ESI Element Solutions Inc - 10-K

Item 1A. Risk Factors

The following discussion of "risk factors" identifies the material factors that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Potential investors should carefully consider these risks and the other information in this 2025 Annual Report when evaluating our business. This discussion is not all inclusive and additional risks that are currently unknown to us or that we currently consider to be immaterial may also impair our business operations and cause our future results to differ from our expectations.

BUSINESS & OPERATIONAL RISKS

We may be unable to compete successfully in the competitive markets in which we operate and, as a result, we may experience pricing pressure, fewer customer orders, reduced margins and the loss of market share.

We may be unable to compete successfully in the competitive markets in which we operate. In these markets, we encounter competition from numerous and varied competitors in all areas of our businesses. Some of our competitors have longer operating histories, greater resources, greater brand recognition and a larger base of customers than we do. As a result, we may lose business, customers and market shares if we are unable to devote greater resources to the research and development, manufacturing, formulation, promotion, sale or support of our products, withstand adverse changes in economic conditions or prices of raw materials, and/or maintain competitive pricing. In addition, our competitors could enter into exclusive arrangements with our existing or potential customers or suppliers; each of which could limit our ability to generate sales, acquire necessary raw materials and/or significantly increase costs.

In addition, the markets in which we operate are driven by consumer preferences that are rapidly changing as well as frequent new product introductions and improvements. As a result, we must develop new products and services that offer distinct value to our customers in order to compete successfully. We seek to provide products tailored to the often-unique needs of our customers which require an ongoing level of innovation. Our inability to anticipate customers’ changing needs or adapt to emerging technological and business trends accurately, control research and development costs or execute our innovation strategy could adversely affect our ability to sustain our market positions and/or penetrate new markets.

Consolidation of our competitors could also place us at a competitive disadvantage and reduce our profitability. We operate in industries which are fragmented on a global scale, but in which there has been a trend toward consolidation in recent years. Consolidations of our competitors may jeopardize the strength of our positions in one or more of our markets which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations as well as our growth potential.

If we don't successfully execute our go-to-market strategy, our business and financial performance may suffer.

Our go-to-market strategy is focused on leveraging our existing portfolio of products and services as well as introducing new products and services to meet the demands of our customers in a continually changing technological landscape. To successfully execute this strategy, we must gauge the direction of the commercial and technological progress in our key end-markets, emphasize the aspects of our core business where demand remains strong, identify and capitalize on organic growth, and innovate by developing new products in such changing markets and services that will enable us to expand beyond our existing technology categories. Any failure to successfully execute this strategy, including any failure to invest sufficiently in strategic growth areas and support our research and development activities, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

In addition, the process of developing new high-technology products or enhancing existing products is complex, costly and uncertain. After we develop a product, we must be able to manufacture appropriate volumes quickly while managing costs and maintaining the high-quality level that our customers expect. Any delay in the development, forecast, production and/or marketing of a new product could result in us not being among the first to market which could further harm our competitive position.

Meeting customer demand depends in part on our ability to obtain timely deliveries from our suppliers and contract manufacturers. To help ensure continuity of supply to our customers, we have increased our procurement efforts to shorten lead times. These increases in materials inventory and purchase commitments have resulted, and could continue to result, in excess and/or obsolete inventory charges if the demand for our products is ultimately less than our expectations.

Our substantial international operations subject us to risks of doing business in foreign countries which could affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our products are manufactured, formulated, distributed and sold globally. In 2025, approximately 79% of our net sales were generated from non-U.S. operations. As a result, we face certain risks inherent in international trade which may reduce our sales and harm our business, including:

• political uncertainties, war, terrorism and other instability risks and their impact on the global economy, market conditions and supply chain operations, including risks caused by the war in Ukraine and other hostilities in the Middle East, and countervailing tariffs imposed by foreign governments on U.S. products;

• changes in global or local economic conditions, including inflation, hyperinflation, fluctuations in interest rates and other increasing price levels in certain sectors, such as energy, impacting availability and cost of goods and services;

• fluctuations in currency values and currency exchange rates for countries in, or with which, we conduct business;

• changes or uncertainty in international, national or local legal environments, including tax, data handling, privacy, intellectual property, consumer protection, environmental and antitrust laws;

• adverse tax consequences, including as a result of changes in taxation and regulatory requirements, transfer pricing practices involving our foreign operations, and additional withholding taxes or other taxes on foreign income;

• foreign exchange controls or other currency restrictions and limitation on the movement of funds, potentially leading to the inability to readily repatriate earnings from foreign operations effectively;

• natural disasters, extreme weather events, regional or global health concerns;

• establishing and maintaining relationships with local distributors and OEMs;

• governmental regulations and/or sanctions affecting the import and export of products, including global trade barriers, additional taxes, countervailing tariffs, tariff increases, cash repatriation restrictions, retaliations and boycotts between the U.S. and other countries, including Mexico, Russia and China;

• import and export control and licensing requirements; risk of non-compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, U.S. export control and trade sanction laws, SEC rules regarding conflict minerals sourcing and other similar anti-corruption and international trade laws or regulations in other jurisdictions;

• greater difficulty in safeguarding intellectual property than in the U.S.;

• difficulty in staffing and managing geographically diverse operations and ensuring compliance with our policies and procedures; and

• challenges in maintaining an effective internal control environment, including language and cultural differences, varying levels of GAAP expertise and internal control over financial reporting.

In addition, changes in policies by the U.S. or foreign governments could negatively affect our operating results, supply chain and competitive position due to changes in duties, tariffs, trade regulations, employment regulations, taxes, or limitations on currency or fund transfers. Tariffs and other changes in U.S. trade policy have in the past and could in the future trigger retaliatory actions by affected countries, and certain foreign governments have imposed and may continue to impose new tariffs, trade restrictions and export restrictions, which may negatively impact end-user demand or restrict our ability to sell products. If we are unable to successfully manage these and/or any of the risks listed above, we could experience a loss of sales and profitability and/or an impairment or loss of assets, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Failure to attract and retain key personnel, including our executive officers, or effectively manage succession could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our business involves complex operations. As a result, our success depends to a significant degree on the skills, experience and efforts of our executive management and other key personnel as well as their ability to provide uninterrupted leadership and strategic direction. In addition, due to the specialized and technical nature of our business, our future performance depends upon our ability to attract, develop and retain skilled employees, such as specialized research and development and sales and service personnel, in order to maintain our efficient production processes, drive innovation in our product offerings and maintain our deep customer relationships. The failure to attract and retain key personnel, or effectively manage succession, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

In addition, we are highly dependent on the experience and track records of Sir Martin E. Franklin, our other Board members and our executive leadership team. If one or more of our executive officers or Board members were to cease to be employed by us or to serve as directors, or if we were unable to replace them in a timely manner our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or stock price could be adversely affected.

Our reliance on certain key customers, contract manufacturers, suppliers and distributors could adversely affect our overall sales and profitability.

Although our business is not materially dependent upon any single customer, the loss of one or more key customers may impair our results of operations for the affected earnings periods. In addition, there is limited available manufacturing capacity that meets our quality standards and regulatory requirements. If we are unable to arrange for sufficient production capacity among our suppliers or contract manufacturers, or if our suppliers or contract manufacturers encounter production, quality, financial or other difficulties (for example, labor or geopolitical disturbances or natural disasters), we may be unable to meet our customers' demands. Finally, we rely on independent distributors to distribute our products and to assist us with the marketing and sale of certain of our products. There can be no assurance that our distributors will focus adequate resources on selling our products to end users, or will be successful in selling our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We may not realize the anticipated benefits of acquisitions or divestitures which may adversely affect our existing businesses, reputation and financial condition.

We have completed several acquisitions and divestitures and may in the future pursue additional opportunistic strategic transactions. These transactions may present operational, financial, and managerial challenges, including diversion of management attention from existing businesses, integration and separation complexities, increased expenses, and potential disputes with the buyers or sellers. Our ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of acquisitions or divestitures depends on many factors, including our ability to negotiate favorable terms, close such transactions in a timely and cost-effective manner and successfully integrate any businesses we acquire.

With respect to acquisitions, we may be exposed to successor liability relating to actions taken before the acquisition date. The due diligence we conduct in connection with an acquisition, the controls and policies we implement and any contractual guarantees or indemnities that we receive from the sellers of acquired companies or assets, or any third-party insurance we may procure, may not be sufficient to protect us from, or compensate us for, actual liabilities. Acquisitions also involve compliance and reputational risks as well as risks relating to differing levels of management and internal control effectiveness, systems integration, impairment charges relating to recorded goodwill and intangible assets, significant accounting charges, completion fees and integration expenses. Sizable acquisitions may also require a material increase in funding to address capital expenditures, working capital requirements and employee retention.

In addition to unanticipated delays, costs and other issues, divestitures may also expose us to liabilities or claims for indemnification for retained liabilities or indemnification obligations associated with the assets or businesses that we sell. The magnitude of any such liability or obligation may be difficult to quantify at the time of the transaction, as it was the case for certain liabilities retained in connection with the sale of our Agricultural Solutions business in 2019. We cannot predict the ultimate resolution of these matters, and there can be no assurance that any such resolution, which may take several years, will not adversely impact our financial position or results of operations.

INDUSTRY RISKS

Industry and consumer trends may cause significant fluctuations in our results of operations and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

The specialty chemicals industry is subject to constant and rapid technological change, product obsolescence, price erosion, evolving standards, finite product lifecycles, raw material price fluctuations, and changes in product supply and demand. For example, the electronics end markets, such as mobile devices, particularly smartphones and tablets, is characterized by rapidly changing market conditions, frequent product introductions and intense competition based on features and price; all of which could impact our sale volumes and margins. In the automotive industry, demand for our products and services may be affected by technological advances, changing automotive OEM specifications and other factors beyond our control that impact production levels of our customers, such as interest rates, fuel prices, shifts in vehicle mix, consumer confidence, regulatory and legislative oversight requirements and trade agreements. In addition, technological changes in our customers’ products, processes or preferences, such as sustainable products, may make certain of our specialty chemicals unnecessary or obsolete. Customers also have found, and may continue to find, alternative materials or processes, which no longer require our products.

All these factors, consumer trends and industry characteristics may impact the demand for our products which may cause significant fluctuations in our results of operations and adversely affect our financial condition and cash flow.

Fluctuations in the supply and prices of raw materials and in other costs may negatively impact our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The unavailability or increased prices of raw materials could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations. We use a variety of specialty and commodity chemicals in our formulation processes, and such formulation operations depend upon obtaining adequate supplies of raw materials on a timely basis from numerous suppliers in various countries. We typically purchase our major raw materials under existing supply agreements or on an as-needed basis from outside sources. The availability and prices of raw materials may be subject to curtailment or change due to, among other things, the financial stability of our suppliers, new laws and regulations, protectionist nationalistic trade policies and practices, such as tariffs, changes in exchange rates and worldwide price levels. In some cases, we are limited in our ability to purchase certain raw materials from other suppliers due to minimum purchase requirements contained in certain of our supply agreements. Our responsible sourcing practices could also affect the sourcing, pricing, and availability of certain conflict minerals we use in our products. If only a limited pool of our suppliers can demonstrate that they are compliant with the applicable rules, we may not be able to obtain the conflict minerals we need in sufficient quantities or at competitive prices. Further, if we are unable to price our products competitively to timely reflect volatility in prices of raw materials or if we do not accurately estimate the amount of raw materials needed for a specific geographic region, our margins could be adversely affected.

In addition, higher commodity, shipping, transportation and energy prices could result from volatility caused by market fluctuations, supply and demand, currency fluctuations, production and transportation disruptions, climate change and weather conditions and other world events. Passing along these costs to our customers by increasing our prices could result in long-term sales declines or loss of market share if our customers were to find alternative suppliers or choose to reformulate their products to use fewer ingredients. If we are unable to efficiently and effectively pass through price increases to our customers, or manage inventory impacts resulting from price volatility, our profit margins and working capital could be adversely impacted and have an adverse long-term impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

LEGAL & REGULATORY RISKS

Intellectual Property

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be adversely affected.

Protection of our proprietary processes, methods, formulations and other technology is important to our business. To protect our intellectual property rights, we generally rely on patent, trade secret, trademark and copyright laws of the U.S. and certain other countries in which our products are manufactured or sold as well as nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements. The laws of other countries may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. Additionally, we rely in some cases upon unpatented proprietary manufacturing expertise, continuing technological innovation and other trade secrets to develop and maintain our competitive position. While we generally enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees and third-parties to protect our intellectual property, our confidentiality agreements could be breached and may not provide meaningful protection for, or adequate remedies to protect, our trade secrets or proprietary manufacturing expertise in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of information. Failure to protect our existing intellectual property rights, domestically or internationally, may result in the loss of valuable technologies and competitive advances, and our net sales, market share, financial condition and cash flows may be adversely impacted.

Further, protecting against the unauthorized use of our products, technology and other proprietary rights is difficult, time-consuming and expensive, and we cannot be certain that the steps we are taking will prevent or minimize the risks of such unauthorized use. Litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights or to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Litigation of this type could also result in substantial costs and diversion of resources, which could significantly harm our results of operations and reputation.

Additionally, we could face infringement claims from our competitors or others alleging our processes or products infringe on their rights. Any settlement or adverse judgment resulting from litigation could result in the payment of material damages and/or require us to change our processes, redesign a certain product partially or completely, stop producing it entirely, obtain a license to continue our use, or potentially be restricted in our use of certain aspects. Further, there is a risk that licensing

opportunities may not be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. Regardless of their merit, infringement claims can be time-consuming, divert the time and attention of our management and technical personnel, and result in material litigation costs.

Finally, our exposure to risks associated with the use of intellectual property may increase as a result of acquisitions, as we would have an unavoidable lower level of visibility into the development process of any newly acquired technologies and the steps taken to safeguard against the risks of infringing the rights of third parties.

Global Regulations

Changes in our effective tax rate, tax cost and tax liabilities could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

In 2025, approximately 79% of our net sales were generated outside of the U.S. Given the global nature of our business, a number of factors may increase our effective rate and tax cost, including:

• the geographic mix of jurisdictions in which profits are earned and taxed;

• the statutory tax rates and tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we conduct business;

• the resolution of tax issues arising from tax examinations by various tax authorities; and

• the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities.

Additionally, tax laws, regulations, and administrative practices in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change, with or without notice, due to economic, political, and other conditions, and significant judgment is required in evaluating and estimating our provision and accruals for these taxes. For example, several countries where we do business have implemented or announced plans to implement global minimum tax regimes based on the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's Anti-Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project. The final form of these global minimum tax regimes is uncertain but is expected to change various aspects of the existing international legal framework under which our global tax obligations are determined. While the ultimate impact of these changes is unknown, there can be no assurance that they will not materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Moreover, we are regularly examined by various tax authorities throughout the world. The final resolution of tax audits and any related litigation may differ from our historical provisions and accruals resulting in additional tax liabilities, which may have an adverse impact on our tax provision, net income and cash flow. Although we believe our tax estimates and accruals are reasonable, there can be no assurance that the tax authorities will agree, and we may have to engage in litigation to achieve the results reflected in such estimates and accruals, which may be time-consuming and the costs incurred significant. There can be no assurance that we will be successful or that any final determination will not materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Chemical manufacturing is inherently hazardous and may result in accidents, which may disrupt our operations or expose us to significant losses or liabilities.

The hazards associated with chemical manufacturing and the related storage and transportation of raw materials, products and wastes are inherent in our operations as our research and development, manufacturing, formulating and packaging activities involve the use of dangerous, toxic or hazardous materials and the generation of hazardous waste. We cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination, discharge or injury resulting from those materials. Also, our suppliers or contract manufacturers may use and/or generate such materials and waste in connection with producing our products. We may be required to indemnify our suppliers, contract manufacturers or waste disposal contractors against damages and other liabilities arising out of the production, handling or storage of our products or raw materials or the disposal of related wastes. Potential risks include explosions and fires, chemical spills and other discharges or releases of toxic or hazardous substances or gases, or pipeline and storage tank leaks and ruptures. Those hazards may result in personal injury and loss of life, damage to property and contamination of the environment, all or any of which may result in a suspension of operations and the imposition of civil or criminal fines, penalties and other sanctions, cleanup costs, and claims by governmental entities or third-parties. The loss or shutdown of operations over an extended period could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Because our operations currently use and generate, and have historically used and generated, hazardous materials and waste, we are subject to regulatory oversight and investigation, remediation, and monitoring obligations at our current and former Superfund sites, as well as third-party disposal sites, under federal laws and their state and local analogues, including the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, and the Comprehensive

Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and analogous foreign laws. We are also subject to ongoing obligations at active sites in the U.S. and are conducting closure activities pursuant to the RCRA and CERCLA at several of our sites in the U.S. The costs and liabilities associated with these obligations and activities may be substantial and, to the extent not covered by insurance, may materially impact our financial condition.

Our products and operations are subject to numerous and increasingly complex government regulations, and compliance with these regulations could require us to incur additional costs or to reformulate or discontinue certain of our products.

Our products are subject to numerous and increasingly complex federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations. This legal framework includes customs regulations, imports and international trade laws, export control, antitrust laws, environmental and chemicals manufacturing, global climate change, health and safety requirements and zoning and occupancy laws; all of which impact the manufacture, import, export, promotion and sale of our products, the operation of our production and warehouse facilities, and our relationship with our customers, suppliers, employees and competitors.

Our products and manufacturing processes are also subject to numerous ongoing reviews by certain governmental authorities. Governmental, regulatory and societal demands for increasing levels of product safety (such as chemical composition, packaging and labeling) and environmental protection (such as the management, movement and disposal of hazardous substances) are resulting in increased pressure for more stringent regulatory control with respect to the chemical industry. Such regulations include the European Union's REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals), which mandates compliance obligations and restrictions on certain chemicals; REACH-like regimes, which have now been adopted in several other countries; the E.U. Poison Center Notification (PCN); the U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA); the U.S. and E.U. conflict minerals regulations; as well as the emerging ESG regulations in the E.U. and globally, such as the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), its transposition in E.U. countries, and the E.U. Taxonomy for sustainable activities. Any of these regulations and changes in our regulatory environment, particularly in, but not limited to, the U.S., the E.U. and China, may require significant resources and data management systems and lead us to re-design our products or supply chain to ensure compliance with the applicable standards or use different types or sources of materials, which could have an adverse impact on the efficiency of our manufacturing process, the performance of our products, add greater testing lead-times for product introductions or other similar effects. Any of these changes could materially alter our market share and reputation, or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, we have incurred, are incurring and will incur in the future, costs and capital expenditures to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. For example, we have several product lines that rely on lead-based solder and many others that historically did so. Legal claims have been brought alleging harmful exposures or contamination as a result of lead-based solder, and it is possible that we may face additional claims in the future. We are also currently involved in various environmental investigations due to historic operations. Liability under some environmental laws relating to contaminated sites can be joint and several and imposed retroactively, regardless of fault or the legality of the activities that gave rise to the contamination. Some of our formulating and manufacturing facilities have an extended history of chemical formulating and manufacturing operations or other industrial activities, and contaminants have been detected at some of our sites and offsite disposal locations. Ultimate environmental costs and liabilities are difficult to predict and may significantly vary from current estimates. To the extent available, we maintain what we believe to be adequate insurance coverage. However, there can be no assurance that we won’t incur losses beyond the limits or outside the terms of such coverage, or that we will be able to maintain adequate insurance at rates we consider reasonable. In addition, the discovery of additional contaminants, the inability or failure of other liable parties to satisfy their obligations, the imposition of additional cleanup obligations, or the commencement of related third-party claims could result in additional material costs and negatively impact our financial condition or results of operations.

Our offshore oil industry products are subject to the hazards inherent in the offshore oil production and drilling industry, and we may incur substantial liabilities or losses as a result of these hazards.

In the offshore oil industry, we are subject to the hazards inherent in the offshore oil production and drilling industry. Our offshore business produces water-based hydraulic control fluids for major oil companies and drilling contractors to be used for potentially hazardous offshore deepwater production and drilling applications. Offshore deepwater oil production and drilling are subject to hazards that include blowouts, explosions, fires, collisions, capsizing, sinking and damage or loss to pipeline, subsea or other facilities from severe weather conditions. Those hazards could result in personal injury and loss of life, severe damage to, or destruction of, property and equipment, pollution or environmental damage and suspension of operations. A catastrophic occurrence at a location where our products are used may expose us to substantial liability for personal injury, wrongful death, product liability, commercial claims and reputational damage. To the extent available, we maintain insurance coverage that we believe is customary in this industry. Such insurance does not, however, provide coverage for all liabilities,

and there can be no assurance that our insurance coverage will be adequate to cover claims that may arise, or that we will be able to maintain adequate insurance at rates we consider reasonable. The occurrence of a significant offshore deepwater oil production or drilling event that results in liability to us that is not fully insured could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Certain of our products may be subject to various export control regulations and exports may require a license from the U.S. Department of State or the U.S. Department of Commerce .

As a global company, we are subject to various laws and regulations relating to the export of products, services and technology. In the U.S. , these laws include, among others, the U.S. Export Administration Regulations (EAR), administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security, and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), administered by the U.S. Department of State’s Directorate of Defense Trade Controls. Some of our products or technology may have military or strategic applications governed by the ITAR or represent so-called “dual use” items governed by the EAR. Although the majority of our relevant products are currently subject to automatic approval and do not require government licenses to be exported to certain jurisdictions, entities or persons, this may change in the future if these laws and regulations are amended or if new laws or regulations are adopted. Any failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in civil or criminal penalties, fines, investigations, adverse publicity and restrictions on our ability to export our products, any of which could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Failure to comply with anti-corruption laws could subject us to penalties and damage our reputation.

The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, the United Kingdom Bribery Act 2010 and similar anti-bribery/anti-corruption laws in other jurisdictions generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or for other unfair advantages. Under these laws, companies may also be held liable for actions taken by third-parties acting on their behalf, such as strategic or local partners or representatives. Our policies mandate compliance with these anti-bribery/anti-corruption laws, including the requirements to maintain accurate information and internal controls. However, in certain of the jurisdictions where we conduct business, we face a heightened risk for corruption, extortion, bribery, pay-offs, theft and other improper practices , including via third-party distributors over whom we may have limited or no control . There can be no assurance that our internal control policies and procedures will protect us from acts committed by our employees or agents. F ailure by us or our intermediaries to comply with applicable anti-bribery/anti-corruption laws may result in civil and/or criminal penalties or other sanctions, including disgorgement of profits and contract suspensions or cancellations; any of which could damage our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Failure to comply with international trade restrictions and economic sanctions laws and regulations could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We have operations, assets and/or generate sales in countries all over the world, including countries that are or may become the target of trade and economic restrictions from the U.S. and/or other countries, which we refer to collectively as “Economic Sanctions Laws.” Economic Sanctions Laws are complex and change over time as international relationships and confrontations between and among nations evolve. For example, the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) and the U.S. State Department monitor trade restrictions and economic sanctions. These agencies coordinate, administer and enforce penalties upon U.S. persons and/or entities and, in some instances, non-U.S. entities, for conducting activities or transacting business with certain countries as well as governments, entities, or individuals subject to Economic Sanctions Laws. We have established policies and procedures to support our compliance with Economic Sanctions Laws, and we believe we do not unlawfully conduct business in any sanctioned or restricted countries. However, given the breadth of our international operations and the scope of our sales globally, including via third-party distributors over whom we may have limited or no control, coupled with the complexity and ever-changing nature of Economic Sanctions Laws driven by geopolitical events, there can be no assurance that our controls and procedures have prevented in the past or will prevent at all times in the future a violation of these laws. Failure to comply with Economic Sanctions Laws, or allegations of such failure, could lead to investigations and/or actions being taken against us which could materially and adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Changes in data privacy and data protection laws and regulations, or any failure to comply with such laws and regulations, could adversely impact our business.

Our global business is subject to a wide variety of domestic and foreign laws and regulations designed to protect the privacy of customers, employees and other third parties, including, without limitation, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the E.U. and the California Consumer Protection Act (CCPA) in the U.S. Additional states, as well as foreign jurisdictions,

have enacted or are proposing similar data protection regimes, resulting in a rapidly evolving and uncertain governing landscape. Complying with these various laws and regulations is difficult and could require us to incur substantial costs or change our business practices in a manner adverse to our business. In addition, there can be no assurance that our controls and procedures enable us to be fully compliant. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with the GDPR, the CCPA or any other applicable regulatory requirements or orders, within the E.U., the U.S. or elsewhere, could result in proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or individuals; subject us to significant fines, penalties, and/or judgments; require us to change our business practices; limit the offering of our products and services in certain countries; or otherwise adversely affect our business, as we would be at risk to lose both customers and sales, and incur substantial costs.

FINANCIAL RISKS

Our net sales and gross profit vary depending on our product, customer and geographic mix for any given period which makes it difficult to forecast future operating results.

Our net sales and gross profit vary among our products, customers and markets, and therefore may be different in future periods from historic or current periods. Overall gross profit margins in any given period are dependent in large part on the product, customer and geographic mix reflected in that period’s net sales. Market trends, competitive pressures, commoditization of products, increased component or shipping costs, increased or prolonged periods of inflation, regulatory conditions and other factors may also result in reductions in revenue or pressure on the gross profit margins in a given period. The varying nature of our product, customer and geographic mix between periods has historically materially impacted our net sales and gross profit between periods during certain recessionary times, and may lead to difficulties in measuring the potential impact of market conditions, regulatory changes and/or other factors on our business. As a result, we may be challenged in our ability to forecast our future operating results.

Unfavorable currency exchange rate fluctuations could adversely affect our results of operations.

The reporting currency for our financial statements is the U.S. dollar. However, a large portion of our net sales (approximately 79% in 2025) are generated by our non-U.S. operations, which means that we have net sales, substantial assets, liabilities and costs denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. To prepare our Consolidated Financial Statements, we must translate those sales, assets, liabilities and expenses into U.S. dollars at then-applicable exchange rates. Consequently, increases and decreases in the value of the U.S. dollar versus other currencies will affect the amount of these items in our Consolidated Financial Statements, even if their value has not changed in their original currency. These translations could result in significant changes to our results of operations from period to period. Additionally, volatility in currency exchange rates may adversely impact our financial condition, cash flows and liquidity. There can be no assurance that the techniques we employ to mitigate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations, including foreign currency hedging activities, will be effective risk management strategies, and our financial condition or results of operations could be adversely impacted.

Our Credit Agreement and other debt agreements contain restrictions that limit our flexibility in operating our business.

Our Credit Agreement, the indenture governing our 3.875% USD Notes due 2028 and other debt agreements contain restrictive clauses, which may limit our operational and financial flexibility, including, among other things, our ability to grant liens, pay cash dividends, enter new lines of business, repurchase our shares of common stock, make certain investments and engage in certain merger, consolidation or asset sale transactions. In addition, our Credit Agreement contains customary remedies, including the right of the lenders to take action with respect to the collateral securing outstanding loans, that would apply should we default or otherwise be unable to satisfy our debt obligations. To the extent an event of default occurs, we may not be able to borrow under the Credit Agreement and, therefore, may not be able to pursue certain business initiatives or certain transactions that might otherwise be advantageous, meet extraordinary capital needs, finance future operations, plan for or react to market conditions, or otherwise take actions that we believe are in the best interest of our businesses. As a result, our business prospects, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely impacted.

In addition, our Credit Agreement requires that we meet certain financial ratios, including a first lien net leverage ratio based on net debt to EBITDA. EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure of liquidity defined in the Credit Agreement. Our ability to meet these financial covenants depends upon the future successful operating performance of our businesses. If we fail to comply with the Credit Agreement covenants, we would be in default under our term loan and revolving credit facilities and, unless we were to obtain waivers from our lenders, the maturity of our outstanding debt could be accelerated, which could adversely impact our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

We and our subsidiaries may incur significant additional indebtedness in the future, which would result in additional restrictions upon our business and impact our financial condition.

We and our subsidiaries may be able to incur significant additional indebtedness in the future. Our Credit Agreement provides for senior secured credit facilities, consisting of term loans B-3 of $1.29 billion maturing in 2030 and a revolving facility of $500 million maturing in 2031. At February 18, 2026, we had $373 million, net of letters of credit, of borrowing capacity under our revolving facility. Although our Credit Agreement and the indenture governing our 3.875% USD Notes due 2028 contain restrictions with respect to the incurrence of additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of significant qualifications and exceptions, and indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. In addition, subject to specified conditions, without the consent of the then-existing lenders, we may add certain incremental term loans or revolving credit facilities, or increase commitments under our revolving credit facility, by up to the sum of (x) the greater of (i) $460 million and (ii) 100% of our consolidated EBITDA, less certain amounts of indebtedness, and (y) an unlimited amount of secured or unsecured incremental debt if, on a pro forma basis, our total first lien net leverage ratio does not exceed certain levels (as described in the Credit Agreement).

Any significant indebtedness incurred by us or our subsidiaries could have the following material consequences:

• require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations to payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flows to fund acquisitions, working capital, capital expenditures, dividends, research and development efforts and other general corporate purposes;

• expose us to the risk of increased interest rates as certain of our borrowings include instruments with variable rates of interest;

• downgrade of our credit rating, which would increase our cost of borrowing and make it more difficult for us to raise capital in the future;

• increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;

• limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate; and

• place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to less-leveraged competitors or competitors with comparable debt governed by more favorable terms.

We may also enter into additional debt transactions or credit facilities, including equipment loans, working capital lines of credit, senior notes and other long-term debt, which may increase our indebtedness and result in additional restrictions upon our businesses. In addition, major debt rating agencies regularly evaluate our debt based on a number of factors, including our degree of leverage. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our existing debt ratings, and failure to do so could adversely affect our cost of funds, liquidity and access to capital markets.

Any future impairment of our tangible or intangible long-lived assets may materially affect our results of operations.

As a result of our historical acquisitions, as of December 31, 2025, we had approximately $2.90 billion of intangible assets and goodwill. Under GAAP, we review our intangible assets and long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Additionally, goodwill is subject to an impairment test at least annually. Indicators that may signal that an asset has become impaired include changes in our strategy for our overall business or use of acquired assets, unexpected negative industry or economic trends, decreased market capitalization relative to net book values, prolonged decline in the value of our stock price, unanticipated competitive activities, change in consumer demand, loss of key personnel and/or acts by governments and judicial courts. To the extent any of our acquired assets do not perform as anticipated, the value of such assets may be negatively affected. As a result, we may be required to record impairment charges, which could be substantial and negatively impact our results of operations and financial position.

GENERAL RISKS

If we experience a significant disruption in our information technology systems or if we fail to implement new systems and software successfully, our business operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

We depend on information technology systems throughout the Company to, among other functions, control our manufacturing processes, process orders and bill, collect and make payments, interact with customers and suppliers, manage inventory and otherwise conduct business. We also depend on these systems to respond to customer inquiries, implement our overall internal control processes and maintain records of our property, plant and equipment. The failure of our information technology systems to perform as we anticipate, including as a result of significant network or power outages, could disrupt our business

and result in transaction errors, processing inefficiencies and the loss of sales and customers. As we upgrade or change systems, we may also experience interruptions in service, loss of data or reduced functionality and other unforeseen material issues, which could adversely impact our ability to provide quotes, receive and fulfill customer orders and otherwise run our business in a timely manner. As a result, our competitive position and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Material cybersecurity-related events may materially disrupt our operations and harm our reputation and results of operations.

Information technology security threats, including security breaches, computer malware, cyber-attacks and other unauthorized access attempts are increasing, in both frequency and sophistication. Any such disruption, if successful, could result in data leaks or otherwise compromise confidential, proprietary and/or business critical information, cause a disruption in our operations or harm our reputation and results of operations. As previously announced, we have in the past experienced a cyber intrusion and may in the future be subject to additional intrusion events. There can be no assurance that the controls and procedures that we put in place will be sufficient or adequate to protect us. Further, as cyber threats are continually evolving, we may be required to devote additional resources to modify or enhance our systems in the future. Additionally, as we increase the use of artificial intelligence ("AI") tools in our operations, the risk of unauthorized access to, improper release of, and fabrication by AI of incorrect or incomplete information relating to, our sensitive data, may increase. Any such breaches or compromises of data, and/or misappropriation of information could result in violation of privacy and other laws, litigation, fines, negative publicity, loss of investor confidence, lost sales, business delays, indemnity obligations and/or material costs not covered by insurance, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Corporate responsibility, specifically related to ESG matters, may impose additional costs and expose us to new risks.

Increasing focus on ESG matters requires that we devote significant time and resources on ESG tracking and reporting, including the continuous monitoring of various and evolving standards and progress toward our published sustainability goals. Certain organizations, which provide corporate governance and risk information to stockholders, have developed, and others may in the future develop, scores and ratings to evaluate companies based upon their ESG metrics and disclosures. Certain investors, particularly institutional investors, use these scores to benchmark companies and make investment and/or voting decisions. In this rapidly evolving ESG disclosure context, we may face reputational risk if we don't successfully execute our ESG strategy and/or if our ESG disclosures do not meet the standards or requirements set by our constituencies.

Further, requirements for tracking and reporting ESG matters continue to multiply, and our processes and controls for reporting across our operations and supply chain are evolving in accordance with multiple disparate standards, in the U.S. and in foreign countries. These new disclosure requirements, which include climate bills in California, the EU's CSRD, its transposition in E.U. countries, the E.U. Taxonomy for sustainable activities, and any final rules that may be approved by the SEC, may negatively impact our business by diverting time, focus and resources. As the interpretation and guidance related to these new requirements evolve over time, significant revisions may need to be made to our methodologies for reporting ESG data, previously reported ESG metrics, our existing sustainability goals, reported progress in achieving such goals, or our ability to achieve them in the future. Evolving environmental and climate laws or regulations could also lead to new or additional investment in product designs, incremental operating expenses and increased environmental expenditures in order to ensure compliance. We expect these ESG disclosure and regulatory trends to continue, and the ultimate cost related to reporting and, where required, compliance could be material.

We have numerous equity instruments outstanding that could require the future issuance of additional shares of common stock, which issuance could result in significant dilution of ownership interests and have an adverse effect on our stock price.

Under our 2024 Plan, 10,000,000 shares were reserved for issuance in connection with the vesting of equity-based awards to be granted to our officers, other employees and directors. No further awards can be granted under our 2013 Plan, which was replaced by our 2024 Plan. However, outstanding awards under our 2013 Plan continue to vest in accordance with their terms and those of the 2013 Plan. In addition, the number of shares reserved under our 2024 Plan is periodically increased by the number of shares subject to awards under our 2013 Plan which are forfeited, cancelled, expired or otherwise terminated.

The issuance of additional shares upon satisfaction of the applicable vesting conditions under the 2013 Plan or the 2024 Plan could result in a stockholder's percentage ownership being diluted. At December 31, 2025, the aggregate equity-based awards outstanding under both plans was 1,996,366 RSUs with each RSU representing a contingent right to receive one share of our common stock or, for performance-based RSUs, multiple shares depending upon the underlying performance metrics and our performance during the applicable performance period.

We may also issue additional shares of our common stock, or other securities that are convertible into or exercisable for our common stock, in connection with future acquisitions, for capital raising purposes or for other business purposes; which issuances could also result in significant dilution of ownership interest.

Volatility of our stock price could adversely affect us and our stockholders.

Our stock price may experience substantial price volatility as a result of many factors, including, without limitation, coverage or sentiment in the media or the investment community; speculation; announcement of acquisitions or divestitures; quarterly financial results and comparisons to estimates by the investment community or financial outlook provided by us; issuance of additional debt or equity; changes in key personnel or business strategy; material litigation or governmental investigations; and expectations regarding capital allocation, including any future stock repurchases and/or any future dividend payments, or any determination to cease repurchasing stock or paying dividends. General or industry specific market conditions, stock market performance or macroeconomic and geopolitical factors unrelated to our performance may also affect the price of our stock. Further, in the past, market fluctuations and price declines in a company's stock have led to securities class action litigation, which could have a substantial cost and divert management time and resources regardless of their outcome.

Future issuances or sales of our common stock or preferred stock may depress the price of our common stock.

The issuance of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock, including shares issued in connection with acquisitions, could cause significant dilution to holders of our common stock. In addition, the sale in the market of those newly-issued shares, or shares held by our executive officers, directors or significant stockholders, may cause the market price of our common stock to decline. In turn, decline in our stock price may make it more difficult for us to finance acquisitions with shares of common stock and/or sell additional equity or equity-related securities in future offerings at a time and price we deem necessary or appropriate; which all may further depress the price of our common stock.

In addition, our Board of Directors is authorized to issue preferred stock in one or more series and may determine the terms of such future preferred stock offerings without stockholder approval, such as the number of shares constituting each series as well as their respective designations, powers, preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations and restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion or exchange rights, voting rights, redemption rights and terms, and liquidation preferences. The issuance of preferred stock could affect the rights of our common stockholders or reduce the value of shares of common stock they hold.

There can be no assurance that we will continue to declare dividends.

Future dividends are subject to declaration by our Board of Directors in its sole discretion. To the extent the Board determines to pay dividends on our common stock in the future, we will pay dividends at the times and in the amounts as the Board determines appropriate. The Board may, however, reduce or discontinue entirely the payment of such dividends at any time. Paying dividends will depend upon many factors, including our financial condition and results of operations, our available cash and current and anticipated cash needs, capital requirements and access to capital markets, covenants associated with our Credit Agreement, the indenture governing our 3.875% USD Notes due 2028 and/or other debt obligations, contractual, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions and other factors that the Board may deem relevant. Therefore, there can be no assurance that we will have the ability and/or sufficient funds to pay dividends or as to the amounts of these dividends, if any.

If we fail to establish and maintain adequate internal controls over financial reporting, we may not be able to report our financial results in a timely and reliable manner, which could harm our business and adversely impact our stock price.

We are required by the SEC to establish and maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting that provides reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP. We are likewise required, on a quarterly basis, to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal controls and to disclose any material changes and material weaknesses in those internal controls. We have in the past experienced, and in the future may experience again, material weaknesses and potential problems in implementing and maintaining adequate internal controls as required by the SEC. If we fail to achieve and maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, we may not be able to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting. If we cannot provide financial reports in a timely and reliable manner, or prevent fraud, our business and operating results could be harmed, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, and our stock price could drop significantly.

We are dependent on cash flows from our operating subsidiaries to fund our debt obligations, capital expenditures and ongoing operations.

Our operations are conducted almost entirely through our subsidiaries, and our ability to generate cash to meet our debt obligations or to pay dividends, if any, is highly dependent on the earnings of, and receipt of funds from, our subsidiaries through dividends or intercompany loans, in particular from MacDermid, Incorporated. As a result, we are dependent on the income generated by our subsidiaries, and to some degree on our ability to repatriate earnings from our foreign operations effectively, to meet our debt service obligations, expenses and operating cash requirements or to pay dividends or repurchase shares of our common stock. For example, the amount of dividends, if any, which may be paid to us by our subsidiaries depends on many factors, including our subsidiaries' results of operations and financial condition, limits on dividends or otherwise under applicable law and their constitutional documents, documents governing their indebtedness, and other factors which may be outside our control. If our subsidiaries are unable to generate sufficient cash flows or if we are unable to repatriate earnings effectively, or if we are unable to do so without incurring substantial costs, we may be unable to service our debt obligations, pay our expenses and/or meet our operating cash requirements or to make future dividend payments or stock repurchases, if any.

Supply Chain and business disruptions, including those related to climate change, could have a material impact on our future sales and financial condition, and may not be covered by insurance.

We believe our customers rely on our ability to timely deliver products of constant quality which are integral to their manufacturing processes and overall product performance. Our ability to meet these expectations relies on continuous access to multiple sources of raw materials and working closely with our suppliers and contract manufacturers to help ensure continuity of supply while maintaining high quality.

Natural or human-induced disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, hurricanes, cyclones or typhoons, fires, power or water shortages, telecommunications failures, terrorist acts, civil unrest, conflicts or wars, and epidemics, pandemics or other health crises could seriously harm our operations as well as the operations of our customers and suppliers. Among other impacts, these events could limit our ability to access the quantity and quality of raw materials we need and/or increase the price of these materials as worldwide supply and demand may be seriously impacted. In addition, extreme weather, natural disasters or other unexpected events could result in physical damage to, and closure of, one or more of our manufacturing or sale facilities, temporary or long-term disruption in our supply chain and/or disruption of our ability to deliver products and services to our customers and/or increase the risk of chemical spills, other discharges or releases of toxic or hazardous substances or pipeline ruptures, all of which could in turn adversely affect our operations, financial condition, reputation and/or stock price. Current or future business continuity plans and insurance arrangements may not provide protection against property damage, loss of business or increased costs that may arise from such events, particularly if these are catastrophic in nature or occur in combination. We believe climate change serves as a risk multiplier increasing both the frequency and severity of natural disasters that may affect our worldwide business operations. Further, the long-term effects of climate change on general economic conditions are unclear, and changes in the supply or demand of our products, or available sources of the raw materials we use in our manufacturing processes, may affect the availability or cost of our products.

We are governed by Delaware law, which has anti-takeover implications.

We are governed by Delaware law, the application of which may have the effect of deterring hostile takeover attempts or a change in control. In particular, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law imposes certain restrictions on merger, business combinations and other transactions between us and holders of 15% or more of our common stock. A Delaware corporation may opt out of that provision either with an express provision in its original certificate of incorporation or in an amendment to its certificate of incorporation or by-laws approved by its stockholders. We have not opted out of this provision. Section 203 could prohibit or delay mergers or other takeover or change in control attempts and, accordingly, may discourage attempts to acquire us, which may negatively affect our stock price.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section should be read in conjunction with “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” included in Part II, Item 8 of this 2025 Annual Report and our audited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this 2025 Annual Report. “Overview” and "2025 Highlights" briefly present our business and certain significant events addressed in this section or elsewhere in this 2025 Annual Report. This 2025 Annual Report should be read in its entirety for a complete description of our business and discussion of these events.

Overview

Element Solutions, incorporated in Delaware in January 2014, is a leading global specialty chemicals technology company whose businesses supply a broad range of solutions that enhance the performance of products people use every day. Developed in multi-step technological processes, these innovative solutions enable customers' manufacturing processes in multiple high-value industries, including consumer electronics, power electronics, semiconductor fabrication, high-performance computing, communications and data storage infrastructure, automotive systems, industrial surface finishing and offshore energy. Our product innovation and product extensions are expected to continue to drive sales growth in both new and existing markets while expanding margins through a consistent focus on increasing customer value propositions.

Our operations are organized into two segments: Electronics and Specialties. In 2025, we achieved net sales of $2.55 billion, to which our Electronics and Specialties segments contributed approximately 70% and 30%, respectively.

Each of our segments is described below:

Electronics – The Electronics segment researches, formulates and sells specialty chemicals and material process technologies for all types of electronics hardware from complex printed circuit board designs to advanced semiconductor packaging. In high-performance datacenters, mobile communications, computers, automobiles and aerospace equipment, its products are an integral part of the electronics manufacturing process and the functionality of end-products. The segment's "wet chemistries" for metallization, surface treatments and solderable finishes form the physical circuitry pathways and its "assembly materials," such as SMT, pastes, fluxes and adhesives, join those pathways together. The segment provides solutions through the following businesses: Assembly Solutions, Circuitry Solutions and Semiconductor Solutions.

Specialties – The Specialties segment researches, formulates and sells specialty chemicals and material process technologies that enhance surfaces or improve industrial processes in diverse industrial sectors from automotive trim to transcontinental infrastructure to high-design faucets. Its products include chemical systems that protect and decorate metal and plastic surfaces and chemistries used in water-based hydraulic control fluids for offshore energy production. The segment's products are used in the aerospace, automotive, construction, consumer electronics and oil and gas production end-markets. The segment provides solutions through the following businesses: Industrial Solutions and Energy Solutions. On February 28, 2025, we completed the sale of our flexographic printing plate business, MacDermid Graphics Solutions.

2025 Highlights

• Portfolio Optimization - On February 28, 2025, we completed the sale of our flexographic printing plate business, MacDermid Graphics Solutions, for approximately $320 million, net of disposed cash. MacDermid Graphics Solutions was reported within the Specialties segment. The sale resulted in a gain of $66.5 million.

• EFC Acquisition - On January 2, 2026, we completed the acquisition of EFC Gases & Advanced Materials, a provider of high-purity specialty gases and other advanced materials, for a purchase price of approximately $369 million, net of cash and subject to adjustments, with a potential earn-out based on EFC's 2026 performance of up to $30.0 million cash or 1.16 million Company shares.

• Micromax Acquisition - On February 2, 2026, we completed the acquisition of Micromax, a global supplier of advanced electronics inks and pastes, for a purchase price of approximately $500 million, net of cash and subject to adjustments.

• Add-on Term Loans & Revolver Upsize - On February 2, 2026, we completed the syndication of $450 million of Add-on Term Loans and a 5-year $500 million senior secured revolving credit facility, which replaced our then existing $375 million revolving facility, upsizing the facility by $125 million and extending its maturity to 2031. The proceeds of the Add-on Term Loans were used to fund a portion of the purchase price of the Micromax Acquisition.

• Cash Dividends - During the year ended December 31, 2025, approximately $77.8 million was returned to our stockholders in the form of cash dividends.

• Repurchases of Common Stock - During the year ended December 31, 2025, we repurchased 1.2 million shares of our common stock for $25.0 million. The remaining authorization under our stock repurchase program was approximately $556 million at December 31, 2025.

Acquisitions

We regularly pursue targeted and opportunistic acquisitions in our existing or adjacent end-markets that seek to strengthen our current businesses, expand and diversify our product offerings, and enhance our growth and strategic position. We expect to achieve commercial and distribution efficiencies by expanding into related categories that can be marketed through our existing distribution channels or provide us with new distribution channels for our existing products. To the extent we pursue future acquisitions, we expect that acquisition candidates would demonstrate a combination of attractive margins, strong cash flow characteristics, niche leading positions and consumable products that generate recurring revenue. We believe the diversity of the niche end-markets we serve will enable us to continue our growth and maintain strong cash flow generation throughout economic cycles and mitigate the impact of a downturn in any single market. We will only pursue an acquisition candidate when it is deemed to be fiscally prudent and meets our acquisition criteria. We anticipate that any future acquisitions would be financed through a combination of cash on hand, availability under our Credit Agreement and/or new debt or equity offerings.

Foreign Currency Exposure

In 2025, approximately 79% of our net sales originated outside of the U.S. and were denominated in numerous currencies, including the Chinese yuan and euro. Therefore, fluctuations in foreign exchange rates in any given reporting period may positively or negatively impact our financial performance. Foreign exchange translation had an immaterial impact on our 2025 net sales performance.

In addition, our foreign subsidiaries are subject to foreign currency risk relating to receipts from customers, payments to suppliers and intercompany transactions that are not in their functional currency, which is typically their local currency. As a result, our foreign subsidiaries may enter, and have entered, into foreign exchange hedges designed to protect against transaction exposures. We actively assess our hedging programs in order to mitigate foreign exchange risk exposures. This includes programs to hedge our foreign currency denominated balance sheet exposures as well as foreign currency anticipated cash flows.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates that may significantly impact our reported financial results and accompanying disclosures. We base our estimates, assumptions and judgments on historical experience, current conditions and other factors that we consider reasonable. Estimates relate to matters that are inherently uncertain and actual results may differ from these estimates and such differences could be material to our financial statements.

We consider the accounting estimates discussed below to be critical to the understanding of our financial statements and involve difficult, subjective or complex judgments that could potentially affect our reported results. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies , to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this 2025 Annual Report for a detailed discussion of the application of these and other accounting policies.

Goodwill

Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level annually in the fourth quarter, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired using either a qualitative or quantitative approach. Our reporting units are determined based upon our organizational structure in place at the date of the goodwill impairment test.

We may elect to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not (greater than 50%) that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. Qualitative factors may include, but are not limited to, economic,

market and industry conditions, cost factors, and overall financial performance of the reporting units. If we do not perform a qualitative assessment, or if the qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the Company performs a quantitative test.

For the quantitative test, the Company tests for impairment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value. The fair value of a reporting unit is based equally on market multiples and the present value of discounted future cash flows. The discounted cash flows are prepared based upon cash flows at the reporting unit level. The cash flow model utilized in the goodwill impairment test involves significant judgments related to future growth rates, gross profit, operating expenses and discount rates, among other considerations from the vantage point of a market participant. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets assigned to that reporting unit, goodwill is not impaired and no further testing is required. If the carrying value of the net assets assigned to the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, the goodwill impairment loss is calculated as the difference between these amounts, limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.

In 2025, the estimated fair value of each of our reporting units was considered to be substantially in excess of their respective carrying value.

See Note 8, Goodwill and Intangible Assets , Net, to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this 2025 Annual Report for additional information.

Income Taxes

We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the differences between the financial statement basis and the tax basis of assets, liabilities, net operating losses and tax carryforwards. A valuation allowance is required to be recognized to reduce the recorded deferred tax asset to the amount that will more likely than not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income by jurisdiction during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible or when carryforwards can be utilized. We consider the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in this assessment. If these estimates and related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to record additional valuation allowances against our deferred tax assets resulting in additional income tax expense. We evaluate our valuation allowance conclusions on a quarterly basis based on available evidence and realization of deferred tax assets ultimately depends on the existence of sufficient taxable income in the applicable carryback or carryforward periods. Changes in our estimates of and reliance on such evidence may affect the estimate of the realization of the benefits of tax attribute carryforwards.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences and carryforwards are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date of such change.

Tax benefits are recognized for an uncertain tax position when we consider it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination by a taxing authority or upon completion of the litigation process. For a tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount that is judged to have a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority. The liability associated with unrecognized tax benefits is adjusted periodically due to changing circumstances and when new information becomes available. Such adjustments are recognized in the period in which they are identified.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

A summary of recent accounting pronouncements is included in Note 3, Recent Accounting Pronouncements , to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this 2025 Annual Report.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement our financial results presented in accordance with GAAP in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section, we present certain non-GAAP financial measures, such as operating results on a constant currency and organic basis, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin. Management internally reviews these non-GAAP measures to evaluate performance on a comparative period-to-period basis in terms of absolute performance, trends and expected future performance with respect to our business. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures, which are each further described below, provide investors with an additional perspective on trends and underlying operating results on a period-to-period comparable basis. We also believe that investors find this information helpful in

understanding the ongoing performance of our operations separate from items that may have a disproportionate positive or negative impact on our financial results in any particular period or are considered to be associated with our capital structure.

These non-GAAP financial measures, however, have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation from, a substitute for, or superior to, the related financial information that we report in accordance with GAAP. The principal limitation of these non-GAAP financial measures is that they exclude significant expenses and income that are required by GAAP to be recorded in our financial statements and may not be completely comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies due to potential differences in calculation methods. In addition, these measures are subject to inherent limitations as they reflect the exercise of judgment by management about which items are excluded or included in determining these non-GAAP financial measures. Investors are encouraged to review the definitions and reconciliations of these non-GAAP financial measures to their most comparable GAAP financial measures included in this 2025 Annual Report and not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.

Constant Currency

We disclose operating results, from net sales through operating profit and Adjusted EBITDA, on a constant currency basis by adjusting results to exclude the impact of changes due to the translation of foreign currencies of our international locations into U.S. dollars. Management believes this non-GAAP financial information facilitates period-to-period comparison in the analysis of trends in business performance, thereby providing valuable supplemental information regarding our results of operations, consistent with how we internally evaluate our financial results.

The impact of foreign currency translation is calculated by converting our current-period local currency financial results into U.S. dollars using the prior period's exchange rates and comparing these adjusted amounts to our prior period reported results. The difference between actual growth rates and constant currency growth rates represents the estimated impact of foreign currency translation.

Organic Net Sales Growth

Organic net sales growth is defined as net sales excluding the impact of foreign currency translation, changes due to the pass-through pricing of certain metals and acquisitions and/or divestitures, as applicable. Management believes this non-GAAP financial measure provides investors with a more complete understanding of the underlying net sales trends by providing comparable net sales over differing periods on a consistent basis.

For a reconciliation of GAAP net sales growth to organic net sales growth, see " Net Sales " within the "Results of Operations" section below.

Adjusted EBITDA

We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA, excluding the impact of additional items included in GAAP earnings which we believe are not representative or indicative of our ongoing business or are considered to be associated with our capital structure. Management believes Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin provide investors with a more complete understanding of the long-term profitability trends of our business and facilitates comparisons of our profitability to prior and future periods.

For a reconciliation of "Net income" to Adjusted EBITDA and more information about the adjustments made, see Note 22, Segment Information , to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this 2025 Annual Report.

Results of Operations

Change - 2025 vs 2024

Change - 2024 vs 2023

(dollars in millions)

Reported

Constant Currency

Organic

Reported

Constant Currency

Organic

Net sales

Cost of sales

Gross profit

Gross margin

(20) bps

(10) bps

280 bps

270 bps

Operating expenses

Operating profit

Operating margin

(60) bps

(40) bps

660 bps

680 bps

Other expense, net

Income tax expense

Net income from continuing operations

Income from discontinued operations, net of tax

Net income

Net income margin

(250) bps

490 bps

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA margin

(30) bps

(30) bps

110 bps

120 bps

(nm) Calculation not meaningful.

Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024

Net Sales

Net sales for 2025 increased 4% on a reported basis, 3% on a constant currency basis and 6% on an organic basis. Electronics' consolidated results were positively impacted by $64.4 million of pass-through metals pricing and Specialties' consolidated results were negatively impacted by $139 million of divestitures.

The following table reconciles GAAP net sales growth to constant currency and organic net sales growth:

Year ended December 31,

% Change

(dollars in millions)

Reported Net Sales Growth

Impact of Currency

Constant Currency

Pass-Through Metals Pricing

Divestitures

Organic Net Sales Growth

Electronics:

Assembly Solutions

Circuitry Solutions

Semiconductor Solutions

Total

Specialties:

Industrial Solutions

Graphics Solutions

Energy Solutions

Total

Total

NOTE: Totals may not sum due to rounding.

Electronics' net sales for 2025 increased 14% on a reported basis, 14% on a constant currency basis and 10% on an organic basis.

• Assembly Solutions : net sales increased 16% on a reported basis and 8% on an organic basis. Pass-through metals pricing had a positive impact of 8% on reported net sales. Foreign exchange had an immaterial impact on reported net sales. The increase in organic net sales was primarily due to higher paste and flux volumes from increased consumer electronics demand in Asia and the Americas.

• Circuitry Solutions : net sales increased 12% on a reported basis and 10% on an organic basis. Foreign exchange had a positive impact of 2% on reported net sales. The increase in organic net sales was primarily due to continued AI and data center investment driving demand for metallization solutions.

• Semiconductor Solutions : net sales increased 14% on a reported basis and 13% on an organic basis. Foreign exchange had a positive impact of 1% on reported net sales. The increase in organic net sales was primarily due to increased demand in Asia for wafer plating and advanced packaging material solutions, as well as growth in power electronics from new EV customers.

Specialties' net sales for 2025 decreased 15% on a reported basis and 15% on a constant currency basis and increased 1% on an organic basis.

• Industrial Solutions : net sales decreased 2% on a reported basis and remained relatively flat on an organic basis. Divestitures had a negative impact of 3% on reported net sales. Foreign exchange had an immaterial impact on reported net sales. An equipment sale in the third quarter of 2024 for a new production line under a multi-year chemistry sales agreement resulted in a negative impact of approximately 1% to organic net sales. In addition, organic net sales were impacted by volume declines in Europe from lower activity in automotive, construction and general industrial markets, offset by increased net sales of engineering applications primarily in the United Kingdom and increased demand in the automotive end market in Asia.

• Graphics Solutions : on February 28, 2025, the Company completed the sale of its flexographic printing plate business, MacDermid Graphics Solutions.

• Energy Solutions : net sales increased 8% on a reported basis and 7% on an organic basis. Foreign exchange had a positive impact of 1% on reported net sales. The increase in organic net sales was primarily due to an increase in production volumes from competitive wins and ongoing pricing actions.

Gross Profit

Year Ended December 31,

Change

(dollars in millions)

Reported

Constant Currency

Gross profit:

Electronics

Specialties

Total

Gross profit margin:

Electronics

(170) bps

(160) bps

Specialties

360 bps

380 bps

Total

(20) bps

(10) bps

Electronics' gross profit for 2025 increased 10% on a reported basis and 9% on a constant currency basis. The constant currency increase in gross profit was primarily driven by broad-based organic volume growth across all three Electronics businesses. The decrease in gross margin was primarily due to the negative impact of higher prices for pass-through tin and silver.

Specialties' gross profit for 2025 decreased 7% on a reported basis and 7% on a constant currency basis. The MGS Transaction had a negative impact of $43.1 million, or 11%, on constant currency gross profit, which was the primary driver of the decrease. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to the sale of the lower margin Graphics Solutions business and continued price discipline and raw material deflation in the Industrial Solutions business.

Operating Expenses

Year ended December 31,

Change

(dollars in millions)

Reported

Constant Currency

Selling, technical, general and administrative

Research and development

Total

Operating expenses as % of net sales

Selling, technical, general and administrative

30 bps

20 bps

Research and development

0 bps

10 bps

Total

30 bps

30 bps

Operating expenses for 2025 increased 5% on a reported basis and 5% on a constant currency basis. The constant currency increase was primarily driven by a 2025 executive share grant for $37.1 million in the fourth quarter of 2025, higher incentive compensation costs, due to higher accruals associated with increased expectations for strong full year financial results, $6.1 million of higher research and development costs associated with our Kuprion ActiveCopper applications and $4.0 million of non-recurring costs associated with the MGS Transaction in 2025; partially offset by $22.7 million of lower operating expenses due to the sale of MacDermid Graphics Solutions and $3.9 million of research and development costs associated with contingent consideration for the Kuprion Acquisition incurred in the first quarter of 2024. See Note 4, Acquisitions, to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the Kuprion Acquisition research and development costs.

Other (Expense) Income, net

Year Ended December 31,

(dollars in millions)

Interest expense, net

Foreign exchange (losses) gains

Other expense, net

Gain on divestitures

Total

Interest expense, net

Interest expense, net decreased $2.9 million primarily due to higher interest income partially offset by a higher effective interest rate on our lower outstanding term loan principal balance when compared to the prior year.

Foreign exchange (losses) gains

For the year ended December 31, 2025, the fluctuations in foreign exchange (losses) and gains were primarily driven by the remeasurement of intercompany loans and working capital balances.

Other expense, net

Other expense, net for 2025 included $47.2 million of net losses associated with metals derivative contracts ($30.5 million of realized and $16.7 million of unrealized losses), $3.6 million of charges due to highly inflationary accounting for our operations in Turkey and $1.8 million of debt extinguishment costs related to the partial prepayment of our term loans B-3 in the first quarter of 2025.

Other expense, net for 2024 included an $11.4 million impairment of an available-for-sale debt security, $11.0 million of net losses associated with metals derivative contracts ($15.4 million of realized losses and $4.4 million of unrealized gains) and $2.6 million of charges due to highly inflationary accounting for our operations in Turkey, partially offset by $0.2 million of debt refinancing gains related to the prepayment of our then existing term loans B-2. See Note 12, Debt, to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the debt refinancing costs.

The metal derivative contracts primarily relate to inventory associated with pass-through metals pricing in our Assembly Solutions business and are intended to mitigate the impact associated with fixed price agreements with our customers or commodity price movement after inventory is purchased on Gross Profit. See Note 13, Financial Instruments , to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of these derivative instruments.

Gain on divestitures

In the first quarter of 2025, we completed the sale of our flexographic printing plate business, MacDermid Graphics Solutions, resulting in a gain of $66.5 million. In 2025, we also recognized a loss on sale of $7.5 million for other immaterial divestiture activity.

Income Tax

The income tax expense for 2025 totaled $74.6 million, as compared to $44.8 million in 2024. Our tax expense for 2025 was higher than the U.S. statutory tax rate primarily driven by a $7.7 million multi-year settlement, an increase in non-deductible GAAP expenses for a 2025 executive share grant, withholding taxes, valuation allowances on foreign tax credits and the impact of changes to the geographical mix of earning. These are partially offset by a continued U.S. benefit related to claiming foreign tax credits and deductions for FDII.

On February 28, 2025, the Company completed the MGS Transaction and realized a gain as described in Note 5, Divestitures . This transaction resulted in a nominal tax expense primarily due to the realization of a $22.5 million deferred tax asset and an offsetting release of a valuation allowance.

On July 24, 2025, The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) was enacted extending many of the expiring tax provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act while adding, modifying and altering numerous other provisions. The Company implemented the changes enacted under the OBBBA.

The income tax expense of $44.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, is below the statutory U.S. rate primarily driven by a continued U.S. benefit related to claiming foreign tax credits consistent with our election in the fourth quarter of 2023 and the release of valuation allowances and deductions for FDII, with offsets from withholding taxes, tax attribute expirations and the impact of changes to the geographical mix of earnings.

The rate for 2024 also includes a benefit associated with the release of valuation allowances of $40.8 million previously recorded against certain U.K. tax attribute carryforwards, primarily consisting of net operating loss carryforwards and interest carryforwards. The valuation allowances were released as the Company expects improved profitability in its U.K. business and a shift to a three-year cumulative income position. The Company determined there was sufficient positive, objectively verifiable evidence to conclude that it is more likely than not that, as of December 31, 2024, select U.K. net deferred tax assets will be realized. These expectations are based on actual results, management's assessment of projected future taxable income, and expected utilization of net operating losses and tax carryforwards

During the third quarter of 2024, an internal restructuring of the Graphics business was completed which resulted in the recognition of a capital gain of $208 million. The gain was offset by capital losses generated in 2024 totaling $10.1 million and capital loss carryforwards of $198 million. The capital gain provided income of the appropriate character to support the release of a valuation allowance on the amount of the capital loss carryforward utilized. The remaining unused capital loss carryforward with a full valuation allowance expired at the close of 2024. The capital gain also resulted in a higher interest expense deduction and, consequentially, a lower deduction for FDII and lower utilization of certain foreign tax credits carryforwards before expiration. The gain resulted in a step-up in tax basis and the Company recorded a deferred tax asset of $22.5 million on the excess of stock tax basis over book basis due to the subsequent held for sale classification offset with a full valuation allowance. As noted above, this deferred tax asset and the corresponding valuation allowance were realized and released in connection with the MGS Transaction.

Also, during 2024, the Company finalized the 2023 consolidated U.S. federal income tax return along with prior years amended federal corporate income tax returns related to crediting foreign taxes including the return-to-provision true-up of foreign tax credits, valuation allowances and prior year one-time benefit.

For additional information see Note 11, Income Taxes , to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this 2025 Annual Report.

Segment Adjusted EBITDA Performance

Year Ended December 31,

Change

(dollars in millions)

Reported

Constant Currency

Net income:

Total

Adjusted EBITDA:

Electronics

Specialties

Total

Net income margin:

Total

(250) bps

Adjusted EBITDA margin:

Electronics

(170) bps

(180) bps

Specialties

230 bps

250 bps

Total

(30) bps

(30) bps

Electronics' Adjusted EBITDA for 2025 increased 6% on a reported basis and 5% on a constant currency basis. The constant currency increase was primarily driven by the broad-based increase in sales across the segment.

Specialties' Adjusted EBITDA for 2025 decreased 5% on a reported basis and 4% on a constant currency basis. The MGS Transaction had a negative impact of $26.4 million, or 15%, on constant currency Adjusted EBITDA.

See Note 22, Segment Information , to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the reconciliation of "Net income" to Adjusted EBITDA.

Comparison of Fiscal Years 2024 and 2023

For the comparison of fiscal years 2024 and 2023, see " Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2023 " in Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, included in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated by reference into this 2025 Annual Report.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity during 2025 were the proceeds from the MGS Transaction and available cash generated from operations. Our primary uses of cash and cash equivalents were to prepay $200 million of our outstanding term loans B-3, fund operations, including working capital and capital expenditures, pay cash dividends and repurchase shares of our common stock under our stock repurchase program. Our first significant debt principal payment of approximately $800 million is related to the maturity of our 3.875% USD Notes due 2028. In the fourth quarter of 2025, we paid a cash dividend of 8 cents per share. We currently expect to continue to pay a cash dividend on a quarterly basis; however, the actual declaration of any cash dividends, as well as their amounts and timing, will be subject to the final determination of our Board of Directors based on factors including our future earnings and cash flow generation.

For the full year 2026, we expect our capital expenditures to be approximately $75.0 million. We believe that our cash and cash equivalents and cash generated from operations, supplemented by our availability under our lines of credit, including our revolving credit facility under the Credit Agreement, will be sufficient to meet our working capital needs, interest payments, capital expenditures, potential dividend payments and other business requirements for at least the next twelve months. However, working capital cycles and/or future repurchases of our common stock and/or acquisitions may require additional funding, which may include future debt and/or equity offerings. Our long-term liquidity may be influenced by our ability to borrow additional funds, manage interest rates, renegotiate existing debt and/or raise new equity or debt under terms that are favorable to us.

We may from time to time seek to repurchase our equity and/or to retire or repurchase our outstanding debt through cash purchases and/or exchanges for equity, in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Such repurchases or exchanges, if any, will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions, applicable restrictions under our various financing arrangements, and other factors.

During 2025, approximately 79% of our net sales were generated from non-U.S. operations, and we expect a large portion of our net sales to continue to be generated outside of the U.S. As a result, our foreign subsidiaries will likely continue to generate a substantial portion of our cash. We expect to manage our worldwide cash requirements with available funds generated by the many subsidiaries through which we conduct business and cost-efficient access to those funds. We may transfer cash from certain international subsidiaries to the U.S. and/or other international subsidiaries when we believe it is cost effective to do so. Of our $627 million of cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2025, $202 million was held by our foreign subsidiaries.

The following is a summary of our cash flows provided by (used in) operating, investing and financing activities during the periods indicated:

Year Ended December 31,

(dollars in millions)

Cash provided by operating activities

Cash provided by (used in) investing activities

Cash used in financing activities

Year Ended December 31, 2025 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024

Operating Activities

The decrease in net cash flows provided by operating activities of $72.2 million was primarily driven by higher working capital investment, higher incentive compensation payments that were associated with 2024 performance, lower earnings as a result of the MGS Transaction and higher payments associated with transaction expenses.

Investing Activities

In 2025, we received cash proceeds of $321 million from divestitures, primarily related to the closing of the MGS Transaction, and we received $25.5 million from the settlement of cross currency swaps that matured in January 2025. In 2025, we paid approximately $6.2 million of lower capital expenditures compared to 2024 due to increased unpaid capital expenditures at the end of 2025 compared to the end of 2024.

Financing Activities

In 2025, we prepaid $200 million of our outstanding term loans B-3, paid $77.8 million of cash dividends on shares of our common stock and paid $25.0 million in the aggregate for the repurchase of shares of our common stock under our stock repurchase program. In addition, we paid $19.4 million for shares of our common stock withheld by the Company to satisfy the tax withholding requirements related to the vesting of RSUs, partially offset by proceeds of $4.2 million received for stock options exercised, included in "Other, net."

In October 2024, we received proceeds of approximately $1.04 billion from the syndication of our new term loans B-3 which were used to prepay our then outstanding $1.14 billion term loans B-2 reducing gross debt by $100 million. During 2024, we also paid $78.2 million of cash dividends on shares of our common stock and $7.6 million for shares of our common stock withheld by the Company to satisfy the tax withholding requirements related to the vesting of RSUs included in "Other, net."

Pension Plans

We maintain "Domestic Pension Plans," which consist of a non-contributory domestic defined benefit pension plan and Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans (SERPs). These plans are closed to new participants and plan benefits associated with all current participants have been frozen. We also maintain "Foreign Pension Plans" in countries such as Germany and Taiwan, which include a mixture of retirement, death benefit and longevity plans, among others, all of which are deemed immaterial, individually and in the aggregate.

The expected long-term rate of return on assets assumption is developed with reference to historical returns, forward-looking return expectations, the Domestic Pension Plans and Foreign Pension Plans' investment allocations, and peer comparisons. We

used a long-term rate of return on plan assets of 6.7% and 3.9% for our Domestic Pension Plans and Foreign Pension Plans, respectively, to determine our net periodic pension expense for 2025. The discount rate used to value the pension obligation was developed with reference to a number of factors, including the current interest rate environment, benchmark fixed-income yields and expected future pension benefit payments. Discount rates of 5.3% and 3.5% were established for the Domestic Pension Plan and Foreign Pension Plans, respectively, at December 31, 2025, compared to rates of 5.6% and 3.1% established for those respective plans at December 31, 2024. We evaluate the Pension Plans' actuarial assumptions on an annual basis, including the expected long-term rate of return on assets and discount rates. A one percent increase in the discount rate would increase the pension plan expense by approximately $0.7 million and decrease the pension benefit obligation by approximately $13.9 million, whereas a one percent decrease in the discount rate would decrease the pension plan expense by approximately $0.9 million and increase the pension benefit obligation by approximately $15.9 million.

Our Domestic Pension Plans' investment policies incorporate an asset allocation strategy that emphasizes long-term growth of capital and acceptable asset volatility as long as such volatility remains consistent with the volatility of the indexes of relevant markets. Our investment policies attempt to achieve a mix of approximately 94% of plan investments for liability-matching, 3% for long-term growth, and 3% for near-term benefit payments. The weighted average asset allocation of the Domestic Pension Plan was 94% fixed income holdings, 3% equity securities and derivatives and 3% cash at December 31, 2025.

The Domestic Pension Plans were overfunded by $5.0 million at December 31, 2025 compared to $2.3 million at December 31, 2024. The increase in the funding position in 2025 was primarily driven by $1.3 million of actuarial loss due to changes in plan assumptions and experience and a $12.0 million return on plan assets partially offset by $8.7 million of interest costs.

The Foreign Pension Plans were underfunded by $13.4 million at December 31, 2025 compared to $12.9 million at December 31, 2024.

We are not required to make any material plan contributions in 2026. While we do not currently anticipate any, additional future material contributions may be required in order to maintain appropriate funding levels within our plans.

Financial Borrowings

Credit Facilities and Senior Notes

At December 31, 2025, we had $1.63 billion of indebtedness, net of unamortized discounts and debt issuance costs of $10.3 million, which primarily included:

• $836 million of term debt arrangements outstanding under our term loans; and

• $800 million of 3.875% USD Notes due 2028.

Availability under our revolving credit facility and various lines of credit and overdraft facilities totaled $390 million at December 31, 2025 (net of $7.0 million of stand-by letters of credit which reduce our borrowing capacity).

Covenants

At December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with the debt covenants contained in the Credit Agreement and the indenture governing our 3.875% USD Notes due 2028.