senior Notes

In October 2023, the Company issued $300 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.500% senior notes due 2028 (the “notes”). The notes were sold to qualified institutional buyers in the United States in reliance on Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and to non-U.S. persons outside the United States in reliance on Regulation S under the Securities Act. The notes are senior unsecured obligations of UL Solutions Inc. and were unconditionally guaranteed by UL LLC, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, until October 2025. In connection with termination of the 2022 Credit Facility, the guaranty by UL LLC of the Company’s obligations under the notes was released. The Company used the net proceeds from the offering of the notes, together with borrowings under the 2022 Credit Facility and cash on hand, to fund a $600 million special cash dividend, which was paid to UL Standards & Engagement in December 2023.

In connection with the issuance of the notes, the Company entered into a registration rights agreement on the same date. In September 2025, pursuant to the registration rights agreement, the Company completed an exchange offer, pursuant to which the Company exchanged all of the outstanding notes for new 6.500% senior notes due 2028 registered under the Securities Act (the “exchange notes”). The terms of the exchange notes are substantially the same as the notes.

UL Solutions pays interest on the notes semi-annually in arrears on April 20 and October 20 of each year, which began on April 20, 2024.

Pursuant to the indenture that governs the notes (the “indenture”), there are certain limitations on the ability of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries to create or incur liens and to enter into sale and leaseback transactions. The indenture also imposes certain limitations on the ability of the Company to merge, consolidate or amalgamate with or into any other person (other than a merger of a wholly owned subsidiary into the Company) or sell, transfer, assign, lease, convey or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the property of the Company in any one transaction or series of related transactions. These limitations are subject to significant exceptions.

If a change of control triggering event occurs, as defined in the indenture, UL Solutions will be required to offer to purchase the notes at a price equal to 101% of their principal amount, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any. The Company may also redeem some or all of the notes at any time prior to their maturity pursuant to the indenture’s provisions and limitations.

Dividends

On February 10, 2026, the Company declared a regular cash dividend of 14.5 cents per share. The Company paid regular quarterly cash dividends on its common stock of 13 cents per share in 2025, 12.5 cents per share in 2024 and 10 cents per share in 2023. The Company will periodically assess the size of the regular quarterly dividend based on its dividend policy and certain factors described in this Annual Report. The Company cannot give any assurance that it will continue to declare dividends in any particular amounts, or at all, in the future.

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company paid dividends to stockholders of $104 million and $100 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company paid dividends of $680 million to its then sole stockholder, UL Standards & Engagement, which comprised quarterly dividends of $20 million and a $600 million special cash dividend in December 2023.

Under the Company’s dividend policy, the determination as to the declaration and payment of dividends, if any, is at the discretion of the Company’s board of directors, subject to capital availability, applicable laws and compliance with contractual restrictions and covenants in the agreements governing the Company’s current and future indebtedness. Any such determination will also depend upon periodic determinations by the Company’s board of directors that cash dividends are in the best interest of the Company’s stockholders, and will be based upon its earnings, cash flow, business outlook and prospects, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, future cash requirements and availability and other factors that the Company’s board of directors may deem relevant.

The jurisdictions in which the Company’s subsidiaries are incorporated generally have corporate law restrictions on the ability to pay dividends, which the Company is required to observe when effecting intra-group dividends. There are, however, generally no regulatory restrictions on the ability of most of the Company’s subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions; however, UL-CCIC Company Limited (“UL-CCIC”) and the Company’s other Chinese subsidiaries are subject to certain regulatory controls on foreign exchange in China. The State Administration for Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”), under the authority of the People’s Bank of China, is in charge of the conversion of renminbi into other currencies

and the remittance thereof abroad and, under Chinese foreign exchange regulations, cash generated from UL-CCIC may not be used to pay dividends without SAFE approval. The Company must also obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from its China-based operations, including UL-CCIC, to pay debts in a currency other than renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than renminbi. In addition, the payment of dividends by UL-CCIC requires the approval of both of its shareholders.

Contractual Obligations

The Company has purchase obligations related to agreements to purchase goods and services that are enforceable and legally binding, and that specify all significant terms, including the goods to be purchased or services to be rendered, the price at which the goods or services are to be rendered, and the timing of the transactions. Purchase obligations exclude liabilities that are included on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet and include commitments for outsourced services, facilities, capital expenditures, cloud service arrangements and various other types of noncancelable contracts.

Refer to Item 8, “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements”, Note 19, “Commitments and Contingencies” for information about the Company’s noncancelable purchase obligations.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of new accounting pronouncements recently adopted and not yet adopted, refer to Item 8, “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements”, Note 1, “ Significant Accounting Policies”.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. While the majority of the Company’s revenue, expenses, assets and liabilities are not based on estimates, there are certain accounting principles that require management to make judgments and estimates regarding matters that are uncertain and susceptible to change. Critical accounting policies are defined as those policies that are reflective of significant judgments, estimates and uncertainties, which could potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. Management regularly reviews the estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of the financial statements for reasonableness and adequacy. The Company’s estimates are based on historical experience, current conditions and various other assumptions that the Company believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates and assumptions. To the extent that there are differences between estimates and actual results, the Company’s future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be affected.

The Company’s significant accounting policies are discussed in Item 8, “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements”, Note 1, “Significant Accounting Policies”; however, the following discussion pertains to accounting policies the Company believes are most critical to the portrayal of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations and that require significant, difficult, subjective or complex judgments or estimates. Other companies in similar businesses may use different estimation policies and methodologies, which may affect the comparability of the Company’s financial statements, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows to those of other companies.

Revenue Recognition

The majority of the Company’s revenue from contracts with customers represents revenue from services recognized over time as performance obligations are satisfied. Revenue from over-time arrangements is recognized either on a straight line basis as the service is provided to the customer, or using an input method, which requires the Company to make estimates, in particular in relation to measuring progress towards completion. For arrangements recognized over time using an input method, progress towards completion is based on the relationship between the time elapsed of each project phase relative to the expected duration of that phase. The portion of a project’s revenue to be recognized is determined based on the time elapsed between the start-date of each project phase relative to its estimated duration. The start-date of each phase is based on the date that work begins on the phase and the estimated duration is determined using an analysis of historical data from similar projects. Management applies judgment in determining the expected duration of each phase. The portion of a project’s revenue estimated as earned, but not yet completed, and recognized as revenue, is included in contract assets or as a reduction to contract liabilities.

A 10% increase or decrease to estimated duration of all revenue phases would result in a $3 million decrease or a $3 million increase in revenue, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2025 based on contracts in-process at the balance sheet date.

Goodwill

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if an event occurs or conditions change that would indicate it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying amount. The Company’s reporting units have been identified as one level below its operating segments. The goodwill impairment testing is performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognizing an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value.

To evaluate the recoverability of a reporting unit’s goodwill the Company has the option to first perform a qualitative analysis. If the qualitative analysis indicates it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying amount, the Company performs a quantitative impairment assessment for that reporting unit.

The Company’s quantitative assessment consists of a fair value calculation for each reporting unit that combines an income approach and a market approach, using an equal weighting. The quantitative assessment requires the application of a number of significant assumptions which are further described below, including estimated future cash flows of the reporting unit, discount rates, and market multiples.

The fair value using the income approach is determined based on the present value of estimated future cash flows of the reporting unit, discounted at an appropriate risk‑adjusted rate. The Company uses its internally developed long-range plans to estimate future cash flows, which include an estimate of long‑term future growth rates based on its most recent views of the long‑term outlook for each reporting unit. Development of the Company’s long-range plans includes consideration of current and projected levels of income for the reporting unit based on management’s plans for that business, business trends, market and economic conditions, as well as other relevant factors. The discount rate is based on the weighted average cost of capital for the reporting unit. The Company uses discount rates that are commensurate with the risks and uncertainty inherent in the respective businesses and in the Company’s long-range plans.

The fair value using the market approach is derived from market multiples using comparable publicly traded companies for a group of benchmark companies. The selection of comparable businesses is based on the markets in which the reporting units operate given consideration to risk profiles, size, geography and diversity of products and services.

During the third quarter of 2023, the Company identified a triggering event and performed a quantitative impairment assessment for a reporting unit in the Consumer segment, which resulted in a pre-tax impairment charge of $37 million. This partial impairment charge was the result of lower than expected demand for Non-certification Testing and Other Services in the mobility industry, which was impacted by auto industry conditions in 2023, including slowing of the pace of electric vehicle transition, labor uncertainties, and the impact of more moderate growth expectations for the business. At December 31, 2025, the remaining goodwill related to this reporting unit was no longer considered at risk of further impairment.

The impairment assessment for this reporting unit consisted of a fair value calculation that combined an income approach and a market approach, using an equal weighting, and a number of significant assumptions including estimated future revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins, discount rates and market multiples. The fair value using the income approach was determined based on the present value of the estimated future cash flows of the reporting unit, discounted using the weighted average cost of capital. The Company used its internally developed long-range plans to estimate future cash flows for the business, which included estimated future revenue growth rates and EBITDA margins. Development of the long-range plans includes consideration of current and projected levels of income for the reporting unit based on management’s plans for the business, business trends, market and economic conditions, as well as other relevant factors. The fair value using the market approach was derived from market multiples using comparable publicly traded companies for a group of benchmark companies. The selection of comparable businesses was based on the markets in which the reporting unit operates giving consideration to risk profiles, size, geography and diversity of products and services. These estimates and assumptions were considered Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy. The Company believes the assumptions used in the impairment assessment are reasonable and consistent with assumptions that would be used by other market participants. However, such assumptions are inherently uncertain, and a change in assumptions could change the estimated fair value of the reporting unit. Therefore, future impairment charges could be required, which could have an adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

The Company engaged a third-party valuation specialist to assist in the analysis of the fair value of this reporting unit. All judgments, significant assumptions and estimates, and forecasts were either provided by or reviewed by management. While a third-party valuation specialist was used for assistance, the fair value analysis reflects the conclusions of management and not those of any third party.

The following table illustrates the impact of changes in the significant assumptions used in the income and market approaches on the fair value of the reporting unit, holding all other assumptions constant:

Change

Decrease to fair value determined by respective approach

(in millions)

Income approach

Revenue growth rate in each year of the forecast period

-100bps

EBITDA margin in each year of the forecast period

-100bps

Discount rate

+100bps

Market approach

Market multiples

The Company did not recognize any impairments of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2025 or 2024.

Pension

The Company provides a range of benefits to its employees and retired employees, as well as employees and retired employees of UL Research Institutes and UL Standards & Engagement, including a pension plan. Most of the Company’s pension plans are closed to new entrants. The Company records amounts relating to these plans based on various actuarial assumptions. Significant assumptions used in estimating the projected benefit obligation of the Company’s plans include the discount rate and the expected return on plan assets. Other assumptions include demographic factors such as retirement patterns, mortality, turnover and rate of compensation increases. The Company reviews its actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and makes modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends when appropriate. The Company believes the assumptions utilized in recording the obligations under its plans are reasonable based on the Company’s experience and on advice from the Company’s independent actuaries; however, differences in actual experience or changes in the assumptions may materially affect the funded status of the plans and the net periodic benefit cost. It is reasonably likely that changes in external factors will result in changes to the assumptions used to measure the Company’s pension plans.

For a description of the Company’s pension plans and the related accounting estimates, refer to Item 8, “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements”, Note 11 “Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans”.

Discount rate

The projected benefit obligation represents the present value of the benefits that employees are entitled to in the future for services already rendered as of the measurement date. The Company measures the present value of these future benefits on a plan-by-plan basis by matching projected benefit payment cash flows for each future period with the yields of a portfolio of high quality, fixed-income debt instruments that would produce cash flows sufficient in timing and amount to settle projected future benefits. The Company uses the full yield curve rather than a single discount rate. Service cost and interest cost are measured separately using the spot rate approach applied to each corresponding obligation. Service costs are determined based on duration-specific spot rates applied to the service cost cash flows. The interest cost calculation is determined by applying duration-specific spot rates to the year-by-year projected benefit payments. The spot rate approach does not affect the measurement of the total projected benefit obligation as the change in service and interest costs offset in the actuarial gains and losses recorded in other comprehensive income.

Using this methodology, the Company determined discount rates used in the measurement of the benefit obligation and the net periodic benefit costs for its plans were as follows:

Non U.S.

Benefit obligation

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Net periodic benefit cost

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

December 31, 2023

The impact on 2025 net periodic benefit costs of a 100 basis point change in the discount rate used to measure net periodic benefit costs, holding all other assumptions constant, would not be material.

Expected Annual Rate of Return on Plan Assets

Another significant element in determining the Company’s pension expense is the expected return on plan assets. The expected return on plan assets is based on the strategic asset allocation of the plan, long-term capital market return expectations, and expected performance from active investment management.

The Company follows ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement in determining the fair value of plan assets within its pension plans. While the Company believes the valuation methods used to determine the fair value of plan assets are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.

Under this methodology, the expected and actual return on plan assets were as follows:

Non U.S.

Expected rate of return on plan assets

Actual rate of return on plan assets

The impact on 2025 net periodic benefit costs of a 100 basis point change in the expected return on plan assets used to measure net periodic benefit costs, holding all other assumptions constant, would not be material.

Income Taxes

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using current enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which temporary differences are expected to reverse. The Company evaluates the likelihood of realizing the benefit of its deferred tax assets and may record a valuation allowance if, based on all available evidence, the Company determines that some portion of the tax benefit will not be realized. When assessing the need for a valuation allowance, the Company considers a number of factors, including three years of cumulative operating income/(loss), expected future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies.

The Company evaluates its exposures associated with various tax filing positions and recognizes a tax benefit only if it is more-likely-than-not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the relevant taxing authorities, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that is more-likely-than-not to be realized upon settlement. The Company adjusts its liability for unrecognized tax benefits in the period they are settled, the statute of limitations expires, or when new information becomes available.

The Company has generated income in certain foreign jurisdictions that may be subject to additional foreign withholding taxes and U.S. state income taxes, if repatriated. The Company regularly reviews its plans for reinvestment or repatriation of unremitted foreign earnings and has recorded deferred tax liabilities on certain foreign subsidiaries’ unremitted earnings that are not considered permanently reinvested. The Company’s assertion on indefinite reinvestment of foreign earnings is based upon assumptions of future liquidity needs of the business and cash flow projections of the affiliates. Should these assumptions change, certain foreign earnings may no longer be considered indefinitely reinvested. If these amounts were distributed, in the form of dividends or otherwise, the Company may be subject to additional foreign withholding taxes, which could be material.

The Company’s income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management’s best assessment of estimated current and future taxes to be paid. Deferred tax asset valuation allowances and liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits require significant management judgment regarding applicable statutes and their related interpretation, the status of various income tax audits and particular facts and circumstances. Although the Company believes that the judgments and estimates made by management are reasonable, actual results, including forecasted business performance could differ, and the Company may be exposed to losses or gains that could be material. To the extent the Company prevails in matters for which a liability has been established or are required to pay amounts in excess of the established liability, the effective income tax rate in a given financial statement period could be materially affected.