BWMN Bowman Consulting Group Ltd. - 10-K

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Summary of Risk Factors

Our business is subject to numerous risks. The following summary highlights some of the risks you should consider with respect to our business and prospects. This summary is not complete, and the risks summarized below are not the only risks we face. You should review and carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described in more detail in the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K which includes a more complete discussion of the risks summarized below as well as a discussion of other risks related to our business.

• We engage in a highly competitive business. If we are unable to compete effectively, we could lose market share and our business and results of operations could be negatively impacted;

• Our continued success is dependent upon our ability to hire and retain key executives and to plan for and manage the succession of key executives; continued success is dependent upon our ability to hire, retain and utilize qualified personnel;

• Our profitability could suffer if we are not able to maintain adequate utilization of our workforce due to slowdowns in the economy, or reduced demand for our services;

• If we are unable to integrate acquired businesses successfully, our business could be harmed;

• We cannot assure you that we will achieve synergies and cost savings in connection with prior or future acquisitions;

• Demand from customers is cyclical and vulnerable to economic downturns. If the economy weakens or customer spending declines, our financial results may be impacted;

• Construction, roadway, mining, and maintenance sites are inherently dangerous workplaces. If we, the owner, or others working at such sites fail to maintain safe work conditions, we can be exposed to significant financial losses and reputational harm, as well as civil and criminal liabilities;

• Our services expose us to significant risks of liability, and our insurance policies may not provide adequate coverage;

• The contracts in our backlog may be adjusted, cancelled, or suspended by our customers and, therefore, our backlog is not necessarily indicative of our future revenues or earnings. Additionally, even if fully performed, our backlog is not a good indicator of future gross profit;

• The nature of our contracts, particularly those that are fixed price, subject us to risks of cost overruns. We may experience reduced profits or, in some cases, losses if costs increase above budgets or estimates or if the project experiences schedule delays;

• Governmental agencies may modify, curtail or terminate our contracts at any time prior to their completion and, if we do not replace them, we may suffer a decline in revenue;

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• Our failure to comply with a variety of complex procurement rules and regulations could damage our reputation and result in our being liable for penalties, including termination of our government contracts, disqualification from bidding on future government contracts and suspension or debarment from government contracting;

• We are dependent on third parties to complete certain elements of our contracts;

• Our quarterly results may fluctuate significantly, which could have a material negative effect on the price of our common stock;

• If we fail to develop or maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, current and potential stockholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our common stock;

• Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud;

• An active trading market for our common stock may not continue to develop or be sustained; and

• Anti-takeover provisions under our charter documents and Delaware law could delay or prevent a change of control, which could limit the market price of our common stock and may prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

We engage in a highly competitive business. If we are unable to compete effectively, we could lose market share and our business and results of operations could be negatively impacted.

We face continuing competition to provide planning, engineering, construction management, commissioning, environmental consulting, geospatial imaging, surveying, land procurement and other technical consulting services to customers. The markets we serve are highly competitive and we compete against many regional, national and multi-national companies.

The degree of competition we face varies by industry, geographic area and project type. Our projects are frequently awarded through a competitive bidding process, which is standard in our industry. We are constantly competing for project awards based on pricing, schedule and the breadth and technical sophistication of our services. Competition can place downward pressure on our contract prices and profit margins and may force us to accept contractual terms and conditions that are less favorable to us, thereby increasing the risk that, among other things, we may not realize profit margins at the same rates as we have seen in the past or may become responsible for costs or other liabilities we have not accepted in the past. If we are unable to compete effectively, we may experience a loss of market share or reduced profitability or both, which, if significant, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our engagements involve highly complex projects that could be affected by a number of factors, some of which are outside of our control, and therefore may result in significant losses on projects.

Our engagements often involve large-scale, complex projects. The quality of our performance on such projects depends in large part upon our ability to manage the relationship with our customers and our ability to effectively manage the project and deploy appropriate resources, including third-party contractors and our own personnel, in a timely manner. If a project is not completed by the scheduled date or fails to meet required performance standards, we may either incur significant additional costs or be held responsible for the costs incurred by the customer to rectify damages due to late completion or failure to achieve the required performance standards. The performance of projects can be affected by a number of factors including unavoidable delays from government inaction, public opposition, inability to obtain financing, weather conditions, unavailability of vendor materials needed by us or our customers, changes in the project scope of services requested by our customers, industrial accidents, environmental hazards and labor disruptions. To the extent these events occur, the total costs of the project could exceed our estimates and we could experience reduced profits or, in some cases, incur a loss on a project, which may reduce or eliminate our overall profitability. Further, any defects or errors, or failures to meet our customers’ expectations, could result in claims for damages against us. Our contracts do not always limit our liability for damages that arise from negligent acts, errors, mistakes, or omissions in rendering services to our customers. As such, we cannot be sure that these contractual provisions will protect us from liability for damages in the event we are sued.

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Effective succession planning is important to ensure our continued success.

Our continued success depends upon our ability to attract, hire and retain key executives and to plan for and manage the succession of key executives. Failure to ensure effective leadership transitions and knowledge transfer involving key executives could hinder our strategic planning and execution. Implementing a succession plan requires that we devote time and resources toward identifying and integrating new personnel into leadership roles and other key positions. If one or more of our key executives retires or otherwise leaves the Company, we need to have appropriate succession plans in place and successfully implement such plans. In February 2026, our founder, Chief Executive Officer and director, Gary Bowman, announced his intention to retire later this year in connection with the appointment of his successor, following which he intends to serve as a Senior Advisor to the Company to support an orderly transition. Our board has initiated a search for a new Chief Executive Officer, however, we may not be able to successfully identify, recruit and retain a successor who has the necessary skill set and capabilities required to lead the Company, nor can we guarantee the timeline for such recruitment. The loss of one or more of our key executives, including, but not limited to Mr. Bowman, or our inability to attract and retain key executives, or to effectively implement appropriate succession plans, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We do not maintain key-man life insurance policies on our executive officers.

Our continued success is dependent upon our ability to hire, retain and utilize qualified personnel.

As a professional and technical engineering and consulting solutions provider we depend upon our ability to hire, retain, and utilize other qualified personnel engineers, architects, designers, craft personnel and corporate management professionals who have the required experience and expertise at a reasonable cost. The market for these and other personnel is competitive. From time to time and in different regions, it may be difficult to attract and retain qualified individuals with the expertise, and in the timeframe, demanded by our customers, or to replace such personnel when needed in a timely manner. In certain geographic areas, for example, we may not be able to satisfy the demand for our services because of our inability to successfully hire and retain qualified personnel. Furthermore, we may become required to employ technical professions with government granted clearance to obtain or contribute to certain government projects. If we were to lose some or all of these personnel, they would be difficult to replace. Loss of the services of, or failure to recruit, qualified technical and management personnel could limit our ability to successfully complete existing projects and compete for new projects.

Our profitability could suffer if we are not able to maintain adequate utilization of our workforce due to slowdowns in the economy, or reduced demand for our services.

The cost of providing our services, including the extent to which we utilize our workforce, affects our profitability. The rate at which we utilize our workforce is affected by several factors, including:

• our ability to transition employees from completed projects to new assignments and to hire and assimilate new employees;

• our ability to forecast demand for our services and thereby maintain an appropriate headcount in each of our geographies and workforces;

• our ability to manage attrition;

• our need to devote time and resources to training, business development, professional development, and other non-chargeable activities;

• our ability to match the skill sets of our employees to the needs of the marketplace; and

• if we over-utilize our workforce, our employees may become disengaged, which will impact employee attrition. If we under-utilize our workforce, our profit margin and profitability could suffer.

If we are unable to integrate acquired businesses successfully, our business could be harmed

As part of our business strategy to pursue accretive acquisitions, we have in the past and intend to continue to selectively pursue targets that provide complementary, low-risk services and expand our national platform. We may not be able to identify suitable acquisition or strategic investment opportunities or may be unable to obtain the required consent of our lenders and, therefore, may not be able to complete such acquisitions or strategic investments. We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, expenses associated with sourcing, evaluating, and negotiating acquisitions (including those that do not get completed), and we have paid, and expect to in the future also pay, fees and expenses associated with financing acquisitions to investment banks and other advisors. Any of these amounts may be substantial, and together with

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the size, timing, and number of acquisitions we pursue, may negatively affect, and cause significant volatility in our financial results.

In addition, we have assumed, and may in the future assume, liabilities of the companies we acquire. While we conduct a due diligence process and when appropriate, we retain third-party advisors to consult on potential liabilities related to these acquisitions, there can be no assurances that all potential liabilities will be identified or known to us. If there are unknown liabilities or other obligations, our business could be materially adversely affected.

While we have integrated businesses in the past, our growth strategy includes the acquisition of companies that are larger than ones we have acquired in the past. Our inability to integrate future acquisitions successfully could impede us from realizing all of the benefits of those acquisitions and could weaken our business operations. The integration process of any acquisition may disrupt our business and, if implemented ineffectively, may preclude realization of the full benefits expected by us and could harm our results of operations. In addition, the overall integration process may result in unanticipated problems, expenses, liabilities, and competitive responses and may cause our stock price to decline.

The difficulties of integrating acquisitions include, among other things:

• unanticipated issues in integration of information, communications and other systems;

• unanticipated incompatibility of logistics, marketing and administration methods;

• maintaining employee morale and retaining key employees;

• integrating the business cultures of companies;

• preserving important strategic customer relationships;

• consolidating corporate and administrative infrastructures and eliminating duplicative operations; and

• coordinating geographically separate organizations.

In addition, even if the operations of an acquisition are integrated successfully, we may not realize the full benefits of such acquisition, including the synergies, cost savings or growth opportunities that we expect. These benefits may not be achieved within the anticipated time frame, or at all.

Further, acquisitions have in the past, and may also in the future, cause us to:

• expend significant time, effort and resources;

• issue securities that would dilute our current stockholders;

• use a substantial portion of our cash resources;

• increase our interest expense, leverage and debt service requirements if we incur additional debt to pay

for an acquisition;

• assume liabilities, including environmental liabilities, for which we do not have indemnification from the

former owners or have indemnification that may be subject to dispute or concerns regarding the creditworthiness of the former owners;

• record goodwill and non-amortizable intangible assets that are subject to impairment testing on a regular

basis and potential impairment charges;

• experience volatility in earnings due to changes in contingent consideration related to acquisition liability

estimates;

• incur amortization expenses related to certain intangible assets;

• lose existing or potential contracts as a result of conflict-of-interest issues;

• incur large and immediate write-offs; or

• become subject to litigation.

If we are not able to successfully manage our growth strategy, our business operations and financial results may be adversely affected.

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Our expected future growth presents numerous managerial, administrative, and operational challenges. Our ability to manage the growth of our operations will require us to continue to improve our management information systems and our other internal systems and controls. In addition, our growth will increase our need to attract, develop, motivate, and retain both our management and professional employees. Our Chief Executive Officer has announced his intention to retire in 2026 and our board has initiated a search for a new Chief Executive Officer. If there is a lack of continuity of management, it may adversely impact our business operations and growth strategy. The inability of our management to effectively manage our growth or the inability of our employees to achieve anticipated performance could have a material adverse effect on our business.

There is no assurance that we will achieve synergies and cost savings in connection with prior or future acquisitions.

We may not achieve anticipated cost savings in connection with prior or future acquisitions within the anticipated time frames or at all. A variety of risks could cause us not to realize some or all of these expected benefits. These risks include, among others, higher than expected standalone overhead expenses, delays in the anticipated timing of activities related to such initiatives and the incurrence of other unexpected costs associated with operating the business. Moreover, our implementation of cost savings initiatives may disrupt our operations and performance, and our estimated cost savings from such initiatives may be based on assumptions that prove to be inaccurate. If, for any reason, the benefits we realize are less than our estimates or our improvement initiatives adversely affect our operations or cost more or take longer to implement than we project, or if our assumptions prove inaccurate, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, our operating results from these acquisitions could, in the future, result in impairment charges for any of our intangible assets, including goodwill, or other long-lived assets, particularly if economic conditions worsen unexpectedly. These changes could materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows.

Our results of operations depend on the award of new contracts, the renewal of existing contracts and the timing of the performance of these contracts.

Our revenues derive from new contract awards and the renewal of existing contracts. Our long-term projected results could be affected by delays in the timing of the awards or cancellations of such projects resulting from economic conditions, material and equipment pricing and availability or other factors. It is particularly difficult to predict whether or when we will receive large-scale projects as these contracts are affected by several factors including lengthy and complex bidding and selection process, among others. Other factors include market conditions, financing arrangements, and required governmental approvals. While we do not have any contract with the requirement to provide a bond or letter of credit to protect the customer from our failure to perform under the terms of the contract, we may be required to do so at some time in the future. We generate revenues from such project awards; as such, our results of operations and cash flows can fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter depending on the timing of our contract awards and the commencement or progress of work under awarded contracts. Furthermore, many of these contracts are subject to financing contingencies and, as a result, we are subject to the risk that the customer will not be able to secure the necessary financing for the project.

In addition, certain contracts require us to satisfy specific progress or performance milestones in order to receive payment from the customer. As a result, we may incur significant costs for labor, equipment, sub-consultants or other out of pocket expenses prior to receipt of payment from a customer.

The uncertainty of contract award timing can also present difficulties in matching workforce size with contract needs. In some cases, we maintain and bear the cost of a ready workforce that is larger than necessary under existing contracts in anticipation of future workforce needs for expected contract awards. If an expected contract award is delayed or not received, we may incur additional costs resulting from reductions in staff or redundancy of facilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Continuing worldwide political, social and economic uncertainties may adversely affect our revenue and profitability.

The last several years have been marked by worldwide political, social and economic uncertainties. Ongoing instability and current conflicts in global markets, including Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Asia, and other recent geopolitical events throughout the world, and the potential for other conflicts and future terrorist activities, and actual and potential shifts in U.S. and foreign trade, including tariffs, economic and other policies, have created, and may continue to create, economic and political uncertainties and impacts.

The current macroeconomic environment is characterized by supply chain challenges, shortages of skilled labor and higher labor costs, high interest rates, foreign currency exchange volatility, volatility in the global capital markets, and

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uncertainty in debt markets. The instability created by these global uncertainties can make it extremely difficult for our customers, our vendors and us to accurately forecast and plan future business activities, and could cause constrained spending on our services, delays and a lengthening of our business development efforts, the demand for more favorable pricing or other terms and/or difficulty in collection of our accounts receivable. Our government customers may face budget deficits that prohibit them from funding proposed and existing projects. Further, ongoing economic instability in the global markets could limit our ability to access the capital markets at a time when we would like, or need, to raise capital, which could have an impact on our ability to react to changing business conditions or new opportunities. If political, social or economic conditions remain uncertain or weaken, or government spending is reduced, our revenue and profitability could be adversely affected.

Demand from customers is cyclical and vulnerable to economic downturns. If the economy weakens or customer spending declines, our financial results may be impacted.

Demand for services from our customers is cyclical and vulnerable to economic downturns, which may result in customers delaying, curtailing or canceling proposed and existing projects. Our business traditionally leads in downturns to the overall economy and may lag in a recovery, therefore, our business may not recover immediately when the economy improves.

If the economy weakens or customer spending declines, then our revenue, profits and overall financial condition may deteriorate. If there is additional economic downturn, including as a result of the worldwide political, social and economic uncertainties described above, our existing and potential customers may either postpone entering into new contracts, renew existing contracts or request price concessions. Difficult financing and economic conditions may cause some of our customers to demand better pricing terms or delay payments for services we perform, thereby increasing the average number of days our receivables are outstanding and the potential of increased credit losses on uncollectible invoices. Further, these conditions may result in the inability of some of our customers to pay us for services that we have already performed. If we are not able to reduce our costs quickly enough to respond to the revenue decline from these customers, our operating results may be adversely affected. Accordingly, these factors affect our ability to forecast our future revenue and earnings from business areas that may be adversely impacted by market conditions.

Public health threats, pandemics and outbreaks of communicable diseases could have a material adverse effect on our operations, the operations of our customers, and the global economy as a whole.

Public health threats, pandemics and outbreaks of communicable diseases could adversely impact our operations, as well as the operations of our customers. We have taken precautions in the operation of our own business and maintain an up-to-date disaster recovery and business continuity policy as well as have the systems and support to have our workforce work remotely for an indefinite period of time. However, while we have in the past, and can in the future, implement IT controls to reduce the risk of a cyber-security and data security breach, there is no guarantee that these measures will be adequate to safeguard all systems with an increased number of employees working remotely. In addition, the engineering and consulting design process undertaken by us is a collaborative process typically undertaken in an in-person office environment. The lack of this in person interaction may adversely impact our work product. Therefore, future public health threats, pandemics or outbreaks of communicable diseases, similar to the past COVID-19 outbreak, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial results. In addition, a public health crisis may negatively impact the global economy, disrupt financial markets and international trade, and result in increased unemployment levels and impact global supply chains, all of which could have the potential to materially adversely impact our customers and, in turn, our business

Inflation could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

In recent years, the economy in the United States and global markets encountered a material increase in the level of inflation. Geopolitical developments such as the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the conflict in the Middle East and global supply chain disruptions continue to increase uncertainty in the outlook of near-term and long-term economic activity, including whether inflation will continue and how long, and at what rate. Increases in inflation raise our costs for labor, materials and services and other costs required to grow and operate our business, and failure to secure these on reasonable terms may adversely impact our financial condition. Additionally, increases in inflation, along with the uncertainties surrounding geopolitical developments and global supply chain disruptions, have caused, and may in the future cause, global economic uncertainty and uncertainty about the interest rate environment, which may make it more difficult, costly or dilutive for us to secure additional financing. A failure to adequately respond to these risks could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

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A significant decline in new home construction, and/or a deterioration in expectations regarding the homebuilding market, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our customers include many of the top homebuilders in the United States. Demand for new homes has historically been fueled by continued low interest rates and changing population demographics but remains sensitive to changes in economic conditions such as the level of employment, consumer confidence, consumer income, the availability of financing and interest rate levels. Demand for new homes is subject to fluctuations, often due to factors outside of our control. For example, during 2022, the housing market weakened in response to the Federal Reserve’s aggressive increase in interest rates in an effort to curtail inflation. We cannot predict whether and to what extent housing markets will grow, particularly if interest rates for mortgage loans, land costs, and construction costs rise. It is likely that if one or more of the foregoing factors occurred or if there was an economic downturn, the resulting decline in demand for new homes would negatively impact the demand for our residential land planning and design services, which in turn could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Construction, roadway, mining and maintenance sites are inherently dangerous workplaces. If we, the owner, or others working at such sites fail to maintain safe work conditions, we can be exposed to significant financial losses and reputational harm, as well as civil and criminal liabilities.

Construction and maintenance sites often put our employees and others in proximity with large pieces of mechanized equipment, moving vehicles, manufacturing processes, and highly regulated materials, in a challenging environment. If we fail to implement safety procedures or if the procedures, we implement are ineffective, or if others working at the site fail to implement and follow appropriate safety procedures, our employees and others may become injured, disabled or even lose their lives, the completion or commencement of our projects may be delayed, and we may be exposed to litigation or investigations. Unsafe work sites also have the potential to increase employee turnover, increase the cost of a project to our customers, and raise our operating and insurance costs. Any of the foregoing could result in financial losses or reputational harm, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, our projects could involve the handling of hazardous and other highly regulated materials, which, if improperly handled or disposed of, could subject us to civil and/or criminal liabilities. We are also subject to regulations dealing with occupational health and safety. Although we maintain functional groups whose primary purpose is to ensure we implement effective health, safety and environmental (“HSE”) work procedures throughout our organization, including construction sites, roadways, mines and maintenance sites, the failure to comply with such regulations could subject us to liability. In addition, despite the work of our functional groups, we cannot guarantee the safety of our personnel or that there will be no damage to or loss of our work, equipment, or supplies.

We operate a large and diverse fleet of vehicles. Our employee drivers receive safety training, and we monitor for safe driving, however, we may be subject to liability associated with adverse incidents involving our fleet and drivers.

Failure to maintain an adequate safety record could impair our ability to perform contracts for existing customers or our ability to obtain new contracts.

Our general safety record is critical to our reputation. Many of our customers require that we meet certain safety criteria to be eligible to bid for contracts and many contracts provide for automatic termination or forfeiture of some or all of our contract fees or profit in the event we fail to meet certain measures. Accordingly, if we fail to maintain adequate safety standards, or even if we do maintain those safety standards but our employees are involved in accidents that result in our failing to meet stated safety criteria, we could suffer reduced profitability or the loss of projects or customers, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our services expose us to significant risks of liability, and our insurance policies may not provide adequate coverage.

If we fail to provide our services in accordance with applicable professional standards or contractual requirements, we could be exposed to significant monetary damages or even criminal violations. Our engineering practice, for example, involves applying professional judgments to the planning, design, development, construction, operations and management of residential, commercial, and mixed-use projects, industrial facilities, and public infrastructure projects. While we do not generally accept liability for consequential damages in our contracts, and although we have adopted a range of insurance, risk management and risk avoidance programs designed to reduce potential liabilities, a catastrophic event at one of our project sites or completed projects resulting from the services we have performed could result in significant professional or product liability, and warranty or other claims against us as well as reputational harm, especially if public safety is impacted. These liabilities could exceed our insurance limits or the fees we generate, may not be covered by insurance at

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all due to various exclusions in our coverage and self-insured retention amounts, and could impact our ability to obtain insurance in the future. Further, even where coverage applies, the policies have deductibles, which result in our assumption of exposure for certain amounts with respect to any claim filed against us. In addition, customers or sub-consultants who have agreed to indemnify us against any such liabilities or losses might refuse or be unable to pay it. An uninsured claim, either in part or in whole, as well as any claim covered by insurance but subject to a high deductible, if successful and of a material magnitude, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Unavailability or cancellation of third-party insurance coverage would increase our overall risk exposure as well as disrupt the management of our business operations.

We maintain insurance coverage from third-party insurers as part of our overall risk management strategy and some of our contracts require us to maintain specific insurance coverage limits. If any of our third-party insurers fail or cancel coverage, or we are otherwise unable to obtain adequate insurance coverage at a reasonable cost, our overall risk exposure and operational expenses would increase, and the management of our business operations would be disrupted. In addition, there can be no assurance that any of our existing insurance coverage will be renewable upon the expiration of the coverage period or that future coverage will be affordable at our desired limits.

The contracts in our backlog may be adjusted, cancelled, or suspended by our customers and, therefore, our backlog is not necessarily indicative of our future revenues or earnings. Additionally, even if fully performed, our backlog is not a good indicator of future gross profit.

Backlog represents the total dollar amount of revenues we expect to record in the future from the performance of work under contracts we have been awarded. As of December 31, 2025, our gross backlog totaled approximately $479 million. There is no assurance that backlog will be realized as revenues in the amounts reported or, if realized, will result in profits. In accordance with industry practice, substantially all our contracts are subject to cancellation, termination, or suspension at the discretion of the customer. In the event of a project cancellation, we would generally have no contractual right to the total revenue reflected in our backlog. Projects can remain in backlog for extended periods of time because of the nature of the project and the timing of the services required by the project. The risk of contracts in backlog being cancelled or suspended generally increases during periods of widespread economic slowdowns or in response to changes in commodity prices.

The contracts in our backlog are subject to changes in the scope of services to be provided as well as adjustments to the costs relating to the contracts. The revenue for certain contracts included in backlog is based on estimates. Additionally, the way we perform on our individual contracts can affect greatly our gross margins and hence, future profitability.

Losses under lump-sum contracts and assignments may adversely impact our business operations and financial results.

Our contracts include one or more assignments and often include assignments through which we commit to the performance of work for a specified lump-sum fee, subject to price adjustments if the scope of the assignment changes or unforeseen conditions arise. For financial reporting, any contract with one or more lump-sum fee assignment is characterized in total as a fixed fee contract and is reported in the aggregate as such. During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we derived over 59% and 60%, respectively, of our revenue from lump-sum assignments. Lump-sum assignments expose us to a number of risks not inherent in cost-plus and time and material assignments, including underestimation of costs, ambiguities in specifications, unforeseen costs or difficulties, problems with new technologies, delays beyond our control, failures of subcontractors to perform, and economic or other changes that may occur during the contract period. Losses under lump-sum assignments could adversely impact our results of operations.

Our use of the percentage of completion method of revenue recognition requires that we estimate costs to be incurred under long-term contracts. Incorrect estimates could result in a reduction or reversal of previously recorded revenue and profits.

We recognize revenue for our lump-sum contracts ratably over time based on cost-basis percentage of completion. Our use of percentage-of-completion accounting requires that revenue and profit be recognized ratably over the life of the contract based on the proportion of costs incurred to date to total costs expected to be incurred for the entire project. The effects of revisions to revenue and estimated costs, including the achievement of award fees as well as the impact of change orders and claims, are recorded when the amounts are known and can be reasonably estimated. Such revisions could occur in any period and their effects could be material. The uncertainties inherent in the estimating process make it possible for actual costs to vary materially from initial and updated estimates.

We are dependent on third parties to complete certain elements of our contracts.

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We engage third-party sub-consultants to perform certain work under our contracts. We also rely on third-party equipment manufacturers or suppliers to provide equipment used for certain of our projects. If we are unable to hire qualified sub-consultants or find qualified equipment manufacturers or suppliers, our ability to successfully complete those projects could be impaired. If we are not able to locate qualified third-party sub-consultants or the amount we are required to pay for sub-consultants or equipment and supplies exceeds what we have estimated and/or we are unable to pass through the excess cost to our customers, especially in a lump sum or a fixed price contract, we may suffer losses on these contracts. We generally do not obtain a performance bond from our sub-consultants. If a sub-consultant, supplier or manufacturer fails to provide services, supplies or equipment as required under a contract for any reason, we may be required to source these services, equipment or supplies to other third parties on a delayed basis or on less favorable terms, which could impact contract profitability. There is a risk that we may have disputes with our sub-consultants relating to, among other things, the quality and timeliness of work performed, customer concerns about a sub-consultant or our failure to extend existing task orders or issue new task orders under a contract. In addition, faulty workmanship, equipment, or materials could impact the overall project, resulting in claims against us for failure to meet required project specifications.

Third parties may find it difficult to obtain enough financing to help fund their operations. The inability to obtain financing could adversely affect a third party’s ability to provide materials, equipment or services which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, a failure by a third-party sub-consultant, supplier, or manufacturer to comply with applicable laws, regulations or customer requirements could negatively impact our business and, for government customers, could result in fines, penalties, suspension or even debarment being imposed on us, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Failure of our sub-consultants to satisfy their obligations to us or other parties, or the inability to maintain these relationships, may adversely impact our business operations and financial results.

We depend on sub-consultants in conducting our business. There is a risk that we may have disputes with our sub-consultants arising from, among other things, the quality and timeliness of work performed, customer concerns, or failure to extend existing task orders or issue new task orders under a subcontract. In addition, if any of our sub-consultants fail to deliver on a timely basis the agreed-upon services or supplies, go out of business, or fail to perform on a project, our ability to fulfill our obligations may be jeopardized and we may be contractually responsible for the work performed. The absence of qualified sub-consultants with which we have a satisfactory relationship could adversely affect the quality of our service and our ability to perform under some of our contracts.

We also rely on relationships with other contractors when we act as their sub-consultants or joint venture partner. Our future revenue and growth prospects could be adversely affected if other contractors eliminate or reduce their subcontracts or teaming arrangement relationships with us or if a government agency terminates or reduces these other contractors’ programs, does not award them new contracts, or refuses to pay under a contract.

Weather conditions and seasonal revenue fluctuations may adversely impact our financial results.

Our financial results during the months of November through March may be impacted by adverse weather conditions and the holiday season. As a result, our revenue and net income for the first and fourth quarters of our fiscal year may be lower when compared to our results for the second and third quarters of our fiscal year. If we were to experience lower-than-expected revenue during any such periods, we could experience a material adverse effect on our business, financial results and cash flows.

Catastrophic events may adversely impact our business operations.

Our business operations may be adversely impacted by force majeure or extraordinary events beyond the control of the contracting parties, such as natural and man-made disasters as well as terrorist attacks. Such events could result in the closure of offices, interruption of projects, and the relocation of employees. We typically remain obligated to perform our services after a terrorist attack or natural disaster unless the contract contains a force majeure clause that relieves us of our contractual obligations. If we are not able to react quickly to force majeure, our operations may be affected significantly, which would have a negative impact on our business operations.

We rely on third-party internal and outsourced software to run our critical accounting, project management and financial information systems. As a result, any sudden loss, disruption or unexpected costs to maintain these systems could significantly increase our operational expense and disrupt the management of our business operations.

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We rely on third-party software to run our critical accounting, project management and financial information systems. We also depend on our software vendors to provide long-term software maintenance support for our information systems. Software vendors may decide to discontinue further development, integration or long-term software maintenance support for our information systems, in which case we may need to abandon one or more of our current information systems and migrate some or all of our accounting, project management and financial information to other systems, thus increasing our operational expense as well as disrupting the management of our business operations.

Issues related to the use of Artificial Intelligence may result in reputational harm or liability that could adversely impact our business .

Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) presents risks, challenges, and unintended consequences that could affect its adoption, and therefore our business. We may incorporate AI solutions into some of our information platforms, products and services, and these technologies may become increasingly important to our operations over time. AI technologies are complex and rapidly evolving and the technologies that we use or develop may ultimately be flawed. We may be unable to leverage AI capabilities as quickly as the market and our customers demand, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage. Additionally, leveraging AI capabilities to potentially improve our information platforms, products and services presents further risks and challenges. If we experience an actual or perceived breach of privacy or security incident because of the use of AI, we may lose valuable sensitive or confidential customer or employee data which could damage our reputation. Further, dependence on AI without adequate safeguards to make certain business decisions may introduce additional operational vulnerabilities by impacting our relationships with customers, partners, and third-party vendors, by producing inaccurate outcomes based on flaws in the underlying data, or other unintended results.

While we have taken and are taking reasonable steps to prevent and mitigate risks, further incorporating AI gives rise to litigation risk and risk of non-compliance and unknown cost of compliance, as AI is an emerging technology for which the legal and regulatory landscape is not fully developed (including potential liability for breaching privacy rights or laws). While new AI initiatives, laws, and regulations are emerging and evolving, what they ultimately will look like remains uncertain, and our obligation to comply with them could entail significant costs, negatively affect our business, or entirely limit our ability to incorporate certain AI capabilities into our operations.

While we aim to use and develop AI responsibly and attempt to mitigate ethical and legal issues presented by its use, we may ultimately be unsuccessful in identifying or resolving issues before they arise.

We are subject to cybersecurity risks and breaches of our systems and information technology could adversely impact our ability to operate.

We rely on our network and third-party infrastructure and enterprise applications, internal technology systems, and our website for our development, marketing, operational, support, hosted services, and sales activities. We need to protect our own internal trade secrets, work product for our customers, and other business confidential information from disclosure. Despite our implementation of network security measures, we are vulnerable to disruption, infiltration, or failure of these systems or third-party hosted services in the event of cyber-attack, natural disasters, terrorist attacks or other catastrophic events that could cause system interruptions, reputational harm, loss of intellectual property, lengthy interruptions in our services, breaches of data security, and loss of critical data and could harm our future operating results.

We face the threat to our computer systems of unauthorized access, computer hackers, computer viruses, malicious code, organized cyber-attacks and other security problems and system disruptions, including possible unauthorized access to our and our customers’ proprietary or classified information. These threats may increase as a result of the increased capabilities of AI and other emerging technologies that may be used maliciously, as well as geopolitical instability or conflicts. We rely on industry-accepted security measures and technology to maintain securely all confidential and proprietary information on our information systems. We have devoted and will continue to devote significant resources to the security of our computer systems, but they are still vulnerable to these threats. A user who circumvents security measures can misappropriate confidential or proprietary information, including information regarding us, our personnel and/or our customers, or cause interruptions or malfunctions in operations. Our industry has not been immune from organized cyber-attacks from persons seeking a ransom as a condition of releasing access to the firm’s computer systems. While we have implemented security measures designed to protect against security incidents, there can be no assurance that these measures will be effective. Applicable data privacy and security obligations may require us to notify relevant stakeholders of security incidents. Such disclosures are costly, and the disclosure or the failure to comply with such requirements could lead to adverse consequences. Vulnerabilities in our systems may pose material risks to our business. We have not and may not in the future, however, detect and remediate all such vulnerabilities including on a timely basis. Further, we have and may in the future experience delays in developing and deploying remedial measures and patches

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designed to address identified vulnerabilities. Any of these events could damage our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, we cannot be sure that our insurance coverage will be adequate or sufficient to protect us from or to mitigate liabilities arising out of our privacy and security practices, that such coverage will continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or that such coverage will pay future claims. As a result, we can be required to expend significant resources to protect against the threat of these system disruptions and security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by these disruptions and breaches. Any of these events can damage our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Negative conditions in the credit and financial markets and delays in receiving customer payments could result in liquidity problems, adversely affecting our cost of borrowing, our ability to refinance our indebtedness and our business.

Although we finance much of our operations using cash provided by operations, at times we depend on the availability of credit to grow our business and to help fund business acquisitions. Instability in the credit markets in the U.S. or abroad could cause the availability of credit to be relatively difficult or expensive to obtain at competitive rates, on commercially reasonable terms or in sufficient amounts. This situation could make it more difficult or more expensive for us to access funds, refinance our existing indebtedness, enter into agreements for new indebtedness, or obtain funding through the issuance of securities or such additional capital may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. We have in the past entered into and expect in the future to enter into business acquisition agreements that require us to access credit, which if not available at the closing of the acquisition could result in a breach of the acquisition agreement and a resulting claim for damages by the sellers of such business. In addition, market conditions could negatively impact our customers’ ability to fund their projects and, therefore, utilize our services, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Some of our customers, suppliers and sub-consultants depend on access to commercial financing and capital markets to fund their operations. Disruptions in the credit or capital markets and increases in market interest rates could adversely affect our customers’ ability to finance projects and could result in contract cancellations or suspensions, project delays and payment delays or defaults by our customers. In addition, customers may be unable to fund new projects, may choose to make fewer capital expenditures or otherwise slow their spending on our services or to seek contract terms more favorable to them. Our government customers may face budget deficits that prohibit them from funding proposed and existing projects or that cause them to exercise their right to terminate our contracts with little or no prior notice. In addition, any financial difficulties suffered by our sub-consultants or suppliers could increase our cost or adversely impact project schedules. These disruptions could materially impact our backlog and have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on or to refinance our indebtedness, depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not continue to generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring debt with worse interest rates, or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations.

Our quarterly results may fluctuate significantly, which could have a material negative effect on the price of our common stock.

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate due to several factors, including:

• fluctuations in the spending patterns of our customers;

• the number and significance of projects executed during a quarter;

• unanticipated changes in contract performance, particularly with contracts that have funding limits;

• the timing of resolving change orders, requests for equitable adjustments and other contract adjustments;

• the timing of our meeting a project milestone that allows us to bill our customer and recognize revenue;

• project delays;

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• changes in prices of commodities or other supplies;

• weather conditions that delay work at project sites;

• the timing of expenses incurred in connection with acquisitions or other corporate initiatives;

• natural disasters or other crises;

• staff levels and utilization rates;

• changes in prices of services offered by our competitors; and

• general economic and political conditions.

If our quarterly operating results fluctuate significantly, it could have a material negative affect on our financial condition and results of operations and could cause the price of our common stock to decrease, perhaps substantially and disproportionately to the actual effect on our business.

An impairment charge on our goodwill could have a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations.

Because we have grown in part through acquisitions, and expect to grow further through acquisitions, goodwill and intangible assets represent a substantial portion of our assets and will likely represent a more substantial portion in the future. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had $173.6 million and $134.7 million of goodwill, representing 29.9% and 26.8%, respectively, of our total assets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. Under U.S. GAAP, we are required to evaluate goodwill carried in our consolidated balance sheet for possible impairment on an annual basis using a fair value approach. We also are required to test goodwill for impairment between annual tests if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce our enterprise fair value below our goodwill carrying value. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, including legal factors, economic impacts, operating performance indicators, competition, sale, or disposition of a significant portion of our business, potential changes in regulatory or licensing requirements, and other factors.

If our market capitalization drops significantly below the amount of net equity recorded on our balance sheet, that might indicate a decline in our fair value and would require us to further evaluate whether our goodwill has been impaired. The amount of any impairment could be significant and, if taken, could have a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations to the period in which we record the charge.

Increases in inflation, interest rates, and/or construction costs could reduce the demand for our services as well as decrease our profit on existing contracts, particularly our fixed price contracts.

Increases in inflation, interest rates, or construction costs could reduce the demand for our services. In addition, we bear all the risk of rising inflation on our fixed price contracts with respect to our cost of labor. Because a meaningful portion of our revenues are earned from fixed price contracts involving a substantial cost associated with our labor, the effects of inflation could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are subject to professional standards, duties and statutory obligations on professional reports and opinions we issue, which could subject us to monetary damages.

We issue reports and opinions to customers based on our professional engineering expertise as well as our other professional credentials that subject us to professional standards, duties and obligations regulating the performance of our services. If a customer or another third party alleges that our report or opinion is incorrect or it is improperly relied upon and we are held responsible, we could be subject to significant liability or claims for damages. In addition, our reports and other work product may need to comply with professional standards, licensing requirements, securities regulations and other laws and rules governing the performance of professional services in the jurisdiction where the services are performed. We could be liable to third parties who use or rely upon our reports and other work product even if we are not contractually bound to those third parties. These events could in turn result in monetary damages and penalties.

Our credit agreement contains several restrictive covenants, which could limit our ability to finance future operations, acquisitions or capital needs or engage in other business activities that may be in our interest.

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Our credit agreement contains several financial covenants that impose operating and other restrictions on us, and our subsidiaries. Such restrictions affect or could affect, and in many respects limit or prohibit, among other things, our ability, and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to:

• incur additional indebtedness;

• create liens;

• pay dividends and make other distributions in respect of our equity securities;

• redeem our equity securities;

• enter into certain lines of business;

• make certain investments or certain other restricted payments;

• sell certain kinds of assets;

• enter into certain types of transactions with affiliates; and

• undergo a change in control or effect certain mergers or consolidations.

In addition, our credit agreement also requires us to comply with certain fixed charge coverage, debt to EBITDA and senior debt to EBITDA ratios. Poor financial performance or events beyond our control may affect our ability to comply with these covenants.

These restrictions could limit our ability to plan for or react to market or economic conditions or meet capital needs or otherwise restrict our activities or business plans and could adversely affect our ability to finance our operations, acquisitions, investments or strategic alliances or other capital needs or to engage in other business activities that would be in our interest.

A breach of any of these covenants or our inability to comply with the required financial ratios could result in a default under the credit agreement. If an event of default occurs, the lenders under the credit agreement could elect to:

• declare all borrowings outstanding, together with accrued and unpaid interest, to be immediately due and payable;

• require us to apply all our available cash to repay the borrowings; or

• prevent us from making debt service payments on certain of our borrowings due to other creditors.

If we were unable to repay or otherwise refinance these borrowings when due, the lenders under the credit agreement could sell the collateral securing the credit agreement, which constitutes a significant majority of our assets.

Variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.

Borrowings under our credit agreement with Bank of America, N.A. bear interest at variable rates, exposing us to interest rate risk. Interest rates in the United States may increase in the future. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on borrowings under our credit agreement would increase even though the amount borrowed would remain the same, and our results of operations and cash flows for servicing our indebtedness would decrease, perhaps significantly.

Risks Relating to Government Contracts, Regulation and Litigation

Governmental agencies may modify, curtail, or terminate our contracts at any time prior to their completion and, if we do not replace them, we may suffer a decline in revenue.

Most government contracts may be modified, curtailed, or terminated by the government either at its discretion or upon the default of the contractor. If the government terminates a contract at its discretion, then we typically can recover only costs incurred or committed, settlement expenses and profit on work completed prior to termination, which could prevent us from recognizing all the potential revenue and profits from that contract. In addition, for some assignments, the government may attempt to “insource” the services to government employees rather than outsource to a contractor. If a governmental agency terminates a contract due to our default, we could be liable for excess costs incurred by the governmental agency in obtaining services from another source.

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Because we provide services to municipalities and other public agencies, we are more susceptible to the unique risks associated with government contracts.

A substantial amount of our revenue is derived from our work for municipalities and other public agencies. Consequently, we are exposed to certain risks associated with public agency and government contracting, any one of which can have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. These risks include:

• The ability of the public agency to terminate the contract with 30 days’ prior notice or less;

• Changes in public agency spending and fiscal policies which can have an adverse effect on demand for our services;

• Contracts that are subject to public agency budget cycles, and often are subject to renewal on an annual basis;

• Changes in regulatory policies that prioritize small businesses or minority contractors;

• Pricing pressure for government contracts that may diminish profits;

• The often wide variation of the types and pricing terms of contracts from agency to agency;

• The difficulty of obtaining change orders and additions to contracts; and

• The requirement to perform periodic audits as a condition of certain contract arrangements.

Legislation, policy, rules, or regulations may be enacted that limit or change the ability of state, regional or local agencies to contract for our privatized services. Such changes would affect our ability to obtain new contracts and may decrease the demand for our services.

Legislation is proposed periodically that attempts to limit the ability of governmental agencies to contract with private consultants to provide services. Should such changes occur and be upheld, demand for our services may be materially adversely affected. For each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, approximately 35% and 27% of our gross contract revenue was derived from services performed under contracts with governmental agencies, respectively. While attempts at such legislation have failed in the past, such measures could be adopted in the future.

State and other public employee unions may bring litigation that seeks to limit the ability of public agencies to contract with private firms to perform government employee functions relating to public improvements. Judicial determinations in favor of these unions could affect our ability to compete for contracts and may have an adverse effect on our financial results.

For over 25 years, state and other public employee unions have challenged the validity of propositions, legislation, charters, and other government regulations that allow public agencies to contract with private firms to provide services in the fields of engineering, design, and construction of public improvements that might otherwise be provided by public employees. These challenges could have the effect of eliminating or severely restricting the ability of municipalities to hire private firms and otherwise require them to use union employees to perform the services. If a state or other public employee union is successful in its challenge, this may result in additional litigation which could affect our ability to compete for contracts.

Our failure to comply with a variety of complex procurement rules and regulations could damage our reputation and result in our being liable for penalties, including termination of our government contracts, disqualification from bidding on future government contracts and suspension or debarment from government contracting.

We must comply with laws and regulations relating to government contracts, which affect how we do business with our customers and may impose added costs on our business. Some significant laws and regulations that affect us include:

• federal, state, and local laws and regulations (including the Federal Acquisition Regulation or “FAR”) regarding the formation, administration, and performance of government contracts;

• the Civil False Claims Act, which provides for substantial civil penalties for violations, including for submission of a false or fraudulent claim to the U.S. government for payment or approval; and

• federal, state, and local laws and regulations regarding procurement integrity including gratuity, bribery and anti-corruption requirements as well as limitations on political contributions and lobbying.

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Any failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could result in contract termination, damage to our reputation, price or fee reductions, suspension, or debarment from contracting with the government, each of which could have a materially adverse effect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, federal, state, and local government entities may revise existing contract rules and regulations or adopt new contract rules and regulations at any time and may also face restrictions or pressure regarding the type and number of services that they may obtain from private contractors. Any of these changes could impair our ability to obtain new contracts or renew contracts under which we currently perform when those contracts are subject to recompete.

The outcome of pending and future claims and litigation could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are a party to claims and litigation in the normal course of business. Since we engage in engineering, surveying and related consulting activities for large facilities and projects where design, construction or systems failures can result in substantial injury or damage to employees or others, we are exposed to claims and litigation and investigations if there is a failure at any such facility or project. Such claims could relate to, among other things, personal injury, loss of life, business interruption, property damage, pollution and environmental damage and be brought by our customers or third parties, such as those who use or reside near our customers’ projects. We can also be exposed to claims if we agreed that a project will achieve certain performance standards or satisfy certain technical requirements and those standards or requirements are not met. In many of our contracts with customers, sub-consultants, and vendors, we agree to retain or assume potential liabilities for damages, penalties, losses and other exposures relating to projects that could result in claims that greatly exceed the anticipated profits relating to those contracts. In addition, while customers and sub-consultants may agree to indemnify us against certain liabilities, such third parties may refuse or be unable to pay it.

Employee, agent or partner misconduct or our overall failure to comply with laws or regulations may adversely impact our reputation and financial results as well as subject us to criminal and civil enforcement actions.

Misconduct, fraud, non-compliance with applicable laws and regulations, or other improper activities by one of our employees, agents, or partners could have a significant negative impact on our business and reputation. Such misconduct could include the failure to comply with regulations regarding government procurements, the protection of classified information, bribery and other foreign corrupt practices, pricing of labor and other costs in government contracts, lobbying or similar activities, internal controls over financial reporting, environmental laws, and any other applicable laws or regulations. Our policies mandate compliance with these regulations and laws, and we take precautions to prevent and detect misconduct. However, since our internal controls are subject to inherent limitations, including human error, it is possible that these controls could be intentionally circumvented or become inadequate because of changed conditions. As a result, we cannot assure that our controls will protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees and agents. Our failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations or acts of misconduct could subject us to fines and penalties, loss of security clearances, and suspension or debarment from contracting, any or all of which could harm our reputation, reduce our revenue and profits, and subject us to criminal and civil enforcement actions. Historically, we have not had any material cases involving misconduct or fraud.

Changes in resource management or infrastructure industry laws, regulations, and programs could directly or indirectly reduce the demand for our services which could in turn negatively impact our revenue.

Some of our services are directly or indirectly impacted by changes in U.S. federal, state, local, or foreign laws and regulations pertaining to resource management, infrastructure, and the environment. Climate change and related legislative and regulatory initiatives may materially affect the Company's business and results of operations. The effects of climate change continue to raise significant concerns about the state of the environment. However, under the Trump administration, federal policy may shift to reduce the emphasis on climate change initiatives and environmental regulations. This could include scaling back federal participation in international agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, and reducing regulatory pressures on businesses, including banks, to address climate-related risks. Legislative and regulatory proposals aimed at combating climate change may face greater scrutiny or diminished priority. The enactment of additional laws and regulations or a relaxation or repeal of existing laws and regulations, or changes in governmental policies regarding the funding, implementation, or enforcement of these programs, could result in a decline in demand for our services, which could in turn negatively impact our revenue.

We are subject to stringent and evolving laws, regulations, rules, contractual obligations, policies and other obligations related to data privacy and security. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could lead to regulatory investigations or actions; litigation (including class claims) and mass arbitration demands; fines and

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penalties; disruptions of our business operations; reputational harm; loss of revenue or profits; loss of customers or sales; and other adverse business consequences.

Data privacy, security laws, and our customer contracts require us to manage and protect sensitive and confidential information, including federal and other government information, from disclosure. We also need to protect our own internal trade secrets and other confidential business information, as well as personal data of our employees and contractors, from disclosure.

In the United States, federal, state, and local governments have enacted numerous data privacy and security laws, including data breach notification laws, personal data privacy laws, consumer protection laws (e.g., Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act), and other similar laws. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020 (collectively, “CCPA”) applies to personal information of consumers, business representatives, and employees who are California residents, and requires businesses to provide specific disclosures in privacy notices and honor requests of such individuals to exercise certain privacy rights. The CCPA provides for administrative fines and allows private litigants affected by certain data breaches to recover significant statutory damages. Other states, such as Virginia and Colorado, have also passed comprehensive privacy laws, and similar laws are being considered in several other states as well as at the federal and local levels.

We may be subject to liabilities under environmental laws and regulations, including liabilities assumed in acquisitions for which we may not be indemnified.

We must comply with several laws that strictly regulate the handling, removal, treatment, transportation and disposal of toxic and hazardous substances. Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended (“CERCLA”), and comparable state laws, we may be required to investigate and remediate regulated hazardous materials. CERCLA and comparable state laws typically impose strict joint and several liabilities without regard to whether a company knew of or caused the release of hazardous substances. The liability for the entire cost of clean-up could be imposed upon any responsible party. Other principal federal environmental, health, and safety laws affecting us include, among others, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act. Our business operations may also be subject to similar state and international laws relating to environmental protection. Liabilities related to environmental contamination or human exposure to hazardous substances, or a failure to comply with applicable regulations, could result in substantial costs to us, including clean-up costs, fines and civil or criminal sanctions, third-party claims for property damage or personal injury, or cessation of remediation activities. Our continuing work in the areas governed by these laws and regulations exposes us to the risk of substantial liability.

While our business is not subject to significant regulation, the services we provide to our customers address various federal, state and local regulations that must be complied with to receive approval to proceed. In connection with the process of bidding for and being awarded certain government assignments we are required to provide an annual Federal Acquisition Regulation rate audit that determines our overhead reimbursement allowance. With respect to the operation of our business, we are subject to professional licensing requirements that vary by state.

Each state establishes licensing and organizational requirements for our services. Certain states allow only individuals and individually owned professional services corporations to hold licenses. In those states there may be grandfathering exemptions that allow corporations to hold licenses. In the event a state does not allow a corporation to hold a license, we have in the past formed professional services corporations owned by Mr. Bowman, which we expect to transition in 2026, and other employees to facilitate our ability to work in such states. To the extent we cannot adequately satisfy a state’s licensing requirements, we do not operate in that state. As of December 31, 2025, we were licensed to operate in all states within the United States either directly or through an affiliate.

Changes in tax laws or their implementation or interpretation could materially affect our results of operations.

We are subject to tax laws in the United States at the federal, state, and local levels, as well as in foreign jurisdictions. These jurisdictions may periodically enact or modify tax statutes, regulations, or administrative guidance, which can change how existing tax rules are interpreted or applied. Such changes could increase our tax liability, compliance burden, or uncertainty in forecasting future tax obligations.

Risks Relating to Our Common Stock

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If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, current and potential stockholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our common stock.

Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports, prevent fraud and operate successfully as a public company. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our reputation and operating results would be harmed. We cannot be certain that our efforts to maintain our internal controls will be successful, that we will be able to maintain adequate controls over our financial processes and reporting in the future or that we will be able to comply with our obligations under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Any failure to develop or maintain effective internal controls, or difficulties encountered in implementing or improving our internal controls, could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. Ineffective internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock.

Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements, or insufficient disclosures due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

The price of our common stock has been, and may continue to be, volatile and the value of our common stock could decline.

The market price of our common stock has been, and may in the future be highly, volatile. The stock market in general and the market for emerging growth companies have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. The market price for our common stock may fluctuate or decline substantially as a result of a variety of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:

• the recruitment or departure of key personnel, including our Chief Executive Officer;

• actual or anticipated changes in estimates as to financial results, acquisitions or recommendations by securities analysts;

• variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us;

• market conditions in the utility and infrastructure markets where we focus;

• future sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders;

• the trading volume of our common stock;

• general economic, industry and market conditions; and

• the other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section.

An active trading market for our common stock may not be sustained.

Although our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Global Market, an active trading market for our common stock may not be sustained. The lack of an active market may impair your ability to sell your shares at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable. The lack of an active market may also reduce the fair value of your shares. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital to continue to fund operations by selling shares and may impair our ability to acquire other companies by using our shares as consideration.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the continued listing standards of Nasdaq.

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Our continued eligibility for listing on Nasdaq depends on several factors. If Nasdaq delists the common stock from trading on its exchange for failure to meet the listing standards, we and our stockholders could face significant material adverse consequences including:

• a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;

• a determination that our common stock is a “penny stock,” which will require brokers trading in our common stock to adhere to more stringent rules, possibly resulting in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our common stock;

• a limited amount of analyst coverage; and

• a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they publish negative evaluations of our stock, the price of our stock could decline.

The trading market for our common stock relies in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. We may not continue to obtain research coverage by industry or financial analysts. If no or few analysts commence coverage of us, the trading price of our stock would likely decrease. Even if we do obtain analyst coverage, if one or more of the analysts covering our business downgrade their evaluations of our stock, the price of our stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover our stock, we could lose visibility in the market for our stock, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline.

Our Chief Executive Officer owns a large percentage of our voting stock, which may allow him to have a significant influence on all matters requiring stockholder approval.

Gary Bowman, our Chief Executive Officer, beneficially owned 2,279,913 shares, or approximately 13.36% of our common stock as of March 5, 2026. Mr. Bowman has power to influence the outcome of important corporate decisions or matters submitted to a vote of our stockholders, including decisions regarding mergers, going private transactions, and other extraordinary transactions, and to significantly influence the terms of any of these transactions. Once Mr. Bowman retires from the Company, he will no longer owe our stockholders any fiduciary duties as a director and an executive officer. As such, Mr. Bowman could take actions to address his own interests, which may be different from those of our other stockholders.

Future issuances or sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock, or the perception that such issuances or sales may occur, could cause our stock price to decline.

Future issuances or sales of additional shares of our common stock could dilute the ownership interest of our common stockholders and could depress the market price of shares of our common stock.

In addition, if our existing stockholders sell, or indicate an intention to sell, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market after certain lock-up and other legal restrictions on resale lapse, the market price of our common stock could decline.

In the future, we may issue additional shares of common stock or other equity or debt securities convertible into common stock in connection with financings, acquisitions, registration statements or otherwise.

We have also registered shares of our common stock that we may issue under our equity incentive plans and our employee stock purchase plan. As a result, all such shares can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to any vesting conditions or contractual lock-up agreements.

If additional shares of our common stock are issued or sold, or if it is perceived that they will be issued or sold, in the public market, the market price of our common stock could decline.

We cannot guarantee that our share repurchase program will be fully implemented or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value.

On June 6, 2025, our board of directors authorized a $25 million share repurchase program under which we may repurchase up to $25 million of our common stock replacing the Company's prior share repurchase program, which was scheduled to expire on July 31, 2025. The authorization is effective through June 9, 2026. Under the terms of the program,

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the shares may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions at prevailing market prices, in privately negotiated transactions or by other means in accordance with federal securities laws. The actual manner, timing and amount of repurchases under the share repurchase program will be determined by management at its discretion and will depend on a number of factors, including the market price of our common stock, market conditions and capital allocation priorities. As a result, there can be no guarantee around the timing or volume of our share repurchases. In addition, as part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, the United States implemented a 1% excise tax on the value of certain share repurchases by publicly traded companies. This tax could increase the costs to us of any share repurchases. We intend to finance any stock repurchases through operating cash flow. Repurchases also may be made under a trading plan under Rule 10b5-1, which would permit shares to be repurchased when we might otherwise be precluded from doing so because of self-imposed trading blackout periods or other regulatory restrictions. There is no guarantee as to the number of shares that will be repurchased, and the share repurchase program may be extended, suspended or discontinued at any time without notice at our discretion, which may result in a decrease in the trading price of our common stock. The share repurchase program could increase volatility in and affect the price of our common stock. The existence of our share repurchase program could also cause the price of our common stock to be higher than it would be in the absence of such a program and could potentially reduce the market liquidity for our common stock. Additionally, repurchases under our share repurchase program will diminish our cash reserves and negatively impact our access to debt and our overall indebtedness. There can be no assurance that any stock repurchases will enhance stockholder value because the market price of our common stock may decline below the levels at which we repurchased such shares. Any failure to repurchase shares after we have announced our intention to do so may negatively impact our reputation and investor confidence in us and may negatively impact our stock price. Although our share repurchase program is intended to enhance long-term stockholder value, short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the program’s effectiveness.

Anti-takeover provisions under our charter documents and Delaware law could delay or prevent a change of control, which could limit the market price of our common stock and may prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our board of directors that our stockholders might consider favorable. Some of these provisions include:

• a board of directors divided into three classes serving staggered three-year terms, such that not all members of the board will be elected at one time;

• a prohibition on stockholder action through written consent, which requires that all stockholder actions be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;

• a requirement that special meetings of stockholders be called only by the board of directors acting pursuant to a resolution approved by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors then in office;

• advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals and nominations for election to our board of directors;

• a requirement that no member of our board of directors may be removed from office by our stockholders except for cause and, in addition to any other vote required by law, upon the approval of not less than two-thirds of all outstanding shares of our voting stock then entitled to vote in the election of directors;

• a requirement of approval of not less than two-thirds of all outstanding shares of our voting stock to amend any bylaws by stockholder action or to amend specific provisions of our certificate of incorporation; and

• the authority of the board of directors to issue preferred stock on terms determined by the board of directors without stockholder approval and which preferred stock may include rights superior to the rights of the holders of common stock.

In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporate Law, or DGCL, which may prohibit certain business combinations with stockholders owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock. These antitakeover provisions and other provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirers to obtain control of our board of directors or initiate actions that are opposed by the then-current board of directors and could also delay or impede a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving our company. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other stockholders to elect directors

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of your choosing or cause us to take other corporate actions you desire. Any delay or prevention of a change of control transaction or changes in our board of directors could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

Our amended and restated bylaws designate specific courts as the exclusive forum for certain litigation that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.

Pursuant to our amended and restated bylaws, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for any state law claims for (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (2) any action asserting a claim of or based on a breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of ours to us or our stockholders; (3) any action asserting a claim pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws; or (4) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, or the Delaware Forum Provision. The Delaware Forum Provision will not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. Our amended and restated bylaws contain a Federal Forum provision that provides that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia shall be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. In addition, our amended and restated bylaws provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision; provided, however, that stockholders cannot and will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

We recognize that the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision in our amended and restated bylaws may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders in pursuing any such claims, particularly if the stockholders do not reside in or near the State of Delaware or the Commonwealth of Virginia, as applicable. Additionally, the forum selection clauses in our amended and restated bylaws may limit our stockholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees, which may discourage the filing of lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees, even though an action, if successful, might benefit our stockholders. In addition, while the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court are “facially valid” under Delaware law, there is uncertainty as to whether other courts will enforce our Federal Forum Provision. If the Federal Forum Provision is found to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters. The Federal Forum Provision may also impose additional litigation costs on stockholders who assert that the provision is not enforceable or invalid. The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the United States District Court for the Commonwealth of Virginia may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our stockholders.

Commencing December 31, 2026 we will no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, and the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will no longer apply to us.

As of December 31, 2026, we will no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or JOBS Act, enacted in April 2012, and will no longer qualify to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to public companies that are emerging growth companies. As such, we expect to incur significant additional expenses that we did not previously incur in complying with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and rules implemented by the SEC. We will become subject to certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that were not applicable to us as an emerging growth company, for example, compliance with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the consolidated financial statements, and compliance with the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory votes on executive compensation, and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We expect that our loss of "emerging growth company" status and our compliance with the additional requirements that we are currently exempt from as an "emerging growth company" will require additional attention from management and will increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs. In addition, any failure to comply with these additional requirements in a timely manner, or at all, could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations and could cause a decline in the price of our common stock.

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Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gain.

We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains “forward-looking statements” reflecting our current expectations, estimates and assumptions concerning events and financial trends that may affect our future operating results or financial position. Actual results and the timing of events may differ materially from those contained in these forward-looking statements due to several factors. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, economic and competitive conditions, regulatory changes, and other uncertainties, as well as those factors discussed in the “Risk Factors” section and “Cautionary Statements about Forward-Looking Statements,” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, all of which are difficult to predict. Considering these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed may not occur. We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements, except to the extent required by applicable laws or rules. Unless the context otherwise requires, references to “Bowman,” the “company,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Bowman Consulting Group Ltd., its wholly owned subsidiaries and combined entities under common control, or either or all of them as the context may require.

Overview

Bowman is a professional services firm delivering innovative engineering, technical consulting and program management services to customers who own, develop, and maintain the built environment. We provide planning, engineering, construction management, commissioning, environmental consulting, geospatial imaging, surveying, land procurement and other advisory services to customers operating in a diverse set of end markets. We work as both a prime and sub-consultant for a broad base of public and private sector customers that generally operate in highly regulated environments.

We have a diversified business that is not dependent on any one customer service line, geographic region, or end market. We are deliberate in our efforts to balance our sources of revenue and avoid reliance on any one significant customer, service line, geography or end market concentration. Our strategic focus is on penetrating and expanding our presence in markets which best afford us opportunities to secure assignments that provide reoccurring revenue and multi-year engagements thus resulting in dependable and predictable revenue streams with high employee utilization. We limit our exposure to risk by providing professional and related services exclusively. We do not engage in general contracting activities either directly, or through joint ventures, and therefore have no related exposure. We are likewise not a financial partner in any design-build construction projects. We carry no heavy equipment inventory, and our risk of contract loss is generally limited to time associated with fixed fee professional services assignments.

Gross contract revenue for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024 was $490.0 million and $426.6 million, respectively. Gross contract revenue derived from our workforce (see Net service billing – non-GAAP below) represented 88.7% and 89.0% of gross contract revenue for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Our net income for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024 was $12.8 million and $3.0 million, respectively. Our Adjusted EBITDA (see Adjusted EBITDA - non-GAAP below) was $72.9 million on net income of $12.8 million and $59.5 million on net income of $3.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively. See “Other Financial Information and Non-GAAP Measurements and Key Performance Indicators” below for additional information.

Methods of Evaluation

We use a variety of financial and other information in monitoring the financial condition and operating performance of our business. Some of the information we use to evaluate our operations is financial information that is in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), while other information may be financial in nature and either built upon GAAP results or may not be in accordance with GAAP (Non-GAAP). We use all of this information together for planning and monitoring our operations, as well as determining certain management and employee compensation.

The Company operates as a single business segment represented by our core business of providing multi-disciplinary professional engineering solutions to customers. While we evaluate revenue and other key performance indicators relating to various divisions of labor, our leadership neither manages the business nor deliberately allocates resources by service line, geography, or end market. Our financial statements present results as a single operating segment.

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Components of Income and Expense

Revenue

We generate revenue from services performed by our employees, pass-through fees from sub-consultants, and reimbursable contract costs. On our consolidated financial statements, we report gross contract revenue, which represents total revenue billed to customers excluding taxes collected from customers. Gross contract revenue less revenue derived from pass-through sub-consultant fees, reimbursable expenses and other direct expenses represents our net service billing, or that portion of our gross contract revenue attributable to services performed by our employees. Our industry uses the calculation underlying net service billing to normalize peer performance assessments and provide meaningful insight into trends over time. Refer to — Other Financial Data, Non-GAAP measurements and Key Performance Indicators below for further discussion of the use of this Non-GAAP financial measure.

In general, we do not realize profit from the pass-through of sub-consultants and reimbursable expenses. As such, contract profitability is most heavily impacted by the mix of labor and assets utilized to complete the tasks and the efficiency of those resources in completing the assignments. Our largest and most consistent direct contract cost is our labor. To increase our revenue and maximize overall profitability we carefully monitor and manage our fixed and hourly labor and utilization thereof. Maintaining an optimal level of utilization on a balanced pool of labor resources represents our greatest prospect for delivering increasing profitability.

We enter into contracts that contain two types of pricing characteristics:

Hourly , also referred to as time and materials, are common for professional and technical consulting assignments both short-term and multi-year in duration. Under these types of contracts, there is generally no predetermined maximum fee and we generally experience no risk associated with cost overruns. For hourly contracts, we negotiate billing rates and charge our customers based upon the actual hours expended toward a deliverable. These contracts may have not-to-exceed parameters requiring us to receive additional authorizations from our customer to continue working, but we likewise do not have to continue working without assurances of payment for such additional work.

Lump sum , referred to interchangeably as fixed fee, typically require the performance of some, or all, of the obligations under the contract for a specified amount, subject to price adjustments only if the scope of the project changes or unforeseen requirements arise. Our fixed fee contracts generally include a specific scope of work and defined deliverables. Lump sum contracts can involve both hourly and fixed fee pricing components. Cost plus contracts and hourly contracts with not-to exceed parameters are characterized as fixed fee contracts when we distinguish percentages of revenue based on contracts.

From a financial reporting perspective, a contract is categorized as fixed fee and therefore subjected to percentage completion accounting under Accounting Standards Codification "ASC" Topic 606 if any one discrete assignment within the contract is priced on a lump sum or unit basis. For management discussion and analysis purposes, we evaluate the percentages of our revenues that are fixed fee and hourly based on the pricing of individual assignments within our contracts.

The majority of our assignments within a contract are lump sum in nature, representing approximately 59% and 60% of our gross contract revenue for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. However, when evaluated at the overall contract or project level, approximately 92% and 91% of our gross contract revenue for those same periods was recognized over time. This difference reflects the presence of both hourly and lump sum assignments within individual contracts. Recognizing revenue from lump sum assignments requires management estimates of both total contract value when there are variable elements of the fee arrangement and expected cost at completion. We closely monitor our progress to completion and adjust our estimates when necessary. We do not recognize revenue from work that is performed at risk with no documented customer commitment.

Contract Costs

Contract costs consists of direct payroll costs, sub-consultant costs and other direct expenses exclusive of depreciation and amortization.

Direct payroll costs represent the portion of salaries and wages incurred in connection with the production of deliverables under customer assignments and contracts. Direct payroll costs include allocated fringe costs (i.e. health benefits, employer payroll taxes, and retirement plan contributions), paid leave and incentive compensation.

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Sub-consultants and direct expenses include both sub-consultants and other outside costs associated with performance under our contracts. Sub-consultant and direct costs are generally reimbursable by our customers with little or no mark-up under the terms of our contracts.

Performance under our contracts does not involve significant heavy machinery or other long term depreciable assets, other than geospatial equipment. Most of the equipment we employ involves desktop computers and other shared ordinary course IT equipment, along with various geospatial systems and scanners. We present direct costs exclusive of depreciation and amortization and as such we do not present gross profit on our consolidated financial statements.

Operating Expense

Operating expenses consists of selling, general and administrative costs, non-cash stock compensation, depreciation and amortization and settlements and other non-core expenses.

Selling, general and administrative expenses represent corporate and other general overhead expenses, salaries and wages not allocated to customer projects including management and administrative personnel costs, incentive compensation, personal leave, office lease and occupancy costs, legal, professional and accounting fees.

Non-cash stock compensation represents the expenses incurred with respect to shares and options issued by the Company, both vested and unvested, to employees as long-term incentives. This expense is based on the amortization of the grant date fair value of equity grants over the vesting period. Non-cash stock compensation cost for permanent equity is the grant date fair value of the awards, or the Black-Scholes-Merton value of stock options on the grant date, recognized ratably over the vesting periods of each award. Stock issued as consideration in connection with acquisitions where there is no service period, and no risk of forfeiture, is considered a component of the purchase price and does not run through our income statement as non-cash compensation expense.

Depreciation and amortization represent the depreciation and amortization expense of our property and general IT equipment, capital lease assets, tenant improvements and intangible assets.

(Gain) loss on sale represents gains or losses inclusive of foreign exchange and accumulated depreciation recapture resulting from the disposal of an asset upon the sale or retirement of such asset.

Other (Income) Expense

Other (income) expense consists of other non-operating and non-core expenses.

Tax (Benefit) Expense

Income tax (benefit) expense, current and deferred, includes estimated federal, state and local tax expense associated with our net income, as apportioned to the states in which we operate. Estimates of our tax expense include both current and deferred tax expense along with all available tax incentives and credits.

Other Financial Data, Non-GAAP Measurements and Key Performance Indicators

Backlog

We measure the value of our undelivered gross contract revenue in real time to calculate our backlog and predict future revenue. Backlog includes awarded, contracted and otherwise secured commitments along with revenue we expect to realize over time for predictable long-term and reoccurring assignments. We report backlog quarterly as of the end of the last day of the reporting period. We use backlog to predict revenue growth and anticipate appropriate future staffing needs. Backlog definitions and methods of calculation vary within our industry. As such, backlog is not a reliable metric on which to evaluate us relative to our peers. Backlog neither derives from, nor connects to, any GAAP results.

Net Service Billing

In the normal course of providing services to our customers, we routinely subcontract services and incur direct third-party contract expenses that may or may not be reimbursable and may or may not be billed to customers with mark-up. Gross contract revenue less revenue derived from pass-through sub-consultant fees, reimbursable expenses and other direct expenses represents our net service billing, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, or that portion of our gross contract revenue attributable to services performed by our employees. Net service billing excludes the impact of credit losses, which are reflected in operating expenses and evaluated separately as part of our credit and collection processes. Because the ratio

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of sub-contractor and direct expense costs to gross billing varies between contracts, gross contract revenue is not necessarily indicative of trends in our business. As a professional services company, we believe that metrics derived from net service billings more accurately demonstrate the productivity and profitability of our workforce. Our industry uses the calculation of net service billing to normalize peer performance assessments and provide meaningful insight into trends over time.

Beginning with the year ended December 31, 2025, we conformed our presentation of net service billing to exclude credit losses from this non-GAAP measure. We believe this change improves comparability with industry practice and better aligns the measure with its intended purpose as a metric of service revenue generated by our professional workforce, net of sub-consultant costs and other direct pass-through expenses. For clarity of presentation, we have not recast previously published net service billing.

Adjusted EBITDA

We view Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, as an important indicator of normalized performance. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income before interest expense, income taxes and depreciation and amortization, plus expenses associated with discontinued operations, legal settlements not related to our general course of business professional services, and other costs not in the ordinary course of business, non-cash stock-based compensation (inclusive of expenses associated with the adjustment of our liability for common shares subject to redemption), and other adjustments such as costs associated with raising equity and other forms of capital. Our peers may define Adjusted EBITDA differently.

Adjusted EBITDA Margin, net

Adjusted EBITDA Margin, net, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, represents Adjusted EBITDA, as defined above, as a percentage of net service billings, as defined above.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We use estimates in the determination of certain financial results. Estimates used in financial reporting utilize only information available to us at the time of formulation. These estimates are subject to change as new information becomes available. Discussed below are the accounting policies for which we believe our judgments and estimates have the greatest potential impact.

Revenue Recognition

To determine the proper revenue recognition method under ASC Topic 606, we evaluate whether two or more contracts should be combined and accounted for as one single contract and if so, whether to account for the combined or single contract as more than one performance obligation. For most of our contracts, we conclude there to be a single performance obligation because the promise to transfer individual goods or services is not separately identifiable from the commitment to the deliverable of the contract and, therefore, is not distinct.

Our performance obligations are satisfied as work progresses. We recognize revenue for our lump sum contracts ratably over time based on cost-basis percentage of completion, calculated as a percentage of direct costs incurred to date relative to estimated total direct costs of the performance obligation at completion. Contract costs include labor, sub-consultant costs and other direct costs as incurred. We recognize revenue from lump sum contracts as we advance our work and transfer results to the customer. Contract change orders covering changes in scope, specifications, design, performance or period of completion are common with our customers. In most cases, we account for contract modifications as part of the existing contracts because they are for services that are not distinct from the original contract.

We base contract estimates on various assumptions about future costs and other inputs. Uncertainties inherent in the estimating process present the possibility that actual completion costs may vary from estimates. When estimated total costs on contracts indicate a loss, we recognize these losses in the period in which we identify the loss. We record adjustments required to align revenue with costs in place on the cumulative catch-up basis in the period in which we identify the revisions. We apply changes to projected revenue from contingent fee awards or penalties during the period in which we determine such contingencies to be probable.

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The purchase price of an acquired business is allocated to the tangible assets and separately identifiable intangible assets acquired, less liabilities assumed, based upon their respective fair values with any excess purchase price over such fair values being recorded as goodwill. We review goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a business combination determined to have indefinite useful life annually for impairment, or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. We do not amortize such assets. We do however amortize intangible assets with estimable useful lives over such lives and review such assets for impairment if indicators are present.

We perform an annual impairment test as of October 1 of each year with quarterly confirmations that no triggering events have occurred. As our business is highly integrated and its components have similar economic characteristics, we have concluded we operate as one reporting unit at the combined entity level. We evaluate goodwill for potential impairment on an annual basis or at other times during the year if indicators of impairment exist. We evaluate goodwill for potential impairment by comparing the carrying value of the reporting unit to its fair value. When we evaluate goodwill for potential impairment, generally, we first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If we determine qualitatively that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, or if we decide to bypass the qualitative assessment, we perform a quantitative analysis. The quantitative analysis is used to identify both the existence of impairment and the amount of the impairment loss by comparing the estimated fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. The estimated fair value is based on forward-looking estimates of performance and cash flows of our reporting units, which are based on historical operating results, adjusted for current and expected future market conditions, as well as various internal projections and external sources. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment loss would be recognized in our consolidated statement of operations in an amount equal to the excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

We evaluate our indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on October 1st of each year . When we evaluate our indefinite-lived intangible assets for potential impairment, generally, we first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the asset is less than its carrying value. If we determine qualitatively that the fair value of the asset is more likely than not less than its carrying value, or if we decide to bypass the qualitative assessment, we perform a quantitative analysis. The estimated fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets is based on forward-looking estimates of performance and cash flows. If the carrying value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment loss would be recognized in our consolidated income statements in an amount equal to the excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair value.

We performed our annual impairment analysis for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 and did not identify any indicators of impairment.

Income Tax

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. in which we operate and record our tax provision for the anticipated tax consequences in our reported results of operations. Tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and respective government taxing authorities. Significant judgment is required in determining our tax expense and in evaluating our tax positions, including evaluating uncertainties in the application of tax laws and regulations.

We account for income taxes under the provisions of ASC 740, "Income Taxes" ("ASC 740"). Under ASC 740, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. The assessment of the realizability of deferred tax assets involves a high degree of judgment and complexity. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts that are expected to be realized. When we determine that it is more likely than not that we will be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of our net recorded amount, an adjustment to the deferred tax asset would be made and reflected either in income or as an adjustment to goodwill. This determination will be made by considering various factors, including our expected future results, that in our judgment will make it more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will be realized.

Our actual effective tax rate and income tax expense could vary from estimated amounts due to the future impacts of various items, including changes in income tax laws, tax planning and our forecasted financial condition, and results of operations in future periods. Although we believe current estimates are reasonable, actual results could differ from these estimates.

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ASC 740 prescribes a comprehensive model for how a company should recognize, measure, present and disclose in its financial statements uncertain tax positions that a company has taken or expects to take on a tax return. Under ASC 740, the financial statements reflect expected future tax consequences of such positions presuming the taxing authorities' full knowledge of the position and all relevant facts, but without considering time values. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs.

We receive an annual research and development tax credit in connection with certain at-risk work performed on behalf of customers. We reduce our current and deferred tax provision by the estimated net annual R&D tax credit projection, limited to the statutory allowance for utilization of the credit. We reconcile the tax credit and its impact during the subsequent year after calculating the credit in connection with our tax returns. We maintain what we believe to be an appropriate reserve against our accumulated credits. Estimates of our tax expense include both current and deferred tax expense along with all available tax incentives and credits.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s Pillar Two Model Rules established a global minimum tax framework designed to ensure that large multinational enterprise groups are subject to a minimum effective tax rate of 15% on income earned in each jurisdiction where they operate. The rules also require the exchange of certain company information with taxing authorities on both a local and global basis. Certain jurisdictions have enacted, and others have proposed legislation to implement various provisions of Pillar Two. We are continuing to monitor legislative developments related to the Pillar Two rules in the jurisdictions where we operate. Based on legislation enacted as of December 31, 2025, and our current operating profile, we do not currently anticipate a material impact.

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Results of Operations

Consolidated results of operations

The following represents our consolidated results of operations for periods indicated (in thousands):

For The Year Ended December 31,

Gross contract revenue

Contract costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)

Operating expense

Income (loss) from operations

Other expense

Income tax (benefit)

Net income

Net margin

Other financial information 1

Net service billing

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA margin, net

1 Represents non-GAAP financial measures. See Other Financial Information and Non-GAAP key performance indicators below in results of operations.

Year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024

Gross Contract Revenue

Gross contract revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $63.4 million or 14.9% to $490.0 million as compared to $426.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2025, gross contract revenue attributable to work performed by our workforce increased $55.1 million, or 14.5% to $434.8 million or 88.7% of gross contract revenue as compared to $379.7 million or 89.0% for year ended December 31, 2024 (see Net service billing – non-GAAP). Of the $63.4 million increase in gross contract revenue during the year ended December 31, 2025, acquisitions completed in 2025 represented $8.7 million or 13.8% of the increase.

Changes in gross contract revenue (“GCR”) for the year ended December 31, 2025, disaggregated between our core end markets, were as follows (in thousands other than percentages):

For the Year Ended December 31,

Consolidated Gross Contract Revenue

%GCR

%GCR

Change

% Change

Building Infrastructure 1

Transportation

Power, Utilities & Energy 1

Natural Resources 2

Total:

Acquired 3

1 Includes periodic reclassifications of revenue between categories from prior periods for consistency of presentation. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, $14.5 million of data center revenue was reclassified from Building Infrastructure to Power, Utilities & Energy.

2 Formerly Emerging Markets which represents environmental, mining, water resources, imaging and mapping and other

3 Acquired revenue in prior periods is as previously reported; four quarters post-closing, acquired revenue is reclassified as organic for the purpose of calculating organic growth rates.

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For the year ended December 31, 2025, gross contract revenue from our building infrastructure market increased $15.2 million or 7.4% as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. Building Infrastructure includes commercial, municipal and residential infrastructure. The increase in building infrastructure revenue is the result of organic growth and acquisitions. Within the building infrastructure market, 39.2% of gross contract revenue was derived from residential assignments including single family, multi-family and mixed-use housing stock, 42.8% from commercial assignments including retail, hospitality and quick-serve restaurants (QSR), office and industrial, data centers and healthcare, and 18.0% from municipal assignments. Within residential, 49.1% of gross contract revenue was derived from for-sale homebuilding assignments, 44.1% from residential multi-family and 6.8% from mixed use projects. While the homebuilding market shows signs of rebounding from prior year interest rate impacts, for-sale residential services represented just 8.6% of our total gross contract revenue for year ended December 31, 2025. Within commercial, 45.7% of revenue was derived from office and industrial assignments, 49.2% from retail, hospitality, and quick serve restaurants and 5.1% from healthcare. We continue to experience strong demand for our building infrastructure services and maintain a positive outlook on this market as we continue to experience strength in markets including data centers, quick serve restaurants, industrial distribution facilities, schools, and build-for-rent communities.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, revenue from transportation increased $16.0 million or 18.2% as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was attributable to new contract awards in transportation from roadways, transits, ports and harbors, program administration and others, along with acquired transportation backlog which we were able to deliver to customers. Within transportation, 64.4% of our gross contract revenue was derived from public sector roadway customers, including state and local departments of transportation ("DOTs") and tollway operators; 23.0% from private sector roadway customers; 3.8% from ports & harbors customers; 2.6% from aviation customers; and 6.2% from bus, rail, and transit customers. We expect to continue to increase our transportation revenue and improve the diversification of our revenue. We believe the transportation market continues to present significant opportunity for future growth and we remain committed to investing in leadership, technical expertise, business development and acquisitions for this market.

With the convergence of renewable energy with traditional transmission infrastructure and the continued growth we are projecting in the clean energy transition, we have consolidated renewable energy into the power, utilities and energy category (sometimes referred to herein as the power, utilities and energy market) of our revenue mix and have adjusted historical balances accordingly. For the year ended December 31, 2025, revenue from power and utilities increased $20.3 million or 22.7% as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The additional increase in gross contract revenue from the power and utilities market is principally attributable to acquisitions and increased revenue associated with the expansion of a multi-year utility undergrounding assignment in Florida, and to increases derived from gas pipeline and electric transmission projects nationally. Within the power and utilities market, 62.4% of our gross contract revenue was derived from customers operating traditional transmission operations, 19.4% was derived from customers focused on alternative energy operations, with the remaining 18.2% derived from data center customers. The power and utilities market continues to experience increasing infrastructure investment as changing weather patterns, energy transition mandates and other safety initiatives positively impact demand for the services we provide. Based on recent increases in program commitments within the gas pipeline replacement market, we believe trends in power and utilities provide meaningful opportunity for continued growth and we are committed to investing resources accordingly.

Our natural resources ( formerly emerging markets ) consist of mining, water resources, imaging and mapping, environmental consulting, and other natural resources services. Adjusted for the change, for the twelve months ended December 31, 2025, revenue from natural resources and imaging markets increased $12.0 million or 27.2% as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase is primarily due to the acquisition of Surdex Corporation; see Note 4 - Acquisitions for additional information. What had previously been classified under emerging sectors grew to a scale that warranted separate market recognition. Accordingly, the emerging sector was renamed natural resources and imaging. The updated name reflects the evolved composition of this market. Gross contract revenue within our natural resources and imaging was 48.3% from imaging and mapping activities, 15.7% from mining activities where we have specialized in copper mining, 26.4% from water resources activities, and 9.6% from environmental and other natural resources consulting. Scarcities in water resources and the increasing need for water management gives us confidence that we will be able to increase revenue accordingly. With recent and future acquisitions, we expect to experience continued growth from investment in various natural resources and imaging services.

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, public sector customers, defined as direct contracts with municipalities, public agencies, or governmental authorities, represented 29.8% and 26.8% of our gross contract revenue, respectively. A portion of that increase is due to the reclassification of Pike Corporation from the private sector to the

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public sector. This does not include work done indirectly on public sector projects. Gross contract revenue from projects for public sector customers are included in the end market most aligned with work performed.

Contract costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)

Total contract costs, exclusive of depreciation and amortization, increased $24.7 million or 12.1% to $228.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $203.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, total contract costs represented 46.6% and 47.8% of total contract revenue, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 total contract costs represented 52.6% and 53.7% of revenue attributable to our workforce, respectively (see Net Service Billing). Total contract costs include both direct payroll costs, and sub-consultants and other expenses.

Total direct payroll costs increased $16.3 million or 10.4% to $173.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $156.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 due to increased staffing resulting from acquisitions and organic growth. Total direct payroll accounted for 75.8% of total contract costs for the year ended December 31, 2025, a decrease of 1.2 percentage points as compared to 77.0% for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Direct labor, the component of total direct payroll costs associated with the cost of labor relating to work performed on contracts (often referred to within our industry as utilization) increased $14.8 million or 12.5% to $132.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared $118.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, direct labor costs represented 27.1% and 27.7% of gross contract revenue, respectively and represented 30.5% and 31.1% of the revenue attributable to our workforce, respectively. Labor costs not charged directly to customer contracts are considered indirect time and are treated as selling, general and administrative expense.

Other direct payroll costs, the component of total direct payroll costs associated with fringe and incentive compensation (cash and non-cash) increased by $1.6 million or 4.1% to $40.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to $38.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily driven by a $1.5 million increase in employee payroll taxes and a $6.5 million increase in health benefits, partially offset by a $2.9 million decrease in non-cash stock compensation relating to direct payroll costs, which declined to $5.3 million in 2025 from $8.2 million in 2024.

Sub-consultants and expenses increased $8.3 million or 17.7% to $55.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $46.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, sub-consultant and expenses represented 11.3% and 11.0% of gross contract revenue, respectively. We expect sub-consultant costs to be in the range of 10-15% of gross contract revenue depending on contract mix at any given time, with transportation contracts tending to have a slightly higher sub-consultant percentage. The growth in sub-consultants and expenses is directly in-line with the increase of gross contract revenue.

Operating Expense

Total operating expense increased $17.1 million or 7.6% to $241.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $224.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $17.6 million or 8.9% to $215.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $197.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Indirect labor increased $8.4 million or 9.3% to $98.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $90.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as a result of increased staffing to accommodate growth. General overhead increased $10.4 million or 15.7% to $76.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $66.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, due to increased costs associated with operating as a public company, geographic expansion, and the overall growth of the company. Non-cash stock compensation associated with indirect labor hours, those not charged to customer contracts, decreased ($4.1) million or (23.4%) to $13.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $17.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Depreciation and amortization decreased ($0.2) million or (0.7%) to $27.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $27.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The slight decrease was primarily attributable to certain assets becoming fully depreciated and lower amortization related to prior acquisitions, partially offset by increased depreciation associated with leased assets and amortization of intangible assets acquired in recent business combinations. We continue to increase utilization of our finance lease facility as we grow. Gains on the sale of certain IT equipment and automobiles increased $0.4 million or 80.0% to $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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Income (Loss) from Operations

Income from operations increased $21.7 million to $19.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to ($2.0) million loss for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Other Expense

Other expense increased by $1.6 million to $8.5 million of expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to $6.9 million of expense for the year ended December 31, 2024. Interest expense increased by $1.3 million. This increase is primarily attributable to increases in finance leases and acquisitions.

Income Tax (Benefit) Expense

Income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased ($10.3) million or (85.8%) to $1.7 million benefit, as compared to $12.0 million income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2024. As an accrual basis taxpayer, this affects the timing of the payment of tax but not the tax expense. Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2025 was (15.1)%.

Income (Loss) Before Tax Expense and Net Income

Income before tax expense increased by $20.1 million or 225.8% to $11.2 million income for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to a ($8.9) million loss for the year ended December 31, 2024. Net income increased by $9.8 million or 326.7% to $12.8 million of income for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $3.0 million of income for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Other financial information and non-GAAP key performance indicators

Net service billing (non-GAAP)

Net service billing increased $55.1 million or 14.5% to $434.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $379.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Net service billing reconciles to gross contract revenue as follows (in thousands):

For The Year Ended December 31,

Gross contract revenue

Less: sub-consultants, reimbursable expenses and other direct expenses

Net service billing

Net service billing decreased by (0.3) percentage points to 88.7% of gross contract revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to 89.0% for the year ended December 31, 2024. This change was within our expected range of 85% to 90% of gross contract revenue, and varies depending on contract mix.

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Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP)

Adjusted EBITDA increased $13.3 million or 22.4% to $72.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to $59.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Adjusted EBITDA reconciles to net income as follows (in thousands):

For The Year Ended December 31,

$ Change

% Change

Net Service Billing

Net Income

+ interest expense

+ depreciation & amortization

+ tax (benefit) expense

EBITDA

+ non-cash stock compensation

+ settlements and other non-core expenses

+ acquisition expenses

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA margin, net

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, Adjusted EBITDA includes $18.8 million and $25.8 million, respectively, relating to non-cash stock compensation expenses resulting from the on-going vesting of restricted stock awards.

Adjusted EBITDA Margin, net (non-GAAP)

Adjusted EBITDA Margin, net represents Adjusted EBITDA (as defined above) as a percentage of net service billing (as defined above). For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, net was 16.8% and 15.7% respectively.

Backlog (other key performance metrics)

Our backlog increased $80 million or 20.1% to approximately $479 million during the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $399 million at December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, our backlog was comprised as follows:

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Building Infrastructure 1

Transportation

Power, Utilities & Energy 1

Natural Resources

1 includes reclassification of data center effective June 30, 2025.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity are our cash and cash equivalents balances, cash flow from operations, borrowing capacity under our Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below), lease financing, proceeds from stock sales and other structured debt securities. Our principal uses of cash are operating expenses, working capital requirements, capital expenditures, repayment of debt, acquisitions, and acquisition related payments. On December 31, 2025, we maintained a $210.0 million Revolving Credit Facility with Bank of America, our syndicate administrator and primary lender. On March 3, 2026, we amended the Revolving Credit Facility to increase the aggregate revolving commitment to $250 million. See

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- "Credit Facilities and Other Financing" below for more information on our Revolving Credit Facility. Under the terms of our Revolving Credit Facility, available cash in our primary operating account sweeps against the outstanding balance every evening. Our cash on hand therefore generally consists of petty cash and other non-operating funds not included in the nightly sweep. Cash on hand includes the cash we keep in short-term investment accounts along with deposits and payments in transit in our operating sweep account. Our cash on hand increased by $4.4 million at December 31, 2025 as compared to December 31, 2024.

We regularly monitor our capital requirements and believe our sources of liquidity, including cash flow from operations, existing cash, and borrowing availability under our credit and lease facilities will be sufficient to fund our projected cash requirements and strategic initiatives for the next year. To the extent we experience any potential liquidity or capital shortfalls relating to growth and acquisition, we currently expect to rely on debt financing to meet those shortfalls. We use our equity as a component of consideration in acquisitions. In addition, depending on market conditions, we may opportunistically access the public debt and equity markets.

We are actively pursuing acquisitions as part of our strategic growth initiative. At any given time, we are assessing multiple opportunities at varying stages of due diligence. These acquisition opportunities range in size, timing of closing, valuation and composition of consideration. In connection with acquisitions, we use a combination of cash, bank financing, seller financing, and equity to satisfy the purchase price. There can be no assurance that any opportunity in the process of being reviewed will close but we expect over time to utilize a meaningful portion of our current liquidity and capital resources for acquisitions.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:

For The Year Ended December 31,

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (amounts in thousands)

Net cash provided by operating activities

Net cash used in investing activities

Net cash provided (used) by financing activities

Change in cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents, end of period

Operating Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2025, net cash provided by operating activities was $35.8 million, which primarily consisted of $12.8 million net income, adjusted for stock-based compensation expense of $18.8 million and depreciation and amortization expense of $27.6 million, offset by an increase in deferred taxes relating to the capitalization of research and development costs of $36.5 million, and an increase in a net cash outflow of $61.6 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities. The net outflow from changes in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a $23.1 million increase in accounts receivable resulting from increased billing to our customers as well as additional billing from the acquired companies, a $33.7 million decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses and a $8.1 million net increase in contract assets and liabilities, offset by a $3.2 million decrease in prepaid expenses, inclusive of a long-term accrual relating to an uncertain tax position with respect to the capitalization of research and development expenses.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by operating activities was $24.3 million, which primarily consisted of $3.0 million net income, adjusted for stock-based compensation expense of $25.7 million and depreciation and amortization expense of $28.4 million, offset by an increase in deferred taxes relating to the capitalization of research and development costs of $20.0 million, and an increase in a net cash inflow of $14.5 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities. The net inflow from changes in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a $9.3 million increase in accounts receivable resulting from increased billing to our customers as well as additional billing from the acquired companies, a $5.7 million increase in prepaid expenses and a $7.1 million net increase in contract assets and liabilities, offset by a $7.6 million increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses, inclusive of a long-term accrual relating to an uncertain tax position with respect to the capitalization of research and development expenses.

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Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $35.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, $35.2 million was related to acquisitions that occurred in 2025 and $2.4 million was for purchases of property and equipment.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $4.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2025. This was primarily due to net borrowing of $58.3 million from our Revolving Credit Facility, offset by $5.2 million of payments for the purchase of treasury stock, $18.8 million for repurchase of common stock, $12.8 million of payments on finance leases and $17.6 million of payments on notes payable and our fixed lines of credit.

Credit Facilities and Other Financing

As of December 31, 2025, we maintained a $210.0 million revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) pursuant to a Credit Agreement, as amended, with lenders, Bank of America N.A., as Administrative Agent, the Swingline Lender and L/C Issuer, TD Bank, N.A. and PNC Bank. The Revolving Credit Facility has a maturity date of May 2, 2029.

On March 12, 2025, we entered into a First Amendment to the Credit Agreement, which increased the maximum aggregate revolving commitments from $100.0 million to $140.0 million. On October 30, 2025, we entered into a Second Amendment to the Credit Agreement and Joinder Agreement, which increased the maximum aggregate revolving commitments to $210.0 million and expanded the banking syndicate to include PNC Bank, National Association.

On March 3, 2026, we entered in to a Third Amendment to the Credit Agreement and Joinder Agreement, which increased the maximum aggregate revolving commitments from $210.0 million to $250.0 million.

Under the terms of the Revolving Credit Facility, available cash in our primary operating account sweeps against the outstanding balance every evening. As of December 31, 2025, the balance on this Revolving Credit Facility was $95.4 million.

The Revolving Credit Facility is secured by substantially all the assets of the Company and the subsidiary guarantors. Under the Revolving Credit Facility, we are required to comply with certain covenants, including covenants on indebtedness, investments, liens and restricted payments, as well as to maintain certain financial covenants, including a fixed charge coverage ratio and leverage ratio of debt to EBITDA as defined in the Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with all covenants.

We utilize master lease facilities primarily with Honour Capital LLC (“Honour”) and Enterprise Leasing (“Enterprise”). The Honour Capital lease facility finances our acquisition of IT infrastructure, geospatial and survey equipment, furniture and other long-lived assets. The Enterprise lease facility finances the acquisition of field trucks and other service vehicles. At December 31, 2025, we maintained a fleet of approximately 500 vehicles. All of our leasing facilities allow for both operating and finance leasing. We allocate finance lease payments between amortization and interest. The payment terms on the lease agreements range between 30 and 50 months with payments totaling approximately $0.6 million per month. We utilize a third party valuation specialist to formulate the incremental borrowing rates for the Company, to calculate the present value on new leases.

We regularly evaluate our options with respect to capital and our requirements for operations and growth. We do not limit our consideration to traditional bank financing, but rather include other structured debt and equity as option for additional capital.

For more information about our credit facilities, see Note 11 – Revolving Credit Facility and Fixed Credit Facility .

Other Acquisitions

For information on the terms of additional promissory notes issued by the Company in connection with acquisitions during 2025 and 2024 that were not deemed significant acquisitions, see Note 4 – Acquisitions and Note 12 – Notes Payable.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no material off-balance sheet arrangements, no special purpose entities, and no activities that include non-exchange-traded contracts accounted for at fair value.

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Effects of Inflation

Based on our analysis of the periods presented, we believe that inflation has not had a material effect on our operating results. There can be no assurance that future inflation will not have an adverse impact on our operating results and financial condition.