PLL Piedmont Lithium Inc. - 10-K

Item 1A.    RISK FACTORS.

You should carefully consider the risks, as described below, together with all the other information in this Annual Report. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be seriously harmed, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Further, if we fail to meet the expectations of the public market in any given period, the market price of our common stock could decline. We operate in a competitive environment that involves significant risks and uncertainties, some of which are outside of our control. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business and financial condition could suffer, and the price of our stock could decline. We caution you that the risks, uncertainties and other factors referred to below and elsewhere in this Annual Report may not contain all the risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may affect our future results and operations. Our future results and operations could also be affected by factors, events, or uncertainties that are not presently known to us or that we currently do not consider to present a material risk. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks.

Business Risks

Our future performance is difficult to evaluate because we have a limited operating history in the lithium industry.

We began to implement our current business strategy in the lithium industry in 2016. Until the third quarter of 2023, we had yet to realize any revenues from the sale of lithium, and our operating cash flow needs have been financed primarily through issuances of common stock and not through cash flows derived from our operations. As a result, we have limited historical financial and operating information available to help you evaluate our performance.

There is no guarantee that our development will result in the commercial extraction of mineral deposits.

We are engaged in the business of exploring and developing mineral properties with the intention of locating economic deposits of minerals. We have declared mineral reserves on our development stage properties; however, we have yet to begin commercial extraction of minerals on these properties. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will realize profits in the medium to long term. Further, we cannot assure you that any of our property interests can be commercially mined or that our ongoing exploration programs will result in profitable commercial mining operations. The exploration and development of mineral deposits involve a high degree of financial risk over a significant period of time, which may or may not be reduced or eliminated through a combination of careful evaluation, experience, and skilled management. While discovery of additional ore-bearing deposits may result in substantial rewards, few properties that are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines. Major expenses may be required to construct mining and processing facilities and to establish additional reserves. The profitability of our operations will be, in part, directly related to the cost and success of our exploration and development programs, which may be affected by a number of factors. Additional expenditures are required to construct, complete, and install mining and processing facilities in those properties that are actually mined and developed.

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Our exploration and development projects have no operating history upon which to base estimates of future operating costs and capital requirements. Exploration project items, such as any future estimates of reserves, metal recoveries, or cash operating costs will, to a large extent, be based upon the interpretation of geologic data, obtained from a limited number of drill holes and other sampling techniques as well as future feasibility studies. Actual operating costs and economic returns of any and all exploration projects may materially differ from the costs and returns estimated, and accordingly, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows may be negatively affected.

We do not control our equity method investments.

We apply the equity method of accounting to investments when we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operational decision-making authority and financial policies of the investee but we do not exercise control. Our equity method investees are governed by their own board of directors, whose members have fiduciary duties to the investees’ shareholders. While we have certain rights to appoint representatives to the investees’ boards of directors, the interests of the investees’ shareholders may not align with our interests or the interests of our shareholders and strategic and contractual disputes may arise.

We are generally dependent on the management team of our investees to operate and control such projects or businesses. While we may exert influence pursuant to our positions, as applicable, on the boards of directors and through certain limited governance or oversight roles, such influence may be limited. The management teams of our investees may not have the level of experience, technical expertise, human resources, management, and other attributes necessary to operate their projects or businesses optimally, and they may not share our business priorities, including, but not limited to, those priorities that relate to desired production levels. This could have a material adverse effect on the value of such investments as well as our growth, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Some of our current or future properties may not contain any reserves, and any funds spent on exploration and evaluation may be lost.

We are a development stage mining company. We cannot assure you that our exploration programs will identify economically extractable mineralization, nor can we assure you about the quantity or grade of any mineralization we seek to extract. Our exploration prospects may not contain any reserves and any funds spent on evaluation and exploration may be lost. Even for the mineral reserves we have reported for our properties, any quantity or grade of reserves we indicate must be considered as estimates only until such reserves are actually mined. We do not know with certainty that economically recoverable lithium exists on our properties. In addition, the quantity of any reserves may vary depending on commodity prices. Any material change in the quantity or grade of reserves may affect the economic viability of our properties.

We face risks related to mining, exploration, mine construction, and plant construction, if warranted, on our properties.

Our level of profitability, if any, in future years will depend to a great degree on lithium prices and whether our exploration-stage properties can be brought into production. Exploration and development of lithium resources are highly speculative in nature, and it is impossible to ensure that current and future exploration programs and/or feasibility studies on our existing properties will establish reserves. Whether it will be economically feasible to extract lithium depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to: the particular attributes of the deposit such as size, grade, and proximity to infrastructure; lithium prices; mining, processing and transportation costs; the willingness of lenders and investors to provide project financing; labor costs and possible labor strikes; and governmental regulations, including, without limitation, regulations related to prices, taxes, royalties, land tenure, land use, importing and exporting materials, foreign exchange, environmental protection, employment, worker safety, transportation, and reclamation and closure obligations. We could be adversely affected by a failure to complete our plant construction projects on time or on budget, and a substantial delay in the progress of construction due to adverse weather, work stoppages, shortages of materials, non-issuances of permits, nonperformance of suppliers or contractors, or other factors could result in a material increase in the overall cost of such projects. The exact effect of these factors cannot be accurately predicted, but the combination of these factors may result in us receiving an inadequate return on invested capital. In addition, we are subject to the risks normally encountered in the mining industry, such as:

• the discovery of unusual or unexpected geological formations;

• accidental fires, floods, earthquakes, severe weather, or other natural disasters;

• unplanned power outages and water shortages;

• construction delays and higher than expected capital costs due to, among other things, supply chain disruptions, higher transportation costs, and inflation;

• controlling water and other similar mining hazards;

• explosions and mechanical failure of equipment;

• operating labor disruptions and labor disputes;

• shortages in materials or equipment and energy and electrical power supply interruptions or rationing;

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• seismic activity;

• the ability to obtain suitable or adequate machinery, equipment, or labor;

• our liability for pollution or other hazards; and

• other unknown risks involved in the conduct of exploration and operation of mines.

The nature of these risks is such that liabilities could exceed any applicable insurance policy limits or could be excluded from coverage. There are also risks against which we cannot insure or we may elect not to insure. The potential costs, which could be associated with any liabilities not covered by insurance or in excess of insurance coverage, or compliance with applicable laws and regulations may cause substantial delays and require significant capital outlays, adversely affecting our future earnings, competitive position, and potentially our financial viability.

Our long-term success will depend ultimately on our ability to generate revenues, achieve and maintain profitability, and develop positive cash flows from our mining activities.

Our ability to recover carrying values of our assets, acquire additional lithium projects, continue with exploration, development, commissioning, and mining, and manufacture lithium hydroxide ultimately depends on our ability to generate revenues, achieve and maintain profitability, and generate positive cash flow from our operations. The economic viability of our future mining activities has many risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to:

• a significant, prolonged decrease in the market price of lithium or lithium hydroxide;

• difficulty in marketing and/or selling lithium or lithium hydroxide;

• significantly higher than expected capital costs to construct our mine or production facilities;

• significantly higher than expected extraction costs;

• significantly lower than expected lithium extraction;

• significant delays, reductions, or stoppages of lithium extraction activities;

• shortages of adequate and skilled labor or a significant increase in labor costs;

• the introduction of significantly more stringent regulatory laws and regulations; and

• delays in the availability of construction equipment.

We are concurrently overseeing the advancement of Carolina Lithium, which is in the development planning stage. Work to advance this project requires the dedication of considerable time and resources by us and our management team. The advancement of several major resource projects concurrently brings with it the associated risk of strains on managerial, human, and other resources. Our ability to successfully manage each of these processes will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our ability to manage competing demands on time and other resources, financial or otherwise, and successfully retain personnel and recruit new personnel to support our growth and the advancement of our projects.

Our plan is to produce battery-grade lithium hydroxide from spodumene concentrate at Carolina Lithium using the innovative Metso pressure leach technology as well as a number of processes commonly used in the lithium industry today. We may encounter difficulties or unforeseen expenditures in integrating new, unproven technologies.

It is common for a new mining operation to experience unexpected costs, problems, and delays during construction, commissioning, and mine start-up. Most mining projects suffer delays during these periods due to numerous factors, including the factors listed above. Any of these factors could result in changes to economic returns or cash flow estimates of the project or have other negative impacts on our financial position. There is no assurance that our projects will commence commercial production on schedule, or at all, or will result in profitable mining operations. If we are unable to develop our projects into a commercial operating mine, our business and financial condition will be materially adversely affected. Moreover, even if the feasibility study continues to support a commercially viable project, there are many additional factors that could impact the project’s development, including terms and availability of financing, cost overruns, litigation or administrative appeals concerning the project, delays in development, and any permitting changes, among other factors.

Our future mining and lithium manufacturing activities may change as a result of any one or more of these risks and uncertainties. We cannot assure you that any ore body from which we extract mineralized materials will result in achieving and maintaining profitability and developing positive cash flows.

Our business is subject to cybersecurity risks.

Our operations depend on effective and secure information technology systems. Threats to information technology systems, such as cyberattacks and cyber incidents, continue to increase. Cybersecurity risks include, but are not limited to, malicious software, attempts to gain unauthorized access to our data and the unauthorized release, corruption or loss of our data and personal information, as well as interruptions in communication and operations.

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It is possible that our business, financial, and other systems could be compromised, which could go unnoticed for a prolonged period of time. We have not experienced a material breach of our information technologies. Nevertheless, we continue to take steps to mitigate these risks by employing a variety of measures, including employee training, technical security controls, and maintenance of backup and protective systems. Despite these mitigation efforts, cybersecurity attacks and other threats exist and continue to increase, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Our long-term success depends on our ability to enter into and deliver product under offtake agreements.

We may encounter difficulty entering and fulfilling offtake agreements for our products. We may fail to deliver the product required by such agreements or may experience production costs in excess of the price to be paid to us under such agreements. Failure to meet these specifications could result in price adjustments, the rejection of deliveries, or termination of the contracts. Our supply agreements contain force majeure provisions allowing temporary suspension of performance by us or the customer during specified events beyond the control of the affected party. As a result of these issues, we may not achieve the revenue or profit we expect to achieve from our offtake agreements. As of the date of this filing, we have entered into two offtake agreements for our lithium products.

On August 30, 2024, we entered into an amended offtake agreement with Tesla, Inc. to provide spodumene concentrate from NAL in Quebec. The agreement commits us to sell 125,000 dmt of spodumene concentrate from our offtake agreement with Sayona Quebec. The term of the agreement runs through September 2026, and pricing is determined by a market-based mechanism. The initial term can be extended for an additional three years upon mutual agreement.

On February 16, 2023, we entered into a spodumene concentrate offtake agreement with LG Chem, which commits us to sell 200,000 dmt of spodumene concentrate from our offtake agreement with Sayona Quebec. The term of the agreement ends in the second quarter of 2028 or upon Piedmont delivering 200,000 dmt of spodumene concentrate. Pricing is determined by a market-based mechanism.

Our business, results of operations, and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected if we are unable to enter into similar agreements with other buyers, deliver the products required by such agreements, or incur costs in excess of the price set forth in such agreements.

We depend on our ability to successfully access the capital and financial markets. Any inability to access the capital or financial markets may limit our ability to meet our liquidity needs and long-term commitments, fund our ongoing operations, execute our business plan or pursue investments that we may rely on for future growth.

We may continue to incur operating and investing net cash outflows associated with, but not limited to, maintaining and acquiring exploration properties, undertaking ongoing exploration activities, the development of our planned projects, and our funding obligations to develop the assets of our joint ventures with Sayona Mining, including NAL, and Atlantic Lithium’s Ewoyaa project. As a result, we rely on access to capital markets as a source of funding for our capital and operating requirements. We will require additional capital to meet our liquidity needs related to expenses for our various corporate activities, including costs related to our status as a publicly traded company, funding of our ongoing operations, exploring and defining lithium mineralization, and establishing any future mining or lithium manufacturing operations. We cannot assure you that such additional funding will be available to us on satisfactory terms, or at all.

To finance our future ongoing operations and future capital needs, we may require additional funds through the issuance of additional equity or debt securities. Depending on the type and terms of any financing we pursue, stockholders’ rights and the value of their investment in our common stock could be reduced. Any additional equity financing will dilute shareholdings. If the issuance of new securities results in diminished rights to holders of our common stock, the market price of our common stock could be negatively impacted. New or additional debt financing, if available, may involve restrictions on financing and operating activities. In addition, if we issue secured debt securities, the holders of the debt would have a claim to our assets that would be prior to the rights of stockholders until the debt is paid. Interest on such debt securities would increase costs and negatively impact operating results.

We have a universal shelf registration statement on file with the SEC to provide us with capacity to publicly offer common stock, preferred stock, warrants, debt, convertible or exchangeable securities, depositary shares, or units, or any combination thereof. We may, from time to time, raise capital under our shelf registration statement in amounts, at prices, and on terms to be announced when and if any securities are offered. As of December 31, 2024, we had $500.0 million remaining under our shelf registration statement, which expires on September 26, 2027.

If we are unable to obtain additional financing, as needed, at competitive rates, our ability to fund our current operations and implement our business plan and strategy will be affected. These circumstances may require us to reduce the scope of our operations and scale back our exploration, development and mining programs. There is, however, no guarantee that we will be able to secure any

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additional funding or be able to secure funding to provide us with sufficient funds to meet our objectives, which may adversely affect our business and financial position. Certain market disruptions may increase our cost of borrowing or affect our ability to access one or more financial markets. Such market disruptions could result from, but are not limited to:

• adverse economic conditions;

• adverse general capital market conditions;

• poor performance and health of the lithium or mining industries in general;

• bankruptcy or financial distress of unrelated lithium companies or marketers;

• significant decrease in the demand for lithium products;

• significant decrease in the price of lithium products; or

• adverse regulatory actions that affect our exploration and construction plans or the use of lithium generally.

Our ability to manage growth will have an impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Future growth may place strains on our financial, technical, operational, and administrative resources and cause us to rely more on project partners and independent contractors, thus, potentially adversely affecting our financial position and results of operations. Our ability to grow will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to:

• our ability to purchase, obtain leases on, or obtain options on properties;

• our ability to identify and acquire new exploratory prospects;

• our ability to develop existing prospects;

• our ability to continue to retain and attract skilled personnel;

• our ability to maintain or enter into new relationships with project partners and independent contractors;

• the results of our exploration programs;

• the market price for lithium products;

• our ability to successfully complete construction projects on schedule, and within budget;

• our access to capital; and

• our ability to enter into agreements for the sale of lithium products.

We may not be successful in upgrading our technical, operational, and administrative resources or increasing our internal resources sufficiently to provide certain services currently provided by third parties. Our inability to achieve or manage growth may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We may acquire additional businesses or assets, form joint ventures, or make investments in other companies that may be unsuccessful and harm our operating results and prospects.

As part of our business strategy, we may pursue additional acquisitions of complementary businesses or assets or seek to enter into joint ventures. We may pursue strategic alliances, such as our Sayona Mining, Atlantic Lithium, and Vinland Lithium investments, in an effort to leverage our existing operations and industry experience, increase our product offerings, expand our distribution, and make investments in other companies.

The success of any acquisitions, joint ventures, strategic alliances, or investments, including our Sayona Quebec, Atlantic Lithium, and Vinland Lithium investments, will depend on our ability to identify, negotiate, complete and, in the case of acquisitions, integrate those transactions and, if necessary, obtain satisfactory debt or equity financing to fund those transactions. We may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, joint venture, strategic alliance or investment. We may not be able to integrate acquisitions successfully into our existing business, maintain the key business relationships of businesses we acquire, or retain key personnel of an acquired business. We could assume unknown or contingent liabilities or incur unanticipated expenses. Integration of acquired companies or businesses also may require management resources that otherwise would be available for ongoing development of our existing business. Any acquisitions or investments made by us could result in significant write-offs or the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, any of which could harm our operating results. If we choose to issue equity as consideration for any acquisition, our stockholders may experience dilution.

We are dependent upon key management employees.

The responsibility of overseeing the day-to-day operations and the strategic management of our business depends substantially on our senior management and key personnel. Loss of any such personnel may have an adverse effect on our performance. The success of our operations will depend upon numerous factors, many of which, in part, are beyond our control, including our ability to attract and retain additional key personnel in sales, marketing, technical support, and finance. Certain areas in which we operate are highly competitive and competition for qualified personnel is significant. We may be unable to hire suitable field personnel for our technical team or there may be periods of time where a particular position remains vacant while a suitable replacement is identified and appointed. We may not be successful in attracting and retaining the personnel required to grow and operate our business profitably.

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Our growth will require new personnel, which we will be required to recruit, hire, train, and retain.

Members of our management team possess significant experience and have previously carried out or been exposed to exploration, development, and production activities. However, we have a limited operating history with respect to lithium projects and our ability to achieve our objectives depends on the ability of our directors, officers, and management to implement current plans and respond to any unforeseen circumstances that require changes to those plans. The execution of our exploration, development, and production plans will place demands on us and our management. Thus, our ability to recruit and assimilate new personnel will be critical to our performance. We will be required to recruit additional personnel and to train, motivate, and manage employees. Failure to meet these requirements may adversely affect our plans.

Lawsuits may be filed against us and an adverse ruling in any such lawsuit may adversely affect our business, financial condition, or liquidity or the market price of our common stock.

We may become involved in, named as a party to, or be the subject of various legal proceedings, including regulatory proceedings, tax proceedings, and legal actions related to personal injuries, property damage, property taxes, land rights, the environment, and contract disputes. For additional information, refer to Part I, Item 3, “ Legal Proceedings. ”

The outcome of outstanding, pending, or future proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty and may be determined adversely to us and as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our assets, liabilities, business, financial condition, or results of operations. Even if we prevail in any such legal proceeding, the proceedings could be costly, time-consuming, and may divert the attention of management and key personnel from our business operations, which could adversely affect our financial condition.

Our mineral properties may be subject to defects in title.

Title to the majority of our properties for Carolina Lithium are derived from option agreements with local landowners in North Carolina, which upon exercise, allow us to purchase, or in certain cases, long-term lease the real property and associated mineral rights from the local landowners. If we exercise the option to purchase a property, we will pay cash consideration, approximating the fair market value of the real property, excluding the value of any minerals, plus a premium based on a negotiated fixed price or percentage premium. If we exercise the option for a long-term lease, we will pay annual advanced royalty payments per acre. Some landowners also retain a production royalty payable on production of ore from the property.

The ownership and title to unpatented mining claims and concessions are often uncertain and may be contested. We may not have, or may not be able to obtain, all necessary rights to develop a property. Although we have obtained title opinions with respect to certain of our properties and have taken reasonable measures to ensure proper title to our properties, there is no guarantee that title to any of our properties will not be challenged or impugned. Title insurance is generally not available for mineral properties and our ability to ensure that we have obtained clear title to individual mineral properties or mining concessions may be severely constrained. Our mineral properties may be subject to prior unregistered agreements, transfers, or claims, and title may be affected by, among other things, undetected defects. We may incur significant costs related to defending the title to our properties. A successful claim contesting our title to a property may cause us to compensate other persons or perhaps reduce our interest in the affected property or lose our rights to explore and develop that property. This could result in our not being compensated for our prior expenditures related to the property. In any such case, the investigation and resolution of title issues would divert our management’s time from ongoing exploration and, if warranted, development programs. Any impairment or defect in title could negatively affect us.

Our directors and officers may be in a position of conflict of interest.

Some of our directors and officers currently serve as directors and officers of other companies involved in natural resource exploration, development, and production, and any of our directors and officers may serve in such positions in the future. As of the date of this Annual Report, none of our directors or officers serves as an officer or director of a lithium exploration, development, or producing company nor possess a conflict of interests with our business, other than as follows: (i) pursuant to our agreements related to our Sayona Mining investment, Keith Phillips, our President and Chief Executive Officer, was appointed as a board member of Sayona Quebec, and (ii) pursuant to our agreements related to our Vinland Lithium investment, Mr. Czachor was appointed as a board member of Vinland Lithium. However, there exists the possibility that they may be in a position of conflict of interest in the future. Any decision made by such persons involving us will be made in accordance with their duties and obligations to deal fairly and in good faith with us and such other companies. In addition, any such directors and officers will declare, and refrain from voting on, any matter in which such directors and officers may have a material interest.

In order to manage our growth effectively and support our future operations, we expect to improve our financial and operations systems.

To manage our growth and support our future manufacturing operations, we will periodically upgrade our operational and financial systems and procedures. This requires management time and may result in significant expense. We cannot be certain that we will

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institute in a timely or efficient manner, or at all, the improvements to our managerial, operational, and financial systems and procedures necessary to support our anticipated increased levels of operations. Problems associated with, or disruptions resulting from, any improvement or expansion of our operational and financial systems could adversely affect our relationships with our suppliers and customers, inhibit our ability to expand or take advantage of market opportunities, cause harm to our reputation, result in errors in our financial and other reporting, and adversely affect our ability to maintain an effective internal control environment and meet our external reporting obligations, any of which could harm our business and operating results and affect our stock price.

There is no assurance we will secure a loan from the Department of Energy’s Loan Programs Office.

We previously received a conditional invitation from the DOE to due diligence for an ATVM loan for our Carolina Lithium project. As our Carolina Lithium project has not yet met the conditional criteria for the Loan Programs Office to start due diligence, we withdrew our application in 2023 with the intention to resubmit an application at a future date and remain in the pre-application stage of the ATVM loan process. If and when we submit an application for an ATVM loan, the Loan Programs Office must make a finding that Carolina Lithium is eligible and meets the viability thresholds specified under law. Thereafter, our application becomes subject to both preliminary and advanced-stage due diligence and the negotiation of preliminary terms and conditions. Should the Loan Programs Office issue a conditional commitment letter for either project, and should we satisfy all conditions precedent and requirements specified in the letter, we would become eligible to enter into a final loan agreement. Upon closing , the loan would remain subject to certain restrictive covenants and financial reporting requirements set forth in the final loan agreement. As a result, there can be no assurance that we will secure such loan from the DOE for the project within the expected timeframe, on terms that are acceptable to the Company, or at all.

We are dependent on a limited number of customers, which makes us vulnerable to the continued relationship with and financial health of those customers.

Four customers have accounted for 100% of our revenue as of the date of this Annual Report. Our future prospects may depend on the continued business of a limited number of key customers and on our continued status as a qualified supplier to such customers. We cannot guarantee that these key customers will continue to buy products from us at current levels. The loss of a key customer could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we are required to register as an investment company, we will be subject to a significant regulatory burden and our results of operations will suffer.

We are an operating company and believe we are not subject to regulation as an investment company under the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. However, if we were required to register as an investment company, our ability to use debt would be substantially reduced, and we would be subject to significant additional disclosure obligations and restrictions on our operational activities. Because of the additional requirements imposed on an investment company with regard to the distribution of earnings, operational activities and the use of debt, in addition to increased expenditures due to additional reporting responsibilities, our cash available for investments would be reduced. The additional expenses would reduce income. These factors would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and the results of operations and cash flows.

Risks Related to the Merger Agreement

The completion of the Merger Agreement is subject to a number of conditions and the Merger Agreement may be terminated in accordance with its terms. As a result, the timing surrounding the closing of the Merger Agreement is uncertain and there is risk that the Merger may not be completed.

The completion of the Merger is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of a number of conditions as set forth in the Merger Agreement, including, among others: (1) requisite approvals of Piedmont’s stockholders and Sayona’s shareholders of the Merger Agreement, (2) required regulatory approvals (including expiration of the waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended), (3) the absence of certain enumerated legal impediments to the consummation of the Merger, (4) effectiveness of the registration statement for the Sayona Mining Ordinary Shares and Sayona Mining ADSs to be issued as consideration in the Merger and the related Form F-6, (5) the authorization to list the Sayona Mining ADSs and Sayona Mining Ordinary Shares issuable pursuant to the Merger Agreement on the Nasdaq and the ASX, respectively, (6) required approvals from ASX and the Australian Securities and Investments Commission, (7) the representations and warranties of each of Piedmont and Sayona Mining being true and correct to the extent required by, and subject to the applicable materiality standards set forth in, the Merger Agreement; each of Piedmont, Sayona Mining and the other parties to the Merger Agreement having in all material respects performed the obligations and complied with the covenants required to be performed or complied with by it under the Merger Agreement, and (8) there having been no material adverse effect (as defined in the Merger Agreement) with respect to Piedmont or Sayona Mining. The timing surrounding whether these conditions will be satisfied or waived, if at all, is uncertain. Additionally, other events could intervene to delay or result in the failure to close the Merger.

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If completion of the Merger has not occurred by September 30, 2025, either Piedmont or Sayona Mining may choose to terminate the Merger Agreement. However, this right to terminate the Merger Agreement will not be available to Piedmont or Sayona Mining if such party has failed to fulfill any material covenant or agreement under the Merger Agreement and such failure has been the cause of, materially contributed to, or resulted in the failure of the Merger to occur on or before such date. Piedmont or Sayona Mining may elect to terminate the Merger Agreement in certain other circumstances, including if the Sayona Mining shareholders or Piedmont’s stockholders fail to approve the Merger at the respective shareholder meetings, and Piedmont and Sayona Mining can mutually decide to terminate the Merger Agreement at any time prior to the effective time of the Merger, before or after the required approval by the Sayona Mining shareholders or Piedmont stockholders.

The completion of the Merger is subject to risks and uncertainties surrounding conditions that may be imposed by regulatory or governmental entities which may reduce the anticipated benefits of the Merger or could prevent the closing of the Merger entirely.

Regulatory and governmental entities may impose conditions on the granting of consents required in connection with the Merger. The conditions imposed by regulatory and governmental entities on the granting of authorizations, consents, orders and approvals may require divestitures of certain divisions, operations or assets of Piedmont or Sayona Mining and may impose costs, limitations or other restrictions on business conduct. Under the Merger Agreement, each of Piedmont and Sayona Mining has agreed to use reasonable best efforts to take, or cause to be taken, all actions and to do, or cause to be done, and to assist and cooperate with the other in doing, all things necessary, proper or advisable to consummate and make effective, in the most expeditious manner reasonably practicable, the Merger. However, neither party shall be required to become subject to, consent to, or offer or agree to, or otherwise take any action with respect to, any requirement, condition, limitation, understanding, agreement or order to (1) sell or otherwise dispose of, or hold separate and agree to sell or otherwise dispose of, assets, categories of assets or businesses of Piedmont or Sayona Mining, (2) terminate, modify or extend any existing relationships and contractual rights and obligations of Piedmont, Sayona Mining or their respective subsidiaries, (3) terminate any relevant venture or other arrangement, (4) effectuate any other change or restructuring of Piedmont, Sayona Mining or their respective subsidiaries (and, in each case, to enter into agreements or stipulate to the entry of an order or file appropriate applications with any governmental entity), or (5) litigate (or defend) against any administrative or judicial action or proceeding (including any proceeding seeking a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction) challenging any of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement as violative of any applicable national security law.

Compliance with any conditions imposed by regulatory and governmental entities may reduce the anticipated benefits of the Merger, which could also have an adverse effect on the business, cash flows and results of operations, and neither Piedmont nor Sayona Mining can predict what, if any, changes may be required by regulatory or governmental authorities whose consents, orders or approvals are required.

The termination of the Merger Agreement could negatively impact us and, in certain circumstances, could require us to pay a termination fee to Sayona.

If the Merger Agreement is terminated in accordance with its terms and the Merger is not completed, our ongoing business may be adversely affected by a variety of factors, including the failure to pursue other beneficial opportunities during the pendency of the Merger, the failure to obtain the anticipated benefits of completing the Merger, the payment of certain costs relating to the Merger and the focus of our management on the Merger for an extended period of time rather than on ongoing business matters or other opportunities or issues. Our stock price may fall as a result of any such termination, to the extent that the current price of our shares reflects a market assumption that the Merger will be completed (although this is difficult to predict with any certainty). In addition, the failure to complete the Merger may result in negative publicity or a negative impression of Piedmont in the investment community and may affect our relationship with employees, customers, suppliers, vendors and other partners.

We may be required to pay Sayona Mining a termination fee equal to $2.62 million if the Merger Agreement is terminated under certain circumstances specified in the Merger Agreement relating to, among other things, if Piedmont’s Board changes its recommendation that Piedmont stockholders vote in favor of the Merger or if there is a willful and material breach of certain provisions of the Merger Agreement by Piedmont.

Further, Piedmont will also be required to pay Sayona Mining the $2.62 million termination fee if the Merger Agreement is terminated under certain circumstances specified in the Merger Agreement after we receive a competing transaction proposal, and, within twelve months after the date of termination, we enter into a definitive agreement with respect to or consummate the competing transaction proposal. If the Merger Agreement is terminated and we determine to seek another business combination or strategic opportunity, we may not be able to negotiate a transaction with another party on terms comparable to, or better than, the terms of the Merger.

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The pendency of the Merger could adversely affect our and Sayona Mining’s respective business, results of operations, and financial condition.

The pendency of the Merger could cause disruptions in and create uncertainty surrounding Piedmont’s and Sayona Mining’s respective businesses, including by affecting relationships with Piedmont’s and Sayona Mining’s respective existing and future customers, suppliers, vendors, partners, and employees, and Piedmont’s and Sayona Mining’s respective standing with local communities, regulators, and other government officials. This could have an adverse effect on Piedmont’s and Sayona Mining’s respective businesses, results of operations and financial condition, as well as the market prices of Piedmont’s shares and Sayona Mining’s shares, regardless of whether the Merger is completed. In particular, Piedmont and Sayona Mining could potentially lose important personnel who decide to pursue other opportunities as a result of the Merger. Any adverse effect could be exacerbated by a prolonged delay in completing the Merger. Piedmont and Sayona Mining could also potentially lose customers, suppliers or vendors, existing customers, suppliers or vendors may seek to change their existing business relationships or renegotiate their contracts with Piedmont or Sayona Mining or defer decisions concerning Piedmont or Sayona Mining and potential customers, suppliers, or vendors could defer entering into contracts with Piedmont or Sayona Mining, each as a result of uncertainty relating to the Merger. In addition, in an effort to complete the Merger, Piedmont and Sayona Mining have expended, and will continue to expend, significant management resources on matters relating to the Merger, which are being diverted from Piedmont’s and Sayona Mining’s day-to-day operations, and significant demands are being, and will continue to be, placed on the managerial, operational and financial personnel and systems of Piedmont and Sayona Mining in connection with efforts to complete the Merger.

While the Merger Agreement is in effect, Piedmont and Sayona Mining are subject to restrictions on their conduct and business activities, which could adversely affect both companies’ business, financial results, financial condition or share price.

Under the Merger Agreement, each of Piedmont and Sayona Mining is subject to a range of restrictions on the conduct of its respective business and generally must operate its business in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice prior to completing the Merger. These restrictions may constrain Piedmont’s and Sayona Mining’s ability to pursue certain business strategies. The restrictions may also prevent Piedmont and Sayona Mining from pursuing otherwise attractive business opportunities, making acquisitions and investments or making other changes to our and its respective businesses prior to the completion of the Merger or the termination of the Merger Agreement. Any such lost opportunities may reduce either or both companies’ competitiveness or efficiency and could lead to an adverse effect on their respective business, financial results, financial condition or share prices.

The Merger Agreement contains restrictions on our ability to pursue alternatives to the Merger, which may limit the value that our stockholders could receive from a transaction.

The Merger Agreement generally prohibits us, subject to certain exceptions, from initiating, soliciting, proposing, knowingly encouraging or otherwise knowingly facilitating any inquiries or the making of any proposal or offer that constitute or would reasonably be expected to lead to any competing transaction proposal. Further, subject to limited exceptions and consistent with applicable law, the Merger Agreement prohibits our Board from changing, withholding, withdrawing, qualifying or modifying, in a manner adverse to Sayona Mining, its recommendation that our stockholders approve the Merger and, in specified circumstances, Sayona Mining has a right to negotiate with us in order to match any competing transaction proposal that may be made. Although our Board is permitted to take certain actions in response to a superior transaction proposal or a competing transaction proposal that would reasonably be expected to result in a superior transaction proposal if it determines that the failure to do so would likely breach its statutory or fiduciary duties under applicable law, in specified situations, we may still be required to pay to Sayona Mining a termination fee of $2.62 million. These provisions may limit our ability to pursue offers from third parties that could result in greater value to our stockholders than they would receive in the Merger. The $2.62 million termination fee may also discourage third parties from pursuing an acquisition proposal with respect to Piedmont.

Piedmont and Sayona Mining may be targets of shareholder class actions or derivative actions, which could result in substantial costs and may delay or prevent the Merger from being completed.

Shareholder class action lawsuits or derivative lawsuits are often brought against companies that have entered into transaction agreements. Such litigation can be costly and time consuming and can create uncertainty. Even if the lawsuits are without merit, defending against these claims can result in substantial costs and divert management time and resources. Additionally, if a plaintiff is successful in obtaining an injunction prohibiting consummation of the Merger, then that injunction may delay or prevent the Merger from being completed. One of the conditions to consummating the Merger is that no governmental entity has issued any order, decree, ruling, injunction or other action that is in effect (whether temporary, preliminary or permanent) restraining, enjoining or otherwise prohibiting the consummation of the Merger. Consequently, if a party secures injunctive or other relief prohibiting, delaying or otherwise adversely affecting Piedmont’s or Sayona Mining’s ability to complete the Merger on the terms contemplated by the Merger Agreement, then such law or injunctive or other relief may prevent consummation of the Merger in a timely manner or at all. These lawsuits also have the potential to negatively impact Piedmont’s or Sayona Mining’s reputation.

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The combined company may not realize all of the anticipated benefits of the Merger.

The combined company may not realize all of the anticipated benefits of the transaction. There is a risk that some or all of the expected benefits of the transaction may fail to materialize, or may not occur within the time periods anticipated by Sayona and Piedmont. The realization of such benefits may be affected by a number of factors, many of which are beyond the control of Sayona and Piedmont. The challenge of integrating previously independent businesses makes evaluating the business and future financial prospects of the combined company following the transaction difficult. Piedmont and Sayona have operated and, until completion of the transaction, will continue to operate, independently. The success of the transaction, including anticipated benefits and cost savings, will depend, in part, on the ability to successfully integrate the operations of both companies in a manner that results in various benefits, including, among other things, the expected optimization of NAL, currently owned 75% by Sayona and 25% by Piedmont, through consolidated offtake economics, complimentary technical capabilities, and material logistics, procurement and marketing synergies with aligned economic interests in pursuing NAL brownfield expansion. The past financial performance of each of Piedmont and Sayona may not be indicative of the future financial performance of the combined company. Piedmont and Sayona have incurred significant financial services, accounting, tax and legal fees in connection with the process of negotiating and evaluating the terms of the transaction. Additional significant unanticipated costs may be incurred in the course of coordinating the businesses of Piedmont and Sayona after completion of the transaction. Even if the transaction is not completed, Piedmont and Sayona will need to pay certain costs relating to the transaction incurred prior to the date the transaction was abandoned, such as financial advisory, accounting, tax, legal, filing and printing fees. Such costs may be significant and could have an adverse effect on the parties’ future results of operations.

Piedmont and Sayona Mining may have difficulty attracting, motivating and retaining executives and other employees in light of the Merger.

Uncertainty about the effect of the Merger on current Piedmont employees and/or Sayona Mining employees may have an adverse effect on the combined company. This uncertainty may impair Piedmont’s ability to attract, retain and motivate personnel until the Merger is completed. Employee retention may be particularly challenging during the pendency of the Merger, as employees may feel uncertain about their future roles with Piedmont after their combination. If large numbers of employees, or a concentration of critical employees of Piedmont, depart because of issues relating to the uncertainty or perceived difficulties of integration or a desire not to become employees of the combined company after the Merger, Piedmont’s ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the Merger could be reduced.

Piedmont will incur significant costs related to the Merger that could have a material adverse effect on its liquidity, cash flows and operating results.

Piedmont expects to incur significant one-time costs in connection with the Merger. These costs have been, and will continue to be, substantial and, in many cases, will be borne by Piedmont whether or not the Merger is completed. A substantial majority of these one-time costs will be transaction-related fees and expenses and include, among others, fees paid to financial, legal, accounting and other professional fees and transition and pre-Merger integration planning-related expenses. While Piedmont expects to be able to fund these one-time costs using existing cash, these costs will negatively impact Piedmont’s liquidity, cash flows and results of operations in the periods in which they are incurred.

Regulatory and Industry Risks

We will be required to obtain governmental permits and approvals in order to conduct development and mining operations, a process that is often costly and time-consuming. There is no certainty that all necessary permits and approvals for our planned operations will be granted.

We are required to obtain and renew governmental permits and approvals for our exploration and development activities, and prior to mining any mineralization we discover, we will be required to obtain additional governmental permits and approvals that we do not currently possess. Obtaining and renewing any of these governmental permits is a complex, time-consuming, and uncertain process involving numerous jurisdictions, public hearings, and possibly costly undertakings. The timeliness and success of permitting efforts are contingent upon many variables not within our control, including the interpretation of approval requirements administered by the applicable governmental authority.

We may not be able to obtain or renew permits or approvals that are necessary to our planned operations, or we may discover that the cost and time required to obtain or renew such permits and approvals exceeds our expectations. Any unexpected delays, costs or conditions associated with the governmental approval process could delay our planned exploration, development, and mining operations, which in turn could materially adversely affect our prospects, revenues, and profitability. In addition, our prospects may be adversely affected by the revocation or suspension of permits or by changes in the scope or conditions to use of any permits obtained.

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For example, in addition to the permits that we have been issued to date, we are required to obtain other permits and approvals before construction or operations of Carolina Lithium, including approvals related to rezoning, mining, mineral concentration, and chemical manufacturing. Such permits include an air permit that would be issued by the Division of Air Quality and rezoning that would be approved by the Gaston County Board of Commissioners. The following permits have been submitted for Carolina Lithium: (i) Prevention of Significant Deterioration Title V Air Permit to the Division of Air Quality on August 31, 2022, and (ii) North Carolina General Stormwater permits for both the conversion plant as well as the mine and concentrator operations.

Private parties frequently attempt to intervene in the permitting process to persuade regulators to deny necessary permits or seek to overturn permits that have been issued. For example, on June 6, 2024, four petitioners with residential or business properties near our permitted Carolina Lithium project filed a Petition for a Contested Case Hearing with the North Carolina Office of Administrative Hearings, challenging DEMLR’s issuance of our mining permit for Carolina Lithium. While the four petitioners voluntarily dismissed without prejudice all claims asserted under their petition on February 3, 2025, we cannot guarantee the petitioners will not attempt to refile the petition in the future. For more information, see Note 19— Commitments and Contingencie s. Third-party actions like these can materially increase the costs, cause delays in the permitting process, and could cause us to not proceed with the development or operation of a property. Our ability to successfully obtain key permits and approvals to explore for, develop, operate, and expand operations will likely depend on our ability to undertake such activities in a manner consistent with the creation of social and economic benefits in the surrounding communities, which may or may not be required by law. Our ability to obtain permits and approvals and to successfully operate in particular communities may be adversely affected by real or perceived detrimental events associated with our activities.

Certain members of the Gaston County Board have indicated opposition to granting the approvals necessary for Carolina Lithium. In September 2021, the Gaston County Board approved updates to the Gaston County Unified Development Ordinance, which in part, established certain operating limitations for new mines and quarries within the county and provides the parameters for requisite Conditional District zoning. While we have initiated a dialog with the Gaston County Board, we are unable to predict the duration, scope, result, or related costs or conditions associated with the Boards’ review, nor can we assure you that we will be successful in obtaining required local approvals.

Lithium and lithium byproduct prices are subject to unpredictable fluctuations which may greatly affect the value of our investment in our lithium assets and our ability to develop them successfully.

The prices of lithium and lithium byproducts may fluctuate widely and are affected by numerous factors beyond our control, including international, economic, and political trends, expectations of inflation, currency exchange fluctuations, interest rates, global and regional consumptive patterns, speculative activities, increased production due to new extraction developments and improved extraction and production methods and technological changes in the markets for the end products. The effect of these factors on the prices of lithium and lithium byproducts, and therefore the economic viability of any of our exploration, development, and operational properties, cannot be accurately predicted and could have dramatic effects on the results of our operations and our ability to execute our business plan.

New production of lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate from current or new competitors in the lithium markets could adversely affect prices. In recent years, new and existing competitors have increased the supply of lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate, which has affected pricing. Further production increases could negatively affect prices. There is limited information on the status of new lithium hydroxide production capacity expansion projects being developed by current and potential competitors and, as such, we cannot make accurate projections regarding the capacities of possible new entrants into the market and the dates on which they could become operational. If these potential projects are completed in the short term, they could adversely affect market lithium prices, thereby resulting in a material adverse effect on the economic feasibility of extracting any mineralization we discover and reducing or eliminating any reserves we identify.

We may not be able to effectively mitigate pricing risks for our products. Depressed pricing for our products will affect the level of revenues expected to be generated by us, which, in turn, could affect our value, share price and the potential value of our assets. There can be no assurance that the price of lithium products will be such that it can be produced at a profit.

The proposed Carolina Lithium project will be subject to significant governmental regulations, including the U.S. Federal Mine Safety and Health Act.

Mining activities in the U.S. are subject to extensive foreign, federal, state, and local laws and regulations governing environmental protection, natural resources, prospecting, development, production, post-closure reclamation, taxes, labor standards, and occupational health and safety laws and regulations, including mine safety, toxic substances, and other matters. The costs associated with compliance with such laws and regulations are substantial. In addition, changes in such laws and regulations, or more restrictive

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interpretations of current laws and regulations by governmental authorities, could result in unanticipated capital expenditures, expenses, or restrictions on or suspensions of our operations and delays in the development of our properties.

Compliance with environmental regulations and litigation based on environmental regulations could require significant expenditures.

Environmental regulations mandate, among other things, the maintenance of air and water quality standards, land development, and land reclamation, and set forth limitations on the generation, transportation, storage, and disposal of solid and hazardous waste. Environmental legislation is evolving in a manner that may require stricter standards and enforcement, increased fines and penalties for non-compliance, more stringent environmental assessments of proposed projects, and a heightened degree of responsibility for mining companies and their officers, directors, and employees. In connection with our current exploration activities or in connection with our prior mining operations, we may incur environmental costs that could have a material adverse effect on the financial condition and results of our operations. Any failure to remedy an environmental problem could require us to suspend operations or enter into interim compliance measures pending completion of the required remedy.

Moreover, governmental authorities and private parties may bring lawsuits based upon damage to property and injury to persons resulting from the environmental, health, and safety impacts of prior and current operations, including operations conducted by other mining companies many years ago at sites located on properties that we currently own or formerly owned. These lawsuits could lead to the imposition of substantial fines, remediation costs, penalties, and other civil and criminal sanctions as well as reputational harm, including damage to our relationships with customers, suppliers, investors, governments, or other stakeholders. Such laws, regulations, enforcement, or private claims may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

Changes in technology or other developments could adversely affect demand for lithium compounds or result in preferences for substitute products.

Lithium and its derivatives are preferred raw materials for certain industrial applications, such as rechargeable batteries. For example, current and future high energy density batteries for use in electric vehicles will rely on lithium compounds as a critical input. The pace of advancements in current battery technologies, development and adoption of new battery technologies that rely on inputs other than lithium compounds, or a delay in the development and adoption of future high nickel battery technologies that utilize lithium hydroxide could significantly impact our prospects and future revenues. Many materials and technologies are being researched and developed with the goal of making batteries lighter, more efficient, faster charging, and less expensive, some of which could be less reliant on lithium hydroxide or other lithium compounds. Some of these technologies, such as commercialized battery technologies that use no, or significantly less, lithium compounds, could be successful and could adversely affect demand for lithium batteries in personal electronics, electric and hybrid vehicles, and other applications. We cannot predict which new technologies may ultimately prove to be commercially viable and on what time horizon. In addition, alternatives to industrial applications dependent on lithium compounds may become more economically attractive as global commodity prices shift. Any of these events could adversely affect demand for and market prices of lithium, thereby resulting in a material adverse effect on the economic feasibility of extracting any mineralization we discover and reducing or eliminating any reserves we identify.

Our growth depends upon the continued growth in demand for electric vehicles with high performance lithium compounds.

We plan to be one of a few producers of performance lithium compounds that are a critical input in current and next generation high energy density batteries used in electric vehicle applications. Our growth is dependent upon the continued adoption of electric vehicles by consumers. If the market for electric vehicles does not develop as we expect, or develops more slowly than we expect, our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations will be affected. The market for electric vehicles is relatively new, rapidly evolving, and could be affected by numerous external factors, such as:

• government regulations and automakers’ responses to these regulations;

• tax and economic incentives;

• rates of consumer adoption, which is driven in part by perceptions about electric vehicle features (including range per charge), quality, safety, performance, cost, and charging infrastructure;

• competition, including from other types of alternative fuel vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and high fuel-economy internal combustion engine vehicles;

• volatility in the cost of battery materials, oil, and gasoline;

• rates of customer adoption of higher performance lithium compounds; and

• rates of development and adoption of next generation high nickel battery technologies.

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Our cash and cash equivalents could be adversely affected if the financial institutions in which we hold our cash and cash equivalents fail.

We maintain cash deposits in accounts that, at times may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits by the FDIC. If one or more of the financial institutions in which we hold cash deposits fails, we could lose all or a portion of our uninsured cash balances. If access to our cash accounts in the future is impaired, whether temporarily or otherwise, we may be unable to pay our operational expenses such as payroll or make other payments. There can be no assurance that the FDIC will take actions to support deposits in excess of existing FDIC insured limits. If banks and financial institutions enter receivership or become insolvent in the future, including the financial institutions in which we, our equity method investments, or our customers hold cash, our and their ability to access existing cash, cash equivalents, and investments may be threatened and could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. In addition, there is a risk that one or more of our current service providers, financial institutions, and other partners may be adversely affected by the foregoing risks, which could directly affect our ability to conduct our business plans on schedule and on budget.

Risks Related to an Investment in Our Common Stock

The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile and may be affected by economic conditions beyond our control.

The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations. For instance, from January 1, 2024, through February 15, 2025, the closing price of our common stock on Nasdaq ranged from as high as $27.88 to as low as $6.58. In addition, the trading volume of our common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of our common stock declines significantly, you may be unable to resell your shares of our common stock at or above the purchase price, if at all. We cannot assure you that the market price of our common stock will not fluctuate or significantly decline in the future.

Some specific factors that could negatively affect the price of our common stock or result in fluctuations in the price and trading volume include:

• actual or expected fluctuations in our prospects or operating results;

• changes in the demand for, or market price of lithium, lithium hydroxide, or lithium-ion batteries;

• additions to or departures of our key personnel;

• changes or proposed changes in laws and regulations;

• changes in trading volume of our common stock on Nasdaq or the ASX;

• sales or perceived potential sales of our common stock by us, our directors, senior management, or our stockholders in the future;

• announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts;

• conditions in the financial markets or changes in general economic and political conditions and events, including repercussions from the wars in Ukraine and the Middle East;

• market conditions or investor sentiment in the broader stock market, or in our industry in particular;

• introduction of new products and services by us or our competitors;

• issuance of new or changed securities analysts’ reports or recommendations;

• litigation and governmental investigations; and

• changes in investor perception of our market position based on third-party information.

When the market price of a stock is volatile, certain holders of that stock may institute securities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock. If any of our stockholders brought a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit or any future securities class litigation that may be brought against us.

We incur significant costs as a result of being publicly traded in the U.S. and Australia.

As a company whose common stock is publicly traded in both the U.S. and Australia, we incur significant legal, accounting, insurance, and other expenses related to compliance with applicable regulations. Our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives, and we may need to continue to add additional personnel and build our internal compliance infrastructure.

Our common stock is publicly traded on the ASX in the form of CDIs. As a result, we must comply with the ASX Listing Rules. We have policies and procedures that we believe are designed to provide reasonable assurance of our compliance with the ASX Listing Rules. If, however, we do not follow those procedures and policies, or they are not sufficient to prevent non-compliance, we could be subject to liability, fines, and lawsuits. These laws, regulations, and standards are subject to varying interpretations, and as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations, and standards, and this investment may result in increased selling, general

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and administrative expenses, and a diversion of management’s time and attention from growth and revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If, notwithstanding our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations, and standards, we fail to comply, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us, and our business may be harmed.

Some provisions of Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may deter third parties from acquiring us or limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide for, among other things:

• a staggered board and restrictions on the ability of our stockholders to fill a vacancy on our Board;

• the authorization of undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued without stockholder approval;

• advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals;

• a requirement that, except as otherwise provided for or fixed with respect to actions required or permitted to be taken by holders of preferred stock, no action that is required or permitted to be taken by the stockholders may be affected by consent of stockholders in lieu of a meeting of stockholders;

• permit the Board to establish the number of directors;

• a provision that the Board is expressly authorized to adopt, amend, or repeal our amended and restated bylaws;

• a provision that stockholders can remove directors only for cause and only upon the approval of not less than 66 2 / 3 % of all outstanding shares of our voting stock;

• a requirement that the approval of not less than 66 2 / 3 % of all outstanding shares of our voting stock to adopt, amend, or repeal certain provisions of our bylaws and certificate of incorporation; and

• limit the jurisdictions in which certain stockholder litigation may be brought.

These anti-takeover defenses could discourage, delay, or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of our company. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for stockholders to elect directors of their choosing and cause us to take other corporate actions than desired.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for any complaint asserting any internal corporate claims (including claims in the right of the Company that are based upon a violation of a duty by a current or former director, officer, employee, or stockholder in such capacity, or as to which the Delaware General Corporation Law confers jurisdiction upon the Court of Chancery) or a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. This provision shall not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees. If a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business. For example, under the Securities Act, federal courts have concurrent jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act, and investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

We do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future.

We have not declared any dividends during the years ended December 31, 2024, or 2023, and do not anticipate that we will do so in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the development of our business. Dividends, if any, on our outstanding shares of common stock will be declared by and subject to the discretion of the Board on the basis of our earnings, financial requirements, and other relevant factors. As a result, a return on your investment will only occur if our common stock price appreciates. We cannot assure you that our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchase shares of our common stock. You may not realize a return on your investment in our common stock, and you may even lose your entire investment in our common stock. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our common stock as a source for any future dividend income.

If U.S. securities or industry analysts do not publish research reports about our business, or if they issue an adverse opinion about our business, the market price and trading volume of our common stock could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that U.S. securities or industry analysts publish about us and our business. Securities and industry analysts may discontinue research on us, to the extent such coverage currently exists, or in other cases, may never publish research on us. If no, or too few, U.S. securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our Company, the trading price for our common stock would likely be negatively affected. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price of our common stock would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which might cause our

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price and trading volume to decline. In addition, research and reports that Australian securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business, or our common stock may impact the market price of our common stock.

Unstable market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business and financial condition.

Global credit and financial markets have experienced extreme disruptions at various points over the last few decades, characterized by diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, and uncertainty about economic stability. If another such disruption in credit and financial markets and deterioration of confidence in economic conditions occurs, our business may be adversely affected. If the equity and credit markets were to deteriorate significantly in the future, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to complete, more costly, and more dilutive. Failure to secure any necessary financing in a timely manner and on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy, financial performance, and share price and could require us to delay or abandon development or commercialization plans. In addition, there is a risk that one or more of our service providers, manufacturers, or other partners would not survive or be able to meet their commitments to us under such circumstances, which could directly affect our ability to attain our operating goals on schedule and on budget.

Sales of our common stock, or the perception that such sales may occur, could depress the price of our common stock.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur, could depress the market price of our common stock. We have filed a registration statement registering under the Securities Act the shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under our Stock Incentive Plan, including shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options. These shares can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to volume limitations applicable to affiliates. Further, as opportunities present themselves, we may enter into financing or similar arrangements in the future, including the issuance of debt or equity securities. If we issue common stock or securities convertible into our common stock, our common stockholders would experience additional dilution, and as a result, the price of our common stock may decline.

Item 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report particularly those in the sections entitled “Risk Factors,” “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Disclosure of Mineral Properties.”

This management’s discussion and analysis is a supplement to our consolidated financial statements, including notes, referenced elsewhere in this Annual Report and is provided to enhance your understanding of our operations and financial condition. This discussion contains estimates and, due to rounding, may not sum or calculate precisely to the totals and percentages provided in the tables.

Cautionary Note to Investors

In the U.S., we are governed by the Exchange Act, including Regulation S-K 1300 thereunder. Sayona Mining and Atlantic Lithium, however, are not governed by the Exchange Act and from time-to-time report estimates of “measured,” “indicated,” and “inferred” mineral resources as such terms are used in the JORC Code. In March 2022, our partner, Sayona Mining, published a JORC Code mineral resource estimate update for Authier, and most recently published a JORC Code mineral resource estimate update for NAL in August 2024. Although S-K 1300 and the JORC Code have similar goals in terms of conveying an appropriate level of confidence in the disclosures being reported, they at times embody different approaches or definitions. The technical report summaries for Authier and NAL, attached as Exhibits 96.2 and 96.3, respectively, to this Annual Report are compliant with S-K 1300. Consequently, investors are cautioned that public disclosures of measures prepared in accordance with the JORC Code may not be comparable to similar information made public by companies subject to S-K 1300 and the other reporting and disclosure requirements under the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

Executive Overview & Strategy

We are a U.S.-based, development-stage company advancing a multi-asset, integrated lithium business in support of a clean energy economy and U.S. and global energy security. We plan to supply lithium hydroxide to the electric vehicle and battery manufacturing supply chains in North America by processing spodumene concentrate produced from assets we own or in which we have an economic interest.

Since 2021, electric vehicle and battery companies have announced significant commitments to build new or expanded manufacturing operations across the U.S., which are expected to drive domestic demand for lithium far beyond current or projected capacity over the next decade. Piedmont Lithium, as a U.S.-based company, is well positioned to benefit from federal policies and funding established to facilitate the expedited development of a robust domestic supply chain and clean energy economy, while strengthening national and global energy security. Manufacturing facilities for electric vehicles, batteries, and related components are typically constructed in two to three years; however, the development of lithium resources from exploration to production requires a much longer time frame. We believe this prolonged time frame for resource development poses the greatest challenge to the emerging electrification industry and highlights the critical role of lithium producers.

To support growing U.S. lithium demand, we have spent the past eight years developing a portfolio of three key projects: wholly-owned Carolina Lithium in North Carolina, and strategic investments in Quebec, Canada, with Sayona Quebec’s NAL, and in Ghana, with Atlantic Lithium’s Ewoyaa project. NAL began supplying spodumene concentrate to the market in the third quarter of 2023 and reached a steady run rate in the second quarter of 2024. Carolina Lithium is being developed as a fully integrated spodumene ore-to-lithium hydroxide project. During the third quarter of 2024, we made the decision to shift Tennessee Lithium’s planned annual production capacity of 30,000 metric tons of lithium hydroxide to Carolina Lithium via a second production train in a phased development approach, which would allow Carolina Lithium to produce up to 60,000 metric tons of lithium hydroxide annually. Consolidating our U.S. lithium hydroxide production strategy positions Piedmont to leverage our foundational Carolina Lithium project and deploy capital and technical resources more efficiently.

Our current plan to produce an estimated 60,000 metric tons per year of domestic lithium hydroxide would be significantly accretive to today’s total estimated U.S. annual production capacity of approximately 20,000 metric tons per year. Our lithium hydroxide capacity and revenue generation are expected to be supported by production of, or offtake rights to, approximately 525,000 metric tons of spodumene concentrate annually.

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Our projects and strategic investments are being developed on a measured timeline based on prevailing market conditions to manage near-term cash while optimizing future cash flow and long-term value maximization. The development timelines are also subject to permitting, regulatory approvals, funding, and successful project execution.

As we continue to advance our goal of becoming one of the leading manufacturers of lithium products in North America, we expect to capitalize on our competitive strengths, including our life-of-mine offtake agreement with Sayona Quebec, scale and diversification of lithium resources, advantageous locations of projects and assets, access to a variety of funding options, opportunities to leverage our greenfield projects, and a highly experienced management team. Advancements toward this effort are highlighted below.

Highlights of Corporate and Project Advancements

Piedmont Lithium

We continue to engage in activities to strengthen our financial position and business strategy, including decisions to drive prudent capital deployment and cost savings that preserve assets within our portfolio of projects and strategic investments.

Recent highlights include:

• In 2024, Piedmont sold approximately 116,700 dmt of spodumene concentrate and recognized $99.9 million in revenue with a realized sales price of $856 per dmt and a realized costs of sales of $763 per dmt.

• In September 2024, we entered into a working capital facility, whereby we may borrow up to $25.0 million based on the value of committed volumes of spodumene concentrate occurring within a twelve-month period. Prepayments, or borrowings, are credited against the outstanding prepayment balance at the time the vessel has completed loading. Interest is payable quarterly at the rate of SOFR plus 2.4%. The Credit Facility expires on September 11, 2027 with an option to extend to December 31, 2028. See Note 14 — Debt Obligations to the audited consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report .

• In the fourth quarter of 2024, we completed our 2024 Cost Savings Plan with $14 million in annual cost savings achieved during the year. To achieve these savings, we reduced our workforce by 62% and lowered third-party spending consisting primarily of professional fees and other operating costs. We recorded $5.8 million in severance and restructuring related costs in 2024. We also achieved significant reductions in capital expenditures and investments in and advances to affiliates in 2024 as part of our cost savings efforts. We are carrying our cost and investment discipline into 2025 as we weather the current lithium market downcycle.

• During the third quarter of 2024, we streamlined our U.S. lithium hydroxide production plans in favor of deploying capital and technical resources more efficiently by shifting our proposed Tennessee Lithium conversion capacity to Carolina Lithium. We plan to leverage Carolina Lithium by adding a second lithium hydroxide production train as part of a phased development approach to produce 60,000 metric tons of lithium hydroxide annually.

Lithium Projects

Quebec

As of December 31, 2024, we owned an equity interest of 25% in Sayona Quebec. Sayona Mining owned the remaining 75% equity interest in Sayona Quebec. Sayona Quebec owns a portfolio of projects, which includes NAL, Authier, Tansim, and Vallée. We hold a life-of-mine offtake agreement with Sayona Quebec for the greater of 113,000 dmt or 50% of spodumene concentrate production per year. Our purchases of spodumene concentrate are subject to a price floor of $500 per dmt and a price ceiling of $900 per dmt for 6.0% Li 2 O spodumene concentrate.

Recent highlights include:

• During 2024, NAL achieved record production of 193,162 dmt of spodumene concentrate, shipped approximately 84,100 dmt to third parties, and sold approximately 116,700 dmt to Piedmont.

• Production at NAL increased 96% in 2024 as compared to 2023. With the commissioning of the crushed ore dome in the second quarter of 2024, mill utilization increased to 90% in the fourth quarter of 2024, which is an increase of 20% from the fourth quarter of 2023.

• During the third quarter of 2024, Sayona Mining announced an increase to the mineral resources estimate at NAL, which included a significant increase to the mineral resources in the measured & indicated categories in accordance with JORC Code requirements.

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Ghana

As of December 31, 2024, we owned an equity interest of approximately 5% in Atlantic Lithium. We have a right to acquire a 50% equity interest in Atlantic Lithium Ghana, which includes Atlantic Lithium’s flagship Ewoyaa project, located approximately 70 miles from the Port of Takoradi in Ghana, West Africa. We hold an offtake agreement with Atlantic Lithium for 50% of annual production of spodumene concentrate at market prices on a life-of-mine basis from Ewoyaa.

Recent highlights include:

• In July 2024, the application to grant the Ewoyaa mining lease was submitted to the Ghanaian parliament to undergo the ratification process. The mining lease remains subject to parliamentary ratification as of the date of this Annual Report.

• In September 2024, Ghana’s Environmental Protections Agency granted an environmental permit to the Ewoyaa project.

• In October 2024, the Ghanaian Minerals Commission issued a Mine Operating Permit for the Ewoyaa project. The receipt of the permit marked an important milestone in achieving the regulatory approvals required to commence project construction. The project, however, remains subject to ratification of the mining lease by the Ghanaian Parliament, ongoing design work, additional regulatory approvals, prevailing market conditions, and project financing.

Carolina Lithium

Carolina Lithium is located in the historic Carolina Tin-Spodumene Belt and is being designed as a fully integrated project with mining, spodumene concentrate production, and lithium hydroxide manufacturing on a single site in Gaston County, North Carolina. At full production, Carolina Lithium is expected to produce 60,000 metric tons of lithium hydroxide annually.

Based on our current technical studies, we expect Carolina Lithium to be a low-cost producer of spodumene concentrate and lithium hydroxide and a key contributor to U.S. energy security. The project should benefit from high-quality infrastructure, minimal transportation distances, low energy costs, a deep local talent pool, and proximity to cathode and battery customers as well as by-product markets. The competitive corporate tax regime offered in the U.S., the absence of material royalties, and the benefits inherent in the IRA are also expected provide advantages to the project.

Management is actively engaging in discussions with potential strategic partners who have expressed interest in project-level funding for Carolina Lithium. Our goal through the partnership process is to advance the project through ongoing permitting and rezoning activities. We are considering the timing of the local rezoning process, which is dependent upon our funding strategy, potential partnerships, project development plans, and market dynamics. Engagement continues with community stakeholders, including the Gaston County Board of Commissioners in North Carolina. The Carolina Lithium funding strategy also includes potential government financing options.

In May 2024, we received the finalized mining permit for the construction, operation, and reclamation of Carolina Lithium following the posting of a $1 million reclamation bond to the state of North Carolina. The NCDEQ approved the permit application on April 12, 2024.

In October 2024, the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued final rules for the IRA’s manufacturing credit (45X) with modifications intended to drive critical mineral processing in the U.S. The new rules support the application of a 10% manufacturing credit to direct and indirect material costs, which could materially improve the economics of U.S. projects like Carolina Lithium.

Tennessee Lithium

Tennessee Lithium was planned as a merchant lithium hydroxide manufacturing plant to produce 30,000 metric tons per year of lithium hydroxide. As part of our streamlined U.S. production strategy, we converted our proposed Tennessee Lithium project plans to a second lithium hydroxide train as part of a phased development approach for Carolina Lithium. The combined conversion facilities should allow us to significantly increase U.S. lithium hydroxide production capacity while deploying capital and technical resources more efficiently.

Killick Lithium

As of December 31, 2024, we owned an equity interest of approximately 20% in Vinland Lithium, which is a Canadian-based entity jointly owned with Sokoman Minerals and Benton Resources. Vinland Lithium owns Killick Lithium, which owns a large exploration

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property prospective for lithium located in southern Newfoundland, Canada. As of December 31, 2024, we have investe d $2.6 million in Killick Lithium.

As part of our earn-in agreement with Vinland Lithium, we have the right to acquire up to a 62.5% equity interest in Killick Lithium through staged investments, which may be paid in cash or shares of our common stock. As part of our investment in Vinland Lithium, we entered into a marketing agreement with Killick Lithium for 100% marketing rights and the right of first refusal to purchase 100% of all lithium products produced by Killick Lithium on a life-of-mine basis at competitive market prices.

Market Outlook

The demand for electric vehicles continues to grow as many jurisdictions around the world have legislated the shifting of new car fleets away from internal combustion engines and toward electric vehicles. These electric vehicles will use batteries, nearly all of which are expected to be lithium-based batteries. Our strategy is to develop resources and processing capabilities that support the opportunity to meet the demands of our customers across the electric vehicle supply chain. Car manufacturers have committed significant capital investments totaling more than $1 trillion across the electric vehicle supply chain to electrify their fleets. Many of the major car manufacturers have plans to build facilities in the U.S. to produce both lithium-ion batteries and electric vehicles that will require a supply of lithium products.

Lithium products are expected to be in a supply deficit in the coming years due to the projected adaption to electric vehicles as presented in the graph below:

Source: Benchmark Mineral Intelligence Q4 Forecast - December 2024.

The outlook for global sales of new electric vehicles (units in millions) and the global penetration rate of new electric vehicles sold compared to total new vehicles sold are presented in the table below:

Sales of new electric vehicles

Penetration rate

Note: Periods in the tables above are calendar year periods.

Source: Benchmark Mineral Intelligence Q4 Forecast - December 2024.

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Components of our Results of Operations

Revenue

We recognize revenue from product sales at a point in time when performance obligations are satisfied under the terms of contracts with our customers. A performance obligation is deemed to be satisfied when control of the product is transferred to our customer, which is typically upon delivery to the shipping carrier. Where a contract contains more than one distinct performance obligation, the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on the standalone selling price of each performance obligation, although these situations do not occur frequently and are generally not built into our contracts. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration expected to be received in exchange for transferring the products to our customers. Some contracts contain prepayment provisions which allow the customer to secure the right to receive their requested product volumes in a future period. Revenue from these contracts is initially deferred, thus creating a contract liability. Initial pricing is typically billed 5 days to 30 days after the departure of the shipment and is paid between 15 days to 75 days after the departure of the shipment. Final adjustments to prices may take longer to resolve. When the final price has not been resolved by the end of a reporting period, we estimate the expected sales price based on the initial price, market pricing, and known quality measurements. We warrant to our customers that our products conform to mutually agreed product specifications.

Exploration Costs

We incur costs in resource exploration, evaluation, and development during the different phases of our resource development projects. Exploration costs incurred before the declaration of proven and probable mineral reserves, which primarily include exploration, drilling, engineering, metallurgical testwork, site-specific reclamation, and compensation for employees associated with exploration activities, are expensed as incurred. After proven and probable mineral reserves are declared, exploration and mine development costs necessary to bring the property to commercial capacity or increase the capacity or useful life are capitalized.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses relate to overhead costs, such as employee compensation and benefits for corporate management and office staff including accounting, legal, human resources, and other support personnel, professional service fees, insurance, and costs associated with maintaining our corporate headquarters. Included in employee compensation costs are cash and stock-based compensation expenses.

Restructuring and Impairment Charges

Restructuring, impairment, and other exit costs represent expenses incurred in connection with certain cost reduction programs that we have implemented, and consists of the costs of asset impairments, employee termination costs, lease and other contract termination charges and other costs of exiting activities. A liability for costs associated with an exit or disposal activity is measured at its fair value when the liability is incurred. Expenses for one-time termination benefits are recognized at the date the employee is notified, unless the employee must provide future service, in which case the benefits are expensed ratably over the future service period. Liabilities related to termination of an operating lease or contract are measured and recognized at fair value when the contract does not have any future economic benefit to the entity and the fair value of the liability is determined based on the present value of the remaining lease obligations, adjusted for the effects of deferred items recognized under the lease, and reduced by estimated sublease rentals that could be reasonably obtained for the property. The assumptions in determining such estimates include anticipated timing of sublease rentals and estimates of sublease rental receipts and related costs based on market conditions. All other costs related to an exit or disposal activity are expensed as incurred. Refer to Note 6— Restructuring and Impairment for further information.

Loss From Equity Method Investments

Loss from equity method investments reflects our proportionate share of the net income (loss) resulting from our current and legacy investments in Sayona Mining, Sayona Quebec, Vinland Lithium, and Atlantic Lithium. Investments recorded under the equity method are adjusted each period, on a one-quarter lag, for our share of each investee’s income (loss). If a decline in the value of an equity method investment is determined to be other than temporary, we record any related impairment as a component of our share of earnings or losses of the equity method investee in the current period. Our equity method investments are an integral and integrated part of our ongoing operations. We have determined this justifies a more meaningful and transparent presentation of our proportional share of income (loss) in our equity method investments as a component of our income (loss) from operations.

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Other Income (Loss)

Other income (loss) consists of interest income, interest expense, foreign currency exchange gain (loss), gain (loss) on equity securities, gain (loss) on sale of assets, and gain (loss) on sale of equity method investments. Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents. Interest expense consists of interest incurred on long-term debt related to noncash acquisitions of mining interests financed by sellers for Carolina Lithium as well as interest incurred for lease liabilities. Foreign currency exchange gain (loss) primarily relates to our foreign bank accounts denominated in Canadian dollars and Australian dollars and marketable securities denominated in Australian dollars. Gain (loss) on equity securities relates to realized and unrealized gains (losses) of our investments in marketable and equity securities. Gain (loss) on sale of assets primarily relates to our sale or disposal of property, plant and mine development assets. Gain (loss) on sale of equity method investments relates to our reduction in ownership in Sayona Mining and Atlantic Lithium due to: (i) gain (loss) on dilution due to their issuance of additional shares through public offerings and employee stock compensation grants while they were accounted for under the equity method, and; (ii) gain (loss) on the sale of shares of our equity method investments.

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

Years Ended December 31,

(in thousands)

$ Change

% Change

Revenue

Costs of sales

Gross profit

Gross profit margin

Exploration costs

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Total operating expenses

(Loss) income from equity method investments

Restructuring and impairment charges

Loss from operations

Other (expense) income

Loss before taxes

Income tax (benefit) expense

Net loss

* Not meaningful.

Revenue

Revenue increased $60.1 million , or 150.8% , to $99.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $39.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 . Sales volume of spodumene concentrate increased approximately 73,400 dmt, or 169.5% , to approximately 116,700 dmt in the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to approximately 43,300 dmt in the year ended December 31, 2023 . The increase in revenue was due to the increase in sales volume as sales of spodumene concentrate commenced in September 2023. All revenue was generated from sales of spodumene concentrate, which was produced at NAL and purchased as part of our purchase offtake agreement with Sayona Quebec.

Our realized prices were $856 per dmt of spodumene concentrate (approximately 5.4% Li 2 O grade) and $920 per dmt of spodumene concentrate (approximately 5.5% Li 2 O grade) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decline in lithium prices resulted in realized prices declining $64 per dmt, or 6.9% , in the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 .

Realized price is the average estimated price, net of certain distribution and other fees, and includes referenced pricing data up to December 31, 2024 and 2023 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively , and may be subject to final adjustment. For certain contracts, the final adjusted price may be higher or lower than the average estimated realized price based on future market price movements . For contracts where final pricing has yet to be determined, we estimate the final sales price based on expected market conditions and known quality measurements for purposes of revenue recognition and disclosure of realized prices. Any adjustments to the sales price will be reflected in subsequent periods.

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Gross Profit and Gross Profit Margin

Gross profit increased $5.1 million , or 90.1%, to $10.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $5.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 . Gross profit margin declined to 10.8% in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to 14.3% in the year ended December 31, 2023 . The increase in gross profit was due to a full year of sales volume in the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to four months of sales volume in the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in gross profit margin was due to the decline in lithium prices as part of the continued lithium market downturn as well as our preferential offtake agreement which includes a price ceiling of $900 per dmt for 6.0% Li 2 O spodumene concentrate. Our cost of sales was at the $900 ceiling price for the year ended December 31, 2023 and for the first half of the year ended December 31, 2024, which drove higher gross profit margins during these time periods.

Our realized costs of sales were $763 per dmt of spodumene concentrate and $789 per dmt of spodumene concentrate in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively . Realized costs of sales is the average costs of sales based on our offtake pricing agreement with Sayona Quebec for the purchase of spodumene concentrate at a market price subject to a floor of $500 per dmt and a ceiling of $900 per dmt, with adjustments for product grade, and freight.

Exploration Costs

Exploration costs decreased $1.8 million , or 95.0%, to $0.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $1.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in exploration costs was primarily driven by a decrease in exploration and engineering activities related to new project targets. As part of our 2024 Cost Savings Plan, we have substantially reduced, or in certain cases eliminated, exploration costs in response to the lithium market downturn.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $4.6 million , or 10.7%, to $38.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $43.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to cost savings recognized as part of our 2024 Cost Savings Plan, which included lower professional and consulting fees and lower employee compensation costs and travel costs in connection with our workforce reduction during 2024. Partially offsetting the decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses was an increase associated with professional and consulting fees for our pending Merger with Sayona Mining totaling $6.9 million and $1.3 million in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense included in selling, general and administrative expenses was $8.0 million and $9.4 million in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(Loss) Income from Equity Method Investments

Loss from equity method investments increased $18.0 million to a loss of $17.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to income of $0.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2023. The loss of from equity method investments of $17.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 reflects our proportionate share of loss resulting from our equity investments in Sayona Mining, Sayona Quebec, Atlantic Lithium, and Vinland Lithium. The income from equity method investments of $0.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 reflects our proportionate share of income from Sayona Quebec, partially offset by our proportionate share of net loss from Sayona Mining, and Atlantic Lithium as well as an impairment charge of $2.2 million related to our investment in Sayona Mining. Our interest in Vinland Lithium was acquired in October 2023. See Note 11— Equity Method Investments for further information on our equity method investments.

Restructuring and Impairment Charges

We initiated our 2024 Cost Savings Plan in the first quarter of 2024. As part of our 2024 Cost Savings Plan, we recognized restructuring and impairment charges of $9.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2024. Restructuring and impairment charges consisted of $4.1 million in impairment charges related to land, capitalized construction and development costs, and other fixed assets related to Tennessee Lithium, $2.5 million in severance and employee benefits costs, $0.9 million in exit costs related to the planned exit of our monofill disposal facility in Etowah, Tennessee, and the consolidation of our corporate office to a single location in Belmont, North Carolina, $2.2 million in stock-based compensation related to accelerated vesting of certain stock-based compensation awards in connection with our workforce reduction, and $0.1 million in other restructuring related expenses. There were no restructuring or impairment charges in the year ended December 31, 2023.

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Other (Expense) Income

Other (expense) income increased $32.9 million, or 159.0%, to other expense of $12.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to other income of $20.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in other expense was driven by our loss on sale of equity method investments related to Sayona Mining of $17.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to a gain on dilution related to Sayona Mining of $17.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2023. Other expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 also included a loss on the sale of assets of $0.8 million. The current year loss was partially offset by a gain on sale of equity method investments related to Atlantic Lithium of $3.1 million, and an unrealized gain on mark-to-market securities of $0.8 million. Interest income decreased $0.8 million primarily due to lower cash balances and interest expense increased $1.0 million primarily due to higher debt balances.

Income Tax (Benefit) Expense

Income tax benefit was $3.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to income tax expense of $3.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 . The increase in income tax benefit was mainly due to the tax benefit generated from the loss on equity investments related to the sale of our entire equity interest in Sayona Mining in the year ended December 31, 2024.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

As of December 31, 2024, our principal sources of liquidity were cash and cash equivalents of $87.8 million and a fully-utilized Credit Facility totaling $25.0 million. Cash and cash equivalents consisted of institutional insured liquid deposits and cash deposit accounts. The vast majority of our cash and cash equivalents were held in the U.S. and covered by FDIC insured limits. Our predominant source of cash to date has been generated through equity financing from issuances of our common stock. We have a universal shelf registration statement which allows us to issue up to $500 million of securities as of December 31, 2024, and expires on September 26, 2027. During the second quarter of 2024, we entered into an ATM Program with a registered agent for potential, future issuances of our common stock under our shelf registration statement. As of the date of this filing, we have not issued common stock under our ATM Program. There are many factors that could significantly impact our ability to raise funds through equity and debt financing as well as influence the timing of future cash flows.

Our primary uses of cash during the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of: (i) settlement payments totaling $29.2 million in the first half of 2024 associated with spot shipment sales of spodumene concentrate in 2023 as a result of a decline in lithium prices; (ii) equity investments in Sayona Quebec mainly for capital expenditures at NAL related to the completion of a crushed ore dome and finalization of its operational restart totaling $15.0 million; (iii) advances to Atlantic Lithium primarily for exploration and evaluation activities, certain development activities, and permitting and approval activities related to our investment in Ewoyaa totaling $10.6 million; (iv) capital expenditures primarily related to engineering costs of $4.5 million for Tennessee Lithium; (v) development expenditures of $2.9 million and purchases of real property and associated mining interests of $3.2 million associated with Carolina Lithium; (vi) cash expenditures associated with our 2024 Cost Savings Plan of $2.6 million; and (vii) general and administrative costs related to our corporate expenses.

On September 11, 2024, we entered into a Credit Facility that enables us to borrow up to $25.0 million. The Credit Facility expires on September 11, 2027 but may be extended through December 31, 2028. Borrowings are based on future, committed volumes of spodumene concentrate. Interest is payable quarterly at the rate of SOFR plus 2.4%. In the event we experience a material change in creditworthiness, the lender has the right to modify the payment terms of the Credit Facility including acceleration of repayment up to the full amount of any outstanding borrowings.

During the first quarter of 2024, we initiated the 2024 Cost Savings Plan to reduce annual operating spend by $10.0 million mainly within our corporate expenses, defer capital spending to 2025 and beyond, and limit cash investments in and advances to affiliates. We achieved our $10 million annual run-rate target during the second quarter of 2024 through a 28% workforce reduction in the first quarter of 2024 and lowering of third-party spending consisting primarily of professional fees and other operating costs. Due to the prolonged lithium market downturn, we expanded our 2024 Cost Savings Plan and further reduced our workforce, including operational and corporate staff, by 32% in October 2024 and expect to achieve an additional $4 million in annual savings for a total of $14 million in annual costs savings. As part of our 2024 Cost Savings Plan, we reduced our total workforce by 62% and recorded $5.8 million in severance and restructuring related costs in the year ended December 31, 2024. We completed our 2024 Cost Savings Plan during the fourth quarter of 2024. See Note 6— Restructuring and Impairment to the audited consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report for additional information regarding restructuring charges.

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To bolster our cash position and further strengthen our balance sheet, we monetized certain non-core assets during the year ended December 31, 2024. During the first quarter of 2024, we sold our common stock holdings in Sayona Mining and a portion of our common stock holdings in Atlantic Lithium for net proceeds totaling $49.1 million. The sale of our equity interests had no impact on our joint ventures or offtake rights with either Sayona Quebec and its NAL operations or the Ewoyaa project with Atlantic Lithium.

Cash and cash equivalents increased $16.1 million, or 22.5%, to $87.8 million as of December 31, 2024 as compared to $71.7 million as of December 31, 2023.

Liquidity Outlook

Our planned cash expenditures for the next twelve months primarily relate to: (i) working capital requirements mainly associated with purchases of spodumene concentrate from NAL and our corporate costs, (ii) continued equity investments in Sayona Quebec for NAL; (iii) continued cash advances to Atlantic Lithium for Ewoyaa; and (iv) real property and associated mineral rights acquisition costs for Carolina Lithium; and (v) costs associated with our planned Merger with Sayona Mining.

In 2025, we plan to deliver customer shipments of spodumene concentrate totaling 113,000 dmt to 130,000 dmt and fund capital expenditures totaling $6.0 million to $9.0 million and investments in and advances to affiliates totaling $7.0 million to $13.0 million. These full-year funding ranges reflect a substantial decrease in capital expenditures and joint venture funding compared to the full-year 2024. Our outlook for planned capital expenditures and investments in and advances to affiliates is subject to market conditions.

As of December 31, 2024, we have entered into land option agreements in North Carolina totaling $13.7 million with current payment schedules as follows: $7.1 million in 2025, $6.4 million in 2026, $0.02 million in 2027, $0.02 million in 2028, and $0.2 million thereafter. These amounts do not include closing costs such as attorneys’ fees, taxes, and commissions. We are not obligated to exercise our land option agreements, and we are able to cancel our land acquisition contracts, at our option with de minimis cancellation costs, during the contract option period. Due to current market conditions, we expect to defer to 2026 and beyond the purchase of the majority of our land option agreements coming due in 2025. If we are unsuccessful in deferring certain land purchases, we may decide to cancel certain option agreements for land purchases. We are evaluating these option agreements, and the decision to exercise will be influenced by market conditions and other relevant factors that align with our Company’s long-term growth strategy. Certain land option agreements and land acquisition contracts become binding upon commencement of construction for Carolina Lithium. We terminated our agreements to acquire land in Tennessee during the third quarter of 2024.

Based on our operating plan, which includes our fully implemented 2024 Cost Savings Plan and ongoing access to and utilization of the Credit Facility discussed above, we believe our cash on hand will be sufficient to fund our operations and meet our obligations as they come due for the twelve months following the date our consolidated financial statements are issued. Additionally, we expect to finance our future cash requirements, including the funding of our lithium projects, through a combination of strategic partnerships, non-core asset sales, equity offerings, and debt financings. Our operating plan and expectation of future financings include estimates and assumptions that may prove to be wrong or may need to modified due many factors, including lithium pricing. As a result, we could deplete our capital resources sooner than we currently expect. No assurances can be given that any additional cost reduction strategies or anticipated funding would be sufficient to meet our needs.

We are evaluating a range of funding options to fund our share of project capital and maintaining a critical focus on funding options that would be non-dilutive to Piedmont Lithium’s shareholders. We plan to utilize two main funding strategies for the construction of Carolina Lithium including an ATVM loan (upon a successful application and receipt of loan from the DOE’s Loan Programs Office) and a strategic partnering process. Construction of Carolina Lithium is not planned to commence until project financing has been finalized. We have mandated a financial advisor as part of our funding strategy for our share of development capital for Ewoyaa. Our strategy includes the offering of a long-term offtake agreement in exchange for funding to support our capital contribution on a non-dilutive basis to our shareholders.

Our long-term success is dependent upon our ability to successfully raise additional capital or financing or enter into strategic partnership opportunities. Our long-term success is also dependent upon our ability to obtain certain permits and approvals, develop our planned portfolio of projects, earn revenues, and achieve profitability. If we are unable to obtain funding, we would be forced to delay, reduce, or eliminate some or all of our exploration and development activities and joint ventures, which could adversely affect our business prospects and ultimately our ability to operate.

Currently, there are no plans for future cash distributions from any of our equity method investments.

Historically, we have been successful raising cash through equity financing. If we were to issue additional shares of our common stock, it would result in dilution to our existing shareholders. No assurances can be given that any additional financings would be

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available in amounts sufficient to meet our needs or on terms that would be acceptable to us. See Part I, Item 1A, “ Risk Factors ” in this Annual Report.

Cash Flows

The following table is a condensed schedule of cash flows provided as part of the discussion of liquidity and capital resources:

(in thousands)

Years Ended December 31,

Net cash provided by (used in):

Operating activities

Investing activities

Financing activities

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Operating activities used $42.9 million and provided $1.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, resulting in an increase in cash used by operating activities of $44.5 million. The increase was mainly due to an increase of $46.1 million in working capital outflows, primarily driven by $29.2 million in settlement payments in 2024 associated with spot shipment sales of spodumene concentrate in 2023 as a result of a decline in lithium prices. In addition, we had an decrease in net loss of $1.7 million, net of certain noncash items including gain (loss) on sale of equity method investments, impairment of fixed assets, loss from sale of assets, loss from equity method investments, stock compensation expense, gain on marketable securities, and deferred taxes.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Investing activities provided $12.7 million and used $99.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, resulting in an increase in cash provided by investing activities of $112.0 million. The increase was due to (i) the receipt of $49.1 million in net proceeds from the sale of our entire equity interest in Sayona Mining and the partial sale of our equity interest in Atlantic Lithium, (ii) a decrease in capital expenditures of $46.0 million, and (iii) a decrease in contributions to equity investments of $18.3 million. Partially offsetting the decrease in cash used for investing activities was an increase in cash advances totaling $1.5 million to Atlantic Lithium and Vinland Lithium for project advances to Ewoyaa and Killick Lithium, respectively.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Financing activities provided $46.3 million and $70.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, resulting in a decrease in cash provided by investing activities of $23.9 million. The decrease in cash from financing activities was driven by a $46.5 million decrease in net cash proceeds from issuances of our common stock in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. In February 2023, we received net proceeds of $71.1 million from LG Chem in exchange for 1,096,535 shares of our common stock in conjunction with a multi-year spodumene concentrate offtake agreement. In November 2024, we received net proceeds of $24.6 million through a private placement of 2,380,953 shares of our common stock. In addition, payments to tax authorities for employee share-based compensation and payments on debt and financing arrangements increased $0.4 million and $2.0 million, respectively, compared to the prior year period. These decreases were partially offset by an net increase of $25.0 million in proceeds from the Credit Facility.

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Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2024 that we believe will affect cash over the next five years and thereafter:

(in thousands)

Less than

1 Year

1-3 Years

3-5 Years

Thereafter

Total

Contractual obligations

Debt obligations

Lease liabilities

Although we have entered into certain offtake supply agreements, purchase obligations from our customers are defined as purchase agreements that are enforceable and legally binding and specify all significant terms, including quantity, price, and the approximate timing of the transaction. Our obligations to fulfill supply agreements do not meet these criteria and are therefore not reflected in the table above.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

In 2023, we purchased a 132-acre disposal facility adjacent to the proposed Tennessee Lithium plant site for the placement of inert tailings produced as part of the innovative alkaline pressure leach process. The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation requires that closure and post-closure obligations of the disposal facility be covered by a surety bond. Surety bonds securing closure and post-closure obligations at December 31, 2024 and 2023 totaled $ 3.3 million and $ 3.2 million , respectively.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP . The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are described in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report, we believe that the following critical accounting policies are most important to understanding and evaluating our reported financial results.

Revenue

For certain of our sales of spodumene concentrate, customer contracts allow for pricing based on a period of time subsequent to shipping, which in most cases is within the following four months. In such cases, revenue is recorded at a provisional price at the time of shipment. Provisionally priced sales are adjusted to reflect market prices at the end of each month until a final adjustment is made to the price of the shipments upon settlement with customers pursuant to the terms of the contract.

Stock-based Compensation

The Leadership and Compensation Committee generally grants stock-based awards in the first quarter of each year. The Leadership and Compensation Committee does not have any programs, plans, or practices of timing these awards in coordination with the release of material non-public information. We have not backdated, re-priced, or spring-loaded any of our stock-based awards.

Equity-settled, share-based payments may be provided to officers, employees, consultants and other advisors. These share-based payments are measured at the fair value of the equity instrument at the grant date. Fair value of share options is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, taking into account the terms and conditions upon which the instruments were granted, and are disclosed in Note 4— Stock-Based Compensation to the audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report. Fair value of TSR PRAs is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation. The Monte Carlo simulation fair value model requires the use of highly subjective and complex assumptions, including the price volatility of the underlying stock. A Monte Carlo simulation

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model was used to determine the grant date fair value by simulating a range of possible future stock prices for the Company and each member of the peer group over the performance period is disclosed in Note 4— Stock-Based Compensation to the audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.

We record stock-based compensation expense within exploration costs, general and administrative expenses, and restructuring and impairment charges in the consolidated statements of operations. Costs are allocated among those receiving the benefit based upon job function. There are certain employees who serve both functions, and therefore, their stock-based compensation expense is split between both financial statement lines in the consolidated statements of operations.

Estimating fair value for share-based payment transactions requires determination of the most appropriate valuation model, which depends on the terms and conditions of the grant. This estimate also requires determination of the most appropriate inputs to the valuation model including the expected life of the share option, volatility, dividend yield, and risk-free interest rate and making assumptions about them.

Changes to these inputs would impact the consequent valuation for each equity instrument valued in this manner, and consequently, the value of each grant would vary in a different manner depending on the change to the respective inputs.

The fair value determined at the grant date is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, which is based on our estimate of equity instruments that will eventually vest. At each reporting date, we revise our estimate of the number of equity instruments expected to vest. The impact of the revision of the original estimates, if any, is recognized in profit or loss over the remaining vesting period, with a corresponding adjustment to the share-based payments reserve.

Investments in Unconsolidated Entities

We strategically invest in unconsolidated entities that we believe will provide us access to hard rock lithium assets as well as projects with the potential for scale, low-cost, sustainable production practices and that are strategically located to our proposed lithium hydroxide manufacturing sites.

Our unconsolidated entities are accounted for by the equity method of accounting because we have a significant influence, but not control, in the investee. We record our investments in these entities in our consolidated balance sheets as “Equity method investments” and our pro-rata share of the entities’ earnings or losses in our consolidated statements of operations as “(Loss) income from equity investments.”

We look at specific criteria and use our judgment when determining if we have a controlling interest in a less than wholly-owned entity. Factors considered in determining whether we have significant influence, or we have control, include, but are not limited to, ownership percentage, the ability to appoint individuals to the investee’s board of directors, operational decision-making authority, and participation in policy-making decisions. The accounting policy relating to the use of the equity method of accounting is a critical accounting policy due to the judgment required in determining whether we have significant influence over the entity.