Aerkomm Inc. - 10-K

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

Investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider each of the following risks, together with all other information set forth in this annual report, including the financial statements and the related notes, before making a decision to buy our common stock. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business could be harmed. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to the Merger with IXAQ

The Merger is subject to conditions, including certain conditions that may not be satisfied on a timely basis, if at all.

Unless waived by the parties to the Merger Agreement, and subject to applicable law, the consummation of the Merger is subject to several conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement.

The Merger Agreement provides that IXAQ’s obligation to consummate the Merger is conditioned on, among other things, that as of the closing of the Merger, the combined company resulting from the Merger (the “Combined Company”) has obtained at least $45,000,000 (“PIPE Minimum Investment Amount”) in financing from investors in the form of (i) the proceeds of private placements in IXAQ in connection with consummation of the Merger (the “PIPE Investments”) and (ii) the proceeds of the SAFE investments in Company prior to consummation of the Merger (the “SAFE Investments”).

As of the date of this filing, agreements have been signed with investors for $35 million in PIPE Investment commitments to PIPE Investments and no SAFE Investment have yet been made. There is no assurance that subscriptions for the remaining $10 million PIPE Minimum Investment Amount. The actual additional amounts committed to PIPE Investments or funded to the Company under SAFE Investments will depend on market conditions and other factors.

If the PIPE Minimum Investment Amount or other conditions to IXAQ’s obligation to consummate the Merger are not met, and such conditions are not waived by IXAQ under the terms of the Merger Agreement, then the Merger Agreement could terminate, and the proposed Merger may not be consummated.

If such condition is waived and the Merger is consummated with less than the PIPE Minimum Investment Amount, the cash held by the Combined Company upon consummation of the closing may not be sufficient to allow the Combined Company to operate and pay its bills as they become due. Any such event in the future may negatively impact the analysis regarding the Combined Company’s ability to continue as a going concern at such time.

There can be no assurance that the shares of the Combined Company’s Common Stock that will be issued in connection with the Merger will be approved for listing on Nasdaq, or another U.S national exchange, following the closing, or that the Combined Company will be able to comply with the continued listing rules of Nasdaq, or another U.S. national exchange.

In connection with the Merger and as a condition to the Company’s obligations to complete the Merger, the Combined Company will be required to demonstrate compliance with Nasdaq’s initial listing requirements. The Company and IXAQ cannot be sure that the Combined Company will be able to meet those initial listing requirements or qualify to list on another national securities exchange. Even if the Combined Company’s Common Stock is approved for listing on Nasdaq, the Combined Company may not meet the Nasdaq continued listing requirements following the Merger.

The announcement of the proposed Merger could disrupt the Company’s relationships with its customers, suppliers, business partners and others, as well as its operating results and business generally.

Whether or not the Merger and related transactions are ultimately consummated, as a result of uncertainty related to the proposed transactions, risks relating to the impact of the announcement of the Merger on the Company’s business include the following:

its employees may experience uncertainty about their future roles, which might adversely affect the Combined Company’s ability to retain and hire key personnel and other employees;

customers, suppliers, business partners and other parties with which we maintain business relationships may experience uncertainty about the Company’s future and seek alternative relationships with third parties, seek to alter their business relationships with us or fail to extend an existing relationship with the Company; and

The Company has expended and will continue to expend significant fees and expenses for professional services and other transaction costs in connection with the proposed Merger.

If any of the aforementioned risks were to materialize, they could lead to significant costs which may impact the Company and, in the future, the Combined Company’s results of operations and cash available to fund its business.

We will be subject to contractual restrictions while the Merger is pending.

The Merger Agreement restricts the Company from making certain expenditures and taking other specified actions without the consent of IXAQ until the Merger occurs. These restrictions may prevent the Company from pursuing attractive business opportunities that may arise prior to the completion of the Merger.

The Company and IXAQ will incur significant transaction and transition costs in connection with the Merger.

The Company and IXAQ have both incurred and expect to incur significant, non-recurring costs in connection with consummating the Merger and following the consummation of the Merger. The Company and IXAQ may also incur additional costs to retain key employees. Costs incurred in connection with the Merger Agreement and Merger include legal, tax, accounting, consulting, investment banking and other fees, expenses, and costs, all of which have not been paid by the Company or IXAQ before the closing of the Merger will be paid by the Combined Company following the closing.

If the Merger does not meet the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the market price of IXAQ’s securities (prior to the closing), or the market price of the Combined Company’s Class A Common Stock after the closing, may decline.

If the Merger does not meet the expectations of investors, the market price of IXAQ’s securities prior to the Closing may decline. The market values of IXAQ’s securities at the time of the Merger may vary significantly from their prices on the date the Merger Agreement was executed, or the date the Company’s Stockholders vote on the Merger. Because the number of shares to be issued pursuant to the Merger Agreement will not be adjusted to reflect any changes in the market price of IXAQ’s Class A Common Stock, the market value of Class A Common Stock issued in connection with the Merger may be higher or lower than the values of these shares on earlier dates.

In addition, following the Merger, fluctuations in the price of securities of the Combined Company could contribute to the loss of all or part of your investment. The valuation ascribed to the Company in the Merger may not be indicative of the price that will prevail in the trading market following the Merger. If an active market for IXAQ’s securities develops and continues, the trading price of the securities of the Combined Company following the Merger could be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond the Combined Company’s control. Any of the factors listed below could have a material adverse effect on the Combined Company’s securities and the Combined Company’s securities may trade at prices significantly below the price paid for them by investors in the Company or IXAQ. In such circumstances, the trading price of the Combined Company’s securities may not recover and may experience a further decline.

Broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of securities, irrespective of a company’s operating performance. The stock market in general, and Nasdaq in particular, have experienced price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the particular companies affected. The trading prices and valuations of these stocks, and of the Combined Company’s securities, may not be predictable. A loss of investor confidence in the market for the stock of other companies that investors perceive to be similar to the Combined Company could depress the Combined Company’s stock price regardless of its business, prospects, financial conditions, or results of operations. A decline in the market price of the Combined Company’s securities also could adversely affect the Combined Company’s ability to issue additional securities and to obtain additional financing in the future.

Risks Related to Our Business

Operational Risks

We depend on manufacturing relationships and a broad set of suppliers, some of whom provide us with limited-source components and parts, and disruptions in these relationships may cause damage to our customer relationships or otherwise negatively impact our business. Although most of the components of our products are available from multiple vendors, we have several single-source supplier relationships, either because alternative sources are not available or because the relationship is advantageous to us. Further, in recent years supply chains globally have experienced stress due to a range of factors.

There can be no assurance that our suppliers will be able to meet our future requirements for products and components in a timely fashion. In addition, the availability of many of the components we need is dependent in part on our ability to provide our suppliers with accurate forecasts of our future requirements. Delays or lost revenue could be caused by other factors beyond our control, including late deliveries by vendors of components, or force majeure events.

The sales of our products and services may require a significant technical evaluation and commitment of capital and other resources by potential customers and end users, as well as delays frequently associated with end users’ internal procedures to deploy new technologies and to test and accept new technologies. For these and other reasons, the sales cycle associated with certain of our products is typically lengthy and is subject to a number of significant risks, such as end users’ internal purchasing reviews, as well as the availability of capital for purchases, that are beyond our control.

While we believe we have a strong foundation to compete, it is uncertain whether our strategies will attract the customers or generate the revenue required to be successful. Certain potential customers were adversely impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic and the resulting global economic downturn. Any future economic slowdown could impede our ability to win and retain customers.

Risks Related to Competition

We have and expect to encounter competition from other solutions providers, some of whom may have more significant resources than us. Whether we are successful in this business model depends on a number of factors, including:

our ability to establish the infrastructure to deploy and evolve our solutions effectively and continuously;

the features and functionality of our offerings relative to competing offerings as well as our ability to market effectively;

our ability to engage in successful strategic relationships with third parties such as satellite operators, defense contractors, telecommunications carriers, component makers and contract manufacturers;

our ability to meet service assurance commitments required by certain contracts;

competing effectively for market share; and

deploying complete end-to-end solutions that meet the needs of the marketplace generally as well as the particular requirements of our customers more effectively and efficiently than competitive solutions.

Risks Related to Acquisitions

Acquisitions could disrupt our business and seriously harm our financial condition. We will continue to consider acquisitions of businesses, products or technologies. In the event of any future acquisitions, we could issue stock that would dilute our current stockholders’ percentage ownership, incur additional debt, assume liabilities or incur large and immediate write-offs.

Our operation of any acquired business also involves numerous risks, including but not limited to:

problems combining the acquired operations, technologies, or products;

unanticipated costs;

diversion of management’s attention from our core business;

difficulties integrating businesses in different countries and cultures;

effectively implementing internal control over financial reporting;

adverse effects on existing business relationships with suppliers and customers;

risks associated with entering markets in which we have no or limited prior experience; and

potential loss of key employees, particularly those of the acquired business.

We cannot be sure that we will be able to integrate successfully any businesses, products, technologies, or personnel that we have acquired or that we might acquire in the future. Any such integration failure could disrupt our business and have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, from time to time, we may enter into negotiations for a proposed acquisition but be unable or unwilling to consummate the acquisition under consideration. This could cause significant diversion of management’s attention and out-of-pocket expenses for us. We could also be exposed to litigation as a result of any consummated or unconsummated acquisition.

Risks Related to Economic and Market Conditions

Our business and operating results are affected by the global business environment and economic conditions, including changes in interest rates, consumer credit conditions, consumer debt levels, consumer confidence, rates of inflation, unemployment rates, energy costs, geopolitical issues and other macro-economic factors. For example, high unemployment levels or energy costs may impact our customer base in our civilian telecommunications segment by reducing the mobile network operators’ end-users’ discretionary income and affecting their ability to subscribe for cell phone services.

Our consolidated operating results and financial condition may be adversely impacted by worldwide economic conditions and credit tightening. If worldwide economic conditions experience a significant downturn, these conditions may make it difficult or impossible for our customers and suppliers to accurately forecast and plan future business activities, which may cause them to slow or suspend spending on products and services.

Our customers or suppliers may find it difficult to gain sufficient credit or service existing credit in a timely manner, which could result in an impairment of their ability to process or place orders with us, deliver inventory or services to us in the case of suppliers, or to make timely payments to us for previous purchases in the case of customers. If this occurs, our revenue may be reduced, thereby having a negative impact on our results of operations. In addition, we may be forced to increase our allowance for credit losses and our days sales outstanding may increase, which would have a negative impact on our cash position, liquidity and financial condition.

To the extent we incur debt, we may be unable to adhere to financial covenants or to service the debt. These risks associated with credit and debt are more pronounced for the parties with whom we do business and ourselves in the current environment, which has seen interest rates rise rapidly, especially if they remain elevated for an extended period of time. We cannot predict either the timing or duration of an economic downturn in the economy, should one occur. Any downturn could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our commercial aerospace segment similarly depends on the economic health and willingness of our customers and potential customers, principally commercial airlines, to make and adhere to capital and financial commitments to purchase our products and services. During periods of slowing global economic growth or recession, our customers or key suppliers may experience deterioration of their businesses, cash flow shortages and difficulty obtaining financing or insolvency. Existing or potential customers may reduce or postpone spending in response to tighter credit, reduced consumer demand, negative financial news or declines in income or asset values, which could have a material negative effect on the demand for our products and services.

For example, the business and financial condition of our commercial airline customers were materially impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic by the severe decline in global air travel. In addition, current supply chain and labor market challenges and inflationary pressures have negatively affected and may continue to negatively affect our performance as well as the performance of our suppliers and customers. Moreover, natural disasters (including those resulting from climate change), political instability, civil unrest, terrorist activity, acts of war, and public health issues such as the COVID-19 pandemic or epidemics could disrupt supplies and raise prices globally which, in turn, may have adverse effects on the world and U.S. economies. Any of these factors could result in reduced demand for, and pricing pressure on, our products and services, which could reduce our revenues and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, U.S. credit and capital markets have experienced significant dislocations and liquidity disruptions from time to time.

In addition, recent policy shifts under the current U.S. administration led by President Donald Trump have introduced new dynamics into the global economic and regulatory landscape. The administration’s positions on trade, tariffs, defense spending, taxation, and international alliances are creating both opportunities and uncertainties across global markets. These evolving policies may impact global supply chains, capital flows, regulatory approvals, and procurement cycles—particularly in sectors such as telecommunications, aerospace, and defense. As a result, we may face increased volatility in customer demand, delays in contract execution, or shifts in regulatory compliance requirements, all of which could adversely affect our operations, financial condition, and long-term growth prospects.

Uncertainty or volatility in credit or capital markets may negatively impact our ability to access additional debt or equity financing or to refinance existing indebtedness in the future on favorable terms or at all. Any of these risks could impair our ability to fund our operations or limit our ability to expand our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Excluding non-recurring revenues in the second quarter of 2019 and 2021 from affiliates, we have incurred operating losses in every quarter since we launched our business and may continue to incur quarterly operating losses, which could negatively affect the value of our company.

Excluding non-recurring revenues that we earned from affiliates and one non-affiliate in 2021 and in the second quarter of fiscal 2019, we have incurred operating losses since our inception in 2014, and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue in the future to generate operating income. We also expect our costs to increase materially in future periods, which could negatively affect our future operating results. We expect to continue to expend substantial financial and other resources on the continued development and future expansion of our business. The amount and timing of these costs are subject to numerous variables, and such initiatives may require additional funding.

In addition, we may incur significant costs in connection with our pursuit of next generation satellite communications technology or other new technologies such as our glass antenna. With respect to our growth, significant variables may include costs related to sales and marketing activities and administrative support functions, government defense spending, equipment subsidies to airlines and additional legal and regulatory expenses associated with operating in the international commercial aviation market. In addition, we expect to incur additional general and administrative expenses, including legal and accounting expenses, related to being a public company. Our investments may not result in revenue or growth in our business. If we fail to grow our overall business and generate revenue, our financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.

Our company has a limited operating history in its current business focus and evolving operational scale, which may make it difficult to evaluate our business and predict our future performance.

Our company operates in rapidly evolving defense technology, communications, and autonomous systems markets, and we continue to face the risks and uncertainties associated with scaling an emerging business in dynamic and competitive industries. While we are advancing commercialization, customer engagement, deployment activities, and operational expansion, our limited operating history in our current strategic focus may make it difficult to accurately evaluate our business and predict future performance.

Any assessments of our current business and predictions that we or investors make regarding our future success, operational execution, or long-term viability may not be as accurate as they would be if we had a longer operating history at our current scale. We have encountered and expect to continue to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries, including those related to scaling operations, integrating technologies, managing strategic partnerships, securing customer adoption, and expanding deployment capabilities.

In addition, the size, timing, and nature of our market opportunities may continue to evolve as defense modernization priorities, autonomous systems adoption, satellite communications architectures, and operational requirements change over time. If we are unable to successfully address these risks and uncertainties, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

We expect to rely on a few key customers for all our initial revenue.

Our near term, future business will be substantially dependent on our relationship with a few key customers. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our relationship with these customers. If we are unable to maintain and renew our relationship with these customers, or if our arrangement is modified so that the economic terms become less favorable to us, then our business would be materially adversely affected.

The Markets in Which We Compete Are Highly Competitive and Our Competitors May Have Greater Resources than Us

The markets in which we compete are highly competitive and competition is increasing. In addition, because the markets in which we operate are constantly evolving and characterized by rapid technological change, it is difficult for us to predict whether, when and by whom new competing technologies, products or services may be introduced into our markets. Currently, we face substantial competition in each of our segments.

Many of our competitors have significant competitive advantages, including strong customer relationships, more experience with regulatory compliance, greater financial and management resources and access to technologies not available to us. Many of our competitors are also substantially larger than we are and may have more extensive engineering, manufacturing and marketing capabilities than we do. As a result, these competitors may be able to adapt more quickly to changing technology or market conditions or may be able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products.

Our ability to compete in each of our segments may also be adversely affected by limits on our capital resources and our ability to invest in maintaining and expanding our market share.

Our Anticipated Reliance on U.S. Government and Foreign Governments Contracts and Approvals Exposes Us to Significant Risks

We expect our defense segment is to represent a significant percentage of our total revenues in the future and is likely to consist of both U.S. Government and Foreign Government, in particular, Taiwanese government applications. Therefore, any significant disruption or deterioration of our relationship with the U.S. Government or with relevant Foreign Governments would significantly reduce our revenues. U.S. Government and Foreign Government business exposes us to various risks, including:

changes in governmental procurement legislation and regulations and other policies, which may reflect military and political developments;

unexpected contract or project terminations or suspensions;

unpredictable order placements, reductions or cancellations;

reductions or delays in government funds available for our projects due to government policy changes, budget cuts or delays, changes in available funding, reductions in defense expenditures and contract adjustments;

delays in obtaining government approvals or clearances to receive information subject to export control;

adverse changes in U.S. Government and Foreign Government export control laws that restrict our ability to conduct joint research activities with, or receive technical information from, US based defense contractor companies;

the ability of competitors to protest contractual awards;

additional costs or penalties arising from post-award contract audits;

the reduction in the value of our contracts as a result of the routine audit and investigation of our costs by U.S. Government agencies or, similarly, by Foreign Government agencies;

higher-than-expected final costs, particularly relating to software and hardware development, for work performed under contracts where we commit to specified deliveries for a fixed price;

limited profitability from cost-reimbursement contracts under which the profit is limited to a specified amount;

unpredictable cash collections of unbilled receivables that may be subject to acceptance of deliverables by the customer and contract close-out procedures, including government approval of final indirect rates;

competition with programs managed by other government contractors for limited resources and for uncertain levels of funding;

significant changes in contract scheduling or program structure, which generally result in delays or reductions in deliveries; and

intense competition for available U.S. Government, or Foreign Government, business necessitating increases in time and investment for design and development.

We must comply with and are affected by laws and regulations relating to the award, administration and performance of U.S. Government, and Foreign Government, contracts. Government contract laws and regulations affect how we do business with our customers and, in some instances, impose added costs on our business, including the establishment of compliance procedures. A violation of specific laws and regulations could result in the imposition of fines and penalties, the termination of our contracts or debarment from bidding on contracts. Substantially all of our potential U.S. Government or Foreign Government backlog scheduled for delivery could be terminated at the convenience of the U.S. Government, or a Foreign Government, because our potential contracts with the U.S. Government, or a Foreign Government, typically would be anticipated to provide that orders may be terminated with limited or no penalties. If we are unable to address any of the risks described above, or if we were to lose all or a substantial portion of our sales to the U.S. Government, or to a Foreign Government, it could materially harm our business and impair the value of our common stock.

The funding of U.S. Government, or Foreign Government, programs is subject to congressional appropriations, or such similar mechanism in each country. In the U.S., Congress generally appropriates funds on a fiscal year basis even though a program may extend over several fiscal years. Foreign Governments may appropriate funds with a materially similar or materially different approach. Consequently, programs are often only partially funded initially and additional funds are committed only as Congress, or the relevant Foreign Government body, makes further appropriations.

We may not be successful in our efforts to develop and monetize new products and services that are currently in development, including value-added resale of satellite bandwidth in certain geographies where we are already licensed or intend to be licensed, our multi-orbit universal satellite communications terminals that incorporate flat panel antennas (FPAs) or electronically steered arrays (ESAs) with both hardware and software defined modems, communications systems for manned and unmanned aerospace and defense platforms, system integration for manned and unmanned aerospace and defense platforms, our proprietary, full-dominance glass semiconductor antenna (also referred to as “FGSA”), distributed content delivery network (“CDN”), distributed computing or mesh computing applications and inflight entertainment and connectivity services.

In order to meet the evolving needs of our future customers and partners, we must continue to develop new products and services that are responsive to those needs. Our ability to realize the benefits of enabling our products, and to use these applications, including monetizing our services at a profitable price point, depends, in part, on the adoption and utilization of such applications by different potential customers including militaries, governments, defense contractors, airlines, other aircraft operators and other companies in the aviation industry such as aircraft equipment suppliers, mobile network operators, other telecommunications service operators and other companies in the telecommunications industry such as communications equipment suppliers, and we cannot be certain that our potential customers, outlined above will adopt such offerings in the near term or at all.

We also expect to continue to rely on third parties to operate and maintain the satellites and satellite constellations to be used to provide bandwidth to our potential customers, and we cannot be certain that such satellites or satellite constellations will be capable to meet the service level requirements, quality of service expectations or service reliability metrics necessary to meet the needs our potential customers. If we are not successful in our efforts to develop and monetize new products and services, including our operations-oriented communications services, our future business prospects, financial condition and results of operations would be materially adversely affected.

Our development and implementation of our semiconductor glass antenna, while poised to offer significant advantages in terms of performance and cost-effectiveness, introduces additional layers of risk. This technology involves highly specialized and novel manufacturing processes that may encounter operational hurdles, higher than anticipated production costs, or delays in scaling production to meet market demands. Additionally, our semiconductor glass antenna’s reliance on proprietary technology and materials might limit rapid adaptation in the face of changing industry standards or emerging competitive technologies. Given the rapid evolution of technology in the aerospace and telecommunications sectors, there is a risk that our newly developed technology may become obsolete more quickly than expected, or fail to gain sufficient market acceptance, thereby negatively impacting our competitive position and financial performance.

Our semiconductor glass antenna technology is not yet commercialized and has not been widely applied or developed for the markets being targeted by our company.

As an emerging technology, our semiconductor glass antenna has not undergone extensive field testing across different market applications, which is crucial for establishing its viability and reliability in real-world scenarios. The unproven nature of our semiconductor glass antenna in operational environments, particularly in space and satellite communications—a sector marked by exceptionally high requirements for accuracy and durability—presents a substantial risk.

Without established performance data and market acceptance, the potential for our semiconductor glass antenna to meet the specific needs of satellite operators and other telecommunications stakeholders remains uncertain. This untested status could delay adoption and affect our ability to attract partnerships and customers necessary for successful market entry and scaling.

We cannot accurately predict future revenues or profitability in the emerging market for our semiconductor glass antenna technology.

The market for advanced satellite communication technologies is rapidly evolving. As is typical of a rapidly evolving industry, demand and market acceptance for newly developing technologies like our semiconductor glass antenna are subject to a high level of uncertainty. Moreover, since the market for satellite antenna technology is evolving, it is difficult to predict the future growth rate, if any, and size of this market.

Because of our limited development history with our semiconductor glass antenna and the emerging nature of the markets in which we expect to compete, we are unable to accurately forecast any revenues or our profitability that we might generate through the marketing of our semiconductor glass antenna technology. The market for our semiconductor glass antenna products and the long-term acceptance of our technology are uncertain, and our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel with industry expertise, particularly in engineering, sales, and marketing, is uncertain. To the extent we are unsuccessful in generating revenues from FGSA, we may be required to appropriately adjust spending to compensate for any unexpected revenue shortfall, or to reduce our operating expenses, causing us to forego potential revenue-generating activities.

We may face challenges in the development and monetization of new products and services, specifically related to our universal terminals.

In order to meet the ever-changing needs of our target customers, we must continuously innovate and introduce new offerings that cater to their requirements. However, the successful adoption and utilization of these products depend on the interest and acceptance of our target customers. There is no guarantee that they will embrace our offerings in the near future or at all.

Additionally, as we strive to provide comprehensive and efficient multi-orbit broadband connectivity, we may need to collaborate with third-party developers or technology providers to enhance our product and service offerings and ensure compatibility with our potential partners’ satellites and ground infrastructure. However, uncertainties exist regarding the seamless integration and effectiveness of these technical collaborations in meeting the unique needs of our potential customers. Should we encounter obstacles in effectively developing and monetizing new products and services, specifically pertaining to our universal terminals, it could significantly impact our business prospects, financial performance, and overall success in the market.

We may not be able to grow our business with our current and potential satellite and satellite constellation partners or to successfully negotiate agreements with satellite and satellite constellation partners whose bandwidth and services we do not currently resell or otherwise distribute.

Currently, our satellite partners include Eutelsat Group (including Eutelsat Communications, Eutelsat SA, and Eutelsat OneWeb) and a global U.S.-based satellite communications provider. We also engage with, and may pursue commercial opportunities involving, other satellite operators and service providers, including Intelsat S.A., Rivada Space Networks, Astranis Space Technologies Corp., Telesat Corp., and others. We seek to maintain the technical capability to support connectivity across multiple satellite networks and constellations, subject to applicable commercial arrangements and regulatory approvals. However, there can be no assurance that discussions with existing or prospective operators and service providers will result in definitive agreements, expanded authorizations, favorable commercial terms, or additional revenue opportunities.

We have acquired terminal equipment and satellite connectively and related services from SES and also have participated in demonstration and testing with SES under a confidential agreement with our development customer since 2022.

Negotiations with prospective satellite partners require substantial time, effort and resources. The time required to reach a final agreement with a satellite operator is unpredictable and may lead to variances in our operating results from quarter to quarter. We may ultimately fail in our negotiations and any such failure could harm our results of operations due to, among other things, a diversion of our focus and resources, actual costs and opportunity costs of pursuing these opportunities. To the extent that any negotiations with current or future potential satellite partners are unsuccessful, or any new agreements contain terms that are less favorable to us, our growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

We may not be able to grow our business with our current and potential aerospace and defense partners or to successfully negotiate agreements with aerospace and defense partners to which we do not currently provide our technologies or services.

Our primary potential aerospace & defense partners include prime contractors like Kratos Defense, Lockheed Martin, Anduril, Shield.AI, Boeing Defense, Airbus Defense, Northrop Grumman, General Atomics and RTX, although we do not yet have in place binding agreements to serve as a joint venture partner, mentor-protégé partner, subcontractor, vendor, or system integrator with these prime contractors. We are currently in discussions with certain of our potential aerospace & defense partners to enter into binding contracts together. Currently, we also have a number of potential aerospace& defense customers, including militaries and governments, regarding providing our products and services to meet their classified programs and missions.

Negotiations with prospective aerospace & defense partners and potential customers require substantial time, effort and resources. The time required to reach a final agreement with an aerospace & defense prime contractor or a military customer is unpredictable and may lead to variances in our operating results from quarter to quarter. We may ultimately fail in our negotiations and any such failure could harm our results of operations due to, among other things, a diversion of our focus and resources, actual costs and opportunity costs of pursuing these opportunities. To the extent that any negotiations with current or future potential aerospace & defense partners or customers are unsuccessful, or any new agreements contain terms that are less favorable to us, our growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

We may not be able to grow our business with our current airline partners or successfully negotiate agreements with airlines and other partners or grow our additional businesses.

Currently, our only airline partners are MJet GmbH, an Austrian-based private jet operator, MJet, Hong Kong Airlines Limited, a Hong Kong-based airline, or Hong Kong Airlines, and Vietjet Aviation Joint Stock Company, a Vietnam-based airline, or Vietjet, although we have not yet begun to provide our universal terminals for aviation with associated bandwidth services or our distributed content system for airlines to these companies under our agreement with them. We are currently in advanced negotiations or discussions with certain other airline partners to provide our products and services on additional aircraft in their fleets. We have no assurance that these efforts will be successful.

Negotiations with prospective airline partners require substantial time, effort and resources. The time required to reach a final agreement with an airline is unpredictable and may lead to variances in our operating results from quarter to quarter. We may ultimately fail in our negotiations, and any such failure could harm our results of operations due to, among other things, a diversion of our focus and resources, actual costs and opportunity costs of pursuing these opportunities. In addition, the terms of any future agreements could be materially different than the terms included in our existing agreement with Hong Kong Airlines. To the extent that any negotiations with current or future potential airline partners are unsuccessful, or any new agreements contain terms that are less favorable to us, our growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

We may not be able to successfully negotiate agreements with potential civilian telecommunications partners for our backhaul solutions or grow this additional business.

The varying awareness and sense of urgency regarding network resilience in different countries will directly impact the growth of our mobile backhaul business. Network resilience is the ability of a network to withstand and recover from unexpected disruptions, ensuring uninterrupted service and minimizing downtime. However, the importance placed on network resilience can differ across countries due to varying factors such as geographical location, infrastructure stability, and previous experiences with network failures. In countries where there is a high level of awareness and a sense of urgency regarding network resilience, there is a greater demand for robust mobile backhaul solutions. Customers in these regions prioritize the reliability and resilience of their networks, driving the adoption of mobile backhaul technologies that offer built-in redundancy, failover mechanisms, and efficient disaster recovery capabilities. Conversely, in regions where network resilience is not a primary concern or where there is limited awareness, the demand for advanced satellite mobile backhaul solutions may be relatively lower.

We are dependent on airline partners to be able to access our customers. We expect that future payments by these customers for our services to be provided to them will account for most, if not all, of our initial revenues.

Under our existing contract with MJet, Hong Kong Airlines and Vietjet, we will provide our equipment for installation on, and provide our services to passengers on, a portion of the aircraft operated by these airlines. We expect to enter into similar contracts with other airlines in the future but there is no assurance that we will be successful in signing up additional airline partners. We expect that revenue from the successful installation of our Aerkomm AirCinema cube on Hong Kong Airlines and Vietjet sometime in 2025 as well as the successful installation of our Aerkomm K++ System on MJet and Hong Kong Airlines in the fourth quarter of 2025 and first quarter of 2026 respectively, together with the monthly bandwidth charge, will account for a material portion of our projected initial revenue from commercial aviation once we begin our services.

As of the date of this Annual Report, we do not yet have any revenue from equipment sales and installation. Our growth will be dependent on our ability to have our equipment installed on the aircraft of airline partners and increased use of our service on installed aircraft. Any delays in installations under these contracts may negatively affect our ability to grow our user base and revenue.

We will be dependent on backhaul partners to be able to access our future customers. We expect that future payments by these customers for our services to be provided to them will account for a percentage of our revenues.

As of the date of this Annual Report, we do not yet have any revenue from equipment sales and the installation of our mobile backhaul business. Our growth will be dependent on our ability to have our equipment installed on 4G/5G mobile base stations. Any delays in installations negatively may affect our ability to increase our user base and revenue.

A failure to maintain customers’ satisfaction with our equipment or our service could have a material adverse effect on our revenue and results of operations.

Our relationships with our current and future development and commercialization partners are critical to the growth and ongoing success of our business. If partners are not satisfied with our equipment or our service for any reason, they may reduce efforts to co-market our service to their customers, which could result in lower usage and reduced revenue, which could in turn give our partners the right to terminate their contracts with us. In addition, airline dissatisfaction with us for any reason, including delays in obtaining certification for or installing our equipment, could negatively affect our ability to expand our service to additional commercialization partners or lead to claims for damages, which may be material, or termination rights under our existing or potential contracts with airline partners.

A failure to maintain backhaul customers satisfaction with our equipment or our service could have a material adverse effect on our revenue and results of operations.

If our mobile backhaul solution fails to effectively ensure network resilience, customers may turn to competitors’ offerings. This would have a direct impact on our revenue and operations. Network resilience is a critical requirement for customers seeking mobile backhaul solutions. Backhaul customers will rely on our services to maintain a robust and reliable network infrastructure that will be able to withstand disruptions and ensure uninterrupted connectivity. If our solution does not meet their expectations in terms of network resilience, customers may perceive it as a risk to their operations and seek alternative options.

We may experience network capacity constraints in our future operations regions, and we expect capacity demands to increase, and we may in the future experience capacity constraints internationally. If we are unable to successfully implement planned or future technology enhancements to increase our network capacity, or our airline partners do not agree to such enhancements, our ability to acquire and maintain sufficient network capacity and our business could be materially and adversely affected.

All providers of wireless connectivity services, including all providers of in-flight connectivity services, face certain limits on their ability to provide connectivity service, including escalating capacity constraints due to expanding consumption of wireless services and the increasing prevalence of higher bandwidth uses such as file downloads and streaming media content. The success of our business depends on our ability to provide adequate bandwidth to meet customer demands while in-flight. We may find it difficult to provide this adequate bandwidth.

As the number of base stations increases with the implementation of 4G/5G mobile backhaul, it indicates a growing user base. However, when the network capacity reaches its initial design threshold, if we fail to timely develop new technologies to increase capacity and meet customer demands, such a failure will negatively impact our business. If we are unable to develop and introduce new technologies that can expand our network’s capacity, customers may experience congestion, slow data speeds, and poor service quality. This can lead to customer dissatisfaction, churn, and a negative impact on our business.

We face the risk of network capacity constraints in our future CDN business as the demand for high-speed content delivery continues to grow. If we are unable to effectively scale our network infrastructure to meet increasing capacity demands, this failure may result in degraded performance, slower content delivery, and potential customer dissatisfaction. To mitigate this risk, we need to continuously invest in expanding our network capacity and implementing advanced technologies to ensure optimal performance and scalability. Failure to do so may adversely impact our competitiveness and market position.

The demand for satellite bandwidth may decrease or develop more slowly than we expect. We cannot predict with certainty the development of the international satellite bandwidth market in general or the general market acceptance for our products and services

We have invested significant resources towards the roll-out of value-added resale of satellite bandwidth services, which represent part of our growth strategy. We face the risk that the U.S. and international markets for satellite bandwidth services may decrease or develop more slowly or differently than we currently expect, or that our services may not achieve widespread market acceptance. We may be unable to market and sell our services successfully and cost-effectively to a sufficiently large number of customers.

Our business depends on the continued proliferation of satellite-based broadband connectivity as a critical business or program need for our potential customers. The growth in demand for satellite broadband internet access services also depends in part on the continued and increased use of manned and unmanned airborne, maritime and land-based vehicles and platforms and the rate of evolution of data-intensive applications on such platforms and vehicles.

If satellite bandwidth ceases to be a critical feature in manned and unmanned platforms, if the rate of integration of satellite bandwidth on manned and unmanned platforms decreases or is slower than expected, or if the use of satellite bandwidth enabled devices or development of related applications decreases or grows more slowly than anticipated, the market for our services may be substantially diminished.

Competition from a number of companies, as well as other market forces, could result in price reduction, reduced revenue and loss of market share and could harm our results of operations.

We face strong competition from satellite-based providers of broadband services that include in-flight internet and live television services. Competition from such providers has in the past and could have in the future, an adverse effect on our ability to maintain or gain market share.

Most of our competitors are larger, more diversified corporations that have greater financial, marketing, production, and research and development resources. As a result, they may be better able to withstand the effects of periodic economic downturns or may offer a broader product line to customers. In addition, to the extent that competing in-flight connectivity services offered by commercial airlines that are not our airline partners are available on more aircraft or offer improved quality or reliability as compared to our service, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected. Competition could increase our sales and marketing expenses and related customer acquisition costs. We may not have the financial resources, technical expertise or marketing and support capabilities to continue to compete successfully. A failure to effectively respond to established and new competitors could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

Competition from various companies in the content delivery and edge computing industry, as well as market dynamics, may lead to price pressures, reduced revenue, and potential loss of market share, which could adversely affect our business operations. We operate in a highly competitive landscape where other providers of content delivery solutions and edge computing services offer products and services similar to those we intend to introduce. These competitors may have greater financial resources, established customer bases, and extensive marketing and research and development capabilities. Increased competition could result in price reductions, which may impact our profitability and revenue generation. Additionally, if competing solutions offer enhanced features, performance, or reliability compared to our planned CDN service, this could negatively impact our market position and customer adoption.

To maintain a competitive edge, we must continuously invest in innovation, technology advancements, and marketing efforts to differentiate ourselves from competitors. Failure to effectively address competitive pressures, anticipate market trends, and adapt to evolving customer needs may limit our growth potential and financial performance.

The price of satellite bandwidth may decrease or develop more slowly than we expect.

Due to the recent and anticipated proliferation of satellites and constellations into LEO, MEO, GEO and HEO orbits by our potential partners and potential competitors, as noted above, there is an increased supply of satellite bandwidth. As a result, in the event that a large quantity of satellite bandwidth is sold on the market without commensurate demand, we face the inherent risk that the price of satellite bandwidth may decrease or develop more slowly than we expect, or than our potential partners expect. As we aim to be a distribution partner, or value-added reseller, of satellite bandwidth, in the event that the price of satellite bandwidth decreases or develops more slowly than we expect, the potential revenue we may be able to generate in the future may decrease, which could have a material adverse effect on our growth prospects.

We may be unsuccessful in generating revenue from entertainment services.

We are currently developing a host of in-flight entertainment and connectivity service offerings to deliver to our future customers. We plan to offer a number of services to our customers, and no assurance can be given that we will ultimately be able to launch any service. Additionally, we plan to generate a revenue stream from our video on demand and other in-flight entertainment services. If we are unable to generate revenue from our services or if other entertainment services do not ultimately develop, our growth and financial prospects would be materially adversely impacted.

The future growth prospects for our business depend, in part, on revenue from sale of equipment and bandwidth, advertising fees and e-commerce revenue share arrangements on passenger purchases of goods and services, including video and media services. Our ability to generate revenue from these service offerings depends on:

growth of commercial airline customer base;

the attractiveness of our customer base to media partners;

rolling out media on demand on more aircraft and with additional airline customers and increasing passenger adoption both in the U.S. and abroad;

establishing and maintaining beneficial contractual relationships with media partners whose content, products and services are attractive to airline passengers; and

our ability to customize and improve our service offerings in response to trends and customer interests.

If we are unsuccessful in generating revenue from our service offerings, that failure could have a material adverse effect on our growth prospects.

We may be unsuccessful in expanding our operations internationally.

Our ability to grow our international business involves various risks, including the need to invest significant resources in unfamiliar markets and the possibility that we may not realize a return on our investments in the near future or at all. In addition, we have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant expenses before we generate any material revenue in these new markets. Under our agreements with providers of satellite capacity, we are obligated to purchase bandwidth for specified periods in advance. If we are unable to generate sufficient passenger demand or airline partners to which we provide satellite service to their aircraft terminate their agreements with us for any reason during these periods, we may be forced to incur satellite costs in excess of connectivity revenue generated through such satellites.

Any future international operations may fail to succeed due to risks inherent in foreign operations, including:

legal and regulatory restrictions, including different communications, privacy, censorship, aerospace and liability standards, intellectual property laws and enforcement practices;

changes in international regulatory requirements and tariffs;

restrictions on the ability of U.S. companies to do business in foreign countries, including restrictions on foreign ownership of telecommunications providers imposed by the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control, which we refer to as OFAC;

changes in U.S. export and control laws and regulations applicable to us include the Arms Export Control Act, the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (ECRA) and the Export Administration Regulations (EAR).

inability to find content or service providers to partner with on commercially reasonable terms, or at all;

compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the (U.K.) Bribery Act 2010 and other similar corruption laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate and related risks;

difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations;

currency fluctuations; and

potential adverse tax consequences.

As a result of these obstacles, we may find it difficult or prohibitively expensive to grow our business internationally or we may be unsuccessful in our attempt to do so, which could harm our future operating results and financial condition.

Acquisitions such as the Mesh Tech Transaction, Joint Ventures and Other Strategic Alliances May Have an Adverse Effect on Our Business; We May Fail to Realize the Anticipated Benefits of such Transactions.

In order to position ourselves to take advantage of growth opportunities, from time to time we make strategic acquisitions and enter into joint ventures and other strategic alliances that involve significant risks and uncertainties. For example, during 2023 we announced and closed on the Mesh Tech Transaction and announced an intent for a merger with EJECTT. Risks and uncertainties relating to these transactions and any other acquisitions, joint ventures and other strategic alliances we may undertake include:

the difficulty in combining, integrating and managing newly acquired businesses or any businesses of a joint venture or strategic alliance in an efficient and effective manner;

the challenges in achieving the objectives, cost savings, synergies and other benefits expected from such transactions;

the risk of diverting resources and the attention of senior management from the operations of our business;

additional demands on management related to integration efforts or the increase in the size and scope of our company following an acquisition or to the complexities of a joint venture or strategic alliance, including challenges of coordinating geographically dispersed organizations and addressing differences in corporate cultures or management philosophies;

difficulties in the assimilation and retention of key employees and in maintaining relationships with present and potential customers, distributors and suppliers;

the lack of unilateral control over a joint venture or strategic alliance and the risk that joint venture or strategic partners have business goals and interests that are not aligned with ours, or the failure of a joint venture partner to satisfy its obligations or its bankruptcy or malfeasance;

costs and expenses associated with any undisclosed or potential liabilities of an acquired business;

delays, difficulties or unexpected costs in the integration, assimilation, implementation or modification of platforms, systems, functions (including corporate, administrative, information technology, marketing and distribution functions), technologies, infrastructure, and product and service offerings of the acquired business, joint venture or strategic alliance, or in the harmonization of standards, controls (including internal accounting controls), procedures and policies;

the risk that funding requirements of the acquired business, joint venture or combined company may be significantly greater than anticipated;

the risks of entering markets in which we have less experience; and

the risks of disputes concerning indemnities and other obligations that could result in substantial costs.

We may not achieve the anticipated growth, cost savings or other benefits from the Mesh Tech Transaction or any other transaction we may undertake without adversely affecting current revenues and investments in future growth. Moreover, the anticipated growth, cost savings, synergies and other benefits of the Mesh Tech Transaction or any other transaction we may undertake may not be realized fully, or at all, or may take longer to realize than expected.

Additionally, we may inherit legal, regulatory, operational and other risks of the acquired business, whether known or unknown to us, which may be material to the combined company. Moreover, uncertainty about the effect of the recently closed transaction such as the Mesh Tech Transaction on employees, suppliers and customers may have an adverse effect on us and/or the acquired business, which uncertainties may impair our or its ability to attract, retain and motivate key personnel, and could cause our or its customers, suppliers and distributors to seek to change existing business relationships with either of us.

In addition, in connection with acquisitions, joint ventures or strategic alliances, we may incur debt, issue equity securities, assume contingent liabilities or have amortization expenses and write-downs of acquired assets, which could cause our earnings per share to decline. In addition, companies such as Mesh Tech that are private companies at the time of acquisition are not subject to reporting requirements and may not have accounting personnel specifically employed to review internal controls over financial reporting and other procedures or to ensure compliance with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Bringing the legacy systems for these businesses into compliance with those requirements and integrating them into our compliance and accounting systems may cause us to incur substantial additional expenses, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increase demand on our systems and resources.

Mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic alliances are inherently risky and subject to many factors outside of our control, and we cannot be certain that our previous or future acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic alliances will be successful and will not materially adversely affect our business, operating results or financial condition. We may not be able to successfully integrate the businesses, products, technologies or personnel that we might acquire in the future, and any strategic investments we make may not meet our financial or other investment objectives. Any failure to do so could seriously harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

An extended delay in the transfer of title to Aerkomm Taiwan of the Taiwan land parcel that we recently purchased could delay the building of our first satellite ground station and have a negative impact on our business prospects.

In July 2019, we completed payment of the NT$1,098,549,407, or US$35,861,589, purchase price for our acquisition of approximately 6.3 acres of undeveloped land (which we refer to as the Taiwan land parcel) located at the Taishui Grottoes in the Xinyi District of Keelung City, Taiwan. Our agent has received all of the necessary title transfer documentation from the seller however, according to the land use law of Taiwan, our Taiwan based subsidiary, Aerkomm Taiwan, needed to first, obtain a telecommunications license in Taiwan, which it has obtained, then second, submit a usage plan to the local land office and to obtain the necessary operational/development license or authorization for the intended usage before Aerkomm Taiwan can obtain an official certificate of title. Aerkomm Taiwan is currently preparing the plan of usage and has worked with various regulatory authorities to obtain the necessary license and approval to meet the local land use law requirements.

We do not know at this time how long it will take to complete this process and receive the certificate of title to the parcel. Although we expected to complete the entire process and receive or certificate of title during 2024, the process is not yet completed. We do expect the process to be completed during 2025 and, once title to the Taiwan land parcel is transferred to Aerkomm Taiwan, we expect we may lease a portion of the land parcel, pursuant to the terms of an existing binding memorandum of understanding, to a Samoa based telecom company who intends to use the land for their own satellite ground station and to mortgage the land to be able to raise funds to build our first satellite ground station and data center.

If there is an extended delay in the transfer of the Taiwan land parcel title to Aerkomm Taiwan, our agreement with the Samoa telecom company may be terminated and we may not be able to raise the funds needed to build our ground station in a timely fashion. Either or both of these eventualities could have a negative impact on our business plans, prospects and future results of operations.

From time to time, we enter into memorandums of understanding (MOUs) with various third parties. If the transactions contemplated by these MOUs do not proceed, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

From time to time, we enter into MOUs with potential prospective collaborative partners or potential customers. These MOUs typically are nonbinding and as a result, they only express the desires and understandings between the parties and do not create any legally binding rights, obligations or contracts except for certain customary provisions such as exclusivity, costs and expenses, confidentiality and governing law. Any binding obligation to proceed with the transactions contemplated by the MOUs would need to be included in a definitive agreement that is subject to negotiations of the parties, approvals by the board of directors of respective parties and in certain instances, approvals from regulatory authorities. There can be no assurance that we will be able to reach definitive agreements with any parties who may sign MOUs with us. If for whatever reason the transactions contemplated by signed MOUs do not proceed, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

A future act or threat of terrorism or other events could result in a prohibition on the use of Wi-Fi enabled connectivity devices.

A future act of terrorism, the threat of such acts or other airline incidents could have an adverse effect on the airline industry. In the event of a terrorist attack, terrorist threats or unrelated airline accidents, the industry would likely experience significantly reduced passenger demand. The U.S. federal government or any other government could respond to such events by prohibiting the use of Wi-Fi enabled devices on aircraft, which would eliminate demand for our equipment and service. In addition, any association or perceived association between our equipment or service and incidents involving aircraft on which our equipment or service operates would likely have an adverse effect on demand for our equipment and service. Reduced demand for our products and services would adversely affect our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

The demand for in-flight broadband internet access services may decrease or develop more slowly than we expect. We cannot predict with certainty the development of the U.S. or international in-flight broadband internet access market or the market acceptance for our products and services.

We have invested significant resources towards the roll-out of commercial aviation service offerings, which represent part of our growth strategy. We face the risk that the U.S. and international markets for in-flight broadband internet access services may decrease or develop more slowly or differently than we currently expect, or that our services, including our offerings, may not achieve widespread market acceptance. We may be unable to market and sell our services successfully and cost-effectively to a sufficiently large number of customers.

Our business depends on the continued proliferation of Wi-Fi as a standard feature in mobile devices. The growth in demand for in-flight broadband internet access services also depends in part on the continued and increased use of laptops, smartphones, tablet computers, and other Wi-Fi enabled devices and the rate of evolution of data-intensive applications on the mobile internet. If Wi-Fi ceases to be a standard feature in mobile devices, if the rate of integration of Wi-Fi on mobile devices decreases or is slower than expected, or if the use of Wi-Fi enabled devices or development of related applications decreases or grows more slowly than anticipated, the market for our services may be substantially diminished.

Increased costs and other demands associated with our growth could impact our ability to achieve profitability over the long term and could strain our personnel, technology and infrastructure resources.

We expect our costs to increase in future periods, which could negatively affect our future operating results. We expect to experience growth in our headcount and operations, which will place significant demands on our management, administrative, technological, operational and financial infrastructure. Anticipated future growth will require the outlay of significant operating and capital expenditure and will continue to place strains on our personnel, technology and infrastructure.

Our success will depend in part upon our ability to contain costs with respect to growth opportunities. To successfully manage the expected growth of our operations, on a timely and cost-effective basis we will need to continue to improve our operational, financial, technological and management controls and our reporting systems and procedures. In addition, as we continue to grow, we must effectively integrate, develop and motivate new employees, and we must maintain the beneficial aspects of our corporate culture. If we fail to successfully manage our growth, it could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Regulation by United States and foreign government agencies, including the Federal Aviation Administration and the Federal Communications Commission, may increase our costs of providing service or require us to change our services.

The commercial and private aviation industries, including civil aviation manufacturing and repair industries, are highly regulated in the United States by the FAA, in Europe by EASA as well as other compatible civil aviation authorities. FAA and/or EASA certification is required for all equipment we install on commercial aircraft and type certificated business aircraft, and certain of our operating activities require that we obtain FAA/EASA certification as a parts manufacturer. As discussed in more detail in the section entitled “Business—Regulation—Federal Aviation Administration,” FAA and/or EASA approvals required to operate our business include Supplemental Type Certificates, or STCs and Parts Manufacturing Authorities, or PMAs and Service Bulletins, or SBs. Obtaining SBs, STCs and PMAs is an expensive and time-consuming process that requires significant focus and resources. Any inability to obtain, delay in obtaining, or change in, needed FAA/EASA certifications, authorizations, or approvals, could have an adverse effect on our ability to meet our installation commitments, manufacture and sell parts for installation on aircraft, or expand our business and could, therefore, materially adversely affect our growth prospects, business and operating results.

The FAA/EASA closely regulates many of our operations. If we fail to comply with the FAA’s and/or EASA’s many regulations and standards that apply to our activities, we could lose the FAA/EASA certifications, authorizations, or other approvals on which our manufacturing, installation, maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration capabilities are based. In addition, from time to time, the FAA/EASA or comparable foreign authorities adopt new regulations or amend existing regulations. The FAA/EASA could also change its policies regarding the delegation of inspection and certification responsibilities to private companies, which could adversely affect our business. To the extent that any such new regulations or amendments to existing regulations or policies apply to our activities, those new regulations or amendments to existing regulations generally increase our costs of compliance.

As a broadband Internet provider, we must comply with the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994, or CALEA, which requires communications carriers to ensure that their equipment, facilities and services can accommodate certain technical capabilities in executing authorized wiretapping and other electronic surveillance. Currently, our CALEA solution is being deployed in our network. However, we could be subject to an enforcement action by the FCC or law enforcement agencies for any delays related to meetings, or if we fail to comply with, any current or future CALEA, or similarly mandated law enforcement related obligations. Such enforcement actions could subject us to fines, cease and desist orders, or other penalties, all of which could adversely affect our business. Further, to the extent the FCC adopts additional capability requirements applicable to broadband Internet providers, its decision may increase the costs we incur to comply with such regulations.

In addition to these U.S. agencies, we are also subject to regulation by foreign government agencies that choose to assert jurisdiction over us as a result of the service we provide on aircraft that fly international routes. Adverse decisions or regulations of these U.S. and foreign regulatory bodies could negatively impact our operations and costs of doing business and could delay the roll-out of our services and have other adverse consequences for us. Our ability to obtain certain regulatory approvals to offer our services internationally may also be the responsibility of a third party, and, therefore, may be out of our control. We are unable to predict the scope, pace or financial impact of regulations and other policy changes that could be adopted by the various governmental entities that oversee portions of our business.

The certification time for 4G/5G mobile backhaul by regulatory authorities varies among different countries. Each country has its own standards and procedures for assessing and certifying the compliance and safety of satellite communication products. Therefore, the time required for products to obtain certification may vary depending on the country. Some countries may have faster certification processes that can be completed in a shorter period of time. In other countries, the certification process may be relatively longer, requiring more time for review and testing. Therefore, when selling satellite communication systems for 4G/5G mobile backhaul in the global market, it is necessary to consider the differences in certification time among different countries which may increase our costs of providing service. We are unable to predict the scope, pace or financial impact of regulations and other policy changes that could be adopted by the various governmental entities that oversee portions of our business.

We are subject to various regulations, including those regulations promulgated by various federal, state and local regulatory agencies and legislative bodies and comparable agencies outside the United States where we may do business. The two U.S. government agencies that have primary regulatory authority over our operations are the Federal Aviation Administration, or FAA, and the Federal Communications Commission, or FCC, the European Administration and Safety Agency, or EASA and other compatible civil aviation authorities.

Regulation by government agencies, such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and other relevant regulatory bodies, may impact our satellite internet service and our CDN business for households, resulting in increased costs and the need to modify our services. As a future provider of satellite internet service and CDN solutions for households, we will be subject to various regulations imposed by government agencies at the federal, state, and local levels. The FCC will play a significant role in regulating our future broadband internet services and ensuring compliance with applicable rules and requirements.

Compliance with FCC regulations, including licensing, spectrum usage, and service quality standards, is crucial to our operations. Failure to comply with FCC rules and guidelines may lead to penalties, fines, or restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to provide reliable and high-speed internet connectivity to households. Furthermore, other regulatory bodies may have jurisdiction over aspects of our planned satellite internet service and our CDN business, such as data privacy and consumer protection. Compliance with these regulations, including privacy laws and fair business practices, is essential to maintaining customer trust and avoiding legal and reputational risks.

We face the risk of potential cybersecurity breaches and data privacy concerns that could harm our reputation, disrupt our services, and result in legal and financial liabilities.

As a potential future provider of CDN services for households, we will handle a significant amount of data, including user information, content delivery, and advertising data. The increasing prevalence of cyber threats and data breaches poses a substantial risk to our business operations and customer trust. Despite implementing robust security measures, such as encryption protocols and firewalls, there is no guarantee that our systems will be immune to unauthorized access or malicious attacks. Cybercriminals could exploit vulnerabilities in our network infrastructure, software, or third-party services, leading to unauthorized access, data breaches, service disruptions, or theft of sensitive information.

A cybersecurity breach or unauthorized disclosure of customer data could result in significant reputational damage, loss of customer trust, and legal and financial liabilities. We may be subject to legal and regulatory obligations to notify affected individuals and authorities, provide remedies, and face potential lawsuits and fines. The costs associated with investigating and mitigating the effects of a breach, as well as potential legal settlements and regulatory penalties, could have a material adverse impact on our business and financial position.

Furthermore, data privacy concerns and evolving privacy regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union, require us to implement stringent data protection measures and obtain appropriate consents from users. Failure to comply with these regulations, or any changes in privacy laws or regulations, could result in legal consequences, reputational harm, and disruptions to our operations. To address these risks, we invest in cybersecurity technologies, conduct regular security assessments, and train our employees on best practices. However, the evolving nature of cyber threats and the sophistication of attackers require ongoing vigilance and investment in cybersecurity measures. It is essential for us to maintain the trust of our customers by safeguarding their data and addressing potential cybersecurity threats effectively. Failure to adequately protect against cyber threats and address data privacy concerns could adversely affect our reputation, customer relationships, and financial performance.

We may not be in compliance with all government regulations, which could harm our results of operations.

The current legal environment for Internet communications, products and services is uncertain and subject to statutory, regulatory or interpretive change. We cannot be certain that we, our vendors or our customers, are currently in compliance with applicable regulatory or other legal requirements in the countries in which our service is used. Our failure, or the failure of our vendors, customers and others with whom we transact business to comply with existing or future legal or regulatory requirements could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Regulators may disagree with our interpretations of existing laws or regulations or the applicability of existing laws or regulations to our business, and existing laws, regulations and interpretations may change in unexpected ways.

If government regulation of the Internet changes, we may need to change the way we conduct our business to a manner that incurs greater operating expenses, which could harm our results of operations.

The current legal environment for Internet communications, products and services is uncertain and subject to statutory, regulatory or interpretive change. For example, our mobile wireless broadband Internet access services were previously classified as information services, and not as telecommunications services. Therefore, these services were not subject to FCC common carrier regulation. However, effective June 12, 2015, the FCC reclassified mobile (and fixed) broadband Internet access services as Title II telecommunications services pursuant to the Open Internet Order. The Open Internet Order also adopted broad net neutrality rules. For example, broadband providers may not block access to lawful content, applications, services, or non-harmful devices. Broadband providers also may not impair or degrade lawful Internet traffic on the basis of content, applications, services, or non-harmful devices. In addition, broadband providers may not favor some lawful Internet traffic over other lawful traffic in exchange for consideration of any kind, and they may not prioritize the content and services of their affiliates. Other than for paid prioritization, the rules contain an exception for “reasonable network management.” The Open Internet Order recognizes that whether a network management practice is reasonable varies according to the broadband technology involved and may provide more flexibility to implement network management practices in the context of our capacity-constrained air-to-ground and satellite broadband networks.

Other jurisdictions may adopt similar or different regulations that could affect our ability to use “network management” techniques. Likewise, the United States and the European Union, among other jurisdictions, are considering proposals regarding data protection that, if adopted, could impose heightened restrictions on certain of our activities relating to the collection and use of data of end users. Further, as we promote exclusive content and services and increase targeted advertising with our media partners to customers of our services, we may attract increased regulatory scrutiny.

We cannot be certain what positions regulators may take regarding our compliance with, or lack of compliance with, current and future legal and regulatory requirements or what positions regulators may take regarding any past or future actions we have taken or may take in any jurisdiction. Regulators may determine that we are not in compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, and impose penalties, or we may need to make changes to our services, which could be costly and difficult. Any of these events would adversely affect our operating results and business.

Further Risks Related to Government Regulation.

Our international operations complicate our business and require us to comply with multiple regulatory environments. Historically, sales to customers outside the United States have accounted for all of our net sales. Risks associated with our international business activities may increase our costs and require significant management attention. These risks include restrictions on international travel, which may restrict our ability to grow and service our business; international shipping delays; tariffs; sanctions or other trade restrictions that preclude or restrict doing business with particular foreign governments, companies or individuals; technical challenges we may face in adapting our solutions to function with different satellite services and technology in use in various regions around the world; satisfaction of international regulatory requirements and delays and costs associated with procurement of any necessary licenses or permits; the potential unavailability of content licenses covering international waters and foreign locations; increased costs of providing customer support in multiple languages; increased costs of managing operations that are international in scope; potentially adverse tax consequences, including restrictions on the repatriation of earnings; protectionist laws and business practices that favor local competitors, which could slow our growth in international markets; potentially longer sales cycles; potentially longer accounts receivable payment cycles and difficulties in collecting accounts receivable; and economic and political instability in some international markets. We could incur additional legal compliance costs associated with our international operations and could become subject to legal penalties if we do not comply with certain regulations.

Our international operations subject us to a number of legal requirements, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and the customs, export, trade sanctions and anti-boycott laws of the United States, including those administered by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the Bureau of Industry and Security, the Department of Commerce, the Department of State, and the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the Treasury Department, as well as those of other nations.

In addition, many of the countries where our customers use our products and services have licensing and regulatory requirements for the importation and use of satellite communications and reception equipment, including the use of such equipment in territorial waters, the transmission of satellite signals on certain radio frequencies, the transmission of VoIP services using such equipment and the reception of certain video programming services. These laws and regulations are continually changing, making compliance complex.

We incur significant costs identifying and maintaining compliance with applicable licensing and regulatory requirements. Our training and compliance programs and our other internal control policies may be insufficient to protect us from acts committed by our employees, agents or third-party contractors. Any violation of these requirements by us or our employees, agents or third-party contractors may subject us to significant criminal and civil liability. Further, many of our commercial suppliers of satellite transmission capacity impose contractual obligations on us that permit them to suspend or terminate their provision of satellite services to support our network if we fail to maintain compliance with these laws and regulations.

The loss of access to satellite capacity would materially and adversely affect our satellite communications service offerings. We are subject to FCC rules and regulations, and any non-compliance could subject us to FCC enforcement actions, fines, loss of licenses and possibly restrictions on our ability to operate or offer certain of our services. The satellite communications industry in the United States is regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and we are subject to FCC regulations relating to privacy, contributions to the Universal Service Fund, or USF, and other requirements. If we do not comply with FCC regulations, we could face enforcement actions, substantial fines, penalties, loss of licenses and possibly restrictions on our ability to operate or offer services. Any enforcement action by the FCC, which may be a public process, could hurt our reputation, impair our ability to sell our services to customers and harm our business and results of operations.

Privacy concerns and domestic or foreign laws and regulations may reduce demand for our services, increase our costs and harm our business. Our company and our customers can use our services to collect, use and store personal, confidential and sensitive information regarding the content and manner of usage of our services by them, their employees and maritime crews. Federal, state and foreign governments have adopted and are proposing more stringent laws and regulations regarding the collection, use, storage and transfer of information, such as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”).

The costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, such laws and regulations may limit the use and adoption of our services and reduce overall demand. Noncompliance with these laws and regulations could lead to significant remediation expenses, fines, penalties or other liabilities, such as orders or consent decrees that require modifications to our privacy practices, as well as reputational damage or third-party lawsuits seeking damages or other relief. For example, the GDPR imposes a strict data protection compliance regime with penalties of up to the greater of 2%-4% of worldwide revenue or €11-22 million.

Domestic and international legislative and regulatory initiatives may harm our ability, and the ability of our customers, to process, handle, store, use and transmit information, which could reduce demand for our services, increase our costs and force us to change our business practices. These laws and regulations are still evolving, are likely to be in flux and may be subject to uncertain interpretation for the foreseeable future. Our business also could be harmed if legislation or regulations are adopted, interpreted or implemented in a manner that is inconsistent from country to country or inconsistent with our current policies and practices or those of our customers. Risks related to owning our common stock The market price of our common stock may be volatile.

Our stock price has historically been volatile. Many factors may cause our stock price to fluctuate, including variations in quarterly results; the introduction of new products and services by us or our competitors; adverse business developments; reductions-in-force; changes in estimates of our performance or recommendations by securities analysts; the hiring or departure of key personnel; acquisitions or strategic alliances involving us or our competitors; market conditions in our industry; and the global macroeconomic and geopolitical environment. Broad market fluctuations may adversely affect our stock price. When the market price of a company’s stock drops significantly, stockholders often institute securities litigation against that company. Any such litigation could cause us to incur significant expenses defending against the claim, divert the time and attention of our management and result in significant damage.

Risks related to the regulation of our business we may be unable to obtain or maintain required authorizations or contractual arrangements .

Various types of U.S. domestic and international authorizations and contractual arrangements are required in connection with the products and services that we provide. See “Regulatory Environment.” Compliance with certain laws, regulations, conditions and other requirements, including the payment of fees, may be required to maintain the rights provided by such authorizations, including the rights to operate satellite earth stations in certain radio frequencies. Failure to comply with such requirements, or comply in a timely manner, could lead to the loss of such authorizations and could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We, or our group companies, currently hold authorizations to, among other things, operate various satellite earth stations (including but not limited to user terminals, facilities that interconnect with the internet backbone, and network hubs) and operate satellite space stations and/or use those space stations to provide service to certain jurisdictions. Such authorizations are conditioned upon meeting certain milestone conditions and/or due diligence requirements, which if not met or extended could result in loss of the authorization. While we anticipate that these authorizations will be extended or renewed in the ordinary course to the extent that they otherwise would expire, or replaced by authorizations covering more advanced facilities, we can provide no assurance that this will be the case. Our inability to timely obtain or maintain such authorizations could delay or preclude our operation of such satellites or our provision of products and services that rely upon such satellites.

Further, changes to the laws and regulations under which we operate could adversely affect our ability to obtain or maintain authorizations. Any of these circumstances could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The satellites of our partners that we connect to in our business are subject to the regulatory authority of, and conditions imposed by, foreign governments, as well as contractual arrangements with third parties and the regulations and procedures of the ITU governing access to orbital and spectrum rights and the international coordination of satellite networks. The use of spacecraft by our partners in our business is subject to various conditions in the underlying authorizations held by us and third parties, as well as the requirements of the laws and regulations of those jurisdictions.

Any failure to meet these types of requirements in a timely manner, maintain our contractual arrangements, obtain or maintain our authorizations, or manage potential conflicts with the orbital slot rights afforded to third parties, could lead to us losing our rights to operate from these orbital locations or may otherwise require us to modify or limit our operations from these locations, which could materially adversely affect our ability to operate a satellite at full capacity or at all, and could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in the regulatory environment could have a material adverse impact on our competitive position, growth and financial performance.

Our business is highly regulated. We are subject to the regulatory authority of the jurisdictions in which we operate, including the United States and other jurisdictions around the world. Those authorities regulate, among other things, the launch and operation of satellites, the use of radio spectrum, the ability to operate satellites at specific orbital locations in space, the licensing of earth stations and other radio transmitters, the provision of communications services, privacy and data security, and the design, manufacture and marketing of communications systems and networking infrastructure. The space stations and ground network we use to provide our broadband services operate using some spectrum that is regulated for use on a primary basis for certain types of the satellite services we provide, some spectrum that is regulated for use on a shared basis with terrestrial wireless services, and some spectrum that is regulated primarily for terrestrial wireless and other uses but that we are authorized to use on a secondary or non-interference basis.

Moreover, spectrum availability varies from country to country, and even within countries, within our service areas. Laws and regulations affecting our business are subject to change in response to industry developments, new technology, and political considerations, among other things. Legislators and regulatory authorities in various countries are considering, and may in the future adopt, new laws, policies and regulations, as well as changes to existing regulations. We cannot predict when or whether applicable laws or regulations may come into effect or change, or what the cost and time necessary to comply with such new or updated laws or regulations may be. For example, cybersecurity and data privacy security and protection laws and regulations are evolving and present increasing compliance challenges, which may increase our costs, affect our competitiveness, cause reputational harm and expose us to substantial fines or other penalties.

Changes in laws or regulations, including changes in the way spectrum is regulated and/or in regulations governing our products and services, changes in the way spectrum is made available to us, or is allowed to be used by others, or competing uses of spectrum or orbital locations, could, directly or indirectly, affect our operations or the operations of our distribution partners, increase the cost of providing our products and services and make our products and services less competitive. Some regulators are considering new or additional terrestrial services in the spectrum in which we operate, which may not be compatible with the way we use, or plan to use, that same spectrum.

In certain instances, such changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Among other things, changes to laws and regulations could materially harm our business by (1) affecting our ability to obtain or retain required governmental authorizations, (2) restricting our ability to provide certain products or services, (3) restricting development efforts by us and our customers, (4) making our current products and services less attractive or obsolete, (5) increasing our operational costs, or (6) making it easier or less expensive for our competitors to compete with us. Failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations could result in the imposition of financial penalties against us, the adverse modification or cancellation of required authorizations, or other material adverse actions. Any such matters could materially harm our business and impair the value of our common stock.

Our international sales and operations are subject to applicable laws relating to trade, sanctions, export controls and foreign corrupt practices, the violation of which could have a material adverse impact on our business.

We must comply with all applicable export control laws and regulations of the United States and other countries. U.S. export and control laws and regulations applicable to us include the Arms Export Control Act, the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (ECRA) and the Export Administration Regulations (EAR). The export of certain satellite communications hardware, antenna control hardware, software services and technical data relating to communicating with satellites and communicating with manned and unmanned defense platforms is regulated by the U.S. Department of State under ITAR.

Certain satellite communications technologies and other items are controlled for export by the U.S. Department of Commerce under the EAR. Adverse changes in U.S. and Foreign export control laws that restrict our ability to conduct joint research activities with, or receive technical information from, US based defense contractor companies, will have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business as currently contemplated. In addition, we must comply with trade and economic sanctions laws and regulations, including those administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). We cannot provide certain products and services to certain countries or persons subject to U.S. trade sanctions unless we first obtain the necessary authorizations from OFAC. We are also subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the UK Bribery Act, which generally bar bribes to foreign governments or officials.

Although we have in place policies for our respective employees, directors and officers, and we have clauses in our contracts with our distribution partners, resellers and other intermediaries, we cannot be certain that any such activities are not undertaken, and cannot guarantee that our policies and contracts will prevent situations occurring, including actions by distribution partners, resellers and other intermediaries, for which we may be held responsible. Non-compliance with any applicable trade control, sanctions, export control or anti-corruption laws or other legal requirements may result in criminal and/or civil penalties, disgorgement and/or other sanctions and remedial measures, and may result in unexpected legal or compliance costs.

Violations of any of these laws or regulations could also result in more onerous compliance requirements, more extensive debarments from export privileges or loss of authorizations needed to conduct aspects of our business, and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, any investigation of alleged violations of any such laws could have a material adverse impact on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our possession and use of personal information and the use of credit cards by our customers present risks and expenses that could harm our business. Unauthorized disclosure or manipulation of such data, whether through breach of our network security or otherwise, could expose us to costly litigation and damage our reputation.

Maintaining our network security is of critical importance because our online systems will store confidential registered users, employees and other sensitive data, such as names, email addresses, addresses and other personal information. We will depend on the security of our networks and the security of the network infrastructures of our third-party telecommunications service providers, our customer support providers and our other vendors. Unauthorized use of our, or our third-party service providers’, networks, computer systems and services could potentially jeopardize the security of confidential information, including credit card information, of our future customers.

There can be no assurance that any security measures we, or third parties, take will be effective in preventing these activities. As a result of any such breaches, customers may assert claims of liability against us as a result of any failure by us to prevent these activities. Further, our in-cabin network operates as an open, unsecured Wi-Fi hotspot, and non-encrypted transmissions users send over this network may be vulnerable to access by users on the same plane. These activities may subject us to legal claims, adversely impact our reputation, and interfere with our ability to provide our services, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to protect confidential customer data or to provide customers with adequate notice of our privacy policies could also subject us to liabilities imposed by United States federal and state regulatory agencies or courts. For example, the FCC’s Consumer Proprietary Network Information, or CPNI rules, applicable to our satellite-based offerings, require us to comply with a range of marketing and privacy safeguards. The Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, could assert jurisdiction to impose penalties related our service if it found our privacy policies or security measures to be inadequate under existing federal law. We could also be subject to certain state laws that impose data breach notification requirements, specific data security obligations, or other consumer privacy-related requirements. Our failure to comply with any of these rules or regulations could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Other countries in which we may operate or from which our services may be offered, including those in the European Union, also have certain privacy and data security requirements that may apply to our business, either now or in the future. These countries’ laws may in some cases be more stringent than the requirements in the United States. For example, European Union member countries have specific requirements relating to cross border transfers of personal information to certain jurisdictions, including to the United States.

In addition, some countries have stricter consumer notice and/or consent requirements relating to personal information collection, use or sharing. Moreover, international privacy and data security regulations may become more complex. For example, the European Union is considering a draft proposed data protection regulation which, if enacted, may result in even more restrictive privacy-related requirements. Our failure to comply with other countries’ privacy or data security-related laws, rules or regulations could also have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, we expect that our customers in the future will use credit cards to purchase our products and services. Problems with our or our vendors billing software could adversely affect our customer satisfaction and could cause one or more of the major credit card companies to disallow our continued use of their payment services. In addition, if our billing software fails to work properly and, as a result, we do not automatically charge our subscribers’ credit cards on a timely basis or at all, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our reputation and business could be materially harmed as a result of data breaches, data theft, unauthorized access or hacking.

Our success depends, in part, on the secure and uninterrupted performance of our information technology systems. These systems may be subject to damage or interruption from, among other things, earthquakes, adverse weather conditions, other natural disasters, terrorist attacks, acts of war, rogue employees, power loss, telecommunications failures and cybersecurity risks. An increasing number of companies have disclosed breaches of their security, some of which have involved sophisticated and highly targeted attacks on their computer networks. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems, change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures.

Additionally, outside parties may attempt to induce employees or users to disclose sensitive or confidential information in order to gain access to data. If unauthorized parties gain access to our information technology systems, they may be able to misappropriate assets or sensitive information (such as personal information of our customers, business partners and employees), cause interruption in our operations, corrupt our data or computers, or otherwise damage our reputation and business. In such circumstances, we could be held liable to our customers or other parties, or be subject to regulatory or other actions for breaching privacy rules. Any compromise of our security could result in a loss of confidence in our security measures, and subject us to litigation, civil or criminal penalties, and negative publicity that could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We could also suffer other negative consequences, including significant remediation costs, significant increased cybersecurity protection costs, loss of material revenues resulting from attacks on our satellites or technology, and the unauthorized use of proprietary information or the failure to retain or attract customers following an attack. Further, if we are unable to comply with the security standards established by banks and the payment card industry, we may be subject to fines, restrictions, and expulsion from card acceptance programs, which could adversely affect our operations.

One customer accounted for 100% of our total revenues in fiscal year 2024.

The failure of this customer, or our inability to secure additional orders for any reason, including any downturn in their business or financial condition or our inability to renew this contract with this customer or obtain new contracts when they expire, could materially harm our business and impair the value of our common stock.

Our development contracts may be difficult for us to comply with and may expose us to third-party claims for damages, and we may experience losses from fixed-price contracts.

We may be party to government and commercial contracts involving the development of new products. We derived 100% of our total revenues for fiscal year 2025 from one such development contract. These contracts typically contain strict performance obligations and project milestones. We cannot assure you we will comply with these performance obligations or meet these project milestones in the future. If we are unable to comply with these performance obligations or meet these milestones, our current and future customers may terminate these contracts and, under some circumstances, recover damages or other penalties from us. We cannot assure you that the other parties to any such contract will not terminate the contract or seek damages from us. If other parties elect to terminate their contracts or seek damages from us, it could materially harm our business and impair the value of our common stock.

A substantial majority of revenues in our peer’s government systems and commercial networks segments are derived from contracts with fixed prices. These types of contracts carry the risk of potential cost overruns because we could assume all of the cost burden. We could assume greater financial risk on fixed-price contracts than on other types of contracts because if we do not anticipate technical problems, estimate costs accurately or control costs during performance of a fixed-price contract, it would significantly reduce our net profit or cause a loss on the contract.

In the past, our peers have experienced significant cost overruns and losses on fixed-price contracts. Because these kinds of contracts typically involve new technologies and applications and can last for years, unforeseen events, such as technological difficulties, fluctuations in the price of raw materials, a significant increase in or a sustained period of increased inflation, problems with suppliers and cost overruns, can result in the contractual price becoming less favorable or even unprofitable to our peers over time (which, especially in the case of sharp increases in or significant sustained inflation, could happen quickly and have long-lasting impacts).

Furthermore, if we do not meet contract deadlines or specifications, we may need to renegotiate contracts on less favorable terms, be forced to pay penalties or liquidated damages or suffer major losses if the customer exercises its right to terminate. Although we will attempt to accurately estimate costs for any fixed-price contracts, we cannot assure you our estimates will be adequate or that substantial losses on fixed-price contracts will not occur in the future. If we are unable to address any of the risks described above, it could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations, and impair the value of our common stock.

Our reliance on a limited number of third parties to manufacture and supply our products and the components contained therein exposes us to various risks.

We expect our internal manufacturing capacity to be limited to supporting new product development activities, building customized products that need to be manufactured in strict accordance with a customer’s specifications or delivery schedules, and building proprietary, highly sensitive AERKOMM-designed products and components for use in our proprietary technology platform. Therefore, our internal manufacturing capacity has been, and is expected to continue to be, very limited and we intend to continue to rely on contract manufacturers to produce the majority of our products. In addition, some components, subassemblies and services necessary for the manufacture of our products are obtained from a sole source supplier or a limited group of suppliers.

Our reliance on contract manufacturers and on sole source suppliers or a limited group of suppliers involves several risks. We may not be able to obtain an adequate supply of required components, and our control over the price, timely delivery, reliability and quality of finished products may be reduced. The process of manufacturing our products and some of our components and subassemblies is extremely complex. We have in the past experienced and may in the future experience delays in the delivery of and quality problems with products and components and subassemblies from vendors. Some of the suppliers we rely upon have relatively limited financial and other resources. Significant events such as an outbreak of a pandemic such as the COVID-19 pandemic and its lingering effects, natural disasters or extreme weather events (including as a result of climate change), acts of terrorism or civil unrest, cyberattacks, labor market instability or global shortages of components or materials may cause temporary or long-term disruptions in our supply chain and distribution systems and/or delays in the delivery of inventory.

If we are not able to obtain timely deliveries of components and subassemblies of acceptable quality or if we are otherwise required to seek alternative sources of supply or to substitute alternative technology, or to manufacture our finished products or components and subassemblies internally, our ability to satisfactorily and timely complete our customer obligations could be negatively impacted which could result in reduced sales, termination of contracts and damage to our reputation and relationships with our customers. This failure could also result in a customer terminating our contract for default. A default termination could expose us to liability and have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete for future contracts and orders. In addition, a delay in our ability to obtain components and equipment parts from our suppliers may affect our ability to meet our customers’ needs and may have an adverse effect upon our profitability.

We depend upon third parties to manufacture equipment components and to provide services for our network.

We rely on third-party suppliers for equipment components that we use to provide our planned services. The supply of third-party components could be interrupted or halted by a termination of our relationships, a failure to make timely contracted payments to such suppliers, a failure of quality control or other operational problems at such suppliers or a significant decline in their financial condition. If we are not able to continue to engage suppliers with the capabilities or capacities required by our business, or if such suppliers fail to deliver quality products, parts, equipment and services on a timely basis consistent with our schedule, our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We depend on a limited number of key employees who would be difficult to replace.

We depend on a limited number of key technical, marketing and management personnel to manage and operate our business. In particular, we believe our success depends to a significant degree on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled personnel, including our Executive Director of the Board (Jeff Hsu), our Chief Executive Officer (Louis Giordimaina), our Chief Operating Officer (Georges Caldironi) and our President and Chief Technology Officer (Jeffrey Wun), and those highly skilled design, process and test engineers involved in the development of existing products and the development of new products and processes. The competition for these types of personnel is intense, and the loss of key employees could materially harm our business and impair the value of our common stock. To the extent that the demand for qualified personnel exceeds supply, we could experience higher labor, recruiting or training costs to attract and retain such employees, or experience difficulties in performing under our contracts if our needs for such employees were unmet.

Because we conduct business internationally, we face additional risks, including risks related to global political and economic conditions, changes in regulation and currency fluctuations.

Conducting business internationally involves additional risks, including unexpected changes in laws, policies and regulatory requirements (including regulations related to import-export control); increased cost of localizing systems in foreign countries; increased sales and marketing and R&D expenses; availability of suitable export financing; timing and availability of export licenses; imposition of taxes, tariffs, embargoes, sanctions and other trade barriers; political and economic instability, wars, insurrections and other conflicts, such as the ongoing conflict involving Ukraine; issues related to the political relationship between the United States and other countries; fluctuations in currency exchange rates (including their effect on sales denominated in foreign currencies), foreign exchange controls and restrictions on cash repatriation; compliance with international laws and U.S. laws affecting the activities of U.S. companies abroad, including existing and future privacy and cyber-related laws; challenges in staffing and managing foreign operations; difficulties in managing distributors; requirements for additional liquidity to fund our international operations; ineffective legal protection of our intellectual property rights in certain countries; potentially adverse tax consequences; potential difficulty in making adequate payment arrangements; and potential difficulty in collecting accounts receivable.

In addition, some of our component purchase agreements are governed by foreign laws, which may differ significantly from U.S. laws and we may be limited in our ability to enforce our rights under these agreements and to collect damages, if awarded. As a result of these and other risks, we may be unsuccessful in implementing our business plan for our business internationally, or we may not be able to achieve the revenues that we expect. If we are unable to address any of the risks described above, it could materially harm our business and impair the value of our common stock. Due to the global nature of our operations, we are subject to the complex and varying tax laws and rules of many countries and have material tax-related contingent liabilities that are difficult to predict or quantify. We are also subject to tax audits, including with respect to transfer pricing, in the United States and other jurisdictions and our tax positions may be challenged by tax authorities. There can be no assurance that our current tax provisions will be settled for the amounts accrued, that additional tax exposures will not be identified in the future or that additional tax reserves will not be necessary for any such exposures. Any increase in the amount of taxation incurred as a result of challenges to our tax filing positions could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our Investment in Ejectt Inc. (formerly Yuanjiu Inc.) could result in losses to us.

On December 3, 2020, we made a prepayment to three individuals to purchase from them an aggregate of 6,000,000 restricted shares of Ejectt Inc. for approximately $5 million, for business purposes in Taiwan relating to the AirCinema Cube. Ejectt Inc. is a local business partner of ours. Although we are purchasing these shares as a long-term investment, the shares are currently restricted. If we determine that we need to sell these shares to raise funds for other business purposes, there may not be an immediate buyer and we may have to sell the shares at a loss. This could have a negative effect on our income statement and our ability to raise funds when needed.

We may fail to recruit, train and retain the highly skilled employees that are necessary to remain competitive and execute our growth strategy. The loss of one or more of our key personnel could harm our business.

Competition for key technical personnel in high-technology industries such as ours is intense. We believe that our future success depends in large part on our continued ability to hire, train, retain and leverage the skills of qualified engineers and other highly skilled personnel needed to maintain and grow our business and technology. We may not be as successful as our competitors at recruiting, training, retaining and utilizing these highly skilled personnel. In particular, we may have more difficulty attracting or retaining highly skilled personnel during periods of poor operating performance. Any failure to recruit, train and retain highly skilled employees could negatively impact our business and results of operations.

We depend on the continued service and performance of our key personnel, including Louis Giordimaina, our Chief Executive Officer, Jeffrey Wun, our President and Chief Technology Officer, and Georges Caldironi, our Chief Operating Officer. Such individuals have acquired specialized knowledge and skills with respect to our operations. As a result, if any of these individuals were to leave us, we could face substantial difficulty in hiring qualified successors and could experience a loss of productivity while any such successor obtains the necessary training and expertise. We do not maintain key man insurance on any of our officers or key employees. The loss of key personnel, including key members of our management team, as well as certain of our key marketing or technology personnel, could disrupt our operations and have an adverse effect on our ability to grow our business.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to develop or maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results and prevent fraud. As a result, current and potential stockholders could lose confidence in our financial statements, which would harm the trading price of our common stock.

Companies that file reports with the SEC, including us, are subject to the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or SOX 404. SOX 404 requires management to establish and maintain a system of internal control over financial reporting and annual reports on Form 10-K filed under the Exchange Act to contain a report from management assessing the effectiveness of a company’s internal control over financial reporting. Separately, under SOX 404, as amended by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, public companies that are large accelerated filers or accelerated filers must include in their annual reports on Form 10-K an attestation report of their regular auditors attesting to and reporting on management’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting. Non-accelerated filers and smaller reporting companies, like us, are not required to include an attestation report of their auditors in annual reports.

A report of our management is included under the section titled “Controls and Procedures.” We are a smaller reporting company and, consequently, are not required to include an attestation report of our auditor in our annual transition report. However, if and when we become subject to the auditor attestation requirements under SOX 404, we can provide no assurance that we will receive a positive attestation from our independent auditors.

During its evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, management identified a material weakness. The material weakness was associated with our lack of sufficient and skilled accounting personnel with an appropriate level of technical accounting knowledge and experience in the application of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States commensurate with our financial reporting requirements and our need to rely heavily on the use of external legal and accounting professionals to mitigate these deficiencies. We are undertaking remedial measures, which measures will take time to implement and test, to address this material weakness.

However, these material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until management designs and implements effective controls that operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are effective. The Company will monitor the effectiveness of the remediation plan and will refine the remediation plan, as needed. Until remediated, the material weaknesses could result in future errors to the Company’s financial statements. Remediation measures are time-consuming on the Company’s financial and operational resources. In order to improve the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting, the Company will need to continue to expend resources, including accounting-related costs and management oversight. In view of the Company’s liquidity position, the Company can give no assurance that the measures the Company takes will remediate the material weaknesses or that additional material weaknesses will not arise in the future. Further, there can be no assurance that such measures will be sufficient to remedy the material weakness identified or that additional material weaknesses or other control or significant deficiencies will not be identified in the future.

If we continue to experience material weaknesses in our internal controls or fail to maintain or implement required new or improved controls, such circumstances could cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations or result in material misstatements in our financial statements, or adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and, if required, annual auditor attestation reports. Each of the foregoing results could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and lead to a decline in our stock price.

Expenses or liabilities resulting from litigation could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

From time to time, we may be subject to claims or litigation in the ordinary course of our business, including for example, claims related to employment matters and class action lawsuits. Our operations are characterized by the use of new technologies and services across multiple jurisdictions that implicate a number of statutory schemes and a range of rules and regulations that may be subject to broad or creative interpretation, which may subject to us to litigation, including class action lawsuits, the outcome of which may be difficult to assess or quantify due to the potential ambiguity inherent in these regulatory schemes and/or the nascence of our technologies and services. Plaintiffs in these types of litigation may seek recovery of very large or indeterminate amounts, and the magnitude of the potential loss relating to such lawsuits may remain unknown for substantial periods of time. Any such claims or litigation may be time-consuming and costly, divert management resources, require us to change our products and services, or have other adverse effects on our business. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and could require us to pay significant monetary damages. In addition, costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce our existing contracts and, even if successful, could have an adverse effect on us. In addition, prolonged litigation against any airline partner, customer or supplier could have the effect of negatively impacting our reputation and goodwill with existing and potential airline partners, customers and suppliers.

Technological advances may harm our business.

Due to the widening use of state-of-the-art, personal electronic devices such as Apple’s iPad, ever-increasing numbers of passengers have their own mobile devices, which they might use to bring their own content such as movies, music or games with them on a flight. This could decrease demand for our in-flight offerings. Carriers now also have greater technical means at their disposal to offer passengers in-flight access to the Internet, including through our offerings and those of our competitors. At present, these offerings do not allow passengers to fully stream content on their mobile devices.

If, however, in-flight Internet access in the future allows passengers to fully stream content on their mobile devices, this could decrease demand for our in-flight offerings. While both trends will give rise to risks as well as opportunities for us, it is impossible to foresee at present whether and, if so, to what extent these trends will have lasting effects. Note, too, that the in-flight entertainment connectivity systems currently in place are unable to support these developments. Given average useful lives of 15 to 20 years, the conventional systems will continue to dominate the in-flight entertainment industry for the foreseeable future. As a result, possible changes will happen slowly, giving all market players sufficient time to adapt.

We may have exposure to foreign currency risks in the future and our future hedging activities could create losses.

Currency risks essentially arise from the fact that sales to customers and purchasing are affected in one currency while fixed costs are incurred in other currencies. If necessary, we will engage in hedging transactions to counteract direct currency risks. However, we cannot always guarantee that all currency risks will have been hedged in full. Severe currency fluctuations could also cause the hedging transactions to fail if agreed thresholds (triggers) are not met or exceeded. We therefore cannot fully preclude negative foreign currency effects in the future – some of which might be substantial – due to unforeseen exchange rate fluctuations and/or inaccurate assessments of market developments.

We will source our content from studios, distributors and other content providers, and any reduction in the volume of content produced by such content providers could hurt our business by providing us with less quality content to choose from and resulting in potentially less attractive offerings for customers.

We will receive content from studios, distributors and other content providers, and in some circumstances, we will depend on the volume and quality of the content that these content providers produce. If studios, distributors or other content providers were to reduce the volume or quality of content they make available to us over any given time period, whether because of their own financial limitations or other factors influencing their businesses, we would have less quality content to choose from and our programmers would have more difficulty finding relevant and appropriate content to provide to our customers. This could negatively impact the passenger experience, which could in turn reduce the demand for our offerings, which would have a negative impact on our revenue and results of operations.

One of our CDN services is intended to be the pre-loaded OTT (over-the-top) service, which requires negotiating alliances with multiple OTT players. Several risk factors may impact subscriber and revenue growth and projections:

Securing contracts with influential OTT players is crucial for attracting subscribers. Failure to establish contracts with them would hinder business growth.

Maintaining the long-term strong bonds and relationships with OTT players poses a potential risk.

The varying attractiveness of OTT players across countries complicates negotiations and weakens Aerkomm’s bargaining power, hindering the benefits of economies of scale.

There is a risk of a breakdown in agreements with signed OTT players, leading to potential requests for increased profit sharing or minimum guarantees as our subscriber base grows. Such risks would potentially damage our business margin gain.

We are a holding company with no operations of our own, and we depend on our subsidiaries for cash.

Currently, we are a holding company and do not have any material assets or operations other than ownership of equity interests of our subsidiaries. Our operations are conducted almost entirely through our subsidiaries, and our ability to generate cash to meet our obligations or to pay dividends is highly dependent on the earnings of, and receipt of funds from, our subsidiaries through dividends or intercompany loans. The ability of our subsidiaries to generate sufficient cash flow from future operations to allow us and them to make scheduled payments on our obligations will depend on their future financial performance, which will be affected by a range of economic, competitive and business factors, many of which are outside of our control. We cannot assure you that the cash flow and future earnings of our operating subsidiaries will be adequate for our subsidiaries to service their debt obligations.

If our subsidiaries do not generate sufficient cash flow from future operations to satisfy corporate obligations, we may have to: undertake alternative financing plans (such as refinancing), restructure debt, sell assets, reduce or delay capital investments, or seek to raise additional capital. We cannot assure you that any such alternative refinancing would be possible, that any assets could be sold, or, if sold, of the timing of the sales and the amount of proceeds realized from those sales, that additional financing could be obtained on acceptable terms, if at all, or that additional financing would be permitted under the terms of our various debt instruments then in effect. Our inability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy our obligations, or to refinance our obligations on commercially reasonable terms, would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, we and our subsidiaries may incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future that may severely restrict or prohibit our subsidiaries from making distributions, paying dividends or making loans to us.

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness.

Our Level of Indebtedness May Adversely Affect Our Ability to Operate Our Business, Remain in Compliance with Debt Covenants, React to Changes in Our Business or the Industry in which We Operate, or Prevent Us from Making Payments on Our Indebtedness.

We have a significant amount of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2025, the aggregate principal amount of our total outstanding indebtedness was approximately $33.2 million, which was comprised of approximately $23.2 million in principal amount of our Convertible Note (as defined below) and approximately $10.0 million in principal amount of our SAFE Note (as defined below). Our high level of indebtedness could have important consequences. For example, it could:

make it more difficult for us to satisfy our debt obligations;

increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;

impair our ability to obtain additional debt or equity financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, product development, satellite construction, acquisitions or general corporate or other purposes, or to refinance existing debt on commercially reasonable terms (or at all);

require us to dedicate a material portion of our cash flows to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flows to fund working capital needs, capital expenditures, product development, satellite construction, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes;

expose us to variable interest rate risk with respect to borrowings under our Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility;

limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate;

place us at a disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less indebtedness; and

limit our ability to adjust to changing market conditions.

Any of these risks could materially impact our ability to fund our operations or limit our ability to expand our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may also incur significant additional indebtedness in the future, which may include financing relating to future satellites, potential acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic alliances, working capital, capital expenditures or general corporate purposes.

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness and fund our working capital and capital expenditures or refinance our indebtedness and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance our indebtedness will depend upon our future operating performance and on our ability to generate cash flow in the future, which is subject to economic, financial, business, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors beyond our control. We cannot assure you that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations, or that future borrowings will be sufficient to enable us to pay our indebtedness, or to fund our other liquidity needs. Moreover, there can be no assurance that we will be able to refinance our debt obligations on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investment and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional debt or equity capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to effect any such alternative measures, if necessary, on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, such alternative actions may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. If we cannot make scheduled payments on our debt, we will be in default and, as a result, the lenders under our Convertible Bond and the holders of the Convertible Note and our Bonds (as defined below) could declare all outstanding principal and interest to be due and payable, and could foreclose against the assets securing the borrowings under our Bonds and Notes, and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation, which could result in you losing your investment in our company.

Risks Relating to our Industries.

The satellites that we currently rely on or may rely on in the future have minimum design lives but could fail or suffer reduced capacity before then.

The usefulness of the satellites upon which we currently rely and may rely on in the future is limited by each satellite’s minimum design life. For example, the satellites through which we provide will our services have minimum design lives ranging from 10 to 15 years. Our ability to offer in-flight connectivity and alleviate capacity constraints throughout our network will depend on the continued operation of the satellites or any replacement satellites, each of which will have a limited useful life. We can provide no assurance, however, as to the actual operational lives of those or future satellites, which may be shorter than their design lives, nor can we provide assurance that replacement satellites will be developed, authorized or successfully deployed.

In the event of a failure or loss of any of these satellites, our satellite service providers may relocate another satellite and use it as a replacement for the failed or lost satellite, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Such a relocation may require regulatory approval, including through, among other things, a showing that the replacement satellite would not cause additional interference compared to the failed or lost satellite. We cannot be certain that our satellite service provider could obtain such regulatory approval. In addition, we cannot guarantee that another satellite will be available for use as a replacement for a failed or lost satellite, or that such relocation can be accomplished without disrupting or otherwise adversely impacting our business.

Satellites that are not yet in service are subject to construction and launch related risks.

Satellite construction and launch are subject to significant risks, including delays, launch failure and incorrect orbital placement. Launch failures result in significant delays in the deployment of satellites because of the need both to construct replacement satellites and to obtain other launch opportunities. Construction and launch delays could materially and adversely affect our ability to generate revenues.

Satellite Failures or Degradations in Satellite Performance for our Partners Could Affect Our Business, Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

While we do not own and operate our own satellites, because we are a value-added reseller of bandwidth on our partners’ satellites, it is critical to note the general risks related to satellites, which are faced by our partners. Satellites utilize highly complex technology, operate in the harsh environment of space and are subject to significant operational risks while in orbit. These risks include malfunctions (commonly referred to as anomalies), such as malfunctions in the deployment of subsystems and/or components, interference from electrostatic storms, and collisions with meteoroids, decommissioned spacecraft or other space debris. Anomalies can occur as a result of various factors, including satellite manufacturer error, problems with the power or control sub-system of a satellite or general failures caused by the harsh space environment.

Our partners’ satellites have experienced various anomalies in the past and we will likely experience anomalies in the future. Any single anomaly or other operational failure or degradation on the satellites we use could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Anomalies may also reduce the expected useful life of a satellite, thereby creating additional expense due to the need to provide replacement or backup capacity, which may not be available on reasonable economic terms, a reasonable schedule or at all. In addition, anomalies may cause a reduction of the revenues generated by the applicable satellite or the recognition of an impairment loss, and could lead to claims from third parties for damages. Finally, anomalies may adversely affect our ability to insure our satellites at commercially reasonable premiums or terms, if at all. While some anomalies are covered by insurance policies, others may not be covered or may be subject to large deductibles. Although our partners’ satellites typically have redundant or backup systems and components that operate in the event of an anomaly, operational failure or degradation of primary critical components, these redundant or backup systems and components are subject to risk of failure similar to those experienced by the primary systems and components. The occurrence of a failure of any of these redundant or backup systems and components could materially impair the useful life, capacity, coverage or operational capabilities of the satellite.

Our Partners’ Satellites Have a Finite Useful Life, and Their Actual Operational Life May Be Shorter than Their Design Life.

Our ability to earn revenues from integrating and reselling our partners’ satellite services depends on the continued operation of the satellites they own and operate or use. Each satellite has a limited useful life, referred to as its design life. There can be no assurance as to the actual operational life of a satellite, which may be shorter than its design life. A number of factors affect the useful lives of the satellites, including the quality of design and construction, durability of component parts and back-up units, the ability to continue to maintain proper orbit and control over the satellite’s functions, the efficiency of the launch vehicle used, consumption of on-board fuel, degradation and durability of solar panels, the actual space environment experienced and the occurrence of anomalies or other in-orbit risks affecting the satellite. In addition, continued improvements in satellite technology may make satellites obsolete prior to the end of their operational life.

Our Partners’ New or Proposed Satellites are Subject to Significant Risks Related to Construction and Launch that Could Limit Our Ability to Utilize these Satellites.

Satellite construction and launch are subject to significant risks, including construction delays, manufacturer error, cost overruns, regulatory conditions or delays, unavailability of launch opportunities, launch failure, damage or destruction during launch, and improper orbital placement, any of which could result in significant additional costs or materially impair the useful life, capacity, coverage, or operational capabilities of a satellite. The technologies incorporated into our partners’ satellite systems are highly complex, and there can be no assurance that such technologies will perform as expected or that our partners will realize all anticipated benefits. The identification of construction-related issues, deployment anomalies, and operational challenges is not uncommon within the satellite industry. In addition, our satellite partners have experienced delays in satellite construction, deployment, and launch schedules resulting from supply chain disruptions, pandemic-related impacts, launch scheduling constraints, adverse weather conditions, and other factors beyond their control. If satellite construction schedules are not met or other events prevent a satellite from being launched on schedule, a suitable launch opportunity may not be available when the satellite is ready for launch.

In addition, delays in construction or launch could impact our partners’ ability to meet milestone conditions in their satellite authorizations and/or to maintain the rights they may enjoy under various ITU or FCC filings, which in turn could impact our own business, to the extent that we are reliant on certain satellites being in operation to deliver and resell services to our customers. A launch failure may result in significant delays because of the need both to construct a replacement satellite and to obtain other launch opportunities. The overall historical loss rate in the satellite industry for all launches of commercial satellites in fixed orbits in the last five years is estimated by some industry participants to be close to 0% but could at any time be higher. Launch vehicles may also underperform, in which case the satellite may still be able to be placed into service by using its onboard propulsion systems to reach the desired orbital location, but this would cause a reduction in its useful life. Moreover, even if launch is successful, there can be no assurance that the satellite will successfully reach its geostationary orbital slot and pass in-orbit testing prior to transfer of control of the satellite to its operator. The failure to implement a satellite deployment plan on schedule could have a material adverse effect on our partners’—and by extension our own—business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our Partners’ Potential Satellite Losses May Not Be Fully Covered By Insurance, or at All

Our partners may not be able to obtain or renew pre-launch, launch or in-orbit insurance for their satellites on reasonable economic terms or at all. A failure by our partners to obtain or renew their satellite insurance may also result in a default under their debt instruments. In addition, the occurrence of anomalies on other satellites, or failures of a satellite using similar components or failures of a similar launch vehicle to any launch vehicle our partners intend to use, may materially adversely affect our partners’ ability to insure their satellites at commercially reasonable premiums or terms, if at all. The policies covering our partners insured satellites will not cover the full cost of constructing and launching or replacing a satellite nor fully cover our losses in the event of a satellite failure or significant degradation.

Moreover, such policies do not cover lost profits, business interruptions, fixed operating expenses, loss of business or similar losses, including contractual payments that our partners may be required to make under their agreements with their customers, including ourselves, for interruptions or degradations in service. Our partners’ insurance typically contains customary exclusions, material change and other conditions that could limit recovery under those policies, and may contain exclusions for past satellite anomalies. Further, any insurance proceeds may not be received on a timely basis in order to launch a replacement satellite or take other remedial measures. In addition, the policies are subject to limitations involving uninsured losses, large satellite performance deductibles and policy limits. To the extent that these risks weaken our satellite partners and negatively impact their business and financial position, our own business and financial position may similarly be impacted by extension.

Our future airline industry business may be affected by factors beyond the airlines’ control. The airline industry is highly competitive and sensitive to changing economic conditions.

Our planned commercial aviation connectivity business is directly affected by the number of passengers flying on commercial aircraft, the financial condition of the airlines and other economic factors. If consumer demand for air travel declines, including due to increased use of technology such as videoconferencing for business travelers, or the number of aircraft and flights shrinks due to, among other reasons, another pandemic, reduction in capacity by airlines, the number of passengers available to use our service will be reduced, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Unfavorable general economic conditions and other events that are beyond the airlines’ control, including higher unemployment rates, higher interest rates, reduced stock prices, reduced consumer and business spending, terrorist attacks or threats and pandemics could have a material adverse effect on the airline industry.

A general reduction or shift in discretionary spending can result in decreased demand for leisure and business travel and lead to a reduction in airline flights offered and the number of passengers flying. Further, unfavorable economic conditions could also limit airlines’ ability to counteract increased fuel, labor or other costs though raised prices. Our airline partners operate in a highly competitive business market and, as a result, continue to face pressure on offerings and pricing. These unfavorable conditions and the competitiveness of the air travel industry could cause one or more of our airline partners to reduce expenses on passenger services including deployment of our service or file for bankruptcy. Any of these events would have a material adverse effect on our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Limited satellite availability may delay or curtail our ability to develop our satellite backhaul business.

If the number of satellite launches is delayed or falls short of the current planned quantity, it will directly impact the adoption rate of satellite communication for mobile backhaul, which, in turn, will directly affect our planned backhaul business. The availability of an adequate number of satellites is crucial for establishing a robust satellite communication infrastructure to support mobile backhaul services. However, if the planned number of satellite launches is not met, it can limit the capacity and coverage capabilities of the satellite communication system. Insufficient satellite coverage may result in reduced availability of mobile backhaul services via satellite, impacting our ability to offer comprehensive solutions to customers. Furthermore, a lower adoption rate of satellite communication for mobile backhaul due to limited satellite availability may also affect our competitiveness in the market. Customers may turn to competitors offering alternative solutions or may delay their adoption of mobile backhaul services altogether.

Our planned CDN business will be subject to certain industry-specific risks that may affect our operations and financial performance.

The Company’s CDN business will be subject to certain industry-specific risks that may affect our operations and financial performance. These risks include:

Technology Changes: The content delivery industry evolves rapidly, and we need to keep up with technological advancements to remain competitive. Failure to stay current could result in losing market share to more advanced solutions.

Market Competition: The content delivery market is highly competitive, with numerous providers offering similar services. We must differentiate ourselves, handle price pressures, and scale effectively to maintain a competitive edge.

Network Performance: Our success depends on delivering high-performance content delivery services. Network limitations, such as bandwidth constraints or insufficient server capacity, could lead to slower delivery and service disruptions.

Security and Data Privacy: Protecting customer data and content is crucial. Security breaches or data leaks could damage our reputation and result in legal consequences. Compliance with data protection regulations and robust security measures are necessary.

Dependency on ISPs: We rely on the cooperation of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) for efficient content delivery. Conflicts or disruptions with ISPs may impact service quality and availability.

Intellectual Property Infringement: Unauthorized distribution of copyrighted content could lead to legal claims and reputational damage. Implementing content monitoring mechanisms and complying with intellectual property laws are important.

Regulatory Environment: Regulatory changes related to net neutrality, data protection, and copyright regulations may affect our operations and revenue streams. Adapting to evolving regulations is necessary for compliance.

Monitoring these risks and implementing proactive measures is essential. Adapting to market dynamics, investing in technology, and prioritizing customer satisfaction will help us maintain a strong position in the competitive content delivery landscape.

Air traffic congestion at airports, air traffic control inefficiencies, weather conditions, such as hurricanes or blizzards, increased security measures, new travel-related taxes, the outbreak of disease or any other similar event could harm the airline industry.

Airlines are subject to cancellations or delays caused by factors beyond their control. Cancellations or delays due to weather conditions or natural disasters, air traffic control problems, breaches in security or other factors could reduce the number of passengers on commercial flights and thereby reduce demand for the services provided by us and our products and services and harm our businesses, results of operations and financial condition.

Our Defense Business Requires Compliance with Myriad Regulations and Introduces Requirements on our Operations.

For certain potential classified programs which we aim to support in the future, we may need special security clearances to work on and advance certain of our potential programs and potential contracts with U.S. and foreign governments. Classified programs generally will require that we comply with various Executive Orders, federal laws and regulations, as well as customer security requirements, that may include restrictions on how we develop, store, protect and share information, and may require our employees to obtain government clearances.

In addition, we are subject to industry-specific regulations due to the nature of the products and services we provide. For example, certain aspects of our business are subject to further regulation by additional U.S. government authorities, or their foreign government counterparts abroad, including (i) the Federal Aviation Administration, which regulates airspace for all air vehicles in the U.S. National Airspace System, (ii) the National Telecommunications and Information Administration and the Federal Communications Commission, which regulate the wireless communications upon which our potential customers manned and unmanned platforms depend in the United States and (iii) the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC) at the U.S. Department of State that administers the International Traffic in Arms Regulations, which regulate manufacturing, exporting or temporarily importing defense articles, or furnishing defense services.

In addition, the export, reexport and transfer of certain of our potential products and technology may require the issuance of a license by the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) at the U.S. Department of Commerce under the Export Control Reform Act, and its implementing regulations, the Export Administration Regulations (EAR). Some of our potential products may require the issuance of a license by DDTC, which licenses can be more difficult to obtain than BIS licenses. As our research and development and customer base continue to evolve, the requirements on our business and on our employees to comply with these regulations may increase.

Our Technologies may Be Subject to Export Control Regulations, which May Limit or Restrict the Universe of Potential Investors and Acquirers of our Common Stock, which May Impact the Performance of our Share Price.

The nature of the work we do for the federal government may also limit the parties who may invest in or acquire us. For instance, export control laws may keep us from providing potential foreign acquirers with a review of the technical data they would be acquiring. In addition, there are special requirements for foreign parties who wish to buy or acquire certain rights with respect to companies that undertake activities that present potential national security concerns, including those related to controlled technology and/or U.S. government contracts. There may need to be a review of foreign investment by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) under the Defense Production Act and the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act, which could result in mitigation measures imposed on the company or prohibitions against certain investments in the company by foreign parties.

Finally, the government may require a prospective foreign owner to agree to certain limitations on its ownership, control and/or influence over the company, including by establishing intermediaries to manage and control that part of the company that does classified work. These limitations may make such an acquisition less appealing to such potential acquirers.

Risks Relating to our Technology

Our Success Depends on the Investment in and Development of New Broadband Technologies and Advanced Communications and Secure Networking Systems, Products and Services, as well as their Market Acceptance.

Broadband, advanced communications and secure networking markets are subject to rapid technological change, frequent new and enhanced product and service introductions, product obsolescence and changes in user requirements. Our ability to compete successfully in these markets depends on our success in applying our expertise and technology to existing and emerging broadband, advanced communications and secure networking markets, as well as our ability to successfully develop, introduce and sell new products and services on a timely and cost-effective basis that respond to ever-changing customer requirements, which depends on numerous factors, including our ability to: continue to develop market-leading satellite technologies (including high-capacity universal terminals and associated ground networks); continue to increase universal terminal performance, bandwidth cost-efficiencies and service quality; develop and introduce competitive products, services and technologies with innovative features that differentiate our offerings from those of our competitors; successfully integrate our complex technologies and system architectures with those of our partners; and implement design, manufacturing and assembly innovations and cost reduction efforts. We cannot assure you that our new technology, product or service offerings will be successful or that any of our offerings will achieve market acceptance.

Many of these risks are amplified in new and emerging markets where we do not currently operate or have limited operations, but which present opportunities for international expansion, alongside our satellite partners. The time from conception through product launch for a new universal terminal design may be two years or longer, thereby delaying our ability to realize the benefits of our investments in new universal terminal designs and technologies. We may experience difficulties that could delay or prevent us from successfully selecting, developing, manufacturing or marketing new technologies, products or services, which could increase costs and divert our attention and resources from other projects.

We cannot be sure that our efforts and expenditures will ultimately lead to the timely development of new offerings and technologies. In addition, defects may be found in our products after we begin deliveries that could degrade service quality, or result in the delay or loss of market acceptance. If we are unable to design, manufacture, integrate and market profitable new products and services for existing or emerging markets, it could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations, and impair the value of our common stock.

In addition, we believe that significant investments by our partners into next-generation broadband satellites and associated infrastructure will continue to be required as demand for broadband services and satellite systems with higher capacity and higher speed continues to grow. The development of these capital-intensive next-generation systems may require our partners to undertake debt financing and/or the issuance of additional equity, which could expose our partners to increased risks, which could be passed along to our customers as price increases, which could impair our margins and therefore could impair the value of our common stock. In addition, if we are unable to effectively or profitably design, manufacture, integrate and market such next-generation technologies, it could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations, and impair the value of our common stock.

Because Our Products Are Complex and Are Deployed in Complex Environments, Our Products May Have Defects that We Discover Only After Full Deployment, which Could Seriously Harm Our Business

We produce highly complex products that incorporate leading-edge technology, including both hardware and software. Software typically contains defects or programming flaws that can unexpectedly interfere with expected operations. In addition, our products are complex and are designed to be deployed across complex networks, which one day may include over a million users. Because of the nature of these products, there is no assurance that our pre-shipment testing programs will be adequate to detect all defects. As a result, our customers may discover errors or defects in our hardware or software, or our products may not operate as expected after they have been fully deployed.

If we are unable to cure a product defect, we could experience damage to our reputation, reduced customer satisfaction, loss of existing customers and failure to attract new customers, failure to achieve market acceptance, cancellation of orders, loss of revenues, reduction in backlog and market share, increased service and warranty costs, diversion of development resources, legal actions by our customers, product returns or recalls, issuance of credit to customers and increased insurance costs. Further, due to the high-volume nature of the satellite broadband business, defects of products used in this business in the future could significantly increase these risks. Defects, integration issues or other performance problems in our products could also result in financial or other damage to our customers.

Our future customers could seek damages for related losses from us, which could seriously harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. A product liability claim brought against us, even if unsuccessful, would likely be time consuming and costly. The occurrence of any of these problems would seriously harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We could be adversely affected if we suffer service interruptions or delays, technology failures or damage to our equipment.

Our reputation and ability to attract, retain and serve our future customers will depend upon the reliable performance of our satellite transponder capacity, network infrastructure and connectivity system. We may experience service interruptions, service delays or technology or systems failures in the future, which may be due to factors beyond our control. If we experience frequent system or network failures, our reputation could be harmed, and our future airline customers may have the right to terminate their contracts with us or pursue other remedies.

Our operations and services will depend upon the extent to which our equipment and the equipment of our third-party network providers is protected against damage from fire, flood, earthquakes, power loss, solar flares, telecommunication failures, computer viruses, break-ins, acts of war or terrorism and similar events. Damage to our networks could cause interruptions in the services that we will provide, which could have a material adverse effect on service revenue, our reputation and our ability to attract or retain customers.

We rely on service providers for certain critical components of and services relating to our satellite connectivity network.

We design our proprietary phased array antenna and ICs and currently source from third parties key portions of the manufacturing process of our hardware, including the IC foundry, glass-based antenna fabrication, mobile backhaul system assembly and key aspects of our connectivity services, including all of our current satellite transponder services from SES. If we experience a disruption in the delivery of products and services from either of these providers, it may be difficult for us to continue providing our own products and services to our customers. We have experienced component delivery issues in the past and there can be no assurance that we will avoid similar issues in the future.

We will rely on third-party service providers for critical components and services essential to our planned CDN business. Currently, we depend on these providers for key hardware components and connectivity services. Any disruption in their product delivery or service provision could impact our ability to deliver our own products and services to customers. Past experiences with component delivery issues highlight the potential for similar challenges in the future. Moreover, if we were to lose exclusive access to a hardware provider, our competitive advantage in satellite-based connectivity could be compromised, posing a material risk to our business and operations.

Cybersecurity breaches could disrupt our operations, expose us to liability, damage our reputation, and require us to incur significant costs or otherwise adversely affect our financial results.

We are highly dependent on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet and third-party systems, to securely process, transmit and store electronic information, including personal information of our customers. We also retain sensitive data, including intellectual property, proprietary business information, personally identifiable information, credit card information, and usage data of our employees and customers on our computer networks and those of third parties. Although we take certain protective measures and endeavor to modify them as we believe circumstances warrant, invasive technologies and techniques continue to evolve rapidly, and increasingly sophisticated hacking organizations are targeting business systems. As a result, the computer systems, software and networks that we use are vulnerable to disruption, shutdown, unauthorized access, misuse, erasure, alteration, employee error, phishing, computer viruses, ransomware or other malicious code, and other events that could have a material security impact.

The protective measures on which we rely may be inadequate to prevent or detect all material cybersecurity breaches or determine the extent of any material breach, and there can be no assurance that material undetected breaches have not already occurred. If any material cybersecurity event were to occur, it could disrupt our operations, distract our management, cause us to lose existing customers and fail to attract new customers, as well as subject us to regulatory actions, litigation, fines, damage to our reputation or competitive position, or orders or decrees requiring us to modify our business practices, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Risks Relating to Intellectual Property

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights.

We regard our trademarks, service marks, copyrights, patents, trade secrets, proprietary technologies, domain names and similar intellectual property as important to our success. We rely on trademark, copyright and patent law, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements with our employees, vendors, airline customers, customers and others to protect our proprietary rights. Many of the trademarks that we use contain words or terms having a somewhat common usage and, as a result, we may have difficulty registering them in certain jurisdictions. We have not yet obtained registrations for our most important marks in all markets in which we may do business in the future, including countries in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and the US. If other companies have registered or have been using in commerce similar trademarks for services similar to ours in foreign jurisdictions, we may have difficulty in registering, or enforcing an exclusive right to use, our marks in those foreign jurisdictions.

There can be no assurance that our efforts to protect our proprietary rights will be sufficient or effective, that any pending or future patent and trademark applications will lead to issued patents and registered trademarks in all instances, that others will not develop or patent similar or superior technologies, products or services, or that our patents, trademarks and other intellectual property in the future will not be challenged, invalidated, misappropriated or infringed by others. Additionally, the intellectual property laws and enforcement practices of other countries in which our service is or may in the future be offered may not protect our products and intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property from unauthorized use, our brand image may be harmed, and our business and results of operations may suffer.

Disclosure of trade secrets could cause harm to our business.

We attempt to protect our trade secrets by entering into confidentiality and intellectual property assignment agreements with third parties, our employees and consultants. However, these agreements can be breached and, if they are, there may not be an adequate remedy available to us. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets and proprietary information, and in such cases, we could not assert any trade secret rights against such party. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally obtained and is using our trade secret is difficult, expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, our competitors could market services or products similar to our services and products, which could reduce demand for our offerings. Any litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, protect our trade secrets or determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources, with no assurance of success.

Assertions by third parties of infringement, misappropriation or other violation by us of their intellectual property rights could result in significant costs and substantially harm our business and operating results.

In recent years, there has been significant litigation involving intellectual property rights in many technology-based industries, including the wireless communications industry. Any infringement, misappropriation or related claims, whether or not meritorious, is time-consuming, diverts technical and management personnel and is costly to resolve. As a result of any such dispute, we may have to develop non-infringing technology, pay damages, enter into royalty or licensing agreements, cease providing certain products or services or take other actions to resolve the claims. These actions, if required, may be costly or unavailable on terms acceptable to us. Certain of our suppliers do not provide indemnity to us for the use of the products and services that these providers supply to us.

At the same time, we generally offer third-party intellectual property infringement indemnity to our customers which, in some cases, does not cap our indemnity obligations and thus could render us liable for both defense costs and judgments. Any of these events could result in increases in operating expenses, limit our service offerings or result in a loss of business if we are unable to meet our indemnification obligations and our airline customers terminate or fail to renew their contracts.

Our Ability to Protect Our Proprietary Technology Is Limited

Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to protect our proprietary rights to the technologies we use in our products and services. In the future, we will rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secret laws and contractual rights to protect our proprietary rights. We also enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and corporate partners, and control access to and distribution of our proprietary information. Despite our efforts, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or obtain and use our proprietary information. If we are unable to protect our proprietary rights adequately, our competitors could use the intellectual property we developed to enhance their own products and services, which could materially harm our business and impair the value of our common stock. Monitoring and preventing unauthorized use of our technology is difficult. Misappropriation by competitors may not be readily detectable.

From time to time, we may undertake actions to prevent unauthorized use of our technology, including sending cease and desist letters. In addition, we may be required to commence litigation to protect our intellectual property rights or to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. If we are unsuccessful in any such litigation in the future, our rights to enforce such intellectual property may be impaired or we could lose our rights to such intellectual property. We do not know whether the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use of our technology, including in foreign countries where the laws may not protect our proprietary rights as extensively as in the United States. If we are unable to protect our proprietary rights, we may find ourselves at a competitive disadvantage to others who need not incur the substantial expense, time and effort required to create the innovative products.

Our Involvement in Litigation Relating to Intellectual Property Claims May Have a Material Adverse Effect on Our Business

In the future, we may be party to intellectual property infringement, invalidity, right to use or ownership claims by third parties, or claims for indemnification from customers and business partners resulting from infringement claims. Regardless of the merit of these claims, intellectual property litigation can be time consuming and costly and may result in the diversion of the attention of technical and management personnel. An adverse result in any litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Asserted claims or initiated litigation can include claims against us or our manufacturers, suppliers or customers alleging infringement of their proprietary rights with respect to our existing or future products, or components of those products. If our products are found to infringe or violate the intellectual property rights of third parties, we may be forced to (1) seek licenses or royalty arrangements from such third parties, (2) stop selling, incorporating or using products that included the challenged intellectual property, or (3) incur substantial costs to redesign those products that use the technology. We cannot assure you that we would be able to obtain any such licenses or royalty arrangements on reasonable terms or at all or to develop redesigned products or, if these redesigned products were developed, they would perform as required or be accepted in the applicable markets.

Our use of open-source software could limit our ability to commercialize our technology.

Open-source software is widely and freely available to the public in human-readable source code form, usually with liberal rights to modify and improve such software. Some open-source licenses require as a condition of use that proprietary software that is combined with licensed open-source software and distributed must be released to the public in source code form and under the terms of the open-source license. Accordingly, depending on the manner in which such licenses were interpreted and applied to software code that combines proprietary ad open source software and source code, we could face restrictions on our ability to commercialize certain of our products and we could be required to (i) release the source code of certain of our proprietary software to the public, including competitors; (ii) seek licenses from third parties for replacement software; and/or (iii) re-engineer our software in order to continue offering our products. Such consequences could materially adversely affect our business.

The laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary technology to the same extent as the laws of the United States, which could increase the likelihood of misappropriation.

Any misappropriation of our technology could seriously harm our competitive position, which could lead to a substantial reduction in net sales. If we resort to legal proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights, the proceedings could be burdensome, disruptive and expensive. The proceedings could distract the attention of management, and we may not prevail. Claims by others that we infringe their intellectual property rights could harm our business and financial condition. Our industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and frequent claims and related litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. We cannot be certain that our products and services do not and will not infringe issued patents, patents that may be issued in the future, or other intellectual property rights of others.

Risks Relating to Ownership of our Common Stock

Our common stock is quoted on the OTC Pink Market, which may have an unfavorable impact on our stock price and liquidity.

Our common stock is quoted on the OTC Pink Market. The OTC Pink Market is a significantly more limited market than the New York Stock Exchange or the Nasdaq Stock Market. The quotation of our shares on the OTC Pink Market may result in a less liquid market available for existing and potential stockholders to trade shares of our common stock, could depress the trading price of our common stock and could have a long-term adverse impact on our ability to raise capital in the future.

Our common stock is quoted on the Professional Segment of the regulated market of Euronext Paris, which may have an unfavorable impact on our stock price and liquidity.

Since July 23, 2019, our common stock has also been listed on the Professional Segment of the regulated market of Euronext Paris under the symbol “AKOM”. The Professional Segment of the regulated market of Euronext Paris is a significantly more limited market than the regulated market of Euronext Paris (Compartment A, B or C). The quotation of our shares on the Professional Segment of the regulated market of Euronext Paris may result in a less liquid market available for existing and potential stockholders to trade shares of our common stock, could depress the trading price of our common stock and could have a long-term adverse impact on our ability to raise capital in the future.

Our common stock may be subject to significant price volatility which may have an adverse effect on your ability to liquidate your investment in our common stock.

The market for our common stock may be characterized by significant price volatility when compared to seasoned issuers, and we expect that our share price will be more volatile than a seasoned issuer for the indefinite future. The potential volatility in our share price is attributable to a number of factors. First, our shares of common stock are currently sporadically and/or thinly traded. As a consequence of this lack of liquidity, the trading of relatively small quantities of shares by our stockholders may disproportionately influence the price of those shares in either direction. The price for our shares could, for example, decline precipitously in the event that a large number of our shares of common stock are sold on the market without commensurate demand, as compared to a seasoned issuer that could better absorb those sales without adverse impact on its share price.

Secondly, an investment in us is a speculative or “risky” investment due to our lack of meaningful profits to date and uncertainty of future profits. As a consequence of this enhanced risk, more risk-adverse investors may, under the fear of losing all or most of their investment in the event of negative news or lack of progress, be more inclined to sell their shares on the market more quickly and at greater discounts than would be the case with the stock of a seasoned issuer.

We cannot predict the extent to which an active public trading market for our common stock will develop or be sustained. If an active public trading market does not develop or cannot be sustained, you may be unable to liquidate your investment in our common stock.

At present, there is minimal public trading in our common stock. We cannot predict the extent to which an active public market for our common stock will develop or be sustained due to a number of factors, including the fact that we are a small company that is relatively unknown to stock analysts, stock brokers, institutional investors, and others in the investment community that generate or influence sales volume, and that even if we came to the attention of such persons, they tend to be risk-averse and would be reluctant to follow an unproven company such as ours or purchase or recommend the purchase of our shares of common stock until such time as we became more seasoned and viable.

As a consequence, there may be periods of several days or more when trading activity in our shares is minimal or non-existent, as compared to a seasoned issuer which has a large and steady volume of trading activity that will generally support continuous sales without an adverse effect on share price. We cannot give you any assurance that an active public trading market for our common stock will develop or be sustained. If such a market cannot be sustained, you may be unable to liquidate your investment in our common stock.

We are subject to penny stock regulations and restrictions, and you may have difficulty selling shares of our common stock.

The SEC has adopted regulations which generally define so-called “penny stocks” to be an equity security that has a market price less than $5.00 per share or an exercise price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exemptions. Our common stock is currently a “penny stock” and is subject to Rule 15g-9 under the Exchange Act, or the Penny Stock Rule. This rule imposes additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers that sell such securities to persons other than established customers and “accredited investors” (generally, individuals with a net worth in excess of $1,000,000 or annual incomes exceeding $200,000, or $300,000 together with their spouses). For transactions covered by Rule 15g-9, a broker-dealer must make a special suitability determination for the purchaser and have received the purchaser’s written consent to the transaction prior to sale.

For any transaction involving a penny stock, unless exempt, the rules require delivery, prior to any transaction in penny stock, of a disclosure schedule prepared by the SEC relating to the penny stock market. Disclosure is also required to be made about sales commissions payable to both the broker-dealer and the registered representative and current quotations for the securities. Finally, monthly statements are required to be sent disclosing recent price information for the penny stock held in the account and information on the limited market in penny stock.

There can be no assurance that our common stock will be able to qualify for exemption from the Penny Stock Rule in the future now that our stock price has dropped below the point where we became subject to the Penny Stock Rule. This rule could affect the ability of broker-dealers to sell our securities and affect the ability of purchasers to sell any of our securities in the secondary market, thus possibly making it more difficult for us to raise additional capital in the future. Additionally, now that our common stock is subject to the Penny Stock Rule, we are subject to Section 15(b)(6) of the Exchange Act, which gives the SEC the authority to restrict any person from participating in a distribution of penny stock, if the SEC finds that such a restriction would be in the public interest.

Our board of directors has broad discretion to issue additional securities and any such issuance may cause substantial dilution to our stockholders.

We are entitled under our articles of incorporation to issue up to 90,000,000 shares of common stock and 50,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock, although these amounts may change in the future subject to stockholder approval. Shares of our blank check preferred stock provide our board of directors with broad authority to determine voting, dividend, conversion, and other rights. As of the date of this annual report, we have issued and outstanding 19,653,886 shares of common stock, no shares of preferred stock, and we have 6,083,929 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under our 2017 and 2023 Equity Incentive Plans, of which 289,397 shares remain available for issuance. As of December 31, 2024, we had no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding. Accordingly, at the date of this annual report, we could issue up to 430,361,151 additional shares of common stock (including shares reserved under our 2017 Equity Incentive Plan) and 50,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock.

Any additional stock issuances could be made at a price that reflects a discount or premium to the then-current market price of our common stock. In addition, in order to raise capital, we may need to issue securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for a significant amount of our common stock. Our board may generally issue those common and preferred shares, or convertible securities to purchase those shares, without further approval by our stockholders. Any preferred shares we may issue could have such rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions as may be designated from time-to-time by our board, including preferential dividend rights, voting rights, conversion rights, redemption rights and liquidation provisions. We may also issue additional securities to our directors, officers, employees and consultants as compensatory grants in connection with their services, both in the form of stand-alone grants or under our stock incentive plans. The issuance of additional securities may cause substantial dilution to our stockholders.

Our articles of incorporation, bylaws and Nevada law have anti-takeover provisions that could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control, which may cause our stock price to decline.

Our articles of incorporation, bylaws and Nevada law contain provisions which could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if closing such a transaction would be beneficial to our stockholders. We are currently authorized to issue up to 50,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock. This preferred stock may be issued in one or more series, the terms of which may be determined at the time of issuance by our board of directors without further action by stockholders. The terms of any series of preferred stock may include voting rights (including the right to vote as a series on particular matters), preferences as to dividend, liquidation, conversion and redemption rights and sinking fund provisions. No shares of our preferred stock are currently outstanding. The issuance of any preferred stock could materially adversely affect the rights of the holders of our common stock, and therefore, reduce the value of our common stock. In particular, specific rights granted to future holders of preferred stock could be used to restrict our ability to merge with, or sell our assets to, a third party and thereby preserve control by current management.

Provisions of our articles of incorporation, bylaws and Nevada law also could have the effect of discouraging potential acquisition proposals or making a tender offer or delaying or preventing a change in control, including changes a stockholder might consider favorable. Such provisions may also prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our management. In particular, our articles of incorporation, our bylaws and Nevada law, as applicable, among other things, provide our board of directors with the ability to alter our bylaws without stockholder approval, and provide that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled by a majority of directors in office, although less than a quorum.

Adverse Resolution of Litigation May Harm Our Operating Results or Financial Condition.

We are not currently party to any lawsuits or claims, but it is possible that they may arise in the normal course of our business. Moreover, significant transactions like the MESHUB Transaction are frequently subject to litigation or other legal proceedings, including actions alleging that our board of directors breached their fiduciary duties to our stockholders by entering into the transaction. Litigation can be expensive, lengthy and disruptive to normal business operations, including through the possible diversion of company resources or distraction of key personnel. Moreover, the results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict. An unfavorable resolution of a particular lawsuit, as well as the costs and efforts of a defense even if successful, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

General Risk Factors

We will likely need additional financing to execute our business plan or new initiatives, which we may not be able to secure on acceptable terms, or at all.

We will require additional financing in the near and long term to fully execute our business plan. Our success may depend on our ability to raise such additional financing on reasonable terms and on a timely basis. Conditions in the economy and the financial markets may make it more difficult for us to obtain necessary additional capital or financing on acceptable terms, or at all. If we cannot secure sufficient additional financing, we may be forced to forego strategic opportunities or delay, scale back or eliminate additional service deployment, operations and investments or employ internal cost savings measures. Furthermore, we will be forced to take some or all of these measures if we do not raise sufficient funds in our public offering, the successful completion of which we cannot guarantee.

We face limitations on our ability to grow our operations which could harm our operating results and financial condition.

Our addressable market and our ability to expand in our operating region is inherently limited by various factors, including limitations on the number of commercial airlines with which we could partner, the number of planes in which our equipment can be installed, the passenger capacity within each plane and the ability of our network infrastructure or bandwidth to accommodate increasing capacity demands. Future expansion is also limited by our ability to develop new technologies on a timely and cost-effective basis, as well as our ability to mitigate network capacity constraints through, among other things, the expansion of our satellite coverage area. Our future growth may slow, or once we begin selling products and services to our customers, we may stop growing altogether, to the extent that we have exhausted all potential airline partners and as we approach installation on full fleets and maximum penetration rates on all flights. To grow our future revenue, we will have to rely on customer and airline partner adoption of currently available and new or developing services and additional offerings. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain a market presence or establish new markets and, if we fail to do so, our business and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Furthermore, our ability to develop and deploy new technologies in a timely and cost-effective manner is crucial for future expansion. If we encounter challenges in technological advancements or fail to keep pace with market demands, our growth prospects could be significantly affected. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to overcome these limitations and successfully expand our business. Failure to achieve market presence or establish new markets could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial performance.

Our revenues, results of operations, and financial condition may be negatively impacted by continued economic uncertainty, geopolitical tensions, and shifts in government policy.

Global economic and political conditions remain complex and dynamic, with many regions facing continued uncertainty due to factors such as slowing economic growth, inflationary pressures, rising interest rates, and evolving trade dynamics. Geopolitical events—including the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine—have introduced additional volatility into the global economy. While the broader impact of the war remains difficult to predict, its continuation has contributed to disruptions in energy markets, supply chain logistics, and transportation routes, all of which may affect our cost structure and operational timelines.

In the United States, recent policy initiatives and regulatory shifts under the current administration of President Donald Trump may also have implications for cross-border trade, international partnerships, and the broader investment climate. The administration’s continued focus on domestic industry protection, adjustments to international agreements, and an evolving approach to foreign policy could reshape the regulatory environment in which we operate. Additionally, our business could be adversely impacted by factors such as constrained consumer and enterprise spending, political gridlock, changes in government funding priorities, labor shortages, or volatility in capital markets. While the intensity and duration of these risks vary across geographic regions and sectors, any prolonged period of macroeconomic or political instability may result in reduced demand for our products and services, delays in procurement decisions, and higher operational costs, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial performance.

Changes in U.S. trade policy, including changes to existing trade agreements and any resulting changes in international trade relations, may have a material adverse effect on us.

The U.S. may continue to alter its approach to international trade, which may impact existing bilateral or multi-lateral trade agreements and treaties with foreign countries. The U.S. has imposed tariffs on certain foreign goods and may increase tariffs or impose new ones, and certain foreign governments have retaliated and may continue to do so.

We derive the majority of our revenues from international sales, which makes us especially vulnerable to increased tariffs.

A substantial portion of our revenue is generated from international markets, exposing us to risks associated with global trade policies, tariffs, foreign currency fluctuations, and shifting geopolitical dynamics.

Recent trade and foreign policy measures under the administration of President Donald Trump have contributed to heightened uncertainty in global trade relations. The administration’s focus on strengthening domestic industries—through increased tariffs, tighter import regulations, and the revision or withdrawal from international trade agreements—may have lasting implications for global supply chains and market accessibility. These evolving policies, particularly those involving complex geopolitical relationships, may create additional regulatory and logistical challenges for companies operating internationally. As a result, we may face increased production and transportation costs, changes in market dynamics, and potential disruptions to the sourcing and delivery of goods and services across borders. Continued tension in international trade relations could adversely affect our ability to operate efficiently in certain regions and may have a material impact on our global business operations.

In addition, changes in foreign currency exchange rates could negatively affect our financial performance. We are particularly exposed to fluctuations involving the pound sterling and the euro. For instance, the U.S. dollar’s appreciation during 2022 reduced the value of our reported international revenue, while its depreciation during 2023 had the opposite effect. These currency shifts not only impact our reported earnings and asset values but also affect intercompany obligations, such as loans, which can result in significant foreign exchange gains or losses.

Many of our international sales are denominated in U.S. dollars. As the dollar strengthens, the relative cost of our offerings increases for customers using local currencies, which could reduce demand and hurt export sales. Meanwhile, the majority of our operating costs and financial obligations must be settled in U.S. dollars, which may further expose us to foreign exchange risk. As our global footprint expands and our financial obligations evolve, these currency impacts may become more pronounced. Although we may employ hedging strategies, there can be no assurance that such efforts will be effective in mitigating the adverse effects of currency fluctuations on our cash flow or profitability.

Adverse economic conditions may have a material adverse effect on our business.

Macro-economic challenges are capable of creating volatile and unpredictable environments for doing business. We cannot predict the nature, extent, timing or likelihood of any economic slowdown or the strength or sustainability of any economic recovery, worldwide, in the United States or in the industry. For many travelers, air travel and spending on in-flight internet access are discretionary purchases that they can eliminate in difficult economic times. Additionally, a weaker business environment may lead to a decrease in overall business travel, which is an important contributor to our service revenue. These conditions may make it more difficult or less likely for customers to purchase our equipment and services. If economic conditions in the United States or globally deteriorate further or do not show improvement, we may experience material adverse effects to our business, cash flow and results of operations.

Our operating results may fluctuate unpredictably and may cause us to fail to meet the expectations of investors, adversely affecting our stock price.

We operate in a highly dynamic industry, and our future quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly. Our future revenue and operating results may vary from quarter to quarter due to many factors, many of which are not within our control. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. Further, it is difficult to accurately forecast our revenue, margin and operating results, and if we fail to match our expected results or the results expected by financial analysts or investors, the future trading price of our common stock may be adversely affected. In addition, due to generally lower demand for business travel during the summer months and holiday periods, and leisure and other travel at other times during the year, our quarterly results may not be indicative of results for the full year. Due to these and other factors, quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our historical operating results should not be relied upon as accurate indicators of our future performance.

If our marketing and advertising efforts fail to generate revenue on a cost-effective basis, or if we are unable to manage our marketing and advertising expenses, it could harm our results of operations and growth.

Our future growth and profitability, as well as the maintenance and enhancement of our brands, will depend in large part on the effectiveness and efficiency of our future marketing and advertising expenditures. We plan to use a diverse mix of television, print, trade show, and online marketing and advertising programs to promote our business. Increases in the pricing of one or more of our marketing and advertising channels could increase our expenses or cause us to choose less expensive, but potentially less effective, marketing and advertising channels. In addition, to the extent we implement new marketing and advertising strategies, we may in the future have significantly higher expenses. We may in the future incur marketing and advertising expenses in advance of the time we anticipate recognizing revenue associated with such expenses, and our marketing and advertising expenses may not result in increased revenue or generate sufficient levels of brand awareness. If we are unable to maintain our marketing and advertising channels on cost-effective terms, our marketing and advertising expenses could increase substantially, our customer levels could be affected adversely, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may suffer.

Businesses or technologies we acquire could prove difficult to integrate, disrupt our ongoing business, dilute stockholder value or have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

As part of our business strategy, we may engage in acquisitions of businesses or technologies to augment our organic or internal growth. We do not have any relevant experience with integrating and managing acquired businesses or assets. Acquisitions involve challenges and risks in negotiation, execution, valuation and integration. Moreover, we may not be able to find suitable acquisition opportunities on terms that are acceptable to us. Even if successfully negotiated, closed and integrated, certain acquisitions may not advance our business strategy, may fall short of expected return-on-investment targets or may fail. Any future acquisition could involve numerous risks, including:

potential disruption of our ongoing business and distraction of management;

difficulty integrating the operations and products of the acquired business;

use of cash to fund the acquisition or for unanticipated expenses;

limited market experiences in new businesses;

exposure to unknown liabilities, including litigation against the companies we acquire;

additional costs due to differences in culture, geographical locations and duplication of key talent;

delays associated with or resources being devoted to regulatory review and approval;

acquisition-related accounting charges affecting our balance sheet and operations;

difficulty integrating the financial results of the acquired business in our consolidated financial statements;

controls in the acquired business;

potential impairment of goodwill;

dilution to our current stockholders from the issuance of equity securities; or

potential loss of key employees or customers of the acquired company.

In the event that we enter into any acquisition agreements, closing of the transactions could be delayed or prevented by regulatory approval requirements, including antitrust review, or other conditions. We may not be successful in addressing these risks or any other problems encountered in connection with any attempted acquisitions, and we could assume the economic risks of such failed or unsuccessful acquisitions.

We have never paid cash dividends on our stock and do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We have paid no cash dividends on any class of our stock to date and we do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the near future. For the foreseeable future, we intend to retain any earnings to finance the development and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock. Accordingly, investors must be prepared to rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation to earn an investment return, which may never occur. Investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our common stock. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our results of operations, financial condition, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors our board deems relevant.

Fulfilling our obligations incident to being a public company, including with respect to the requirements of and related rules under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, is expensive and time-consuming, and any delays or difficulties in satisfying these obligations could have a material adverse effect on our future results of operations and our stock price.

As a public company, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the related rules and regulations of the SEC require us to implement various corporate governance practices and adhere to a variety of reporting requirements and complex accounting rules. Compliance with these public company obligations requires us to devote significant time and resources and places significant additional demands on our finance and accounting staff and on our financial accounting and information systems. We plan to hire additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public reporting experience and technical accounting knowledge. Other expenses associated with being a public company include increased auditing, accounting and legal fees and expenses, investor relations expenses, increased directors’ fees and director and officer liability insurance costs, registrar and transfer agent fees and listing fees, as well as other expenses.

We are required under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to document and test the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, we are required under the Exchange Act to maintain disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. Any failure to maintain effective controls or implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. If we are unable to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements. This could result in a decrease in the value of our common stock. Failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 could potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities.

We may not be able to utilize all of our deferred tax assets.

We believe that we are likely to have sufficient taxable income in the future to fully realize our net deferred tax assets (consisting primarily of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, reserves and accruals that are not currently deductible for tax purposes). However, some or all of these deferred tax assets could expire unused if we are unable to generate sufficient taxable income in the future to take advantage of them or we enter into transactions that limit our right to use them.

If it became more likely than not that deferred tax assets would expire unused, we would have to increase our valuation allowance against deferred tax assets to reflect this fact, which could materially increase our income tax expense, and adversely affect our results of operations and tangible net worth in the period in which it is recorded. Moreover, our ability to utilize our net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards to offset future taxable income and reduce future cash tax liabilities would be negatively impacted if we were to experience an “ownership change,” as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code). In general terms, an “ownership change” can occur whenever the ownership of a company by one or more “5% shareholders” changes by more than 50 percentage points within a rolling three-year period. The determination of whether an ownership change has occurred for purposes of Section 382 of the Code is complex and requires significant judgment.

Moreover, the number of shares of our common stock outstanding at any time for purposes of Section 382 of the Code may differ from the number of shares that we report as outstanding in our filings with the SEC. In the event that an ownership change occurs, our ability to utilize our net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards would be negatively impacted, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, under Nevada law and in our convertible bonds may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control or prevent an acquisition of our business at a premium price.

Some of the provisions of our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws and Nevada law could discourage, delay or prevent an acquisition of our business, even if a change in control of Aerkomm would be beneficial to the interests of our stockholders and was made at a premium price. These provisions permit the board of directors to increase its own size and fill the resulting vacancies and to authorize the issuance of blank check preferred stock in one or more series. In addition, under the Indentures, if certain “change of control” events occur, each holder of Notes may require us to repurchase all of such holder’s Notes at a purchase price greater than 100% of the principal amount of such Notes. Additionally, our Credit Facilities provide for an event of default upon the occurrence of certain specified “change of control” events.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The following discussion and analysis was prepared to supplement information contained in the accompanying financial statements and is intended to explain certain items regarding the Company’s financial condition as of December 31, 2025, and its results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and result of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the notes thereto and the other financial information appearing elsewhere in this annual report. In addition to historical information, the following discussion contains certain forward-looking information. See “Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements” above for certain information concerning those forward-looking statements. Our financial statements are prepared in U.S. dollars and in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles.

Overview

Aerkomm Inc. is an advanced defense and aerospace communications company entering early-stage revenue generation, with products tailored for deployment in contested, infrastructure-limited, and multi-domain environments. Our platform integrates software-defined modems, multi-orbit satellite terminals, and over-the-horizon systems to support unmanned, autonomous, and ISR platforms. Our near-term commercial trajectory focuses on converting strategic defense engagements into long-term contracts, while leveraging dual-use technologies for commercial aviation and telecom markets.

Our platform is built on a carrier-neutral, software-defined architecture that enables seamless integration of satellite communications, over-the-horizon (OTH) radio and radar systems, terrestrial networks, and hybrid connectivity pathways. This multi-layered design supports interoperability, modular scalability, and persistent resiliency in dynamic and degraded operational environments.

Recent global events have heightened concerns over the vulnerability of subsea communications infrastructure. The persistent threat of submarine cable tampering or cutting – whether due to malign state actors or gray-zone conflict – has underscored the need for alternate, resilient communication pathways. As undersea cable route disruptions and targeting continue to grow, especially in critical regions such as the Indo-Pacific and Northern Europe, defense and civilian agencies are accelerating the adoption of space-based solutions. However, satellite density in high-traffic conflict zones is likely to become strained and contended during crisis events, placing additional emphasis on platforms that offer secure, intelligent, and adaptable terminal-level connectivity. Our technology addresses this challenge by offering dynamic, multi-orbit access and prioritization capabilities, enabling mission continuity even under contested or degraded satellite access conditions.

As part of our broader communications ecosystem, we have developed a carrier-neutral, software-defined platform that enables dynamic connectivity to the most appropriate satellite—regardless of orbit or operator. This architecture is built around a suite of multi-orbit antennas, including both proprietary and partner-developed systems. Among these is our advanced electronically steered antenna (ESA), which leverages a proprietary glass semiconductor substrate to deliver over 50% higher throughput per square inch than conventional designs. These antennas are engineered to operate seamlessly across GEO, MEO, and LEO networks, ensuring persistent, resilient performance in dynamic and contested environments.

These hardware components are tightly integrated with our software-defined, carrier-neutral modem, which supports real-time satellite selection, waveform agility, and military-grade security. The system is further enhanced by custom-developed RF chipsets, beamforming ASICs, and high-speed analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) currently in development. Together, this modular, end-to-end ecosystem delivers secure, high-throughput connectivity optimized for edge-deployed platforms, including unmanned systems, ISR aircraft, and other mission-critical assets operating in denied or infrastructure-limited environments.

Our value as a full systems integrator lies in our ability to bring together proprietary technologies and third-party components into cohesive, mission-ready solutions. Leveraging our software-defined architecture, we enable network-level virtualization, modular scalability, and rapid deployment across a wide spectrum of operational requirements. From unmanned platforms to manned defense systems, we deliver end-to-end communications and sensing capabilities that are tailored, adaptable, and operationally resilient, supporting the full spectrum of mission demands in multi-domain environments.

Complementing our communications suite, we offer advanced OTH radar systems that provide long-range surveillance, early warning, and persistent situational awareness across maritime and terrestrial domains. We have also successfully fielded a compact electronic warfare (EW) solution, an integrated ESM/ELINT system for UAVs, designed to detect, track, and analyze electromagnetic signals in real time to support tactical ISR missions and platform survivability.

We have also developed and partnered to support purpose-built communication modalities beyond satellite, including line-of-sight, obstructed line-of-sight, and over-the-horizon solutions. This multi-layered architecture ensures resilient, end-to-end connectivity across diverse operational theaters, providing redundancy, seamless network handoffs, and sustained communications in high-risk and rapidly evolving scenarios.

We operate under an asset-light model. While we do not own or manage satellite constellations, we maintain regional satellite licensing and act as a value-added reseller of satellite bandwidth. This enables cost-effective, scalable offerings and creates new revenue opportunities for both the Company and our satellite operator partners.

On April 27, 2023, we were awarded a regional satellite service spectrum usage permit, authorizing the provision of broadband satellite services across mobile backhaul, enterprise communications, maritime, aviation, and tactical defense markets. This regulatory achievement strengthens our role in critical communications infrastructure and resiliency programs, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region.

As a satellite service telecom provider in Japan and Taiwan, we are positioned not only as a hardware and systems integrator, but also as a value-added services provider. This expands our addressable markets and enhances our ability to support strategic communications infrastructure throughout the Indo-Pacific and beyond.

Our sales were $0 for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $1,342,931 for the year ended December 31, 2024. Our total revenue was $0 for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, which consisted of the sales of ground antenna and other equipment units of $1,294,202 to a related party, and service sales of $48,729 provided to others. These figures reflect ongoing investment in product development, regulatory positioning, and commercial readiness to support future growth and deployment at scale.

We remain committed to enabling a hyper-connected, secure, and adaptive user ecosystem. With a technology portfolio that spans satellite and over-the-horizon communications, radar sensing, electronic warfare, virtualized networking, and fully integrated platform deployment, we are well-positioned to address the complex and evolving demands of modern defense and commercial operations in multi-domain environments.

Key Trends and Uncertainties

The following key trends and uncertainties may materially impact our operational performance, financial condition, and long-term outlook:

U.S. defense appropriations uncertainty , due to recurring Continuing Resolutions, restricts new program starts and delays contract finalization .

Geopolitical instability in the Indo-Pacific region is increasing demand for resilient satellite and OTH communications but may delay procurement timelines.

Supply chain pressures in semiconductors and RF components continue to impact production scalability and lead times, and recently announced tariffs.

Early-stage commercialization : As we transition from development to revenue generation, our results will remain volatile, and timing of contract execution remains a critical variable.

U.S. Budget Environment

The U.S. Government continues to maintain the largest defense budget globally, and U.S. defense spending levels, along with the timing and structure of appropriations, may significantly influence our business prospects over the medium to long term. While we do not currently generate revenue from contracts funded by the U.S. Government, we are actively engaged in discussions with potential partners and customers regarding participation in programs that may be supported by U.S. Government defense funding. Our ability to enter into such programs may be affected by the availability, prioritization, and allocation of federal defense spending.

Then President Biden’s Fiscal Year (FY) 2025 budget request, released in March 2024, included $895 billion in total national defense funding, consistent with the spending caps established by the Fiscal Responsibility Act (FRA). Of this amount, $842 billion was designated for the Department of Defense (DoD) base budget. The Senate Appropriations Committee’s draft FY 2025 Defense Appropriations Bill proposed $852.2 billion in total funding, representing a $27.2 billion (3.3%) increase over FY 2024 enacted levels. This funding is intended to support modernization, readiness, force structure, and strategic deterrence objectives in alignment with the 2022 National Defense Strategy.

A key focus area within the DoD’s modernization strategy is the development and fielding of Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA) under the U.S. Air Force’s Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) initiative. The CCA program is expected to drive significant investment in unmanned aerial systems, autonomy, and resilient communications infrastructure. Since FY 2023, Congress has appropriated more than $1.7 billion for CCA-related research, development, and prototyping. The FY 2025 budget request includes an additional $559 million to continue CCA development efforts. According to recent U.S. Air Force estimates, procurement of at least 1,000 CCA units is anticipated over the coming decade, with early production beginning mid-to-late decade. These aircraft will require highly integrated, secure, and low-latency communications systems—particularly those that can perform in denied or contested electromagnetic environments—aligning directly with our core competencies in multi-orbit satellite, over-the-horizon, and software-defined networking technologies.

In parallel, the Department of Defense is advancing the Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) program, which includes the development of the F-47, a sixth-generation fighter jet expected to replace the F-22 Raptor. In March 2025, Boeing was awarded a multibillion-dollar contract to lead F-47 development, with the Air Force targeting at least 200 manned NGAD aircraft supported by CCA systems. The NGAD program is projected to receive approximately $28.5 billion in funding over the next five years. The F-47’s operational design emphasizes survivability, advanced autonomy, and the ability to operate seamlessly alongside unmanned CCA platforms—creating an ecosystem of networked assets dependent on secure, high-throughput, and resilient communications systems. These program requirements directly align with our integrated terminal systems, over-the-horizon communications technologies, and platform-level integration expertise for unmanned and autonomous systems.

As of the date of this filing, the federal government continues to operate under a Continuing Resolution (CR) extending prior-year funding. While stopgap funding allows for ongoing operations, it restricts new program starts and contract awards, which may delay or limit opportunities for us to participate in newly funded initiatives or integration efforts with potential prime contractors. If a full-year CR or a government shutdown occurs, these restrictions may continue or intensify, potentially resulting in further delays in procurement activity, program execution, or technology adoption—especially for new or emerging systems that align with future modernization objectives.

As the defense industry rapidly incorporates artificial intelligence (AI) into command, control, surveillance, targeting, and autonomous systems, it is increasingly evident that AI’s operational effectiveness is heavily dependent on secure, low-latency, and persistent communications infrastructure. Without access to resilient, high-performance communications—particularly satellite, over-the-horizon, and software-defined networking—AI-enabled systems may be degraded or rendered inoperable in contested or disconnected environments. As a result, we believe that advanced communications technologies are not only enablers, but essential infrastructure for the successful deployment and scalability of AI in defense operations.

Future U.S. Government funding will continue to be shaped by political negotiations, economic conditions, and shifting national security priorities. While we cannot provide any assurance that our ongoing engagements will result in binding agreements or revenue, we believe that our secure satellite and over-the-horizon connectivity, software-defined modems, integrated terminal systems, and support for unmanned platforms position us well to address the evolving needs of DoD modernization and resilience efforts. We will continue to monitor developments in the federal budget process and assess potential impacts on our strategic positioning and business outlook.

Geopolitical and Economic Environment

We operate in a dynamic and increasingly complex geopolitical and macroeconomic environment that directly impacts our strategic outlook, market opportunities, and potential demand for our technologies and services. The following discussion includes forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially due to a number of factors, including those discussed under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this report.

Geopolitical tensions in the Asia-Pacific region – particularly involving China, Taiwan, and Japan – and concerns about the direction of the Trump Administration in the United States and anticipated increasing pressure on countries to fund defense spending have led to elevated concerns around regional security, operational resiliency, and defense modernization. In particular, increased Chinese military activity around Taiwan and the broader Indo-Pacific has prompted governments and defense organizations across the region to reevaluate strategic readiness and accelerate investments in command, control, communications, and intelligence capabilities. These developments may create longer-term opportunities for the Company’s solutions, particularly in the areas of over-the-horizon connectivity, radar, unmanned systems integration, and secure multi-network communications infrastructure.

In this connection, the Company notes that on December 27, 2024 the Foreign Ministry of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) announced that in response to United States announcements about arms sales and military assistance to Taiwan and related negative statements the PRC considered objectionable, the PRC had decided to take countermeasures against seven companies including Aerkomm (the six in addition to Aerkomm are Insitu, Inc., Hudson Technologies Co., Saronic Technologies, Inc., Raytheon Canada, Raytheon Australia, and Oceaneering International, Inc.). For these companies, the PRC Foreign Ministry announced that their movable and immovable properties, and other kinds of assets within China were frozen and that all organizations and individuals within China were prohibited from engaging in transactions, cooperation and other activities with them. Aerkomm does not have commercial operations in the PRC nor plans to develop business in the PRC and Aerkomm is not aware of any concrete measures that may have been taken following the PRC Foreign Ministry’s announcement. However, the announcement underscores the inherent geopolitical risk associated with involvement in defense industries.

The ongoing conflict in Ukraine has further underscored the global need for adaptable and resilient defense systems. One key trend that has emerged from this conflict is the demonstrated operational effectiveness and strategic value of unmanned systems—including UAVs, UUVs, and remotely operated assets—over traditional manned platforms in contested and dynamic environments. This shift aligns with our technology roadmap and systems integration strategy. Our platform is specifically designed to support high-value unmanned and autonomous systems through lightweight, low-power, software-defined communication terminals, over-the-horizon (OTH) radar solutions, and integrated C4ISR components that enable persistent situational awareness and command flexibility.

While the Company does not currently have binding contracts related to these strategic developments, we continue to engage with potential partners – including prime contractors and government entities – to align our offering with anticipated procurement priorities and to account for the effects of changes in tariff rates and policies. We believe our integrated, software-defined architecture and asset-light model position us to respond effectively to emerging demand across both public and private sector markets.

Macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions remain challenging and present continued risks to our potential partners, suppliers, and customers. Global supply chains – particularly those involving semiconductors, advanced materials, and RF components – remain subject to disruptions, extended lead times, and price volatility. These supply chain pressures, exacerbated by ongoing trade tensions, changes in tariff policies, and export controls in the region, may impact our ability to meet future production or integration timelines, particularly if current constraints persist.

In addition, inflationary pressures and elevated interest rates in key markets such as Taiwan, Japan, and the United States may constrain defense budgets or delay funding cycles. Rising labor and input costs could also put pressure on margins in future periods. While we continue to implement strategies to mitigate the impact of inflation and supply chain risk—including through strategic sourcing, inventory management, and cost control—there can be no assurance that these measures will fully offset external economic pressures.

We remain focused on collaborating with potential partners, their supply chains, and end customers to evaluate projected demand and ensure our solutions are aligned with both near- and long-term operational requirements. As global and regional defense priorities evolve, we believe our integrated approach to communications, sensing, and unmanned systems enablement positions the Company to contribute meaningfully to the development of resilient, next-generation capabilities in Asia-Pacific and beyond.

International Business

A key component of our strategic growth plan is the expansion of international sales, particularly within defense-focused markets in Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. Our international efforts are centered on building long-term relationships with defense agencies, integrators, and government partners through both Direct Commercial Sales (DCS) and, in the future, Foreign Military Sales (FMS) executed through the U.S. Government.

We continue to pursue international opportunities aligned with our core product portfolio—spanning satellite connectivity, over-the-horizon (OTH) communications, radar systems, virtualized modems, RF chipsets, and integration of these technologies into high-value platforms including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs), unmanned surface vessels (USVs), and manned military systems. Our modular, carrier-neutral architecture is designed to meet modern requirements for network resilience, secure communications, and autonomy across mission domains.

Europe

The European defense landscape has undergone significant transformation, with defense spending reaching unprecedented levels. In March 2025, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen introduced the “ReArm Europe” initiative, a sweeping plan to mobilize up to €800 billion in defense investments across EU member states by 2030. This includes suspending EU fiscal rules to enable greater national defense spending, allocating €150 billion in EU-backed defense loans, and redirecting EU funds toward procurement, infrastructure, and technology development. The goal is to reduce Europe’s reliance on non-EU defense providers and accelerate internal capability development.

In 2024, European Union (EU) defense expenditure reached €326 billion, with procurement spending projected to exceed €90 billion. Research and technology (R&T) investments rose to €5 billion, and defense investment overall accounted for a record 31% of total spending. These increases reflect the EU’s long-term commitment to strategic autonomy and regional deterrence.

Amid this shift, member states are reassessing their reliance on non-European communications infrastructure. Italy suspended talks with SpaceX on Starlink, and Poland has publicly explored alternative satellite providers for defense communications. In parallel, the EU launched the IRIS² (Infrastructure for Resilience, Interconnectivity and Security by Satellite) initiative – a €10.6 billion program to deploy a sovereign, multi-orbit satellite constellation aimed at serving both government and commercial users. The initial constellation, expected to include approximately 290 satellites, is targeting partial operational capability by 2027, with full deployment expected by 2030. IRIS² is backed by a mix of public funding and private investment via the SpaceRISE consortium.

These developments present a significant opportunity for us to offer sovereign, secure satellite communications solutions across European defense programs. Our multi-orbit terminals, software-defined radios, over-the-horizon systems, and virtualized network infrastructure directly align with EU objectives to create resilient, autonomous communications networks that can perform in contested environments.

We are actively engaged in discussions with European-based integrators, prime contractors, and government stakeholders to support initiatives related to ISR modernization, tactical communications, and secure network integration across manned and unmanned defense platforms. These engagements are expected to support both Direct Commercial Sales (DCS) and future Foreign Military Sales (FMS) as European allies diversify their defense architecture and increase regional independence.

Asia-Pacific

The Asia-Pacific region continues to experience robust growth in defense spending, driven by geopolitical tensions and the need to enhance national security infrastructures. China’s defense budget has seen a 7.2% increase in 2025, reflecting its ongoing efforts to modernize and expand its military capabilities.

In response, neighboring countries are significantly boosting their defense investments. Japan, for instance, has approved a record defense budget of 8.7 trillion yen (approximately $55.1 billion) for the fiscal year starting April 1, 2025, marking a 9.4% increase from the previous year. Similarly, Australia has unveiled plans to reach an annual defense budget exceeding AU$100 billion by 2033-2034, equating to 2.4% of its gross domestic product.

As part of Japan’s broader defense posture shift, the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) are undergoing rapid modernization, with a strategic emphasis on unmanned systems and drone warfare capabilities. Recent public reporting highlights that UAVs are now central to Japan’s defense transformation, supporting surveillance, strike, and rapid-response operations. The JSDF is actively investing in both domestically produced and allied-developed unmanned platforms capable of operating in contested and GPS-denied environments. This includes the integration of AI, autonomous operations, and long-range, survivable communications infrastructure—key areas of alignment with our existing technology roadmap.

In parallel, growing concern over a potential conflict in the Taiwan Strait has prompted the U.S. Department of Defense and Indo-Pacific partners to prioritize the rapid fielding of autonomous systems and resilient communications infrastructure. The Pentagon has described the potential battlespace as a “drone hellscape,” calling for thousands of low-cost, survivable unmanned assets capable of operating in denied, degraded, and disconnected environments. These scenarios further underscore the urgent need for adaptable ISR architectures and reliable communications at the tactical edge.

We are fully engaged in supporting this regional shift. We are actively accelerating engagement with regional governments and partners and stand firm in our commitment to enhance defense resiliency and safeguard U.S. allies and partners throughout the Asia-Pacific. Our secure, over-the-horizon (OTH) communications systems, multi-orbit satellite terminals, software-defined radios, OTH radar, EW/ESM, and modular integration capabilities offer operational advantages in environments where continuity of communications and autonomous operations are paramount.

We are currently engaged in advanced discussions with prospective customers and partners in the Asia-Pacific region regarding the integration of our technologies into unmanned systems and airborne ISR platforms, and next-generation defense systems. These efforts are focused on delivering interoperable, AI-enabled, and mission-adaptable communications networks that address the evolving operational needs of Indo-Pacific allies and support regional deterrence and resilience initiatives.

Near-Term International Delivery Plans

In 2024, international customers accounted for 100% of Aerospace & Defense segment revenue, derived from a development contract initiated in 2021 with a non-U.S. customer to build and test a satellite communications architecture for UAVs conducting ISR missions. Following successful testing in late 2024 under operational conditions, we anticipate initial deliveries and revenue recognition from the first major contract associated with this project to commence in 2025.

We intend to expand our international engagement through both DCS and FMS channels, leveraging our software-defined, hardware-integrated solutions to meet growing global demand for resilient defense communications and unmanned platform capabilities. While we cannot guarantee the successful conversion of discussions into binding agreements or revenue, we believe ongoing shifts in the global defense landscape and increased allied spending present a strategic opportunity for long-term growth.

Across these efforts, we are pursuing revenue opportunities through strategic partnerships, licensing, and terminal sales. As of the date of this filing, we are actively engaged with over 25 government agencies, defense integrators, and commercial primes across the U.S., Japan, EU, and Indo-Pacific. These engagements span stages from early requests for information (RFI) to pilot testing and integration evaluations. The indicative value of our aggregate opportunity pipeline exceeds $150 million, though no assurance can be given that these engagements will convert to binding agreements. We anticipate initial award decisions on a subset of these opportunities during 2025.

Commercial Aviation Business Environment and Trends

In 2024, global air traffic continued its strong recovery from the COVID pandemic, with both domestic and international travel showing sustained growth, surpassing pre-pandemic levels. International travel has mostly recovered, and the wide-body market continues to be paced by the international travel recovery. Notably, outbound international air travel from China has gained momentum throughout 2024, helping to normalize global capacity and demand dynamics. Aircraft manufacturers are reporting strong order books as airlines seek to modernize fleets and expand capacity to meet sustained demand.

Airline financial performance, which influences demand for new capacity, has benefited from the resilient demand for travel. In 2025, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) projects the airline industry to achieve a combined net profit of $36 billion. This profit is based on an expected revenue of $979 billion, with a net profit margin of 3.7%, according to Business Traveler USA. While this signifies a strong and resilient industry, IATA points out that the margin remains relatively thin, especially when considering the vast number of passengers and the industry’s contribution to the global economy.

A major development reshaping the in-flight connectivity (IFC) space is Starlink’s expansion into commercial aviation. In 2024, Starlink secured multiple agreements with global carriers – including United Airlines and Air France – with plans to equip hundreds of aircraft beginning in 2025. These developments signal an intensifying competitive landscape in aviation broadband services, as airlines seek to meet passenger expectations for seamless, high-speed connectivity across fleets.

In light of these shifts, we are positioning our solutions to deliver differentiated value in the IFC market. Specifically, our proprietary ultra-low-profile antenna system is designed for seamless fuselage integration—offering airlines aerodynamic advantages that reduce drag and fuel consumption, while simplifying maintenance and preserving aircraft aesthetics. Our software-defined modem architecture complements this by enabling carrier neutrality and cross-orbit connectivity, making it well-suited for both commercial and government aviation use cases.

The long-term outlook for the commercial aviation industry remains positive due to the fundamental drivers of air travel demand: economic growth, increasing propensity to travel due to increased trade, globalization and improved airline services driven by liberalization of air traffic rights between countries. The commercial aviation industry remains vulnerable to exogenous developments including fuel price spikes, credit market shocks, acts of terrorism, natural disasters, conflicts, epidemics, pandemics and increased global environmental regulations.

While we do not yet generate revenue from contracts in the commercial aviation industry, we aim to initiate and to continue discussions with our potential partners and our potential customers in the commercial aviation industry to provide our products and our services to such potential partners and potential customers under binding and definitive contracts. We cannot give any assurances at this time, however, that we will be able to successfully complete any of these discussions, or that we will generate revenue from contracts in the commercial aviation industry in the future.

Civilian Telecommunications Business Environment and Trends

The civilian telecommunications industry is experiencing a rapid transformation, driven by advancements in mobile infrastructure, growing data demands, and an increasing need for secure and resilient connectivity across both public and private sectors. These trends are especially pronounced in the Asia-Pacific region, which stands as one of the fastest-growing markets for mobile and broadband services. Despite this growth, the region is also grappling with emerging challenges, including infrastructure vulnerabilities and geopolitical risks that threaten the stability of digital communications.

Growth in Mobile and Broadband Connectivity

The global adoption of 5G is projected to reach between 3.2 billion and 4.8 billion by the end of 2026. This rapid expansion represents a significant shift in mobile technology, with one projection suggesting 5G will constitute over one-third of all global mobile connections by 2026, with significant growth led by nations such as Japan, South Korea, China, and India. This adoption is paving the way for the development of 6G technologies, with government and private sector investments already underway in research, standardization, and early-stage development. Alongside 5G, there is an accelerating demand for enterprise and industrial connectivity solutions, particularly in the form of private 5G networks and satellite-enabled backhaul services. These developments reflect the growing need for robust, scalable, and flexible networks that can meet the demands of a rapidly evolving digital landscape.

Infrastructure Vulnerabilities and Geopolitical Risks

As telecommunications infrastructure expands, the global submarine cable ecosystem faces an escalating threat environment driven by geopolitical tensions, limited repair capacity, and insufficient legal frameworks. There are currently approximately 597 subsea cables in operation or under construction worldwide, carrying an estimated 99% of international data traffic and underpinning trillions of dollars in daily financial transactions. An average of 150 to 200 cable faults occur globally each year, with the most common causes being ship anchors and fishing equipment contacting cables at depths of less than 200 meters. However, the risk of deliberate or state-linked interference has risen sharply, and the distinction between accidental damage and intentional sabotage has become increasingly difficult to draw.

In the Baltic Sea, a concentrated series of suspicious incidents has fundamentally altered the security landscape for undersea infrastructure. Since October 2023, at least eleven submarine cables have been damaged in the region, along with a gas pipeline and an underwater power cable. These incidents have included damage to the Balticconnector gas pipeline between Finland and Estonia in October 2023 by the Hong Kong-flagged vessel Newnew Polar Bear ; the severing of two fiber-optic data cables connecting Finland-Germany and Sweden-Lithuania in November 2024, attributed to the Chinese-flagged bulk carrier Yi Peng 3 ; the cutting of the Estlink 2 power cable and multiple data cables between Finland and Estonia on Christmas Day 2024 by the Cook Islands-flagged tanker Eagle S , suspected of belonging to Russia’s “shadow fleet”; and a fiber-optic cable rupture connecting Latvia and Sweden in January 2025. In December 2025, Finnish authorities boarded and seized another vessel, the Fitburg , sailing from St. Petersburg after detecting that it was dragging its anchor along the seabed and had damaged telecommunications cables between Finland and Estonia. Fourteen crew members, including several Russian nationals, were taken into custody.

In the Asia-Pacific region, Taiwan has emerged as a focal point for suspected subsea cable sabotage. Between January and February 2025, Taiwan experienced four incidents of submarine cable disruptions, including two suspected acts of vessel sabotage. In January 2025, the Xingshun 39 , a Tanzania-flagged vessel controlled by a Chinese entity, severed a key link in the Trans Pacific Express Cable System near Keelung; the vessel had previously operated under alias names and switched its AIS transponder signals when approached by Taiwan’s coast guard. In February 2025, the Hongtai 58 , a Togolese-registered cargo vessel with a Chinese crew, severed an undersea cable connecting Taiwan and the Penghu Islands. Investigation of the Hongtai 58 revealed a pattern of systematic identity manipulation, with the vessel having frequently changed its name and registration across multiple maritime registries. In June 2025, a Taiwanese court sentenced the Chinese captain of the Hongtai 58 to three years in prison for intentionally damaging undersea cables, marking the first criminal conviction in the recent wave of cable incidents. Prosecutors argued that electronic charts on the ship clearly showed the cable’s location, and coast guard analysis demonstrated the vessel had dragged its anchor in a straight line across the seabed in a zigzag pattern around the cable, inconsistent with normal anchoring behavior. China subsequently claimed that two Taiwanese citizens had controlled the vessel as part of a smuggling operation, a characterization rejected by Taiwan’s Mainland Affairs Council as “cross-border repression and political manipulation.”

The potential for Sino-Russian collaboration on undersea cable operations has further heightened concerns. Analysts have identified suspicious activities by the Xingshun 39 north of Taiwan and a Russian vessel, the Vasili Shukshin , south of Taiwan in early 2025, suggesting possible coordination between Chinese and Russian merchant ships in reconnaissance and sabotage of undersea communications cables. These activities follow from suspected undersea infrastructure sabotage operations conducted by Chinese merchant vessels in the Baltic Sea in 2023 and 2024, with strong indications of Russian assistance and coordination.

The development of dedicated cable-cutting technology has escalated these risks. In April 2026, a Chinese research vessel tested a new device capable of slicing through submarine data cables at a depth of 3,500 meters during a deep-sea science expedition. The technology relies on an electro-hydrostatic actuator enabling a diamond-coated grinding wheel to cut through cables armored with layers of steel, rubber, and polymer, and is compact enough to fit aboard remotely operated underwater vehicles. While Chinese researchers have characterized the tool as intended for civilian “marine resource development,” security analysts have noted that it could pose a significant threat to fiber-optic cables linking Pacific islands, including Guam, and could further amplify Chinese military pressure on Taiwan, which relies on only 24 major cables for its global connectivity.

The Red Sea has also experienced significant cable disruptions, compounding global infrastructure risks. In February 2024, three submarine cables were damaged by a vessel hit by Houthi-fired missiles, disrupting 25% of data traffic between Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. On September 6, 2025, multiple submarine cables near Jeddah, Saudi Arabia — including the SEA-ME-WE 4, IMEWE, and FALCON GCX systems — were severed, causing widespread internet disruptions across India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Kuwait. Experts attributed the damage to commercial shipping activity, likely a vessel dragging its anchor, though the area’s geopolitical sensitivity amid ongoing Houthi attacks on Red Sea shipping has made attribution and repair particularly challenging.

Three structural factors amplify the risk of severe outcomes from cable damage: lack of redundancy in cable networks, lack of diversity of cable routes, and limited global repair capacity. Regions with limited alternate routing options — including parts of West and Central Africa, isolated Pacific islands, and certain secondary European routes — are disproportionately vulnerable. Globally, approximately 80 vessels are dedicated to maintaining submarine cable infrastructure, and the average repair time has trended upward, reaching approximately 40 days in 2023. Regulatory hurdles, such as complex permitting processes that vary by national territory, and geopolitical factors such as conflict zones denying access to repair vessels, further prolong restoration timelines.

International and multilateral responses have intensified. In January 2025, NATO launched “Baltic Sentry,” a multi-domain mission involving frigates, maritime patrol aircraft, and naval drones to strengthen surveillance and deterrence against threats to critical undersea infrastructure in the Baltic Sea. NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte emphasized that “ship captains must understand that potential threats to our infrastructure will have consequences, including possible boarding, impounding, and arrest.” By late 2025, the Baltic Sea had not experienced any further suspicious undersea incidents since January 2025, suggesting the deterrent effect of enhanced patrols. The European Union adopted an Action Plan on Cable Security in February 2025, with measures to be implemented between 2025 and 2026 to expand the EU’s subsea cable resilience through investments in new technology, enhanced surveillance capabilities, and improved intelligence-sharing. Estonia also passed legal amendments granting its defense forces authority to take action against vessels threatening critical underwater infrastructure. Taiwan, for its part, has deployed a Submarine Cable Automatic Warning System, designated 10 domestic cables as critical infrastructure, amended its Telecommunications Management Act to increase penalties for damaging communications infrastructure, and blacklisted 96 suspicious vessels for close monitoring.

Despite these efforts, the existing international legal framework remains inadequate. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea does not automatically give coastal states authority to board and search foreign vessels suspected of damaging submarine cables in their exclusive economic zones and does not impose an express international law obligation on states not to deliberately interfere with cables. The difficulty of attributing cable damage to state-sponsored sabotage, combined with jurisdictional limitations and the use of vessels registered under flags of convenience with opaque ownership structures, continues to undermine enforcement. As reliance on submarine cables grows — driven by AI, cloud computing, and the energy transition — the vulnerability of these critical arteries to both accidental damage and deliberate interference represent an escalating risk to global communications, financial systems, and national security.

Addressing the Digital Divide and Expanding Connectivity Solutions

Alongside these challenges, the persistent digital divide remains a significant issue, particularly in underserved regions where access to mobile broadband is hindered by factors such as affordability, coverage gaps, and limited infrastructure. These gaps present significant opportunities for hybrid connectivity models, such as carrier-neutral and satellite-integrated solutions, which can extend coverage and provide resilient communications in hard-to-reach or high-risk areas. These solutions are critical for ensuring reliable connectivity in both rural and vulnerable regions, where the risk of service disruptions is high.

Economic Impact and Future Innovations

Mobile technologies and services continue to play a crucial role in global economic development, contributing an estimated 6.4% of global GDP in 2025, with reports indicating this substantial impact continued into early 2026 as the sector generated $7.6 trillion in economic value added. This contribution is projected to grow to 8.4% of global GDP by 2030, with the total economic impact expected to reach $11.3 trillion. Looking to the future, innovations in AI-driven network optimization, edge computing, and secure mobile backhaul are expected to further drive the adoption of mobile services across various critical sectors, including energy, transportation, and disaster response. These advancements will be pivotal in ensuring the continued resilience and growth of global telecommunications infrastructure.

Global Network Resilience Overview and Budget Environment

As cyber and physical threats to communication systems escalate worldwide, several nations have launched substantial initiatives to enhance network resilience, with satellite communications emerging as a central component of these efforts.

United States : The U.S. has committed over $1.6 billion through the Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Reimbursement Program and DOD SATCOM modernization plans, focusing on 5G and multi-orbit satellite redundancy.

European Union : The EU’s IRIS² initiative plans to invest €6 billion in a sovereign satellite constellation to ensure secure governmental and emergency communications.

India : Through the Digital India program and ISRO’s collaboration with OneWeb, India has allocated over $1 billion to deliver satellite connectivity for rural resilience.

South Korea : Under its Digital New Deal 2.0, South Korea is investing ₩2.6 trillion (~US$2B) through 2026 in quantum communications, SATCOM ground stations, and AI-based network monitoring.

Satellite-Based Business Continuity Planning (BCP) Market and Services

Business Continuity Planning (BCP) is a strategic framework designed to ensure the continuity of essential operations during or after a crisis, disaster, or disruption. As organizations prioritize operational resilience, BCP investments have expanded globally, with satellite-based solutions emerging as a critical component of modern resilience strategies.

The increasing commercialization of satellite technology has enabled Satellite-Based BCP to provide a robust network resilience framework, ensuring uninterrupted operations in the event of terrestrial infrastructure failures. While precise global expenditure figures remain difficult to quantify, market analyses highlight the growing demand for BCP solutions across industries.

Satellite-Based BCP encompasses key resilience measures, including:

Data Backup and Disaster Recovery – Ensuring secure data storage and rapid restoration of critical systems.

Alternate Communication and IT Infrastructure – Providing redundancy in cases of network failure.

Mobile and Off-Grid Communication Systems – Supporting operations in remote or disaster-affected areas.

Emergency Access to Cloud Services and Applications – Enabling secure and continuous cloud connectivity.

A well-structured BCP minimizes operational downtime, safeguards critical assets, and sustains service delivery for enterprises and public sector entities. As disruptions become more frequent and severe, demand for satellite-based continuity solutions continues to expand across multiple industries.

Key Suppliers for Satellite-Based BCP and Network Resilience Solutions

The following are some of the leading technology providers and integrators supporting BCP and satellite-based resilience worldwide:

Eutelsat OneWeb – LEO satellite constellation provider delivering global broadband coverage

Viasat / Inmarsat – Government-grade secure satellite communications

SES – GEO and MEO satellite services for enterprise and defense networks

Starlink (SpaceX) – Real-time high-throughput LEO connectivity for backup comms

Cisco Systems – Redundant networking, SD-WAN, and edge infrastructure

Palo Alto Networks / Fortinet – Cybersecurity and network protection

Thales Group – BCP and emergency communications for defense and aviation

Aerkomm – Integrated SATCOM distribution, mobile BCP deployment, server load balancing, and localized disaster response capabilities via mobile units and hybrid network design

Global Business Continuity Management (BCM) Market Overview

Business Continuity Management (BCM) remains a critical investment priority as organizations seek to enhance operational resilience against disruptions. While precise global expenditure figures are not readily available, market analyses indicate sustained growth in BCM solutions, driven by regulatory compliance, risk mitigation, and the increasing frequency of natural disasters and cyber threats.

Investment in Business Continuity Planning (BCP), a core component of BCM, continues to expand as businesses and government entities prioritize infrastructure resilience and disaster recovery strategies. The demand for BCM solutions is further supported by evolving regulatory frameworks and the need for robust contingency planning across key industries, including finance, healthcare, energy, and telecommunications.

As organizations adapt to an increasingly complex risk environment, the BCM market is expected to experience continued growth, with investments focusing on advanced technologies, cloud-based recovery solutions, and satellite-enabled continuity strategies.

Market Size and Growth

Based on reports covering the Business Continuity Management (BCM) Solutions market, the global market was valued at approximately $2.33 billion to $2.60 billion in 2026 and is projected to reach a CAGR of 16.33% from 2025 to 2032 (P&S Intelligence). Market expansion is led by heightened awareness of business continuity risks and increasing regulatory pressures across key industries.

The Asia-Pacific region – including Japan, India, South Korea, Australia, and Southeast Asia – represents a significant driver of growth, as organizations enhance resilience strategies to address regional vulnerabilities. North America, led by the United States, remains a critical contributor, with enterprises investing in BCM solutions to mitigate cybersecurity threats, natural disasters, and infrastructure disruptions.

Regional Insights

North America

2023 Market Contribution: North America accounted for approximately 40% of the total revenue in the BCM solutions market (Verified Market Reports).

2030 Market Projection: The market is expected to reach $2.39 billion by 2033, reflecting a CAGR of 14.6% from 2023 to 2033.

Asia-Pacific Region

Market Size: Based on data from 2026, the Asia-Pacific Body Control Module (BCM) market is experiencing significant growth, with market estimates indicating a valuation of approximately USD 14 billion, up from USD 13 billion in 2025, driven by rising vehicle electrification and demand for advanced electronics in the region.

Country-Specific Projections (2023-2030)

China:  Valued at USD 323.46 million in 2023, growing at a 18.3% CAGR.

Japan:  Valued at USD 99.19 million in 2023, growing at a 17.3% CAGR.

India:  Valued at USD 86.26 million in 2023, growing at a 20.6% CAGR.

South Korea:  Valued at USD 71.88 million in 2023, growing at a 17.9% CAGR.

Australia:  Valued at USD 37.38 million in 2023, growing at a 18.5% CAGR.

Southeast Asia:  Valued at USD 49.60 million in 2023, growing at a 19.8% CAGR

The budget focuses on improving resilience across various sectors, particularly in the face of potential disruptions to communication systems and includes initiatives for strengthening satellite communications and other technological infrastructure.

Key Drivers of BCM Market Growth

Increasing Frequency of Disruptions: The rise in natural disasters and cyber-attacks has heightened the demand for robust BCM solutions to ensure operational resilience.

Regulatory Compliance: Stringent regulations across industries mandate the implementation of comprehensive BCM strategies to mitigate risks and ensure business continuity.

Growing Awareness of Operational Risks: Organizations are investing in BCM solutions to safeguard operations, enhance resilience, and protect reputational value.

(Source: imarcgroup.com)

BCP Investments in Key Markets

Business Continuity Planning (BCP) investments are critical for ensuring operational resilience, disaster recovery, and risk mitigation. Below is an overview of key markets investing in BCP solutions:

United States

The U.S. remains a leader in BCP investments, with the market estimated at $2.8 billion in 2020 (Enterprise Storage Forum). Investments in business continuity and disaster recovery solutions continue to expand across industries, including finance, healthcare, and energy.

Market Growth Projection: The U.S. Business Continuity Planning (BCP) and management market is projected to experience substantial growth by 2030, with forecasts indicating a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) ranging from 10.1% to over 15% throughout the 2020s. This surge reflects sustained, high-priority investment in digital resilience, driven by increasing cyber threats, climate-related disruptions, and a shift from traditional, manual planning to AI-powered, cloud-native recovery solutions.

Japan and Canada

Both Japan and Canada are experiencing steady growth in BCM investments.

Japan: The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.1%, driven by increasing regulatory requirements and resilience initiatives.

Canada: The BCM market in Canada is expected to expand at a CAGR of 7.8%, reflecting a growing emphasis on business continuity strategies. (Source: Enterprise Storage Forum)

Taiwan

Taiwan has prioritized business continuity investments, particularly in telecommunications, semiconductor manufacturing, and public sector infrastructure. Given its strategic position in the global semiconductor industry and susceptibility to natural disasters, Taiwan continues to strengthen its resilience measures.

Investment in Resilient Infrastructure: The government has allocated $790 million under a 10-year plan to enhance communication infrastructure, including satellite services and other resilient systems (Enterprise Storage Forum).

Disaster Recovery and Preparedness: Estimates suggest Taiwan’s total investment in disaster recovery and infrastructure resilience could range from $500 million to $1 billion over the next 5 to 10 years, focusing on technological enhancements, particularly in satellite communications and disaster recovery solutions.

These investments underscore Taiwan’s commitment to strengthening critical infrastructure and ensuring continuity in the face of potential disruptions.

Our Business Potential

The Company is strategically positioned within the rapidly growing satellite communications sector. In addition to being licensed as a telecommunications operator in Japan and Taiwan, the Company secured a regional satellite service spectrum usage permit in Taiwan on April 27, 2023. Furthermore, as a distribution partner for Eutelsat OneWeb’s Low Earth Orbit (“LEO”) satellite services, effective September 26, 2024, and through its Master Services Agreement with a global U.S.-based satellite communications provider, effective May 26, 2026, the Company has expanded its access to satellite connectivity solutions across both LEO and Geostationary Earth Orbit (“GEO”) networks. These relationships enhance the Company’s ability to support commercial, government, and enterprise initiatives requiring resilient communications infrastructure and strengthen its position in addressing growing demand for satellite-enabled connectivity within its authorized markets.

These authorizations enable the Company to provide broadband satellite communications services across multiple sectors, including mobile backhaul, enterprise communications, maritime, aero, land mobility, and defense-related applications. In response to increasing demand for resilient communications infrastructure, the Company offers SATCOM Business Continuity Planning (“BCP”) and Network Resilience Solutions, initially focused on the Asia-Pacific region. Japan and Taiwan, given their strategic importance and increasing emphasis on communications resilience, represent key markets for these offerings.

Strategic Investment in Network Resilience: Japan and Taiwan’s Response to Emerging Threats

In response to escalating geopolitical tensions and vulnerabilities in undersea communications infrastructure, both Taiwan and Japan have increased investments in network resilience. These initiatives reflect a broader commitment to strengthening communications infrastructure, enhancing national preparedness, and mitigating risks associated with cyberattacks, infrastructure disruptions, and natural disasters.

As a distribution partner of Eutelsat OneWeb’s Low Earth Orbit (“LEO”) satellite services and through its Master Services Agreement with a global U.S.-based satellite communications provider for satellite communications products and services in Japan and Taiwan, the Company is positioned to support these resilience initiatives. The Company’s solutions include enterprise network redundancy, server load balancing, and disaster recovery infrastructure designed to support communications continuity objectives in Taiwan, Japan, and other regional markets. In addition, the Company’s SATCOM Business Continuity Planning (“BCP”) solutions serve both enterprise and consumer markets. By deploying mobile and vehicle-based SATCOM systems leveraging both LEO and GEO connectivity, the Company seeks to provide communications capabilities for disaster recovery, emergency response, and other scenarios in which terrestrial networks may be unavailable or disrupted.

Rising Threats to Global Communication Infrastructure

The global reliance on undersea cables for internet and data connectivity has reached unprecedented levels, with over 95% of international data traffic passing through these submarine networks. Recent incidents of sabotage and suspected grey-zone activities, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, have prompted governments to re-assess and strengthen their communication systems. In response to these growing vulnerabilities, both Taiwan and Japan have taken decisive action by investing in alternative communication systems, particularly satellite-based networks, while reinforcing their existing infrastructure. This strategic shift not only addresses military and national security concerns but also ensures business continuity, guarantees civilian access to essential services, and enhances resilience in the face of natural disasters.

1. Japan’s Network Resilience and SATCOM BCP and Strategy

1.1 Strategic Imperatives

Japan, located in a highly seismic zone and facing growing regional security concerns, has integrated network resilience into both its national defense and disaster recovery planning. The 2024 Noto earthquake, along with increasing cyber threats from regional adversaries, has reinforced the need for robust, flexible communication systems.

1.2 Budget and Program Highlights

In FY2025, Japan earmarked 123.8 billion yen (~US$784 million) for the development of a next-generation military communication satellite to support the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF).

Japan’s Ministry of Defense is integrating hardened, jamming-resistant satellite systems to ensure secure, real-time battlefield communications.

A new supplementary budget (post-election) will include additional funds for civilian disaster resilience, including communications.

1.3 National Research Infrastructure

Japan’s National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) operates on a 14-billion-yen annual budget and leads R&D in backup communication technologies, including:

Severe weather and seismic communication protocols.

Emergency satellite deployment mechanisms.

Real-time disaster data transmission systems.

1.4 Integration with Civilian Systems and Subsidy Programs

Japan is pursuing a dual-use approach, where military-grade satellite infrastructure supports civilian disaster communication and emergency response systems. Nationwide drills and inter-agency coordination are regularly conducted to test resilience frameworks.

In addition, Japan’s Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications has allocated over 25 billion yen (approx. US$170 million) in fiscal support between 2024 and 2026 to accelerate adoption of BCP-related technologies, including satellite phones, mobile communication hubs, and transportable SATCOM vehicles for municipalities and critical infrastructure operators.

2. Taiwan’s Network Resilience and SATCCOM BCP and Strategy

2.1 Context and Geopolitical Risk

Taiwan continues to face cybersecurity, infrastructure, and geopolitical risks associated with increasing regional tensions. During 2024 and 2025, Taiwan reported multiple incidents involving damage or disruption to undersea communications cables, including several cases that prompted investigations into potential deliberate interference. These incidents highlighted the vulnerability of critical communications infrastructure and reinforced the importance of network resilience, redundancy, and alternative connectivity solutions for both government and commercial users.

2.2 Satellite Communication Initiatives

To address these threats, Taiwan has launched a comprehensive 10-year plan to establish an independent, resilient satellite internet system. The plan includes:

Initial budget of US$790 million, focused on developing Taiwan’s own low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation.

Strategic collaboration with Eutelsat OneWeb and a global U.S.-based satellite communications provider to support resilient communications, emergency response capabilities, and broadband internet access.

Development of over 700 satellite ground stations across Taiwan to support seamless integration and redundancy.

Launch of Taiwan-made LEO satellites, with the first deployment expected by 2026–2027.

2.3 Backup Infrastructure and Microwave Networks

In parallel, Taiwan is enhancing terrestrial microwave communication systems, retrofitting existing mountain facilities for secure line-of-sight communication to outlying islands. This ensures at least partial functionality if submarine cables are compromised.

2.4 Government SATCOM BCP Subsidies

The Taiwanese government is also launching a targeted NT$2.5 billion (approx. US$80 million) subsidy program between 2024 and 2027 to support BCP (Business Continuity Planning) deployments. These funds will help enterprises and local governments invest in mobile SATCOM units, off-grid power systems, and hybrid backup communication solutions.

The company plays a critical role in this ecosystem as a trusted distribution partner of Eutelsat OneWeb, offering resilient LEO connectivity combined with value-added services such as:

Enterprise network redundancy to ensure uninterrupted operations.

Server load balancing to optimize system performance and stability.

Disaster recovery solutions to maintain business continuity under extreme scenarios.

SATCOM BCP systems mounted on vehicles to deliver emergency broadband access during disasters or conflicts, designed for both enterprise and public use.

National Budget for SATCOM BCP

Japan’s FY2026 budget boosts defense spending to a record over $58 billion, with roughly $500 million earmarked for intelligence and communication satellites to strengthen space-based capabilities. Taiwan is developing a massive $1.25 trillion NT ($39B+) eight-year special budget (2026–2033) for weapons and joint U.S. projects, emphasizing regional security

A Shared Vision for a Secure, Connected Future

The rising threats to digital infrastructure have made network resilience a top priority for governments and enterprises worldwide. Taiwan and Japan stand as leading examples in Asia, proactively investing in satellite communication, integrating civil-military response systems, and future-proofing their networks against cyber threats, geopolitical instability, and natural disasters. Their efforts reflect a broader global shift, as nations recognize the urgent need to safeguard critical connectivity. As a distribution partner of Eutelsat OneWeb, our company plays a pivotal role in this transformation, delivering mission-critical solutions such as enterprise network redundancy, server load balancing, disaster recovery systems, and SATCOM BCP solutions for disaster and wartime scenarios. These capabilities are essential for governments, critical infrastructure providers, and private enterprises seeking to ensure uninterrupted operations in an unpredictable world.

With geopolitical and environmental risks on the rise, network resilience is no longer just a technical consideration – it is a strategic imperative. By embedding this vision in national planning, Taiwan and Japan not only secure their digital futures but also set a global benchmark for allied democracies striving for a more secure and connected world. While the Company does not currently generate revenue from contracts in the civilian telecommunications sector, we are actively engaged in discussions with prospective partners – including governments, enterprises, mobile network operators, satellite providers, and infrastructure stakeholders – about using our solutions to support hybrid, resilient communications. Our platform, which is software-defined and carrier-neutral, is specifically designed to enable automatic recovery, satellite-based failover, and dynamic traffic routing in the event of fiber disruptions or terrestrial infrastructure loss.

We believe our technology is well-positioned to support the growing demand for resilient connectivity across mobile backhaul, disaster response, rural access, business continuity, and critical infrastructure markets. However, there can be no assurance that these discussions will result in binding agreements or generate revenue in the near term.

Principal Factors Affecting Financial Performance

We believe that our operating and business performance will be driven by various factors that affect the Aerospace & Defense and Civilian Telecommunications segments including the magnitude of defense spending by the U.S. and its allies, trends in air travel affecting the commercial airline industry, and trends in the evolution of the digital infrastructure and technologies deployed by mobile network operators, which collectively constitute the customer bases that we target, as well as general macroeconomic factors. Key factors that may affect our future performance include:

our ability to enter into and maintain long-term business arrangements with potential partners that are defense contractors and other potential military and government customers, which depends on numerous factors including the real or perceived availability, quality and price of our services and product offerings as compared to those offered by our competitors;

our ability to enter into and maintain long-term business arrangements with potential partners in the commercial aviation and airline industries and other potential aerospace customers, which depends on numerous factors including the real or perceived availability, quality and price of our services and product offerings as compared to those offered by our competitors;

our ability to enter into and maintain long-term business arrangements with potential partners in civilian telecommunications industries and other potential telecommunications customers, which depends on numerous factors including the real or perceived availability, quality and price of our services and product offerings as compared to those offered by our competitors;

our ability to enter into and maintain long-term business arrangements with potential partners in satellite communications industries, including satellite and constellation operators with satellites in various orbits such as LEO, MEO, GEO and HEO, which depends on numerous factors including the technical integration of our technology and services with their satellites and core networks;

our ability to secure and maintain the relevant licenses and regulatory approvals to operate as a distribution partner of satellite bandwidth from our current and potential satellite and constellation partners in our potential target countries and regions, which depends on numerous factors including the navigation of both national and international regulatory regimes and coordination with ministries of communications or their equivalent;

our ability to secure and maintain the relevant type approvals, as necessary, to install our universal terminals on airborne, maritime and land-based vehicles and platforms, such as the DO-160 certification for installation of our systems on aircraft, which depends on numerous factors including the navigation of both governmental and third-party regulatory regimes and coordination with key stakeholders;

the extent of the adoption of our products and services by potential Aerospace & Defense and Civilian Telecommunications partners and customers;

costs associated with implementing, and our ability to implement on a timely basis, our technology, upgrades and installation technologies;

costs associated with and our ability to execute our expansion, including modification to our network to accommodate satellite technology, development and implementation of new satellite-based technologies, the availability of satellite capacity, costs of satellite capacity to which we may have to commit well in advance, and compliance with regulations;

costs associated with managing a rapidly growing company;

the number of manned and unmanned defense platforms in service in our markets, including changes in fleet size by one or more of our potential military or government customers;

the geopolitical environment and other trends that affect defense spending;

continued demand for connectivity and proliferation of manned and unmanned defense platforms, including UAVs and drones;

the number of aircraft in service in our markets, including consolidation of the airline industry or changes in fleet size by one or more of our commercial airline partners;

the economic environment and other trends that affect both business and leisure travel;

the number of cell towers, base stations and antennas deployed by mobile network operators and digital infrastructure developers in our markets, including consolidation of the telecommunications industry or changes in network topology due to transitions from 4G to 5G and, eventually to 6G mobile networks by one or more of our potential civilian telecommunications partners;

continued demand for connectivity and proliferation of Wi-Fi enabled devices, including smartphones, tablets and laptops;

our ability to obtain required licenses and approvals necessary for our operations; and

changes in laws, regulations and interpretations affecting telecommunications services and aviation, including, in particular, changes that impact the design of our equipment and our ability to obtain required certifications for our equipment.

Recent Events

Merger with IX Acquisition Corp.

On March 29, 2024, we entered into a merger agreement the “Merger Agreement”) with IX Acquisition Corp. (“IXAQ”), a Cayman Islands exempted company (which will re-domicile from being a Cayman Islands company and become a Delaware corporation), and AKOM Merger Sub Inc., a Nevada corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of IQAC (“Merger Sub”).

The Merger is intended to provide Aerkomm with enhanced access to public capital markets, institutional investors, and strategic partners. If consummated, we expect this transaction to improve our liquidity position and support the scale-up of defense and telecom commercialization initiatives.

The Merger Agreement provides that, among other things and upon the terms and subject to the conditions thereof, following the domestication to Delaware of IXAQ, Merger Sub will merge with and into the Company (the “Merger”), after which the Company will be the surviving corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of IXAQ. In connection with the Merger, IXAQ will be renamed “AKOM Inc.” The Merger will become effective upon the filing of the certificate of merger with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware or at such later time as is agreed to by the parties to the Merger Agreement and specified in the articles of merger. The Merger is expected to close prior to September 30, 2026.

The Amendment provides that any lock-up period applicable to the Sponsor or any officers, directors or affiliates of Parent will terminate at the Closing of the Merger and changes the percentage of the Founder Shares being treated as Escrowed Sponsor Shares from 50% to 25%, adds a provision providing for the Company to pay certain amounts to Parent to cover its working capital and extension expenses, and adds a provision that Parent may terminate the Merger Agreement at any time prior to the Closing Date if the Company or any Subsidiary of the Company enters into voluntary bankruptcy or fails to remove within 60 days any petition in bankruptcy filed against it prior to Closing.

Additional information relating to the Merger along with the Merger Agreement can be found in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 4, 2024. In connection with the transaction described herein, the Company filed relevant materials with the SEC, including the Registration Statement on Form S-4 and a proxy statement/prospectus. Additional information relating to the S-4 can be found in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 16, 2024.

Planned Merger with Ejectt

On July 28, 2023, we and Ejectt, Inc., a Taiwan-based company principally engaged in the manufacture and sale of aluminum foil and the installation and operation of solar power plants, signed a non-binding letter of intent with respect to a possible merger between Aerkomm Taiwan and Ejectt. At a January 30, 2024 meeting of the shareholders of Aerkomm Taiwan, the shareholders approved pursuing a merger with Ejectt, under which Aerkomm Taiwan would be the surviving company, and delivery of a notice and merger contract to Ejectt, which were delivered to Ejectt on February 1, 2024. At a May 23, 2024 meeting of the shareholders of Aerkomm Taiwan, the shareholders approved the terms of the merger plan and agreement and its being signed by the chairperson of Aerkomm Taiwan. On the same day, the shareholders of Ejectt approved the proposed merger and the merger agreement was then signed by the parties on May 23, 2024. Under the merger agreement and contingent only on the merger’s receiving necessary governmental approvals, the merger will be consummated, and the surviving company of the merger will be Aerkomm Taiwan.

On March 11, 2026, Aerkomm Taiwan completed the previously announced merger (the “Merger”) with Ejectt. Before consummation of the Merger, Aerkomm Taiwan was owned 49% by the Company but was treated by the Company as a consolidated subsidiary because the Company had de facto voting, governance and economic control of Aerkomm Taiwan. As previously announced, on July 28, 2023, Aerkomm Taiwan and Ejectt signed a non-binding letter of intent with respect to a possible merger between Aerkomm Taiwan and Ejectt. At a January 30, 2024 meeting of the shareholders of Aerkomm Taiwan, the shareholders approved pursuing a merger with Ejectt, under which Aerkomm Taiwan would be the surviving company, and an offer of merger was delivered to Ejectt on February 1, 2024. The proposed merger was approved by the respective shareholders of Aerkomm Taiwan and Ejectt in shareholder meetings held on May 23, 2024 and an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) was signed by the two companies effective as of that date.

Under Taiwanese law, the Merger was subject to approval of the Taiwan Department of Investment Review, to which an application was submitted on July 10, 2024. The Merger became effective on March 11, 2026 (the “Effective Time”) pursuant to the recently received official approval notice from the Taiwan Depository & Clearing Corporation confirming that Ejectt’s scripless share registration was terminated as of March 11, 2026

Strategic and International Defense Pipelines

As of this filing, we are shifting from pursuing international growth through Direct Commercial Sales (DCS) to Foreign Military Sales (FMS) pathways:

Japan: Engaged with local integrators and defense authorities regarding UAV communications terminals and software-defined modems; three ongoing pilot evaluations.

Taiwan: Collaborating with telecom operators and disaster resilience agencies on mobile SATCOM BCP deployments; application-based discussions tied to regional contingency planning.

European Union: In active dialogue with five EU-based primes in connection with the IRIS² satellite sovereignty initiative and C4ISR modernization programs; R&D co-development discussions underway.

Across these efforts, we are pursuing revenue opportunities through strategic partnerships, licensing, and terminal sales. As of the date of this filing, we are actively engaged with over 25 government agencies, defense integrators, and commercial primes across the U.S., Japan, EU, and Indo-Pacific. These engagements span stages from early requests for information (RFI) to pilot testing and integration evaluations. The indicative value of our aggregate opportunity pipeline exceeds $150 million, though no assurance can be given that these engagements will convert to binding agreements. We anticipate initial award decisions on a subset of these opportunities during 2025.

Smaller Reporting Company

Although we no longer qualify as an Emerging Growth Company, or EGC, we continue to qualify as a smaller reporting company, which allows us to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements, including reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation that are available to an EGC. In addition, as a smaller reporting company with less than $100 million in annual revenue, we are not required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. In reliance on these exemptions, we have taken advantage of reduced reporting obligations in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.

Recent Market Information

The IATA (International Air Transport Association) in May 2025 issued a report entitled Passenger Market Analysis.

Industry-wide revenue passenger-kilometers (RPKs), a measure of passenger traffic volume, have shown a strong recovery in recent years, surpassing pre-pandemic (2019) levels by 3.8% in 2024.

Available seat-kilometers (ASKs) in the airline industry experienced an 8.7% increase in 2024 compared to 2023.

In 2024, both global and domestic passenger traffic saw significant growth, with some regions experiencing particularly strong increases. Globally, air passenger demand increased by 10.4% compared to 2023 and surpassed pre-pandemic levels by 3.8%, and domestic traffic in particular grew by 5.7%.

In 2024, international RPKs (Revenue Passenger Kilometers) recovered strongly, with global traffic exceeding pre-pandemic levels. IATA reported that total full-year traffic rose 10.4% compared to 2023 and was 3.8% above 2019 levels. International demand specifically rose 9.5% in October 2024 compared to October 2023. Furthermore, IATA’s passenger market analysis indicates that international RPKs surpassed 2019 levels by 0.5% in 2024, with load factors reaching a record high of 83.2%. Asia Pacific airlines played a significant role in this recovery, contributing to more than half of the global growth.

Results of Operations

The discussion below relates to our two fiscal years ended on December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

The following table sets forth key components of our results of operations during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Year Ended December 31,

Change

Sales

Cost of sales

Operating expenses

Loss from operations

Net non-operating loss

Loss before income taxes

Income tax expense

Net Loss

Other comprehensive income

Total comprehensive loss

Revenue . Our total revenue was $0 for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the sales of ground antenna and other equipment units of $1,294,202 to a related party, and service sales of $48,729 provided to others for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Cost of sales . Our cost of sales includes the direct costs of our raw materials and component parts, as well as the cost of labor and overhead. Our cost of sales was $0 and $1,145,163 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The cost of sales for the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of cost of ground antenna and other equipment units purchased from a related party and others in the amount of $1,021,563 and $123,600, respectively.

Operating expenses . Our operating expenses consist primarily of compensation and benefits, professional advisor fees, cost of promotion, business development, business travel, transportation costs, and other expenses incurred in connection with general operations. Our operating expenses decreased by $8,915,218 to $15,202,129 for the year ended December 31, 2025, from $24,117,347 for the year ended December 31, 2024. Such operating expense decrease was mainly due to the decrease in R&D expense, stock-based compensation, salaries expense, and professional fee in the amount of $4,438,652, $3,018,688, $1,946,312 and $368,490, respectively, which was offset by the increase in other operation expenses in the amount of $908,951, respectively.

Net non-operating loss . We had $3,070,144 and $5,272,872 net non-operating loss for year ended December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively. Net non-operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily consisted of interest expense of $1,428,168, loss from change in fair value of SAFE liabilities of $610,000, and foreign currency loss of $516,590.

Loss before income taxes . Our loss before income tax is $18,272,273 for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the loss of $29,192,451 for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $10,920,178, or 37.4%, as a result of the factors described above.

Income tax expense . Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2025, and 2024 were $2,400. The income tax expenses mainly consist of California franchise tax and foreign subsidiary’s income tax expenses.

Total comprehensive loss . As a result of the cumulative effect of the factors described above, our total comprehensive loss decreased by $10,740,399, or 37.2%, to $18,153,792 for the year ended December 31, 2025, from $28,894,191 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

In assessing our liquidity, we monitor and analyzes its cash on-hand and its operating and capital expenditure commitments. Our liquidity needs are to meet its working capital requirements, operating expenses and capital expenditure obligations. Cash flow from investing and financing activities have been utilized to finance our working capital requirements. As of December 31, 2025, we had cash outflow from operating activities of $5,635,927 and had cash and restricted cash of $72,579. Our working capital deficit was $70,539,468 as of December 31, 2025. These conditions give rise to substantial doubt and uncertainty regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. If we are able to carry out our plans as detailed below, we could alleviate this doubt.

We have taken measures and is experiencing and anticipates developments that management believes will improve its financial position. These include that two of the our current shareholders (the “Lenders”) have each committed to provide to a $10 million bridge loan (together, the “Loan Commitments” and loans made under the Loan Commitments, “Loans”) for an aggregate committed principal amount of $20 million, to bridge the our cash flow needs prior to its obtaining a mortgage loan to be secured by a parcel of land (the “Land”) that we purchased in Taiwan. The Lenders also agreed to an earlier closing of up to 25% of the principal amounts of the Loans upon our request prior to the time that title to the Land is vested in our subsidiary, Aerkomm Taiwan, to pay the outstanding payable to our vendors. On April 25, 2022, the Lenders further amended the commitment and agreed to increase the percentage of earlier closing amount from 25% to 100%, thus making the full $20 million of the Loan Commitments available to us.

In addition to the foregoing, on March 1, 2023, we entered into a letter agreement with Well Thrive Limited, one of the lenders under the Loan Commitment, in which it was agreed that, to support us, one-half of the Loan Commitment amount of Well Thrive Limited (thus, $5,000,000) would be funded (by Well Thrive or by lenders arranged by Well Thrive) at no interest and with no fixed maturity date, with the remaining $5,000,000 of Well Thrive Limited’s Loan Commitment to be funded on the basis of the originally agreed terms. As of December 31, 2025, we had received Loans totaling NT$131,769,729 (approximately $4.2 million) from multiple individual lenders arranged by Well Thrive. Therefore, the balance of $15,799,499 of the $20 million in aggregate loan commitments from the two Lenders was still available as of December 31, 2025.

In connection with the planned Merger with IXAQ, we have obtained $35 million in private investment in public equity (“PIPE”) investment commitments to be funded before closing of the Merger. Further, us and IXAQ have entered into a letter agreement with Benchmark Company LLC (“Benchmark”) under which Benchmark has agreed to provide capital markets advisory services to us (including attaining research coverage, assisting in roadshows and investor meetings and other advisory services) and to act as placement agent for the private placement of securities by us. In connection with the arrangement with Benchmark, we are targeting the raise of $100 million in connection with the closing of and after the Merger, in addition to the $35 million in already committed PIPE investment and up to approximately $8.9 million of cash (net of transaction costs and depending on the amount of shareholder redemptions) contributed from the IXAQ side as a result of the Merger.

Our ability to remain solvent and settle its obligations when they come due is dependent on its ability to raise additional capital in the form of permanent equity and to successfully gain listing of its common stock on a national exchange such as the NASDAQ capital markets, so that its current investors that have invested in the form of convertible debt and convertible notes are incentivized to convert their debt holdings into common stock that could be traded in an orderly market. As of December 31, 2025, we expect approximately $23.2 million convertible notes and approximately $10.0 million SAFE can be converted into equity upon Merger.

We also expects to begin generating significant recurring revenues in first quarter 2027, including in connection with the OneWeb Distribution Partner Agreement entered into between Aerkomm Japan, as Distribution Partner, and OneWeb on October 1, 2024, pursuant to which Aerkomm Japan was appointed as a distributor for OneWeb in Japan and Taiwan and we had made our first delivery of a certain classified radar system to a governmental defense customer on October 24, 2024.

We believe it will have sufficient liquidity to fund its operations for at least the next twelve months following the issuance of these consolidated financial statements. This assessment considers our current available cash, approximately $15.8 million in aggregate available loan commitments from two lenders, $35 million in PIPE investment commitments signed concurrently with entering into the Merger Agreement with IXAQ, and additional capital expected to be raised through SAFE financings and the Benchmark relationship. In addition, approximately $33.2 million of outstanding convertible notes and SAFE are expected to convert into equity upon consummation of the Merger, which would further strengthen the our capital resources and reduce cash obligations. We also expects to benefit from the cash to be brought in by IXAQ in connection with the Merger (subject to shareholder redemptions), the anticipated ramp-up of revenue-generating commercial sales, synergies from the merger of Aerkomm Taiwan with its exclusive distributor EJECTT, Inc., and continued disciplined management of hiring and other investments. Based on these factors, we believe its working capital will be adequate to sustain our operations for the next twelve months.

If the Merger does not close and thus the $35 million in PIPE commitments that are contingent on closing of the Merger are no longer committed, we expect to be able to fund operations over the next 12 months by short-term borrowings and other loan commitments, the balance of approximately $15.8 million of the $20 million in above-referenced loan commitments from two shareholders, renegotiating financing arrangements with some or all of the committed PIPE investors (who are our existing investors and have a strong interest in its success), slowing the pace of hiring and other investments that we would otherwise undertake if the Merger closes, synergies and efficiencies from the planned merger with EJECTT, and revenues received from the ramp-up of commercial sales. In conclusion, per the non-binding term sheet agreement aforementioned, we will be able to fund the operations and development for the next 12 months.

The following table provides detailed information about our net cash flow:

Years Ended

December 31,

Net cash used in operating activities

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities

Net increase (decrease) in cash and restricted cash

Cash and restricted cash at beginning of year

Foreign currency translation effect on cash and restricted cash

Cash and restricted cash at end of year

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $5,635,927 for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $5,649,924 for the year ended December 31, 2024. In addition to the net loss of $18,274,673, the decrease in net cash used in operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2025 was mainly due to decrease in accounts payable and operating lease liability of $300,099 and $145,783, respectively, offset by non-cash items of $5,961,248, which consisted of depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, loss from disposal equipment, change in fair value of SAFE liabilities, impairment loss on investment, loss on inventories write off, loss on disposal of subsidiaries, and gain on settlement of accounts payable. The decrease also offset by increase in accrued expense and other payable of $5,016,463 and $2,135,460, respectively.

Net cash provided by and used in operating activities was $5,649,924 for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $2,145,787 for the year ended December 31, 2023. In addition to the net loss of $29,194,851, the decrease in net cash used in operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2024 was mainly due to increase in inventories, other receivable, and prepayment from customer – related party of $567,443, $269,882, and $644,570, respectively, offset by non-cash items of $12,179,923 which consisted of depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, non-cash R&D expense, change in fair value of SAFE liabilities, and impairment loss on investment. The decrease also offset by decrease in prepayment for equipment and intangible assets – customer projects, increase in account payable, increase in accrued expense, and increase in other payable of $3,952,458, $611,213, $5,461,682 and $2,483,498, respectively.

Investing Activities

The net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $196,688 as compared to $2,292,336 net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024. Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was mainly due to disbursement for other receivable - related parties loans of $92,149 and proceeds from other receivable-related parties loans of $123,761, offset by purchase of property and equipment of 16,484 and cash outflow from disposal of subsidiaries of $2,738.

The net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $2,292,336 as compared to $8,096,308 for the year ended December 31, 2023. Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was mainly due to disbursement for other receivable - related parties loans of $2,203,619, and purchase of property and equipment of $88,717.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $5,027,678 compared to $895,228 for the year ended December 31, 2024. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025, was mainly attributable to the proceeds from SAFE notes of $4,000,000 and proceeds from short-term loan of $2,953,872, offset by the repayment of short-term loan of $1,929,563.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $895,228 compared to $8,430,528 for the year ended December 31, 2023. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was mainly attributable to the net proceeds from injection of subscribed capital of $527,782, proceeds from issuance of common stock of $3,894,000, proceeds from SAFE notes of $4,997,200, proceeds from other payable-related parties of $172,675, and proceeds from short-term loan of $606,544 offset by the repayment of short-term loan of $960,731, and repayment of convertible long-term bonds payable of $8,330,160.

Capital Expenditures

Our operations continue to require significant capital expenditures primarily for technology development, equipment and capacity expansion. Capital expenditures are associated with the supply of airborne equipment to our prospective airline partners, which correlates directly to the roll out and/or upgrade of service to our prospective airline partners’ fleets. Capital spending is also associated with the expansion of our network, ground stations and data centers and includes design, permitting, network equipment and installation costs.

Capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $16,484 and $88,717, respectively.

We anticipate an increase in capital spending in fiscal year 2026 and estimate that capital expenditures will range from $6 million to $10 million as we will continue to advance our semiconductor designs, our software-defined platforms and continue to execute our network expansion strategy. We expect to be able to raise these required funds in connection with our planned Merger with IXAQ although we cannot provide assurance that we will be successful in this effort.

Inflation

Inflation and changing prices have not had a material effect on our business, and we do not expect that inflation or changing prices will materially affect our business in the foreseeable future. However, our management will closely monitor price changes in our industry and continually maintain effective cost control in operations.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity or capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to an investor in our securities.

Seasonality

Our operating results and operating cash flows historically have not been subject to significant seasonal variations. This pattern may change, however, as a result of new market opportunities or new product introductions.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements and accompanying notes requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis of making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Certain accounting estimates are particularly sensitive because of our significance to financial statements and because of the possibility that future events affecting the estimate may differ significantly from management’s current judgments. We believe that the following accounting estimates are critical to our business operations and understanding our consolidated financial results.

SAFE Liabilities

In connection with the Simple Agreement for Future Equity (“SAFE”) agreements that we entered into with four third parties set forth in Note 16, we determined that the SAFE liabilities should classified as a derivative liability in accordance with ASC 815-40 “Derivatives and Hedging”. As a result, the SAFE liabilities shall be measured initially, and subsequently at fair value on each reporting date. We will continue to adjust the carrying value of the SAFE liabilities until contingencies are finally determined. Any changes in fair value will be recorded as a gain or loss in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. As of December 31, 2025, based on the Fair Value Analysis of SAFE prepared by an independent valuation specialist, the fair value of the SAFEs was estimated at $10,020,000. The valuation was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation reflecting a probability-weighted outcome of multiple scenarios, including equity financing, optional conversion, and dissolution. Key assumptions used in the simulation included an IXAQ stock price of $12.20, a risk-free rate of 3.77%, and an annualized volatility of 50.2%. The Company had received aggregate proceeds of $8,997,200 from SAFE holders on the respective issuance dates. The resulting change in fair value of the derivative liability recognized for the year ended December 31, 2025, was $610,000.

Goodwill Impairment

Management evaluates goodwill for impairment annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable.

During 2023, management evaluated the carrying value and expected future economic benefits associated with acquisitions completed in 2022 and prior periods. Based on this evaluation, including the Company’s strategic repositioning, evolving operational focus, commercialization timeline, and revised expectations regarding the future economic contribution of certain acquired assets and operations, management determined that an impairment charge of $4,561,037 was appropriate for goodwill associated with those prior acquisitions.

Management subsequently evaluated goodwill associated with acquisitions completed after 2023 and determined that no impairment existed for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, goodwill was $4,573,819.

Impairment of long-term investment.

Cost method investment is evaluated for impairment when facts or circumstances indicate that the fair value of the long-term investments is less than its carrying value. An impairment is recognized when a decline in fair value is determined to be other-than-temporary. The Company reviews several factors to determine whether a loss is other-than-temporary. These factors include, but are not limited to, the: (i) nature of the investment; (ii) cause and duration of the impairment; (iii) extent to which fair value is less than cost; (iv) financial condition and near-term prospects of the investments; and (v) ability to hold the security Cost method investment is evaluated for impairment when facts or circumstances indicate that the fair value of the long-term investments is less than its carrying value. An impairment is recognized when a decline in fair value is determined to be other-than-temporary. The Company reviews several factors to determine whether a loss is other-than-temporary. These factors include, but are not limited to, the: (i) nature of the investment; (ii) cause and duration of the impairment; (iii) extent to which fair value is less than cost; (iv) financial condition and near-term prospects of the investments; and (v) ability to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. During the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded $299,069 and $3,699,278 impairment charges for its investments, respectively.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 3 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for a discussion of recently issued accounting standards.