ECVT Ecovyst Inc. - 10-K

ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS.

In addition to the other information contained in this Form 10-K, you should carefully consider the following risks that we believe are the material risks that we face. The risks described below could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations, and should be read together and in conjunction with the forward-looking statements and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Item 7 of this Form 10-K, and our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto.

Risks Related to Our Business Operations

We are exposed to local business risks, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We have operations in several locations, including manufacturing sites, a research and development laboratory, sales personnel and customer support operations. As of December 31, 2025, we operated nine manufacturing facilities. Our operations are affected directly and indirectly by global regulatory, economic, political and social conditions, including:

• new and different legal and regulatory requirements in local jurisdictions;

• potential difficulties in staffing and labor disputes;

• potential difficulties in managing and obtaining support and distribution for local operations;

• increased costs of, and availability of, raw materials, energy, transportation or shipping;

• credit risk and financial condition of local customers and distributors;

• potential difficulties in protecting intellectual property rights;

• potential imposition of restrictions on investments;

• capital controls;

• potential difficulties in enforcing agreements and collecting receivables;

• risks relating to environmental, health and safety matters;

• regional conflicts, such as the invasion of Ukraine by Russia and conflicts involving countries in the Middle East;

• risks relating to information security and cyber security events;

• export duties or import quotas;

• domestic and foreign customs and tariffs or other trade barriers, including the threat of escalating trade disputes that may result in higher tariffs and the imposition of trade sanctions against certain countries, persons and entities;

• risks relating to epidemics and pandemics and effects therefrom; and

• local political, economic and social conditions.

We may not be successful in developing and implementing policies and strategies to address the foregoing factors in a timely and effective manner at each location where we do business. Consequently, the occurrence of one or more of the foregoing factors could have a material adverse effect upon our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

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Our operations and financial results have been and may continue to be adversely affected by general economic conditions.

We sell products and services that are used in manufacturing processes and as components of, or ingredients in, other products and, as a result, our sales are correlated with and affected by fluctuations in the level of industrial production and manufacturing output and by fluctuations in general economic activity. Demand for the products we manufacture and services we provide often depends on trends in demand in the end uses our customers serve. General economic conditions and macroeconomic trends, including economic recessions and inflation, could affect overall demand for our products and any overall decline in such demand could significantly reduce our sales and profitability. In addition, volatility and disruption in financial markets could adversely affect our sales and results of operations by limiting our customers’ ability to obtain the financing necessary to maintain or expand their own operations.

Unfavorable economic conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the economy. For example, during the past several years the economy has experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity and market prices, large fluctuations in energy prices, volatility in sulfur prices, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, supply chain interruptions, uncertainty about economic stability, rising inflation, fluctuations in interest rates and the threat of recession. Unfavorable economic conditions could result in a variety of risks to our business, including demand and pricing for our products and difficulty in forecasting our financial results. A weak or declining economy also could strain our suppliers, possibly resulting in supply chain disruptions. In addition, inflation has increased our costs, which could impact our profitability. These and other economic factors could adversely impact our business and results of operations.

Exchange rate fluctuations could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We incur currency transaction risk whenever we enter into either a purchase or sale transaction using a currency other than the local currency of the transacting entity. The exchange rates between the currencies of other countries and the U.S. dollar have fluctuated significantly in recent years and may continue to do so in the future. To the extent that we are unable to match sales made in such foreign currencies with costs paid in the same currency, exchange rate fluctuations could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Given the volatility of exchange rates, we may not be able to effectively manage our currency transaction risks or that any volatility in currency exchange rates will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Additionally, because our consolidated financial results are reported in U.S dollars, the translation of sales or earnings generated in other currencies into U.S. dollars can result in a significant increase or decrease in the amount of those sales or earnings in our financial statements, which also affects the comparability of our results of operations and cash flows between financial periods.

Our operations require us to comply with anti-corruption laws, economic sanctions, export controls and similar laws and regulations of the U.S. government and various international jurisdictions in which we do business.

Doing business on a worldwide basis requires us and our subsidiaries to comply with the laws and regulations of the U.S. government and various international jurisdictions, and our failure to successfully comply with these laws and regulations may restrict our operations, trade practices, investment decisions and partnering activities and may expose us to liabilities. Such laws and regulations apply to companies, individual directors, officers, employees and agents.

In particular, our operations are subject to U.S. and foreign anti-corruption laws and regulations, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) and the U.K. Bribery Act. For example, the FCPA prohibits us from providing anything of value to foreign officials for the purposes of influencing official decisions or obtaining or retaining business or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment, and requires us to maintain adequate record-keeping and internal accounting practices to accurately reflect our transactions. As part of our business, we may deal with state-owned business enterprises, the employees and representatives of which may be considered foreign officials for purposes of the FCPA. In addition, some of the international locations into which we sell our products lack a developed legal system and have elevated levels of corruption. As a result, we are exposed to corruption-related risk.

In addition, we are required to comply with applicable economic sanctions, export controls, and similar laws and regulations imposed by the U.S. government and other countries. These laws and regulations may restrict our business practices, or the counterparties or regions with which we can trade. In addition, these laws and regulations are subject to

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frequent change, and such changes may require us to adjust our business practices, including by ceasing business activities in newly sanctioned countries or regions or with newly sanctioned entities or individuals, or to modify our compliance program. For example, the invasion of Ukraine by Russia and the related sanctions, export controls or other actions that have been or may be initiated by nations—including the U.S., the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Russia—could disrupt or otherwise adversely impact our customers in those countries, as well as adversely impact our business or our supply chain, business partners or customers in other countries beyond Ukraine and Russia. Further, violations of these legal requirements are punishable by criminal fines and imprisonment, civil penalties, disgorgement of profits, injunctions, debarment from government contracts, loss of export privileges and other remedial measures.

We have established policies and procedures designed to assist us and our personnel in complying with applicable U.S. and international laws and regulations. These policies and procedures are codified in our Code of Conduct and other various policies. However, there can be no assurance that our policies and procedures will effectively prevent us from violating these laws and regulations in every transaction in which we may engage, and such a violation could subject us to governmental investigations and adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Alternative technology or other changes in our customers’ products may reduce or eliminate the need for certain of our products or services.

Many of our products and services are used in manufacturing processes and/or to produce other products and, as a result, changes in our customers’ end products or processes or alternative technologies may enable our customers to reduce or eliminate consumption or use of our products. Additionally, shifting consumer preference could result in a significant reduction in the future use of fossil fuels, which would have a negative impact on our business. If we are unable to respond appropriately to such new developments, such changes could seriously impair our ability to profitably market certain of our products or services.

If we are unable to pass on increases in raw material prices, including natural gas, to our customers or to retain or replace our key suppliers, our results of operations and cash flows may be negatively affected.

We purchase significant amounts of raw materials, including sulfur, and we purchase significant amounts of natural gas to supply the energy required in our production process. The cost of these raw materials represents a substantial portion of our operating expenses and our results of operations have been, and could in the future be, significantly affected by increases in the costs of such raw materials. In addition, we obtain a significant portion of our raw materials from certain key suppliers. If any one of those suppliers is unable to meet its obligations under current or future supply agreements, we may be forced to pay higher prices to obtain the necessary raw materials. Furthermore, if any of the raw materials that we use become unavailable within the geographic area from which we currently source them, we may not be able to obtain suitable and cost-effective substitutes. Any interruption of supply or any price increase of raw materials could adversely affect our profitability.

While we attempt to match raw material price increases with corresponding product price increases, our ability to pass on increases in the cost of raw materials to our customers is, to a large extent, dependent upon our contractual arrangements and market conditions. There may be periods of time during which we are not able to recover increases in the cost of raw materials due to our contractual arrangements or weakness in demand for, or oversupply of, our products. Specifically, timing differences between price adjustments of raw materials and adjustments to our product prices, which in many cases are adjusted quarterly or less often, have had and may continue to have a negative effect on our profitability. Even in periods during which raw material prices decline, we may suffer decreasing profits if customers seek relief in the form of lower sales prices or if the raw material price reductions occur at a slower rate than decreases in the selling prices of our products. Such volatility can result in commercial disputes with customers and suppliers with respect to interpretations of complex contractual arrangements, the adverse resolution of which could reduce our profitability.

In the past, we have entered into long-term supply contracts for certain of our raw materials. As these contracts expire, we may not be able to renegotiate or enter into new long-term supply contracts that will offer similar protection from price increases and other fluctuations on terms that are satisfactory to us or at all.

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We face substantial competition in the industries in which we operate.

Our competitors may improve their competitive position in our core end use applications by improving their manufacturing processes, expanding their capacity or manufacturing facilities or responding more effectively than we do to changes in customer requirements. Some of our competitors may be able to lower prices for products that compete with our products if their costs are lower. In addition, consolidation among our competitors or customers may result in reduced demand for our products or make it more difficult for us to compete effectively. Our competitors may have greater financial and other resources than us, or they may have less debt, and as a result they may be better able to withstand changes to industry conditions. If we fail to compete effectively in the marketplace, it would materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to the risk of loss resulting from non-payment or non-performance by our customers.

Our credit procedures and policies may not be adequate to minimize or mitigate customer credit risk. Our customers may experience financial difficulties, including bankruptcies, restructurings and liquidations. These and other financial problems our customers may experience, as well as potential financial weakness in the industries in which we operate or general economic conditions, may increase our risk in extending trade credit to customers. A significant adverse change in a customer’s financial position could cause us to limit or discontinue business with such customer, require us to assume more credit risk relating to such customer’s receivables or limit our ability to collect accounts receivable from such customer. Any of the foregoing events could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

We rely on a limited number of customers for a meaningful portion of our business. A loss of one or more of these customers could adversely impact our profitability.

A loss of any significant customer, including a pipeline customer, or a decrease in the provision of products to any significant customer, could have an adverse effect on our business until alternative arrangements are secured. Any alternative arrangement to replace the loss of a customer could result in increased variable costs relating to product shipment. In addition, any new customer agreement we enter into may not have terms as favorable as those contained in our current customer agreements, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For the year ended December 31, 2025, our top ten customers represented approximately 61% of our sales and one single customer represented 12% or $89 million of our sales.

Refineries, which represent a sizable subset of our customer base, have undergone significant consolidation and additional consolidation is possible in the future. Such consolidation could further increase our reliance on a small number of customers and further increase our customers’ leverage over us, resulting in downward pressure on prices and an adverse effect on our profitability.

Multi-year customer contracts are subject to potential early termination and such contracts may not be renewed at the end of their respective terms.

Many of our customer contracts are multi-year agreements. Regeneration services customer contracts are typically on five- to ten-year terms and virgin sulfuric acid customer contracts are typically on one- to five-year terms, with larger customers typically favoring longer terms. Excluding contracts with automatic evergreen provisions, approximately 40% of our sulfuric acid volume for the year ended December 31, 2025 was under contracts expiring at the end of 2026 or beyond. In addition, our regeneration services contracts with major refinery customers typically allow for termination with advance notice of one to two years. Our existing contracts may be subjected to early terminations, and our expiring contracts may not be renewed at the end of their terms. If we receive a significant number of such contract terminations or experience non-renewals from key customers, our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows may be materially adversely affected.

Our quarterly results of operations are subject to fluctuations because the demand for some of our products is seasonal.

Our business typically experiences seasonal fluctuations as a result of higher demand for gasoline products in the summer months. Because of the seasonality of some of our product groups, the results for any one quarter are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be achieved for any other quarter or for the full year.

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Our growth projects may result in significant expenditures before generating revenues, if any, which may materially and adversely affect our ability to implement our business strategy.

We have made and continue to make significant investments in our business. These projects require us to commit significant capital to, among other things, implement engineering plans and obtain the necessary permits before we generate revenues related to our investments in these businesses. Such projects may take longer to complete or require additional unanticipated expenditures and may never generate profits. If we fail to recover our investment, or these projects never become profitable, our ability to implement our business strategy may be materially and adversely affected.

We may be liable for damages based on product liability claims brought against us or our customers for costs associated with recalls of our or our customers’ products.

The sale of our products involves the risk of product liability claims and voluntary or government-ordered product recalls. For example, certain of the products that we manufacture are used in chemical manufacturing processes in our customers’ manufacturing operations and are used in and around other chemical manufacturing facilities and other locations where personal injury or property damage may occur. While we attempt to protect ourselves from product liability claims and exposures through our adherence to standards and specifications, quality control and assurance and through contractual negotiations and provisions, there can be no assurance that our efforts will ultimately protect us from such claims. A product liability claim or voluntary or government-ordered product recall could result in substantial and unexpected expenditures, affect customer confidence in our products and divert management’s attention from other responsibilities. A product recall or successful product liability claim or series of claims against us in excess of our insurance coverage and for which we are not otherwise indemnified could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. We have product liability insurance in amounts that we believe are adequate to cover this product liability risk. However, our insurance may not provide adequate coverage against all potential liabilities, including product recall liabilities. If a claim is brought against us, we might be required to pay legal and other expenses to defend the claim, as well as pay uncovered damage awards resulting from a claim brought successfully against us and these damages could be significant and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. Furthermore, whether or not we are ultimately successful in defending any such claims, we might be required to direct significant financial and managerial resources to such defense and adverse publicity is likely to result.

We are required to comply with a wide variety of laws and regulations, and are subject to regulation by various federal, state and local agencies, and our failure to comply with existing and future regulatory requirements could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We operate in industries in which we and/or our customers are subject to federal, state, local, international and transnational laws and regulations. Such laws and regulations are numerous and sometimes conflicting, and any future changes to such laws and regulations could adversely affect our business.

In order to obtain regulatory approval for certain of our new products, we must, among other things, demonstrate to the relevant authority that the product is safe and effective for its intended uses and that we are capable of manufacturing the product in accordance with current regulations. The process of seeking approvals can be costly, time-consuming and subject to unanticipated and significant delays. Any delay in obtaining, or any failure to obtain or maintain, these approvals would adversely affect our ability to introduce new products and to generate sales from those products, and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Our products, including the raw materials we handle, are subject to rigorous chemical registration and industrial hygiene regulations and investigation. There is risk that a key raw material, chemical or substance, or one of the end products of which our products are a part of or are utilized to make, may be recharacterized as having a toxicological or health-related impact on the environment, our customers or our employees. Industrial hygiene regulations are continually strengthened, and if such recharacterization occurs, the relevant raw material, chemical or product may be banned, or we may incur increased costs in order to comply with new requirements. Changes in industrial hygiene regulations also affect the marketability of certain of our products, and future regulatory changes may have a material adverse effect on our business.

New laws and regulations, and changes in existing laws and regulations, may become effective in the future and could prevent or inhibit the development, distribution and sale of our products, including, but not limited to, the imposition of additional compliance costs, seizures, confiscation, recall or monetary fines. For example, as discussed in more detail in “Business-Environmental Regulations” and “Business-Chemical Product Regulation,” we may be

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materially impacted by regulatory initiatives worldwide with respect to chemical product safety such as the 2016 amendments to the U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act. Additionally, current or future U.S. administrations may seek to alter current environmental standards and regulations, including, but not limited to, the Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards, which could have a material adverse effect on our sales into the clean fuels, emission control and other industries.

We are subject to extensive environmental, health and safety regulations and face various risks associated with potential non-compliance or releases of hazardous materials.

Like other chemical companies, our operations and properties are subject to extensive and stringent federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations. U.S. federal environmental laws that affect us include, but are not limited to, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”), the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”). These laws govern, among other things, emissions to the air, discharges or releases of hazardous substances to land, surface, subsurface strata and water, wastewater discharges and the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment, disposal and remediation of hazardous materials and petroleum products. We are also subject to other federal, state and local laws and regulations regarding chemical and product safety as well as employee health and safety matters, including process safety requirements. These laws and regulations may become more stringent over time and the failure to comply with such laws and regulations can result in significant fines or penalties.

We have in the past been and currently are the subject of investigations and enforcement actions pursuant to environmental laws, including the Clean Air Act. Some of these matters were resolved through the payment of significant monetary penalties and a requirement to implement corrective actions at our facilities. For instance, we remain subject to a 2007 Consent Decree that resolves certain alleged Clean Air Act violations at six operating locations involving New Source Review, Prevention of Significant Deterioration and New Source Performance Standard obligations under the U.S. federal rules for the pollutants sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid mist. The Consent Decree required Solvay (the owner of such facilities at the time) to pay a $2 million penalty and spend approximately $34 million on air pollution controls at our facilities, the majority of which was received from customers in contractual arrangements. Work under the Consent Decree has proceeded since 2007, and all of the significant capital improvements related to the Consent Decree have been completed. Three of our operating locations have been released from the scope of the Consent Decree and we are seeking release of three other locations covered by the Consent Decree. Upon issuance of New Source Review permit amendments at the remaining sites, we expect to be fully released from the Consent Decree.

We are required by these environmental laws and regulations to obtain and periodically renew registrations, licenses, permits and other approvals in order to operate, make disclosures to public authorities about our chemical handling and usage activities, and install and operate expensive pollution control and spill containment equipment at our facilities, or incur other capital and operational expenditures aimed at achieving or maintaining compliance with such laws, regulations and permits. The failure to timely identify and implement any such capital projects required to achieve or maintain compliance could expose us to enforcement and penalties. In the process of renewing or reissuing our environmental permits, the issuing authority may impose new and more stringent conditions, potentially requiring increased capital or operational costs.

Under CERCLA and analogous statutes in state and local jurisdictions, current and former owners and operators of land impacted by releases of hazardous substances are strictly liable for the investigation and remediation of the contamination resulting from the release. Liability under CERCLA and analogous laws is strict, unlimited, joint, several and retroactive, may be imposed regardless of fault and may relate to historical activities or contamination not caused by the affected property’s current owner or operator. We could be held responsible for all cleanup costs at a site, whether currently or formerly owned or operated, regardless of fault, knowledge, timing or cause of the contamination. Further, under CERCLA and analogous laws, we may be jointly and severally liable for contamination at third party sites where we or our predecessors in interest have sent waste for treatment or disposal, even if we complied with applicable laws at the time of treatment and/or disposal. In addition, we may face liability for personal injury, property damage and/or natural resource damage resulting from environmental conditions attributable to hazardous substance releases at or from facilities we currently own or operate or formerly owned or operated or to which we sent waste. As such, a product spill or unpermitted emission at one of our facilities or otherwise resulting from our operations could have adverse consequences on the environment and the surrounding community and could result in significant liabilities with respect to investigation and remediation.

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Our facilities have an extended history of industrial use, and soil and groundwater contamination exists at some of our sites. As of December 31, 2025, we had current remediation, monitoring and/or maintenance obligations at several of our current or former sites, including Dominguez, California, Martinez, California and Hammond, Indiana. As of December 31, 2025, we had established reserves to cover anticipated and estimable expenses at these sites, all of which have reached relatively mature stages of the investigation, remediation or monitoring process. Actual costs to complete these projects may exceed our current estimates.

As of December 31, 2025, our total reserves associated with environmental remediation and enforcement matters noted above were $1.6 million. In addition to the ongoing remediation and monitoring activities discussed above, there is risk that the long-term industrial use at our facilities may have resulted in, or may in the future result in, contamination that has yet to be discovered, which could require additional, unplanned investigation and remediation efforts by us for which no reserves have been established, potentially without regard to whether we knew of, or caused, the release of such contaminants. If contamination not identified through previous investigations are discovered at our current facilities or other properties for which we potentially have responsibility, this could trigger additional investigation and remediation costs. Such environmental liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Existing and proposed regulations to address climate change by limiting greenhouse gas emissions may cause us to incur significant additional operating and capital expenses and may impact our business and results of operations.

Certain of our operations result in emissions of GHG, such as carbon dioxide. Growing concern about the sources and impacts of global climate change has led to a number of domestic legislative and administrative measures, both proposed and enacted, to monitor, regulate and limit carbon dioxide and other GHG emissions. In the United States, the EPA under prior administrations has promulgated federal GHG regulations under the Clean Air Act that affect certain sources. For example, the EPA has issued mandatory GHG reporting requirements, under which some of our facilities report depending upon each facility’s natural gas usage during each prior reporting year. Moreover, California has enacted the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (“Assembly Bill 32”), a law that establishes a comprehensive program to reduce GHG emissions from all sources throughout the state and contains reporting requirements under which our Dominguez and Martinez facilities currently report. Our Dominguez facility also participates in the emissions trading market established under Assembly Bill 32. Although there is not at this time any expectation of increased GHG regulation at the federal level, we believe it is likely that GHG emissions will continue to be regulated in at least some regions of the United States in the future. We cannot yet predict the form such regulation will take (such as a cap-and-trade program, technology mandate, emissions tax or other regulatory mechanism) or what the regulatory trend will be at the federal level during future administrations. Consequently, the costs that we may be required to incur to meet such requirements, which could, for example, require that we install emission control equipment, purchase emissions allowances, administer and manage our GHG emissions program or address other regulatory obligations, are not reasonably predictable or estimable. Such requirements could also adversely affect our energy supply or the costs and types of raw materials that we use for fuel. Accordingly, regulations controlling or limiting GHG emissions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations, including by reducing demand for our products.

Sustainability initiatives may result in operational changes and expenditures, reduced demand for our products and services and adversely affect our business.

We recognize that sustainability remains a global environmental concern. Continuing political and social attention to the issue of sustainability has resulted in both existing and pending international agreements and national, regional or local legislation and regulatory measures to increase sustainability. As a result of heightened public awareness and attention to the issue of sustainability as well as continued regulatory initiatives, demand for certain of our products may be reduced, which may have an adverse effect on our sales volumes, revenues and margins.

This global environmental concern is also manifesting in existing sustainability legislation, regulations, and directives at the federal and state levels, including, but not limited to, the California Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act (SB 253) and GHG Climate-related Financial Risk Act (SB 261), and the stayed United States SEC rules addressing Scope 1 and 2 emissions. In the future, these developments are anticipated to increase the cost associated with complying with existing, pending, and future sustainability-related legislation, regulations and directives and such increased costs and/or our failure to comply with any such legislation, regulations and directives could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

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Production and distribution of our products could be disrupted for a variety of reasons, and such disruptions could expose us to significant losses or liabilities.

Certain of the hazards and risks associated with our manufacturing processes and the related storage and transportation of raw materials, products and wastes may disrupt production at our manufacturing facilities and the distribution of products to our customers. These potentially disruptive risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

• pipeline and storage tank leaks and ruptures;

• explosions and fires;

• inclement weather and natural disasters;

• terrorist attacks, including attacks on critical infrastructure;

• cyberattacks or other security breaches targeting our operational technology, information systems or supply chain;

• failure of mechanical, process safety and pollution control equipment;

• chemical spills and other discharges or releases of toxic or hazardous substances or gases;

• epidemics and pandemics and effects therefrom; and

• exposure to toxic chemicals.

These hazards could expose employees, customers, the community and others to toxic chemicals and other hazards, contaminate the environment, damage property, result in personal injury or death, lead to an interruption or suspension of operations, damage our reputation and adversely affect the productivity and profitability of a particular manufacturing facility or our business as a whole. Such hazards could also result in the need for remediation, governmental enforcement, regulatory shutdowns, the imposition of government fines and penalties and claims brought by governmental entities or third parties. Given our operations impact on the nation's critical infrastructure, disruptions may also attract heightened governmental scrutiny and oversight. Legal claims and regulatory actions could subject us to both civil and criminal penalties, which could affect our product sales, reputation and profitability.

If disruptions at our manufacturing facilities or in our distribution channels occur, alternative options with sufficient capacity or capabilities may not be available, may cost substantially more or may require significant time to start production or distribution. Any of these scenarios could negatively affect our business and financial performance. If one of our manufacturing facilities or distribution channels is unable to produce or distribute our products for an extended period of time, our sales may be reduced by the shortfall caused by the disruption and we may not be able to meet our customers’ needs, which could cause them to seek other suppliers. Additionally, because our products support key sectors of the U.S. industrial sector, prolonged disruptions could adversely affect downstream industries and supply chains that depend on our products. Furthermore, to the extent a production disruption occurs at a manufacturing facility that has been operating at or near full capacity, the resulting shortage of our product could be particularly harmful because production at the manufacturing facility may not be able to reach levels achieved prior to the disruption. Such risks are heightened as our operations and customers are primarily located in the Gulf Coast, which is susceptible to a heightened risk of hurricanes, and in California, which is susceptible to a heightened risk of earthquakes and wildfires. For example, in December 2022, the operations of our Houston and Hammond facilities were disrupted by Winter Storm Elliot.

The insurance that we maintain may not fully cover all potential exposures.

We maintain property, business interruption, casualty and other types of insurance, but such insurance may not cover all risks associated with the operation of our business or our manufacturing process and the related use, storage and transportation of raw materials, products and wastes in or from our manufacturing sites or distribution centers. While we have purchased what we deem to be adequate limits of coverage and broadly worded policies, our coverage is subject to exclusions and limitations, including higher self-insured retentions or deductibles and maximum limits and liabilities covered. Notwithstanding diligent efforts to successfully procure specialty coverage for environmental liability and remediation, we may incur losses beyond the limits or outside the terms of coverage of our insurance policies, including liabilities for environmental remediation. In addition, from time to time, various types of insurance for companies in the industries in which we operate have not been available on commercially acceptable terms or, in some cases, at all. We are potentially at additional risk if one or more of our insurance carriers fail. Additionally, severe disruptions in the

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domestic and global financial markets could adversely impact the ratings and survival of some insurers. Future downgrades in the ratings of enough insurers could adversely impact both the availability of appropriate insurance coverage and its cost. In the future, we may not be able to obtain coverage at current levels, if at all, and our premiums may increase significantly on coverage that we maintain.

We could be subject to damages based on claims brought against us by our customers or lose customers as a result of the failure of our products to meet certain quality specifications.

If a product fails to perform in a manner consistent with quality specifications, a customer could seek replacement of the product or damages for costs incurred as a result of the product failing to perform as guaranteed. A successful claim or series of claims against us could cause reputational harm and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations and could result in a loss of one or more customers.

We may engage in strategic acquisitions or dispositions of certain assets or businesses that could affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

We may selectively pursue complementary acquisitions, such as the Chem32 and Waggaman sulfuric acid plant acquisitions, or joint ventures, each of which inherently involves a number of risks and presents financial, managerial and operational challenges, including:

• potential disruption of our ongoing business and distraction of management;

• difficulty with integration of personnel and financial and other systems;

• hiring additional management and other critical personnel; and

• increasing the scope, geographic diversity and complexity of our operations.

In addition, we may encounter unforeseen obstacles or costs in the integration of acquired businesses. For example, the presence of one or more material liabilities of an acquired company that are unknown to us at the time of acquisition may have a material adverse effect on our business. Our acquisition and joint venture strategy may not be received positively by customers, and we may not realize any anticipated benefits from acquisitions or joint ventures.

We may also opportunistically pursue dispositions of certain assets and businesses, which may involve material amounts of assets or lines of business, which could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. For instance, effective on December 31, 2025, we completed the sale of our Advanced Materials & Catalysts segment, which includes the Zeolyst Joint Venture, to Technip Energies N.V. for a purchase price of $556.0 million, subject to certain adjustments set forth in the agreement.

In addition, our strategic acquisitions and dispositions may also affect the diversity of our assets and our capital structure. For instance, the disposition of our former Advanced Materials & Catalysts business resulted in our company having only the Ecoservices segment within its portfolio. As a result, our acquisitions and dispositions could affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Further, all the risks associated with our acquisitions and dispositions may not be immediately known to us, and the anticipated benefits of such acquisitions or dispositions may not be fully realized.

Our failure to protect our intellectual property rights could adversely affect our future performance and growth.

Protection of our proprietary processes, methods, compounds and other technologies is important to our business. We depend upon our ability to develop and protect our intellectual property rights to distinguish our products and/or processes from those of our competitors. Failure to protect our existing intellectual property rights may allow our competitors to copy our products and/or processes and may result in the loss of valuable proprietary technologies or other intellectual property. Failure to protect our innovations and trademarks by securing intellectual property rights could also result in our having to pay other companies for infringing on their intellectual property rights. We rely on a combination of patent, trade secret, trademark and copyright law as well as regulatory and judicial enforcement to protect such technologies and trademarks. In addition, the laws of many foreign countries do not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. As of December 31, 2025, we owned 5 patented inventions in the United States.

Competitors and third parties may infringe on our patents or violate our intellectual property rights. Defending and enforcing our intellectual property rights can involve litigation and can be expensive and time consuming. Such

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proceedings could put our patents at risk of being invalidated and confidential information may be disclosed through the discovery process; these costs and diversion of resources could harm our business.

We cannot provide any assurances that any future applications for patent protection will mature into issued patents, or that any patents that have issued or may issue in the future do or will include claims with a scope sufficient to provide any competitive advantage. Patents involve complex legal and factual questions and, therefore, the issuance, scope, validity and enforceability of any patent claims we have or may obtain cannot be predicted with certainty. Patents may be challenged, deemed unenforceable, invalidated or circumvented. Patents may be challenged in the courts, as well as in various administrative proceedings before the United States Patent and Trademark Office or foreign patent offices. We may in the future be a party to various adversarial patent office proceedings involving our patents or the patents of third parties. Such challenges can result in some or all of the claims of the challenged patent being invalidated, deemed unenforceable, or interpreted narrowly which, in the case of challenges to our own patents, may be adverse to our interests. Accordingly, the issuance of patents is not conclusive of the validity, scope, or enforceability of such patents. Moreover, even if valid and enforceable, competitors may be able to design around our patents or use pre-existing technologies to compete with us.

We also rely upon unpatented proprietary know-how, continuing technological innovation and other trade secrets to develop and maintain our competitive position, which may not provide us with complete protection against competitors. Misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of our proprietary know-how could harm our competitive position or have an adverse effect on our business. While it is our policy to enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees and third parties to protect our intellectual property rights and we strive to maintain the physical security of our properties and the security of our IT systems, there can be no assurances that:

• our confidentiality agreements will not be breached;

• our security measures will not be breached;

• such agreements will provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or proprietary know-how; or

• adequate remedies will be available in the event of an unauthorized use or disclosure of such trade secrets and know-how.

In addition, there can be no assurances that others will not obtain knowledge of these trade secrets through independent development or other access by legal means.

Measures taken by us to protect these assets and rights may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or proprietary manufacturing expertise and adequate remedies may not be available in the event of an unauthorized use or disclosure of our trade secrets or manufacturing expertise. In addition, as noted above, our patents and other intellectual property rights may be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or rendered unenforceable.

Furthermore, we cannot provide assurance that any pending patent or trademark application filed by us will result in an issued patent or registered trademark or, if patents are issued to us, that those patents will provide meaningful protection against competitors or against competitive technologies. The failure of our patents or other measures to protect our processes, apparatuses, technology, trade secrets and proprietary manufacturing expertise, methods and compounds or trademarks and provide us with freedom to exclude competition could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. See “Business-Intellectual Property.”

Our products and services may infringe the intellectual property rights of others, which may cause us to incur unexpected costs or prevent us from selling our products.

Like us, our competitors rely on intellectual property rights to maintain profitability and competitiveness, and there is a likelihood of intellectual property disputes. Although it is our policy and intention not to infringe valid patents of others, our processes, apparatuses, technology, proprietary manufacturing expertise, methods, compounds and products may infringe on issued patents or infringe or misappropriate other intellectual property rights of others. Accordingly, we continually monitor third-party intellectual property to confirm our freedom to operate. Nevertheless, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of our business, including claims of alleged infringement of the patents or trademarks or infringement or misappropriation of other intellectual property rights of third parties by us. Intellectual property litigation is expensive and time-consuming, regardless of the merits of any claim, and could divert the attention of our management and technical personnel away from operating our business. If we were to discover that our processes, apparatuses, technology, products or trademarks infringe the valid intellectual property rights of others, we might need to obtain licenses from these parties or substantially reengineer or rebrand our products or services in

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order to avoid infringement. We may not be able to obtain the necessary licenses on acceptable terms, or at all, or be able to reengineer our products or services successfully or at an acceptable cost. Moreover, if we are sued for infringement and lose the suit, we could be required to pay substantial damages and/or be enjoined from using or selling the infringing products or technology or using the infringing trademark. Additionally or alternatively, we may seek to challenge third-party patents in administrative proceedings before the United States patent office or one or more foreign patent offices. Any of the foregoing could cause us to incur significant costs and prevent us from selling our products, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Even if we ultimately prevail, the existence of lawsuits could prompt our customers to switch to alternative products. In addition, we have agreed, and will continue to agree, to indemnify certain customers for certain intellectual property infringement claims related to intellectual property relating to our products and the manufacture thereof. Should there be infringement claims against our licensees, we could be required to indemnify them for losses resulting from such claims or to refund amounts they have paid to us.

Disruption, failure or cybersecurity breaches affecting or targeting computers and infrastructure used by us or our business partners may adversely impact our business and operations.

We use computers and telecommunication systems to analyze and store financial and operating data and to communicate within our company, with outside business partners, and across international borders. These systems can be subject to a variety of problems that include: technical system flaws; power loss; cyber attacks, including viruses, malware, phishing, ransomware, terrorism, and surveillance; unauthorized access; malicious software; intentional or inadvertent data privacy breaches by employees or others with authorized access; hacktivism; ransomware; physical or electronic break-ins; fires or natural disasters; supply chain attacks; and other cybersecurity issues. We have no assurance that our systems are appropriately redundant to withstand these events. Accordingly, such events could cause adverse effects and material disruptions to our operations or systems or those of our business partners; compromise the security, integrity, availability, and confidentiality of customer information, employee information, strategic projects, product formulas and other trade secrets, other business or personal sensitive data, including third-party confidential information in our possession. Release of third-party confidential information could materially harm our reputation, affect our relationships with such parties and expose us to liability. Although we have introduced many security measures, including firewalls and information technology security policies and training, these measures may not offer the appropriate level of security. A security breach or other compromise of our information security safeguards could expose our confidential information, including third-party confidential information in our possession (such as customer information) to theft and misuse, which could in turn adversely affect our relationships with such third parties and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, a disruption, blockage, failure or a cyber breach of software or operating systems we use, or of the networks and infrastructure on which they rely, could damage critical production, distribution and/or storage assets, delay or prevent delivery to markets, and make it difficult or impossible to accurately account for production and settle transactions.

These impacts may adversely affect our relationships with employees, customers and other third parties and may have an adverse effect on our business reputation, competitiveness, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, including damage to our operations, employees, or other third parties, resulting in remediation costs, litigation or regulatory actions. Although we have introduced many security measures, including firewalls and information technology security policies and training, these measures may not offer the appropriate level of security. We routinely experience attempts by external actors to penetrate and attack our networks and systems. Although such attempts to date have not resulted in any material breaches, disruptions, financial loss, or loss of business-critical information, our systems and procedures for protecting against such attacks and mitigating such risks may prove to be insufficient in the future. As technologies evolve and these cyber security attacks become more sophisticated, we may incur significant costs to upgrade or enhance our security measures to protect against such attacks, and we may face difficulties in fully anticipating or implementing adequate preventive measures or mitigating potential harm.

Our use of artificial intelligence (“AI”) and other emerging technologies could adversely impact our business and financial results.

We have begun to deploy AI and other emerging technologies in various facets of our operations, and we continue to explore further use cases. The rapid advancement of these technologies presents opportunities for us in research, manufacturing, commercialization, and other business endeavors, but also entails risks, including that AI-generated content, analyses, or recommendations we utilize could be deficient, that our competitors may more quickly or effectively adopt AI capabilities, or that our use of AI or other emerging technologies increases regulatory, privacy, cybersecurity and other significant risks. In addition, any disruption or failure in the AI functionality we incorporate into

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our business activities, products or services could adversely impact our business. The legal and regulatory landscape surrounding AI technologies is rapidly evolving and uncertain, including in the areas of intellectual property, cybersecurity and privacy and data protection. Compliance with new or changing laws, regulations or industry standards relating to AI may impose significant costs on us and limit our ability to effectively develop, deploy or use AI technologies. Furthermore, if we are unable to effectively manage the use of AI technologies by our employees and service providers, our confidential information, intellectual property and reputation could be put at risk. Failure to appropriately respond to this evolving landscape may result in reputational, competitive and business harm as well as litigation and regulatory action and fines, penalties and expenses related thereto.

Risks Related to our Financial Condition

The non-GAAP financial information included in this Form 10-K is presented for informational purposes only and may not be an indication of our financial condition or results of operations in the future .

The non-GAAP financial information included in this Form 10-K includes information that we use to evaluate our past performance, but should not be considered in isolation or as an alternative to measures of our performance determined under GAAP.

We may need to recognize impairment charges related to goodwill, identified intangible assets and fixed assets.

We are required to test goodwill and any other intangible asset with an indefinite life for possible impairment on the same date each year and on an interim basis if there are indicators of a possible impairment. We are also required to evaluate indefinite-lived intangible assets and fixed assets if there are indicators of a possible impairment.

There is significant judgment required in the analysis of a potential impairment of goodwill, identified intangible assets and fixed assets. If, as a result of a general economic slowdown or deterioration in one or more of the industries in which we operate or in our financial performance or future outlook, or if the estimated fair value of our long-lived assets decreases, we may determine that one or more of our long-lived assets is impaired. An impairment charge would be determined based on the estimated fair value of the assets and any such impairment charge could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position.

We performed our annual impairment test on goodwill on October 1, 2025, and determined there was no goodwill impairment at the reporting unit level.

We may be subject to future changes in tax legislation or exposure to additional tax liabilities that may adversely affect our results of operations.

We are subject to taxes in the U.S. where our subsidiaries are organized. Due to economic and political conditions, tax rates, tax laws and other non-tax legislation, such as economic substance regulations, our business may experience significant impacts as a result of prospective changes. For example, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was enacted in the U.S. on July 4, 2025, which includes significant changes to U.S. tax rules and will be further implemented through the promulgation of regulations and publishing official guidance. These changes include the immediate expensing of domestic research and development expenditures, the reinstatement of 100% bonus depreciation on qualified property, a change in the limitation on the deduction of business interest expense and changes to the taxation in respect of the income earned by our non-U.S. subsidiaries among other changes. We have recognized the effects of the OBBBA provisions in our financial results to the extent they are applicable to the year ended December 31, 2025. We will continue to evaluate the impact of these provisions. Our future effective tax rates may be affected by changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, changes in available tax credits or tax deductions, as well as changes in tax and other non-tax laws or their interpretation.

Our tax returns and other tax matters are subject to examination by local tax authorities and governmental bodies. We regularly assess the likelihood of an adverse outcome resulting from these examinations, in order to determine any resulting impact to our provision for taxes. There can be no assurance as to the outcome of these examinations. If our effective tax rates were to increase as a result of a tax examination, or if the ultimate determination of the taxes owed by us is for an amount in excess of amounts previously accrued, our operating results, cash flows and financial condition could be adversely affected.

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We have underfunded pension plan liabilities. We will require current and future operating cash flow to fund these shortfalls. We have no assurance that we will generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy these obligations.

We maintain defined benefit pension plans covering employees who meet age and service requirements. While all of our plans have been frozen, our net pension liability and cost is materially affected by the discount rate used to measure pension obligations, the longevity and actuarial profile of our workforce, the level of plan assets available to fund those obligations and the actual and expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. Significant changes in investment performance or a change in the portfolio mix of invested assets can result in corresponding increases and decreases in the valuation of plan assets, particularly equity securities, or in a change in the expected rate of return on plan assets. Assets available to fund the pension obligations of our plans as of December 31, 2025 were approximately $61.8 million, or approximately $0.3 million less than the measured pension benefit obligation on a GAAP basis. In addition, any changes in the discount rate could result in a significant increase or decrease in the valuation of pension obligations, affecting the reported funded status of our pension plans as well as the net periodic pension cost in the following years. Similarly, changes in the expected return on plan assets can result in significant changes in the net periodic pension cost in the following years.

We also provide certain health care and life insurance benefits through an unfunded plan to a group of retirees in the United States who retired prior to the date on which these benefit programs were frozen. Current employees are not eligible for any post-retirement health care or life insurance benefits. Costs of these other post-employment benefit plans are dependent upon numerous factors, assumptions and estimates.

Risks Related to our Indebtedness

Our substantial level of indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition.

We have substantial indebtedness, which as of December 31, 2025, totaled approximately $397.1 million. Our substantial indebtedness, combined with our other financial obligations and contractual commitments, could have important consequences, including:

• requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations to payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing funds available for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, selling and marketing efforts, product development and other purposes;

• increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions, which could place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have relatively less indebtedness;

• limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industries in which we operate;

• increasing our exposure to rising interest rates because certain of our borrowings are at variable interest rates;

• restricting us from making investments, strategic acquisitions or causing us to make non-strategic divestitures; and

• limiting our ability to borrow additional funds, or to dispose of assets to raise funds, if needed, for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, product development and other corporate purposes.

Although the terms of the agreements governing our outstanding indebtedness contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, such restrictions are subject to a number of important exceptions and indebtedness incurred in compliance with such restrictions could be substantial. If we and our restricted subsidiaries incur significant additional indebtedness, the related risks that we face could increase.

The terms of our indebtedness restrict our current and future operations, particularly our ability to respond to change or to take certain actions.

The agreements governing our outstanding indebtedness contain a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us and may limit our ability to engage in acts that may be in our long-term best interest, including restrictions on our ability to incur additional indebtedness, make investments, acquisitions, loans and advances, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of our assets or incur liens. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt.” In addition, the restrictive covenants in the agreements governing our senior secured credit facilities require us to

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maintain specified financial ratios and satisfy other financial condition tests. Our ability to meet these financial ratios and tests can be affected by events beyond our control.

A breach of such covenants could result in an event of default unless we obtain a waiver to avoid such default. If we are unable to obtain a waiver, such a default may allow our creditors to accelerate the related debt and may result in the acceleration of, or default under, any other debt to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies. In the event our lenders or noteholders accelerate the repayment of our borrowings, we and our subsidiaries may not have sufficient assets to repay that indebtedness.

Risks Related to our Common Stock

Our stock price could be extremely volatile and, as a result, you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the price you paid for them.

Since launching our initial public offering (“IPO”) in September 2017, the price of our common stock, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange, has experienced significant fluctuations in price. In addition, the stock market in general has been highly volatile. As a result, the market price of our common stock is likely to be similarly volatile, and investors in our common stock may experience a decrease, which could be substantial, in the value of their stock, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects, and could lose part or all of their investment. The price of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a number of factors, including those described elsewhere herein and others such as:

• variations in our operating performance and the performance of our competitors;

• actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results;

• publication of research reports by securities analysts about us, our competitors or our industry;

• our failure or the failure of our competitors to meet analysts’ projections or guidance that we or our competitors may give to the market;

• additions or departures of key personnel;

• strategic decisions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions, divestitures, spin-offs, joint ventures, strategic investments or changes in business strategy;

• the passage of legislation or other regulatory developments affecting us or our industry;

• changes in legislation, regulation and government policy as a result of the U.S. presidential and congressional elections;

• speculation in the press or investment community;

• changes in accounting principles;

• sales of substantial amounts of our stock by current stockholders (including stock by insiders or 5% stockholders);

• terrorist acts, acts of war or periods of widespread civil unrest;

• political and geopolitical instability;

• natural disasters and other calamities; and

• changes in general market and economic conditions.

In addition, broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance, and factors beyond our control may cause our stock price to decline rapidly and unexpectedly. We are exposed to the impact of any global or domestic economic disruption that may occur.

In the past, securities class action litigation has often been initiated against companies following periods of volatility in their stock price. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources, and it could also require us to make substantial payments to satisfy judgments or to settle litigation.

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Your percentage ownership in us may be diluted by future issuances of capital stock, which could reduce your influence over matters on which stockholders vote.

Our board of directors has the authority, without action or vote of our stockholders, to issue all or any part of our authorized but unissued shares of common stock, including shares issuable upon exercise of options, or shares of our authorized but unissued preferred stock. Issuances of common stock or voting preferred stock would reduce your influence over matters on which our stockholders vote and, in the case of issuances of preferred stock, would likely result in your interest in us being subject to the prior rights of holders of that preferred stock.

Provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law may deter takeover efforts that may be beneficial to stockholder value.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law could make it harder for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so might be beneficial to our stockholders. These provisions include a classified board of directors that is currently being phased out and the ability of our board of directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval that could be used to dilute a potential hostile acquirer. Our certificate of incorporation imposes some restrictions on mergers and other business combinations between us and any holder of 15% or more of our outstanding common stock other than INEOS Limited and investment funds affiliated with CCMP, Capital Advisors, L.P. (“CCMP”), two of our former stockholders. As a result, you may lose your ability to sell your stock for a price in excess of the prevailing market price due to these protective measures, and efforts by stockholders to change the direction or management of the Company may be unsuccessful.

Our certificate of incorporation designates courts in the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our certificate of incorporation provides that, subject to limited exceptions, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for:

• any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;

• any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders;

• any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to any provision of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws;

• any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws; or

• any other action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine (each, a “Covered Proceeding”).

In addition, our certificate of incorporation provides that if any action the subject matter of which is a Covered Proceeding is filed in a court other than the specified Delaware courts without the approval of our board of directors (each, a “Foreign Action”), the claiming party will be deemed to have consented to (i) the personal jurisdiction of the specified Delaware courts in connection with any action brought in any such courts to enforce the exclusive forum provision described above and (ii) having service of process made upon such claiming party in any such enforcement action by service upon such claiming party’s counsel in the Foreign Action as agent for such claiming party.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to these provisions. These provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find these provisions of our certificate of incorporation inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actio ns or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

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We may not pay additional dividends on our common stock and, consequentially, you may not receive any return on investment unless you sell your common stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

We have not paid special cash dividends since December 2020 and August 2021, and our board of directors may decide to retain future earnings, if any, for future operations, expansion and debt repayment and may not pay any special or regular dividends for the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay special or regular dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends may be limited by covenants of any existing and future outstanding indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur, including our credit facilities and outstanding notes. As a result, you may not receive any return on an investment in our common stock unless you sell your common stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

General Risk Factors

Significant trade developments stemming from the U.S. administration and other countries could have an adverse effect on us.

Tariffs and other trade barriers imposed by the United States or other countries have affected and could continue to adversely affect our manufacturing costs, our ability to source and import raw materials and equipment on a cost-effective basis, and our ability to compete successfully against other companies that are not impacted by tariffs to the same extent as the Company. Additionally, the uncertainties created by tariffs and other trade barriers could negatively continue to affect our customers’ demand for our products. It is difficult to predict the effects of current or future tariffs and other trade barriers and disputes, and the Company’s efforts to reduce the effects of tariffs through pricing and other measures may not be effective.

The United States has in recent years renegotiated a number of trade agreements, such as the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, imposed tariffs on goods imported from certain countries, and increasingly levied sanctions and export controls on other countries. It is currently unclear what additional actions, if any, will be taken by the United States and other countries with respect to the imposition of tariffs on goods imported into the United States. Since taking office in January 2025, President Trump’s administration has imposed varying levels of tariffs on goods shipped from a number of countries to the United States, and in some cases those countries have imposed retaliatory tariffs on goods shipped from the United States. We are continuing to evaluate the impact of these announced and other proposed tariffs. Implementation of tariffs by the United States, or the imposition of new or increased retaliatory tariffs and other restrictions by other countries, could result in a material increase in our operating costs and/or the cost of our products, which may result in our products becoming less attractive relative to products offered by our competitors. These changes, as well as any other changes in social, political, regulatory and economic conditions, or further changes to foreign or domestic laws and policies governing foreign trade (including export, import and sanctions), manufacturing and development and foreign direct investment in the territories and countries where we or our customers operate could adversely affect our operating results and our business.

If we lose certain key personnel or are unable to hire additional qualified personnel, we may not be able to execute our business strategy and our business could be adversely affected.

Our success depends, in part, upon the continued services of our highly skilled personnel involved in management, research, production and distribution and, in particular, upon the efforts and abilities of our key officers. Although we believe that we are adequately staffed in key positions, we may not be able to retain such personnel on acceptable terms or at all, and such personnel may seek to compete with us in the future. If we lose the service of any of our key personnel, we may not be able to hire replacements with the same level of industry experience and knowledge necessary to execute our business strategy, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

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We depend on good relations with our workforce, and any significant disruptions could adversely affect our operations.

As of December 31, 2025, we had 617 employees, approximately 37% of which were represented by a union. As of December 31, 2025, 88 of our U.S. unionized employees were covered under collective bargaining agreements that will expire on or before December 31, 2026. Failure to reach agreement with any of our unionized work groups regarding the terms of their collective bargaining agreements or annual pay increases may result in a labor strike, work stoppage or slowdown. For example, unionized employees at our Houston facility went on strike for 21 days in 2024 before agreeing to a new collective bargaining agreement. Although we believe that we have a good working relationship with our employees, a strike, work stoppage or slowdown by our employees or a dispute with our employees could result in a significant disruption to our operations or higher ongoing labor costs. In addition, our ability to make adjustments to control compensation and benefit costs, or otherwise adapt to changing business needs, may be limited by the terms and duration of our collective bargaining agreements.

We are subject to certain risks related to litigation filed by or against us, as well as administrative and regulatory proceedings, and adverse results may harm our business.

We cannot predict with certainty the cost of defense, the cost of prosecution or the ultimate outcome of litigation and other administrative and regulatory proceedings filed by or against us, including remedies or damage awards, and how adverse results in any litigation or other administrative and regulatory proceedings may materially harm our business. Litigation and other administrative and regulatory proceedings may include, but are not limited to, actions relating to intellectual property, commercial arrangements, environmental, health and safety matters, labor and employment matters, antitrust matters or other harms resulting from the actions of individuals or entities outside of our control. In the case of intellectual property litigation and proceedings, adverse outcomes could include the cancellation, invalidation or other loss of material intellectual property rights used in our business and injunctions prohibiting our use of our processes, apparatuses, technology, trade secrets and proprietary manufacturing expertise, methods and compounds that are subject to third-party patents or other third-party intellectual property rights. Litigation based on environmental matters or exposure to hazardous substances in the workplace or from our products could result in significant liability for us. For example, we are currently subject to various asbestos premises liability claims that relate to a contractor exposure to asbestos contained in certain building materials at our sites. Adverse outcomes in any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business.

ITEM 7.    MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

Overview

We are a leading integrated provider of virgin and regenerated sulfuric acid products and services. We believe that our business contributes to improving the sustainability of the environment.

We are a leading provider of sulfuric acid recycling to the North American refining industry for the production of alkylate, an essential gasoline component for lowering vapor pressure and increasing octane to meet stringent gasoline specifications and fuel efficiency standards. We are a leading North American producer of high quality and high strength virgin sulfuric acid for mining and industrial applications. We also provide chemical waste handling and treatment services, as well as ex-situ catalyst activation services for the refining and petrochemical industry.

In 2025, we served customers across many end uses and, as of December 31, 2025, operated out of nine strategically located manufacturing facilities.

On September 10, 2025, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell our Advanced Materials & Catalysts business, which includes the Zeolyst Joint Venture, to Technip Energies N.V. for a purchase price of $556.0 million, subject to certain adjustments including for indebtedness, cash, working capital and transaction expenses. The transaction was concluded effective December 31, 2025. The results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows for the Advanced Materials & Catalysts business are presented herein as discontinued operations. Except where noted, any tables, percentages or metrics included within this filing exclude the results of our Advanced Materials & Catalysts business. Refer to Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information

Stock Repurchase Program

On April 27, 2022, the Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program that authorized the Company to purchase up to $450.0 million of the Company’s common stock over the four-year period from the date of approval (the “Stock Repurchase Program”). In October 2025, the Board of Directors amended the Stock Repurchase Program to remove the limitation that all repurchases must be made within the four-year period from the date of original approval. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company repurchased 5,752,285 shares on the open market at an average price of $8.24 per share, for a total of $47.4 million excluding brokerage commissions and accrued excise tax. As of December 31, 2025, $182.2 million was available for share repurchases under the program.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company repurchased 552,081 shares on the open market at an average price of $9.05 per share, for a total of $5.0 million, excluding brokerage commissions and accrued excise tax.

For possible future repurchases, the actual timing, number, and nature of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors, including stock price, trading volume, and general business and market conditions and may be conducted through negotiated transactions, open market repurchases or other means, including through Rule 10b-18 and 10b5-1 trading plans or accelerated share repurchases.

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Key Performance Indicators

Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Income and Net Debt

Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Income and Net Debt are financial measures that are not prepared in accordance with GAAP and that we use to evaluate our operating performance, for business planning purposes and to measure our performance relative to that of our competitors. Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Income and Net Debt are presented as key performance indicators as we believe these financial measures will enhance a prospective investor’s understanding of our results of operations and financial condition. EBITDA consists of net income from continuing operations b efore interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA consists of EBITDA adjusted for (i) non-operating income or expense, and (ii) the impact of certain non-cash, nonrecurring or other items included in net income from continuing operations and EBITDA that we do not consider indicative of our ongoing operating performance. Adjusted Net Income consists of net income from continuing operations adjusted for (i) non-operating income or expense and (ii) the impact of certain non-cash, nonrecurring or other items included in net income from continuing operations that we do not consider indicative of our ongoing operating performance. Net Debt consists of total debt less cash and cash equivalents. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide investors with useful financial metrics to assess our operating performance from period-to-period by excluding certain items that we believe are not representative of our core business.

You should not consider Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Income, or Net Debt in isolation or as alternatives to the presentation of our financial results in accordance with GAAP. The presentation of Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Income and Net Debt financial measures may differ from similar measures reported by other companies and may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures. In evaluating Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income, you should be aware that we are likely to incur expenses similar to those eliminated in this presentation in the future and that certain of these items could be considered recurring in nature. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or nonrecurring items. Reconciliations of Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Income to GAAP net income and Net Debt to GAAP total debt are included in this “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for each of the respective periods.

Key Factors and Trends Affecting Operating Results and Financial Condition

Sales

Overall, our business continued to benefit from positive demand trends for our products and services in the majority of end uses we serve. Strong demand for refined products continued to support high refinery utilization rates, while more stringent gasoline standards and growing demand for premium gasoline to power higher-compression and turbo-charged engines continued to drive demand for alkylate and for our regeneration services product group. In addition, demand for virgin sulfuric acid across a wide range of industrial applications, including mining, remained favorable.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold consists of variable product costs, fixed manufacturing expenses, depreciation expense and freight expenses. Variable product costs include all raw materials and energy costs that are directly related to the manufacturing process. Fixed manufacturing expenses include all plant employment costs, manufacturing overhead and periodic maintenance costs.

The primary raw materials include spent sulfuric acid, sulfur, acids, bases (including sodium hydroxide, or “caustic soda”) and certain metals. Spent sulfuric acid for our regeneration services product group is supplied by customers as part of their contracts.

Most of our contracts feature take-or-pay volume protection and/or quarterly price adjustments for commodity inputs, labor, the Chemical Engineering Index (U.S. chemical plant construction cost index) and natural gas. About 90% of our sales for the year ended December 31, 2025 were under contracts featuring quarterly price adjustments. The price adjustments generally reflect actual costs for producing sulfuric acid and tend to protect us from volatility in labor, fixed costs and raw material pricing. The take-or-pay volume protection allows us to cover fixed costs through intermittent, temporary production issues at customer refineries.

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While natural gas is not a direct feedstock for any product, natural gas powered machinery and equipment are used to heat raw materials and create the chemical reactions necessary to produce end-products. We maintain multiple suppliers wherever possible and structure our customer contracts when possible to allow for the pass-through of raw material, labor and natural gas costs.

Seasonality

Our regeneration services product group typically experiences seasonal fluctuations as a result of higher demand for gasoline products in the summer months and lower demand in the winter months as well as fluctuations associated with customer turnarounds. These demand fluctuations generally result in higher sales and working capital requirements in the second and third quarters.

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2024

Highlights

The following is a summary of our financial performance for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared with the year ended December 31, 2024, which excludes the results of the Advanced Materials & Catalysts business for all periods.

Sales

Sales increased $125.2 million to $723.5 million. The increase in sales primarily reflects higher average selling prices from the pass-through effect of higher sulfur costs, favorable contractual pricing for regenerated sulfuric acid and higher sales of virgin sulfuric acid, including the contribution from the acquired Waggaman, Louisiana location, partially offset by lower regenerated sulfuric acid volume.

Gross Profit

Gross profit decreased $5.3 million to $158.1 million. The decrease in gross profit was primarily due to lower regenerated sulfuric acid volume and higher manufacturing costs, partially offset by higher average selling prices.

Operating Income

Operating income decreased $20.2 million to $64.9 million. The decrease in operating income was primarily due to the decrease in gross profit and higher other operating expenses, net.

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The following is our consolidated statements of loss and a summary of financial results for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Years ended December 31,

Change

(in millions, except percentages)

Sales

Cost of goods sold

Gross profit

Gross profit margin

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Other operating expense, net

Operating income

Operating income margin

Interest expense, net

Debt modification and extinguishment costs

Other income, net

Income from continuing operations before income taxes

Provision (benefit) for income taxes

Effective tax rate

Net income from continuing operations

Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax

Net loss

Sales

Sales for the year ended December 31, 2025 were $723.5 million, an increase of $125.2 million, or 20.9%, compared with sales of $598.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in sales reflects higher average selling pricing of $97.9 million, including the pass-through effect of higher sulfur costs of approximately $77 million, and higher sales volume of $27.3 million.

Average selling prices were higher primarily due to the pass-through effect of higher sulfur costs and favorable contract pricing for regenerated sulfuric acid. Sales volume increase was a result of higher sales for virgin sulfuric acid, including the contribution from the acquired Waggaman location, partially offset by lower regenerated sulfuric acid driven by unplanned and extended customer down-time and maintenance turnaround activity at our facilities.

Gross Profit

Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $158.1 million, a decrease of $5.3 million, or 3.2%, compared with $163.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in gross profit is primarily driven by higher manufacturing costs of $30.2 million, exclusive of the approximately $77 million of higher sulfur costs, partially offset by higher average selling prices of $20.9 million, exclusive of the pass-through of sulfur costs, and higher sales volume of $4.0 million. The cost of sulfur is generally passed-through to customers at the same rate as incurred resulting in no net impact to gross profit.

Higher manufacturing costs were driven by additional fixed costs from the acquisition of the Waggaman location, general inflation, maintenance and transportation.

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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 were $66.0 million, an increase of $0.6 million compared with $65.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to an increase in compensation-related expenses of $2.0 million and other expenses of $1.4 million, partially offset by decreases in stock compensation of $1.4 million and professional fees of $1.4 million.

Other Operating Expense, Net

Other operating expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $27.2 million , an increase of $14.3 million compared with $12.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 . The increase in other operating expense, net was mainly driven by an increase in loss on disposal of assets of $3.1 million, transaction and integration costs associated with the Waggaman location of $6.1 million, and other costs of $5.1 million primarily related to restructuring, tax related charges, environmental remediation and legal related expenses.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $34.2 million , a decrease of $2.3 million , as compared with $36.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in interest expense, net was primarily due to year over year decrease in variable rates, in part due to the reduction in our spread associated with the 2025 Term Loan refinancing transaction, and lower outstanding debt for the year ended December 31, 2025 , as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, partially offset by lower benefit from our interest rate caps.

Debt Modification and Extinguishment Costs

Debt modification and extinguishment costs for the year ended  December 31, 2025  were $5.5 million , an increase of $0.9 million , as compared to $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Effective on December 31, 2025, we completed the sale of our Advanced Materials & Catalysts business, which triggered the Company’s obligation to provide partial mandatory repayment under the existing senior secured term loan facility. An additional voluntary prepayment was made utilizing a portion of the proceeds from the sale. As a result of the payments, previous unamortized deferred financing costs of $1.2 million and original issue discount of $3.3 million were recorded as debt modification and extinguishment costs in the consolidated statements of loss during the year ended December 31, 2025.

On January 30, 2025, we amended our existing senior secured term loan facility to reduce the applicable interest rates. The Company evaluated the terms of the amendment in accordance with ASC 470-50 Debt - Modification and Extinguishment and determined that the amendment was a modification of debt. As a result, we recorded $1.0 million of third-party financing fees within debt modification and extinguishment costs in the consolidated statements of loss during the year ended December 31, 2025.

On June 12, 2024, we amended our existing senior secured term loan facility to reduce the applicable interest rates and extend the maturity of the facility to June 2031. The Company evaluated the terms of the amendment in accordance with ASC 470-50 Debt - Modification and Extinguishment and determined that the amendment was primarily a modification of debt. As a result, we recorded $4.5 million of third-party financing fees as debt modification and extinguishment costs in the consolidated statements of loss during the year ended December 31, 2024 . In addition, previously unamortized deferred financing costs and original issue discount of $0.1 million associated with the existing senior secured term loan facility were written off as debt extinguishment costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 .

Other Income, Net

Other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $0.6 million , a change of $0.6 million , compared with $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 . The change primarily related to the sale of environmental credits during the year ended December 31, 2024.

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Provision (Benefit) For Income Taxes

The provision (benefit) for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2025 was a provision of $19.5 million compared with a benefit of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2025 was 75.6% compared to (0.7)% for the year ended December 31, 2024. The difference between the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate and our effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2025 was mainly due to the impact of a valuation allowance increase connected to our state investment tax credit carryovers. The difference between the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate and our effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 was mainly due to the statute of limitations expiration related to prior year uncertain tax positions.

Net Income From Continuing Operations

For the foregoing reasons, net income from continuing operations was $6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to $45.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $172.0 million, a decrease of $0.7 million, or (0.4)%, compared to $172.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The change in Adjusted EBITDA was driven by favorable contractual pricing for regenerated sulfuric acid and higher sales volume of virgin sulfuric acid, largely offset by lower regenerated sulfuric acid volume, driven by unplanned and extended customer down-time, and higher manufacturing costs driven by general inflation, maintenance and transportation.

A reconciliation of net income from continuing operations to Adjusted EBITDA is as follows:

Years ended December 31,

(in millions)

Reconciliation of net income from continuing operations to Adjusted EBITDA

Net income from continuing operations

Provision (benefit) for income taxes

Interest expense, net

Depreciation and amortization

EBITDA

Debt modification and extinguishment costs

Net loss on asset disposals (a)

Transaction and other related costs (b)

Equity-based compensation

Restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses (c)

Other (d)

Adjusted EBITDA (1)

(a) When asset disposals occur, we remove the impact of net gain/loss of the disposed asset because such impact primarily reflects the non-cash write-off of long-lived assets no longer in use.

(b) Relates to certain transaction costs, including debt financing, due diligence and other costs related to transactions that are completed, pending or abandoned, that we believe are not representative of our ongoing business operations.

(c) Includes the impact of restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses, which are incremental costs that are not representative of our ongoing business operations.

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(d) Other consists of adjustments for items that are not core to our ongoing business operations. These adjustments include environmental remediation and other legal costs, expenses for capital and franchise taxes, and defined benefit pension and postretirement plan (benefits) costs, for which our obligations are under plans that are frozen.

(1) We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA adjusted for certain items as noted in the reconciliation above. Our management evaluates our performance and allocates resources based on Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA does not represent cash flow for periods presented and should not be considered as an alternative to net (loss) income from continuing operations as an indicator of our operating performance or as an alternative to cash flows as a source of liquidity. Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable with EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA as defined by other companies.

Adjusted Net Income

Summarized Adjusted Net Income information is shown below in the following table:

Years ended December 31,

Pre-tax

Tax expense (benefit)

After-tax

Pre-tax

Tax expense (benefit)

After-tax

(in millions)

Reconciliation of net income from continuing operations to Adjusted Net Income (1)(2)

Net income from continuing operations

Debt modification and extinguishment costs

Net loss on asset disposals (a)

Transaction and other related costs (b)

Equity-based compensation

Restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses (c)

Other (d)

Adjusted Net Income, including impact of valuation allowance increase and changes in uncertain tax positions

Impact of valuation allowance increase (3)

Changes in uncertain tax positions (4)

Adjusted Net Income (1)

(1) We define Adjusted Net Inco me as net income from continuing operations adjusted for non-operating income or expense and the impact of certain non-cash or other items that are included in net income from continuing operations that we do not consider indicative of our ongoing operating performance. Adjusted Net Income is presented as a key performance indicator as we believe it will enhance a prospective investor’s understanding of our results of operations and financial condition. Adjusted Net Income may not be comparable with net income from continuing operations or Adjusted Net Income as defined by other companies.

(2) Refer to the Adjusted EBITDA notes above for more information with respect to each adjustment.

(3) Represents the tax impact of the state tax credit valuation allowance increase. Item is not expected to be recurring.

(4) Represents the tax impact of previously net unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, primarily due to the expiration of statutes of limitations.

The adjustments to net income from continuing operations are shown net of applicable tax rates of 24.8% and 25.3% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, except for equity-based compensation. The tax effect on equity-based compensation is derived by removing the tax effect of any equity-based compensation expense disallowed as a result of its inclusion within Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as amended) and adding the tax effect of equity-based compensation shortfall recorded as a discrete item.

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Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2023

Highlights

The following is a summary of our financial performance for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared with the year ended December 31, 2023, which excludes the results of the Advanced Materials & Catalysts business for all periods.

Sales

Sales increased $13.5 million to $598.3 million. The increase in sales was primarily due to higher sales volume of regenerated sulfuric acid and virgin sulfuric acid, partially offset by lower average selling prices as a result of the pass-through of costs.

Gross Profit

Gross profit decreased $3.0 million to $163.4 million. The decrease in gross profit was primarily due to lower average selling prices and unfavorable manufacturing costs, partially offset by higher sales volume and favorable variable costs.

Operating Income

Operating income decreased $4.4 million to $85.1 million. The decrease in operating income was primarily due to the decrease in gross profit and higher other operating expenses, net.

The following is our consolidated statements of (loss) income and a summary of financial results for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Years ended December 31,

Change

(in millions, except percentages)

Sales

Cost of goods sold

Gross profit

Gross profit margin

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Other operating expense, net

Operating income

Operating income margin

Interest expense, net

Debt modification and extinguishment costs

Other (income) expense, net

Income from continuing operations before income taxes

(Benefit) provision for income taxes

Effective tax rate

Net income from continuing operations

Net (loss) income from discontinued operations, net of tax

Net (loss) income

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Sales

Sales for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $598.3 million, an increase of $13.5 million, or 2.3%, compared with sales of $584.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in sales reflects higher sales volume of $42.4 million, partially offset by lower average selling pricing of $28.9 million, including the pass-through effect of lower sulfur costs of approximately $7 million.

Sales volume increased driven by higher virgin sulfuric acid and regenerated sulfuric acid sales for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, which had the adverse impact of Winter Storm Elliott and extended maintenance turnaround activity at our facilities in 2023, as well as strong demand for regenerated sulfuric acid in the gulf coast in 2024. Average selling prices were lower primarily due to the pass-through of lower costs, including sulfur, natural gas, freight and other variable costs, partially offset by favorable contract-pricing for regenerated sulfuric acid.

Gross Profit

Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $163.4 million, a decrease of $3.0 million, or (1.8)%, compared with $166.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in gross profit is primarily driven by unfavorable manufacturing costs of $5.0 million and lower average selling prices of $21.9 million, exclusive of the approximately $7 million of lower sulfur costs, partially offset by higher sales volume of $24.0 million. The cost of sulfur is generally passed-through to customers at the same rate as incurred resulting in no net impact to gross profit.

Higher manufacturing costs was primarily driven by general inflation, higher planned maintenance costs and costs associated with our manufacturing plant reliability improvement program. Average selling prices were lower primarily due to the pass-through of lower costs, including sulfur, natural gas, freight and other variable costs. The increase in sales volume was primarily related to higher demand for regenerated sulfuric acid and virgin sulfuric acid.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $65.4 million, an increase of $4.9 million compared with $60.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to an increase in other compensation-related expenses of $9.0 million, partially offset by decreases in stock compensation of $1.9 million, professional fees of $0.8 million and other expenses of $1.4 million.

Other Operating Expense, Net

Other operating expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $12.9 million , a decrease of $3.5 million compared with $16.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 . The decrease in other operating expense, net was mainly driven by smaller losses on asset disposals during the year ended December 31, 2024 and residual costs from the sale of a former business segment and other transactions costs that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $36.5 million , an increase of $4.8 million , as co mpared with $31.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in interest expense, net was primarily due to year over year increase in variable rates and the decrease in the benefits associated with our interest rate caps, partially offset by lower outstanding debt for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 and the reduction in our spread associated with the June 2024 refinancing.

Debt Modification and Extinguishment Costs

Debt modification and extinguishment costs for the year ended  December 31, 2024  were $4.6 million.

On June 12, 2024, we amended our existing senior secured term loan facility to reduce the applicable interest rates and extend the maturity of the facility to June 2031. The Company evaluated the terms of the amendment in accordance with ASC 470-50 Debt - Modification and Extinguishment and determined that the amendment was primarily a modification of debt. As a result, we recorded $4.5 million of third-party financing fees as debt modification and extinguishment costs in the consolidated statements of (loss) income during the year ended December 31, 2024 . In addition, previously unamortized deferred financing costs and original issue discount of $0.1 million associated with the existing senior secured term loan facility were written off as debt extinguishment costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 .

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Other (Income) Expense, Net

Other (income) expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2024 was income of $1.2 million , a change of $2.1 million , compared with expense of $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The change primarily related to the sale of environmental credits during the year ended December 31, 2024.

(Benefit) Provision For Income Taxes

The (benefit) provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2024 was a benefit of $0.3 million compared with a provision of $8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 was (0.7)% compared to 15.3% for the year ended December 31, 2023. The difference between the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate and our effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 was mainly due to the statute of limitations expiration related to prior year uncertain tax positions. The difference between the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate and our effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 was mainly due the impact of a valuation allowance release connected to our state investment tax credit carryovers and the Section 162(m) deduction limitation for “covered” employees with compensation in excess of $1 million, along with the tax deductibility of stock compensation.

Net Income From Continuing Operations

For the foregoing reasons, net income from continuing operations was $45.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $48.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 .

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $172.7 million, a decrease of $4.5 million, or (2.5)%, compared to $177.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The change in Adjusted EBITDA was a result of higher transportation costs and planned maintenance costs inclusive of turnarounds, an increase in other compensation-related expenses, as well as unfavorable net pricing, reflecting the timing and contractual pass-through of certain costs, including energy and other indexed costs, partially offset by higher sales volumes and favorable contract pricing.

A reconciliation of net income from continuing operations to Adjusted EBITDA is as follows:

Years ended December 31,

(in millions)

Reconciliation of net income from continuing operations to Adjusted EBITDA

Net income from continuing operations

(Benefit) provision for income taxes

Interest expense, net

Depreciation and amortization

EBITDA

Debt modification and extinguishment costs

Net loss on asset disposals (a)

Transaction and other related costs (b)

Equity-based compensation

Restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses (c)

Other (d)

Adjusted EBITDA (1)

(a) When asset disposals occur, we remove the impact of net gain/loss of the disposed asset because such impact primarily reflects the non-cash write-off of long-lived assets no longer in use.

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(b) Relates to certain transaction costs, including debt financing, due diligence and other costs related to transactions that are completed, pending or abandoned, that we believe are not representative of our ongoing business operations.

(c) Includes the impact of restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses, which are incremental costs that are not representative of our ongoing business operations.

(d) Other consists of adjustments for items that are not core to our ongoing business operations. These adjustments include environmental remediation and other legal costs, expenses for capital and franchise taxes, and defined benefit pension and postretirement plan (benefits) costs, for which our obligations are under plans that are frozen.

(1) We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA adjusted for certain items as noted in the reconciliation above. Our management evaluates our performance and allocates resources based on Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA does not represent cash flow for periods presented and should not be considered as an alternative to net (loss) income from continuing operations as an indicator of our operating performance or as an alternative to cash flows as a source of liquidity. Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable with EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA as defined by other companies.

Adjusted Net Income

Summarized Adjusted Net Income information is shown below in the following table:

Years ended December 31,

Pre-tax

Tax expense (benefit)

After-tax

Pre-tax

Tax expense (benefit)

After-tax

(in millions)

Reconciliation of net income from continuing operations to Adjusted Net Income (1)(2)

Net income from continuing operations

Debt modification and extinguishment costs

Net loss on asset disposals (a)

Transaction and other related costs (b)

Equity-based compensation

Restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses (c)

Other (d)

Adjusted Net Income, including impact of valuation allowance release and changes in uncertain tax positions

Impact of valuation allowance release (3)

Changes in uncertain tax positions (4)

Adjusted Net Income

(1) We define Adjusted Net Inco me as net income from continuing operations adjusted for non-operating income or expense and the impact of certain non-cash or other items that are included in net income from continuing operations that we do not consider indicative of our ongoing operating performance. Adjusted Net Income is presented as a key performance indicator as we believe it will enhance a prospective investor’s understanding of our results of operations and financial condition. Adjusted Net Income may not be comparable with net income from continuing operations or Adjusted Net Income as defined by other companies.

(2) Refer to the Adjusted EBITDA notes above for more information with respect to each adjustment.

(3) Represents the tax impact of the state tax credit valuation allowance release. Item is not expected to be recurring.

(4) Represents the tax impact of previously net unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, primarily due to the expiration of statutes of limitations.

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The adjustments to net income from continuing operations are shown net of applicable tax rates of 25.3% and 25.4% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, except for equity-based compensation. The tax effect on equity-based compensation is derived by removing the tax effect of any equity-based compensation expense disallowed as a result of its inclusion within Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as amended) and adding the tax effect of equity-based compensation shortfall recorded as a discrete item.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP and our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and related disclosures. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and other relevant factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We review these matters and reflect changes in estimates as appropriate. We have identified below the accounting policies, estimates and critical judgment areas that we believe could have a material effect on our financial position, liquidity or results of operations.

Revenue Recognition

In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as we fulfill our obligations under our agreements, we perform the following steps: (i) identify the contract with the customer; (ii) determine whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measure the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations based on estimated selling prices; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy each performance obligation.

We identify a contract when an agreement with a customer creates legally enforceable rights and obligations, which occurs when a contract has been approved by both parties, the parties are committed to perform their respective obligations, each party’s rights and payment terms are clearly identified, commercial substance exists and it is probable that we will collect the consideration to which we are entitled.

Evidence of a contract with a customer may take the form of a master service agreement (“MSA”), a MSA in combination with an underlying purchase order, a combination of a pricing quote with an underlying purchase order or an individual purchase order received from a customer. Certain of our customers enter into MSAs that establish the terms, including prices, under which orders to purchase goods may be placed. In cases where the MSA contains a distinct order for goods or contains an enforceable minimum quantity to be purchased by the customer, we consider the MSA to be evidence of a contract with a customer as the MSA creates enforceable rights and obligations. In cases where the MSA does not contain a distinct order for goods, evidence of a contract with a customer is the purchase order issued under the MSA. Our customers may also negotiate orders via pricing quotes, which typically detail product pricing, delivery terms and payment information. When a customer procures goods under this method, we consider the combination of the pricing quote and the purchase order to create enforceable rights and obligations. Absent either a MSA or pricing quote, we consider an individual purchase order to create enforceable rights and obligations.

We identify a performance obligation in a contract for each promised good that is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract and for which the customer can benefit from the good. The majority of our contracts have a single performance obligation, which is the promise to transfer individual goods to the customer. Certain of our contracts include multiple performance obligations under which the purchase price for each distinct performance obligation is defined in the contract.

As described above, our MSAs with our customers may outline prices for individual products or contract provisions. MSAs may contain provisions whereby raw materials costs are passed-through to the customer per the terms of their contract. Our exposure to fluctuations in raw materials prices is limited, as the majority of pass-through contract provisions reset based on fluctuations in the underlying raw material price. MSAs also contain take-or-pay arrangements, whereby the customer would incur a penalty in the form of a shortfall volume fee. Revenue from product sales are recorded at the sales price, which includes estimates of variable consideration for which reserves are established and which result from discounts, returns or other allowances that are offered within contracts with our customers.

We recognize revenues when performance obligations under the terms of a contract with our customer are satisfied, which generally occurs at a point in time by transferring control of a product to the customer. We determine the point in

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time when a customer obtains control of a product and we satisfy the performance obligation by considering factors including when we have a right to payment for the product, the customer has legal title to the product, we have transferred possession of the product, the customer has assumed the risks and rewards of ownership of the product and the customer has accepted the product. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods. We do not have any significant payment terms as payment is received at, or shortly after, the point of sale.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Assets and liabilities of acquired businesses are measured at their estimated fair values at the dates of acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired, including identified intangibles, is recorded as goodwill. The determination and allocation of fair value to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is based on various assumptions and valuation methodologies requiring considerable management judgment, including estimates based on historical information, current market data and future expectations.

Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized, but are tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or circumstances exist that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying amount.

Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level. In performing tests for goodwill impairment, we are able to use our discretion to first perform an optional qualitative assessment about the likelihood of the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeding its fair value. The qualitative assessment need not be applied to all reporting units. If we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount based on the qualitative assessment, we perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test to identify the potential goodwill impairment and measure the amount of the goodwill impairment loss, if any, to be recognized for that reporting unit. For the annual assessments in 2025 and 2024, we bypassed the option to perform the qualitative assessment and proceeded directly to performing the quantitative goodwill impairment test for each of our reporting units. The quantitative test identifies both the potential existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss.

In applying the quantitative test, the Company calculates and compares the reporting unit’s estimated fair value to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is not impaired. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. An impairment loss cannot exceed the carrying value of goodwill assigned to a reporting unit and the loss establishes a new basis in the goodwill. Subsequent reversal of an impairment loss is not permitted.

For the purposes of the quantitative goodwill impairment test, we determine the fair value of our reporting units using a combination of a market approach and an income, or discounted cash flow, approach. Estimating the fair value of a reporting unit requires various assumptions including the use of projections of future cash flows and discount rates that reflect the risks associated with achieving those cash flows. The key assumptions used in estimating the fair value are operating margin growth rates, revenue growth rates, the weighted average cost of capital, the perpetual growth rate, and the estimated earnings market multiples of each reporting unit. The market value is estimated using publicly traded comparable company values by applying their most recent annual Adjusted EBITDA multiples to the reporting unit’s Adjusted EBITDA for the trailing twelve months. The income approach value is estimated using a discounted cash flow approach. The assumptions about future cash flows and growth rates are based on our assessment of a number of factors including the reporting unit’s recent performance against budget as well as management’s ability to execute planned future strategic initiatives. Discount rate assumptions are based on an assessment of the risk inherent in those future cash flows.

For intangible assets other than goodwill, definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives. Intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized, but rather are tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the intangible asset below its carrying amount. Our indefinite-lived intangible assets include trade names and certain trademarks. Similar to the goodwill impairment test, we may first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test. If we choose to bypass the qualitative assessment, or if the qualitative assessment indicates that the indefinite-lived intangible asset is more likely than not impaired, a quantitative impairment test must be performed. The quantitative test for indefinite-lived intangible assets is a one-step test

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comparing the fair value of the asset to its carrying amount. If the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than the carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the difference.

The unit of accounting used to test our indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment is at the reporting unit level. The fair values of our indefinite-lived trade names and trademarks are determined for impairment testing purposes based on an income approach using a discounted cash flow valuation model under a relief from royalty methodology. Significant assumptions under the relief from royalty method include the royalty rate a market participant may assume, projected sales and the discount rate applied to the estimated cash flows.

For definite-lived intangible assets, we amortize technical know-how over periods that range from fourteen to twenty years, customer relationships over periods that range from seven to fifteen years, trademarks over a fifteen year period, contracts over periods that range from two to sixteen years, and permits over five years. We perform an impairment review of definite-lived intangible assets when facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable from its undiscounted future cash flows. The impairment test for definite-lived intangible assets is consistent with the test applied to property, plant and equipment as described in our policy.

Assessment of the potential impairment of goodwill and intangible assets is an integral part of our normal ongoing review of operations. Testing for potential impairment of these assets is significantly dependent on numerous assumptions and reflects management's best estimates at a particular point in time. Estimates based on these assumptions may differ significantly from actual results. Changes in factors and assumptions used in assessing potential impairments can have a significant impact on the existence and magnitude of impairments, as well as the time in which such impairments are recognized.

In addition, we continually review our diverse portfolio of assets to ensure they are achieving their greatest potential and are aligned with our growth strategy. Strategic decisions involving a particular group of assets may trigger an assessment of the recoverability of the related assets. Such an assessment could result in impairment losses.

For further information, see Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements.

Investments in Affiliated Companies

Investments in affiliated companies are accounted for using the equity method of accounting if the investment provides the Company with the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the investee. Under the equity method of accounting, the investments in equity-method investees are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets as investments in affiliated companies, and the Company’s share of the investees’ earnings or losses, together with other than temporary impairments in value, is recorded as equity in net income from affiliated companies in the consolidated statements of income. Any differences between the Company’s cost of an equity method investment and the underlying equity in the net assets of the investment, such as fair value step-ups resulting from acquisitions, are accounted for according to their nature and impact the amounts recognized as equity in net income from affiliated companies in the consolidated statements of income.

The Company evaluates its equity method investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may be impaired. If a decline in the fair value of an equity method investment is determined to be other than temporary, a loss is recorded in earnings in the current period.

For the purposes of the equity method investment impairment test, we determine the fair value of our investment using a combination of a market approach and an income, or discounted cash flow. Estimating the fair value of an equity method investment requires various assumptions including the use of projections of future cash flows and discount rates that reflect the risks associated with achieving those cash flows. The key assumptions used in estimating the fair value are operating margin growth rates, revenue growth rates, selling, general and administrative expenses growth rates, the weighted average cost of capital, the perpetual growth rate, the estimated earnings market multiple, and the estimated control premium. The market value is estimated using publicly traded comparable company values by applying their most recent annual Adjusted EBITDA multiples to the reporting unit’s Adjusted EBITDA for the trailing twelve months. The income approach value is estimated using a discounted cash flow approach. The assumptions about future cash flows and growth rates are based on our assessment of a number of factors including the investee’s recent performance against budget as well as its ability to execute planned future strategic initiatives. Discount rate assumptions are based on an assessment of the risk inherent in those future cash flows.

Assessment of the potential impairment of investments in affiliate companies is an integral part of our normal ongoing review of operations. Testing for potential impairment of these assets is significantly dependent on numerous

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assumptions and reflects management’s best estimates at a particular point in time. Estimates based on these assumptions may differ significantly from actual results. Changes in factors and assumptions used in assessing potential impairments can have a significant impact on the existence and magnitude of impairments, as well as the time in which such impairments are recognized.

In addition, we continually review our diverse portfolio of assets to ensure they are achieving their greatest potential and are aligned with our growth strategy. Strategic decisions may trigger an assessment of the recoverability of the related assets. Such an assessment could result in impairment losses.

For further information, see Note 4 to these consolidated financial statements.

Income Taxes

We operate within multiple state taxing jurisdictions and are subject to tax filing requirements and potential audits within these jurisdictions. Our operations and the complexity of tax regulations require assessments of uncertainties and judgments in estimating taxes we will ultimately pay. The final taxes paid are dependent upon many factors, including negotiations with taxing authorities in various jurisdictions, outcomes of tax litigation and resolution of disputes arising from federal, state and international tax audits in the normal course of business. The resolution of these uncertainties may result in adjustments to our tax assets and tax liabilities. We use the asset and liability method in accounting for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements, using statutory tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the results of operations in the period that includes the enactment date. We evaluate our deferred tax assets each period to ensure that estimated future taxable income will be sufficient in character (e.g., capital gain versus ordinary income treatment), amount and timing, to result in their realizability. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets, unless it is more likely than not that those assets will be realized. Considerable judgments are required in establishing deferred tax valuation allowances. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences and carryforward deferred tax assets become deductible or utilized. We consider the scheduled reversal of taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income and tax-planning strategies in making this assessment. As events and circumstances change, valuation allowances are adjusted within results from operations when applicable.

We recognize net tax benefits under the recognition and measurement criteria of ASC 740 , which prescribes requirements and other guidance for financial statement recognition and measurement of positions taken or expected to be taken on tax returns. We recognize a financial statement benefit for positions taken for tax return purposes when it will be more likely than not (i.e. greater than 50%) that the positions will be sustained upon tax examination, based solely on the technical merits of the tax positions. Otherwise, no tax benefit is recognized. The tax benefits recognized are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. We recognize potential accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. Tax examinations are often complex as tax authorities may disagree with the treatment of items reported by us and may require several years to resolve. These accrued liabilities represent a provision for taxes that are reasonably expected to be incurred on the basis of available information but which are not certain.

The Company has elected an accounting policy under ASC 740 to record all subsequent changes in the measurement of unrecognized tax benefits (“UTBs”) in income from continuing operations, including those related to positions that originally arose in discontinued operations. Although U.S. GAAP permits alternative classification approaches, the Company applies this policy consistently, and all reversals or remeasurements of UTBs are reflected in continuing operations in the period of change.

The OBBBA introduces multiple tax law and other legislative changes, including modifications to income tax provisions such as domestic research and development expenses, capital expenditures, and U.S. taxation of international earnings; the repeal of acceleration of the sunset of certain tax credits under the IRA and elimination of certain penalties for violations of certain regulatory credit programs. We have recognized the effects of the OBBBA provisions in our financial results to the extent they are applicable to the year ended December 31, 2025. We will continue to evaluate the impact of these provisions.

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Stock-Based Compensation

We grant stock-based compensation awards in connection with our stock incentive plans. Under the terms of the incentive plans, we are authorized to issue equity awards to our employees, directors and affiliates. The grants have taken the form of restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance stock units and stock options. Restricted stock awards provide the recipient with shares of our stock subject to certain vesting requirements. Restricted stock units and performance stock units provide the recipient with the right to receive shares of our stock at a future date if certain vesting conditions are met. Stock option awards provide the recipient the ability to purchase shares of our stock at a given strike price upon the satisfaction of certain vesting requirements.

The vesting requirements associated with the awards include a mix of both service and/or performance conditions. Depending on the award and recipient, the service condition may reflect a cliff vesting provision (e.g., 100% vested upon four years of service) or a graded vesting provision (e.g., 33.3% vested each year over a period of three years). Prior to the Company’s IPO, the Company issued restricted stock awards and stock options with performance conditions that were based on the occurrence of a defined liquidity event upon which certain investment funds affiliated with CCMP receive proceeds exceeding defined thresholds. Although achievement of the performance condition is subject to continued service with us, the terms of awards issued with performance conditions stipulate that the performance vesting condition can be attained for a period of six months following separation from service under certain circumstances, depending on the means of separation from the Company and subject to other factors such as individual separation agreements. The same performance vesting condition for our restricted stock awards also governs the achievement of the performance vesting condition for our stock options. The value of the restricted stock awards granted was based on the average of the high and low trading prices of our common stock on the NYSE on the preceding trading day, in accordance with our policy for valuing such awards.

In addition to restricted stock awards, we have granted restricted stock units and performance stock units as part of our equity incentive compensation program. Each restricted stock unit provides the recipient with the right to receive a share of common stock subject to graded vesting terms based on service, which generally requires one year of service for members of our board of directors and three years of service for employees. Performance stock units vest upon the achievement of Company-specific financial performance targets and the provision of service through the vesting date.

We recognize compensation expense related to our equity awards with service conditions on a straight-line basis over the stated vesting period for each award. Expense related to our equity awards with performance conditions is recognized in the period in which it becomes probable that the performance target will be achieved. No compensation expense has been recognized to-date on any of our restricted stock awards and stock options subject to vesting based on performance conditions, since a liquidity event triggering vesting of the awards has not occurred, nor is it considered probable.

The grant date fair value of restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and performance stock units is based on the value of our common stock as traded on the NYSE. The grant date fair value of stock option awards is estimated using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. Determining the fair value of stock option awards at the grant date requires judgment, including estimates of the average risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, volatility and expected term. Since we have limited experience with respect to historical exercise and forfeiture rates or patterns, we have estimated certain assumptions using acceptable simplified methods and through benchmarking to our peer group of companies.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recently issued accounting standards and their effect on us.

Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity consist of cash flows from operations, existing cash balances as well as funds available under our asset based lending revolving credit facility (“ABL Facility”). We expect that ongoing requirements for debt service and capital expenditures will be funded from these sources of funds. Our primary liquidity requirements include funding working capital requirements (primarily inventory and accounts receivable, net of accounts payable and other accrued liabilities), debt service requirements and capital expenditures. Our capital expenditures include both maintenance of business, which include spending on maintenance and health, safety and environmental initiatives as well as growth, which includes spending to drive organic sales growth and cost savings initiatives.

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We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and cash flows from operations, combined with availability under our ABL Facility, will be sufficient to meet our presently anticipated future cash needs for at least the next twelve months. We may also pursue strategic acquisition or divestiture opportunities, which may impact our future cash requirements. We may, from time to time, increase borrowings under our ABL Facility to meet our future cash needs. As of December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $197.2 million and availability of $67.6 million under our ABL Facility, after giving effect to $3.2 million of outstanding letters of credit, for a total available liquidity of $264.8 million. We did not have any revolving credit facility borrowings as of December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with all covenants under our debt agreements.

Prior to April 10, 2025, our ABL Facility has one financial covenant with two ratios to maintain. The first ratio compares the total ABL availability against a threshold: the greater of 10% of the line cap (which was defined as the lesser of our revolving loan commitments and the value of our assets) or $10.0 million. The greater of this threshold could not be greater than the total availability of the ABL Facility. The second ratio compares the ABL Facility availability of the U.S. revolving credit facility against a $7.5 million threshold. On April 10, 2025, we amended the ABL Facility to, among other things, reallocate all European revolving loan commitments thereunder as U.S. revolving loan commitments. As a result of the amendment, on and after April 10, 2025, the U.S. revolving credit facility comprises all availability of the ABL Facility, and we are only required to comply with the first ratio described above. As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with the financial covenant under the ABL Facility.

The 2025 Term Loan Facility and the ABL Facility contain various restrictive covenants. Each limits the ability of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries to incur certain indebtedness or liens, merge, consolidate or liquidate, dispose of certain property, make investments or declare or pay dividends, make optional payments, modify certain debt instruments, enter into certain transactions with affiliates, enter into certain sales and leasebacks and certain other non-financial restrictive covenants. During such time, the Company is required to maintain a fixed-charge coverage ratio of at least 1.0 to 1.0. The Company was compliant with all debt covenants under the 2025 Term Loan Facility and the ABL Facility as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Effective on December 31, 2025, we completed the sale of our Advanced Materials & Catalysts segment, which includes the Zeolyst Joint Venture, to Technip Energies N.V. for a purchase price of $556.0 million, subject to certain adjustments set forth in the agreement. We used a portion of the net cash proceeds to partially repay the Senior Secured Term Loan Facility due June 2031 in the amount of $465.0 million.

We have no cash and cash equivalents held in foreign jurisdictions as of December 31, 2025.

Over the course of the next twelve months and beyond, we anticipate making significant cash payments for known contractual and other obligations, including:

Principal and interest on long-term debt

As of December 31, 2025, our total indebtedness was $397.1 million, with up to $67.6 million of available borrowings under our ABL. Our liquidity requirements are significant, primarily due to debt service requirements. As reported, our cash interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $50.8 million, $49.0 million and $42.1 million, respectively. Before any impact of hedges, a one percent change in assumed interest rates for our variable interest credit facilities would have an annual impact of approximately $4.0 million on interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2025. No principal balance is due within the next twelve months.

Interest payments due within the next twelve months are $21.2 million using the interest rate effective as of December 31, 2025 on our variable interest credit facilities. Interest on long-term debt excludes amortization of deferred financing fees and original issue discount. The actual interest payments may differ materially based on actual amounts of long-term debt outstanding and actual interest rates in future periods, as well as the hedging impact from our interest rate cap agreements.

Subject to approval by our board of directors, we may raise additional capital or borrowings from time to time or seek to refinance our existing debt. There can be no assurances that future capital or borrowings will be available to us, and the cost and availability of new capital or borrowings could be materially impacted by market conditions. Further, the decision to refinance our existing debt is based on a number of factors, including general market conditions and our ability to refinance on attractive terms at any given point in time. Any attempts to raise additional capital or borrowings or refinance our existing debt could cause us to incur significant charges. Such charges could have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

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Lease obligations

The Company has operating and finance lease agreements for land, buildings, railcars, vehicles, manufacturing equipment and general office equipment. We utilize an incremental borrowing rate over the relevant operating and finance lease terms, which is the rate of interest that it would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. We utilize a fixed borrowing rate for the financing obligation.

As of December 31, 2025, our total operating lease liabilities was $38.2 million, with $12.1 million of principal and interest payments made during the year. Operating lease payments due within the next twelve months is $11.8 million.

As of December 31, 2025, our total finance lease liabilities were not material. Principal and interest payments made during the year were not material.

As of December 31, 2025, our total finance obligation was not material. Principal and interest payments made during the year were not material. Finance obligation due within the next twelve months is not material.

Cash Flow

Years ended December 31,

(in millions)

Continuing Operations

Net cash provided by (used in)

Operating activities

Investing activities

Financing activities

Discontinued Operations

Net cash provided by (used in)

Operating activities

Investing activities

Financing activities

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents

Net change in cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

Less: cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash of discontinued operations

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period of continuing operations

The following discussions related to our cash flows are presented on a continuing operations basis, which excludes the cash flows from our Advanced Materials & Catalysts businesses accounted for as discontinued operations.

Year Ended December 31, 2025 compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2024

Net cash provided by operating activities was $118.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared with $103.8 million provided for the year ended December 31, 2024. Cash generated by operating activities, other than changes in working capital was higher by $19.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the prior year which was primarily driven by higher earnings exclusive of non-cash expenses. The decrease in cash from working capital during the year ended December 31, 2025 of $5.4 million was unfavorable compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to unfavorable changes in receivables, partially offset by favorable changes in accounts payable and accrued liabilities.

The unfavorable change in receivables was driven by the timing of collection of sales. The unfavorable change in inventories was primarily due to the timing of sales orders and inventory build. The favorable change in accrued

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liabilities primarily relates to timing of payments for variable employee compensation liabilities and transaction related liabilities, partially offset by timing of interest payments. The unfavorable change in prepaids and other current assets primarily relates to the timing of interest and other receivables.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $456.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to net cash used of $55.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 included the proceeds from the sale of the Advanced Materials & Catalysts business. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we acquired the sulfuric acid production assets of Cornerstone Chemical Company LLC located at Waggaman, Louisiana for $41.5 million. Cash used in investing activities also included $70.4 million and $55.6 million to fund capital expenditures during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Net cash used in financing activities was $521.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared with $14.9 million used during the year ended December 31, 2024. Net cash used in financing activities was driven by the $465.0 million debt prepayment and the higher repurchases of the Company’s common stock of $41.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024.

Year Ended December 31, 2024 compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2023

Net cash provided by operating activities was $103.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $100.5 million provided for the year ended December 31, 2023. Cash generated by operating activities, other than changes in working capital was lower by $3.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to December 31, 2023, which was primarily driven by lower earnings. The increase in cash from working capital during the year ended December 31, 2024 of $6.7 million was favorable compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to favorable changes in receivables and prepaids and other currents assets, partially offset by unfavorable changes in inventories.

The favorable change in receivables was driven by the timing of collection of sales. The favorable change in prepaids and other current assets primarily relates to the timing of interest and other receivables. The unfavorable change in inventories was primarily due to the timing of sales orders and inventory build.

Net cash used in investing activities was $55.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to net cash used of $59.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 . Cash used in investing activities consisted of $55.6 million and $59.0 million to fund capital expenditures during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Net cash used in financing activities was $14.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $90.7 million used during the year ended December 31, 2023 . The decrease in net cash used in financing activities was driven by lower repurchases of the Company’s common stock of $73.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023 .

Debt

December 31,

(in millions)

2025 Term Loan Facility

ABL Facility

Total debt

Original issue discount

Deferred financing costs

Total debt, net of original issue discount and deferred financing costs

Less: current portion

Total long-term debt, excluding current portion

As of December 31, 2025 our total debt was $397.1 million excluding the original issue discount of $2.9 million and deferred financing fees of $1.6 million for our senior secured credit facilities. Our Net Debt was $199.9 million, which is a non-GAAP financial measure consisting of total debt of $397.1 million (excluding the original issue discount

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of $2.9 million and deferred financing fees of $1.6 million for our senior secured credit facilities) less cash and cash equivalents of $197.2 million. Our total available liquidity as of December 31, 2025 was $264.8 million, which represents our cash on hand of $197.2 million plus our excess availability under our ABL of $67.6 million, after giving effect to $3.2 million of outstanding letters of credit and no revolving credit facility borrowings. We may seek, subject to market conditions and other factors, opportunities to repurchase, refinance or otherwise reprice our debt.

2025 Term Loan Facility

On June 9, 2021, we entered into an agreement for a senior secured term loan facility (the “2021 Term Loan Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of $900.0 million with an original issue discount of 0.25% and interest at a floating rate of LIBOR (with a 0.50% minimum LIBOR floor) plus 2.75% per annum (or, depending on the Borrower’s first lien net leverage ratio, 2.50%), with a maturity date of June 9, 2028. The 2021 Term Loan Facility required scheduled quarterly amortization payments, each equal to 0.25% of the original principal amount of the loans under the 2021 Term Loan Facility.

On February 9, 2023, we amended the 2021 Term Loan Facility to replace LIBOR with a Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as the benchmark interest rate. Following this amendment, the 2021 Term Loan Facility bore interest at an adjusted SOFR rate (with a 0.50% minimum floor) plus 2.75% per annum (or, depending on the Borrower’s first lien net leverage ratio, 2.50%).

On June 12, 2024, we amended the 2021 Term Loan Facility to, among other things, (a) reduce the interest rate applicable to all outstanding SOFR term loans to term SOFR plus 2.25% per annum from a maximum of adjusted term SOFR plus 2.75% per annum, (b) reduce the interest rate applicable to all outstanding base rate term loans to the alternate base rate plus 1.25% per annum from a maximum of the alternate base rate plus 1.75% per annum and (c) extend the maturity date of all outstanding term loans to June 12, 2031. As a result of the amendment, there is no longer a credit spread adjustment of 10 basis points.

On January 30, 2025, we amended the 2021 Term Loan Facility to, among other things, (a) reduce the interest rate applicable to all outstanding SOFR term loans to term SOFR plus 2.00% per annum from a maximum of term SOFR plus 2.25% per annum and (b) reduce the interest rate applicable to all outstanding base rate term loans to the alternate base rate plus 1.00% per annum from a maximum of the alternate base rate plus 1.25% per annum (the amended term loans, the “2025 Term Loan Facility”).

ABL Facility

On May 4, 2016, we entered a $200.0 million senior secured ABL facility, which provided for $200.0 million in revolving credit commitments.

On March 20, 2020, we amended the ABL Facility to increase the aggregate amount of the revolving loan commitments available by $50.0 million to $250.0 million, consisting of up to $195.0 million in U.S. commitments, up to $15.0 million in Canadian commitments and up to $40.0 million in European commitments. The maturity of the facility was extended to March 20, 2025. In addition, there was an annual commitment fee equal to 0.375%, with a step-down to 0.25% based on average usage of the revolving credit borrowings available.

Following the amendment, the borrowings under the amended ABL Facility bear interest at a rate equal to the LIBOR rate or the base rate plus a margin of between 1.25% to 1.75% or 0.25% to 0.75%, respectively.

On June 9, 2021, we amended the ABL Facility to decrease the aggregate amount of revolving loan commitments available to $100.0 million, consisting of $90.0 million in U.S. commitments and $10.0 million in European commitments and extended the maturity date to August 2, 2026.

On February 17, 2023, we amended the ABL Facility to replace LIBOR with SOFR as the benchmark interest rate with respect to U.S. dollar-denominated borrowings. Following this amendment, U.S. dollar-denominated borrowings under the ABL Facility bear interest at a rate equal to an adjusted SOFR rate or the base rate plus a margin of between 1.25% and 1.75% or 0.25% to 0.75%, respectively.

On April 10, 2025, we amended the ABL credit agreement (“ABL Credit Agreement”) to, among other things, (a) reallocate all European revolving loan commitments thereunder as United States revolving loan commitments, (b) extend the maturity date with respect to borrowings under the ABL Credit Agreement by over three years to April 10, 2030 (subject to acceleration under certain circumstances), (c) reduce the interest rate applicable to outstanding revolving loans that bear interest at a rate equal to Term SOFR by removing the credit spread adjustment that was applied to Term

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SOFR in the ABL Credit Agreement in calculating adjusted Term SOFR, and (d) reduce the frequency of borrowing base reporting, field examinations and appraisals (subject to higher frequency under certain circumstances). As a result of the amendment, the Company capitalized $0.6 million of deferred financing costs within long-term debt, excluding current portion in the consolidated balance sheets during the year ended December 31, 2025.

As of December 31, 2025, there were no revolving credit borrowings under the ABL Facility. Revolving credit borrowings are payable at our option throughout the term of the ABL Facility with the balance due April 10, 2030. We have the availability to request letters of credit under the ABL Facility. We had $3.2 million of letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2025, which reduce available borrowings under the ABL Facility by such amounts.

We were in compliance with all debt covenants as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Capital Expenditures

Maintenance capital expenditures include spending on maintenance of business, health, safety and environmental initiatives. Growth capital expenditures include spending to drive organic sales growth and cost savings initiatives. These capital expenditures represent our “book” capital expenditures for which the Company has recorded, but not necessarily paid for the capital expenditures.

Years ended December 31,

(in millions)

Maintenance capital expenditures

Growth capital expenditures

Total capital expenditures

Capital expenditures remained at a level sufficient for required maintenance and certain expansion growth initiatives during these periods. Maintenance capital expenditures were higher in the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to December 31, 2024 due to extended turnaround activities in 2025.

Pension Funding

We paid $0.5 million and $1.6 million in contributions into our defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement plans in the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and an immaterial amount in the year ended December 31, 2023. The net periodic pension and postretirement expense (benefit) was $0.1 million, $(0.2) million, and $0.1 million for those same periods, respectively.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, our pension plans and other post-retirement benefit plans were underfunded by $0.8 million and $2.5 million, respectively.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We had $3.2 million of outstanding letters of credit on our revolver facility as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

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