CLOV Clover Health Investments, Corp. /De - 10-K

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

In the course of conducting our business operations, we are exposed to a variety of risks, any of which have affected or could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The market price of our common stock could decline, possibly significantly and permanently, if one or more of these risks and uncertainties occurs. Any factor described in this report or in any of our other SEC filings could by itself, or together with other factors, adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have incurred net losses in the past, and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

We have incurred net losses of $85.5 million, $46.3 million, and $210.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively, and as of December 31, 2025 we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $2.3 billion. We may continue to incur losses in the near term as we continue to invest significant additional funds towards growing our business. In particular, we expect to continue to invest in improving Clover Assistant and our technology infrastructure, developing our clinical care programs, increasing adoption of the Clover Assistant platform, including through Counterpart Health, expanding our marketing and outreach efforts, expanding our operations geographically, and developing future offerings that improve care and supplement our revenue streams. These efforts may prove more expensive than we currently anticipate, and we may not succeed in increasing our revenue sufficiently to offset these expenses. Even if we are successful in increasing our Total revenues from Insurance premiums earned, we may not successfully and effectively predict, price, and manage the medical costs.

Furthermore, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. Our cash flows from operations were negative for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2023 and positive for the year ended December 31, 2024, and we may not generate positive cash flow from operations in any given period. If we are not able to maintain profitability or achieve positive cash flow, we will require additional financing, which may not be available on favorable terms, or at all, and which could be dilutive to our stockholders. See the risk factor entitled " We may require additional capital to support business growth, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, or at all." If we are unable to successfully address these risks and challenges as we encounter them, our business may be harmed, which could negatively affect the value of our common stock.

Our long-term success depends on maintaining and continuing to improve CA, and the expansion of CA to external partners, as such, our past results may not be indicative of future performance.

Since launching Clover Assistant in 2018, we have continued to develop its features and capabilities, adapt our go-to-market strategy and adjust its integration with our MA plans and third-party systems. As a result, we may not fully understand the impact of Clover Assistant on our future business and long-term prospects. Our continued long-term success depends on maintaining and continuing to improve Clover Assistant and the margins we generate from its operations over time in the markets we currently serve or potential future markets. There can be no assurance that these effects will continue to improve or persist over time in our current markets or that we can replicate these results as we expand into new markets, and the failure to do so may have a negative effect on our business and results of operations. See the risk factor entitled " Our launch of Counterpart Assistant as a Software-as-a-Service (“SaaS”) product for external payors and providers serving the Medicare eligible population may not be successful, and, as a result, our business may be adversely affected."

Our launch of Counterpart Assistant as a Software-as-a-Service (“SaaS”) product for external payors and providers serving the Medicare eligible population may not be successful, and, as a result, our business may be adversely affected.

During the second quarter of 2024, we launched Counterpart Health, Inc. (“Counterpart Health”), a subsidiary of the Company which houses a SaaS and tech-enabled services solution to bring the power of Clover Assistant technology to external payors and providers serving the Medicare eligible population under the brand name "Counterpart Assistant," with the aim to extend the benefits of data-driven proven technology and personalized care to a wider audience, enabling enhanced patient outcomes and reduced healthcare costs across the nation. Counterpart Assistant is complementary to Clover Assistant, and, unless the context otherwise provides, references to the risks associated with Clover Assistant in this report also refer to risks associated with Counterpart Assistant, as applicable.

To successfully execute on our SaaS product, we must develop sales and customer service teams, invest in marketing efforts and securely maintain, expand and upgrade our technology and infrastructure prior to determining whether our expectations will reasonably reflect customer demand for our solutions. Failure by us to anticipate the market for our SaaS product and external payors and providers’ changing needs, our inability to invest sufficiently in strategic growth areas, or our inability to otherwise successfully execute this strategy, could harm our reputation, results of operations and financial performance. Additionally, our Counterpart Assistant offering could also subject us to increased risk of liability, particularly liability arising from U.S. federal and state laws and regulations governing the security, use and disclosure of protected health information, related to the provision of this SaaS product, as well as operational, technical, legal, regulatory, or other costs. See the risk factors entitled " Our failure to protect our sites, networks, and systems against security breaches, or otherwise to protect our confidential or health information or the confidential or health information of our members, providers, or other third parties, could damage our reputation and brands, and substantially harm our business and results of operations" and " Our use and disclosure of personally identifiable information, including health information, is subject to federal and state privacy and security regulations. Our failure to comply with those regulations or to adequately secure the information we hold could result in significant liability or reputational harm and, in turn, a material adverse effect on our client base and results of operations. "

Our future performance depends in part on increasing the lifetime value of enrollments, which are realized over several years, and utilizing our clinical care capabilities to improve the quality of care for our members. Any failure to do so could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations, including our ability to achieve or increase profitability.

The lifetime value of our enrollments could be impacted by a variety of factors, including but not limited to cost of care reductions from our clinical programs and the length of time a member remains enrolled in our plan. Thus, our future performance is heavily dependent on our ability to utilize Clover Assistant to drive down the medical care ratios for our members. By doing so, we aim to drive per member per month ("PMPM") medical expense savings and generate more accurate risk adjustment data over time. If we fail to achieve such decreases in cost of care, our business, financial condition, and results of operations will be adversely affected. See the risk factor entitled "If we fail to estimate, price for and manage medical expenses in an effective manner, the profitability of our business could decline, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows."

Our future performance also depends on utilizing our clinical care capabilities to improve the quality of care for our members so that they remain members. If we are unable to retain our members, our ability to realize the returns on our investments in the Clover Assistant platform could be negatively affected. For example, since returning members tend to have lower MCR than do new members, rapid membership growth or other shifts in the mix of new and returning members could adversely affect our MCR in the near-term and adversely impact our profitability. Similarly, any investment we make in early identification and treatment of disease and preventative treatment to reduce healthcare costs that would be incurred in the future might not be realized if those members choose not to enroll with us in future years. Likewise, because any conditions identified and treated in a given year do not impact risk scores until the following plan year, if our members do not re-enroll in subsequent enrollment periods, we would not be compensated for the additional treatment of conditions that we otherwise would have been entitled to the following year. Accordingly, if we are unable to retain our members and realize a significant lifetime value for our enrollments in line with our projections, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenues to offset our losses and expenses, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations and our ability to achieve or increase profitability in the future.

If adoption and use of Clover Assistant is lower than we expect, our growth may slow or stall. We may experience a decline in our lives under Clover management, and our results of operations could be adversely affected.

An important part of our growth strategy is to increase adoption and use of Clover Assistant, including by providers who also use EHR systems. We have directed, and intend to continue to direct, a significant portion of our financial and operating resources toward developing Clover Assistant platform and expanding its usage. For example, Clover Assistant is now available to external payors and providers serving the Medicare eligible population under the brand name Counterpart Assistant, which is housed in our subsidiary Counterpart Health. There can be no assurance that adoption of Clover Assistant will continue to grow, or that rates of use will be maintained or increase. A number of factors could potentially negatively affect provider adoption and use of Clover Assistant, including, but not limited to:

• difficulties convincing providers of the value, benefits, and usefulness of Clover Assistant, and continued physician participation in the Clover Assistant program, particularly in markets where we have fewer members;

• our failure to integrate with EHR systems;

• our failure to attract, effectively train and retain effective sales and marketing personnel;

• our failure to market, sell and deploy Counterpart Assistant;

• our failure to develop or expand relationships with strategic partners;

• our failure to capitalize on co-branding opportunities;

• experiencing unfavorable shifts in perception of Clover Assistant;

• delays in implementation of CMS interoperability requirements;

• difficulties in scheduling meetings with providers, and providing demonstrations and trainings related to Clover Assistant;

• our failure to compete effectively against alternative products or services, including overcoming perceptions that existing systems, including EHR systems, are similar and adequate, or that Clover Assistant will increase administrative burdens;

• technical or other problems impacting availability or reliability of the platform and frustrating the experience of members or providers, including limited broadband access in certain rural areas;

• difficulties for members in accessing their providers and a corresponding decrease in the number of primary care visits;

• privacy and communication, safety, security or other similar concerns;

• adverse changes in our platform that are mandated by, or that we elect to make, to address legislation, regulatory authorities or litigation;

• poor user experiences; and

• lack of brand recognition.

In addition, if we are unable to enroll a sufficient number of patients of a particular physician or provider group in our MA plans, we may have difficulty motivating such physician or provider group to utilize Clover Assistant. Furthermore, if we are unable to address the needs of providers using Clover Assistant, if providers are dissatisfied with Clover Assistant, or if new alternative solutions effectively compete with us, providers may decline to use Clover Assistant.

If Clover Assistant is not adopted as quickly as we anticipate in the markets in which we operate, we may be unable to collect and provide valuable actionable data to providers treating our members in such markets, which could prevent us from driving significant reductions in MCR for our members in such markets. Any such events could result in higher medical expenses and reduced cash flows. As a result, if we are unsuccessful in our efforts to drive adoption of Clover Assistant, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be harmed.

Our ability to attract new users and retain existing users of Clover Assistant also depends in large part on our ability to continually enhance and improve its features, integrations, and capabilities to continue to provide a useful tool for providers. Accordingly, we must continue investing resources in improving and enhancing Clover Assistant. The success of any enhancement to Clover Assistant will depend on several factors, including timely completion and delivery, adequate quality testing, integration with existing technologies, adequate training of and messaging to providers, and overall market acceptance for those or other reasons. Any new features, integrations, and capabilities that we develop may not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner, may contain errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs, or may not achieve market acceptance.

If we fail to estimate, price for and manage medical expenses in an effective manner, the profitability of our business could decline, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Through our MA plans, we assume the risk of both the cost of medical services for our members, or medical expenses, and administrative costs for our members in return for monthly premiums, which we are paid by the CMS on a per member basis. The ACA requires that we spend at least 85% of those premiums on healthcare services, covered benefits, and quality improvement efforts, and we generally use at least 85% of our premium revenues to pay for these costs, which is referred to as a "medical loss ratio," or MLR. Our MA plans are required to meet this 85% minimum medical loss ratio threshold prescribed by the ACA, and the Company's MLR calculations may be subject to review by CMS. If the government disagrees with our MLR calculation or our MLR is below the required 85% threshold, we may be required to pay a rebate to CMS, which could have a material effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows. Our ability to enhance the profitability of our business depends in significant part on our ability to predict, price, and effectively manage medical costs and MLRs, which are affected by utilization rates, the cost of service and the type of service rendered.

Two key factors in our ability to manage medical expenses are the adoption of Clover Assistant by the providers who treat our members (collectively, the "Providers") and enrollment in our clinical care programs, including our in-home primary care program ("Clover Home Care"), by our most at-risk members. By driving adoption of Clover Assistant by our Providers, we seek to promote the provision of high-quality medical care driven by real-time, personalized and actionable insights to healthcare providers. If we fail to drive adoption of Clover Assistant by our Providers or fail to accurately identify members at high risk for near-term hospitalization for our complex care management program, we could fail to drive significant reductions in MCR for our members, which would have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operation.

Our premiums under MA plans are based on bids submitted to CMS in June the year before the contract year. Although we base our MA plan bids on our estimates of future medical costs over the fixed contract period, many factors may cause actual costs to exceed the costs estimated and reflected in premiums or bids. These factors may include medical cost inflation; increased use of services; increased cost of individual services; large-scale medical emergencies; the introduction of new or costly drugs, treatments and technology; new treatment guidelines; new mandated benefits (such as the expansion of essential benefits coverage) or other regulatory changes; and insured population characteristics. While we believe Clover Assistant may enable us to make better predictions regarding future medical costs, there can be no assurance that better predictions will be made or that we would be able to realize the benefits of those predictions.

Our MA and Medicare Part D plans are also subject to risks associated with increased medical or pharmaceutical costs. Business models for market participants involved in the financing and supply of pharmaceutical products rely on certain benchmarks and practices (e.g., pricing based on Average Wholesale Price, or the use of Maximum Allowable Cost lists). It is uncertain how these business models will evolve and whether other pricing benchmarks will be introduced and widely adopted. New legislation may also lead to changes in the pricing for the Medicare Advantage program, which may materially impact our costs associated with managing loss ratios in Medicare Part D. While we believe we have adequately reviewed our assumptions and estimates regarding these complex and wide-ranging programs under Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D, including those related to collectability of receivables and establishment of liabilities, actual results may be materially different from our assumptions and estimates and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

CMS's risk adjustment payment system makes our revenues and profitability difficult to predict and could result in material retroactive adjustments to our results of operations.

CMS has implemented a risk adjustment payment system for Medicare health plans to improve the accuracy of payments and establish appropriate compensation for Medicare plans that enroll and treat less healthy Medicare members. CMS's risk adjustment model bases a portion of the total CMS reimbursement payments on various clinical and demographic factors, including hospital inpatient diagnoses, diagnosis data from hospital outpatient facilities and provider visits, gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility. CMS requires that all managed care companies capture, collect, and report the necessary diagnosis code information to CMS, which information is subject to review and audit for accuracy by CMS. Although we have an auditing and monitoring process in place to collect and provide accurate risk adjustment data to CMS for these purposes, that program may not be sufficient to ensure accuracy, and additional investment and testing will be required to enhance and expand it. Therefore, there is a possibility that our risk adjustment data collection efforts and data submitted to CMS might have been or will be inadequate. If the risk adjustment data incorrectly overstates the health risk of our members, we might be required to return to CMS overpayments and/or be subject to penalties or sanctions; conversely, if the data incorrectly understates the health risk of our members, we might be underpaid for the care that we must provide to our members. Either of those situations could harm our reputation and have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition. CMS may change the way that it measures risk or adjust risk scores, and the potential impact on any such changes on our business is difficult to predict.

CMS makes premium payments to MA plans based on approved bids, which are risk-adjusted to account for members' known demographic and health status information. As prescribed by CMS, the premium is retroactively adjusted on two separate occasions to account for shifts in the diagnosis collection periods. We calculate estimates for these retroactive payment adjustments on a monthly basis. In addition, from time to time, CMS makes changes to the way it calculates risk adjustment payments, by phasing in new Risk Adjustment Models. An Updated Risk Adjustment Model may impact our revenues, and any reduction in risk adjustments for our members could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

We may require additional capital to support business growth, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, or at all.

Historically, we have financed our operations and capital expenditures principally from the sale of our equity securities, MA premiums earned, and the incurrence of indebtedness. In the future, we may be required to raise additional capital through additional debt or equity financings to support our business growth, to respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances, or for other reasons. On an ongoing basis, we are evaluating sources of financing and may raise additional capital in the future. Our ability to obtain additional capital will depend on our development efforts, business plans, investor demand, operating performance, the condition of the credit markets and capital markets, other volatility or disruptions impacting financial markets, and other factors. There can be no assurance that additional financing will be available to us on favorable terms when required, or at all. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked, or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences, or privileges senior to the rights of existing stockholders, and existing stockholders may experience dilution. Further, if we are unable to obtain additional capital when required or are unable to obtain additional capital on satisfactory terms, our ability to continue to support our business growth or to respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances would be adversely affected.

If we are unable to succeed in maintaining or expanding the number of members under our MA plans, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be harmed.

We derive substantially all of our Total revenues from premiums earned, which is primarily driven by the number of members under our MA plans. Additionally, the number of l ives under Clover management is critical to our success, and we are continually executing several growth initiatives, strategies, and operating plans designed to maintain or increase the number of l ives under Clover management. We may not be able to successfully execute on these initiatives, strategies, and operating plans, and even if we are able to successfully execute on these initiatives, we may not fully realize the expected potential benefits, including achieving cost savings, better plan economics and more affordable healthcare. In addition, even if we are successful in maintaining or achieving growth, as applicable, doing so may be more costly than we anticipate, and if we are not able to manage our costs our results could be materially adversely affected. See the risk factor entitled " If we fail to estimate, price for and manage medical expenses in an effective manner, the profitability of our business could decline, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. "

We may not be able to successfully maintain our current growth or achieve future growth for a number of reasons. Our ability to attract and retain members may be impacted by several factors, including, without limitation:

• lack of brand recognition for our MA plans;

• difficulties developing strategic co-marketing relationships;

• general lack of shopping for plans by MA eligible members;

• shifting consumer preferences, including a preference by members to enroll with an MA plan sponsored by the insurer of the commercial plan in which they enrolled before they became eligible for Medicare, and a preference by members to enroll in various special needs plans, which we do not offer;

• a failure to effectively compete and offer low cost and high value plans;

• difficulties establishing an attractive network in new markets;

• regulatory changes affecting the overall pool of MA eligible members; and

• difficulties growing our provider networks and contracting with providers and medical facilities on competitive terms.

In addition, in some instances, Original Medicare or other insurers' MA plans may be more attractive to a consumer than our MA plans. For example, though a substantial majority of our members are on open-network plans that enable them to visit any doctor participating in Medicare who will see them, our HMO plans have restrictions on the network of doctors that HMO members can see. Other providers participating in Medicare may choose to see no members or only members participating in specific plans. It is also possible that Original Medicare or other insurers' MA plans may offer better provider networks in particular markets or better benefits, in which case those plans may be more attractive to a consumer than our MA plans. When the time to choose an MA plan comes, Medicare-eligible consumers may also choose to stay with the same insurer that was offered by their employer instead of transitioning to our insurance plan. In those instances, consumers may opt not to purchase an MA plan from us.

The maintenance and growth of our current member levels is highly dependent upon our success in attracting new members during the Medicare annual enrollment period and open enrollment period. If our ability or the ability of our partners to market and sell our MA plans is constrained during an enrollment period for any reason, such as technology failures, reduced allocation of resources, any inability on the part of our partners to timely employ, license, train, certify and retain employees and contractors and their agents to sell plans, interruptions in the operation of our website or systems, disruptions caused by other external factors, or issues with government-run health insurance exchanges, we could acquire fewer new members than expected or suffer a reduction in the number of our existing members. Our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be harmed by any of these factors.

As a result, there can be no assurance that we will be able to increase our number of lives under Clover management or provide assurance regarding the extent to which we will be able to achieve beneficiary growth.

Failure to effectively manage our growth could also lead us to over-invest or under-invest in development and operations, result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, systems or controls, give rise to operational mistakes, financial losses, loss of productivity or business opportunities and result in loss of employees and reduced productivity of remaining employees. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our revenue may not increase (including sufficiently to offset our expenses) or may grow more slowly than expected, and we may be unable to implement our business strategy.

Our members remain concentrated in certain geographic areas and populations, which exposes us to unfavorable changes in local benefit costs, reimbursement rates, competition, and economic conditions.

Our members remain concentrated in certain geographic areas in the United States and in certain populations. Many are low-income, and a significant number are people of color. At December 31, 2025, approximately 87% of our members, most of whom were in two metropolitan areas, were residents of New Jersey. Unfavorable changes in healthcare or other benefit costs or reimbursement rates or increased competition in these states or any other geographic area where our members become concentrated in the future could therefore have a disproportionately adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our results of operations may be adversely affected if we are unable to grow our provider networks or contract with providers, medical facilities, and other entities on competitive terms.

Our success requires that we successfully maintain and grow our provider networks and contract with providers and medical facilities in new markets in order to meet CMS requirements relating to network adequacy. In addition, in order to retain our members and attract additional members, our provider networks, including those providers participating in Medicare and willing to see our members but who we have not contracted with, must be not only adequate, but attractive, providing Medicare-eligible members access to the providers and facilities that they want. We also provide prescription drug benefits and contract with pharmacy benefit management service suppliers to manage pharmacy benefits for our members. There can be no assurance that we will be able to contract with new providers, facilities and other entities in our current markets or new markets in which we enter or renew any contracts we maintain with existing providers or facilities on favorable terms, if at all. If we are unable to enter into new contracts or maintain contracts with providers or facilities in certain markets, we may be unable to meet network adequacy requirements which would prevent us from serving such markets. That could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In addition, certain markets in the United States are dominated by a few providers or facilities, have a limited number of providers in a particular specialty or have a limited number of facilities, which may make it particularly difficult for us to enter into such markets and compete effectively. This may be especially true if those providers, specialists, or facilities are unwilling to contract with us, demand higher payments or take other actions that could result in higher medical care costs for us, less desirable plans and products for members and providers, a decline in our growth rate, or difficulty in meeting regulatory or accreditation requirements. Our ability to develop and maintain satisfactory relationships with providers and facilities may also be negatively impacted by factors not associated with us, such as changes in Medicare programs and other pressures on healthcare providers, including consolidation activity among hospitals, physician groups, and other healthcare providers. Such organizations or provider groups may compete directly with us, which could adversely affect our growth. The failure to maintain or to secure new cost-effective provider contracts may make it more difficult to increase adoption of Clover Assistant by providers as well as lead to higher costs, healthcare provider network disruptions and less attractive options for our members. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may be unable to effectively manage our growth, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, through, for example, an unexpected increase in members, a rapid expansion in geographies served, or a sudden growth in hiring, we may incur unexpected expenses, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. To manage our current and anticipated future growth effectively, we must continue to maintain and enhance our information technology ("IT"), security infrastructure, and financial and accounting systems and controls, which will place additional demands on our resources and operations. We must also attract, train and retain, or contract with third parties to provide a significant number of qualified software engineers, IT engineers, data scientists, medical personnel, insurance operations personnel, sales and marketing personnel, management personnel and professional services personnel. The availability of such personnel, in particular software engineers, may be constrained. This will require us to invest in and commit significant financial, operational, and management resources to grow and change in these areas which may disrupt our operations and performance and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We operate in a competitive industry, and if we are not able to compete effectively, our business, financial condition, and results of operations will be harmed.

The markets for MA plans and related products are highly competitive. We compete in certain segments within the healthcare market, including MA plans as well as other healthcare technology platforms and the fee-for-service market. Competition in our market involves rapidly changing technologies, evolving regulatory requirements and industry expectations, new product offerings and constantly evolving beneficiary and provider preferences and user requirements. We currently face competition from a range of companies, including other incumbent MA providers and health insurance companies, many of whom are developing their own technology or partnering with third-party technology providers to drive improvements in care. Our competitors generally include large, national insurers, such as United Health, Aetna, Humana, Centene, and Elevance Health that provide MA plans, as well as regional-based companies or health plans that provide MA plans, including Blue Cross Blue Shield affiliates, Alignment Health, Devoted Health, Oscar Health, hospital systems and provider-based organizations. Competition from these and other new entrants may intensify as the fee-for-service market develops and business models evolve to address it. In addition, as we enter into new markets, we may compete with regional start-up companies that offer MA plans. Also, as we develop other products and enter new lines of business, and other companies do the same, we may compete with providers of healthcare technology platforms, EHR providers, telehealth providers, healthcare data analytics providers and accountable care organizations. Furthermore, accountable care organizations and practice management companies, which aggregate physician practices for administrative efficiency and marketing leverage, and other organizational structures that physicians, hospitals, and other healthcare providers choose, may change the way in which providers interact with us and may change the competitive landscape. As a result, our current and potential competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards, or client requirements. Further, even if our product or service offerings are more effective than the product or service offerings of our competitors, current or potential provider users and members might select competitive products and services in lieu of purchasing our product or service offerings. If we are unable to continue to grow and enhance our product and service offerings to our provider users and members, develop and deliver innovative and potentially disruptive products and services to satisfy evolving market demands, or develop and recruit qualified physicians and other provider specialists, we may not remain competitive, and we risk inability to maintain or increase our lives under Clover management, lack of adoption of our products and services by members and provider users, and loss of current market share to existing competitors and disruptive new market entrants.

Any one of these competitive pressures in our market, or our failure to compete effectively, may result in fewer plans being offered; a reduction in plan benefits; reduced services; a loss of existing members or inability to grow our number of members; fewer provider users; reduced revenues; lower gross margins; and loss of market share. Any failure to meet and address these competitive factors would harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We compete with larger companies that may have stronger brands, and consolidation among competitors would increase competition.

Some of our competitors have greater name recognition, longer operating histories, stronger and more extensive provider networks and other partner relationships, significantly greater financial, technical, marketing, and other resources, lower labor and development costs, greater access to healthcare data and larger beneficiary bases than we do. These competitors may engage in more extensive research and development efforts, undertake more far-reaching marketing campaigns, and adopt more aggressive pricing or payment policies that could allow them to build larger beneficiary bases or provider networks than we have. Our competitors may also provide more desirable products or services or take better care of their members.

Further, the healthcare industry in the United States has experienced a substantial amount of consolidation in recent years, resulting in a decrease in the number of insurance carriers, providers, and payors. If we are unable to contract with a provider in a market that has experienced significant consolidation, we may face challenges to establishing or maintaining network adequacy and attractiveness in those markets. Additionally, new competitors may arise as consolidation may create providers that, in and of themselves, meet network adequacy requirements for a market and, as a result, start their own MA plans in that market. In addition, our current or potential competitors may be acquired by third parties with greater available resources. As a result, our competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards, or customer requirements and may have the ability to initiate or withstand substantial price competition. Our future growth and success depend on our ability to successfully compete with other companies providing similar services and technological offerings. New competitors or alliances may emerge that have greater market share, a larger member base, a stronger and larger provider network, more widely adopted proprietary technologies, greater ability to care for their members, greater marketing expertise, or greater financial resources and larger sales forces than we have, which could put us at a competitive disadvantage. Considering these factors, even if our MA plans and technology platform are more effective than those of our competitors, current or potential members may purchase competitive plans in lieu of purchasing our health plans, or providers may adopt competing technology platforms in lieu of Clover Assistant. Any such events could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our failure to estimate incurred but not reported claims accurately would affect our results of operations.

Due to the time lag between when medical services are actually rendered by our providers and when we receive, process and pay a claim for those medical services, our medical care costs include estimates of our incurred but not reported ("IBNR") claims. We estimate our medical expense liabilities using actuarial methods based on historical data adjusted for claims receipt and payment patterns, cost trends, product mix, seasonality, utilization of healthcare services, changes in members, provider billing practices, benefit changes, known outbreaks of disease or increased incidence of illness such as influenza, the incidence of high dollar or catastrophic claims and other relevant factors. Actual conditions, however, could differ from those we assume in our estimation process. We continually review and update our estimation methods and the resulting accruals and we make adjustments, as necessary, to medical expense when the criteria used to determine IBNR change and when actual claim costs are ultimately determined. As a result of the uncertainties associated with the factors used in these assumptions, the actual amount of medical expense that we incur may be materially more or less than the amount of IBNR originally estimated. If our estimates of IBNR are inadequate in the future, our reported results of operations would be negatively impacted. Further, our inability to estimate IBNR accurately may also affect our ability to take timely corrective actions, further exacerbating the extent of any adverse effect on our results.

Estimating and accounting for Medicare Part D costs involves certain regulatory calculations that carry inherent risks. Should these estimates and assumptions deviate from actual outcomes, it could negatively impact our operational results.

With respect to our CMS contracts that cover members' prescription drugs under Medicare Part D, these contracts contain provisions for risk sharing and certain payments for prescription drug costs for which we are not at risk. These provisions affect our ultimate payments from CMS. The premiums from CMS are subject to certain payment adjustments determined by comparing costs targeted in our annual bids to actual prescription drug costs, reflected by the actual costs that would have been incurred under the standard coverage as defined by CMS. Variances exceeding certain thresholds may result in CMS making additional payments to us or CMS requiring us to refund to CMS a portion of the premiums we received (known as a "risk corridor"). We estimate and recognize an adjustment to premium revenue related to this risk corridor payment settlement based upon pharmacy claims experience. The estimate of the settlement associated with these risk corridor provisions is subject to uncertainty, as it requires us to consider factors for which we lack complete data at the time of estimation.

Reinsurance and low-income cost subsidies represent payments from CMS in connection with the Medicare Part D program for which we assume no risk. Reinsurance subsidies represent payments for CMS' portion of claims costs that exceed the member's out-of-pocket threshold, or the catastrophic coverage level. Low-income cost subsidies represent payments from CMS for all or a portion of the deductible, the coinsurance and co-payment amounts above the out-of-pocket threshold for low-income members. Monthly prospective payments from CMS for reinsurance and low-income cost subsidies are based on assumptions submitted with our annual bid. A reconciliation and settlement of CMS' prospective subsidies against actual prescription drug costs we paid is made after the end of the applicable year.

Settlement of the reinsurance and low-income cost subsidies as well as the risk corridor payment is based on a reconciliation made approximately nine months after the close of each calendar year. This reconciliation process requires us to submit claims data necessary for CMS to administer the program. Our claims data may not pass CMS' claims edit processes due to various reasons, including discrepancies in eligibility or classification of low-income members. To the extent our data does not pass CMS' claim edit processes, we may bear the risk for all or a portion of the claim that otherwise may have been subject to the risk corridor provision or forgo payments we would have otherwise received as a low-income subsidy or reinsurance claim. In addition, if the settlement represents an amount CMS owes us, there is a negative impact on our cash flows and financial condition as a result of financing CMS' share of the risk. The opposite is true in the event the settlement represents an amount we owe CMS. If our estimates or assumptions related to our financial accounting for these benefits prove incorrect or insufficient, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

If we are unable to expand our sales and marketing infrastructure or if we fail to overcome challenges relating to marketing of our business, we may fail to enroll sufficient members to meet our forecasts.

We are and will continue to be highly dependent on the ability of our sales force to adequately promote and market our MA plans to enroll new members and retain our existing members. If our sales and marketing representatives fail to achieve their objectives, our lives under Clover management could decrease or may not increase at levels that are in line with our expectations. This could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

If we are not successful at converting the opportunities presented by new distribution channels and access to local markets, we may not be able to grow our number of members or our plans as quickly as we need to, or at all. For example, if insurance brokers and field marketing organizations choose not to market and sell our plans, our business and results of operations would be adversely affected. In addition to the financial impact of having fewer members than we anticipated, if we do not grow our lives under Clover management, we could find it difficult to retain or increase our contracted providers at favorable rates, which could jeopardize both our ability to provide plans in our current markets or expand into new markets and also our ability to do so in a cost-efficient manner. Additionally, we could be limited in the amount of data that we are able to acquire to further iterate on and refine Clover Assistant. This, in turn, could compromise our ability to deliver on our goals of using Clover Assistant to decrease costs and improve care.

As we increase our sales and marketing efforts, we will need to further expand the reach of our sales and marketing networks. Our future success will depend in significant part on our ability to continue to hire, train, retain, and motivate skilled sales and marketing representatives with significant industry-specific knowledge in various areas, as well as the competitive landscape for our solutions. Recently hired sales and marketing representatives require training and take time to achieve full productivity. If we fail to train recent hires adequately, or if we experience high turnover in our sales force in the future, we cannot be certain that new hires will become as productive as may be necessary to maintain or increase our sales. In addition, the expansion of our sales and marketing personnel will continue to place significant burdens on our management team. Moreover, we rely significantly on outside vendors with respect to our sales and marketing efforts. Any disruption on the business operations of these vendors, or our ability to effectively oversee and work with them, may negatively affect our ability to effectively market our MA plans.

In addition to the challenges to expand our sales and marketing efforts, we face significant challenges generally in our marketing efforts. We may market our MA plans through a number of channels including, but not limited to, direct mail, marketing materials in providers' offices, and telesales. Any disruption to any of these methods of communication may compromise our ability to effectively market our MA plans. Further, due to regulations governing when and how we are allowed to market our plans, we have a limited time frame annually to plan and execute on our marketing plans. If we encounter issues with execution during this time frame, we have an even more limited window to address those issues before we are forced to wait for the next annual marketing window. Failure to execute on our marketing plans in the limited window allowed by Medicare regulations could negatively affect our annual member enrollment, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected. If we are unable to expand our sales and marketing capabilities, we may not be able to effectively commercialize our existing or planned solutions, which could result in reduced member enrollment and the failure of our enrollment rate to increase in line with our expectations.

If we fail to develop widespread brand recognition or are unable to maintain or enhance our reputation, our business, financial condition, and results of operations will be harmed.

We believe that developing widespread brand recognition and maintaining and enhancing our reputation is critical to our relationships with existing providers and members, and to our ability to attract new providers and members to our platform and offerings. The promotion of our brands, including in Counterpart Assistant, may require us to make substantial investments, and we anticipate that, as our market becomes increasingly competitive, these marketing initiatives may become increasingly difficult and expensive. Brand promotion and marketing activities may not be successful or yield increased revenue, and to the extent that these activities yield increased revenue, the increased revenues may not offset the expenses we incur, and our results of operations could be harmed. In addition, any factor that diminishes our reputation or that of our management, including failing to meet the expectations of our providers or members, could harm our reputation and brands and make it substantially more difficult for us to attract new providers or members. If we do not successfully develop widespread brand recognition and maintain and enhance our reputation, our business may not grow and we could lose our relationships with providers or members, which would harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we do not continue to innovate and provide services that are useful to our members and providers, we may not remain competitive, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could suffer.

The market for healthcare in the United States is in the early stages of structural change and is rapidly evolving toward a more value-based care model. Our success depends on our ability to keep pace with technological developments, satisfy increasingly sophisticated member and provider user requirements, and sustain and grow market acceptance. Our future financial performance will depend in part on our growth in this market and on our ability to adapt to emerging market demands, including adapting to the ways our members access and use our MA plans and clinical care programs, and the ways our providers use Clover Assistant. Our competitors may develop products and services that may appeal more to our members and/or providers. As a result, we must continue to invest significant resources in research and development in order to enhance our existing platform and introduce new high-quality products and features that our members and providers will want, while offering our MA plans at competitive prices. In particular, achieving and maintaining broad market acceptance of our MA plans and our products, including Clover Assistant, could be negatively affected by many factors, including:

• changes in member and provider needs and preferences;

• lack of evidence supporting the ease-of-use, cost savings or other perceived benefits of our MA plans;

• lack of evidence supporting the ease-of-use, costs savings or other perceived benefits of our Clover Assistant platform over competitive products and technology platforms; and

• perceived risks associated with the use of our Clover Assistant platform, similar products or technologies generally.

In addition, our Clover Assistant platform may be perceived by our providers, potential and current, to be more complicated or less effective than traditional approaches, and they may be unwilling to change their current workflows or healthcare practices. Healthcare providers are often slow to change their medical treatment practices for a variety of reasons, including perceived liability risks arising from the use of new products and services. Accordingly, healthcare providers may not utilize Clover Assistant until there is enough evidence to convince them to alter their current approach or until the number of Clover members that they see expands to a point where they feel it is necessary to do so. Any of these factors could adversely affect the demand for and market utilization of our solutions and our growth, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we fail to offer high-quality customer support, our business, results of operations and reputation could suffer.

Our business is dependent upon providing high-quality customer support and service to both our members and providers. In particular, our ability to attract and retain membership is dependent upon providing cost effective, quality customer service operations such as call center operations and claim processing, that meet or exceed our members' expectations. We depend on third parties for certain of our customer service operations. If we or our vendors fail to provide service that meets our members' expectations, we may have difficulty retaining our lives under Clover management, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

While we have designed Clover Assistant to be easy to adopt and use, once providers begin using it, they rely on our support services to resolve any platform issues. High-quality user education and customer experience have been key to the adoption of Clover Assistant. We expect the importance of high-quality customer experience to increase as we expand our business and pursue new provider users. Any failure to maintain high-quality customer experience, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality customer experience, could harm our reputation and our ability to grow the number of users of our platform. This could in turn harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Additionally, as the number of providers using Clover Assistant grows, we will need to hire additional support personnel to provide efficient product support at scale. If we are unable to provide such support, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and reputation could be harmed.

Real or perceived errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs in Clover Assistant would harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

The software technology underlying and integrating with Clover Assistant is inherently complex and may contain material defects or errors. Errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs have in the past, and may in the future, occur in Clover Assistant, especially when updates are deployed or new features, integrations, or capabilities are rolled out. For example, if the clinical features or suggestions provided through Clover Assistant were to fail, our systems could experience data loss and/or providers may become frustrated with Clover Assistant, which in turn may affect retention and adoption of Clover Assistant by providers. Additionally, if a bug were discovered in Clover Assistant that made Clover Assistant vulnerable to malicious attacks or exposed our member data to third parties, providers may cease to trust and use the platform. Among other things, this would affect our ability to collect data. Any such errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs may not be found until after new features, integrations, or capabilities have been released.

Furthermore, we will need to ensure that our platform can scale to meet the evolving needs of users, particularly as we expand our business and provider user base. Real or perceived errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs in our platform could result in an interruption in the availability of our platform, negative publicity, unfavorable user experience, loss or leaking of personal data and data of organizations, loss of or delay in market acceptance of our platform, loss of competitive position, regulatory fines, or claims by organizations for losses sustained by them, all of which would harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

If we fail to manage our technical operations infrastructure, or experience service outages, interruptions, or delays in the deployment of our platform, our results of operations may be harmed.

We may experience system slowdowns and interruptions from time to time. In addition, continued growth in our member and provider base could place additional demands on our Clover Assistant platform and our technical operations infrastructure and could cause or exacerbate slowdowns or interrupt the availability of our platform and operations. If there is a substantial increase in the volume of usage on our platform or internal tools we use to operate our business, we will be required to further expand and upgrade our technology and infrastructure. There can be no assurance that we will be able to accurately project the rate or timing of increases, if any, in the use of our platform and internal tools or expand and upgrade our systems and infrastructure to accommodate such increases on a timely basis. In such cases, if our users are not able to access our platform or encounter slowdowns when doing so, we may lose users. In order to remain competitive, we must continue to enhance and improve the responsiveness, functionality, and features of our platform. Our disaster recovery plan may not be sufficient to address all aspects or any unanticipated consequence or incidents, and although we maintain insurance covering certain business interruptions, such coverage may not be sufficient to compensate us for the losses that could occur.

Issues in the development and use of artificial intelligence ("AI"), combined with an uncertain regulatory environment, may result in reputational harm, liability, or other adverse consequences to our business operations.

We use machine learning and AI technologies as part of our Clover Assistant platform, and we are making investments in expanding our AI capabilities in our products, services, and tools, including ongoing deployment and improvement of existing machine learning and AI technologies, as well as developing new product features using AI technologies, including, for example, generative AI. AI technologies are complex and rapidly evolving, and we face significant competition from other companies as well as an evolving regulatory landscape under existing and proposed federal, state and international regulations. The introduction of AI technologies into new or existing products may result in new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, litigation, confidentiality or security risks, ethical concerns, legal liability, or other complications that could adversely affect our business, reputation, or financial results.

Uncertainty around new and emerging AI technologies, such as generative AI, may require additional investment in the development and maintenance of proprietary datasets and machine learning models, development of new approaches and processes to provide attribution or remuneration to creators of training data, and development of appropriate protections and safeguards for handling the use of member data with AI technologies, which may be costly and could impact our expenses if we use generative AI in our product offerings. AI technologies incorporated into our product offerings may use algorithms, datasets, or training methodologies that may be flawed or contain deficiencies that may be difficult to detect during testing. We have developed and implemented policies and procedures intended to promote and sustain responsible design, development, and use of AI, consistent with industry best practices. Failure to properly address any inadequacy or failure in compliance with our AI policies and procedures or] legal or ethical and social issues in the development and use of our AI technologies could slow adoption of AI in our product offerings or could cause our AI technologies to not operate as intended. AI technologies, including generative AI, may create content that appears correct but is factually inaccurate, flawed or biased. The Clover Assistant platform may rely on or use such content to our detriment, or it may lead to discriminatory or other adverse outcomes, which may expose us to brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, regulatory investigations, and/or legal liability. The use of AI technologies presents emerging ethical, legal and social issues, and if we enable or offer solutions that draw scrutiny or controversy due to their perceived or actual impact on customers or on society as a whole, we may experience brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, regulatory investigations, and/or legal liability.

Our business, results of operations, and financial condition may fluctuate on a quarterly and annual basis and could fall below the expectations of investors and securities analysts due to a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, resulting either in volatility or a decline in the price of the shares of our Class A common stock.

Our results of operations have in the past and could in the future vary significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year and may fail to match our past performance or the expectations of investors and securities analysts because of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. As a result, we may not be able to accurately predict our operating results and growth rate. Any of these events could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate. Factors that may contribute to the variability of our operating results include:

• the timing of the enrollment periods and related sales and marketing expenses;

• the timing of risk adjustments;

• the addition or loss of large hospital and healthcare systems in our provider network, including due to acquisitions or consolidations of such systems;

• the timing of recognition of revenues, including possible delays in the recognition of revenues;

• the amount and timing of operating expenses related to the maintenance and expansion of our business, operations, and infrastructure;

• our ability to effectively manage the size and composition of our clinical programs relative to the level of demand for services from our members;

• the timing and success of introductions of new products and services by us or our competitors or any other change in the competitive dynamics of our industry, including consolidation among competitors, hospital and healthcare systems, or strategic partners;

• the timing of expenses related to the development or acquisition of technologies or businesses and potential future charges for impairment of goodwill from acquired companies;

• the timing and/or delays in rolling out technology or platform updates;

• technical difficulties or interruptions in Clover Assistant;

• our ability to increase provider adoption of Clover Assistant;

• our ability to market, sell and deploy Counterpart Assistant through our subsidiary Counterpart Health;

• breaches of information security or privacy, and any associated fines or penalties or damage to our reputation;

• our ability to hire and retain qualified personnel;

• changes in the structure of healthcare provider and payment systems;

• changes in the legislative or regulatory environment, including with respect to healthcare, telehealth, privacy, or data protection, AI, or enforcement by government regulators, including fines, orders, sanctions, or consent decrees;

• the cost and potential outcomes of ongoing or future regulatory audits, investigations, or litigation;

• changes in our and our competitors' pricing policies; and

• changes in business or macroeconomic conditions.

The impact of one or more of the foregoing and other factors may cause our results of operations to vary significantly. As such, we believe that quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful and should not be relied upon as an indication of our future performance.

Market, regulatory and political conditions, including global economic conditions, rates of inflation and political developments in the United States and abroad, may have adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and share price.

Our business may be affected by conditions and trends in the financial markets and general economic and political conditions, including the current presidential administration and Congress. The global economy, including credit and financial markets, has experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, higher cost of human capital, geopolitical uncertainty and instability, including inflation, fluctuations in interest rates, changes in tax and trade policies and uncertainty about economic stability. There is also uncertainty surrounding potential changes to the healthcare regulatory environment in the United States, and it is not possible to predict how these changes may be implemented, and the ultimate effects of such changes on our business. In addition, the U.S. federal government and other governments may reduce funding for health care or other programs or make changes that adversely affect the number of persons eligible for certain programs, the services provided to enrollees in such programs and premiums we can charge. The levels of U.S. federal government spending are difficult to predict and are subject to significant risk. Considerable uncertainty exists regarding how future budget and program decisions will unfold, including the spending priorities of the current presidential administration and Congress, and what challenges budget reductions, if any, will present for our business and our industry generally. For example, on January 20, 2025, President Trump established by executive order the U.S. DOGE Service Temporary Organization ("DOGE") to reform federal government processes and reduce expenditures, and on February 5, 2025, CMS announced that it is collaborating with DOGE to determine where there may be opportunities for more effective and efficient use of resources. While DOGE was officially disbanded as a governmental organization in 2025, many of its functions and personnel were absorbed into various federal agencies, and its principles and agenda to cut waste and modernize operations may continue in other forms. Pressures on and uncertainty surrounding the U.S. federal government’s budget, and potential changes in budgetary priorities and healthcare spending levels, could adversely affect the funding for Medicare and other healthcare programs upon which our business depends. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our businesses, results of operations, and cash flows. In addition, the failure of the U.S. federal government to manage its fiscal matters or to raise or further suspend the debt ceiling, and changes in the amount of federal debt, may negatively impact the economic environment, curtail spending on health and health care related matters and adversely impact our results of operations. Any such volatility or disruption, or a general sustained economic downturn or other developments, may have adverse consequences on us or on our third party relationships (including relationships with vendors and health care providers).

Our estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate; even if the markets in which we compete achieve the forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.

Our market opportunity estimates and growth forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty and they are based on assumptions and estimates that may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the market in which we compete meets our size estimates and forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow for a variety of reasons outside our control, including competition in our industry. The principal assumptions relating to our market opportunity include the growth of the Medicare eligible population as well as the growth and stability of risk-adjusted payments paid by CMS, among other things. Our market opportunity is also based on the assumption that our existing and future offerings will be more attractive to our members and providers and potential members and providers than competing MA plans. If these assumptions prove inaccurate, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We may become subject to medical liability claims, which could cause us to incur significant expenses, may require us to pay significant damages if not covered by insurance, and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We and our affiliated professional entities may be subject to professional liability claims and, if these claims are successful, substantial damage awards. With respect to Clover Care Services (Clover's in-home care offering), the direct provision of healthcare services by certain of our subsidiaries involves risks arising from medical malpractice claims relating to the delivery of healthcare and related services. Although we maintain insurance covering medical malpractice claims in amounts that we believe are appropriate in light of the risks attendant to our business, we cannot predict the outcomes of medical malpractice cases, or the effect that any claims of this nature, regardless of their ultimate outcome, could have on our business or reputation or on our ability to attract and retain members.

Any claims made against us that are not fully covered by insurance could be costly to defend against, result in substantial damage awards against us and divert the attention of our management and our providers from our operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, any claims may adversely affect our reputation. Additionally, multiple claims against us could render it difficult or costly to obtain insurance for our affiliated professional entities, which could negatively impact our ability to staff our clinical programs and other operations.

Our international operations pose certain risks to our business that may be different from risks associated with our domestic operations.

We have direct operations in Hong Kong and Canada, as well as contracted operations in various other countries . We may in the future expand our operations to other countries. A significant portion of our software research and development is performed internationally, by internal resources and a variety of offshore vendors in locations such as Hong Kong and elsewhere. While these arrangements may lower operating costs, they also subject us to the uncertain political climates, including political unrest and uncertainty in Hong Kong, such as Hong Kong national security law and other developments, and potential disruptions in international trade, including export control laws (such as deemed export restrictions applicable to software) and any amendments to those laws, as well as potentially increased data security and privacy risks and local economic and labor conditions.

If we are unable to leverage our full software development team, this may result in decreased ability to innovate and maintain Clover Assistant and carry out health plan data operations, which may in turn lead to adverse effects on our business, financial conditions and results of operations. Our oversight aimed at ensuring adherence to applicable quality and compliance standards may be more difficult with vendor companies located outside of the United States and may both make it more difficult for us to achieve our operational objectives and expose us to additional liability. Countries outside of the United States may be subject to relatively higher degrees of political and social instability and may lack the infrastructure to withstand political unrest or natural disasters. The occurrence of natural disasters, pandemics, or political or economic instability in these countries or regions could interfere with work performed by these labor sources or could result in our having to replace or reduce these labor sources. Our vendors in other countries could potentially shut down suddenly for any reason, including financial problems or personnel issues. Such disruptions could decrease efficiency, increase our costs, and have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The practice of utilizing labor based in foreign countries has come under increased scrutiny in the United States. Governmental authorities, including CMS, could seek to impose financial costs or restrictions on foreign companies providing services to customers or companies in the United States. Governmental authorities may attempt to prohibit or otherwise discourage us from sourcing services from offshore labor. In addition, insurance carriers may require us to use labor based in the United States for regulatory or other reasons. To the extent that we are required to use labor based in the United States, we may face increased costs as a result of higher-priced United States-based labor.

Compliance with applicable U.S. and foreign laws and regulations, such as import and export requirements, anti-corruption laws, tax laws, foreign exchange controls, data privacy and data localization and data transfer restriction requirements, labor laws, and anti-competition regulations, increases the costs of doing business in foreign jurisdictions. Although we have implemented policies and procedures to comply with these laws and regulations, a violation by our employees, contractors, or agents could nevertheless occur. In some cases, compliance with the laws and regulations of one country could violate the laws and regulations of another country. Violations of these laws and regulations could materially adversely affect our brands, growth efforts, and business.

Furthermore, fluctuations or weakness of the U.S. dollar in relation to the currencies used in these foreign countries may also reduce the savings achievable through our strategy of contracting out certain services and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our failure to successfully manage our international operations and the associated risks effectively could limit the future growth of our business.

We conduct business in various jurisdictions and we are subject to significant expenses and risks related to compliance with state licensure requirements, which could impact our business and results of operations.

State regulators require us to maintain a valid license in each state in which we transact health insurance business, maintain minimum amounts of capital and surplus. They further require that we adhere to sales, documentation and administration practices specific to that state. We must maintain our health insurance licenses to continue marketing our plans and might have to secure additional licenses if we expand in markets where we do not yet have licenses. In addition, each employee who participates in the sale of health insurance on our behalf must maintain a valid license in one or more states. If we are to do business in a number of jurisdictions or expand our plan offerings, compliance with health insurance-related laws, rules, and regulations may be difficult and may impose significant costs on our business. Each jurisdiction's insurance department typically has the power to, among other things:

• grant and revoke licenses to transact insurance business;

• monitor compliance with minimum capital and surplus requirements;

• conduct inquiries into the insurance-related activities and conduct of agents and agencies;

• require and regulate disclosure in connection with the sale and solicitation of health insurance;

• authorize how, by which personnel and under what circumstances insurance premiums can be quoted and published and insurance policies can be sold;

• approve which entities can be paid commissions from carriers and the circumstances under which they may be paid;

• regulate the content of insurance-related advertisements, including web pages, and other marketing practices;

• approve policy forms, require specific benefits and benefit levels, and regulate premium rates;

• impose fines and other penalties; and

• impose continuing education requirements.

In addition, we must ensure that our agents have received all licenses, appointments, and certifications required by state authorities in order to transact business. New state insurance laws, regulations, and guidelines also may not be compatible with the sale of health insurance over the Internet or with various aspects of our platform or manner of marketing or selling health insurance plans. The applicability of state insurance laws to new healthcare payment models can be especially unclear and subject to differing interpretations. Failure to comply with insurance laws, regulations, and guidelines or other laws and regulations applicable to our business could result in significant liability, additional department of insurance licensing requirements, required modification of our advertising and business practices, the revocation of our licenses in a particular jurisdiction, termination of our relationship with carriers, loss of commissions and/or our inability to sell health insurance plans. These events could significantly increase our operating expenses, result in the loss of carrier relationships and our commission revenue, and otherwise harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, an adverse regulatory action in one jurisdiction could result in penalties and adversely affect our license status, business, or reputation in other jurisdictions due to the requirement that adverse regulatory actions in one jurisdiction be reported to other jurisdictions. Even if the allegations in any regulatory or other action against us are proven false, any surrounding negative publicity could harm consumer, marketing partner or carrier confidence in us, which could significantly damage our brands.

In addition to licensing requirements related to insurance laws, professional employees of our subsidiaries that provide in-home care must maintain a valid license in the state in which they practice. If our professional employees fail to maintain their required licenses or comply with state licensing laws related to the practice of medicine or provision of other healthcare services, it could disrupt the provision of in-home care services and/or result in negative publicity and loss of confidence in our services which could damage our brands, and our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be negatively impacted.

We rely on third-party providers for computing infrastructure, network connectivity, and other technology-related services needed to deliver our technology platform and products. Any disruption in the services provided by such third-party providers could adversely affect our business and subject us to liability.

We rely on cloud service providers, such as Amazon Web Services and Google Cloud, to provide the cloud computing infrastructure that we use to host our platform, products, and many of the internal tools we use to operate our business. While we control and have access to our servers, we do not control the operation of the facilities where the servers are located. While we have a long-term commitment with these cloud service providers, and our platform, products, and internal tools use computing, storage capabilities, bandwidth, and other services provided by these cloud services providers, the services providers have no obligation to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, upon the expiration of such commitment. Any significant disruption of, limitation of our access to, or other interference with, our use of these cloud service providers could negatively impact our operations and could materially harm our business. In addition, any transition of the cloud services currently provided by these cloud service providers to another cloud services provider would require significant time and expense and could disrupt or degrade delivery of our platform. Our business relies on the availability of our platform and products for our members and provider users, and we may lose members and provider users if they are not able to access our platform or encounter difficulties in doing so. The level of service provided by cloud service providers could affect the availability or speed of our platform, which may also impact the usage of, and our provider users' satisfaction with, our platform and could materially harm our business and reputation. If cloud service providers increase pricing terms, terminate or seek to terminate our contractual relationship, establish more favorable relationships with our competitors, or change or interpret their terms of service or policies in a manner that is unfavorable with respect to us, or if we are unable to renew any agreement on commercially reasonable terms, we may be required to transfer our servers and other infrastructure to a different service provider, and our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be harmed. This may result in significant additional costs and possible services interruptions. Additionally, if our cloud service providers are unable to keep up with our growing needs for capacity, this could have an adverse effect on our business. For example, a rapid expansion of our business could cause the service levels provided by our cloud service providers to fail or experience delays. Any changes or disruptions in our cloud service providers' service levels could adversely affect our reputation or result in lengthy interruptions in our services and negatively affect our business.

Our failure to protect our sites, networks, and systems against security breaches, or otherwise to protect our confidential or health information or the confidential or health information of our members, providers, or other third parties, could damage our reputation and brands, and substantially harm our business and results of operations.

Breaches of our security measures or those of our third-party service providers or other cyber security incidents could result in unauthorized access to our sites, networks, systems, and accounts; unauthorized access to, and misappropriation of, individuals' personal identifying information, personal health information, or other confidential or proprietary information of ourselves, our members, or other third parties; viruses, worms, spyware, or other malware being served from our platform, networks, or systems; deletion or modification of content or the display of unauthorized content on our platform; the loss of access to critical data or systems through ransomware, destructive attacks or other means; and business delays, service or system disruptions or denials of service. Attacks on information technology systems, particularly in the healthcare system, are increasing in their frequency, levels of persistence, sophistication and intensity, they are being conducted by increasingly sophisticated and organized groups and individuals with a wide range of motives and expertise, and they may remain undetected for an extended period of time. For instance, as AI technologies, including generative AI models, develop rapidly, threat actors are using these technologies to create sophisticated new attack methods that are increasingly automated, targeted, coordinated and difficult to defend against.

If any of these breaches of security should occur, we cannot guarantee that recovery protocols and backup systems will be sufficient to prevent data loss, or the interruption, disruption, or malfunction of our operations, including with respect to telehealth services. As a result, we could incur costs relating to breach remediation, deployment of additional personnel and protection technologies, and response to governmental investigations and media inquiries and coverage; be required to engage third-party experts and consultants; and face litigation, regulatory action, and other potential liabilities. Our reputation and brand could be damaged, our business may suffer, and we could be required to expend significant capital and other resources to alleviate problems caused by such breaches. Actual or anticipated security breaches or attacks may cause us to incur increasing costs, including costs to deploy additional personnel and protection technologies, train employees, and engage third-party experts and consultants.

Certain of our third-party service providers provide technology-related services and/or store or have access to our data and may not have effective controls, processes, or practices to protect our information from loss, unauthorized disclosure, unauthorized use or misappropriation, cyberattacks or other data security incidents. A vulnerability in such service providers’ software or systems, a failure in their safeguards, policies or procedures, or a cyber-attack or other data security incident affecting any of these third parties would result in harm to our business.

For example, in 2024, one of our vendors, UnitedHealth Group’s Change Healthcare, experienced a ransomware attack, which compromised certain of our members’ personal information (including protected health information). Although the Change Healthcare incident did not have a material impact on our business, financial condition or results of operation, there can be no assurance that a future compromise or breach of our security measures, or those of our third-party service providers will not have a material impact on us. Any such compromise could violate applicable privacy, data protection, data security, network and information systems security, and other laws, and cause significant legal and financial exposure, adverse publicity, and a loss of confidence in our security measures. These factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. We devote significant resources to protect against security breaches, and we may need to devote significantly more resources in the future to address problems caused by breaches, including notifying affected subscribers and responding to any resulting litigation. Any such use of resources would divert resources from the growth and expansion of our business.

Our growth depends in part on the success of our strategic relationships with third parties.

In order to grow our business, we anticipate that we will continue to depend on our relationships with third parties to perform certain operational functions and services, to support and use our Clover Assistant and technology platforms, and to support our general services and administration functions. These third parties include, for example, insurance brokers, our information technology system providers, data submission providers, coders, quality metrics auditors, pharmacy benefit management ("PBM"), services suppliers, enrollment administration providers, and customer service, provider support lines, call centers and claim and billing service providers. We also rely on integrations with EHR providers and clinical software developers. We have entered into agreements with our PBM services suppliers to provide us and certain of our members with certain PBM services, such as claims processing, mail pharmacy services, specialty pharmacy services, retail network pharmacy network services, participating pharmacy audit services, reporting, and formulary services. Additionally, we have entered into an agreement with UST HealthProof pursuant to which UST HealthProof will perform certain of our plan operation functions in support of our members, including claims, enrollment, contact center, medical management, payment integrity, revenue integrity, print, fulfillment, and related configuration and certain IT functions. We also depend on our relationships with third parties as part of our Counterpart Health business. However, we may be unable to realize all of the expected benefits, including cost savings, in connection with this agreement within the expected time frame, and we may incur additional and/or unexpected costs to realize them. If the services become unavailable or are not adequately performed, our operations and business strategies could be significantly disrupted which could have a material adverse effect on our business, brands, reputation, and results of operations.

Additionally, if any such agreements were to terminate for any reason or one of our PBM services supplier's ability to perform their respective obligations under their agreements with us were impaired, we may not be able to find an alternative supplier in a timely manner or on acceptable financial terms. As a result, our costs may increase, we would not realize the anticipated benefits of our agreements for PBM services, we could become overly dependent on such agreements, which could cause us to lose core competencies and we may not be able to meet the full demands of our members. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, brands, reputation, and results of operations. Furthermore, certain legislative authorities have in recent years discussed or proposed legislation that would restrict outsourcing of certain services. In addition, we may be held accountable for any failure of performance by our vendors. Significant failure by a third party to perform in accordance with the terms of our contracts or applicable law could subject us to fines or other sanctions or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. A termination of our agreements with, or disruption in the performance of, one or more of these service providers could result in service disruption or unavailability, and harm our ability to continue to develop, maintain and improve Clover Assistant. This could decrease the usefulness of Clover Assistant and result in decreased adoption by providers and potentially higher medical costs for our members, increased or duplicative costs for us, and our inability to meet our obligations to our members; it could also require us to seek alternative service providers on less favorable contract terms, any of which can adversely affect our business, brands, reputation and results of operations. Additionally, if our service partners and vendors do not utilize industry standards with respect to privacy and data requirements, or other applicable safeguards, we may be exposed to additional liability, the breach of our patient data, or loss of our ability to provide plans and services.

Identifying partners, and negotiating and documenting relationships with them, requires significant time and resources. In addition, acquisitions of our partners by our competitors could result in a decrease in the number of our members and provider users, as our partners may no longer facilitate the enrollment of Medicare-eligible members into, or the effective and efficient operations of, our business or the adoption of Clover Assistant by providers. If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining our relationships with third parties, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenues could be impaired and our results of operations may suffer. Even if we are successful, there can be no assurance that these relationships will result in increased revenues or an increase in the number of members or provider users of Clover Assistant.

Because competition for qualified personnel is intense, we may not be able to attract and retain the highly skilled employees we need to execute our business strategies and growth plans.

To execute on our business strategies and growth plans, we must attract and retain highly qualified personnel in our US and international offices. The pool of qualified personnel with experience working in the healthcare market, and particularly MA, is limited. The incentives to attract, retain, and motivate employees provided by our stock options and other equity awards, or by other compensation arrangements, may not be effective. As such, we may not be successful in continuing to attract and retain qualified personnel. Our recruiting efforts may also be limited by laws and regulations, such as restrictive immigration laws, restrictions on travel or availability of visas and labor force instability. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business and future growth prospects could be severely harmed.

Moreover, we believe that a critical element of our ability to successfully attract, train and retain qualified personnel is our corporate culture, which we believe fosters innovation, collaboration and a focus on execution, all in an environment of high ethical standards. Our remote work policies may present challenges in maintaining these important aspects of our corporate culture, and a failure to maintain our corporate culture could negatively impact us. Further, we rely on our key personnel to lead with integrity and to meet our high ethical standards that promote excellent performance in a supportive environment. To the extent any of our key personnel were to behave in a way that is inconsistent with our values, including with respect to legal or regulatory compliance, financial reporting or people management, we could experience a materially adverse impact to our reputation and our operating results. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business and future growth prospects could be severely harmed.

We depend on our senior management team and other key employees; the loss of one or more of these employees or an inability to attract and retain additional qualified key personnel could adversely affect our business.

Our success depends largely upon the continued services and reputation of our senior management and other key personnel. From time to time, there may be changes in our senior management team resulting from the hiring or departure of executives and key employees, which could disrupt our business. We can provide no assurance that any of our executives or key employees will continue their employment with us. Our senior management and key employees are "at-will" employees and therefore may terminate employment with us at any time with no advance notice. In addition, we currently do not have "key person" insurance on any of our employees. We also rely on our leadership team in the areas of research and development, marketing, services, and general and administrative functions. The loss and replacement of one or more of our members of senior management or other key employees, including our Chief Executive Officer, Andrew Toy, would likely involve significant time and costs and may significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives. In addition, our positive reputation is in part derived from the business success and standing in the community of our senior management, in particular our Chief Executive Officer. As a result, any negative perception of our senior management by our current or prospective investors, members, or providers, or any negative press stories about our senior management, may harm our reputation and damage our business prospects. Furthermore, executive officer transitions, volatility or lack of performance in our stock price may affect our ability to attract and retain replacements should key personnel depart. If we are not able to retain any of our key personnel, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be harmed.

We may engage in merger and acquisition activities, which would require significant management attention, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value, and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

As part of our business strategy to expand usage of our Clover Assistant platform, offer our plans in additional markets, extend the provision of in-home care services in those additional markets and grow our business in response to changing technologies, provider and beneficiary demand, and competitive pressures, we may in the future make investments or acquisitions in other companies, products, or technologies. The identification of suitable acquisition candidates can be difficult, time-consuming, and costly, and we may not be able to complete acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all. If we do complete acquisitions, we may not ultimately strengthen our competitive position or achieve the goals of such acquisition, and any acquisitions we complete could be viewed negatively by providers, members, or investors. We may encounter difficult or unforeseen expenditures in integrating an acquisition, particularly if we cannot retain the key personnel of the acquired company. In addition, if we fail to successfully integrate such acquisitions, or the assets, technologies, or personnel associated with such acquisitions, the business and results of operations of the combined company would be adversely affected.

Acquisitions may disrupt our ongoing operations, divert management from their primary responsibilities, subject us to additional liabilities, increase our expenses, subject us to increased regulatory requirements, cause adverse tax consequences or unfavorable accounting treatment, expose us to claims and disputes by stockholders and third parties, and adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We may not successfully evaluate or utilize the acquired assets or accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition transaction, including accounting charges. We may pay cash for any such acquisition, which would limit other potential uses for our cash. If we incur debt to fund any such acquisition, such debt may subject us to material restrictions in our ability to conduct our business, result in increased fixed obligations, and subject us to covenants or other restrictions that would decrease our operational flexibility and impede our ability to manage our operations. If we issue a significant amount of equity securities in connection with future acquisitions, existing stockholders' ownership would be diluted.

If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies prove to be incorrect, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP") and our key metrics require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and amounts reported in our key metrics. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, as discussed further in the section titled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Note 2 "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities and equity and the amount of revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Significant assumptions and estimates used in preparing our consolidated financial statements include those related to the amounts of IBNR claims, recoveries from third parties for coordination of benefits, and the final determination of medical cost adjustment pools. Our results of operations may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions. This could cause our results of operations to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the trading price of our common stock.

We are currently, and may in the future be, subject to investigations and litigation, which could be costly and time-consuming to defend. The outcomes of these matters cannot be predicted.

We are currently, and may in the future be, subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, such as claims brought by providers, facilities, consultants, and vendors in connection with commercial disputes, or employment claims made by our current or former employees. As previously disclosed, we have received an inquiry from the U.S. Department of Justice ("DOJ"), and also may be, in the future, subject to regular and special governmental market conduct and other audits, investigations, inquiries and/or reviews by/from, and we receive and may receive subpoenas and other requests for information from, various federal and state agencies, regulatory authorities, attorneys general, committees, subcommittees and members of the U.S. Congress and other state, federal and international governmental authorities. In the United States, federal and state governments have made investigating and prosecuting healthcare and other insurance fraud, waste, and abuse a priority. Fraud, waste, and abuse prohibitions encompass a wide range of activities, including kickbacks for referral of members or federally reimbursable healthcare products or services, fraudulent coding practices, billing for unnecessary medical and/or other covered services, improper marketing and violations of patient privacy rights. In recent years, the DOJ and the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General (the "OIG") have increased their scrutiny of healthcare payers and providers, and Medicare Advantage insurers, under the Federal False Claims Act ("FCA"), in particular. There have been a number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and settlements in the healthcare industry. CMS and the OIG also periodically perform risk adjustment data validation audits of selected MA health plans to validate the coding practices of and supporting documentation maintained by healthcare providers. Our plans could be selected for such audits, which could result in retrospective adjustments to payments made to our health plans, fines, corrective action plans, or other adverse action by CMS.

We also may be subject to lawsuits (including qui tam or "whistleblower" actions) under the FCA and comparable state laws for submitting allegedly fraudulent or otherwise inappropriate claims for payments for services under the Medicare program. In recent years, government oversight and law enforcement agencies, as well as private party relators, have become increasingly active and aggressive in investigating and taking legal action against potential fraud and abuse. These lawsuits, which may be initiated by government authorities or the relator alone, can involve significant monetary exposure under the FCA, which provides for treble damages and significant mandatory minimum penalties for each false claim or statement. Healthcare plans and providers thus often seek to resolve these types of allegations through settlement for significant and material amounts, including in circumstances where they do not acknowledge or admit liability, to avoid the uncertainty of treble damages that may be awarded in litigation proceedings. Such settlements often contain additional compliance and reporting requirements as part of a consent decree or settlement agreement, including, for example, corporate integrity agreements.

There has been increased government scrutiny and litigation involving MA plans under the FCA related to diagnosis coding and risk adjustment practices. In some proceedings involving MA plans, there have been allegations that certain financial arrangements with providers violate other laws governing fraud and abuse, such as the Anti-Kickback Statute. We perform ongoing monitoring of our business practices to help ensure compliance with CMS risk adjustment requirements and applicable laws, which includes review of Clover Assistant features that may be relevant to patient risk assessments and the submission of risk adjustment data to CMS. We also monitor our physician payment practices to help ensure compliance with applicable laws, such as the Anti-Kickback Statute. While we believe that our risk adjustment data collection efforts and relationships with providers, including those related to Clover Assistant, comply with applicable laws, we and our Counterpart Health customers are and may be subject to audits, reviews and investigation of our practices and arrangements, and the federal government might conclude that they violate the FCA, the Anti-Kickback Statute and/or other federal and state laws governing fraud and abuse. See the risk factor entitled "— Our business activities are highly regulated, and new and proposed government regulation or legislative reforms could increase our cost of doing business and reduce our number of members, profitability, and liquidity."

Litigation and audits, investigations or reviews by governmental authorities or regulators may result in substantial costs and may divert management's attention and resources, which may substantially harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Insurance may not cover such claims, may not provide sufficient payments to cover all of the costs to resolve one or more such claims, and may not continue to be available on terms acceptable to us. Resolution of some of these types of matters against us may result in our having to pay significant fines, judgments, or settlements, which could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows, thereby harming our business.

The regulations and contractual requirements applicable to us and other market participants are complex and subject to change, making it necessary for us to invest significant resources to help ensure compliance with our regulatory and contractual requirements. Ongoing vigorous legal enforcement and the highly technical regulatory scheme mean that our compliance efforts in this area will continue to require significant resources, and we may not always be successful in ensuring appropriate compliance by our Company, employees, consultants, or vendors, for whose compliance or lack thereof we may be held responsible and liable. Regular and special governmental audits, investigations and reviews, including the DOJ inquiry, could result in changes to our business practices. They could also result in significant or material premium refunds, fines, penalties, civil liabilities, criminal liabilities or other sanctions, including marketing and enrollment sanctions, suspension or exclusion from participation in government programs, and suspension or loss of licensure if we are determined to be in violation of applicable laws or regulations. Any of these audits, reviews, or investigations could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or business, or could result in significant liabilities and negative publicity for us.

Risks Related to Governmental Regulation

Programs funded in whole or in part by the U.S. federal government account for a significant portion of our revenues.

Programs funded in whole or in part by the U.S. federal government account for a significant portion of our Total revenues. As our government funded businesses grow, our exposure to changes in federal and state government policy with respect to and/or regulation of the various government funded programs in which we participate also increases. The laws and regulations governing participation in Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D are complex, are subject to interpretation and can expose us to penalties for non-compliance. Federal, state and local governments have the right to cancel or not to renew their contracts with us on short notice without cause or if funds are not available. Funding for these programs is dependent on many factors outside our control, including general economic conditions, continuing government efforts to contain health care costs and budgetary constraints at the federal or applicable state or local level and general political issues and priorities. The U.S. federal government, generally, or as recommended by DOGE, and our other government customers also may reduce funding for health care or other programs, cancel or decline to renew contracts with us, or make changes that adversely affect the number of persons eligible for certain programs, the services provided to enrollees in such programs, our premiums and our administrative and health care and other benefit costs, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

We derive substantially all of our Total revenues from Medicare Advantage premiums and expect to continue to derive a substantial portion of our Total revenues in the future from Medicare Advantage premiums. Changes or developments in Medicare or the health insurance system and laws and regulations governing the health insurance markets in the United States could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

Historically, Medicare Advantage premiums accounted for a significant portion of our Total revenues, and we expect that they will continue to account for a substantial portion of our Total revenues in the future. As currently structured, the premium rates paid to Medicare health plans like ours are established by contract, although the rates differ depending on a combination of factors, including upper payment limits established by CMS, a beneficiary's health profile and status, age, gender, county or region, benefit mix, beneficiary eligibility categories, and a beneficiary's risk score. As a consequence, our profitability is dependent on government funding levels for Medicare programs. Funding for Medicare depends on many factors outside of our control, including general economic conditions and budgetary constraints at the federal or applicable state level. For example, CMS has in the past reduced or frozen Medicare Advantage benchmarks, and additional cuts to Medicare Advantage benchmarks are possible.

Reductions or less than expected increases in funding for Medicare programs could significantly reduce our revenues and profitability. If an unexpected reduction in payments, inadequate government funding, significantly delayed payments for Medicare programs or similar events were to occur, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Our business also depends upon the public and private sector of the U.S. insurance system, which is subject to a changing regulatory environment. Accordingly, the future financial performance of our business will depend in part on our ability to adapt to regulatory developments, including changes in laws and regulations or changes to interpretations of such laws or regulations, especially laws and regulations governing Medicare. For example, in March 2010, the ACA became law. The ACA substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both commercial and government payers and contains a number of provisions that impact our business and operations, including a requirement that MA plans spend at least 85% of premium dollars on medical care, a requirement that CMS apply coding intensity adjustments to Medicare payments (which generated an across-the-board reduction to MA risk scores), and an expansion of Medicaid eligibility to additional categories of individuals. Since its enactment, there have been judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the ACA, as well as the act in its entirety, and there may be additional challenges and amendments to the ACA in the future. Proposed changes in laws, regulations, and guidelines governing health insurance may also be incompatible with various aspects of our business and require that we make significant modifications to our existing technology or practices. This may be costly and time-consuming to implement and could also harm our business, operating results, and financial condition. Various aspects of healthcare reform could also cause us to discontinue certain health insurance plans or prohibit us from distributing certain health insurance plans in particular jurisdictions. Our business, operating results, financial condition, and prospects may be materially and adversely affected if we are unable to adapt to developments in healthcare reform in the United States.

State corporate practice of medicine and fee-splitting laws govern at least some of our business operations; violation of such laws could result in penalties and adversely affect our arrangements with contractors and our results of operations and financial condition.

In several states where we operate through our subsidiaries, we must comply with state corporate practice of medicine laws that prohibit a business corporation from practicing medicine, employing physicians to practice medicine, or exercising control over medical treatment decisions by physicians. In these states, typically only medical professionals or professional corporations in which the shares are held by licensed physicians or other licensed medical professionals may provide medical care to patients. HMO's are exempt from laws prohibiting the corporate practice of medicine in many states due to the integrated nature of the delivery system. Many states also have some form of fee-splitting law, prohibiting certain business arrangements that involve the splitting or sharing of medical professional fees earned by a physician or another medical professional for the delivery of healthcare services. Prohibitions on the corporate practice of medicine and fee-splitting between physicians and referral sources may be statutory or regulatory, or may be imposed through judicial or regulatory interpretation, and vary widely from state to state.

Through our HMO subsidiary, we employ providers and other clinical staff to provide medical services to medically complex members enrolled in our in-home primary care program, which does not charge any additional fees for the services provided. We believe our health services operations comply with applicable state law regarding the corporate practice of medicine and fee-splitting and similar issues.

Despite structuring these arrangements in ways that we believe comply with applicable law, governmental authorities may assert that we are engaged in the corporate practice of medicine or that our contractual arrangements with providers constitute unlawful fee-splitting. Moreover, we cannot predict whether changes will be made to existing laws, regulations, or interpretations, or whether new ones will be enacted or adopted. These events could cause us to be out of compliance with these requirements. If our arrangements are found to violate corporate practice of medicine or fee-splitting laws, our provision of services through our employed providers and clinical staff could be deemed impermissible, requiring us to do a restructuring or reorganization of our business, and we could be subject to injunctions or civil or, in some cases, criminal penalties.

Failure to maintain satisfactory quality and performance measures may negatively affect our premium rates, subject us to penalties, limit or reduce our number of members, impede our ability to compete for new business in existing or new markets or result in the termination of our contracts, or affect our ability to establish new health plans or expand current health plans. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, rate of growth and results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Quality scores are used by certain regulatory agencies to establish premium rates and/or calculate performance incentives. In the case of CMS, for example, Star Ratings are used to pay quality bonuses to MA plans to enable high scoring plans to offer enhanced health benefits for their members. Medicare Advantage and Part D plans with Star Ratings of five (5.0) Stars or higher are eligible for year-round open enrollment; conversely, plans with lower Star Ratings have more restricted times for enrollment of members. Medicare Advantage and Part D plans with Star Ratings of less than three (3.0) Stars in three consecutive years are denoted as "low performing" plans on the CMS website and in the CMS "Medicare and You" handbook. In addition, CMS has the authority to terminate Medicare Advantage and Part D contracts for plans rated below three (3.0) Stars in three consecutive years. As a result, Medicare Advantage and Part D plans that achieve higher Star Ratings may have a competitive advantage over plans with lower Star Ratings.

The Star Ratings system considers various measures adopted by CMS, including, among others, quality of care, preventative services, chronic illness management and member satisfaction. Our Star Ratings may be negatively impacted if we fail to meet the quality, performance and regulatory compliance criteria established by CMS. Furthermore, the Star Ratings system is also subject to change annually by CMS, which may make it more difficult to achieve and maintain three (3.0) Stars or greater. In October 2025, CMS announced that the Star Rating of our PPO MA plans would be 3.5 Stars for 2026 rating year, and the Star Rating of our HMO MA plan would be increased to 4.0 Stars for 2026 rating year, each of which Star Rating will affect payment year 2027. Despite our operational efforts to improve our Star Ratings, there can be no assurances that we will be successful in maintaining or improving our Star Ratings in future years. For example, our higher concentration of minority members and members residing in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods generally may make it more difficult for us to achieve and maintain high Star Ratings as compared to our competitors, given the well-documented health disparities among different minority and socioeconomic groups. Also, audits of our performance for past or future periods may result in downgrades to our Star Ratings.

Failure to maintain satisfactory quality and service measures could also adversely affect our ability to establish new health plans or expand the business of our existing health plans. In addition, lower quality scores or Star Ratings, when compared to our competitors, may adversely affect our ability to attract members and obtain regulatory approval for acquisitions or expansions. If we do not maintain or continue to improve our Star Ratings, if we fail to meet or exceed our competitors' ratings, or if quality-based bonus payments are reduced or eliminated, we may experience a negative impact on our revenues and the benefits that our plans can offer, which could materially and adversely affect the marketability of our plans, our number of members, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Our business activities are highly regulated, and new and proposed government regulation or legislative reforms could increase our cost of doing business and reduce our number of members, profitability, and liquidity.

The healthcare industry is heavily regulated and closely scrutinized by federal, state and local governments. Comprehensive statutes and regulations govern the manner in which we are compensated for providing coverage for our members, our contractual relationships with our providers, vendors and members, our marketing activities and other aspects of our operations. The new presidential administration and Congress has proposed and may propose changes to statutes that could significantly impact the healthcare industry, which in turn could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

Regulations of particular importance include:

• the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits the knowing and willful offer, payment, solicitation or receipt of any bribe, kickback, rebate or other remuneration for referring an individual, in return for ordering, leasing, purchasing or recommending or arranging for or to induce the referral of an individual or the ordering, purchasing or leasing of items or services covered, in whole or in part, by any federal healthcare program, such as Medicare and Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the FCA;

• the federal physician self-referral law, commonly referred to as the Stark Law, which, subject to limited exceptions, prohibits physicians from referring Medicare or Medicaid patients to an entity for the provision of certain "designated health services" if the physician or a member of such physician's immediate family has a direct or indirect financial relationship (including an ownership interest or a compensation arrangement) with the entity, and prohibits the entity from billing Medicare or Medicaid for such designated health services;

• the administrative simplification provisions of the HIPAA as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 ("HITECH") which impose a number of obligations on issuers of health insurance coverage and health benefit plan sponsors with respect to the privacy and security of health information and data standards regulation;

• the criminal healthcare fraud provisions of HIPAA and related rules that prohibit knowingly and willfully executing a scheme or artifice to defraud any healthcare benefit program or falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any material false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation;

• the FCA, and the regulations in CMS' Final Rule on January 1, 2025, that imposes civil and criminal liability on individuals or entities for knowingly filing, or causing to be filed, a false claim to the federal government, or the knowing use of false statements to obtain payment from the federal government. Suits filed under the FCA, known as qui tam actions, can be brought by any individual on behalf of the government and such individuals, commonly known as "whistleblowers," may share in any amounts paid by the entity to the government in fines or settlement;

• state insurance holding company laws and regulations pertaining to licensing and plan solvency requirements;

• reassignment of payment rules that prohibit certain types of billing and collection practices in connection with claims payable by the Medicare or Medicaid programs;

• similar state law provisions pertaining to anti-kickback, self-referral, and false claims issues, some of which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payer;

• state laws that prohibit general business corporations, such as us, from engaging in the corporate practice of medicine, controlling physicians' medical decisions or engaging in some practices such as splitting fees with physicians;

• the provision of the ACA that requires MA plans to spend at least 85% of premium dollars on medical care;

• federal and state laws that govern our relationships with pharmaceutical manufacturers, wholesalers, pharmacies, members, and consumers;

• the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act,” which impacts funding and eligibility to federal healthcare programs, particularly Medicaid;

• federal and state legislative proposals and/or regulatory activity that could adversely affect pharmacy benefit industry practices, including the management and breadth of provider networks; the regulation of the development and use of drug formularies and/or maximum allowable cost list pricing; and regulations or regulatory activity increasing the regulation of prescription drug pricing, imposing additional rights to access to drugs for individuals enrolled in healthcare benefit plans or reducing the cost of such drugs to those individuals, imposing requirements relating to the receipt or required disclosure of rebates from pharmaceutical manufacturers, and restricting the use of average wholesale prices;

• laws that regulate debt collection practices;

• a provision of the Social Security Act that imposes civil and criminal penalties on healthcare providers who fail to disclose or refund known overpayments; and federal and state laws that prohibit providers from billing and receiving payment from Medicare and Medicaid for services unless the services are medically necessary, adequately and accurately documented, and billed using codes that accurately reflect the type and level of services rendered;

• federal and state laws and policies that require healthcare providers to maintain licensure, certification or accreditation to enroll and participate in the Medicare and Medicaid programs, and to report certain changes in their operations to the agencies that administer these programs;

• federal and state laws governing the ways in which we communicate with members and market our services, including the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography, and Marketing Act;

• with respect to our non-U.S. operations, we are subject to regulation in the jurisdictions in which those operations are organized or in which we conduct business as well as U.S. laws that regulate the conduct and activities of U.S. based businesses operating abroad, such as the export controls laws or the FCPA. The FCPA prohibits offering, promising, providing or authorizing others to give anything of value to a foreign government official to obtain or retain business or otherwise secure a business advantage; and

• with respect to the operations of our therapeutics affiliate, the extensive, complex, and evolving laws and regulations applicable to the operations of our therapeutics affiliate, primarily those of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the "FDA");

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to scrutiny or challenge under one or more of such laws.

Achieving and sustaining compliance with these laws may also prove costly. We are currently and expect to be in communication with the certain regulators regarding our business. Failure to comply with these laws and other laws can result in civil and criminal penalties, such as fines, damages, overpayment, recoupment, loss of ability to provide in-home clinician services, loss of ability to access and use member data, loss of enrollment or licensure status or the ability to market our products, loss of the ability to expand into new markets, and exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The risk of our being found in violation of these laws and regulations is increased by the fact that many of them have not been fully interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions are sometimes open to a variety of interpretations. Our failure to accurately anticipate the application of these laws and regulations to our business or any other failure to comply with regulatory requirements could create liability for us and negatively affect our business. We also could be held responsible for the failure of any of our downstream vendors to follow applicable laws and regulations. Any action against us for violation of these laws or regulations, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses, divert our management's attention from the operation of our business, and result in adverse publicity.

If Clover Assistant were to become subject to regulation by the FDA and we were unable to obtain the required approval or comply with these regulations, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

Medical or health-related software, including machine learning functionality and predictive algorithms, may be subject to regulation by the FDA if such software falls within the definition of a "medical device" under the federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the "FDCA"). Currently, the FDA exercises enforcement discretion for certain low-risk software that meets criteria announced in its guidance documents. In addition, the 21st Century Cures Act, includes exemptions from the definition of "medical device" for certain medical-related software, including software used for administrative support functions at a healthcare facility, software intended for maintaining or encouraging a healthy lifestyle, EHR software, software for transferring, storing, or displaying medical device data or in vitro diagnostic data, and certain clinical decision support software. The FDA has also issued a number of guidance documents, concerning, for example, clinical decision software, to clarify how it intends to interpret and apply the new exemptions under the 21st Century Cures Act. Although we believe that our Clover Assistant platform does not meet the definition of medical device and/or meet the criteria that the FDA has announced for its exercise of enforcement discretion to apply, there is a risk that the FDA could disagree with our determination or that the FDA could develop new guidance documents or revise current guidance documents that would subject our platform to active FDA oversight. If the FDA determines that any of our current or future analytics applications, including Clover Assistant, are regulated as medical devices, we would become subject to various requirements under the FDCA and the FDA's implementing regulations, including extensive requirements relating to premarket approval or clearance, labeling, manufacturing, adverse event reporting and quality controls, among others. Our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects may be materially and adversely affected if we were to become subject to regulation by the FDA and were unable to obtain approval or comply with these regulations.

If we are required to maintain higher statutory capital levels for our existing operations or if we are subject to additional capital reserve requirements as we pursue new business opportunities, our cash flows and liquidity may be adversely affected.

Our MA plans are operated through regulated insurance subsidiaries in various states. These subsidiaries are subject to state regulations that, among other things, require the maintenance of minimum levels of statutory capital, or net worth, as defined by each state. One or more of these states may raise the statutory capital level from time to time. Other states have adopted risk-based capital requirements based on guidelines adopted by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, which tend to be higher than existing statutory capital requirements. Regardless of whether the other states in which we operate adopt risk-based capital requirements, the state departments of insurance can require our regulated insurance subsidiaries to maintain minimum levels of statutory capital in excess of amounts required under the applicable state laws if they determine that maintaining additional statutory capital is in the best interests of our members. Any other changes in these requirements could materially increase our statutory capital requirements. In addition, as we continue to expand our plan offerings in new states, add new members, or pursue new business opportunities, we may be required to maintain additional statutory capital. In any case, our available funds could be materially reduced, which could harm our ability to implement our business strategies.

Our use and disclosure of personally identifiable information, including health information, is subject to federal and state privacy and security regulations. Our failure to comply with those regulations or to adequately secure the information we hold could result in significant liability or reputational harm and, in turn, a material adverse effect on our client base and results of operations.

Numerous U.S. federal and state laws and regulations govern the collection, dissemination, use, privacy, confidentiality, security, availability and integrity of personally identifiable information ("PII"), including protected health information ("PHI"). These federal and state laws and regulations include, but are not limited to HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, which we refer to collectively as HIPAA, and the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act, which took effect on January 1, 2023 (the “CCPA”). HIPAA establishes a set of basic national privacy and security standards for the protection of PHI by health plans, healthcare clearinghouses and certain healthcare providers, referred to as covered entities, which includes us, and the business associates with whom such covered entities contract for services, which also includes us.

HIPAA requires healthcare payers and providers—and we are both—to develop and maintain policies and procedures with respect to PHI that is used or disclosed, including the adoption of administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect such information.

Penalties for failure to comply with a requirement of HIPAA may vary significantly depending on the nature of violation and could include civil monetary or criminal penalties. HIPAA also authorizes state attorneys general to file suit on behalf of their residents. Courts are able to award damages, costs and attorneys' fees related to violations of HIPAA in such cases. While HIPAA does not create a private right of action allowing individuals to sue us in civil court for violations of HIPAA, its standards have been used as the basis for duty of care in state civil suits such as those for negligence or recklessness in the misuse or breach of PHI.

In addition, HIPAA mandates that HHS conduct periodic compliance audits of HIPAA-covered entities or business associates for compliance with the HIPAA Privacy and Security Standards. It also tasks HHS with establishing a methodology whereby harmed individuals who were the victims of breaches of unsecured PHI may receive a percentage of the Civil Monetary Penalty fine paid by the violator.

HIPAA further requires that patients be notified of any unauthorized acquisition, access, use or disclosure of their unsecured PHI that compromises the privacy or security of such information, with certain exceptions related to unintentional or inadvertent use or disclosure by employees or authorized individuals. HIPAA specifies that such notifications must be made "without unreasonable delay and in no case later than 60 calendar days after discovery of the breach." If a breach affects 500 patients or more, it must be reported to HHS without unreasonable delay, and HHS will post the name of the breaching entity on its public web site. Breaches affecting 500 patients or more in the same state or jurisdiction must also be reported to the local media. If a breach involves fewer than 500 people, the covered entity must record it in a log and notify HHS at least annually.

Numerous other U.S. federal and state laws, such as the CCPA, protect the confidentiality, privacy, availability, integrity, and security of PII, including PHI. These laws in many cases are more restrictive than, and may not be preempted by, the HIPAA rules and may be subject to varying interpretations by courts and government agencies, creating complex compliance issues for us and our providers and business associates and potentially exposing us to additional expense, adverse publicity and liability. Among other things, the CCPA gives California residents expanded data privacy rights, allowing consumers to opt out of certain data sharing with third parties, provides a private cause of action for data breaches, imposes additional obligations such as data minimization and storage limitations; on covered businesses; and forms a dedicated privacy regulator in California, the California Privacy Protection Agency, to implement and enforce the law. The CCPA marked the beginning of a trend toward more stringent state data privacy legislation in the United States, which may result in significant costs to our business, damage our reputation, and require us to amend our business practices, and could adversely affect our business, especially to the extent the specific requirements vary from those and other existing laws. Similar laws are now in effect in more than fifteen other states and have been adopted or proposed in additional states and at the federal level. If passed, such laws may have potentially conflicting requirements that would make compliance challenging. In addition, in response to such laws, we may need to update and/or change our data collection practices, which may be costly, time-consuming, and present potential liability while we adapt to comply with such legislation.

New health information standards, whether implemented pursuant to HIPAA, state or federal legislative action or otherwise, including state and federal AI laws, could have a significant effect on the manner in which we must handle healthcare related data, and the cost of complying with those standards could be significant. If we do not comply with existing or new laws and regulations related to PHI, we could be subject to criminal or civil sanctions.

Because of the extreme sensitivity of personal information, including PHI, that we store and transmit, the security features of our technology platform are very important. We also contract with third parties for important aspects of the storage and transmission of member information, and thus rely on those third parties to manage functions that have material cyber-security risks. We attempt to address these risks by requiring such vendors and subcontractors who handle member information to sign business associate agreements which contractually require those vendors subcontractors to adequately safeguard personal health data to the same extent that applies to us and in some cases by requiring such subcontractors to undergo third-party security examinations. However, we cannot ensure that these contractual measures and other safeguards will adequately protect us from the risks associated with the storage and transmission of such information by our subcontractors on our behalf.

If our security measures, some of which are managed by third parties, or those of the third parties with whom we contract, are breached or fail, unauthorized persons may be able to obtain access to sensitive provider and member data, including HIPAA-regulated PHI. As a result, our reputation could be severely damaged, adversely affecting the confidence of members, PCPs, and Counterpart Assistant customers. Members may curtail their use of or stop using our services, including the use of telehealth, our number of members could decrease, and Counterpart Assistant customers may terminate their relationship with us, which would cause our business to suffer. In addition, we could face litigation, damages for contract breach, penalties and regulatory actions for violation of HIPAA and other applicable laws or regulations and significant costs for remediation, notification to individuals and for measures to prevent future occurrences. Any potential security breach could also result in increased costs associated with liability for stolen assets or information, repairing system damage that may have been caused by such breaches, incentives offered to business partners in an effort to maintain our business relationships after a breach and implementing measures to prevent future occurrences, including organizational changes, deploying additional personnel and protection technologies, training employees and engaging third-party experts and consultants. While we maintain insurance covering certain security and privacy damages and claim expenses, we may not carry insurance or maintain coverage sufficient to compensate for all cyber-related liability. In any event, insurance coverage would not address the reputational damage that could result from a security incident.

We also publish statements to our members that describe how we handle and protect personal information. Any failure or perceived failure by us to maintain posted privacy policies that are accurate, comprehensive and fully implemented, and any violation or perceived violation of our privacy-, data protection-, or information security obligations to providers, members, or other third parties could result in claims of deceptive practices brought against us. That could lead to significant liabilities and consequences, including, without limitation, governmental investigations or enforcement actions, costs of responding to investigations, defending against litigation, settling claims and complying with regulatory or court orders, all of which could have material impacts on our revenues and results of operations.

Furthermore, the Federal Trade Commission and many state attorneys general continue to enforce federal and state consumer protection laws against companies for online data collection, use, dissemination, and security and privacy practices that appear to be unfair or deceptive. There are also a number of privacy-related legislative proposals in the United States, at both the federal and state level, that could impose additional obligations and liabilities. We cannot yet determine the impact that future laws, regulations, and standards may have on our business.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Failure to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to protect our internally-developed technology and our brands, and our business may be adversely affected.

Our success is dependent, in part, upon protecting our intellectual property rights, internally-developed technology, and other proprietary information. We rely and expect to continue to rely on a combination of trademark, copyright, patent, and trade secret protection laws to protect our intellectual property rights, internally-developed technology and other information that we consider proprietary. Additionally, we maintain a policy requiring our employees, consultants, independent contractors, and third parties who are engaged to develop any intellectual property for us to enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements to control access to and use of our technology and other information that we consider proprietary and to ensure that any intellectual property developed by such employees, contractors, consultants, and other third parties is assigned to us. However, we cannot guarantee that such confidentiality and proprietary agreements or other employee, consultant, or independent contractor agreements we enter into will adequately protect our intellectual property rights, internally-developed technology and other information that we consider proprietary. In addition, we cannot guarantee that these agreements will not be breached, that we will have adequate remedies for any breach, or that the applicable counter-parties to such agreements will not assert rights to our intellectual property rights, internally-developed technology or other information that we consider proprietary arising out of these relationships. Furthermore, the steps we have taken and may take in the future may not prevent misappropriation of our internally-developed solutions or technologies, particularly with respect to officers and employees who are no longer employed by us.

In addition, third parties may knowingly or unknowingly infringe or circumvent our intellectual property rights, and we may not be able to prevent infringement even after incurring substantial expense. Litigation brought to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights would be costly, time-consuming, and distracting to management and key personnel, and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims, and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. If the protection of our intellectual property rights is inadequate to prevent use or misappropriation by third parties, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished and competitors may be able to more effectively mimic our platform and methods of operations. Any of these events would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our failure to obtain or maintain the right to use certain of our intellectual property could negatively affect our business.

Our future success and competitive position depends in part upon our ability to obtain or maintain certain intellectual property used in our platform and products. While we have patent applications pending in the United States, we have not applied for patent protection in foreign jurisdictions, and we may be unable to obtain patent protection for the technology covered in our patent applications. addition, we cannot ensure that any of the patent applications will be approved or that the claims allowed on any patents issued in the future will be sufficiently broad to protect our technology or platform and provide us with competitive advantages. Furthermore, any patents that may be issued may be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented by third parties.

Many patent applications in the United States may not be public for a period of time after they are filed. Since publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature tends to lag behind actual discoveries by several months, we cannot be certain that we will be the first creator of inventions covered by any patent application we make or that we will be the first to file patent applications on such inventions. Because some patent applications may not be public for a period of time, there is also a risk that we could adopt a technology without knowledge of a pending patent application; that technology would infringe a third-party patent once that patent is issued.

We also rely on unpatented internally-developed technology. It is possible that others will independently develop the same or similar technology or otherwise obtain access to our unpatented technology. To protect our trade secrets, internally-developed technology, and other information that we consider proprietary, we require employees, consultants, and independent contractors to enter into confidentiality agreements. There can be no assurance that these agreements will provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets, know-how, internally-developed technology, or other information that we consider proprietary in the event of any unauthorized use, misappropriation, or disclosure of such trade secrets, know-how, internally-developed technology, or other information that we consider proprietary. If we are unable to maintain our rights in our internally-developed technologies and other intellectual property, our business would be materially adversely affected.

We rely on our trademarks, trade names, and brand names to distinguish our solutions and branding from the products of our competitors, and we have registered or applied to register many of these trademarks in the United States and certain countries outside the United States. However, occasionally third parties may have already registered identical or similar marks for products or solutions that also address our key markets. As we rely in part on brand names and trademark protection to enforce our intellectual property rights, efforts by third parties to limit use of our brand names or trademarks and barriers to the registration of brand names and trademarks in various countries may restrict our ability to promote and maintain cohesive brands throughout our key markets. There can also be no assurance that our pending or future U.S. or foreign trademark applications will be approved in a timely manner or at all, or that such registrations will effectively protect our brand names and trademarks. Third parties may also oppose our trademark applications, or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. If our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our platform, which would result in loss of brand recognition and would require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands.

We could incur substantial costs as a result of any claim of infringement of another party's intellectual property rights.

There is considerable activity in connection with the development of intellectual property, whether or not patentable, in our industry. Our competitors, as well as a number of other entities, including non-practicing entities and individuals, may own or claim to own intellectual property relating to our industry and our business. As we face increasing competition and our public profile increases, the possibility of intellectual property rights claims against us may also increase. Our competitors or other third parties may in the future claim that we are infringing upon, misappropriating, or violating their intellectual property rights, even if we are unaware of such intellectual property rights. Such claims, regardless of merit, may result in litigation. The costs of supporting such litigation are considerable, and such litigation may divert management and key personnel's attention and resources, which could materially harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition. We may be required to settle such litigation on terms that are unfavorable to us. For example, a settlement may require us to obtain a license to continue practices found to be in violation of a third party's rights, which may not be available on reasonable terms and may significantly increase our Operating expenses. A license to continue such practices may not be available to us at all. As a result, we may also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology or practices or discontinue the allegedly infringing practices. The development of alternative non-infringing technology or practices would require significant effort and expense. Similarly, if any litigation to which we may be a party fails to settle and we go to trial, we may be subject to an unfavorable judgment may not be reversible upon appeal. For example, the terms of a judgment may require us to cease some or all of our operations or require the payment of substantial amounts to the other party. Any of these events would cause our business and results of operations to be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, we have agreed to indemnify our providers against certain claims, which may include claims that our platform and products infringe the intellectual property rights of such third parties. Our business could be adversely affected by any significant disputes between us and our providers as to the applicability or scope of our indemnification obligations to them.

Our use of "open source" and third-party software could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our solutions and could subject us to possible litigation.

A portion of the technologies we use in Clover Assistant incorporates "open source" software, and we may incorporate open source software in Clover Assistant in the future. From time to time, companies that use third-party open source software have faced claims challenging the use of such open source software and their compliance with the terms of the applicable open source license. We may be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software, or claiming non-compliance with the applicable open source licensing terms. Some open source licenses require end-users who distribute or make available across a network software and services that include open source software to make available all or part of such software (which in some circumstances could include valuable proprietary code) at no cost, or to license such code under the terms of the particular open source license. While we employ practices designed to monitor our compliance with the licenses of third-party open source software and protect our valuable internally-developed source code, we may inadvertently use third-party open source software in a manner that exposes us to claims of non-compliance with the applicable terms of such license, including claims for infringement of intellectual property rights or for breach of contract. Additionally, if a third-party software provider has incorporated open source software into software that we license from such provider, we could be required to disclose source code that incorporates or is a modification of such licensed software. Furthermore, there is an increasing number of open-source software license types, almost none of which have been tested in a court of law, resulting in a dearth of guidance regarding the proper legal interpretation of such license types. If an author or other third party that distributes open source software that we use or license were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of the applicable open source license, we could expend substantial time and resources to re-engineer some or all of our software or be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations. We could be subject to significant damages, enjoined from the use of our platform, products, or other technologies we use in our business that contained the open source software, and required to comply with the foregoing conditions, including public release of certain portions of our internally-developed source code.

In addition, the use of third-party open source software typically exposes us to greater risks than the use of third-party commercial software because open-source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the functionality or origin of the software. Use of open source software may also present additional security risks because the public availability of such software may make it easier for hackers and other third parties to determine how to compromise our platform. Any of the foregoing could be harmful to our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

We rely on software licensed from third parties for internal tools we use to operate our business, and we may from time to time need to obtain licenses from third parties to use intellectual property rights associated with the development of our platform, products, and other internal tools, which might not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Any loss of the right to use any third-party software required for the development and maintenance of our platform, products, or other internal tools could result in loss of functionality or availability of our platform, products, or other internal tools until equivalent technology is either developed by us, or, if available, is identified, obtained, and integrated. Any errors or defects in third-party software could result in errors or a failure of our platform, products, or other internal tools. Any of the foregoing could disrupt the deployment of our platform, products, or other internal tools and harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Risks Related to Ownership of our Securities

The price and trading volume of our shares of Class A common stock has been, and may continue to be, volatile, and this volatility may negatively impact the trading price of our Class A common stock.

The price of our Class A common stock has fluctuated significantly in the past and may continue to be volatile, with the possibility for extreme price and volume fluctuations.

Volatility or declines in our trading price could make it more difficult to attract and retain talent, adversely impact employee retention and morale, and may require us to issue more equity to incentivize team members, which could dilute stockholders.

Overall, there are various factors, some of which are beyond our control, that could negatively affect the market price of our Class A common stock or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our Class A common stock, including the following;

• overall performance of the equity markets and the economy as a whole;

• changes in the financial guidance we may provide to the public or our failure to meet this guidance;

• actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to that of our competitors;

• changes in the anticipated future size or growth rate of our addressable markets;

• announcements of new products and services, technological and platform updates or enhancements, or of acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital-raising activities or commitments, by us or by our competitors;

• disruptions to Clover Assistant or our other technology;

• additions or departures of board members, management or key personnel;

• failure of securities analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow our company or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;

• rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;

• research or reports that securities analysts or others publish about us or our business;

• new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business, including those related to Medicare;

• lawsuits threatened or filed against us or investigations by governmental authorities;

• other events or factors, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism, or responses to these events;

• health epidemics, such as pandemics, influenza, and other highly communicable diseases; and

• sales of shares of our Class A common stock by us or our stockholders.

In the past, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation against public companies following periods of market volatility. For example, following periods of volatility in the trading price of our Class A common stock, in 2021, we and certain of our directors and officers were named as defendants in putative class actions alleging various securities law violations. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future as well. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert resources and the attention of management, which could adversely affect our business. Further, we provide indemnification for our officers and directors for certain claims in connection with such litigation. Large indemnity payments could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our failure to satisfy NASDAQ's continued listing standards could result in a delisting of our Class A common stock, which could limit investors' ability to make transactions in our Class A common stock and subject us to additional trading restrictions.

Our Class A common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, which imposes continued listing requirements with respect to listed securities, including a minimum bid price requirement. In the past, we have received written notice from the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC ("NASDAQ") notifying us that, for 30 consecutive business days, the bid price for our Class A common stock had closed below the $1.00 per share minimum bid price requirement for continued inclusion on the Nasdaq Global Select Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1) (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”). While we have subsequently regained compliance with such standards, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain compliance with the NASDAQ listing requirements, including the Minimum Bid Price Requirement in the future. If we fail to maintain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement or to meet the other applicable continued listing requirements in the future and NASDAQ determines to delist our Class A common stock, this would, among other things, substantially impair our ability to raise additional funds and could result in a loss of institutional investor interest and fewer development opportunities for us. Furthermore, a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our Class A common stock and would impair the ability of stockholders to sell or purchase our Class A common stock when they wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, we would expect to take actions to restore our compliance with NASDAQ’s listing requirements, but we can provide no assurance that any such action taken by us would allow our Class A common stock to become listed again, lead to stability in the market price of our Class A common stock, improve the liquidity of our Class A common stock, prevent our Class A common stock from dropping below the NASDAQ minimum bid price requirement, or prevent future non-compliance with NASDAQ’s listing requirements. As a result of these factors, a delisting of our Class A common stock from NASDAQ would have an adverse impact on the trading, liquidity, and market price of our Class A common stock.

Our business and financial performance may differ from any projections that we disclose or any information that may be attributed to us by third parties.

From time to time, we may provide guidance via public disclosures regarding our projected business or financial performance. However, any such guidance involves risks, assumptions and uncertainties, and our actual results could differ materially from such guidance. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified in these Risk Factors, some of which are not predictable or within our control. Other unknown or unpredictable factors also could adversely impact our performance. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any projections, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. In addition, various news sources, bloggers, and other publishers often make statements regarding our historical or projected business or financial performance, and you should not rely on any such information even if it is attributed directly or indirectly to us.

Sales of substantial amounts of our securities in the public markets, or the perception that they might occur, could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to decline.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Class A common stock into the public market, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers, principal stockholders and their respective affiliates, or the perception that these sales might occur, could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to decline and may make it more difficult for our other stockholders to sell their shares of common stock at a time and price that they deem appropriate.

At December 31, 2025, our directors and officers and their affiliated entities collectively owned approximately 23.9% of the total outstanding shares of Class A and Class B common stock.

In addition, at December 31, 2025, we had options outstanding that, if fully exercised, would result in the issuance of 22,990,399 shares of Class B common stock, and we had restricted stock units ("RSUs") outstanding that would result in the issuance of 30,803,063 shares of Class B common stock. All of the shares of Class A common stock issuable upon the conversion of Class B common stock issuable upon exercise or settlement of stock options and RSUs, and the shares reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans, were registered for public resale under the Securities Act. Accordingly, these shares will be able to be freely sold in the public market upon issuance subject to applicable vesting requirements.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and regulations of NASDAQ. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting.

We have previously identified, disclosed and remediated a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, and additional weaknesses in our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting may be discovered in the future. Further, current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could harm our results of operations or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our consolidated financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we are required to include in our periodic reports that are filed with the SEC. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our Class A common stock. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on NASDAQ.

In addition to our results determined in accordance with GAAP, we believe certain non-GAAP measures may be useful in evaluating our operating performance. We have presented, and intend to continue to present, certain non-GAAP financial measures in filings with the SEC and other public statements. Any failure to accurately report and present our non-GAAP financial measures could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information. This would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our Class A common stock.

In order to maintain and improve our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we have expended, and anticipate that we will continue to expend, significant resources, including accounting-related costs and investments to strengthen and maintain our accounting systems and significant management oversight. If any of these new or improved controls and systems do not perform as expected, we may experience additional material weaknesses in our controls.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not intend to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We anticipate that we will retain all of our future earnings for use in the development of our business and for general corporate purposes. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our Board. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investments.

While the Company may enter into share repurchase programs from time to time, which are intended to enhance long-term shareholder value, we cannot provide assurance that this will occur, and any such program may be suspended or terminated at any time.

On May 6, 2024, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized the repurchase of up to $20.0 million in shares of the Company’s outstanding Class A common stock over a two-year period. Our share repurchase program may be modified, suspended or discontinued at any time without prior notice. In the first quarter of 2025, the Company exhausted its all availability under such repurchase program, and the Company may in the future enter into a new repurchase program. The specific timing and amount of any share repurchases under a share repurchase program will depend on prevailing share prices, general economic and market conditions, Company performance and other considerations. Although any share repurchase program is intended to enhance long-term shareholder value, we cannot provide assurance that this will occur. A share repurchase program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of common stock and any such repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at the Company’s discretion.

The dual class structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control with certain stockholders, including our directors and executive officers and their respective affiliates, who held in the aggregate 71.2% of the voting power of our capital stock at December 31, 2025. This ownership will limit or preclude the ability of our other stockholders to influence corporate matters, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval.

Our Class B common stock has 10 votes per share, and our Class A common stock has one vote per share. At December 31, 2025, our directors, executive officers, and their affiliates held in the aggregate 71.2% of the voting power of our capital stock. Because of the 10-to-1 voting ratio between our Class B and Class A common stock, the holders of our Class B common stock collectively could continue to control a significant percentage of the combined voting power of our common stock and therefore be able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval until the date of automatic conversion described below, when all outstanding shares of Class B common stock and Class A common stock will convert automatically into shares of a single class of common stock. So long as 67,520,048 shares of Class B common stock remain outstanding, the holders of our Class B common stock will be able to control the outcome of matters submitted to a stockholder vote. This concentrated control may limit or preclude the ability of other stockholders to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval. In addition, this may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our capital stock that you may believe are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.

Future transfers by holders of Class B common stock will generally result in those shares converting to shares of Class A common stock, subject to limited exceptions, such as certain transfers effected for estate planning purposes. In addition, each of the outstanding shares of Class B common stock will convert automatically into one share of Class A common stock upon the earliest of (i) January 7, 2031, (ii) the separation date of the last to separate of Vivek Garipalli and Andrew Toy (the "Founders"), (iii) the date that is one (1) year after the death or permanent disability of the last to die or become disabled of the Founders and (iv) the date specified by the affirmative vote of the holders of our Class B common stock representing not less than two-thirds (2/3) of the voting power of the outstanding shares of our Class B common stock, voting separately as a single class. The conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B common stock who retain their shares over the long term. As a result, it is possible that one or more of the persons or entities holding our Class B common stock could gain significant voting control as other holders of Class B common stock sell or otherwise convert their shares into Class A common stock.

Our dual class structure may negatively impact the trading price of our Class A common stock.

Several stockholder advisory firms and large institutional investors oppose the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual class structure of our common stock may cause stockholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure, and may result in large institutional investors not purchasing shares of our Class A common stock and could result in a less active trading market for our Class A common stock. Any actions or publications by stockholder advisory firms or institutional investors critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the value of our Class A common stock.

Our ability to use our net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

In general, under Section 382 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, a corporation that undergoes an "ownership change" is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change net operating losses, or ("NOL"), to offset future taxable income. A Section 382 "ownership change" generally occurs if one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who own at least 5% of our stock increase their ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. At December 31, 2025, we had approximately $1,577.7 million of federal NOL carryforwards. The federal NOL carryforwards created subsequent to the year ended December 31, 2017, of $1,328.5 million can be carried forward indefinitely with the exception of net operating losses for the insurance companies, while the remaining federal NOL carryforwards of $249.2 million begin to expire in 2035. Our ability to utilize NOLs may be subject to limitations due to prior ownership shifts, further limiting our ability to utilize NOLs arising prior to such ownership change in the future. A portion of our total NOLs may also be limited by special rules known as Separate Return Limitation Year rules. There is also a risk that due to statutory or regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOLs, or other unforeseen reasons, our existing NOLs could expire or otherwise be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. We have recorded a full valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets attributable to our NOLs.

Restrictions on our ability to obtain funds from our regulated subsidiaries could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Because we operate as a holding company, we are dependent on dividends and administrative expense reimbursements from our subsidiaries to fund our obligations. Many of these subsidiaries are regulated by departments of insurance or similar regulatory authorities. We are also required by law or regulation to maintain specific prescribed minimum amounts of capital in these subsidiaries. The levels of capitalization required depend primarily on the volume of premium revenues generated by the applicable subsidiary. In most states, we are required to seek approval by state regulatory authorities before we transfer money or pay dividends from our regulated subsidiaries that exceed specified amounts. An inability of our regulated subsidiaries to pay dividends to their parent companies in the desired amounts or at the time of our choosing could adversely affect our ability to reinvest in our business through capital expenditures or business acquisitions, as well as our ability to pay dividends, repurchase shares of our common stock and repay our debt. If we are unable to obtain sufficient funds from our subsidiaries to fund our obligations, our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources and divert management's attention.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the listing standards of NASDAQ and other applicable securities rules and regulations. The requirements of these rules and regulations have increased, and will continue to increase our legal, accounting, and financial compliance costs, made some activities more difficult, time-consuming, and costly, and placed significant strain on our personnel, systems, and resources. For example, the Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business and results of operations. Changing laws, regulations, and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs, and making some activities more time-consuming. These laws, regulations, and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest substantial resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management's time and attention from business operations to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations, and standards differ from what is intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be harmed.

Unanticipated changes in effective tax rates or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns could expose us to greater than anticipated tax liabilities.

Our income tax obligations are based in part on our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements, including the way we develop, value, and use our intellectual property and the valuations of our intercompany transactions. The tax laws applicable to our business, including the laws of the United States and other jurisdictions, are subject to interpretation, and certain jurisdictions may aggressively interpret their laws in an effort to raise additional tax revenue. The amount of taxes we pay in these jurisdictions could increase substantially as a result of changes in the applicable tax principles, including increased tax rates, new tax laws or revised interpretations of existing tax laws and precedents.

The taxing authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate may challenge our methodologies for valuing developed technology or intercompany arrangements, which could increase our effective tax rate and harm our financial condition and results of operations. It is possible that tax authorities may disagree with certain positions we have taken and any adverse outcome of such a review or audit could have a negative effect on our financial position and results of operations. Further, the determination of our provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities requires significant judgment by management, and there are transactions where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Although we believe that our estimates are reasonable, the ultimate tax outcome may differ from the amounts recorded in our consolidated financial statements and may materially affect our results of operations in the period or periods for which such determination is made.

Our trading price and trading volume could decline if securities or industry analysts do not publish research about our business, or if they publish unfavorable research.

We cannot assure that any equity research analysts will adequately provide research coverage of our Class A common stock. A lack of adequate research coverage may harm the liquidity and trading price of our Class A common stock. To the extent equity research analysts do provide research coverage of our Class A common stock, we will not have any control over the content and opinions included in their reports. The trading price of our Class A common stock could continue to decline if one or more equity research analysts downgrade our stock or publish other unfavorable commentary or research. If one or more equity research analysts cease coverage of our company, or fail to regularly publish reports on us, the demand for our Class A common stock could decrease, which in turn could cause our trading price or trading volume to decline.

Applicable insurance laws may make it difficult to effect a change of control.

Under applicable state insurance laws and regulations, no person may acquire control of a domestic insurer until written approval, or exemption therefrom, is obtained from the state insurance commissioner for the proposed acquisition. Such approval would be contingent upon the state insurance commissioner's consideration of a number of factors including, among others, the financial strength of the proposed acquire, the acquirer's plans for the future operations of the domestic insurer and any anti-competitive results that may arise from the consummation of the acquisition of control.

Our two insurance subsidiaries are domiciled in New Jersey and per the applicable laws and regulations of New Jersey, generally no person may acquire control of any insurer, whether by purchase of its securities or otherwise, unless it gives prior notice to the insurer and has received prior approval, or exemption therefrom, from the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance ("NJ DOBI"). Under New Jersey insurance law, an entity is presumed to have control of an insurance company if it owns, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the voting stock of that insurance company or its parent company. To the extent that the NJ DOBI determines that the transactions require its consent pursuant to a Form A or exemption therefrom, there can be no assurance that the NJ DOBI's consent will be obtained or that the NJ DOBI will not impose fines, penalties or sanctions in connection with the transactions.

In addition, as Form A requirements can be burdensome, such requirements could discourage potential acquisition proposals in the future and may delay, deter or prevent change of control transactions, including transactions that some or all of the stockholders might consider to be desirable. These requirements may also inhibit our ability to acquire an insurance company should we wish to do so in the future.

Certain provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law may prevent or hinder attempts by our stockholders to change our management or to acquire a controlling interest in us. The trading price of our Class A common stock may decline as a result.

There are provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws that may make it difficult for a third party to acquire, or attempt to acquire, control of our Company, even if a change in control were considered favorable by our stockholders. These anti-takeover provisions include:

• a classified Board so that not all members of our Board are elected at one time;

• the ability of our Board to determine the number of directors and to fill any vacancies and newly created directorships;

• a requirement that our directors may only be removed for cause;

• a prohibition on cumulative voting for directors;

• the requirement of a super-majority to amend some provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws;

• authorization of the issuance of "blank check" preferred stock that our Board could use to implement a "poison pill" to deter a takeover of our company;

• a dual class common stock structure in which holders of our Class B common stock, which has 10 votes per share, have the ability to control the outcome of matters requiring stockholder approval, even if they own significantly less than a majority of the outstanding shares of our combined Class B and Class A common stock, including the election of directors and significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of our company or its assets;

• an inability of our stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders; and

• a prohibition on stockholder actions by written consent, thereby requiring that all stockholder actions be taken at a meeting of our stockholders.

Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibit a person who owns 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a three-year period beginning on the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner. Any provision in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, our amended and restated bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our Class A common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our Class A common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and, to the extent enforceable, the federal district courts of the United States of America, as the exclusive forums for certain disputes between us and our stockholders, which will restrict our stockholders' ability to choose the judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for the following types of actions or proceedings under Delaware statutory or common law: any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a breach of a fiduciary duty, any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, or our amended and restated bylaws; or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The provisions would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the U.S. federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all such Securities Act actions. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims. To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts, among other considerations, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.

We believe these provisions may benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law and federal securities laws by chancellors and judges, as applicable, particularly experienced in resolving corporate disputes, efficient administration of cases on a more expedited schedule relative to other forums and protection against the burdens of multi-forum litigation. However, these choice of forum provisions may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees. While the Delaware courts have determined that such choice of forum provisions are facially valid, a stockholder may nevertheless seek to bring such a claim arising under the Securities Act against us, our directors, officers, or other employees in a venue other than in the federal district courts of the United States of America. In such instance, we would expect to vigorously assert the validity and enforceability of the exclusive forum provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. This may require significant additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, and there can be no assurance that the provisions will be enforced by a court in those other jurisdictions.

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis provides information that management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of our consolidated results of operations and financial condition. The discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2025, contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the "Form 10-K"). The following discussion and analysis does not include certain items related to the year ended December 31, 2024, including year-to-year comparisons between the year ended December 31, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023. For a discussion of these items and comparison of our results of operations for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, see Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 3, 2025. This discussion contains forward-looking statements and involves numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those described in the "Risk Factors" section of this Form 10-K. Actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. See "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" for additional information. Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" to "we," "us," "our," "Clover," "Clover Health," and the "Company" mean the business and operations of Clover Health Investments, Corp. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Overview

At Clover Health, our vision is to empower every physician with the technology to identify, manage, and treat chronic diseases earlier. Our strategy is to improve the care of people with Medicare, develop wide physician networks, and provide technology to help empower physicians. Our proprietary software platform, Clover Assistant (licensed externally as Counterpart Assistant), helps us execute this strategy by enabling physicians to detect, identify, and manage chronic diseases earlier than they otherwise could. This technology is a cloud-based software platform that provides physicians with access to data-driven and personalized insights for the patients they treat.

We operate Preferred Provider Organization ("PPO") and Health Maintenance Organization ("HMO") Medicare Advantage ("MA") plans for Medicare-eligible individuals. We aim to provide high-quality, affordable healthcare for all Medicare beneficiaries. Among plans with similar major characteristics, we offer most members in our MA plans (the "members") among the lowest average out-of-pocket costs for primary care provider and specialist co-pays in their markets. We strongly believe in providing our members provider choice, and we consider our PPO plans to be our flagship insurance product. An important feature of our MA product is wide network access. We believe the use of Clover Assistant and related data insights allows us to improve clinical decision-making through a highly scalable platform. At December 31, 2025, we operated our MA plans in five states and 200 counties, with 113,803 members.

2025 Highlights

2026 Annual Election Period Results

On January 14, 2026, the Company announced a 53% year-over-year growth of its MA membership during the most recent Annual Election Period. The Company entered 2026 with over 153,000 members, over 97% of whom are enrolled in the Company's flagship PPO plans.

Geographic Presence

Beginning in 2026, our MA plans will be available in a total of 203 counties and five states.

CMS Star Ratings

On October 9, 2025, the Company announced that CMS has decreased the Star rating of its PPO Medicare Advantage plans to 3.5 Stars for Star rating year 2026, which will affect payment year 2027. Additionally, CMS increased the rating of Clover’s HMO MA plan to 4.0 Stars. Currently over 97% of our insurance members are members of our PPO Medicare Advantage Plans.

Key Performance Measures

We manage our operations based on one reportable segment: Insurance. Through our Insurance segment, we provide PPO and HMO plans to Medicare Advantage members in several states. All other clinical services and all corporate overhead not included in the reportable segments are included in Corporate/Other.

The segment grouping is consistent with the information used by our Chief Executive Officer (identified as our chief operating decision maker) ("CODM") to assess performance and allocate the Company's resources.

We review several key performance measures, discussed below, to evaluate our business and results, measure performance, identify trends, formulate plans, and make strategic decisions. We believe that the presentation of such metrics is useful to management and counterparties to model the performance of healthcare companies such as Clover.

Through our Insurance segment, we provide PPO and HMO plans to members in several states. We seek to improve care and lower costs for our members by empowering providers with intuitive data-driven, personalized insights to support treatment of members through our software platform, Clover Assistant.

The following table presents key financial measures for the periods indicated:

Year ended December 31,

Total

PMPM (1)

Total

PMPM (1)

(dollar amounts in thousands, except PMPM amounts)

Consolidated:

Total revenues

Net medical claims incurred

Consolidated Gross profit

Adjusted SG&A

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted Net income from continuing operations

Insurance Segment:

Insurance members at period end (#)

Premiums earned, net

Insurance Net medical claims incurred

Insurance Benefits expense ratio

Normalized Insurance benefits expense ratio

(1) Calculated per member per month ("PMPM") figures are based on the applicable amount divided by member months in the given period. Member months represents the number of months members are enrolled in a Clover Health plan in the period.

Total revenues

Total revenues represents the sum of Premiums earned, net and Other income for a given period. Premiums earned, net reflects the earned portion of premiums under our Medicare Advantage contracts with CMS, net of premiums ceded to reinsurers and inclusive of risk adjustment revenue. Other income primarily consists of investment income and other ancillary revenues. We believe Total revenues is a useful measure of the overall scale and growth of our business, as it captures the aggregate economic inflows generated from our Insurance operations and related activities. Management uses Total revenues to evaluate period-over-period growth, assess the impact of membership levels and risk adjustment performance, analyze revenue trends relative to medical cost and operating expense trends, and support strategic planning and capital allocation decisions.

Membership and associated premiums earned and medical claim expenses

We define new and returning members on a calendar year basis. Any member who is active on July 1 of a given year is considered a returning member in the following year. Any member who joins a Clover plan after July 1 in a given year is considered a new member for the entirety of the following calendar year. We view our number of members and associated PMPM premiums earned and medical claim expenses, in the aggregate and on a PMPM basis, as useful metrics to assess our financial performance. Member growth and retention aligns with our mission, drives our Total revenues, expands brand awareness, deepens our market penetration, creates additional opportunities to inform our data-driven insights to improve care and decrease medical claim expenses, and generates additional data to continue to improve the functioning of Clover Assistant. Among other things, the longer a member is enrolled in one of our insurance plans, the more data we collect and synthesize and the more actionable insights we generate. We believe these data-driven insights lead to better care delivery as well as improved identification, documentation and management of members' chronic conditions, helping to lower PMPM medical claim expenses.

Premiums earned, net

Premiums earned, net represents the earned portion of our premiums earned, gross, less the earned portion that is ceded to third-party reinsurers under our reinsurance agreements. Premiums are earned in the period in which members are entitled to receive services, and are net of estimated uncollectible amounts, retroactive membership adjustments, and any adjustments to recognize rebates under the minimum benefit ratios required under the ACA.

We earn premiums through our plans offered under contracts with CMS. We receive premiums from CMS on a monthly basis based on our actuarial bid and the risk-adjustment model used by CMS. Premiums anticipated to be received within twelve months based on the documented diagnostic criteria of our members are estimated and included in revenues for the period, including the member months for which the payment is designated by CMS.

Premiums ceded is the amount of premiums earned, gross ceded to reinsurers. From time to time, we enter into reinsurance contracts to limit our exposure to potential losses as well as to provide additional capacity for growth. Under these agreements, the "reinsurer," agrees to cover a portion of the claims of another insurer, i.e., us, the "primary insurer," in return for a portion of their premium. Ceded earned premiums are earned over the reinsurance contract period in proportion to the period of risk covered. The volume of our ceded earned premium is impacted by the level of our premiums earned, gross and any decision we make to adjust our reinsurance agreements.

Insurance net medical claims incurred

Insurance net medical claims incurred are our medical expenses and consist of the costs of claims, including the costs incurred for claims net of amounts ceded to reinsurers. We enter into reinsurance contracts to limit our exposure to potential catastrophic losses. These expenses generally vary based on the total number of members and their utilization rate of our services.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We use non-GAAP measures in this Form 10-K, including Consolidated Gross profit, Adjusted SG&A, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted Net income from continuing operations, and Insurance Benefits expense ratio ("BER") and Normalized Insurance BER. These non-GAAP financial measures are provided to enhance the reader's understanding of Clover Health's past financial performance and our prospects for the future. Clover Health's management team uses these non-GAAP financial measures in assessing Clover Health's performance, as well as in planning and forecasting future periods. These non-GAAP financial measures are not computed according to GAAP, and the methods we use to compute them may differ from the methods used by other companies. Non-GAAP financial measures are supplemental to and should not be considered a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with GAAP and should be read only in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP.

For a description of these non-GAAP financial measures, including the reasons management uses such measures, and the reconciliations of these non-GAAP financial measures to the comparable GAAP measures, please see "Consolidated Gross profit", "Adjusted SG&A", "Adjusted EBITDA", Adjusted Net income from continuing operations, and "Benefits expense ratio & Normalized benefits expense ratio" below.

Consolidated Gross profit

Consolidated Gross profit represents net loss from continuing operations before salaries and benefits, general and administrative expenses, depreciation and amortization, premium deficiency reserve expense, restructuring costs, impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets, interest expense, change in fair value of warrants, and loss on investment. We believe that Consolidated Gross profit provides management, investors, and others a useful view of consolidated business performance and is much more informative of operational results. Accordingly, we believe that Consolidated Gross profit provides investors and others useful information to understand and evaluate our operating results in the same manner as our management and our board of directors.

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands)

Net loss from continuing operations (GAAP):

Adjustments:

Salaries and benefits

General and administrative expenses

Depreciation and amortization

Restructuring costs

Change in fair value of warrants

Loss on investment

Consolidated Gross profit (Non-GAAP)

Adjusted SG&A

Adjusted Salaries and benefits plus General and Administrative expenses ("SG&A") is a non-GAAP financial measure defined by us as total SG&A less stock-based compensation and non-recurring legal expenses and settlements. We believe that Adjusted SG&A provides management, investors, and others a useful view of our operating spend as it excludes non-cash, stock-based compensation and expenses related to investments that management believes do not reflect the Company's core operating expenses. We believe that Adjusted SG&A as a percentage of Total revenues is useful to management, investors, and others because it allows us to measure our operational leverage as revenue scales.

The table below provides a reconciliation of Total SG&A, a GAAP financial measure, to Adjusted SG&A, a non-GAAP measure:

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands)

Salaries and benefits

General and administrative expenses

Total SG&A (GAAP)

Adjustments:

Stock-based compensation

Non-recurring legal expenses and settlements

Adjusted SG&A (non-GAAP)

Total revenues (GAAP)

Adjusted SG&A (non-GAAP) as a percentage of Total revenues

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure defined by us as net loss from continuing operations before depreciation and amortization, loss on investment, interest expense, change in fair value of warrants, stock-based compensation, premium deficiency reserve expense, restructuring (recoveries) costs, impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets, and non-recurring legal expenses and settlements. Adjusted EBITDA is a key measure used by our management team and the board of directors to understand and evaluate our operating performance and trends, to prepare and approve our annual budget and to develop short and long-term operating plans. In particular, we believe that the exclusion of the amounts eliminated in calculating Adjusted EBITDA provide useful measures for period-to-period comparisons of our business. Accordingly, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides investors and others useful information to understand and evaluate our operating results in the same manner as our management and our board of directors.

The table below provides a reconciliation of Net loss from continuing operations, a GAAP financial measure, to Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure:

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands)

Net loss from continuing operations (GAAP):

Adjustments:

Depreciation and amortization

Change in fair value of warrants

Loss on investment

Stock-based compensation

Restructuring costs

Non-recurring legal expenses and settlements

Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP)

Adjusted Net income from continuing operations

Adjusted Net income from continuing operations is a non-GAAP financial measure defined by us as net loss from continuing operations before stock-based compensation, premium deficiency reserve benefit, restructuring costs, non-recurring legal expenses and settlement, and impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets. Adjusted Net income from continuing operations is a key measure used by our management team and the board of directors to understand and evaluate our operating performance and trends. We believe that Adjusted Net income from continuing operations is helpful to investors in assessing the Company’s financial performance in the same manner as our management and our board of directors.

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands)

Net loss from continuing operations (GAAP)

Adjustments:

Stock-based compensation

Restructuring costs

Non-recurring legal expenses and settlements

Adjusted Net income from continuing operations (non-GAAP)

Insurance Benefits expense ratio & Normalized Insurance Benefits expense ratio

Insurance Benefits expense ratio ("BER") and Normalized Insurance Benefits expense ratio are non-GAAP financial measures. We calculate our BER by taking the total of Insurance net medical expenses incurred and quality improvements, and dividing that total by premiums earned on a net basis, in a given period. Quality improvements include expenses associated with activities that improve health outcomes, as defined by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS"), as well as those directly tied to enhancing healthcare quality, such as the Company's spend on health information technology, wellness and prevention programs, initiatives to reduce hospital readmissions, and our clinically focused Member Rewards program for the current year. We believe our BER is useful to management, investors, and others because it offers a clearer and more accurate representation of our investment in healthcare quality and member engagement, and gives a comprehensive view of costs related to maintaining and improving the quality of care of our members, which is crucial for sustaining member satisfaction and adherence to treatment regimens. Furthermore, Normalized Insurance BER adjusts out activity related to prior period development. Prior period development refers to changes in the Company’s Insurance Revenue and Insurance Medical claims levels from previous periods. Management believes that Normalized Insurance BER presents a clearer representation of performance during the current period being presented.

The tables below provide reconciliations of Insurance Net medical claims incurred, net and Premiums earned, net which are GAAP measures, to Insurance BER and Normalized Insurance BER, which represent non-GAAP measures.

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands)

Net medical claims incurred, net (GAAP)

Adjustments:

Quality improvements

Insurance Benefits expense (non-GAAP)

Premiums earned, net (GAAP)

Insurance Benefits expense ratio (non-GAAP)

Adjustments:

Prior period development

Normalized Insurance Benefits expense ratio (non-GAAP)

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

The following table summarizes our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. The period-to-period comparison of results is not necessarily indicative of results for future periods.

Year ended December 31,

Change between

2025 and 2024

(in thousands)

Revenues:

Premiums earned, net (Net of ceded premiums of $375 and $399 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively)

Other income

Total revenues

Operating expenses:

Net medical claims incurred

Salaries and benefits

General and administrative expenses

Depreciation and amortization

Restructuring costs

Total operating expenses

Loss from continuing operations

Change in fair value of warrants

Loss on investment

Net loss from continuing operations

Net income from discontinued operations (Note 16 )

Net loss

*    Not presented because the current or prior period amount is zero or the amount for the line item changed from a gain to a loss (or vice versa) and thus yields a result that is not meaningful.

Premiums earned, net

Premiums earned, net increased $546.9 million, or 41%, to $1,891.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to an increase in our average members over the period, which increased approximately 33%. The remaining increase was due to an increase in our risk adjustment revenue as a result of the Company's high member retention rate.

Other income

Other income increased $6.3 million, or 24%, to $32.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in fair value of our equity investments.

Net medical claims incurred

Net medical claims incurred increased $562.1 million, or 56%, to $1,568.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by growth in our average members during the period, which increased approximately 33% and an increase in our Part D cost sharing due to changes arising from the Inflation Reduction Act. Additionally, prior year amounts were impacted by more favorable prior period developments as compared to the current year.

Salaries and benefits

Salaries and benefits decreased $7.0 million, or 3%, to $225.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. This decrease was primarily attributable to lower variable incentive compensation and stock-based compensation, partially offset by higher base salaries driven by headcount growth.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses increased $37.8 million, or 21%, to $214.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by higher professional fees and higher broker fees, both being driven by membership growth during the most recent annual enrollment period.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We manage our liquidity and financial position in the context of our overall business strategy. We continually forecast and manage our cash, investments, working capital balances, and capital structure to meet the short-term and long-term obligations of our businesses while seeking to maintain liquidity and financial flexibility.

Historically, we have financed our operations primarily from the proceeds we received through premiums earned under our MA plans. We expect that our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, investments, and our current projections of cash flows, taken together, will be sufficient to meet our projected operating and regulatory requirements for the next 12 months based on our current plans. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our needs to support our business growth, to respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances, or for other reasons. We may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing to provide the capital required to maintain or expand our operations. Any future equity financing may be dilutive to our existing investors, and any future debt financing may include debt service requirements and financial and other restrictive covenants that may constrain our operations and growth strategies. If additional financing is required from outside sources, we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, results of operations, and financial condition would be adversely affected.

Consolidated Entities

Our cash equivalents and investment securities consist primarily of money market funds, U.S. government debt securities, and corporate debt securities. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, total restricted and unrestricted cash, cash equivalents, and investments were $319.9 million and $437.6 million, respectively. These totals consist of $224.6 million and $243.1 million at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, that specifically relate to available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities.

Unregulated Entities

At December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, total restricted and unrestricted cash, cash equivalents, and investments for the parent company, Clover Health Investments, Corp., and unregulated subsidiaries were $122.0 million and $151.5 million, respectively, with the increase at December 31, 2024 primarily reflecting cash provided by operating activities. We operate as a holding company in a highly regulated industry. As such, we may receive dividends and administrative expense reimbursements from our subsidiaries, two of which are subject to regulatory restrictions. We continue to maintain significant levels of aggregate excess statutory capital and surplus in our state-regulated insurance subsidiaries. Cash, cash equivalents, and investments at the parent company were $107.2 million and $146.8 million at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Our unregulated subsidiaries held $14.8 million and $4.8 million of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and investments at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Regulated Entities

At December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and investments for our regulated subsidiaries were $197.9 million and $286.1 million, respectively. Additionally, our regulated insurance subsidiaries held $178.1 million and $243.1 million of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Our use of operating cash derived from our unregulated subsidiaries is generally not restricted by departments of insurance (or comparable state regulatory agencies). Our regulated insurance subsidiaries have not paid dividends to the parent, and applicable insurance laws restrict the ability of our regulated insurance subsidiary to declare and pay dividends to the parent. Insurance regulators have broad powers to prevent reduction of statutory surplus to inadequate levels, and there is no assurance that dividends of the maximum amounts calculated under any applicable formula would be permitted. State insurance regulatory authorities that have jurisdiction over the payment of dividends by our regulated insurance subsidiary may in the future adopt statutory provisions more restrictive than those currently in effect.

For a detailed discussion of our regulatory requirements, including aggregate statutory capital and surplus as well as dividends paid from the subsidiaries to the parent, please refer to Notes 20 "Dividend Restrictions", 21 "Statutory Equity and Income", and 22 "Regulatory Matters" to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K, as well as in Part I.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our consolidated cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands)

Cash Flows Data:

Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities from continuing operations

Net cash provided by investing activities

Net cash used in financing activities

(Decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash from continuing operations

Cash Requirements

Our cash requirements within the next twelve months include medical claims payable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, current liabilities, purchase commitments, and other obligations. We expect the cash required to meet these obligations to be primarily generated through cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term investments, and our current projections of cash flows from operations.

Operating Activities from Continuing Operations

Our largest source of operating cash flows is capitated payments from CMS. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are payments for medical benefits and payments of operating expenses.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, Net cash used in operating activities was $66.9 million, which reflects a Net loss from continuing operations of $85.5 million. Non-cash activities primarily included a $103.7 million charge to Stock-based compensation expense.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, Net cash provided by operating activities was $82.5 million, which reflects a Net loss from continuing operations of $46.3 million. Non-cash activities primarily included a $114.3 million charge to Stock-based compensation expense, and a $0.5 million Loss on investment.

Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 of $4.1 million was primarily due to $211.2 million provided from the sale and maturity of investment securities. This was offset by $205.1 million used to purchase investments.

Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024, of $0.6 million was primarily due to $203.4 million provided from the sale and maturity of investment securities. This was offset by $201.2 million used to purchase investments.

For additional information regarding our investing activities, please refer to Note 3 "Investment Securities" to our consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 of $53.4 million was primarily the result of cash paid for shares withheld related to stock-based compensation totaling $36.9 million and class A common share repurchases totaling $18.3 million.

Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 of $17.4 million was primarily the result of was primarily the result of cash paid for shares withheld related to stock-based compensation totaling $16.5 million and class A common share repurchases totaling $1.8 million.

Financing Arrangements

There have been no material changes to our financing arrangements at December 31, 2025.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

We believe that funds from projected future operating cash flows, cash, cash equivalents, and investments will be sufficient for future operations and commitments, and for capital acquisitions and other strategic transactions, over at least the next 12 months.

Material cash requirements from known contractual obligations and commitments at December 31, 2025 include operating lease obligations of $2.7 million. These commitments are associated with contracts that were enforceable and legally binding at December 31, 2025, and that specified all significant terms, including fixed or minimum serves to be used, fixed, minimum, or variable price provisions, and the approximate timing of the actions under the contracts. There were no other material cash requirements from known contractual obligations and commitments at December 31, 2025. For additional information regarding our remaining estimated contractual obligations and commitments, see Note 13 "Commitments and Contingencies" in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K.

Indemnification Agreements

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements, with various parties (providers, vendors, consultants, etc.), with varying scope and terms, pursuant to which we may agree to defend, indemnify, and hold harmless the other parties from any claim, demand, loss, lawsuit, settlement, judgment, fine, or other liability, and all related expenses that may accrue therefrom (including reasonable attorneys' fees), arising from or in connection with third party claims, including, but not limited to, negligence, recklessness, willful misconduct, fraud, or otherwise wrongful act or omission with respect to our obligations under the applicable agreements.

Off-balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined by applicable regulations of the SEC, that are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires our management to make a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. We evaluate, on an ongoing basis, our significant accounting estimates, which include, but are not limited to, net claims and claims adjustment expense and revenue recognition, including the risk adjustment provisions related to Medicare contracts. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions, which could impact our reported results of operations and financial condition.

We believe that the accounting policies and estimates described below involve a significant degree of judgment and complexity. Accordingly, we believe these are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial condition and results of operations. For further information, see Note 2 "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K.

Net Medical Claims Incurred

Insurance net medical claims incurred is recognized in the period in which services are provided and includes paid claims and an estimate of the cost of services that have been incurred but not yet reported ("IBNR") and certain other unpaid claims and adjustments. IBNR represents a substantial portion of our unpaid claims, as reflected below:

Year ended December 31,

Total

Total

(dollars in thousands)

IBNR

Other unpaid claims

Claims adjustment expense

Total unpaid claims and claims adjustment expense

Management determines the unpaid claims and claims adjustment expense with a supplemental perspective provided by a third-party actuarial firm. We estimate our unpaid claims by following a detailed actuarial process that uses both historical claim payment patterns as well as emerging medical expense trends to project the best estimate of claims liabilities. These data and trends include historical data adjusted for claims receipt and payment patterns, cost trends, product mix, seasonality, utilization of healthcare services, changes in membership, provider billing practices, benefit changes, known outbreaks of disease, or increased incidence of illness such as influenza, the incidence of high-dollar or catastrophic claims, and other relevant factors. These factors are used to determine our lag-dependent completion factors, which represent the average percentage of total incurred claims that have been paid through a given date after being incurred. Completion factors are applied to claims paid through the period-end date to estimate the ultimate claim expense incurred for the period.

The completion factors are the most significant factor impacting the IBNR estimate. We continually adjust our completion factor with our knowledge of recent events that may impact current completion factors when establishing our reserves. Because our reserving practice is to consistently recognize the actuarial best estimate using an assumption of moderately adverse conditions as required by actuarial standards, there is a reasonable possibility that there could be variances between actual completion factors and those assumed in our December 31, 2025 and 2024 unpaid claim estimates, which may impact results of operations in the period such differences are recognized.

Actuarial standards require the use of assumptions based on moderately adverse experience, and as such, a provision for adverse deviation is recognized on current reserves and released on prior reserves. For further discussion of our reserving methodology, including our use of completion factors to estimate IBNR, refer to Note 2 "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K.

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K for a discussion of accounting pronouncements recently adopted and recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted and their potential impact to our consolidated financial statements.