IR Ingersoll Rand Inc. - 10-K

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The following risk factors as well as the other information included in this Form 10-K, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto should be carefully considered. Any of the following risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. The selected risks described below, however, are not the only risks facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or those we currently view to be immaterial may also materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Business

We have exposure to the risks associated with instability in the global economy, financial markets and our end markets, which may negatively impact our revenues, liquidity, suppliers and customers.

Our financial performance depends, in large part, on conditions in the markets we serve and on the general condition of the global economy, which impacts these markets. Any sustained weakness in demand for our products and services resulting from a contraction or uncertainty in the global economy could adversely impact our revenues and profitability.

In addition, we believe that many of our suppliers and customers access global credit markets to provide liquidity, and in some cases, utilize external financing to purchase products or finance operations. If our customers are unable to access credit markets or lack liquidity, customer demand for our products and services may be impacted.

Furthermore, our products are sold in many industries, some of which are cyclical and may experience periodic contractions. Cyclical weakness in the industries that we serve could adversely affect demand for our products and affect our profitability and financial performance.

More than half of our sales and operations are in non-U.S. jurisdictions and we are subject to the economic, political, regulatory and other risks of international operations.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, 58% of our revenues were from customers in countries outside of the United States. We have manufacturing facilities in Germany, the United Kingdom, China, Italy, India and other countries. We intend to continue to expand our international operations to the extent that suitable opportunities become available. Non-U.S. operations and United States export sales could be adversely affected as a result of: political or economic instability in certain countries; differences in foreign laws, including increased difficulties in protecting intellectual property and uncertainty in enforcement of contract rights; credit risks; currency fluctuations, in particular, changes in currency exchange rates between the U.S. dollar, Euro, British Pound and the Chinese Renminbi; exchange controls; changes in and uncertainties with respect to tariffs and import/export trade restrictions, as well as other changes in political policy in the United States, China, the U.K. and certain European countries (including the impacts of the U.K.’s withdrawal from the European Union); royalty and tax increases; nationalization of private enterprises, especially in China where we have material operations, supply chain dependencies and hold material cash balances; civil unrest and protests, strikes, acts of terrorism, war or other armed conflict (including the

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Russia-Ukraine war and conflicts in the Middle East); shipping products during times of crisis or war; and other factors inherent in foreign operations.

In addition, our expansion into new countries may require significant resources and the efforts and attention of our management and other personnel, which will divert resources from our existing business operations. As we expand our business globally, our success will depend, in large part, on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these risks associated with our international operations.

Information systems failure or disruption, due to cyber terrorism or other actions, may adversely impact our business and result in financial loss to the Company or liability to our customers.

Our business is highly dependent on financial, accounting and other data-processing systems and other communications and information systems, including our enterprise resource planning tools. We process a large number of transactions on a daily basis and rely upon the proper functioning of computer systems. If any of these systems fail, whether caused by fire, other natural disaster, power or telecommunications failure, acts of cyber terrorism, war, ransomware, misuse or malicious use of artificial intelligence (“AI”) or otherwise, or they do not function correctly, we could suffer financial loss, business disruption, liability to our customers, regulatory intervention or damage to our reputation. If our systems are unable to accommodate an increasing volume of transactions, our ability to grow could be limited. Although we have backup systems, procedures and capabilities in place, they may also fail or be inadequate. Further, to the extent that we may have customer information in our databases or access to customer systems through connected devices, any unauthorized disclosure of, or access to, such information, databases or systems could result in an adverse impact to us or our customer including claims under data protection laws and regulations. If any of these risks materialize, our reputation and our ability to conduct our business may be materially adversely affected.

Acquisitions, including integrating such acquisitions, and dispositions create certain risks and may affect our operating results.

We have acquired multiple businesses in recent years and will continue to pursue acquisition of businesses or assets in the future. The acquisition and integration of businesses or assets involves a number of risks. The core risks are valuation (negotiating a fair price for the business), integration (managing the process of integrating the acquired company’s people, products, technology and other assets to extract the value and synergies projected to be realized in connection with the acquisition), regulation (obtaining necessary regulatory or other government approvals that may be necessary to complete acquisitions) and diligence (identifying undisclosed or unknown liabilities or restrictions that will be assumed in the acquisition).

In addition, acquisitions outside of the United States often involve additional or increased risks including, for example:

• managing geographically separated organizations, systems and facilities;

• integrating personnel with diverse business backgrounds and organizational cultures;

• complying with non-U.S. regulatory requirements;

• fluctuations in currency exchange rates;

• enforcement of intellectual property rights in some non-U.S. countries;

• difficulty entering new non-U.S. markets due to, among other things, consumer acceptance and business knowledge of these new markets; and

• general economic and political conditions.

The process of integrating operations could cause an interruption of, or loss of momentum in, the activities of one or more of our combined businesses and the possible loss of key personnel. The diversion of management’s attention and any delays or difficulties encountered in connection with acquisitions and the integration of an acquired company’s operations could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or prospects.

Dispositions involve a number of risks and present financial, managerial and operational challenges, including diversion of management attention from running our core businesses, increased expense associated with the dispositions, potential disputes with the customers or suppliers of the disposed businesses, potential disputes with the acquirers of the disposed businesses and a potential dilutive effect on our earnings per share. If dispositions are not completed in a timely manner, there may be a negative effect on our cash flows and/or our ability to execute our strategy. In addition, we may not realize some or all of the anticipated benefits of our dispositions.

We face competition in the markets we serve, which could materially and adversely affect our operating results.

We actively compete with many companies producing similar products. Depending on the particular product and application, we experience competition based on a number of factors, including price, quality, performance and availability. We compete

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against many companies, including divisions of larger companies with greater financial resources than we possess. As a result, these competitors may be both domestically and internationally better able to withstand a change in conditions within the markets in which we compete and throughout the global economy as a whole.

In addition, our ability to compete effectively depends on how successfully we anticipate and respond to various competitive factors, including new competitors entering our markets, new products and services that may be introduced by competitors, changes in customer preferences, pricing pressures and new government regulations. If we are unable to anticipate our competitors’ development of new products and services, identify customer needs and preferences on a timely basis, or successfully introduce new products and services or modify existing products and service offerings in response to such competitive factors, we could lose customers to competitors. If we cannot compete successfully, our sales and operating results could be materially and adversely affected.

The nature of our products creates the possibility of significant product liability, warranty claims, and product recalls, which could harm our business.

Customers use some of our products in potentially hazardous applications that can cause injury or loss of life and damage to property, equipment or the environment. In addition, our products are integral to the production process for some end-users and any failure of our products could result in a suspension of operations. Furthermore, manufacturing or design defects in, unanticipated use of, safety or quality issues (or the perception of such issues) with respect to, or inadequate disclosure of risks relating to the use of products and services that we make or sell (including items that we source from third parties) can lead to personal injury, death, property damage and/or regulatory violations. In addition, we may fail to maintain an adequate quality management system (“QMS”) or fail to comply with the controls and processes established in our QMS. All of these events or failures can lead to recalls or safety alerts, result in removal of a product or service from the market and result in product liability, errors and omissions or similar claims being brought against us and lead to personal injury, death, property damage and/or regulatory violations. Recalls, removals and product liability or similar claims (regardless of validity or ultimate outcome) could create negative publicity and damage to our reputation that could reduce demand for our products and services, creating a material adverse effect on our revenues, earnings and cash flows. Although we maintain quality controls and procedures, we cannot be certain that our products will be completely free from defects. We maintain amounts and types of insurance coverage that we believe are currently adequate and consistent with normal industry practice for a company of our relative size, and we limit our liability by contract wherever possible. However, we cannot guarantee that insurance will be available or adequate to cover all liabilities incurred. We also may not be able to maintain insurance in the future at levels we believe are necessary and at rates we consider reasonable. We may be named as a defendant in product liability or other lawsuits asserting potentially large claims if an accident occurs at a location where our equipment and services have been or are being used.

Large or rapid increases in the cost of raw materials and component parts, substantial decreases in their availability or our dependence on particular suppliers of raw materials and component parts could materially and adversely affect our operating results.

Our primary raw materials, directly and indirectly, are cast iron, aluminum and steel. We also purchase a large number of motors and, therefore, also have exposure to changes in the price of copper, which is a primary component of motors. We have long-term contracts with only a few suppliers of key components. Consequently, we are vulnerable to fluctuations in prices and availability of such raw materials. Factors such as supply and demand, freight costs and transportation availability, inventory levels of brokers and dealers, the level of imports and general economic conditions may affect the price and availability of raw materials. In addition, we use single sources of supply for certain iron castings, motors and other select engineered components that are critical in the manufacturing of our products. In the past, we have experienced disruptions to our supply deliveries for raw materials and component parts due to reasons related to the pandemic and other recent economic conditions and may experience further supply disruptions. Any such disruption could have a material adverse effect on our ability to timely meet our commitments to customers and, therefore, our operating results.

Changes in U.S. tariff policy or reciprocal tariffs by foreign governments, remain uncertain and could impact our financial results.

The current U.S. presidential administration has implemented tariffs on imports from various countries, including tariffs on steel and aluminum products under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, which also apply to certain derivative steel products used in our operations. Some affected countries have announced or imposed reciprocal tariffs on U.S. goods. These measures have contributed to higher costs for certain materials and components. The extent and duration of these tariffs, and their effect on economic conditions and our business, remain uncertain and depend on factors such as legal challenges, negotiations between the U.S. and other countries, potential relief measures, availability and cost of alternative supply sources, and demand for our products in affected markets. Tariffs may increase costs or reduce demand for our products, which could

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affect our financial results. In addition, competitors may experience different levels of exposure or have greater ability to mitigate these impacts.

Our results of operations are subject to exchange rate and other currency risks. A significant movement in exchange rates could adversely impact our results of operations and cash flows.

We conduct our business in many different currencies. A significant portion of our revenue, 54% for the year ended December 31, 2025, is denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Accordingly, currency exchange rates, and in particular unfavorable movement in the exchange rates between U.S. dollars and Euros, British Pounds and Chinese Renminbi, affect our operating results. The effects of exchange rate fluctuations on our future operating results are unpredictable because of the number of currencies in which we do business and the potential volatility of exchange rates. We are also subject to the risks of currency controls and devaluations. Although historically not significant, if currency controls were enacted in countries where the Company generates significant cash balances, these controls may limit our ability to convert currencies into U.S. dollars or other currencies, as needed, or to pay dividends or make other payments from funds held by subsidiaries in the countries imposing such controls, which could adversely affect our liquidity. Currency devaluations could also negatively affect our operating margins and cash flows.

If we are unable to develop new products and technologies, our competitive position may be impaired, which could materially and adversely affect our sales and market share.

The markets in which we operate are characterized by changing technologies and introductions of new products and services. Our ability to develop new products based on technological innovation, including those that incorporate AI or drive sustainability, energy reduction and the reduction and/or recycling of water in our customers’ processes, can affect our competitive position and often requires the investment of significant resources. Difficulties or delays in research, development or production of new products and technologies, or failure to gain market acceptance of new products and technologies, may significantly reduce future revenues and materially and adversely affect our competitive position. We may not have sufficient resources to continue to make the investment required to maintain or increase our market share or that our investments will be successful. If we do not compete successfully, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

A natural disaster, catastrophe, pandemic, or other event could adversely affect our operations.

Some of our operations involve risks of, among other things, property damage, which could curtail our operations. For example, if one or more of our manufacturing facilities are damaged by severe weather or any other disaster, accident, catastrophe or event (including but not limited to those as a result of climate change), our operations could be significantly interrupted impacting our ability to produce products and sell products to customers. These interruptions might involve significant damage to, among other things, property, and repairs might take from a week or less for a minor incident to many months for a major interruption. In addition, disruptions in our supply chain due to natural disasters (including but not limited to those as a result of climate change), catastrophes, pandemics (such as COVID-19) or other events could reduce our ability to produce products and satisfy customer demand. Similar interruptions could result from damage to production or other facilities that provide supplies or other raw materials to our plants. Interruptions to our operations and supply chain could also result from pandemic which could adversely impact our workforce or that of our suppliers, causing disruption to the manufacturing process or our supply chain, and last a week or months depending on the severity of the disruption.

Uncertainties with respect to the development, and use of artificial intelligence in our business and products may result in harm to our business and reputation.

We have begun incorporating AI into our business activities and our product and service offerings. As with many innovations, AI presents risks and challenges that could adversely impact our business. The development, adoption and use of AI technologies are still in their early stages, and ineffective or inadequate AI development, deployment or governance practices could result in unintended consequences. For example, AI algorithms may be flawed or may be based on biased or insufficient datasets, and any disruption or failure in the AI functionality we incorporate into our business activities, products or services could adversely impact our business or result in delays or errors in our offerings.

In addition, the successful development and deployment of AI in our business depends on our ability to timely and effectively upskill our existing workforce and attract and retain personnel with AI‑related skills and experience. Competition for AI‑native talent is intense, and if we are unable to develop or recruit the necessary capabilities, we may be unable to fully realize potential efficiency gains, innovation opportunities or competitive advantages from AI, or to respond effectively to AI‑enabled competitive, technological or regulatory developments.

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Conversely, any failure to successfully develop and deploy AI in our business activities, products and services could adversely affect our competitiveness, particularly if our competitors successfully deploy AI, and the development and deployment of AI will require additional investment and increase our costs. There also may be real or perceived social harm, unfairness or other outcomes that undermine public confidence in the use and deployment of AI. Any of the foregoing may result in decreased demand for our products or harm to our business, financial condition or reputation.

The legal and regulatory landscape surrounding AI technologies is rapidly evolving and uncertain, including in the areas of intellectual property, cybersecurity and privacy and data protection. Compliance with new or changing laws, regulations or industry standards relating to AI or failure to implement robust governance frameworks to address ethical considerations, such as fairness, transparency, and bias, may impose significant costs and may limit our ability to develop, deploy or use AI technologies. Failure to appropriately respond to this evolving landscape may result in legal liability, regulatory action, or brand and reputational harm.

Our business could suffer if we experience employee work stoppages, union and work council campaigns or other labor difficulties.

As of December 31, 2025, we had over 21,000 employees of which approximately 6,100 were located in the United States. Of those employees located outside of the United States, a significant portion are represented by works councils and labor unions, and of those employees located in the United States, approximately 370 are represented by labor unions. Although we believe that our relations with employees are satisfactory and have not experienced any material work stoppages, work stoppages have occurred, and may in the future occur, and we may not be successful in negotiating new collective bargaining agreements. In addition, negotiations with our union employees may (1) result in significant increases in our cost of labor, (2) divert management’s attention away from operating our business or (3) break down and result in the disruption of our operations. The occurrence of any of the preceding conditions could impair our ability to manufacture our products and result in increased costs and/or decreased operating results.

Changes in tax laws and regulations, or adverse determinations by taxing or other governmental authorities could increase our effective tax rate and cash taxes paid or otherwise affect our financial condition or operating results.

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was signed into law by the president of the United States. It includes a broad range of tax reform provisions affecting businesses, including extending and modifying certain key provisions (both U.S. and non-U.S.) of the Tax Cuts & Jobs Act of 2017, and expanding certain Inflation Reduction Act incentives while accelerating the phase-out of others. The impact of the OBBBA is currently reflected on our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2025 and we are continuing to assess the impact for future years.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) has a framework to implement a global minimum corporate tax of 15% for companies with global revenues and profits above certain thresholds (referred to as “Pillar 2”), with certain aspects of Pillar 2 effective January 1, 2024 and other aspects effective January 1, 2025. While it is uncertain whether the U.S. will enact legislation to adopt Pillar 2, certain countries in which we operate have adopted legislation, and other countries are in the process of introducing legislation to implement Pillar 2. We will continue to closely monitor developments in Pillar 2 tax legislation, as the final rules could materially affect our effective tax rate and cash tax obligations.

While we monitor proposals and other developments that would materially impact our tax burden and/or effective tax rate and investigate our options, we could still be subject to increased taxation on a going forward basis no matter what action we undertake if certain legislative proposals or regulatory changes are enacted, certain tax treaties are amended and/or our interpretation of applicable tax or other laws is challenged and determined to be incorrect. The inability to realize any anticipated tax benefits related to our operations and corporate structure could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. See Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and Note 16 “Income Taxes” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for additional information related to our accounting for income tax matters.

Further, the specific future impacts of OBBBA and Pillar 2 on holders of our common shares are uncertain and could in certain instances be adverse. We urge our stockholders to consult with their legal and tax advisors with respect to any such legislation and the potential tax consequences of investing in our common stock.

We are also subject to the examination of our tax returns and other tax matters by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities and governmental bodies. We regularly assess the likelihood of an adverse outcome resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of its provision for taxes. The outcome of such examinations is inherently uncertain. If our effective tax rates were to increase, or if the ultimate determination of our taxes owed is for an amount in excess of amounts

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previously accrued, our business, results of operations, financial condition and stock price could be materially adversely affected.

Our success depends on our ability to attract, retain and develop key personnel and other talent throughout the Company.

Our future success depends on the skills, experience and efforts of our executive management and other key personnel and their ability to provide us with uninterrupted leadership and direction. The failure to retain our executive officers and other key personnel or a failure to provide adequate succession plans could have an adverse impact. Our future success also depends on our ability to attract, retain and develop qualified personnel at all levels of the organization, including skilled labor. The availability of skilled labor needed for the design and production of our products and delivery of services is limited in a number of locations in which we operate, and the competition for talent is robust. A failure to attract, retain and develop new qualified personnel throughout the organization could have an adverse effect on our operations and implementation of our strategic plan.

The risk of non-compliance with U.S. and foreign laws and regulations applicable to our international operations could have a significant impact on our results of operations, financial condition or strategic objectives.

Our global operations subject us to regulation by U.S. federal and state laws and multiple foreign laws, regulations and policies, which could result in conflicting legal requirements. These laws and regulations are complex, change frequently, have become more stringent over time and increase our cost of doing business. These laws and regulations include import and export control, environmental, health and safety regulations, data privacy requirements, international labor laws and work councils and anti-corruption and bribery laws such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act, the U.N. Convention Against Bribery and local laws prohibiting corrupt payments to government officials.

We are subject to the risk that we, our employees, our affiliated entities, contractors, agents or their respective officers, directors, employees and agents may take actions determined to be in violation of any of these laws, for which we might be held responsible, particularly as we expand our operations geographically through organic growth and acquisitions. An actual or alleged violation could result in substantial fines, sanctions, civil or criminal penalties, debarment from government contracts, curtailment of operations in certain jurisdictions, competitive or reputational harm, litigation or regulatory action and other consequences that might adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition or strategic objectives.

Cost overruns, delays, penalties or liquidated damages could negatively impact our results, particularly with respect to fixed-price contracts for custom engineered products.

A portion of our revenues and earnings is generated through fixed-price contracts for custom engineered products. Certain of these contracts provide for penalties or liquidated damages for failure to timely perform our obligations under the contract, or require that we, at our expense, correct and remedy to the satisfaction of the other party certain defects. Because substantially all of our custom engineered product contracts are at a fixed price, we face the risk that cost overruns, delays, penalties or liquidated damages may exceed, erode or eliminate our expected profit margin, or cause us to record a loss on our projects.

Third parties may infringe upon our intellectual property or may claim we have infringed their intellectual property, and we may expend significant resources enforcing or defending our rights or suffer competitive injury.

Our success depends in part on the creation, maintenance and protection of our proprietary technology and intellectual property rights. We rely on a combination of patents, tradenames, trade secrets, copyrights, confidentiality provisions, contractual restrictions and licensing arrangements to establish and protect our proprietary rights. Our nondisclosure agreements and confidentiality agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of our proprietary information, technologies and processes, and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of breach of such agreements or unauthorized disclosure of such information, and if a competitor lawfully obtains or independently develops our trade secrets, we would have no right to prevent such competitor from using such technology or information to compete with us, either of which could harm our competitive position. Our applications for patent and tradename protection may not be granted, or the claims or scope of such issued patents or registered tradenames may not be sufficiently broad to protect our products. In addition, effective patent, copyright, tradename and trade secret protection may be unavailable or limited for some of our tradenames and patents in some foreign countries. We may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and police our intellectual property rights, and we cannot guarantee that such efforts will be successful in preventing infringement or misappropriation. If we fail to successfully enforce these intellectual property rights, our competitive position could suffer, which could harm our operating results.

Although we make a significant effort to avoid infringing known proprietary rights of third parties, the steps we take to prevent misappropriation, infringement or other violation of the intellectual property of others may not be successful and from time to time we may receive notice that a third party believes that our products may be infringing certain patents, tradenames or other proprietary rights of such third party. Responding to and defending such claims, regardless of their merit, can be costly and

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time-consuming, can divert management’s attention and other resources, and we may not prevail. Depending on the resolution of such claims, we may be barred from using a specific technology or other rights, may be required to redesign or re-engineer a product which may require significant resources, may be required to enter into licensing arrangements from the third party claiming infringement (which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all), or may become liable for significant damages.

If any of the foregoing occurs, our ability to compete could be affected or our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

The loss of, or disruption in, our distribution network could have a negative impact on our abilities to ship products, meet customer demand and otherwise operate our business.

We sell a significant portion of our products through independent distributors and sales representatives. We rely in large part on the orderly operation of this distribution network, which depends on adherence to shipping schedules and effective management. We conduct all of our shipping through independent third parties. Although we believe that our receiving, shipping and distribution process is efficient and well-positioned to support our operations and strategic plans, we cannot provide assurance that we have anticipated all issues or that events beyond our control, such as natural disasters or other catastrophic events, labor disagreements, acquisition of distributors by a competitor, consolidation within our distributor network or shipping problems, will not disrupt our distribution network. If complications arise within a segment of our distribution network, the remaining network may not be able to support the resulting additional distribution demands. Any of these disruptions or complications could negatively impact our revenues and costs.

Our ongoing and expected restructuring plans and other cost savings initiatives may not be as effective as we anticipate, and we may fail to realize the cost savings and increased efficiencies that we expect to result from these actions. Our operating results could be negatively affected by our inability to effectively implement such restructuring plans and other cost savings initiatives.

We continually seek ways to simplify or improve processes, eliminate excess capacity and reduce costs in all areas of our operations, which from time to time includes restructuring activities. We have implemented significant restructuring activities across our global manufacturing, sales and distribution footprint, which include workforce reductions and facility consolidations. We incurred restructuring charges of $51.4 million and $31.2 million in the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Costs of future initiatives may be material and the savings associated with them are subject to a variety of risks, including our inability to effectively eliminate duplicative back office overhead and overlapping sales personnel, rationalize manufacturing capacity, synchronize information technology systems, consolidate warehousing and distribution facilities and shift production to more economical facilities. As a result, the contemplated costs to effect these initiatives may materially exceed estimates. The initiatives we are contemplating may require consultation with various employees, labor representatives or regulators, and such consultations may influence the timing, costs and extent of expected savings and may result in the loss of skilled employees in connection with the initiatives.

Although we have considered the impact of local regulations, negotiations with employee representatives and the related costs associated with our restructuring activities, factors beyond the control of management may affect the timing of these projects and therefore affect when savings will be achieved under the plans. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully implement these cost savings initiatives in the time frames contemplated (or at all) or that we will realize the projected benefits of these and other restructuring and cost savings initiatives. If we are unable to implement our cost savings initiatives, our business may be adversely affected. Moreover, our continued implementation of cost savings initiatives may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, as we consolidate facilities and relocate manufacturing processes to lower-cost regions, our success will depend on our ability to continue to meet customer demand and maintain a high level of quality throughout the transition. Failure to adequately meet customer demand or maintain a high level or quality could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

A significant portion of our assets consists of goodwill and other intangible assets, the value of which may be reduced if we determine that those assets are impaired.

We have substantial goodwill as a result of past acquisitions. As of December 31, 2025, the net carrying value of goodwill and other intangible assets, net represented $12.7 billion, or 70%, of our total assets. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment annually, or more frequently if circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. Significant negative industry or economic trends, disruptions to our business, inability to effectively integrate acquired businesses, unexpected significant changes or planned changes in use of our assets, changes in the structure of our business, divestitures,

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market capitalization declines, or increases in associated discount rates can impair our goodwill and other intangible assets. Impairments, if any, could have a material adverse effect to our consolidated financial position or results of operations. See Note 8 “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for additional information related to impairment testing for goodwill and other intangible assets and the associated charges taken.

Shareholder, customer and regulatory agency emphasis on environmental, social, and governance responsibility may impose additional costs on us or expose us to new risks.

Certain of our shareholders, customers and employees and regulators in certain countries continue to expect a more comprehensive response to environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) matters. We may incur increased costs and may be exposed to new risks responding to these higher expectations and requirements, including the European Union’s Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive. The Company has emphasized its commitment to making a positive impact on our environment with the announcement of environmental goals with respect to greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy, water usage and landfill waste. We may face reputational challenges in the event that we are unable to achieve these goals or our ESG standards do not meet those set by certain constituencies. These reputational challenges could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Conversely, anti-ESG sentiment has gained momentum across the United States, especially at the Federal executive branch and the executive branches of certain states as well as with certain non-government organizations (“NGOs”). Various presidential executive orders issued in early 2025 implement new obligations for Federal contractors/subcontractors to certify compliance with existing Federal anti-discrimination laws, encourages private employers to end programs supporting illegal Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (“DEI”) discrimination and preferences, and directs Federal agencies to formulate enforcement plans to deter DEI programs in the private sector that advance unlawful discrimination or preferences. Moreover, several states have enacted or proposed “anti-ESG” policies or legislation. In addition, NGOs may criticize our sustainability initiatives or take actions against us like boycotts or adverse media campaigns. Failure to successfully manage divergent ESG-related expectations across stakeholders, including regulators, could erode stakeholder trust, impact our reputation, result in regulatory fines or other adverse action, and otherwise adversely affect our business.

Our operating results could be adversely affected by a loss or reduction of business with key customers or consolidation or the vertical integration of our customer base.

The loss or reduction of significant contracts with any of our key customers could result in a material decrease of our future profitability and cash flows. In addition, the consolidation or vertical integration of key customers may result in the loss of certain customer contracts or impact demand or competition for our products, especially in our life sciences and aerospace end markets. Any changes in such customers’ purchasing practices, or decline in such customers’ financial condition, may have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Some of our customers are significantly larger than we are, have greater financial and other resources and also have the ability to purchase products from our competitors. As a result of their size and position in the marketplace, some of our customers have significant purchasing leverage and could cause us to materially reduce the price of our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue and profitability. We are unable to predict what effect consolidation in our customers’ industries could have on prices, capital spending by customers, selling strategies, competitive position, our ability to retain customers or our ability to negotiate favorable agreements with customers.

Credit and counterparty risks could harm our business.

The financial condition of our customers could affect our ability to market our products or collect receivables. In addition, financial difficulties faced by our customers as a result of an adverse economic event or other market factors may lead to cancellation or delay of orders. Our customers may suffer financial difficulties that make them unable to pay for a product or solution when payments become due, or they may decide not to pay us, either as a matter of corporate decision-making or in response to changes in local laws and regulations. Although historically not material, we cannot be certain that, in the future, expenses or losses for uncollectible amounts will not have a material adverse effect on our revenues, earnings and cash flows.

Environmental compliance costs and liabilities could adversely affect our financial condition.

Our operations and properties are subject to increasingly stringent domestic and foreign laws and regulations relating to environmental protection, including laws and regulations governing air emissions, water discharges, waste management and workplace safety. Under such laws and regulations, we can be subject to substantial fines and sanctions for violations and be required to install costly pollution control equipment or put into effect operational changes to limit pollution emissions or decrease the likelihood of accidental hazardous substance releases.

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We use and generate hazardous substances and waste in our manufacturing operations. In addition, many of our current and former properties are, or have been, used for industrial purposes. We have been identified as a potentially responsible party with respect to several sites designated for cleanup under U.S. federal “Superfund” or similar state laws that may impose joint and several liability for cleanup of certain waste sites and for related natural resource damages. A liability on our balance sheet reflects costs that are probable and estimable for our projected financial obligations relating to these matters. If we have underestimated our remaining financial obligations, we may face greater exposure that could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, operating costs to comply with environmental laws and regulations. In addition, new laws and regulations, stricter enforcement of existing laws and regulations, the discovery of previously unknown contamination or the imposition of new cleanup requirements could require us to incur costs or become the basis for new or increased liabilities that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

We face risks associated with our pension and other postretirement benefit obligations.

We have both funded and unfunded pension and other postretirement benefit plans worldwide. As of December 31, 2025, our projected benefit obligations under our pension and other postretirement benefit plans exceeded the fair value of plan assets by $132.5 million (“unfunded status”). Estimates for the amount and timing of the future funding obligations of these benefit plans are based on various assumptions. These assumptions include discount rates, rates of compensation increases, expected long-term rates of return on plan assets and expected healthcare cost trend rates. If our assumptions prove incorrect, our funding obligations may increase, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial results.

We have invested the plan assets of our funded benefit plans in various equity and debt securities. A deterioration in the value of plan assets could cause the unfunded status of these benefit plans to increase, thereby increasing our obligation to make additional contributions to these plans. An obligation to make contributions to our benefit plans could reduce the cash available for working capital and other corporate uses, and may have an adverse impact on our operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness

Our indebtedness could have important adverse consequences and adversely affect our financial condition.

We have a significant amount of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2025, we had total indebtedness of $4,784.7 million, and we had availability of $2,600 million under each of the Revolving Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program. Our level of debt could have adverse consequences, including: making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our debt; limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, investments or acquisitions, or other general corporate requirements; requiring a substantial portion of our cash flows to be dedicated to debt service payments instead of other purposes, thereby reducing the amount of cash flows available for working capital, capital expenditures, investments or acquisitions and other general corporate purposes; increasing our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic, industry and competitive conditions; exposing us to the risk of increased interest rates as certain of our borrowings, including borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility and portions of our Senior Notes which have been swapped to variable rates of interest; limiting our flexibility in planning for and reacting to changes in the industries in which we compete; placing us at a disadvantage compared to other, less leveraged competitors; increasing our cost of borrowing; and hampering our ability to execute on our growth strategy. For a complete description of the Company’s debt and definitions of capitalized terms used in this section, see Note 11 “Debt” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on, or refinance, our debt obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic, industry and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business, legislative, regulatory and other factors beyond our control (as well as and including those factors discussed under “Risks Related to Our Business” above). We may be unable to maintain a level of cash flow from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness.

If our cash flow and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional debt or equity capital, or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to

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implement any such alternative measures on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations.

If we cannot make scheduled payments on our debt, we will be in default and the lenders under the Revolving Credit Facility could terminate their commitments to loan money.

Despite our level of indebtedness, we and our subsidiaries may still be able to incur substantially more debt, including off-balance sheet financing, contractual obligations and general and commercial liabilities. This could further exacerbate the risks to our financial condition .

We and our subsidiaries may be able to incur significant additional indebtedness in the future, including off-balance sheet financings, contractual obligations and general and commercial liabilities. Although the credit agreement governing the Revolving Credit Facility contains restrictions on the incurrence of certain additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions, and the additional indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. For example, we can increase the borrowing availability under the Revolving Credit Facility by up to $1,000.0 million in the form of additional commitments in compliance with the Revolving Credit Facility. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face could intensify. For a complete description of the Company’s credit facilities and definitions of capitalized terms used in this section, see Note 11 “Debt” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

Our fixed rate to floating rate swap contracts subject us to risks related to interest rate risk, counterparty credit worthiness and non-performance on these instruments.

Our fixed rate to floating rate swap contracts expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate will increase and our net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, will correspondingly decrease.

Additionally, we will be exposed to credit-related losses which could impact the results of operations in the event of fluctuations in the fair value of the interest rate swaps due to a change in the credit worthiness or non-performance by the counterparties to the interest rate swaps. See Note 19 “Hedging Activities, Derivative Instruments and Credit Risk” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

If the syndicate of financial institutions which are parties to our Revolving Credit Facility (as defined herein) fail to extend credit under our Revolving Credit Facility, our liquidity and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We have access to capital through our Revolving Credit Facility. Each financial institution which is part of the syndicate for our Revolving Credit Facility is responsible on a several, but not joint, basis for providing a portion of the loans to be made under our facility. If any participant or group of participants with a significant portion of the commitments in our Revolving Credit Facility fails to satisfy its or their respective obligations to extend credit under the facility and we are unable to find a replacement for such participant or participants on a timely basis (if at all), our liquidity may be adversely affected.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion contains management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations and should be read together with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements and involves numerous risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in any forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under the “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

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Executive Overview

Our Company

Ingersoll Rand is a global market leader with a broad range of innovative and mission-critical air, fluid, clean energy and medical technologies, providing services and solutions to increase industrial productivity and efficiency. We manufacture one of the broadest and most complete ranges of compressor, pump, vacuum and blower products in our markets, which, when combined with our global geographic footprint and application expertise, allows us to provide differentiated product and service offerings to our customers. Our products are sold under a collection of premier, market-leading brands, including Ingersoll Rand, Gardner Denver, Nash, CompAir, Thomas, Milton Roy, Seepex, Elmo Rietschle, ARO, Robuschi, ILC Dover, Emco Wheaton and Runtech Systems, which we believe are globally recognized in their respective end-markets and known for product quality, reliability, efficiency and superior customer service.

These attributes, along with over 165 years of engineering heritage, generate strong brand loyalty for our products and foster long-standing customer relationships, which we believe have resulted in leading market positions within each of our operating segments. We have sales in all major geographic markets and our diverse customer base utilizes our products across a wide array of end-markets that have favorable near- and long-term growth prospects, including industrial manufacturing, clean energy, transportation, medical and laboratory sciences, food and beverage packaging and chemical processing.

Our products and services are critical to the processes and systems in which they are utilized, which are often complex and function in harsh conditions where the cost of failure or downtime is high. However, our products and services typically represent only a small portion of the costs of the overall systems or functions that they support. As a result, our customers place a high value on our application expertise, product reliability and the responsiveness of our service. To support our customers and market presence, we maintain significant global scale with over 60 key manufacturing facilities, and over 50 complementary service and repair centers across six continents and over 21,000 employees worldwide as of December 31, 2025.

The process-critical nature of our product applications, coupled with the standard wear and tear replacement cycles associated with the usage of our products, generates opportunities to support customers with our broad portfolio of aftermarket parts, consumables and services. Customers place a high value on minimizing any time their operations are offline. As a result, the availability of replacement parts, consumables and our repair and support services are key components of our value proposition. Our large installed base of products provides a recurring revenue stream through our aftermarket parts, consumables and services offerings. As a result, our aftermarket revenue is significant, representing 36.5% of total Company revenue in 2025.

Components of Our Revenue and Expenses

Revenues

We generate revenue from sales of original equipment and associated aftermarket parts, consumables and services. We sell our products and deliver services both directly to end-users and through independent distribution channels, depending on the product line and geography. Revenue derived from short duration contracts is recognized at a single point in time when control is transferred to the customer, generally at shipment or when delivery has occurred or as services are performed. Certain contracts involve significant design engineering unique to customer specifications, and depending upon the contractual terms, revenue is recognized either over the duration of the contract or at contract completion when equipment is delivered to the customer.

Expenses

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales includes the costs we incur, including purchased materials, labor and overhead related to manufactured products and aftermarket parts sold during a period. Depreciation related to manufacturing equipment and facilities is included in cost of sales. Purchased materials represent the majority of costs of sales, with steel, aluminum, copper and partially finished castings representing our most significant material inputs. Stock-based compensation expense for employees associated with the manufacture of products or delivery of services to customers is included in cost of sales. We have instituted a global sourcing strategy to take advantage of coordinated purchasing opportunities of key materials across our manufacturing plant locations.

Cost of sales for services includes the direct costs we incur, including direct labor, parts and other overhead costs including depreciation of equipment and facilities, to deliver repair, maintenance and other field services to our customers.

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Selling and Administrative Expenses

Selling and administrative expenses consist of (i) salaries and other employee-related expenses for our selling and administrative functions and other activities not associated with the manufacture of products or delivery of services to customers; (ii) facility operating expenses for selling and administrative activities, including office rent, maintenance, depreciation and insurance; (iii) marketing and direct costs of selling products and services to customers including internal and external sales commissions; (iv) research and development expenditures; (v) professional and consultant fees; (vi) employee related stock-based compensation for our selling and administrative functions and (vii) other miscellaneous expenses. Certain corporate expenses, including those related to our shared service centers in the United States and Europe, that directly benefit our businesses are allocated to our business segments. Certain corporate administrative expenses, including corporate executive compensation, treasury, certain information technology, internal audit and tax compliance, are not allocated to the business segments.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

Amortization of intangible assets includes the periodic amortization of intangible assets, including customer relationships, tradenames, developed technology, backlog and internal-use software.

Other Operating Expense, Net

Other operating expense, net includes foreign currency transaction gains and losses, net, restructuring charges, acquisition and other transaction related expenses and non-cash charges, losses and gains on asset disposals and other miscellaneous operating expenses.

Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

The provision or benefit for income taxes includes U.S. federal, state and local income taxes and all non-U.S. income taxes. We are subject to income tax in 49 jurisdictions outside of the United States. Because we conduct operations on a global basis, our effective tax rate depends, and will continue to depend, on the geographic distribution of our pre-tax earnings among several different taxing jurisdictions. Our effective tax rate can also vary based on changes in the tax rates of the different jurisdictions, the availability of tax credits and non-deductible items.

Items Affecting our Reported Results

General Economic Conditions and Capital Spending in the Industries We Serve

Our financial results closely follow changes in the industries and end-markets we serve. Demand for most of our products depends on the level of new capital investment and planned and unplanned maintenance expenditures by our customers. The level of capital expenditures depends, in turn, on the general economic conditions as well as access to capital at reasonable cost. In particular, demand for our Industrial Technologies and Services products generally correlates with the rate of total industrial capacity utilization and the rate of change of industrial production. Capacity utilization rates above 80% have historically indicated a strong demand environment for industrial equipment. In our Industrial Technologies and Services segment, overall economic growth and industrial production, as well as secular trends, impact demand for our products. In certain businesses of our Precision and Science Technologies segment, we expect demand for our products to be driven by favorable trends, including the growth in healthcare spend and expansion of healthcare systems due to an aging population requiring medical care and increased investment in health solutions and safety infrastructures in emerging economies. Over longer time periods, we believe that demand for all of our products also tends to follow economic growth patterns indicated by the rates of change in the GDP around the world, as augmented by secular trends in each segment. Our ability to grow and our financial performance will also be affected by our ability to address a variety of challenges and opportunities that are a consequence of our global operations, including efficiently utilizing our global sales, manufacturing and distribution capabilities and engineering innovative new product applications for end-users in a variety of geographic markets.

Foreign Currency Fluctuations

A significant portion of our revenues, 54% for the year ended December 31, 2025, was denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Because much of our manufacturing facilities and labor force costs are outside of the United States, a significant portion of our costs are also denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Changes in foreign exchange rates can therefore impact our results of operations and are quantified when significant to our discussion.

Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations

Certain factors affecting the comparability of our current and historical results of operations are summarized below.

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Acquisitions

Part of our strategy for growth is to acquire complementary businesses that provide access to new technologies or geographies or expand our offerings. While acquisitions, as discussed further in Note 3, are not individually significant or significant in the aggregate, they may be relevant when comparing our results from period to period.

See Note 3 “Acquisitions” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for further discussion of these acquisitions.

How We Assess the Performance of Our Business

We manage operations through the two business segments described above. In addition to our consolidated GAAP financial measures, we review various non-GAAP financial measures, including Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Income and Free Cash Flow.

We believe Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income are helpful supplemental measures to assist us and investors in evaluating our operating results as they exclude certain items whose fluctuation from period to period do not necessarily correspond to changes in the operations of our business. Adjusted EBITDA represents net income (loss) before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and certain non-cash, non-recurring and other adjustment items. We believe that the adjustments applied in presenting Adjusted EBITDA are appropriate to provide additional information to investors about certain material non-cash items and about non-recurring items that we do not expect to continue at the same level in the future. Adjusted Net Income is defined as net income (loss) including interest, depreciation and amortization of non-acquisition related intangible assets and excluding other items used to calculate Adjusted EBITDA and further adjusted for the tax effect of these exclusions.

We use Free Cash Flow to review the liquidity of our operations. We measure Free Cash Flow as cash flows from operating activities less capital expenditures. We believe Free Cash Flow is a useful supplemental financial measure for us and investors in assessing our ability to pursue business opportunities and investments and to service our debt. Free Cash Flow is not a measure of our liquidity under GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to cash flows from operating activities.

Management and our board of directors regularly use these measures as tools in evaluating our operating and financial performance and in establishing discretionary annual compensation. Such measures are provided in addition to, and should not be considered to be a substitute for, or superior to, the comparable measures under GAAP. In addition, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Income and Free Cash Flow are frequently used by investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of issuers, many of which also present Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Income and Free Cash Flow when reporting their results in an effort to facilitate an understanding of their operating and financial results and liquidity.

Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Income and Free Cash Flow should not be considered as alternatives to net income (loss) or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP, or as alternatives to cash flow from operating activities as a measure of our liquidity. Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Income and Free Cash Flow have limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider such measures either in isolation or as substitutes for analyzing our results as reported under GAAP.

Included in our discussion of our consolidated and segment results below are changes in revenues and Adjusted EBITDA on a Constant Currency basis. Constant Currency information compares results between periods as if exchange rates had remained constant period over period. We define Constant Currency revenues and Adjusted EBITDA as total revenues and Adjusted EBITDA excluding the impact of foreign exchange rate movements and use it to determine the Constant Currency revenue and Adjusted EBITDA growth on a year-over-year basis. Constant Currency revenues and Adjusted EBITDA are calculated by translating current period revenues and Adjusted EBITDA using corresponding prior period exchange rates. These results should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for, results reported in accordance with GAAP. Results on a Constant Currency basis, as we present them, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies and are not a measure of performance presented in accordance with GAAP.

For further information regarding these measures, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below.

Results of Operations

Consolidated results should be read in conjunction with segment results and the Segment Information notes to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K, which provide more detailed discussions concerning certain components of our consolidated statements of operations. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated within the consolidated results.

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This section discusses our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. For a discussion and analysis of the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the same in 2023, please refer to the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on February 19, 2025.

Consolidated Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Year Ended December 31,

(In millions, except percentages)

Consolidated Statements of Operations

Revenues

Cost of sales

Gross Profit

Selling and administrative expenses

Amortization of intangible assets

Impairment of goodwill

Impairment of other intangible assets

Other operating expense, net

Operating Income

Interest expense

Loss on extinguishment of debt

Other income, net

Income Before Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes

Loss on equity method investments

Net Income

Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests

Net Income Attributable to Ingersoll Rand Inc.

Percentage of Revenues

Gross Profit

Selling and administrative expenses

Operating Income

Net Income

Adjusted EBITDA (1)

Other Financial Data

Adjusted EBITDA (1)

Adjusted net income (1)

Cash flows - operating activities

Cash flows - investing activities

Cash flows - financing activities

Free cash flow (1)

(1) See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

Revenues

Revenues for 2025 were $7,650.9 million, an increase of $415.9 million, or 5.7%, compared to $7,235.0 million in 2024. The increase in revenues was primarily due to acquisitions of $419.9 million and the favorable impact of foreign currencies of $92.0 million, partially offset by lower organic revenues of $96.0 million. The percentage of consolidated revenues derived from aftermarket parts and services was 36.5% in 2025 compared to 36.4% in 2024.

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Gross Profit

Gross profit in 2025 was $3,336.3 million, an increase of $166.3 million, or 5.2%, compared to $3,170.0 million in 2024, and as a percentage of revenues was 43.6% in 2025 and 43.8% in 2024. The increase in gross profit is primarily due to acquisitions discussed above. The decrease in gross profit as a percentage of revenues is primarily due to unfavorable cost leverage on lower organic volumes and tariff related pricing targeted to offset tariff cost increases one for one.

Selling and Administrative Expenses

Selling and administrative expenses were $1,439.3 million in 2025, an increase of $94.9 million, or 7.1%, compared to $1,344.4 million in 2024. The increase in selling and administrative expenses was mainly from businesses acquired throughout 2024 and in 2025, partially offset by lower incentive compensation expense. Selling and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues was 18.8% in 2025 and 18.6% in 2024.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

Amortization of intangible assets was $387.5 million in 2025, an increase of $14.5 million compared to $373.0 million in 2024. The increase was primarily attributable to amortization of intangible assets recognized for acquisitions completed throughout 2024 and 2025 and amortization related to certain tradenames that were determined to no longer have indefinite lives during the period, partially offset by certain intangible assets becoming fully amortized during the period. See Note 8 “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for further details.

Impairment of Goodwill

In the second quarter of 2025, the Company recognized non-cash impairments of goodwill of $229.7 million related to the Company’s Biopharma and Aerospace & Defense reporting units within the Precision and Science Technologies segment. See Note 8 “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for further details.

Impairment of Other Intangible Assets

Impairment of other intangible assets was $43.7 million in 2025. In the second quarter of 2025, $36.1 million was recorded to impair a recently acquired indefinite lived tradename within the Precision and Science Technologies segment. In the fourth quarter of 2025, $7.6 million was recorded to impair a tradename that was rationalized and rebranded within the Industrial Technologies and Services segment. See Note 8 “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for further details.

Impairment of other intangible assets was $13.9 million in 2024 due to the Company’s decision to rationalize a business within the Precision and Science Technologies segment. See Note 8 “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for further details.

Other Operating Expense, Net

Other operating expense, net was $91.5 million in 2025, a decrease of $47.1 million compared to $138.6 million in 2024. The decrease was primarily due to the loss on asbestos sale of $58.8 million in the 2024 period and lower acquisition and other transaction related expenses of $25.1 million, partially offset by higher restructuring charges of $20.2 million and higher foreign currency transaction losses, net of $15.4 million.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $253.9 million in 2025, an increase of $40.7 million, compared to $213.2 million in 2024. The increase was primarily due to an increase in long term debt, partially offset by the interest rate derivative contracts discussed in Note 19 “Hedging Activities, Derivative Instruments and Credit Risk” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The weighted average interest rate, including the impact of the interest rate derivative contracts, was approximately 5.0% in 2025 and 5.3% in 2024.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

Loss on extinguishment of debt was $3.0 million in 2024, which was related to the payoff of the Dollar Term Loan B and Dollar Term Loan. See Note 11 “Debt” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for further details.

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Other Income, Net

Other income, net, was $44.6 million in 2025, a decrease of $4.3 million compared to $48.9 million in 2024. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in interest income from holdings of cash and cash equivalents.

Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes was $219.4 million resulting in a 23.5% effective tax rate in 2025 compared to a provision for income taxes of $262.5 million resulting in a 23.2% effective tax provision rate in 2024. The decrease in the provision for income taxes and increase in the effective income tax provision rate in 2025 when compared to 2024 is primarily due to nondeductible impairment of goodwill, tradenames, and equity investment and a lower benefit from a windfall tax deduction in the 2025 period compared to the 2024 period.

Net Income

Net income was $588.8 million in 2025, a decrease of $257.5 million compared to $846.3 million in 2024, primarily due to impairments of goodwill and other intangible assets and the impairment of an equity method investment in the second quarter of 2025. See Note 8 “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” and Note 25 “Equity Method Investment” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for further details.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA increased $75.7 million to $2,093.8 million in 2025 compared to $2,018.1 million in 2024. Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenues decreased 50 basis points to 27.4% in 2025 from 27.9% in 2024. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to acquisitions of $92.5 million and the favorable impact of foreign currencies of $25.6 million, partially offset by lower organic gross profit of $35.1 million and higher selling and administrative costs of $3.6 million. The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenues is primarily attributable to input cost inflation and product mix.

Adjusted Net Income

Adjusted Net Income decreased $1.2 million to $1,348.1 million in 2025 compared to $1,349.3 million in 2024. The decrease was primarily due to increased Adjusted EBITDA, partially offset by higher interest expense, lower interest income on cash and cash equivalents, and higher income tax provision, as adjusted.

Segment Results

We report our business into two segments: Industrial Technologies and Services and Precision and Science Technologies. Our Corporate operations (as described below) are not discussed separately as any results that had a significant impact on operating results are included in the consolidated results discussion above.

We evaluate the performance of our segments based on Segment Revenues and Segment Adjusted EBITDA. Segment Adjusted EBITDA is indicative of operational performance and ongoing profitability. Our management closely monitors Segment Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate past performance and identify actions required to improve profitability.

The segment measurements provided to, and evaluated by, the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) are described in Note 23 “Segment Reporting” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

Included in our discussion of our segment results below are changes in Segment Revenues and Segment Adjusted EBITDA on a Constant Currency basis. Constant Currency information compares results between periods as if exchange rates had remained constant period over period. We define Constant Currency as changes in Segment Revenues and Segment Adjusted EBITDA excluding the impact of foreign exchange rate movements. We use these measures to determine the Constant Currency Segment Revenues and Segment Adjusted EBITDA growth on a year-on-year basis. Constant Currency Segment Revenues and Segment Adjusted EBITDA are calculated by translating current period Segment Revenues and Segment Adjusted EBITDA using prior period exchange rates. These results should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for, results reported in accordance with GAAP. Results on a constant currency basis, as we present them, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies and are not a measure of performance presented in accordance with GAAP.

Segment Results for Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

The following tables display Segment Orders, Segment Revenues, Segment Adjusted EBITDA and Segment Adjusted EBITDA Margin (Segment Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of Segment Revenues) for each of our Segments.

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Industrial Technologies and Services Segment Results

Years Ended December 31,

Percent Change

(In millions, except percentages)

Segment Orders

Segment Revenues

Segment Adjusted EBITDA

Segment Adjusted EBITDA Margin

(130) bps

Segment Orders for 2025   were $6,119.6 million, an increase of $413.0 million, or 7.2%, compared to $5,706.6 million in 2024. The increase in Segment Orders was primarily due to acquisitions of $275.5 million or 4.8%, higher organic orders of $79.9 million or 1.4% and the favorable impact of foreign currencies of $57.6 million or 1.0%.

Segment Revenues   for 2025   were $6,056.4 million, an increase of $238.3 million, or 4.1%, compared to $5,818.1 million in 2024. The increase in Segment Revenues was primarily due to acquisitions of $272.9 million or 4.7% and the favorable impact of foreign currencies of $68.8 million or 1.2%, partially offset by lower organic revenues of $103.4 million or 1.8%. The percentage of Segment Revenues derived from aftermarket parts and service was 40.6% in 2025 compared to 39.9% in 2024.

Segment Adjusted EBITDA in 2025 was $1,747.9 million, a decrease of $6.9 million, or 0.4%, from $1,754.8 million in 2024. Segment Adjusted EBITDA Margin decreased 130 bps to 28.9% from 30.2% in 2024. The decrease in Segment Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to lower organic gross profit of $49.7 million or 2.8% and higher selling and administrative expenses of $31.1 million or 1.8%, partially offset by acquisitions of $54.6 million or 3.1%, and the favorable impact of foreign currencies of $20.3 million or 1.2%.

Precision and Science Technologies Segment Results

Years Ended December 31,

Percent Change

(In millions, except percentages)

Segment Orders

Segment Revenues

Segment Adjusted EBITDA

Segment Adjusted EBITDA Margin

40 bps

Segment Orders for 2025   were $1,596.3 million, an increase of $197.4 million, or 14.1%, compared to $1,398.9 million in 2024. The increase in Segment Orders was primarily due to acquisitions of $148.7 million or 10.6%, higher organic orders of $25.7 million or 1.8%, and the favorable impact of foreign currencies of $23.0 million or 1.6%.

Segment Revenues   for 2025   were $1,594.5 million, an increase of $177.6 million, or 12.5%, compared to $1,416.9 million in 2024. The increase in Segment Revenues was primarily due to acquisitions of $147.0 million or 10.4%, the favorable impact of foreign currencies of $23.2 million or 1.6%, and higher organic revenues of $7.4 million or 0.5%. The percentage of Segment Revenues derived from aftermarket parts and service was 20.6% in 2025 compared to 21.6% in 2024.

Segment Adjusted EBITDA in 2025 was $478.0 million, an increase of $59.2 million, or 14.1%, from $418.8 million in 2024. Segment Adjusted EBITDA Margin increased 40 bps to 30.0% from 29.6% in 2024. The increase in Segment Adjusted EBITDA was due primarily to acquisitions of $37.9 million or 9.0%, higher organic gross profit of $11.1 million or 2.7%, the favorable impact of foreign currencies of $7.4 million or 1.8%, and lower selling and administrative expenses of $4.9 million or 1.2%.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Set forth below are reconciliations of Net Income to Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income and Cash flows from operating activities to Free Cash Flow. For additional information regarding Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income, see “How We Assess the Performance of Our Business” above.

Year Ended December 31,

(In millions)

Net Income

Plus:

Interest expense

Provision for income taxes

Depreciation expense (a)

Amortization expense (b)

Impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets

Restructuring and related business transformation costs (c)

Acquisition and other transaction related expenses and non-cash charges (d)

Stock-based compensation

Foreign currency transaction losses, net

Loss on equity method investments

Loss on extinguishment of debt

Adjustments to LIFO inventories

Cybersecurity incident costs (e)

Loss on asbestos sale

Interest income on cash and cash equivalents

Other adjustments (f)

Adjusted EBITDA

Minus:

Interest expense

Income tax provision, as adjusted (g)

Depreciation expense

Amortization of non-acquisition related intangible assets

Interest income on cash and cash equivalents

Adjusted Net Income

Free Cash Flow from:

Cash flows from operating activities

Minus:

Capital expenditures

Free Cash Flow

(a) Depreciation expense excludes $4.5 million and $4.0 million of depreciation of rental equipment for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(b) Represents $377.4 million and $364.3 million of amortization of intangible assets arising from acquisitions (customer relationships, technology, tradenames and backlog) and $10.1 million and $8.7 million of amortization of non-acquisition related intangible assets, in each case for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

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(c) Restructuring and related business transformation costs consisted of the following.

Year Ended December 31,

(In millions)

Restructuring charges

Facility reorganization, relocation and other costs

Total restructuring and related business transformation costs

(d) Represents costs associated with successful and abandoned acquisitions, including third-party expenses, post-closure integration costs and non-cash charges and credits arising from fair value purchase accounting adjustments.

(e) Represents expected non-recoverable costs associated with a cybersecurity event, net of insurance recoveries.

(f) Includes (i) effects of the amortization of prior service costs and amortization of losses in pension and other postemployment (“OPEB”) expense and (ii) other miscellaneous adjustments.

(g) Represents our income tax provision adjusted for the tax effect of pre-tax items excluded from Adjusted Net Income and the removal of applicable discrete tax items. The tax effect of pre-tax items excluded from Adjusted Net Income is computed using the statutory tax rate related to the jurisdiction that was impacted by the adjustment after taking into account the impact of permanent differences and valuation allowances. Discrete tax items include changes in tax laws or rates, changes in uncertain tax positions relating to prior years and changes in valuation allowances.

The income tax provision, as adjusted for each of the periods presented below consists of the following.

Year Ended December 31,

(In millions)

Provision for income taxes

Tax impact of pre-tax income adjustments

Discrete tax items

Income tax provision, as adjusted

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our investment resources include cash on hand, cash generated from operations and borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program. We also have the ability to seek additional borrowings, subject to credit agreement restrictions.

For a description of our material indebtedness, see Note 11 “Debt” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

As of December 31, 2025, we had $2,600.0 million of unused availability under both the Revolving Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program.

As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with all of our debt covenants and no event of default had occurred or was ongoing.

Liquidity

Our liquidity needs primarily arise from working capital needs for normal operating costs, servicing debt, funding acquisitions and capital expenditures.

Year Ended December 31,

(In millions)

Cash and cash equivalents

Short-term borrowings and current maturities of long-term debt

Long-term debt

Total debt

We can increase the borrowing availability under the Revolving Credit Facility by up to $1,000.0 million in the form of additional commitments on the terms set forth in the Revolving Credit Facility. Our liquidity requirements are significant primarily due to debt service requirements. See Note 11 “Debt” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for further details.

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Our principal sources of liquidity have been existing cash and cash equivalents, cash generated from operations and borrowings under the Senior Notes and former Senior Secured Credit Facilities. Our principal uses of cash will be to provide working capital; finance strategic plans, including possible acquisitions; meet debt service requirements; fund capital expenditures; and return capital to shareholders, through share repurchases and dividend payments. We may also seek to finance capital expenditures under capital leases or other debt arrangements that provide liquidity or favorable borrowing terms. We continue to consider acquisition opportunities, but the size and timing of any future acquisitions and the related potential capital requirements cannot be predicted. In the event that suitable businesses are available for acquisition upon acceptable terms, we may obtain all or a portion of the necessary financing through the incurrence of additional long-term borrowings. As market conditions warrant, we may from time to time, seek to repay loans that we have borrowed, including the borrowings under the Senior Notes. Based on our current level of operations and available cash, we believe our cash flow from operations, together with availability under the Revolving Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program, will provide sufficient liquidity to fund our current obligations, projected working capital requirements, debt service requirements and capital spending requirements for the foreseeable future. Our business may not generate sufficient cash flows from operations or future borrowings may not be available to us under our Revolving Credit Facility or Commercial Paper Program in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our indebtedness, or to fund our other liquidity needs. Our ability to do so depends on, among other factors, prevailing economic conditions, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, upon the occurrence of certain events, such as a change in control, we could be required to repay or refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to refinance any of our indebtedness, including the Senior Notes, on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Any future acquisitions, joint ventures, or other similar transactions may require additional capital and there can be no assurance that any such capital will be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.

We may from time to time repurchase shares of our common stock in the open market at prevailing market prices (including through Rule 10b5-1 plans), in privately negotiated transactions, a combination thereof or through other transactions. The actual timing, number, manner and value of any shares repurchased will depend on several factors, including the market price of our stock, general market and economic conditions, our liquidity requirements, applicable legal requirements and other business considerations.

A substantial portion of our cash is in jurisdictions outside the United States. We do not assert ASC 740-30 (formerly APB 23) indefinite reinvestment of our historical non-U.S. earnings or future non-U.S. earnings. The Company records a deferred foreign tax liability to cover all estimated withholding, state income tax and foreign income tax associated with repatriating all non-U.S. earnings back to the United States. Our deferred income tax liability as of December 31, 2025 is $50.4 million which consists mainly of withholding taxes.

Working Capital

(In millions)

Net Working Capital

Current assets

Less: Current liabilities

Net working capital

Operating Working Capital

Accounts receivable

Plus: Inventories (excluding LIFO)

Plus: Contract assets

Less: Accounts payable

Less: Contract liabilities

Operating working capital

Net working capital decreased $162.9 million to $2,181.7 million as of December 31, 2025 from $2,344.6 million as of December 31, 2024. Operating working capital increased $189.9 million to $1,608.5 million as of December 31, 2025 from $1,418.6 million as of December 31, 2024. Operating working capital as of December 31, 2025 was 21.0% of 2025 revenues as compared to 19.6% as of December 31, 2024 as a percentage of 2024 revenues. The increase in operating working capital was primarily due to higher accounts receivable, higher inventories, and higher contract assets, partially offset by higher accounts payable and higher contract liabilities. The increase in accounts receivable was primarily due to the timing of revenues in the quarter and seasonal changes in collection timing. The increase in contract assets was primarily due to the timing of revenue recognition and billing on our overtime contracts. The increase in inventories was primarily due to additions to support channel

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access, foreign currency translation, and acquisitions. The increase in accounts payable was primarily due to the timing of vendor cash disbursements. The increase in contract liabilities was primarily due to the timing of customer milestone payments for in-process engineered to order contracts.

Cash Flows

The following table reflects the major categories of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(In millions)

Cash flows provided by operating activities

Cash flows used in investing activities

Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities

Free cash flow (1)

(1) See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

Operating activities

Cash provided by operating activities decreased $41.0 million to $1,355.7 million in 2025 from $1,396.7 million in 2024. This decrease is primarily attributable to an increase in cash used in operating working capital in 2025, compared to 2024, an increase in interest payments for our Senior Notes in 2025 and an increase in pension contributions in 2025, partially offset by an increase in net income excluding non-cash adjustments and lower incentive compensation.

Operating working capital used cash of $73.4 million in 2025 compared to using cash of $23.5 million in 2024. Changes in account receivables used cash of $59.1 million in 2025 compared to using cash of $45.1 million in 2024. Changes in contract assets used cash of $43.7 million in 2025 compared to using cash of $4.8 million in 2024. Changes in inventory used cash of $26.1 million in 2025 compared to generating cash of $39.8 million in 2024. Changes in accounts payable generated cash of $78.7 million in 2025 compared to generating cash of $13.3 million in 2024. Changes in contract liabilities used cash of $23.2 million in 2025 compared to using cash of $26.7 million in 2024.

Investing activities

Cash flows used in investing activities included capital expenditures of $135.6 million (1.8% of consolidated revenues) and $149.1 million (2.1% of consolidated revenues) in 2025 and 2024, respectively. We expect capital expenditures will be approximately 2% of consolidated revenues in 2026. Net cash paid in acquisitions was $525.0 million and $2,958.7 million in 2025 and 2024, respectively. Net proceeds from the disposal of property, plant and equipment were $6.1 million in 2024.

Financing activities

Cash used in financing activities of $1,053.8 million in 2025 is primarily due to purchases of treasury stock of $1,018.0 million, cash dividends on common stock of $31.8 million, and payments of deferred and contingent acquisition consideration of $8.0 million, partially offset by proceeds from stock option exercises of $15.3 million.

Cash provided by financing activities of $1,707.5 million in 2024 is primarily due to net proceeds from long-term debt of $2,054.2 million and proceeds from stock option exercises of $32.2 million, partially offset by purchases of treasury stock of $260.7 million, cash dividends on common stock of $32.3 million, payments of debt issuance costs of $32.3 million, payments of deferred and contingent acquisition consideration of $23.4 million, and payments to settle cross-currency swaps of $19.9 million.

Free cash flow

Free cash flow decreased $27.5 million to $1,220.1 million in 2025 from $1,247.6 million in 2024 primarily due to the decrease in cash provided by operating activities of $41.0 million discussed above, partially offset by the decrease in capital expenditures of $13.5 million.

Purchase Obligations

Purchase obligations consist primarily of agreements to purchase inventory or services made in the normal course of business to meet operational requirements. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had purchase obligations of $830.9 million, with $756.4 million payable in the next 12 months. The purchase obligation amounts do not represent the entire anticipated purchases in the future, but represent only those items for which we are contractually obligated as of December 31, 2025. For this reason, these amounts will not provide a complete and reliable indicator of our expected future cash outflows.

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Contingencies

We are a party to various legal proceedings, lawsuits and administrative actions, which are of an ordinary or routine nature for a company of our size and in our sector. We believe that such proceedings, lawsuits and administrative actions will not materially adversely affect our operations, financial condition, liquidity or competitive position. Liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet related to legal proceedings, lawsuits and administrative actions are not significant. A more detailed discussion of certain of these proceedings, lawsuits and administrative actions is set forth in “Item 3. Legal Proceedings.”

Critical Accounting Estimates

Accounting estimates discussed in this section are those that we consider to be the most critical to an understanding of our audited consolidated financial statements because they involve significant judgments and uncertainties. These estimates reflect our best judgment about current, and for some estimates, future economic and market conditions and their effect based on information available as of the date of these audited consolidated financial statements. If these conditions change from those expected, it is reasonably possible that the judgments and estimates described below could change, which may result in future impairments of goodwill, intangibles and long-lived assets, increases in reserves for contingencies, establishment of valuation allowances on deferred tax assets and increase in tax liabilities, among other effects. Also see Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K, which discusses the significant accounting policies that we have selected from acceptable alternatives.

Business Combinations

We apply the acquisition method of accounting with respect to the identifiable assets and liabilities of a business combination and record the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. The excess of the cost of the acquired business and the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill. Estimates of fair value represent management’s best estimate of assumptions and about future events and uncertainties, including significant judgments related to future cash flows, discount rates, competitive trends, margin and revenue growth assumptions including royalty rates, customer attrition rates and others. Inputs used are generally obtained from historical data supplemented by current and anticipated market conditions and growth rates.

Significant judgment is required in estimating the fair value of identifiable intangible assets and in assigning their respective useful lives. The fair value estimates are based on historical information and on future expectations and assumptions deemed reasonable by management, but which are inherently uncertain. See Note 3 “Acquisitions” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for further information regarding the fair value determination of each of the classes of identifiable intangible assets. Determining the useful life of an intangible asset also requires judgment. Certain intangibles are expected to have indefinite lives while certain other identifiable intangible assets have determinable lives. The useful lives of identifiable intangibles with determinable useful lives are based on a variety of factors, including but not limited to, the competitive environment, product cycles, order life cycles, historical customer attrition rates, market share, operating plans and the macroeconomic environment. The costs of determinable-lived intangible assets are amortized to expense over the estimated useful life.

Impairment of Goodwill and Other Identified Intangible Assets

We test goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of each year using data as of October 1 of that year and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The impairment test consists of comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to the carrying value of the reporting unit. An impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; provided, the loss recognized cannot exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. If applicable, we consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss. We determined fair values for all of the reporting units using a combination of the income and market multiples approaches which are weighted 75% and 25%, respectively.

Under the income approach, fair value is determined based on the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at an appropriate risk-adjusted rate. We use our internal forecasts to estimate future cash flows and include an estimate of long-term future growth rates based on our most recent views of the long-term outlook for each business. Actual results may differ from those assumed in our forecasts. We derive our discount rates using a capital asset pricing model and analyzing published rates for industries relevant to our reporting units to estimate the cost of equity financing. We use discount rates that are commensurate with the risks and uncertainty inherent in the respective businesses and in our internally developed forecasts. Discount rates used in our 2025 reporting unit valuations ranged from 8.0% to 10.0% and terminal growth rates ranged from 2.5% to 3.5%.

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Under the market multiples approach, fair value is determined based on multiples derived from the stock prices of publicly traded guideline companies to develop a business enterprise value (“BEV”) for our reporting units. The application of the market multiples method entails the development of book value multiples based on the market value of the guideline companies. The multiples are developed by first calculating the market value of equity of the guideline companies and then adjusting these multiples for cash and debt to arrive at a BEV multiple. Identifying appropriate guideline companies and computing appropriate market multiples is subjective. We considered various public companies that had reasonably similar qualitative factors as our reporting units while also considering quantitative factors such as revenue growth, profitability and total assets.

During the second quarter of 2025, certain organizational changes occurred that impacted the composition of all reporting units within our Precision and Science Technologies segment. As a result of these changes, the Company performed an interim goodwill impairment test for all affected reporting units, utilizing a combination of an income and market approach weighted 75% and 25%, respectively, to determine the fair value. In the second quarter of 2025, the Company recognized non-cash impairments of $170.3 million and $59.4 million to reduce the carrying value of goodwill of our Biopharma and Aerospace & Defense reporting units, respectively. Both the Biopharma and Aerospace & Defense reporting units were comprised entirely of businesses acquired in the recent ILC Dover acquisition. After considering the effect of the impairments, the Biopharma and Aerospace & Defense reporting units had goodwill of $816.6 million and $15.9 million, respectively.

We performed our annual impairment test during the fourth quarter and no additional goodwill impairments were recorded. The Life Sciences reporting unit, which was created by the second quarter organizational changes discussed above and includes the historical Biopharma and Aerospace & Defense reporting units, had a cushion of 30%. The cushion of all other reporting units was at least 85%. Changes in forecast estimates or the application of alternative assumptions could produce significantly different results. The discount rates (8.0% to 10.0%), terminal growth rates (2.5% to 3.5%), and EBITDA multiples are the most sensitive assumptions. A material non-cash impairment of goodwill could result from a number of circumstances, including different assumptions used in determining the fair value of these reporting units or changes to customer spending priorities.

We test intangible assets with indefinite lives for impairment annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable, utilizing a discounted cash flow valuation referred to as the relief from royalty method. We estimated forecasted revenues for a period of five years with discount rates ranging from 8.5% to 10.5%, terminal growth rates of 2.5% to 3.5%, and royalty rates ranging from 0.5% to 4.0%.

During the second quarter of 2025, due to the reduction in the forecast for Aerospace & Defense and the increase in discount rates, the Company quantitatively tested the relevant indefinite lived tradename for impairment which resulted in a non-cash charge of $36.1 million, within the Precision and Science Technologies segment.

During the fourth quarter of 2025, the Company retired a tradename and rebranded a business within the Industrial Technologies and Services segment. As a result, the Company recognized an impairment of $7.6 million to reduce the carrying value of the retired tradename.

We performed our annual impairment test during the fourth quarter and no additional impairments were recorded. Changes in forecasted revenues or any of the other assumptions mentioned above could result in a material non-cash impairment charge in a future period.

We review identified intangible assets with defined useful lives and subject to amortization for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Determining whether an impairment loss occurred requires comparing the carrying amount to the sum of undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset.

Also see Note 8 “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

Income Taxes

Our annual tax rate is based on our income, statutory tax rates and tax planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and respective governmental taxing authorities. Significant judgment is required in determining our tax expense and in evaluating our tax positions, including evaluating uncertainties. We review our tax positions quarterly and adjust the balances as new information becomes available.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Act”), enacted on December 22, 2017, created a new requirement that certain income (i.e., Global intangible low taxed income (“GILTI”)) earned by controlled foreign corporations (“CFC”) must be included currently in the gross income of the CFCs’ U.S. shareholder. GILTI is the excess of the shareholder’s “net CFC tested income” over the net

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deemed tangible income return, which is currently defined as the excess of (1) 10% of the aggregate of the U.S. shareholder’s pro rata share of the qualified business asset investment of each CFC with respect to which it is a U.S. shareholder over (2) the amount of certain interest expense taken into account in the determination of net CFC-tested income.

Under U.S. GAAP, the Company is allowed to make an accounting policy choice of either (1) treating taxes due on future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred (the “period cost method”) or (2) factoring such amounts into a company’s measurement of its deferred taxes (the “deferred method”). The Company has determined that it will follow the period cost method (option 1 above). The Company recorded a tax expense of $13.0 million in 2025 for the GILTI provisions of the Tax Act.

Deferred income tax assets represent amounts available to reduce income taxes payable on taxable income in future years. Such assets arise because of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, as well as from net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. We evaluate the recoverability of these future tax deductions and credits by assessing the adequacy of future expected taxable income from all sources, including reversal of taxable temporary differences, forecasted operating earnings and available tax planning strategies. These sources of income rely heavily on estimates. To the extent we do not consider it more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will be recovered, a valuation allowance is established. Amounts recorded for deferred tax assets related to tax attribute carryforwards, net of valuation allowances, were $42.9 million and $43.0 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, with the decrease due to the utilization of attributes in the current year.

Loss Contingencies

Loss contingencies are uncertain and unresolved matters that arise in the ordinary course of business and result from events or actions by others that have the potential to result in a future loss. Such contingencies include, but are not limited to environmental obligations and losses resulting from other events and developments.

When a loss is considered probable and reasonably estimable, we record a liability in the amount of our best estimate for the ultimate loss. When there appears to be a range of possible costs with equal likelihood, liabilities are based on the low-end of such range. However, the likelihood of a loss with respect to a particular contingency is often difficult to predict and determining a meaningful estimate of the loss or a range of loss may not be practicable based on the information available and the potential effect of future events and decisions by third parties that will determine the ultimate resolution of the contingency. Moreover, it is not uncommon for such matters to be resolved over many years, during which time relevant developments and new information must be continuously evaluated to determine both the likelihood of potential loss and whether it is possible to reasonably estimate a range of possible loss. When a loss is probable but a reasonable estimate cannot be made, disclosure is provided.

Disclosure also is provided when it is reasonably possible that a loss will be incurred or when it is reasonably possible that the amount of a loss will exceed the recorded provision. We regularly review all contingencies to determine whether the likelihood of loss has changed and to assess whether a reasonable estimate of the loss or range of loss can be made. As discussed above, development of a meaningful estimate of loss or a range of potential loss is complex when the outcome is directly dependent on negotiations with or decisions by third parties, such as regulatory agencies, the court system and other interested parties. Such factors bear directly on whether it is possible to reasonably estimate a range of potential loss and boundaries of high and low.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 “New Accounting Standards” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for a discussion of recent accounting standards.