United States Commodity Index Funds Trust - 10-K

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

The following risk factors should be read in connection with the other information included in this annual report on Form 10-K, including Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and financial statements and the related notes.

Each Trust Series’ investment objective is for the daily percentage changes in the NAV per share to reflect the daily percentage changes of the Applicable Index, less the Trust Series’ expenses. Each Trust Series seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing in a combination of Futures Contracts and Other Commodity Related Investments such that the daily percentage changes in its NAV, measured in percentage terms, will closely track the changes in the daily price of the Applicable Index, also measured in percentage terms. Each Trust Series’ investment strategy is designed to provide investors with a cost-effective way to invest indirectly in various commodities and to hedge against movements in the spot price of applicable commodities. An investment in a Trust Series therefore, involves investment risk and correlation risk, or the risk that investors purchasing shares to hedge against movements in the price of commodities will have an efficient hedge only if the return from their shares closely correlates with the return of the Applicable Index. In addition to investment risk and correlation risk, an investment in a Trust Series involves tax risks, OTC risks, and other risks.

Investment Risk

The NAV of a Trust Series shares relates directly to the value of its assets invested in accordance with the Applicable Index and other assets held by a Trust Series and fluctuations in the prices of these assets could materially adversely affect an investment in a Trust Series’ shares. Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results; all or substantially all of an investment in a Trust Series could be lost.

The net assets of each Trust Series consist primarily of investments in Futures Contracts and, to a lesser extent, in Other Commodity-Related Investments. The NAV of a Trust Series’ shares relates directly to the value of these assets (less liabilities, including accrued but unpaid expenses), which in turn relates to the market price of the commodities which comprise the Applicable Index.

Economic conditions . The demand for commodities, in general, correlates closely with general economic growth rates. The occurrence of recessions or other periods of low or negative economic growth will typically have a direct adverse impact on commodity prices, demand and, therefore, may have an adverse impact on commodity prices. Other factors that affect general economic conditions in the world or in a major region, such as changes in population growth rates, periods of civil unrest, military conflicts, war (such as the Russia-Ukraine war), pandemics (e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic), government austerity programs, trade wars between nations, or currency exchange rate fluctuations, can also impact the demand for commodities. Sovereign debt downgrades, defaults, inability to access debt markets due to credit or legal constraints, liquidity crises, the breakup or restructuring of fiscal, monetary, or political systems such as the European Union, and other events or conditions that impair the functioning of financial markets and institutions also may adversely impact the demand for commodities.

Other demand-related factors . Other factors may affect the demand for certain commodities and therefore their price. For example, with respect to energy commodities, such factors may include technological improvements in energy efficiency; seasonal weather patterns, which affect the demand for commodities associated with heating and cooling; increased competitiveness of alternative energy sources that have so far generally not been competitive with such commodity without the benefit of government subsidies or mandates; and changes in technology or consumer preferences that alter fuel choices, such as toward alternative fueled vehicles or electric

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transportation and broad-based changes in personal income levels. With respect to agricultural commodities, changes in consumer preference may lead to demand for a commodity such as grains.

Other supply-related factors . Commodities prices also vary depending on a number of factors affecting supply, including geopolitical risk associated with wars (such as the Russia-Ukraine war), terrorist attacks and tensions between countries, including sanctions imposed as a result of the foregoing, or trade wars, any of which can adversely affect commodity trade flows by limiting or disrupting trade between countries or regions. World food supply levels can also be affected by other factors that reduce available supplies, such as natural disasters, disruptions in competitors’ operations, or unexpected unavailability of distribution channels. Technological change can also alter the relative costs for companies in the commodities industry to produce, and process and distribute a commodity, which in turn, may affect the supply of and demand of such commodity. For example, increased supply from the development of hybrid crops (such as corn and soybeans) and technologies for efficient farming tends to reduce prices in such commodity to the extent such supply increases are not offset by commensurate growth in demand. Similarly, increases in industry manufacturing capacity may impact the supply of a particular crop.

Other market factors . The supply of and demand for agricultural and other commodities may also be impacted by changes in interest rates, inflation, and other local or regional market conditions.

Price volatility may possibly cause the total loss of your investment . Futures contracts have a high degree of price variability and are subject to occasional rapid and substantial changes. Consequently, you could lose all or substantially all of your investment in a Trust Series.

Market volatility is attributable to things like the COVID-19 pandemic and related supply chain disruptions, war (such as the Russia-Ukraine war), and continuing disputes among commodity-producing countries, the introduction of or changes in tariffs or trade barriers, and trade wars between nations. Events such as these, and others, could cause volatility in the future, which may affect the value, pricing and liquidity of some investments or other assets, including those held by or invested in by a Trust Series and the impact of which could limit the Trust Series’ ability to have a substantial portion of its assets invested in the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts. In such a circumstance, the Trust Series could, if it determined it appropriate to do so in light of market conditions and regulatory requirements, invest in other Futures Contracts and/or Other Related Investments.

Natural disasters, public health disruptions (such as the COVID-19 pandemic), and international armed conflicts could impact the price of commodities and/or the value, pricing and liquidity of a Trust Series’ investments or assets which, in turn, could cause the loss of your investment in the Trust Series.

Natural or environmental disasters, such as earthquakes, fires, floods, hurricanes, tsunamis and other severe weather-related phenomena generally, and widespread disease, including public health disruptions, pandemics and epidemics (for example, the COVID-19 pandemic), can be highly disruptive to economies and markets. Such events can, directly or indirectly, negatively impact, and/or cause volatility in, the price of commodities and the value, pricing, and liquidity of the investments or other assets held by a Trust Series.

Geopolitical conflict, including war and armed conflicts (such as the Russia-Ukraine war, conflicts in the Middle East, and the expansion of such conflicts in surrounding areas), sanctions, the introduction of or changes in tariffs or trade barriers, global or local recessions, and acts of terrorism, can also, directly or indirectly, negatively impact, and/or cause volatility in, the price of commodities such as crude oil and the value, pricing, and liquidity of the investments or other assets held by a Trust Series.

A negative impact on, or volatility in, the price of commodities or the value, pricing and liquidity of a Trust Series’ investments or other assets resulting from the occurrence of any of the aforementioned events, or similar events, could cause you to lose all, or substantially all, of your investment in a Trust Series.

Historical performance of a Trust Series and the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts is not indicative of future performance.

Past performance of a Trust Series or the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts is not necessarily indicative of future results. Therefore, past performance of a Trust Series or the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts should not be relied upon in deciding whether to buy shares of a Trust Series.

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Correlation Risk

An investment in a Trust Series may provide little or no diversification benefits. Thus, in a declining market, a Trust Series may have no gains to offset losses from other investments, and an investor may suffer losses on an investment in a Trust Series while incurring losses with respect to other asset classes.

Investors purchasing shares to hedge against movements in the price of commodities will have an efficient hedge only if the return from their shares closely correlates with the return from the Applicable Index, which in turn, correlates with the price of commodities that comprise the Applicable Index. Investing in shares of a Trust Series for hedging purposes includes the following risks:

The market price at which the investor buys or sells shares may be significantly more or less than NAV.

Daily percentage changes in NAV may not closely correlate with daily percentage changes in the price of the Applicable Benchmark.

Daily percentage changes in the prices of the Applicable Benchmark may not closely correlate with daily percentage changes in the price of the commodities that comprise the Applicable Index.

Historically, Futures Contracts and Other Related Investments have generally been non-correlated to the performance of other asset classes such as stocks and bonds. Non-correlation means that there is a low statistically valid relationship between the performance of futures and other commodity interest transactions, on the one hand, and stocks or bonds, on the other hand.

However, there can be no assurance that such non-correlation will continue during future periods. If, contrary to historic patterns, a Trust Series’ performance were to move in the same general direction as the financial markets, investors will obtain little or no diversification benefits from an investment in a Trust Series’ shares. In such a case, a Trust Series may have no gains to offset losses from other investments, and investors may suffer losses on their investment in a Trust Series at the same time they incur losses with respect to other investments.

Variables such as drought, floods, weather military conflicts, pandemics (such as the COVID-19 pandemic), embargoes, tariffs and other political events may have a larger impact on commodity prices and commodity-linked instruments, including Futures Contracts and Other Commodity-Related Investments, than on traditional securities. These additional variables may create additional investment risks that subject a Trust Series’ investments to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities.

Non-correlation should not be confused with negative correlation, where the performance of two asset classes would be opposite of each other. There is no historical evidence that the spot price of a commodity and prices of other financial assets, such as stocks and bonds, are negatively correlated. In the absence of negative correlation, a Trust Series cannot be expected to be automatically profitable during unfavorable periods for the stock market, or vice versa.

The market price at which investors buy or sell shares may be significantly less or more than NAV.

Each Trust Series’ NAV per share will change throughout the day as fluctuations occur in the market value of such Trust Series’ portfolio investments. The public trading price at which an investor buys or sells shares during the day from their broker may be different from the NAV of the shares, which is also the price shares can be redeemed with a Trust Series by Authorized Participants in Redemption Baskets. Generally, price differences may relate to supply and demand forces at work in the secondary trading market for shares that are closely related to, but not identical to, the same forces influencing the prices of the commodities comprising the Applicable Index and the Applicable Index at any point in time. USCF expects that exploitation of certain arbitrage opportunities by Authorized Participants and their clients will tend to cause the public trading price to track NAV per share closely over time, but there can be no assurance of that.

The NAV of a Trust Series’ shares may also be influenced by non-concurrent trading hours between the NYSE Arca and the various futures exchanges on which a commodity comprising the Applicable Index is traded. While the shares trade on the NYSE Arca from 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time, the trading hours for the futures exchanges on commodities trade may not necessarily coincide during all of this time. For example, while the shares trade on the NYSE Arca until 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time, liquidity in the global light sweet crude market will be reduced after the close of the NYMEX at 2:30 p.m. Eastern Time. As a result, during periods when the NYSE Arca is open and the futures exchanges on which sweet, light crude oil is traded are closed, trading spreads and the resulting premium or discount on the shares may widen and, therefore, increase the difference between the price of the shares and the NAV of the shares.

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Daily percentage changes in a Trust Series’ NAV may not correlate with daily percentage changes in the price of the Applicable Index .

A Trust Series’ NAV per share will change throughout the day as fluctuations occur in the market value of that Trust Series’ portfolio investments. The public trading price at which an investor buys or sells shares during the day from their broker may be different from the NAV of the shares, which is also the price shares can be redeemed with the Trust Series by Authorized Participants in Redemption Baskets. Generally, price differences may relate primarily to supply and demand forces at work in the secondary trading market for shares that are closely related to, but not identical to, the same forces influencing the prices of the commodities comprising the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts and the Applicable Index at any point in time. USCF expects that exploitation of certain arbitrage opportunities by “Authorized Participants,” the institutional firms that directly purchase and redeem shares in blocks of 50,000 shares (“Creation Baskets” and “Redemption Baskets” respectively, together, “baskets”) and their clients and customers will tend to cause the public trading price to track NAV per share closely over time, but there can be no assurance of that. For example, a shortage of a Trust Series’ shares in the market and other factors could cause that Trust Series’ shares to trade at a premium. Investors should be aware that such premiums can be transitory. To the extent an investor purchases shares that include a premium (e.g., because of a shortage of shares in the market due to the inability of Authorized Participants to purchase additional Creation Baskets from a Trust Series that could be resold in the market) and the cause of the premium no longer exists causing the premium to disappear (e.g., because more shares are available for purchase from the Trust Series by Authorized Participants that could be resold into the market) such investor’s return on its investment would be adversely impacted due to the loss of the premium.

Daily percentage changes in the price of the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contract may not correlate with daily percentage changes in the spot price of the corresponding commodity.

The correlation between changes in prices of an Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contract and the spot price of the corresponding commodity may at times be only approximate. The degree of imperfection of correlation depends upon circumstances such as variations in the speculative commodities market, supply of and demand for Futures Contracts (including the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contract) and Other Related Investments, and technical influences in futures trading.

In addition, a Trust Series is not able to replicate exactly the changes in the price of the Applicable Index because the total return generated by the Trust Series is reduced by expenses and transaction costs, including those incurred in connection with the Trust Series’ trading activities, and increased by interest income from the Trust Series’ holdings of Treasuries. Tracking the Applicable Index requires trading of the relevant Trust Series’ portfolio with a view to tracking the Applicable Index over time and is dependent upon the skills of USCF and its trading principals, among other factors.

An investment in a Trust Series is not a proxy for investing in the commodities markets, and the daily percentage changes in the price of the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts, or the NAV of the Trust Series, may not correlate with daily percentage changes in the spot price of the physical commodities that underlie the Applicable Index.

An investment in a Trust Series is not a proxy for investing in the commodities markets. To the extent that investors use a Trust Series as a means of indirectly investing in physical commodities, there is the risk that the daily changes in the price of the Trust Series’ shares on the NYSE Arca, on a percentage basis, will not closely track the daily changes in the spot price of the commodities on a percentage basis. This could happen if the price of shares traded on the NYSE Arca does not correlate closely with the value of the Trust Series’ NAV; the changes in the Trust Series’ NAV do not correlate closely with the changes in the price of the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts; or the changes in the prices of the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts do not closely correlate with the changes in the cash or spot price of the commodities. This is a risk because if these correlations do not exist, then investors may not be able to use the Trust Series as a cost-effective way to indirectly invest in commodities or as a hedge against movements in the spot price of commodities. The degree of correlation among a Trust Series’ share price, the price of the Benchmark Component Futures Contract and the spot price of commodities depends upon circumstances such as variations in the speculative commodities market, supply of and demand for Futures Contracts (including the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts) and Other Related Investments, and technical influences on trading futures contracts. Investors who are not experienced in investing in futures contracts or the factors that influence that market or speculative trading in futures markets and may not have the background or ready access to the types of information that investors familiar with these markets may have and, as a result, may be at greater risk of incurring losses from trading in a Trust Series’ shares than such other investors with such experience and resources.

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The price relationship between each Applicable Index at any point in time and the Futures Contracts that will become the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts on the next rebalancing date will vary and may impact both a Trust Series’ total return and the degree to which its total return tracks that of commodity price indices.

The design of each Applicable Index is such that every month it is made up of different Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts, and a Trust Series’ investment must be rebalanced on an ongoing basis to reflect the changing composition of the Applicable Index. In the event of a commodity futures market where near month contracts to expire trade at a higher price than next month contracts to expire, a situation referred to as “backwardation” in the futures market, then absent the impact of the overall movement in commodity prices, the value of the Applicable Index would tend to rise as it approaches expiration. As a result, a Trust Series may benefit because it would be selling more expensive contracts and buying less expensive ones on an ongoing basis. Conversely, in the event of a commodity futures market where near month contracts trade at a lower price than next month contracts, a situation described as “contango” in the futures market, then absent the impact of the overall movement in commodity prices, the value of the Applicable Index would tend to decline as it approaches expiration. As a result, a Trust Series’ total return may be lower than might otherwise be the case because it would be selling less expensive contracts and buying more expensive ones. The impact of backwardation and contango may cause the total return of a Trust Series per share NAV to vary significantly from the total return of other price references, such as the spot price of the commodities comprising the Applicable Index. Moreover, absent the impact of rising or falling commodity prices, a prolonged period of contango could have a significant negative impact on a Trust Series’ per share NAV and total return and investors could lose part or all of their investment.

Accountability levels, position limits, and daily price fluctuation limits set by the exchanges have the potential to cause tracking error, which could cause the price of shares to substantially vary from the price of the Applicable Index.

Designated contract markets, such as the NYMEX and ICE Futures, have established accountability levels and position limits on the maximum net long or net short futures contracts in commodity interests that any person or group of persons under common trading control (other than as a hedge, which an investment by a Trust Series is not) may hold, own or control. These levels and position limits apply to the futures contracts that the Trust Series invest in to meet their investment objectives. In addition to accountability levels and position limits, the NYMEX and ICE Futures, also set daily price limits on futures contracts. The daily price fluctuation limit establishes the maximum amount that the price of a futures contract may vary either up or down from the previous day’s settlement price. Once the daily price fluctuation limit has been reached in a particular futures contract, no trades may be made at a price beyond that limit.

The Position Limits Rule establishes federal position limits for 25 core referenced futures contracts (comprised of agricultural, energy and metals futures contracts), futures and options linked to the core referenced futures contracts, and swaps that are economically equivalent to the core referenced futures contracts, and swaps that are economically equivalent to the core referenced futures contracts that all market participants must comply with, with certain exemptions.

Certain of the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts will be subject to position limits under the Position Limits Rule, and the Trust Series’ trading does not qualify for an exemption therefrom. Accordingly, the Position Limits Rule could inhibit the Trust Series’ ability to invest in the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts and thereby could negatively impact the ability of the Trust Series to meet its investment objective.

These limits may potentially cause a tracking error between the price of a Trust Series’ shares and the Applicable Index. This may in turn prevent investors from being able to effectively use a Trust Series as a way to hedge against commodity-related losses or as a way to indirectly invest in a commodity.

Risk mitigation measures that could be imposed by the Trust Series’ FCMs have the potential to cause tracking error by limiting a Trust Series’ investments, including its ability to fully invest in the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contract and other Futures Contracts, which means that changes in the price of the Trust Series’ shares could substantially vary from changes in the prices of the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts.

The Trust Series’ FCMs have discretion to impose limits on the positions that a Trust Series may hold in the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts as well as certain other months. To date, the Trust Series’ FCMs have not imposed any such limits. However, were the FCMs to impose limits on a Trust Series, such Trust Series’ ability to have a substantial portion of its assets invested in the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contract and other Futures Contracts could be severely limited, which could lead the Trust Series to invest in other Futures Contracts or, potentially, Other Related Investments. The Trust Series could also have to more frequently rebalance and adjust the types of holdings in its portfolio than is currently the case. This could inhibit the Trust Series from pursuing its investment objective in the same manner that it has historically and currently.

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In addition, when offering Creation Baskets for purchase, limitations imposed by exchanges and/or any of the FCMs could limit a Trust Series’ ability to invest the proceeds of the purchases of Creation Baskets in Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts and other Futures Contracts. If this were the case, the Trust Series may invest in other permitted investments, including Other Related Investments, and may hold larger amounts of Treasuries, cash and cash equivalents, which could impair the Trust Series’ ability to meet its investment objective.

Tax Risk

An investor’s tax liability may exceed the amount of distributions, if any, on its shares.

Cash or property will be distributed at the sole discretion of USCF. USCF has not and does not currently intend to make cash or other distributions with respect to shares. Investors will be required to pay U.S. federal income tax and, in some cases, state, local, or non-U.S. income tax, on their allocable share of a Trust Series’ taxable income, without regard to whether they receive distributions or the amount or value of any such distributions. Therefore, the tax liability of an investor with respect to its shares may exceed the amount of cash or value of property (if any) distributed with respect to such shares.

An investor’s allocable share of taxable income or loss may differ from its economic income or loss on the shares.

Due to the application of the assumptions and conventions applied by a Trust Series in making allocations for U.S. federal income tax purposes and other factors, an investor’s allocable share of a Trust Series’ income, gain, deduction, loss, or credit may be different than its economic profit or loss from the shares for a taxable year. This difference could be temporary or permanent and, if permanent, may subject an investor to tax on amounts in excess of its economic income.

Items of income, gain, deduction, loss and credit with respect to shares could be reallocated, for U.S. federal income tax purposes and the Trust Series could be liable for U.S. federal income tax, if the IRS does not accept the assumptions and conventions applied by the Trust Series in allocating those items, with potential adverse consequences for an investor.

The U.S. federal income tax rules pertaining to entities treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes are complex and their application to large, publicly traded partnerships such as the Trust Series is in many respects uncertain. The Trust Series applies certain assumptions and conventions in an attempt to comply with the intent of the applicable rules and to report taxable income, gains, deductions, losses and credits in a manner that properly reflects shareholders’ economic gains and losses. It is possible that the IRS could successfully challenge the application by a Trust Series of these assumptions and conventions as not fully complying with all aspects of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations, which would require the Trust Series to reallocate items of income, gain, deduction, loss or credit in a manner that adversely affects investors. If this occurs, investors may be required to file an amended U.S. federal income tax return and to pay additional taxes, plus deficiency interest, and may be subject to penalties.

The Trust Series may be liable for U.S. federal income tax on any “imputed underpayment” of tax resulting from an adjustment as a result of an IRS audit. The amount of the imputed underpayment generally includes increases in allocations of items of income or gain to any investor and decreases in allocations of items of deduction, loss, or credit to any investor without any offset for any corresponding reductions in allocations of items of income or gain to any investor or increases in allocations of items of deduction, loss, or credit to any investor. If the Trust Series is required to pay any U.S. federal income taxes on any imputed underpayment, the resulting tax liability would reduce the net assets of the Trust Series and would likely have an adverse impact on the value of the shares. Under certain circumstances, the Trust Series may be eligible to make an election to cause the investors to take into account the amount of any imputed underpayment, including any associated interest and penalties. The ability of a publicly traded partnership such as the Trust Series to elect this treatment is uncertain. If the election is made, the Trust Series would be required to provide investors who owned beneficial interests in the shares in the year to which the adjusted allocations relate with a statement setting forth their proportionate shares of the adjustment (“Adjusted K-1s”). The investors would be required to take the adjustment into account in the taxable year in which the Adjusted K-1s are issued.

Each Trust Series could be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which may substantially reduce the value of the shares.

The Trust, on behalf of each Trust Series, has received an opinion of counsel that, under current U.S. federal income tax laws, each Trust Series will be treated as a partnership that is not taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, provided that (i) at least 90 percent of the Trust Series’ annual gross income will be derived from (a) income and gains from commodities (not held as

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inventory) or futures, forwards, options, swaps and other notional principal contracts with respect to commodities, and (b) interest income (“qualifying income”); (ii) the Trust and each Trust Series is organized and operated in accordance with its governing agreements and applicable law; and (iii) neither the Trust nor the Trust Series elects to be taxed as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Although USCF anticipates that each Trust Series has satisfied and will continue to satisfy the “qualifying income” requirement for all of its taxable years that result cannot be assured. No Trust Series has requested and will not request any ruling from the IRS with respect to its classification as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If the IRS were to successfully assert that a Trust Series is taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any taxable year, rather than passing through its income, gains, losses, deductions and credits proportionately to its shareholders, the Trust Series would be subject to U.S. federal income tax imposed at applicable corporate rates on its net income for the year. In addition, although USCF does not currently intend to make distributions with respect to the shares, if a Trust Series were treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, any distributions made with respect to the Trust Series’ shares would be taxable to shareholders as dividend income to the extent of a Trust Series’ current and accumulated earnings and profits. Taxation of the Trust and each Trust Series as a corporation could materially reduce the after-tax return on an investment in shares and could substantially reduce the value of the shares.

The Trust is organized as a Delaware statutory trust in accordance with the provisions of the Trust Agreement and applicable state law, but each Trust Series is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and therefore, each Trust Series has a more complex tax treatment than traditional mutual funds.

The Trust is organized as a Delaware statutory trust in accordance with the provisions of the Trust Agreement and applicable state law, but each Trust Series is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. No U.S. federal income tax is paid by any Trust Series on its income. Instead, each Trust Series will furnish shareholders each year with tax information on IRS Schedules K-1 and/or K-3 (Form 1065), as applicable, and each U.S. shareholder is required to report on its U.S. federal income tax return its allocable share of the income, gain, loss, deduction, and credit of each Trust Series. These amounts must be reported without regard to the amount of cash or value of the property the shareholder receives (if any) as a distribution from an applicable Trust Series during the taxable year. A shareholder, therefore, may be allocated income or gain by a Trust Series but receive no cash distribution with which to pay the tax liability resulting from the allocation, or may receive a distribution that is insufficient to pay such liability.

In addition to U.S. federal income taxes, shareholders may be subject to other taxes, such as state and local income taxes, unincorporated business taxes, business franchise taxes and estate, inheritance or intangible taxes that may be imposed by the various jurisdictions in which the Trust Series do business or own property or where the shareholders reside. Although an analysis of those various taxes is not presented here, each prospective shareholder should consider their potential impact on its investment in a Trust Series. It is each shareholder’s responsibility to file the appropriate U.S. federal, state, local, and non-U.S. tax returns.

If the Trust Series are required to withhold tax with respect to any non-U.S. shareholders, the cost of such withholding may be borne by all shareholders.

Under certain circumstances, the Trust Series may be required to pay withholding tax with respect to allocations to non-U.S. shareholders. Although the Trust Agreement provides that any such withholding will be treated as being distributed to the non-U.S. shareholder, the Trust Series may not be able to cause the economic cost of such withholding to be borne by the non-U.S. shareholder on whose behalf such amounts were withheld since it does not generally expect to make any distributions. Under such circumstances, the economic cost of the withholding may be borne by all shareholders, not just the shareholders on whose behalf such amounts were withheld. This could have a material impact on the value of the shares.

The impact of changes in U.S. federal income tax laws on each Trust Series is uncertain.

In general, legislative or other actions relating to U.S. federal income taxes could have a negative effect on the Trust Series or their investors. Matters pertaining to U.S. federal income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department. The Trump Administration has proposed significant changes to the Code and existing U.S federal income tax regulations and there are a number of proposals in Congress that, if enacted, would similarly modify the Code. The likelihood of any such legislation being enacted is uncertain, but new legislation and any U.S. Treasury regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions interpreting such legislation could result in adverse tax consequences to the Trust, the Trust Series and their investors. Investors are urged to consult with their tax advisor with respect to the status of legislative, regulatory or administrative developments and proposals and their potential effect on an investment in shares of a Trust Series.

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OTC Contract Risk

Each Trust Series will be subject to credit risk with respect to counterparties to OTC contracts entered into by the Trust on behalf of a Trust Series.

Each Trust Series faces the risk of non-performance by counterparties to its OTC contracts. Unlike in futures contracts, the counterparty to OTC contracts is generally a single bank or other financial institution, rather than a clearing organization backed by a group of financial institutions. As a result, there will be greater counterparty credit risk in these transactions. A counterparty may not be able to meet its obligations to a Trust Series, in which case the Trust Series could suffer significant losses on these contracts. The two-way margining requirements imposed by U.S. regulators are intended to mitigate this risk. If a counterparty becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations due to financial difficulties, a Trust Series may experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery in a bankruptcy or other reorganization proceeding. The Trust on behalf of a Trust Series may obtain only limited recovery or may obtain no recovery in such circumstances.

Each Trust Series mitigates these risks by typically entering into transactions only with major, global financial institutions.

Valuing OTC derivatives may be less certain than valuing exchange-traded and/or cleared financial instruments.

In general, valuing OTC derivatives is less certain than valuing actively traded financial instruments such as exchange-traded futures contracts and securities or cleared swaps because, for OTC derivatives, the price and terms on which such OTC derivatives are entered into or can be terminated are individually negotiated, and those prices and terms may not reflect the best price or terms available from other sources. In addition, while market makers and dealers generally quote indicative prices or terms for entering into or terminating OTC contracts, they typically are not contractually obligated to do so, particularly if they are not a party to the transaction. As a result, it may be difficult to obtain an independent value for an outstanding OTC derivatives transaction.

Each Trust Series’ rights under an OTC contract may be restricted by regulations.

Regulations adopted by global prudential regulators that are now in effect require certain prudentially regulated entities and certain of their affiliates and subsidiaries (including swap dealers) to include in their derivatives contracts and certain other financial contracts terms that delay or restrict the rights of counterparties (such as a Trust Series) to terminate such contracts, foreclose upon collateral, exercise other default rights or restrict transfers of credit support in the event that the prudentially regulated entity and/or its affiliates are subject to certain types of resolution or insolvency proceedings. Similar regulations and laws have been adopted in non-U.S. jurisdictions that may apply to each Trust Series’ counterparties located in those jurisdictions. These requirements could adversely affect each Trust Series’ ability to terminate existing derivatives contracts, exercise default rights, or satisfy obligations owed to it with collateral received under such contracts if a Trust Series counterparty and/or its affiliates is subject to resolution or insolvency proceedings.

The use of swap agreements may expose a Trust Series to early termination risk, which could result in significant losses to the Trust Series.

Swap agreements do not have uniform terms. A swap counterparty may have the right to close out the Trust Series’ position due to the occurrence of certain events (for example, if a Trust Series defaults on certain terms of the swap agreement, or if there is a material decline in the Trust Series’ NAV on a particular day) and request immediate payment of amounts owed by the Trust Series under the agreement. If the level of the Trust Series’ NAV has a dramatic intraday move, the terms of the swap agreement may permit the counterparty to close out a transaction with the Trust Series at a price calculated by the counterparty that, in good faith, represents such counterparty’s loss, but such loss may not represent fair market value.

Other Risks

Neither Trust Series is leveraged, but a Trust Series could become leveraged if it had insufficient assets to completely meet its margin or collateral requirements relating to its investments.

Neither Trust Series is leveraged, and neither intends to leverage, its assets through borrowings or otherwise, and each makes its investments accordingly. Consistent with the foregoing, each Trust Series’ announced investment intentions, and any changes thereto, will take into account the need for the Trust Series to make permitted investments that also allow it to maintain adequate liquidity to meet its margin and collateral requirements and to avoid, to the extent reasonably possible, the Trust Series becoming leveraged. If

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market conditions require it, a Trust Series may implement risk reduction procedures, which may include changes to its investments, and such changes may occur on short notice if they occur other than during a roll or rebalance period.

Neither Trust Series borrows or will borrow money or use debt to satisfy its margin or collateral obligations in respect of its investments, but it could become leveraged if the Trust Series were to hold insufficient assets that would allow it to meet not only the current, but also future, margin or collateral obligations required for such investments. Such a circumstance could occur if a Trust Series were to hold assets that have a value of less than zero.

USCF endeavors to have the value of each Trust Series’ Treasuries, cash and cash equivalents, whether held by the Trust Series or posted as margin or other collateral, at all times approximate the aggregate market value of its obligations under its Futures Contracts and Other Related Investments.

A Trust Series may temporarily limit the offering of Creation Baskets.

A Trust Series may determine to limit the issuance of its shares through the offering of Creation Baskets to its Authorized Participants in order to allow it to reinvest the proceeds from sales of its Creation Baskets in currently permitted assets in a manner that meets its investment objective. A Trust Series will announce to the market through the filing of a Current Report on Form 8-K if it intends to limit the offering of Creation Baskets at any time. In such case, orders for Creation Baskets will be considered for acceptance in the order they are received by the Trust Series and the Trust Series would continue to accept requests for redemption of its shares from Authorized Participants through Redemption Baskets during the period of the limited offering of Creation Baskets.

The Trust Series pay fees and expenses that are incurred regardless of whether they are profitable.

Unlike mutual funds, commodity pools or other investment pools that manage their investments in an attempt to realize income and gains and distribute such income and gains to their investors, the Trust Series generally do not distribute cash shareholders. You should not invest in a Trust Series if you will need cash distributions from the Trust Series to pay taxes on your share of income and gains of the Trust Series, if any, or for any other reason.

You will have no rights to participate in the management of a Trust Series and will have to rely on the duties and judgment of USCF to manage the Trust Series.

The Trust Series is subject to actual and potential inherent conflicts involving USCF, various commodity futures brokers and “Authorized Participants,” USCF’s officers, directors and employees do not devote their time exclusively to the Trust Series. USCF’s personnel are directors, officers or employees of other entities that may compete with the Trust Series for their services, including other commodity pools (funds) that USCF manages. USCF could have a conflict between its responsibilities to the Trust Series and to those other entities. As a result of these and other relationships, parties involved with the Trust Series have a financial incentive to act in a manner other than in the best interest of the Trust Series and the shareholders.

Certain of a Trust Series’ investments could be illiquid, which could cause large losses to investors at any time or from time to time.

Futures positions cannot always be liquidated at the desired price. It is difficult to execute a trade at a specific price when there is a relatively small volume of buy and sell orders in a market. A market disruption, such as war or a foreign government taking political actions that disrupt the market for its currency, its crude oil production or exports, or another major export, can also make it difficult to liquidate a position. Because both Futures Contracts and Other Related Investments may be illiquid, a Trust Series’ Commodity Interests may be more difficult to liquidate at favorable prices in periods of illiquid markets and losses may be incurred during the period in which positions are being liquidated. The large size of the positions that a Trust Series may acquire increases the risk of illiquidity both by making its positions more difficult to liquidate and by potentially increasing losses while trying to do so.

OTC contracts that are not subject to clearing may be even less marketable than futures contracts because they are not traded on an exchange, do not have uniform terms and conditions, and are entered into based upon the creditworthiness of the parties and the availability of credit support, such as collateral, and in general, they are not transferable without the consent of the counterparty. These conditions make such contracts less liquid than standardized futures contracts traded on a commodities exchange and could adversely impact a Trust Series’ ability to realize the full value of such contracts. In addition, even if collateral is used to reduce counterparty credit risk, sudden changes in the value of OTC transactions may leave a party open to financial risk due to a counterparty default since the collateral held may not cover a party’s exposure on the transaction in such situations.

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The Trust Series are not actively managed and their investment objectives are for the daily changes in percentage terms of their shares’ per share NAV for any period of 30 successive valuation days to be within plus/minus ten percent (10%) of the average daily percentage change in the price of the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts over the same period.

The Trust Series are not actively managed by conventional methods. Accordingly, if a Trust Series’ investments are declining in value, in the ordinary course, the Trust Series will not close out such positions except in connection with paying the proceeds to an Authorized Participant upon the redemption of a basket or closing out its positions in the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts and other permitted investments (i) in connection with the monthly change in the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts; (ii) when the Trust Series otherwise determines it would be appropriate to do so, e.g., due to regulatory requirements or risk mitigation measures (including those that may be taken by a Trust Series, a Trust Series’ FCMs, counterparties or other market participants); or (iii) to avoid the Trust Series becoming leveraged, and it reinvests the proceeds in new Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts or Other Related Investments to the extent possible. USCF will seek to cause the NAV a Trust Series shares to track the Applicable Index during periods in which the price is flat or declining as well as when the price is rising.

The ability of each Trust Series to invest in the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts could be limited as a result of any or all of the following: evolving market conditions, a change in regulatory accountability levels and position limits imposed on the Trust Series with respect to its investment in Futures Contracts, additional or different risk mitigation measures taken by market participants, generally, including a Trust Series, with respect to such Trust Series acquiring additional Futures Contracts, or such Trust Series selling additional shares.

A Trust Series may not meet the listing standards of NYSE Arca, which would adversely impact an investor’s ability to sell shares.

NYSE Arca may suspend a Trust Series’ shares from trading on the exchange with or without prior notice to the Trust Series upon failure of such Trust Series to comply with the NYSE’s listing requirements or, when in its sole discretion, the NYSE Arca determines that such suspension of dealings is in the public interest or otherwise warranted. There can be no assurance that the requirements necessary to maintain the listing of each Trust Series’ shares will continue to be met or will remain unchanged. If a Trust Series were unable to meet the NYSE’s listing standards and were to become delisted, an investor’s ability to sell its shares would be adversely impacted.

The NYSE Arca may halt trading in a Trust Series’ shares, which would adversely impact an investor’s ability to sell shares.

As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, each Trust Series’ shares are listed for trading on the NYSE Arca under the market symbols “USCI” and “CPER”. Trading in shares may be halted due to market conditions or, in light of NYSE Arca rules and procedures, for reasons that, in the view of the NYSE Arca, make trading in shares inadvisable. In addition, trading is subject to trading halts caused by extraordinary market volatility pursuant to “circuit breaker” rules that require trading to be halted for a specified period based on a specified market decline.

The liquidity of a Trust Series’ shares may also be affected by the withdrawal from participation of Authorized Participants, which could adversely affect the market price of the shares.

In the event that one or more Authorized Participants which have substantial interests in the shares withdraw from participation, the liquidity of the shares will likely decrease, which could adversely affect the market price of the shares and result in investors incurring a loss on their investment.

Shareholders that are not Authorized Participants may only purchase or sell their shares in secondary trading markets, and the conditions associated with trading in secondary markets may adversely affect investors’ investment in the shares.

Only Authorized Participants may directly purchase shares from, or redeem shares with, a Trust Series through Creation Baskets or Redemption Baskets, respectively. All other investors that desire to purchase or sell shares must do so through the NYSE Arca or in other markets, if any, in which the shares may be traded. Shares may trade at a premium or discount relative to NAV per share.

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The lack of an active trading market for a Trust Series’ shares may result in losses on an investor’s investment in a Trust Series at the time the investor sells the shares.

Although each Trust Series’ shares are listed and traded on the NYSE Arca, there can be no guarantee that an active trading market for the shares will be maintained. If an investor needs to sell shares at a time when no active trading market for them exists, the price the investor receives upon sale of the shares, assuming they were able to be sold, likely would be lower than if an active market existed.

SummerHaven is leanly staffed and relies heavily on key personnel to manage advisory activities.

SummerHaven is leanly staffed and relies heavily on key personnel to manage advisory activities. In providing trading advisory services to each Trust Series with respect to its Applicable Index, SummerHaven relies heavily on Kurt Nelson and Dr. K. Geert Rouwenhorst. Mr. Nelson and Dr. Rouwenhorst intend to allocate their time to managing the assets of each Trust Series in a manner that they deem appropriate. If such key personnel of SummerHaven were to leave or be unable to carry out their present responsibilities, it may have an adverse effect on the management of SummerHaven.

USCF’s LLC Agreement provides limited authority to the Non-Management Directors, and any Director of USCF may be removed by USCF’s parent company, which is wholly owned by The Marygold Companies, Inc., a controlled public company where the majority of shares are owned by Nicholas D. Gerber along with certain of his family members and certain other shareholders.

USCF’s Board of Directors currently consists of four Management Directors, who are also executive officers or employees of USCF, and three Non-Management Directors, who are considered independent for purposes of applicable NYSE Arca and SEC rules. Under USCF’s LLC Agreement, the Non-Management Directors have only such authority as the Management Directors expressly confer upon them, which means that the Non-Management Directors may have less authority to control the actions of the Management Directors than is typically the case with the independent members of a company’s Board of Directors. In addition, any Director may be removed by written consent of USCF Investments, Inc. (“USCF Investments”), formerly Wainwright Holdings, Inc., which is the sole member of USCF. The sole shareholder of USCF Investments is The Marygold Companies, Inc., formerly Concierge Technologies, Inc. (“Marygold”), a company publicly traded under the ticker symbol “MGLD.” Mr. Nicholas D. Gerber, along with certain of his family members and certain other shareholders, owns the majority of the shares in Marygold, which is the sole shareholder of USCF Investments, the sole member of USCF. Accordingly, although USCF is governed by the USCF Board of Directors, which consists of both Management Directors and Non-Management Directors, pursuant to the LLC Agreement, it is possible for Mr. Gerber to exercise his indirect control of USCF Investments to effect the removal of any Director (including the Non-Management Directors which comprise the Audit Committee) and to replace that Director with another Director. Having control in one person could have a negative impact on USCF and each Trust Series, including their regulatory obligations.

There is a risk that a Trust Series will not earn trading gains sufficient to compensate for the fees and expenses that it must pay and as such a Trust Series may not earn any profit.

Each Trust Series pays brokerage charges of approximately 0.10% of average total net assets based on brokerage fees of $3.00 per buy or sell, management fees of 0.65% of NAV on its average net assets in the case of CPER and 0.80% in the case of USCI (in each case, before any applicable voluntary or contractual expense waivers), and OTC spreads and extraordinary expenses (e.g., subsequent offering expenses, other expenses not in the ordinary course of business, including the indemnification of any person against liabilities and obligations to the extent permitted by law and required under the Trust Agreement and under agreements entered into by USCF on each Trust Series’ behalf and the bringing and defending of actions at law or in equity and otherwise engaging in the conduct of litigation and the incurring of legal expenses and the settlement of claims and litigation) that cannot be quantified.

These fees and expenses must be paid in all cases regardless of whether each Trust Series’ activities are profitable. Accordingly, each Trust Series must earn trading gains sufficient to compensate for these fees and expenses before it can earn any profit.

Each Trust Series is subject to extensive regulatory reporting and compliance.

Each Trust Series is subject to a comprehensive scheme of regulation under the federal commodities and securities laws. Each Trust Series could be subject to sanctions for a failure to comply with those requirements, which could adversely affect its financial performance (in the case of financial penalties) or ability to pursue its investment objective (in the case of a limitation on its ability to trade).

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Because each Trust Series’ shares are publicly traded, a Trust Series is subject to certain rules and regulations of federal, state and financial market exchange entities charged with the protection of investors and the oversight of companies whose securities are publicly traded. These entities include the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”), the SEC, the CFTC, the NFA and NYSE Arca and these authorities have continued to develop additional regulations or interpretations of existing regulations. Each Trust Series is in ongoing efforts to comply with these regulations and interpretations have resulted in, and are likely to continue resulting in, a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance related activities.

Each Trust Series is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Each Trust Series’ internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance to its management regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective may provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

Fewer representative commodities may result in greater Applicable Index volatility.

Each Applicable Index is concentrated in terms of the number of commodities represented. Investors should be aware that other commodities indices are more diversified in terms of both the number and variety of commodities included. Concentration in fewer commodities may result in a greater degree of volatility in an Applicable Index and the NAV of a Trust Series which tracks an Applicable Index under specific market conditions and over time.

Regulatory changes or actions, including the implementation of new legislation, are impossible to predict but may significantly and adversely affect a Trust Series.

The futures markets are subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations, and margin requirements. Such statutes, regulations and requirements are subject to ongoing modification by governmental and judicial action. This is particularly so whenever there is a change in presidential administration, which can lead to changes in regulatory priorities and policy. The effect of any future regulatory change on a Trust Series is impossible to predict, but it could be substantial and adverse. In addition, the CFTC, SEC, futures exchanges, and other entities are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of a market emergency including, for example, the retroactive implementation of speculative position limits or higher margin requirements, the establishment of daily price limits and the suspension of trading. For a more detailed discussion of the regulations to be imposed by the CFTC and the SEC and the potential impacts thereof on a Trust Series, please see “ Item 1. Business - Commodities Regulation ” in this annual report on Form 10-K.

The Trust is not a registered investment company, so shareholders do not have the protections of the 1940 Act.

The Trust is not an investment company subject to the 1940 Act. Accordingly, investors do not have the protections afforded by that statute, which, for example, requires investment companies to have a majority of disinterested directors and regulates the relationship between the investment company and its investment manager.

Trading in international markets could expose a Trust Series to credit and regulatory risk.

Each Trust Series invests primarily in Futures Contracts, a significant portion of which are traded on United States exchanges, including the NYMEX. However, a portion of a Trust Series’ trades may take place on markets and exchanges outside the United States. Trading on such non-U.S. markets or exchanges presents risks because they are not subject to the same degree of regulation as their U.S. counterparts, including potentially different or diminished investor protections. In trading contracts denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars, a Trust Series is subject to the risk of adverse exchange-rate movements between the dollar and the functional currencies of such contracts. Additionally, trading on non-U.S. exchanges is subject to the risks presented by exchange controls, expropriation, increased tax burdens and exposure to local economic declines and political instability. An adverse development with respect to any of these variables could reduce the profit or increase the loss earned on trades in the affected international markets.

Each Trust Series and USCF may have conflicts of interest, which may permit them to favor their own interests to the detriment of shareholders.

Each Trust Series is subject to actual and potential inherent conflicts involving USCF, various commodity futures brokers and Authorized Participants. USCF’s officers, directors and employees do not devote their time exclusively to a Trust Series and also are directors, officers or employees of other entities that may compete with each Trust Series for their services. They could have a conflict between their responsibilities to a Trust Series and to those other entities. As a result of these and other relationships, parties involved

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with a Trust Series have a financial incentive to act in a manner other than in the best interests of such Trust Series and the shareholders. USCF has not established any formal procedure to resolve conflicts of interest. Consequently, investors are dependent on the good faith of the respective parties subject to such conflicts of interest to resolve them equitably. Although USCF attempts to monitor these conflicts, it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, for USCF to ensure that these conflicts do not, in fact, result in adverse consequences to the shareholders.

A Trust Series may also be subject to certain conflicts with respect to its FCMs, including, but not limited to, conflicts that result from the FCM receiving greater amounts of compensation from other clients, or purchasing opposite or competing positions on behalf of third party accounts traded through the FCMs. In addition, USCF’s principals, officers, directors or employees may trade futures and related contracts for their own account. A conflict of interest may exist if their trades are in the same markets and at the same time as a Trust Series trades using the clearing broker to be used by such Trust Series. A potential conflict also may occur if USCF’s principals, officers, directors or employees trade their accounts more aggressively or take positions in their accounts which are opposite, or ahead of, the positions taken by a Trust Series.

The Trust Series, USCF and SummerHaven may have conflicts of interest, which may cause them to favor their own interests to the detriment of shareholders.

The Trust Series, USCF and SummerHaven may have inherent conflicts to the extent USCF and SummerHaven attempt to maintain each Trust Series’ asset size in order to preserve its fee income and this may not always be consistent with such Trust Series’ objective of having the value of its shares’ NAV track changes in the value of an Applicable Index.

USCF’s and SummerHaven’s officers, directors and employees do not devote their time exclusively to each Trust Series. For example, USCF’s directors, officers and employees act in such capacity for other entities, including the Related Public Funds that may compete with each Trust Series for their services. They could have a conflict between their responsibilities to each Trust Series and to the Related Public Funds.

USCF has sole current authority to manage the investments and operations of each Trust Series. It has delegated management of each Trust Series’ investments in its Applicable Interests to its commodity trading advisor, SummerHaven. This authority to manage the investments and operations of each Trust Series may allow either USCF or SummerHaven to act in a way that furthers its own interests in conflict with the best interests of investors. Shareholders have very limited voting rights, which will limit the ability to influence matters such as amending the Trust Agreement, changing a Trust Series’ basic investment objective, dissolving a Trust Series, or selling or distributing a Trust Series’ assets.

Shareholders have only very limited voting rights and have the power to replace USCF only under specific circumstances. Shareholders do not participate in the management of a Trust Series and do not control USCF, so they do not have any influence over basic matters that affect each Trust Series.

Shareholders have very limited voting rights with respect to each Trust Series’ affairs and have none of the statutory rights normally associated with the ownership of shares of a corporation (including, for example, the right to bring “oppression” or “derivative” actions). Shareholders may elect a replacement sponsor only if USCF resigns voluntarily or loses its corporate charter. Shareholders are not permitted to participate in the management or control of any Trust Series or the conduct of its business. Shareholders must therefore rely upon the duties and judgment of USCF to manage each Trust Series’ affairs.

A Trust Series could terminate at any time and cause the liquidation and potential loss of an investor’s investment and could upset the overall maturity and timing of an investor’s investment portfolio.

A Trust Series may terminate at any time, regardless of whether that Trust Series has incurred losses, subject to the terms of the Trust Agreement. In particular, unforeseen circumstances, including but not limited to the death, adjudication of incompetence, bankruptcy, dissolution, withdrawal, or removal of USCF as the sponsor of the Trust could cause the Trust Series to terminate unless a successor is appointed in accordance with the Trust Agreement. In addition, USCF may terminate a Trust Series if it determines that the Trust Series’ aggregate net assets in relation to its operating expenses make the continued operation of the Trust Series unreasonable or imprudent. However, no level of losses will require USCF to terminate a Trust Series. A Trust Series’ termination would cause the liquidation of its assets and the distribution of the proceeds thereof, first to creditors and then to shareholders in accordance with their positive book capital account balances, after giving effect to all contributions, distributions and allocations for all periods, and the Trust Series could incur losses in liquidating its assets in connection with a termination. Termination could also negatively affect the overall maturity and timing of an investor’s investment portfolio.

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The Trust Series do not expect to make cash distributions.

No Trust Series has previously made any cash distributions and intends to reinvest any realized gains in additional Commodity Interests rather than distributing cash to shareholders. Therefore, unlike mutual funds, commodity pools or other investment pools that actively manage their investments in an attempt to realize income and gains from their investing activities and distribute such income and gains to their investors, a Trust Series generally does not expect to distribute cash. An investor should not invest in a Trust Series if the investor will need cash distributions from the Trust Series to pay taxes on its share of income and gains of a Trust Series, if any, or for any other reason. Nonetheless, although a Trust Series does not intend to make cash distributions, the income earned from its investments held directly or posted as margin may reach levels that merit distribution, e.g., at levels where such income is not necessary to support its underlying investments in Commodity Interests and investors adversely react to being taxed on such income without receiving distributions that could be used to pay such tax. If this income becomes significant then cash distributions may be made.

An unanticipated number of Redemption Basket requests during a short period of time could have an adverse effect on a Trust Series’ NAV.

If a substantial number of requests for redemption of Redemption Baskets are received by a Trust Series during a relatively short period of time, such Trust Series may not be able to satisfy the requests from the Trust Series assets not committed to trading. As a consequence, it could be necessary to liquidate positions in a Trust Series’ trading positions before the time that the trading strategies would otherwise dictate liquidation.

The suspension in the ability of Authorized Participants to purchase Creation Baskets could cause a Trust Series’ NAV to differ materially from its trading price.

In the event that there was a suspension in the ability of Authorized Participants to purchase additional Creation Baskets, Authorized Participants and other groups that make a market in shares of a Trust Series would likely still continue to actively trade the shares. However, in such a situation, Authorized Participants and other market makers may seek to adjust the market they make in the shares. Specifically, such market participants may increase the spread between the prices that they quote for offers to buy and sell shares to allow them to adjust to the potential uncertainty as to when they might be able to purchase additional Creation Baskets of shares. In addition, Authorized Participants may be less willing to offer to quote offers to buy or sell shares in large numbers. The potential impact of either wider spreads between bid and offer prices, or reduced number of shares on which quotes may be available, could increase the trading costs to investors in the Trust Series compared to the quotes and the number of shares on which bids and offers are made if the Authorized Participants still were able to freely create new baskets of shares. In addition, there could be a significant variation between the market price at which shares are traded and the shares’ NAV, which is also the price at which shares can be redeemed with the Trust Series by Authorized Participants in Redemption Baskets. The foregoing could also create significant deviations from the Trust Series’ investment objective. Any potential impact to the market for shares of the Trust Series that could occur from the Authorized Participant’s inability to create new baskets would likely not extend beyond the time when a Trust Series resumes selling Creation Baskets.

A Trust Series may determine that, to allow it to reinvest the proceeds from sales of its Creation Baskets in currently permitted assets in a manner that meets its investment objective, it may limit its offers of Creation Baskets.

A Trust Series may determine to limit the issuance of its shares through the offering of Creation Baskets to its Authorized Participants. As a result of certain circumstances described herein, including (1) the need to comply with regulatory requirements (including, but not limited to, exchange accountability levels and position limits as well as statutory or regulatory limits); (2) market conditions (including but not limited to those allowing USCI to obtain greater liquidity or to execute transactions with more favorable pricing); and (3) risk mitigation measures (including those that may be taken by the a Trust Series, a Trust Series’ FCMs, counterparties or other market participants) that limit the Trust Series and other market participants from investing in particular commodity futures contracts, a Trust Series’ management may determine that it will limit the issuance of shares and the offerings of Creation Baskets because it is unable to invest the proceeds from such offerings in investments that would permit it to reasonably meet its investment objective.

If such a determination is made, the same consequences associated with a suspension of the offering of Creation Baskets, as described in the foregoing risk factor, “The suspension in the ability of Authorized Participants to purchase Creation Baskets could cause a Trust Series’ NAV to differ materially from its trading price,” could also occur as a result of a Trust Series determining to limit the offering of Creation Baskets.

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The Trust Series may be subject to interest rate risk, which may prevent them from investing fully at prevailing rates until any current investments in Treasuries mature in order to avoid selling those investments at a loss.

Interest rate risk is the risk that fixed income securities and other investments in a Trust Series’ portfolio will fluctuate in value because of a change in interest rates. Interest rate changes can be sudden and unpredictable, and a Trust Series may lose money because of movements in interest rates. When interest rates rise, the value of fixed income securities typically falls. In a rising interest rate environment, the Trust Series may not be able to fully invest at prevailing rates until any current investments in Treasuries mature in order to avoid selling those investments at a loss. Interest rate risk is generally lower for shorter term investments and higher for longer term investments. In addition, in a rising interest rate environments, it is possible that the Treasuries held by a Trust Series will decline in value. When interest rates fall, a Trust Series may be required to reinvest the proceeds from the sale, redemption or early prepayment of a Treasuries or money market security at a lower interest rate.

As inflation increases, the present value of a Trust Series’ assets may decline.

Inflation is a general increase in the overall price level of goods and services in the economy. The United States Federal Reserve has a stated goal of maintaining a two percent increase in inflation over the long run, as measured by the annual change in the price index for personal consumption expenditures.

Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States experienced inflation above the Federal Reserve’s stated two percent goal. Other world economies similarly experienced elevated inflation rates. The Federal Reserve increased interest rates and successfully reduced inflation so that it is close to the stated two percent goal. As a result, in 2024, the Federal Reserve began reducing interest rates. However, the rate of inflation in the United States is still above the stated two percent goal. Inflation has the effect of eroding the value of cash or bonds. In a high inflation environment, the value of a Trust Series’ cash and Treasury investments may decline.

A Trust Series may potentially lose money by investing in government money market funds.

The Trust Series invests in government money market funds. Although such government money market funds seek to preserve the value of an investment at $1.00 per share, there is no guarantee that they will be able to do so and a Trust Series may lose money by investing in a government money market fund. An investment in a government money market fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”), or any other government agency. The share price of a government money market fund can fall below the $1.00 share price. No Trust Series can rely on or expect a government money market fund’s adviser or its affiliates to enter into support agreements or take other actions to maintain the government money market fund’s $1.00 share price. The credit quality of a government money market fund’s holdings can change rapidly in certain markets, and the default of a single holding could have an adverse impact on the government money market fund’s share price. Due to fluctuations in interest rates, the market value of securities held by a government money market fund may vary. A government money market fund’s share price can also be negatively affected during periods of high redemption pressures and/or illiquid markets.

The failure or bankruptcy of a clearing broker could result in a substantial loss of the Trust Series’ assets and could impair the Trust Series in its ability to execute trades.

The CEA and CFTC regulations impose several requirements on FCMs and clearing houses that are designed to protect customers, including mandating the implementation of risk management programs, internal monitoring and controls, capital and liquidity standards, customer disclosures, and auditing and examination programs. In particular, the CEA and CFTC regulations require FCMs and clearing houses to segregate all funds received from customers from proprietary assets. There can be no assurance that the requirements imposed by the CEA and CFTC regulations will prevent losses to, or not materially adversely affect, the Trust Series or its investors.

In particular, in the event of an FCM’s or clearing house’s bankruptcy, the Trust Series could be limited to recovering either a pro rata share of all available funds segregated on behalf of the FCM’s combined customer accounts or the Trust Series may not recover any assets at all. The Trust Series may also incur a loss of any unrealized profits on its open and closed positions. This is because if such a bankruptcy were to occur, the Trust Series would be afforded the protections granted to customers of an FCM, and participants to transactions cleared through a clearing house, under the United States Bankruptcy Code and applicable CFTC regulations. Such provisions generally provide for a pro rata distribution to customers of customer property held by the bankrupt FCM or an Exchange’s clearing house if the customer property held by the FCM or the Exchange’s clearing house is insufficient to satisfy all customer claims.

Bankruptcy of a clearing FCM can be caused by, among other things, the default of one of the FCM’s customers. In this event, the Exchange’s clearing house is permitted to use the entire amount of margin posted by a Trust Series (as well as margin posted by other

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customers of the FCM) to cover the amounts owed by the bankrupt FCM. Consequently, the Trust Series could be unable to recover amounts due to it on its futures positions, including assets posted as margin, and could sustain substantial losses.

Notwithstanding that the Trust Series could sustain losses upon the failure or bankruptcy of its FCM, the majority of a Trust Series’ assets are held in Treasuries, cash and/or cash equivalents with the Custodian and would not be impacted by the bankruptcy of an FCM.

The failure or bankruptcy of the Trust Series’ Custodian could result in a substantial loss of the Trust Series’ assets.

The majority of a Trust Series’ assets are held in Treasuries, cash and/or cash equivalents with the Custodian. The insolvency of the Custodian could result in a complete loss of a Trust Series’ assets held by that Custodian, which, at any given time, would likely comprise a substantial portion of such Trust Series’ total assets.

The liability of SHIM and SummerHaven is limited, and the value of the shares may be adversely affected if USCF and any Trust Series are required to indemnify SHIM and/or SummerHaven.

Under the licensing agreement among SHIM, SummerHaven and USCF, and the advisory agreement between SummerHaven and USCF, none of SHIM, SummerHaven and its affiliates, nor any of their respective officers, directors, shareholders, members, partners, employees and any person who controls SHIM or SummerHaven is liable to USCF or any Trust Series absent willful misconduct, gross negligence, bad faith, or material breaches of applicable law or the applicable agreement on the part of SHIM or SummerHaven. In addition, SHIM, SummerHaven and its officers, directors, shareholders, members, partners, employees and any person who controls SHIM or SummerHaven or their representatives, agents, attorneys, service providers, successors and assigns have the right to be indemnified, defended and held harmless from and against any and all claims, liabilities, obligations, judgments, causes of action, costs and expenses (including reasonable attorneys’ fees) (collectively, “Losses”) in connection with or arising out of the licensing agreement or advisory agreement, unless such Losses result from any willful misconduct, gross negligence or bad faith on the part of SHIM, SummerHaven, or a material breach by USCF of applicable law or the applicable agreement. Furthermore, SHIM, SummerHaven will not be liable to USCF or any Trust Series for any indirect, incidental, special or consequential damages, even if SHIM, SummerHaven or an authorized representative of SHIM or SummerHaven has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

The liability of USCF and the Trustee are limited, and the value of the shares will be adversely affected if any Trust Series is required to indemnify the Trustee or USCF.

Under the Trust Agreement, the Trustee and USCF are not liable, and have the right to be indemnified, for any liability or expense incurred absent gross negligence or willful misconduct on the part of the Trustee or USCF or breach by USCF of the Trust Agreement, as the case may be. As a result, USCF may require the assets of any Trust Series to be sold in order to cover losses or liability suffered by it or by the Trustee. Any sale of that kind would reduce the NAV of such Trust Series and the value of its shares.

Although the shares of each Trust Series are limited liability investments, certain circumstances such as bankruptcy or indemnification of a Trust Series by a shareholder will increase the shareholder’s liability.

The shares of each Trust Series are limited liability investments; shareholders may not lose more than the amount that they invest plus any profits recognized on their investment. However, shareholders could be required, as a matter of bankruptcy law, to return to the estate of a Trust Series any distribution they received at a time when such Trust Series was in fact insolvent or in violation of its Trust Agreement. In addition, a number of states do not have “statutory trust” statutes such as the Delaware statutes under which the Trust has been formed in the State of Delaware. It is possible that a court in such state could hold that, due to the absence of any statutory provision to the contrary in such jurisdiction, the shareholders, although entitled under Delaware law to the same limitation on personal liability as stockholders in a private corporation for profit organized under the laws of the State of Delaware, are not so entitled in such state. Finally, in the event the Trust or any Trust Series is made a party to any claim, dispute, demand or litigation or otherwise incurs any liability or expense as a result of or in connection with any shareholder’s (or assignee’s) obligations or liabilities unrelated to the business of the Trust or such Trust Series, as applicable, such shareholder (or assignees cumulatively) is required under the Trust Agreement to indemnify the Trust or such Trust Series, as applicable, for all such liability and expense incurred, including attorneys’ and accountants’ fees.

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Investors cannot be assured of the continuation of the agreement between SummerHaven and USCF for use of an Applicable Index, and discontinuance of an Applicable Index may be detrimental to a Trust Series.

Investors cannot be assured that the license agreement between SHIM and USCF for use of an Applicable Index will continue for any length of time. Should the agreement between SHIM and USCF for use of an Applicable Index be terminated, USCF will be required to find a replacement index, which may have an adverse effect on a Trust Series.

Investors cannot be assured of SummerHaven’s continued services, and discontinuance may be detrimental to a Trust Series.

Investors cannot be assured that SummerHaven will be willing or able to continue to service each Trust Series for any length of time. SummerHaven was formed for the purpose of providing investment advisory services, and provides these services to each Trust Series on a contractual basis pursuant to a licensing agreement and an advisory agreement. If SummerHaven discontinues its activities on behalf of any Trust Series, such Trust Series may be adversely affected. If SummerHaven’s registration with the CFTC or membership in the NFA were revoked or suspended, SummerHaven would no longer be able to provide services to any Trust Series.

All of the Trust Series are series of the Trust and, as a result, a court could potentially conclude that the assets and liabilities of one Trust Series are not segregated from those of another Trust Series, thereby potentially exposing assets in one Trust Series to the liabilities of another Trust Series .

Each Trust Series is a series of a Delaware statutory trust and not itself a separate legal entity. The Delaware Statutory Trust Act provides that if certain provisions are included in the formation and governing documents of a statutory trust organized in series and if separate and distinct records are maintained for any series and the assets associated with that series are held in separate and distinct records and are accounted for in such separate and distinct records separately from the other assets of the statutory trust, or any series thereof, then the debts, liabilities, obligations and expenses incurred by a particular series are enforceable against the assets of such series only, and not against the assets of the statutory trust generally or any other series thereof. Conversely, none of the debts, liabilities, obligations and expenses incurred with respect to any other series thereof shall be enforceable against the assets of such series. USCF is not aware of any court case that has interpreted this Inter-Series Limitation on Liability or provided any guidance as to what is required for compliance. USCF intends to maintain separate and distinct records for each Trust Series and account for each Trust Series separately from any other series of the Trust, but it is possible a court could conclude that the methods used do not satisfy the Delaware Statutory Trust Act, which would potentially expose assets in one series to the liabilities of another Trust Series.

The Trust Agreement limits the forum in which claims may be brought against USCF, the Trust, the Trustee or their respective directors and officers.

The rights of USCF, the Trust, the Trust Series, DTC (as registered owner of the Trust Series’ global certificate for shares) and the shareholders are governed by the laws of the State of Delaware. USCF, the Trust, the Trust Series and DTC and, by accepting shares, each DTC Participant and each shareholder, consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the State of Delaware and any federal courts located in Delaware other than for a person to assert a claim of Delaware jurisdiction over USCF, the Trust or the Trust Series. As a result, any claims, suits, actions or proceedings arising out of or relating in any way to the 1933 Act, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), the Trust, the Delaware Statutory Trust Act (the “Trust Act”), the Trust Agreement or asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs (or similar) doctrine including, without limitation, any claims, suits, actions or proceedings to interpret, apply or enforce (i) the provisions of the Trust Agreement, or (ii) the duties (including fiduciary duties), obligations or liabilities of the Trust to USCF, the shareholders or the Trustee, or of USCF or the Trustee to the Trust, to the shareholders or each other, or (iii) the rights or powers of, or restrictions on, the Trust, the Trustee or the shareholders, or (iv) any provision of the Trust Act or other laws of the State of Delaware pertaining to trusts made applicable to the Trust pursuant to the Trust Act, or (v) any other instrument, document, agreement or certificate contemplated by any provision of the Trust Act or the Trust Agreement relating in any way to the Trust, shall be exclusively brought in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or, if such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction thereof, any other court in the State of Delaware with subject matter jurisdiction.

We believe this provision benefits us and the shareholders: (1) by having disputes resolved by a forum with the experience and established precedent for resolving these types of disputes under Delaware law, (2) by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law in the types of lawsuits to which it applies, and, (3) as a result of the foregoing, limiting the time cost and uncertainty of litigation. However, this provision may limit the right of a Trust Series’ shareholders to bring a claim in a judicial forum they believe is more favorable for its disputes against USCF, the Trust, or the Trustee. In addition, it may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against USCF, the Trust, the Trustee, or their respective directors and officers. Although the Trust Agreement contains the exclusive choice of forum provision described above and such provisions are expressly permitted under the Trust Act, there are no court cases that

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we are aware of that have interpreted the Trust Act in this regard and thus, it is possible that a court could rule that such a provision is inapplicable for a particular claim or action or that such provision is unenforceable. With the validity and enforceability of exclusive forum selection provisions still somewhat in question outside of the State of Delaware, there may be increased litigation over such provisions. Challenging shareholders might bring actions in courts outside of Delaware to attack a forum selection clause that specifies Delaware as the exclusive jurisdiction. A non-Delaware court could view negatively a forum selection clause in favor of Delaware, in particular, because such a provision may appear to divest the non-Delaware court of its legal jurisdiction.

Section 27 of the Exchange Act vests exclusive federal jurisdiction for all claims brought to enforce any duty or liability created under the Exchange Act. Therefore, any exclusive forum selection clauses will not apply to any such claim. In addition, Section 22 of the 1933 Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the 1933 Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce an exclusive forum selection clause in connection with claims arising under the 1933 Act and/or the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder, and in any event, stockholders will not be deemed to have waived the Company’s compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

USCF and the Trustee are not obligated to prosecute any action, suit or other proceeding in respect of any Trust Series property.

Neither USCF nor the Trustee is obligated to, although each may in its respective discretion, prosecute any action, suit or other proceeding in respect of any Trust Series property. The Trust Agreement does not confer upon shareholders the right to prosecute any such action, suit or other proceeding.

Competing claims of intellectual property rights may adversely affect a Trust Series and an investment in a Trust Series’ shares.

USCF believes that it has properly licensed or obtained the appropriate consent of all necessary parties with respect to intellectual property rights. However, other third parties could allege ownership as to such rights and may bring legal action asserting their claims. The expenses in litigating, negotiating, cross-licensing or otherwise settling such claims may adversely affect a Trust Series. Additionally, as a result of such action, a Trust Series could potentially change its investment objective, strategies or benchmark. Each of these factors could have a negative impact on the performance of a Trust Series.

Due to the increased use of technologies, intentional and unintentional cyber-attacks pose operational and information security risks.

With the increased use of technologies such as the internet and the dependence on computer systems to perform necessary business functions, the Trust Series are susceptible to operational and information security risks. In general, cyber incidents can result from deliberate attacks or unintentional events such as a cyber-attack against a Trust Series, a natural catastrophe, an industrial accident, failure of the Trust’s disaster recovery systems, or consequential employee error. Cyber-attacks include, but are not limited to, gaining unauthorized access to digital systems for purposes of misappropriating assets or sensitive information, corrupting data, or causing operational disruption. Cyber-attacks may also be carried out in a manner that does not require gaining unauthorized access, such as causing denial-of-service attacks on websites. Cyber security failures or breaches of a Trust Series’ clearing broker or third party service provider (including, but not limited to, index providers, the administrator and transfer agent, the custodian), have the ability to cause disruptions and impact business operations, potentially resulting in financial losses, the inability of a Trust Series’ shareholders to transact business, violations of applicable privacy and other laws, regulatory fines, penalties, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs, and/or additional compliance costs. Adverse effects can become particularly acute if those events affect the Trust Series’ electronic data processing, transmission, storage, and retrieval systems, or impact the availability, integrity, or confidentiality of our data.

In addition, a service provider that has experienced a cyber-security incident may divert resources normally devoted to servicing a Trust Series to addressing the incident, which would be likely to have an adverse effect on a Trust Series’ operations. Cyber-attacks may also cause disruptions to the futures exchanges and clearinghouses through which a Trust Series invests in futures contracts, which could result in disruptions to a Trust Series’ ability to pursue its investment objective, resulting in financial losses to a Trust Series and its shareholders.

In addition, substantial costs may be incurred in order to prevent any cyber incidents in the future. A Trust Series and its shareholders could be negatively impacted as a result. While USCF and the Related Public Funds, including a Trust Series, have established business continuity plans, there are inherent limitations in such plans, including the possibility that certain risks have not been identified or that

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new risks will emerge before countervailing measures can be implemented. Furthermore, a Trust Series cannot control cybersecurity plans and systems of its service providers, market makers or Authorized Participants.

A Trust Series’ investment returns could be negatively affected by climate change and greenhouse gas restrictions.

Driven by concern over the risks of climate change, a number of countries have adopted, or are considering the adoption of, regulatory frameworks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or production and use of oil and gas. These include adoption of cap and trade regimes, carbon taxes, trade tariffs, minimum renewable usage requirements, restrictive permitting, increased efficiency standards, and incentives or mandates for renewable energy. Political and other actors and their agents increasingly seek to advance climate change objectives indirectly, such as by seeking to reduce the availability of or increase the cost for, financial and investment in the oil and gas sector and taking actions intended to promote changes in business strategy for oil and gas companies. Many governments are also providing tax advantages and other subsidies to support transitioning to alternative energy sources or mandating the use of specific fuels other than oil or natural gas. Depending on how policies are formulated and applied, they could have the potential to negatively affect a Trust Series’ investment returns and make oil and natural gas products more expensive or less competitive.

USCF is the subject of class action, derivative, and other litigation. In light of the inherent uncertainties involved in litigation matters, an adverse outcome in this litigation could materially adversely affect USCF’s financial condition.

USCF and USCF’s directors and certain of its officers are currently subject to litigation. Estimating an amount or range of possible losses resulting from litigation proceedings to USCF is inherently difficult and requires an extensive degree of judgment, particularly where the matters involve indeterminate claims for monetary damages and are subject to appeal. In addition, because most legal proceedings are resolved over extended periods of time, potential losses are subject to change due to, among other things, new developments, changes in legal strategy, the outcome of intermediate procedural and substantive rulings and other parties’ settlement posture and their evaluation of the strength or weakness of their case against USCF. For these reasons, we are currently unable to predict the ultimate timing or outcome of, or reasonably estimate the possible losses or a range of possible losses resulting therefrom. In light of the inherent uncertainties involved in such matters, an adverse outcome in this litigation could materially adversely affect USCF’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows in any particular reporting period. In addition, litigation could result in substantial costs and divert USCF’s management’s attention and resources from conducting USCF’s operations, including the management of the Trust Series and the Related Public Funds. For more information, see “Item 3. Legal Proceedings” in this annual report on Form 10-K.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes thereto of the United States Commodity Index Funds Trust (the “Trust”) included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K.

Forward-Looking Information

This annual report on Form 10-K, including this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” contains forward-looking statements which generally relate to future events or future performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. All statements (other than statements of historical fact) included in this annual report on Form 10-K that address activities, events or developments that will or may occur in the future, including such matters as changes in inflation in the United States, movements in the stock market, movements in U.S. and foreign currencies, and market volatility in the commodities markets and futures markets and indexes that track such movements, the Russia-Ukraine war and conflicts in the Middle East, a Trust Series’ operations, USCF’s plans and references to a Trust Series’ future success and other similar matters, are forward-looking statements. These statements are only predictions. Actual events or results may differ materially. These statements are based upon certain assumptions and analyses USCF has made based on its perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments, as well as other factors appropriate in the circumstances. Whether or not actual results and developments will conform to USCF’s expectations and predictions, however, is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including the special considerations discussed in this annual report on Form 10-K, general economic, market and business conditions, changes in laws or regulations, including those concerning taxes, made by governmental authorities or regulatory bodies, and other world economic and political developments. Consequently, all the forward-looking statements made in this annual report on Form 10-K are qualified by these cautionary statements, and there can be no assurance that the actual results or developments USCF anticipates will be realized or, even if substantially realized, that they will result in the expected consequences to, or have the expected effects on, a Trust Series’ operations or the value of its shares.

Each Trust Series has based the forward-looking statements included in this annual report on Form 10-K on information available to it on the date of this annual report on Form 10-K, and each Trust Series assumes no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements. Although each Trust Series undertakes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, investors are advised to consult any additional disclosures that each Trust Series may make directly to them or through reports that each Trust Series files in the future with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K.

Introduction

Each Trust Series is a commodity pool that issues shares representing fractional undivided beneficial interests in such Trust Series that may be purchased and sold on the NYSE Arca. The Trust Series are series of the Trust, a Delaware statutory trust formed on December 21, 2009.

United States Commodity Index Fund

USCI invests in futures contracts for commodities that are traded on the Futures Exchanges and, to a lesser extent, in order to comply with regulatory requirements or in view of market conditions, Other Commodity-Related Investments. Market conditions that USCF currently anticipates could cause USCI to invest in Other Commodity Related Investments include, but are not limited to, those allowing USCI to obtain greater liquidity or to execute transactions with more favorable pricing.

The investment objective of USCI is for the daily changes in percentage terms of its shares’ per share net asset value (“NAV”) to reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of the SummerHaven Dynamic Commodity Index Total Return SM (the “SDCI”), less USCI’s expenses.

The SDCI is designed to reflect the performance of a diversified group of commodities. The SDCI is owned and maintained by SummerHaven Index Management, LLC (“SHIM”) and is calculated and published by Bloomberg L.P. Futures contracts for the commodities comprising the SDCI are traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (“NYMEX”), ICE Futures (“ICE Futures”), Chicago Board of Trade (“CBOT”), Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”), London Metal Exchange (“LME”), and Commodity Exchange, Inc. (“COMEX”) (the NYMEX, ICE Futures, CBOT, CME, LME and COMEX, collectively, the “Futures Exchanges”) and are collectively referred to herein as “Futures Contracts.” The Futures Contracts that at any given time make up the SDCI are referred

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to herein as “Benchmark Component Futures Contracts.” The relative weighting of the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts will change on a monthly basis, based on quantitative formulas relating to the prices of the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts developed by SHIM.

USCI seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing primarily in the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts. Then, if constrained by regulatory requirements, risk mitigation measures (including those that may be taken by USCI, USCI’s FCMs, counterparties or other market participants), liquidity requirements, or in view of market conditions, USCI will invest next in other Futures Contracts based on the same commodity as the futures contracts subject to such regulatory constraints or market conditions, and finally, to a lesser extent, in other exchange-traded futures contracts that are economically identical or substantially similar to the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts if one or more other Futures Contracts is not available. When USCI has invested to the fullest extent possible in exchange-traded futures contracts, USCI may then invest in other contracts and instruments based on the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts, other Futures Contracts or the commodities included in the SDCI, such as cash-settled options, forward contracts, cleared swap contracts and swap contracts other than cleared swap contracts. Other exchange-traded futures contracts that are economically identical or substantially similar to the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts and other contracts and instruments based on the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts are collectively referred to as “Other Commodity-Related Investments,” and together with Benchmark Component Futures Contracts and other Futures Contracts, “Commodity Interests.”

USCI seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing so that the average daily percentage change in USCI’s NAV for any period of 30 successive valuation days will be within plus/minus ten percent (10%) of the average daily percentage change in the price of the SDCI over the same period. As a result, investors should be aware that USCI would meet its investment objective even if there are significant deviations between changes in its daily NAV and changes in the daily price of the SDCI, provided that the average daily percentage change in USCI’s NAV over 30 successive valuation days is within plus/minus ten percent (10%) of the average daily percentage change in the price of the SDCI over the same period.

USCF believes that the market arbitrage opportunities will cause the daily changes in USCI’s share price on the NYSE Arca on a percentage basis to closely track the daily changes in USCI’s per share NAV on a percentage basis. USCF believes that the net effect of this expected relationship and the expected relationship described above between USCI’s per share NAV and the SDCI will be that the daily changes in the price of USCI’s shares on the NYSE Arca on a percentage basis will closely track the daily changes in the SDCI on a percentage basis, less USCI’s expenses. While USCI is composed of Benchmark Component Futures Contracts and is therefore a measure of the prices of the corresponding commodities comprising the SDCI for future delivery, there is nonetheless expected to be a reasonable degree of correlation between the SDCI and the cash or spot prices of the commodities underlying the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts.

Investors should be aware that USCI’s investment objective is not for its NAV or market price of shares to equal, in dollar terms, the spot prices of the commodities underlying the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts or the prices of any particular group of futures contracts. USCI will not seek to achieve its stated investment objective over a period of time greater than one day. This is because natural market forces called contango and backwardation have impacted the total return on an investment in USCI’s shares during the past year relative to a hypothetical direct investment in the various commodities and, in the future, it is likely that the relationship between the market price of USCI’s shares and changes in the spot prices of the underlying commodities will continue to be so impacted by contango and backwardation. (It is important to note that the disclosure above ignores the potential costs associated with physically owning and storing the commodities, which could be substantial.) As of December 31, 2025, USCI held 1,132 Futures Contracts on the NYMEX, held 2,215 Futures Contracts on the ICE Futures, held 638 Futures Contracts on the CBOT, held 319 Futures Contracts on the CME, held 726 Futures Contracts on the LME and held 189 Futures Contracts on the COMEX, totaling 5,219 futures contracts.

United States Copper Index Fund

CPER invests in Futures Contracts for commodities that are traded on the COMEX and, to a lesser extent, in order to comply with regulatory requirements or in view of market conditions, Other Copper-Related Investments. Market conditions that USCF currently anticipates could cause CPER to invest in Other Copper-Related Investments include, but are not limited to, those allowing CPER to obtain greater liquidity or to execute transactions with more favorable pricing.

The investment objective of CPER is for the daily changes in percentage terms of its shares’ per share NAV to reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of the SummerHaven Copper Index Total Return SM (the “SCI”), less CPER’s expenses. CPER seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing so that the average daily percentage change in CPER’s NAV for any period of 30 successive valuation days will be within plus/minus ten percent (10%) of the average daily percentage change in the prices of the Benchmark Component Copper Futures Contracts over the same period. The SCI is designed to reflect the performance of the investment returns from a portfolio

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of copper futures contracts on the COMEX. The SCI is owned and maintained by SHIM and calculated and published by the NYSE Arca. The SCI is comprised of either one or three Eligible Copper Futures Contracts that are selected on a monthly basis based on quantitative formulas relating to the prices of the Eligible Copper Futures Contracts developed by SHIM. The Eligible Copper Futures Contracts that at any given time make up the SCI are referred to herein as “Benchmark Component Copper Futures Contracts.”

CPER seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing primarily in Benchmark Component Copper Futures Contracts. Then, if constrained by regulatory requirements, risk mitigation measures (including those that may be taken by CPER, CPER’s futures commission merchants (“FCMs”), counterparties or other market participants), liquidity requirements, or in view of market conditions, CPER will invest next in other Eligible Copper Futures Contracts based on the same copper as the futures contracts subject to such regulatory constraints or market conditions, and finally, to a lesser extent, in other exchange-traded futures contracts that are economically identical or substantially similar to the Benchmark Component Copper Futures Contracts if one or more other Eligible Copper Futures Contracts is not available. When CPER has invested to the fullest extent possible in exchange-traded futures contracts, CPER may then invest in other contracts and instruments based on the Benchmark Component Copper Futures Contracts, other Eligible Copper Futures Contracts or other items based on copper, such as cash-settled options, forward contracts, cleared swap contracts and swap contracts other than cleared swap contracts. Other exchange-traded futures contracts that are economically identical or substantially similar to the Benchmark Component Copper Futures Contracts and other contracts and instruments based on the Benchmark Component Copper Futures Contracts are collectively referred to as “Other Copper-Related Investments,” and together with Benchmark Component Copper Futures Contracts and other Eligible Copper Futures Contracts, “Copper Interests.”

CPER seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing so that the average daily percentage change in CPER’s NAV for any period of 30 successive valuation days will be within plus/minus ten percent (10%) of the average daily percentage change in the prices of the Benchmark Component Copper Futures Contracts over the same period. USCF believes that market arbitrage opportunities will cause daily changes in CPER’s share price on the NYSE Arca on a percentage basis, to closely track the daily changes in CPER’s per share NAV on a percentage basis. USCF believes that the net effect of this expected relationship and the expected relationship described above between CPER’s per share NAV and the SCI will be that the daily changes in the price of CPER’s shares on the NYSE Arca on a percentage basis will closely track the daily changes in the SCI on a percentage basis, less CPER’s expenses. While CPER is composed of Benchmark Component Copper Futures Contracts and is therefore a measure of the prices of the corresponding commodities comprising the SCI for future delivery, there is nonetheless expected to be a reasonable degree of correlation between the SCI and the cash or spot prices of the commodities underlying the Benchmark Component Copper Futures Contracts.

Investors should be aware that CPER’s investment objective is not for its NAV or market price of shares to equal, in dollar terms, the spot prices of the commodities underlying the Benchmark Component Copper Futures Contracts or the prices of any particular group of futures contracts. CPER will not seek to achieve its stated investment objective over a period of time greater than one day. This is because natural market forces called contango and backwardation have impacted the total return on an investment in CPER’s shares during the past year relative to a hypothetical direct investment in various commodities and, in the future, it is likely that the relationship between the market price of CPER’s shares and changes in the spot prices of the underlying commodities will continue to be so impacted by contango and backwardation. (It is important to note that the disclosure above ignores the potential costs associated with physically owning and storing the commodities, which could be substantial.) CPER’s shares began trading on November 15, 2011. As of December 31, 2025, CPER held 3,184 Futures Contracts on the COMEX.

Other Defined Terms

The SCI, together with the SDCI, are referred to throughout this annual report on Form 10-K collectively as the “Applicable Index” or “Indices.”

Benchmark Component Futures Contracts and Benchmark Component Copper Futures Contracts are referred to throughout this annual report on Form 10-Q collectively as “Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts.”

Other Commodity-Related Investments and Other Copper-Related Investments are collectively referred to herein as “Other Related Investments.” Commodity Interests and Copper Interests are collectively referred to herein as “Applicable Interests” throughout this annual report on Form 10-K.

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Regulatory Disclosure

The regulation of commodity interest trading in the United States and other countries is an evolving area of the law. Below are certain key regulatory requirements that are, or may be, relevant to the Trust Series. The various statements made in this summary are subject to modification by legislative action and changes in the rules and regulations of the SEC, Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), CFTC, NFA, the futures exchanges, clearing organizations and other regulatory bodies. Pending final resolution of all applicable regulatory requirements, some examples of how new rules and regulations could impact the Trust Series are discussed in “Item 1. Business” in this annual report on Form 10-K.

Exchange Accountability Levels, Position Limits and Price Fluctuation Limits. Designated contract markets (“DCMs”), such as the NYMEX and ICE Futures, have established accountability levels and position limits on the maximum net long or net short futures contracts in commodity interests that any person or group of persons under common trading control (other than as a hedge, which is not applicable to the Trust Series’ investments) may hold, own or control. These levels and position limits apply to the futures contracts that each Trust Series invests in to meet the investment objective of such Trust Series. In addition to accountability levels and position limits, the NYMEX and ICE Futures may also set daily price limits on futures contracts. The daily price fluctuation limit establishes the maximum amount that the price of a futures contract may vary either up or down from the previous day’s settlement price. Once the daily price fluctuation limit has been reached in a particular futures contract, no trades may be made at a price beyond that limit.

The accountability levels for the commodities comprising an Applicable Index and other futures contracts traded on U.S. based futures exchanges are not a fixed ceiling, but rather a threshold above which such exchanges may exercise greater scrutiny and control over an investor’s positions.

As of December 31, 2025, USCI held 1,132 Futures Contracts on the NYMEX, held 2,215 Futures Contracts on the ICE Futures, held 638 Futures Contracts on the CBOT, held 319 Futures Contracts on the CME, held 726 Futures Contracts on the LME and held 189 Futures Contracts on the COMEX, totaling 5,219 futures contracts. As of December 31, 2025, CPER held 3,184 Futures Contracts on the COMEX. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, no Trust Series exceeded accountability levels imposed by the NYMEX, COMEX, CME, CBOT, LME or ICE Futures.

Position limits differ from accountability levels in that they represent fixed limits on the maximum number of futures contracts that any person may hold and cannot allow such limits to be exceeded without express CFTC authority to do so. In addition to accountability levels and position limits that may apply at any time, the Futures Exchanges may impose position limits on contracts held in the last few days of trading in the near month contract to expire. It is unlikely that a Trust Series will run up against such position limits. A Trust Series does not typically hold the near month contract in its Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts. In addition, each Trust Series’ investment strategy is to close out its positions during each Rebalancing Period in advance of the period right before expiration and purchase new contracts. As such, none of the Trust Series anticipates that position limits that apply to the last few days prior to a contract’s expiration will impact it. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, no Trust Series exceeded position limits imposed by the NYMEX, COMEX, CME, CBOT, LME or ICE Futures.

Federal Position Limits

Part 150 of the CFTC’s regulations (the “Position Limits Rule”) establishes federal position limits for 25 core referenced futures contracts (comprised of agricultural, energy and metals futures contracts), futures and options linked to the core referenced futures contracts, and swaps that are economically equivalent to the core referenced futures contracts that all market participants must comply with, with certain exemptions.

Certain Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts are subject to position limits under the Position Limits Rule, and the trading by each Trust Series does not qualify for an exemption therefrom. Accordingly, the Position Limits Rule could inhibit the Trust Series’ ability to invest in the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts and thereby could negatively impact the ability of the Trust Series to meet its investment objective.

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No Trust Series has limited the size of its offering and each Trust Series intends to utilize substantially all of its proceeds to purchase Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts and Other Commodity-Related Investments to the extent possible. If a Trust Series encounters accountability levels, position limits, or price fluctuation limits for Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts, it may purchase commodity futures on other exchanges that trade listed commodity futures or enter into swaps or other transactions to meet its investment objective. In addition, if a Trust Series exceeds accountability levels on an exchange, and is required by the exchange to reduce its holdings, such reduction could potentially cause a tracking error between the price of the shares of a Trust Series and the prices of the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts.

Margin for OTC Swaps

Rules put in place by U.S. federal banking regulators, the CFTC and the SEC require the daily exchange of variation margin and initial margin for swaps between swap dealers, major swap participants, security-based swap dealers, and major security-based swap participants (“Swap Entities”) and swaps between Swap Entities and their counterparties that are “financial end-users” (such rules, the “Margin Rules”). The Margin Rules require Swap Entities to exchange variation margin with all of their counterparties who are financial end-users. The minimum variation margin amount is the daily mark-to-market change in the value of the swap, taking into account the amount of variation margin previously posted or collected. Swap Entities are required to exchange initial margin with their financial end-users who have “material swaps exposure” (i.e., an average daily aggregate notional of $8 billion or more in non-cleared swaps calculated in accordance with the Margin Rules). The Margin Rules specify the types of collateral that may be posted or collected as initial margin or variation margin (generally cash, certain government, government-sponsored enterprise securities, certain liquid debt, certain equity securities, certain eligible publicly traded debt, and gold) and sets forth haircuts for certain collateral asset classes.

No Trust Series is a Swap Entity under the Margin Rules, but each is a financial end-user. Accordingly, each Trust Series will be subject to the variation margin requirements of the Margin Rules for any swaps that it enters into. However, no Trust Series has material swaps exposure and, accordingly, no Trust Series will be subject to the initial margin requirements of the Margin Rules.

Mandatory Trading and Clearing of Swaps

CFTC regulations require that certain swap transactions be executed on organized exchanges or “swap execution facilities” and cleared through regulated clearing organizations (“derivative clearing organizations” (“DCOs”)), if the CFTC mandates the central clearing of a particular class of swap and such swap is “made available to trade” on a swap execution facility. Currently, swap dealers, major swap participants, commodity pools, certain private funds and entities predominantly engaged in activities that are financial in nature are required to execute on a swap execution facility, and clear, certain interest rate swaps and index-based credit default swaps. As a result, if a Trust Series enters into an interest rate or index-based credit default swap that is subject to these requirements, such swap will be required to be executed on a swap execution facility and centrally cleared. Mandatory clearing and “made available to trade” determinations with respect to additional types of swaps may be issued in the future, and, when finalized, could require each Trust Series to electronically execute and centrally clear certain OTC instruments presently entered into and settled on a bi-lateral basis. If a swap is required to be cleared, initial and variation margin requirements are set by the relevant clearing organization, subject to certain regulatory requirements and guidelines. Additional margin may be required and held by a Trust Series’ FCM.

Other Requirements for Swaps

Swaps that are not required to be cleared and executed on a SEF but that are executed bilaterally are also subject to various requirements pursuant to CFTC regulations, including, among other things, reporting and recordkeeping requirements and, depending on the status of the counterparties, trading documentation requirements and dispute resolution requirements.

Derivatives Regulations in Non-U.S. Jurisdictions

In addition to U.S. laws and regulations, a Trust Series may be subject to non-U.S. derivatives laws and regulations if it engages in futures and/or swap transactions with non-U.S. persons. For example, each Trust Series may be impacted by European laws and regulations to the extent that it engages in futures transactions on European exchanges or derivatives transactions with European entities. Other jurisdictions impose requirements applicable to futures and derivatives that are similar to those imposed by the U.S., including position limits, margin, clearing and trade execution requirements.

The CFTC is generally prohibited by statute from regulating trading on non-U.S. futures exchanges and markets. The CFTC, however, has adopted regulations relating to the marketing of non-U.S. futures contracts in the United States. These regulations permit certain contracts on non-U.S. exchanges to be offered and sold in the United States.

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Natural disasters, public health disruptions (such as the COVID-19 pandemic), and international armed conflicts could impact the price of commodities and/or the value, pricing and liquidity of a Trust Series’ investments or assets which, in turn, could cause the loss of your investment in a Trust Series.

Natural or environmental disasters, such as earthquakes, fires, floods, hurricanes, tsunamis and other severe weather-related phenomena generally, and widespread disease, including public health disruptions, pandemics and epidemics (for example, the COVID-19 pandemic), can be highly disruptive to economies and markets. Such events can, directly or indirectly, negatively impact, and/or cause volatility in, the price of commodities and the value, pricing, and liquidity of the investments or other assets held by a Trust Series.

Geopolitical conflict, including war and armed conflicts (such as the Russia-Ukraine war, conflicts in the Middle East, and the expansion of such conflicts in surrounding areas), sanctions, the introduction of or changes in tariffs or trade barriers, global or local recessions, and acts of terrorism, can also, directly or indirectly, negatively impact, and/or cause volatility in, the price of commodities and the value, pricing, and liquidity of the investments or other assets held by a Trust Series.

A negative impact on, or volatility in, the price of commodities or the value, pricing and liquidity of a Trust Series’ investments or other assets resulting from the occurrence of any of the aforementioned events, or similar events, could cause you to lose all, or substantially all, of your investment in a Trust Series.

An infectious disease outbreak may arise in the future and could have the same or similar effects as the COVID-19 pandemic, or different effects that cannot be foreseen. Moreover, as was the case with the COVID-19 pandemic, actions taken by government and quasi-governmental authorities and regulators throughout the world in response to an infectious disease outbreak, including the potential for significant fiscal and monetary policy changes, may affect the value, volatility, pricing and liquidity of some investments or other assets, including those held by or invested in by each Trust Series. Public health crises caused by infectious disease outbreaks may exacerbate other preexisting political, social and economic risks in certain countries or globally and their duration cannot be determined with certainty.

A Trust Series may be subject to interest rate risk, which may prevent the Trust Series from investing fully at prevailing rates until any current investments in Treasuries mature in order to avoid selling those investments at a loss.

Interest rate risk is the risk that fixed income securities and other investments in a Trust Series’ portfolio will fluctuate in value because of a change in interest rates. Interest rate changes can be sudden and unpredictable, and a Trust Series may lose money because of movements in interest rates. When interest rates rise, the value of fixed income securities typically falls. In a rising interest rate environment, a Trust Series may not be able to fully invest at prevailing rates until any current investments in Treasuries mature in order to avoid selling those investments at a loss. Interest rate risk is generally lower for shorter term investments and higher for longer term investments. In addition, in rising interest rate environments, it is possible that the Treasuries held by a Trust Series will decline in value. When interest rates fall, a Trust Series may be required to reinvest the proceeds from the sale, redemption or early prepayment of a Treasury Bill or money market security at a lower interest rate.

As inflation increases, the present value of a Trust Series’ assets may decline.

Inflation is a general increase in the overall price level of goods and services in the economy. The United States Federal Reserve has a stated goal of maintaining a two percent increase in inflation over the long run, as measured by the annual change in the price index for personal consumption expenditures.

Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States experienced inflation above the Federal Reserve’s stated two percent goal. Other world economies similarly experienced elevated inflation rates. The Federal Reserve increased interest rates and successfully reduced inflation so that it is close to the stated two percent goal. As a result, in 2024, the Federal Reserve began reducing interest rates. However, the rate of inflation in the United States is still above the stated two percent goal. Inflation has the effect of eroding the value of cash or bonds. In a high inflation environment, the value of a Trust Series’ cash and Treasury investments may decline.

A Trust Series may potentially lose money by investing in government money market funds.

The Trust Series invest in government money market funds. Although such government money market funds seek to preserve the value of an investment at $1.00 per share, there is no guarantee that they will be able to do so and a Trust Series may lose money by investing in a government money market fund. An investment in a government money market fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”), or any other government agency. The share price of a government money market fund can

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fall below the $1.00 share price. A Trust Series cannot rely on or expect a government money market fund’s adviser or its affiliates to enter into support agreements or take other actions to maintain the government money market fund’s $1.00 share price. The credit quality of a government money market fund’s holdings can change rapidly in certain markets, and the default of a single holding could have an adverse impact on the government money market fund’s share price. Due to fluctuations in interest rates, the market value of securities held by a government money market fund may vary. A government money market fund’s share price can also be negatively affected during periods of high redemption pressures and/or illiquid markets.

Commodity Markets

Commodity Futures Price Movements

Year Ended December 31, 2025

As measured by the four major diversified commodity indexes listed below, commodity futures prices rose during the year ended December 31, 2025. The table below compares the total returns of the SDCI to the three major diversified commodity indexes over this time period.

SummerHaven Dynamic Commodity Index Total Return SM (“SDCI”) (1)

S&P GSCI Commodity Index (GSCI ® ) Total Return (2)

Bloomberg Commodity Index Total Return (2)

Deutsche Bank Index Quant Optimum Yield Diversified Commodity Index Total Return TM

The inception date for the SummerHaven Dynamic Commodity Index Total Return SM is December 2009.

Source: Bloomberg

The value of the SDCI as of December 31, 2024 was $2,329.08. As of December 31, 2025, the value of the SDCI was $2,765.82, up approximately 18.75% over the year ended December 31, 2025.

Of the 27 components of SummerHaven Dynamic Commodity Index (SDCI), fifteen had positive returns for the year ended December 31 2025. The best performing commodity sector was Precious Metals (up approximately 80.1%) followed by Livestock (up approximately 22.7%). Commodities have broadly rallied in the five years since the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. Commodities made notable gains as inflation rose from 1.4% in 2020 to 9.1% in 2022. (Inflation is a headwind for stocks and bonds and a tailwind for real assets such as commodities. Historically, commodities have been a hedge against inflation and positive inflation shocks.) When inflation began declining in mid-2022, commodities also initially declined. However, commodities began rising again in 2023 and are up over the last three years. SDCI’s dynamic strategy led to significant outperformance versus the major commodity indexes shown above since the 2022 peak.

In April of 2025, the Trump administration announced large and widespread tariffs on trading partners. Tariffs have been paused, reinstated, negotiated, and changed numerous times since then, and final tariff levels for many countries as well as the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision on the legality of these tariffs are still uncertain. While tariffs are inflationary, higher prices can reduce demand for goods, including commodities, even in the absence of an economic contraction. Tariffs have other effects, such as impacts on currencies, supply chains, consumer and industry preferences, and other factors. As a result, it is difficult to forecast the overall short-term and long-term impact of tariffs on commodity prices, especially in the absence of definitive policy.

Tariffs are only one factor affecting commodity prices, and each commodity will continue to be driven by idiosyncratic factors that affect their supply and demand. Commodities often provide diversification from stocks and bonds, especially during times of uncertainty. Relative to the last eight recessions, commodities outperformed equities five times as measured from the peak to trough of each asset class. Relative to two of these recessions, both in the 1970’s, commodities returned 26% and 254% while equities were down -33% and -45% respectively. In the next six recessions, when commodities and equities both declined, commodities outperformed equities on average and often peaked at the same time or several months after equities. The 2020 recession is the only instance where commodities peaked before equities. While it is impossible to predict future performance, and past results do not predict the future, the evidence shows that commodities have, on average, provided diversification at critical times.

The return of approximately 18.75% on the SDCI listed above is a hypothetical return only and could not actually be achieved by an investor holding Futures Contracts due to the impact of trading costs and other expenses. USCI’s per share NAV began the period at $66.04 and ended the period at $77.48 on December 31, 2025, an increase of approximately 17.32% over the period. See “Tracking Each Trust Series’ Benchmark” below for information about how expenses and income affect USCI’s per share NAV.

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Copper Markets

Copper Futures Price Movements

Year Ended December 31, 2025

As measured by the two major copper indexes, copper futures prices exhibited an upward trend during the year ended December 31, 2025. The table below compares the total returns of the SCI to the Bloomberg Copper Subindex Total Return over this time period.

SummerHaven Copper Index Total Return SM (“SCI”) (1)

Bloomberg Copper Subindex Total Return (2)

The inception date for the SummerHaven Copper Index Total Return TM is November 2010.

Source: Bloomberg

The value of the SCI as of December 31, 2024 was $1,369.05. As of December 31, 2025, the value of the SCI was $1,909.69, up approximately 39.49% over the year ended December 31, 2025.

The return of approximately 39.49% on the SCI listed above is a hypothetical return only and could not actually be achieved by an investor holding Futures Contracts due to the impact of trading costs and other expenses. CPER’s per share NAV began the year at $25.23 and ended the year at $34.84 on December 31, 2025, an increase of approximately 38.09% over the year. See “Tracking Each Trust Series’ Benchmark” below for information about how expenses and income affect CPER’s per share NAV.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the price of the front month copper futures contract traded in a range between $402.60 per pound and $583.95 per pound. Prices increased by 41.12% between December 31, 2024 to December 31, 2025 finishing the period at $568.20. Copper futures markets reached a then record on July 23, 2025 due to growing undersupply of copper globally, forecasts for forthcoming copper shortages, and price increases due to the anticipation that the Trump administration might announce tariffs of up to 50% on copper imports. However, on July 30, 2025, president Trump decided to levy tariffs on finished copper products instead of the metal itself. US copper futures fell 22% on July 31, 2025, representing the collapse of a premium over London futures that had opened and grown under the expectation of expectation of tariffs. During the second half of the year, copper recovered from the drop and made a new all-time high in early December.

In April of 2025, the Trump administration announced large and widespread tariffs on trading partners. , which were later curtailed but remain open to further revision. Copper prices plummeted in the wake of the tariff announcements. While tariffs increase import costs, any attendant decline in economic growth could lead to a net negative impact on copper prices. Over the longer term, with tight markets, increased demand from China and from new technologies, and a growing drumbeat of forecasts for a supply crunch, copper demand is likely to remain robust and supply is also likely to remain constrained and slow to respond to demand increases. However, prices may come under pressure during periods of contraction and/or economic uncertainty.

The Russia-Ukraine war has affected many commodities in which Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus are major producers and exports, such as certain metals, grains, and energy products. However, copper is not one of the metals that depends heavily on supply from the region. As a result, copper prices rose only modestly from the outbreak of the war in comparison to other metals, such as Nickel. Copper supply is more affected by events, such as protests and labor strikes, that impact mining in south American nations, including Chile and Peru. Meanwhile, copper demand typical depends on the state of the global economy, particularly China, which drives industrial, commercial, and manufacturing use.

Valuation of Futures Contracts and the Computation of the Per Share NAV

Each Trust Series’ NAV is calculated once each NYSE Arca trading day. The per share NAV for a particular trading day is released after 4:00 p.m. New York time. Trading during the core trading session on the NYSE Arca typically closes at 4:00 p.m. New York time. The Trust Series’ Administrator uses the closing prices on the relevant Futures Exchanges of the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts (determined at the earlier of the close of such exchange or 2:30 p.m. New York time) for the contracts held on the Futures Exchanges, but calculates or determines the value of all other investments of such Trust Series using market quotations, if available, or other information customarily used to determine the fair value of such investments.

Results of Operations

On July 30, 2010, USCI received a notice of effectiveness from the SEC for its registration of 50,000,000 shares on Form S-1 with the SEC. On August 10, 2010, USCI listed its shares on the NYSE Arca under the ticker symbol “USCI.” USCI established its initial

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offering per share NAV by setting the price at $50 and issued 100,000 shares to the initial Authorized Participant, Merrill Lynch Professional Clearing Corp., in exchange for $5,000,000 in cash on August 10, 2010. USCI commenced investment operations on August 10, 2010 by purchasing Futures Contracts traded on the Futures Exchanges. In order to satisfy NYSE Arca listing standards that at least 100,000 shares be outstanding at the beginning of the trading day on the NYSE Arca, USCF purchased the initial Creation Basket from the initial Authorized Participant at the initial offering price. The $1,000 fee that would otherwise be charged to the Authorized Participant in connection with an order to create or redeem was waived in connection with the initial Creation Basket. USCF agreed not to resell the shares comprising such basket except that it may require the initial Authorized Participant to repurchase all of these shares at a per share price equal to USCI’s per share NAV within five days following written notice from USCF, subject to the conditions that: (i) on the date of repurchase, the initial Authorized Participant must immediately redeem these shares in accordance with the terms of the Authorized Participant Agreement and (ii) immediately following such redemption at least 100,000 shares of USCI remain outstanding. USCF held such initial Creation Basket until September 3, 2010, at which time the initial Authorized Participant repurchased the shares comprising such basket in accordance with the specified conditions noted above. On September 14, 2011, USCF redeemed the 20 Sponsor Shares of USCI, and on September 19, 2011, USCF purchased five shares of USCI in the open market.

As of December 31, 2025, USCI had 3,600,000 shares outstanding. USCI has an unlimited number of shares registered and available for issuance. More shares may have been issued by USCI than are outstanding due to the redemption of shares.

As of December 31, 2025, CPER had 13,100,000 shares outstanding. CPER has an unlimited number of shares registered and available for issuance. More shares may have been issued by CPER than are outstanding due to the redemption of shares.

USCF and the Trustee entered into the Fourth Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust and Trust Agreement effective as of December 15, 2017.

As of December 31, 2025, USCI and CPER had the following Authorized Participants: ABN AMRO Clearing USA LLC, BNP Paribas Securities Corp., Citadel Securities LLC, Goldman Sachs & Company, Jane Street Capital LLC, Jefferies & Company Inc., JP Morgan Securities Inc., Merrill Lynch Professional Clearing Corp., Morgan Stanley & Company Inc., RBC Capital Markets LLC and Virtu Americas LLC.

For the Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2024

USCI

Year ended

Year ended

December 31,

December 31,

Per share net asset value, end of year

Average daily total net assets

Dividend and interest income earned on Treasuries, cash and/or cash equivalents

Annualized yield based on average daily total net assets

Management fee

Total fees and other expenses excluding management fees

Total commissions accrued to brokers

Total commissions as annualized percentage of average total net assets

Portfolio Expenses. USCI’s expenses consist of investment management fees, brokerage fees and commissions, certain offering costs, licensing fees, registration fees, the fees and expenses of the independent directors of USCF and expenses relating to tax accounting and reporting requirements. The management fee that USCI pays to USCF is calculated as a percentage of the total net assets of USCI. The fee is accrued daily and paid monthly.

The increase in the per share NAV for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, was due to increase in values of the Futures Contracts held by USCI.

Average interest rates earned on short-term investments held by USCI, including cash, cash equivalents and Treasuries, were lower during the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. As a result, the amount of income earned by USCI as a percentage of average daily total net assets was lower during the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. To the degree that the aggregate yield is lower, the net expense ratio, inclusive of income, will be higher.

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The decrease in total fees and other expenses excluding management fees for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was due primarily to a decrease in professional and reporting fees.

The increase in USCI’s total commissions accrued to brokers for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, was due primarily to the number of Futures Contracts being held and traded.

CPER

Year ended

Year ended

December 31,

December 31,

Per share net asset value, end of year

Average daily total net assets

Dividend and interest income earned on Treasuries, cash and/or cash equivalents

Annualized yield based on average daily total net assets

Management fee

Total fees and other expenses excluding management fees

Total commissions accrued to brokers

Total commissions as annualized percentage of average total net assets

Portfolio Expenses. CPER’s expenses consist of investment management fees, brokerage fees and commissions, certain offering costs, licensing fees, registration fees, the fees and expenses of the independent directors of USCF and expenses relating to tax accounting and reporting requirements. The management fee that CPER pays to USCF is calculated as a percentage of the total net assets of CPER. The fee is accrued daily and paid monthly.

The increase in the per share NAV for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, was due to an increase in the values of the Futures Contracts held by CPER.

Average interest rates earned on short-term investments held by CPER, including cash, cash equivalents and Treasuries, were lower during the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. As a result, the amount of income earned by CPER as a percentage of average daily total net assets was lower during the year ended December 31, 2025. To the degree that the aggregate yield is lower, the net expense ratio, inclusive of income, will be higher.

The decrease in total fees and other expenses excluding management fees for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was due primarily to a decrease in professional and reporting fees.

The decrease in CPER’s total commissions accrued to brokers for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, was due primarily to the number of Futures Contracts being held and traded.

Tracking Each Trust Series’ Benchmark

USCF seeks to manage each Trust Series’ portfolio such that changes in its average daily per share NAV, on a percentage basis, closely track the daily changes in the average price of the Applicable Index, also on a percentage basis. Specifically, USCF seeks to manage the portfolio such that over any rolling period of 30-valuation days, the average daily change in a Trust Series’ per share NAV is within a range of 90% to 110% (0.9 to 1.1) of the average daily change in the price of the Applicable Index. As an example, if the average daily movement of the price of the Applicable Index for a particular 30-valuation daytime period was 0.50% per day, USCF would attempt to manage the portfolio such that the average daily movement of the per share NAV during that same time period fell between 0.45% and 0.55% (i.e., between 0.9 and 1.1 of the Applicable Index’s results). Each Trust Series’ portfolio management goals do not include trying to make the nominal price of its per share NAV equal to the nominal price of the Applicable Index, the nominal price of any particular commodity Futures Contract or the spot price for any particular commodity. USCF believes that it is not practical to manage the portfolio to achieve such an investment goal when investing in listed Futures Contracts and Other-Related Investments.

Portfolio Holdings for USCI

During the year ended December 31, 2025, USCI’s portfolio held at all times Futures Contracts based on at least fourteen different commodities. Due to changes in the composition of the SDCI, each month the list of Benchmark Component Futures Contracts held by

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USCI changed (see the section “The SDCI” below). The table below lists the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts held during each month in 2025.

Benchmark Component Futures Contracts for USCI

The table below reflects the same listing of monthly Benchmark Component Futures Contracts as the tables above with two changes. First, the table below includes a column showing the change in the spot price of each of the 27 commodities for the year ended December 31, 2025. Second, while the tables above list the order of the commodities alphabetically, the table below lists the commodities first by which of the five sectors a commodity falls into and then within each sector from the commodity that had the highest positive change in spot price to the commodity that had the lowest positive change or largest negative change in spot price. Investors are cautioned that the change in the spot price of a given commodity does not represent the actual return that USCI might have earned on any holdings in futures contracts based on that commodity. This is due to two factors. First, the return on a futures contract may be higher, or lower, than the change in the spot price of the commodity due to the impact of backwardation or contango. Second, USCI may not have owned any such futures contract for the entire time period represented in the table below. Thus, USCI’s total actual return on its holdings in any of the commodities shown below may be higher, or lower, than the actual change in the spot price of the particular commodity.

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USCI

For the 30-valuation days ended December 31, 2025, the simple average daily change in the SDCI was (0.044)%, while the simple average daily change in the per share NAV of USCI over the same time period was (0.051)%. The average daily difference was (0.007)% (or (0.7) basis points, where 1 basis point equals 1/100 of 1%). As a percentage of the daily movement of the SDCI, the variance in daily tracking by the per share NAV was 1.870%, meaning that over this time period USCI’s tracking error was within the plus or minus 10% range established as its benchmark tracking goal.

Since the commencement of the offering of USCI’s shares to the public on August 10, 2010 through December 31, 2025, the simple average daily change in the SDCI was 0.021%, while the simple average daily change in the per share NAV of USCI over the same time period was 0.015%. The average daily difference was (0.06)% (or (0.6) basis points, where 1 basis point equals 1/100 of 1%). As a percentage of the daily movement of the SDCI, the variance in daily tracking by the per share NAV was (5.919)%, meaning that over this time period USCI’s tracking error was within the plus or minus 10% range established as its benchmark tracking goal.

The following two charts demonstrate the correlation between the changes in SDCI’s NAV and the changes in the SDCI. The first chart below shows the daily movement of USCI’s per share NAV versus the daily movement of the SDCI for the 30-valuation day period ended December 31, 2025, the last trading day in December. The second chart below shows the monthly total returns of USCI as compared to the monthly value of the SDCI for the five years ended December 31, 2025.

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*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS

*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS

An alternative tracking measurement of the return performance of USCI versus the return of its SDCI can be calculated by comparing the actual return of USCI, measured by changes in its per share NAV, versus the expected changes in its per share NAV under the assumption that USCI’s returns had been exactly the same as the daily changes in its SDCI.

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For the year ended December 31, 2025, the actual total return of USCI as measured by changes in its per share NAV was 17.32%. This is based on an initial per share NAV of $66.04 as of December 31, 2024 and an ending per share NAV as of December 31, 2025 of $77.48. During this time period, USCI made no distributions to its shareholders. However, if USCI’s daily changes in its per share NAV had instead exactly tracked the changes in the daily total return of the SDCI, USCI would have had an estimated per share NAV of $77.33 as of December 31, 2025, for a total return over the relevant time period of 17.10%. The difference between the actual per share NAV total return of USCI of 17.32% and the expected total return based on the SDCI of 17.10% was a difference over the time period of 0.22%, which is to say that USCI’s actual total return outperformed its benchmark by that percentage. USCI incurs expenses primarily composed of the management fee, brokerage commissions for the buying and selling of futures contracts, and other expenses. The impact of these expenses, offset by interest and dividend income, and net of positive or negative execution, tends to cause daily changes in the per share NAV of USCI to track slightly lower or higher than daily changes in the price of the SDCI.

By comparison, for the year ended December 31, 2024, the actual total return of USCI as measured by changes in its per share NAV was 17.22%. This is based on an initial per share NAV of $56.34 as of December 31, 2023 and an ending per share NAV as of December 31, 2024 of $66.04. During this time period, USCI made no distributions to its shareholders. However, if USCI’s daily changes in its per share NAV had instead exactly tracked the changes in the daily total return of the SDCI, USCI would have had an estimated per share NAV of $65.36 as of December 31, 2024, for a total return over the relevant time period of 16.02%. The difference between the actual per share NAV total return of USCI of 17.22% and the expected total return based on the SDCI of 16.02% was a difference over the time period of 1.20%, which is to say that USCI’s actual total return outperformed its benchmark by that percentage. USCI incurs expenses primarily composed of the management fee, brokerage commissions for the buying and selling of futures contracts, and other expenses. The impact of these expenses, offset by interest and dividend income, and net of positive or negative execution, tends to cause daily changes in the per share NAV of USCI to track slightly lower or higher than daily changes in the price of the SDCI.

CPER

For the 30-valuation days ended December 31, 2025, the simple average daily change in the SCI was 0.404%, while the simple average daily change in the per share NAV of CPER over the same time period was 0.400%. The average daily difference was (0.004)% (or (0.4) basis points, where 1 basis point equals 1/100 of 1%). As a percentage of the daily movement of the SCI, the variance in daily tracking by the per share NAV was (0.724)%, meaning that over this time period CPER’s tracking error was within the plus or minus 10% range established as its benchmark tracking goal.

Since the commencement of the offering of CPER’s shares to the public on November 15, 2011 through December 31, 2025, the simple average daily change in the SCI was 0.023%, while the simple average daily change in the per share NAV of CPER over the same time period was 0.020%. The average daily difference was (0.003)% (or (0.3) basis points, where 1 basis point equals 1/100 of 1%). As a percentage of the daily movement of the SCI, the average variance in daily tracking by the per share NAV was (2.353)%, meaning that over this time period CPER’s tracking difference was within the plus or minus 10% range established as its benchmark tracking goal.

The following two charts demonstrate the correlation between the changes in CPER’s NAV and the changes in the SCI. The first chart below shows the daily movement of CPER’s per share NAV versus the daily movement of the SCI for the 30-valuation day period ended December 31, 2025, the last trading day in December. The second chart below shows the monthly total returns of CPER as compared to the monthly value of the SCI for the five years ended December 31, 2025.

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*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS

*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS

An alternative tracking measurement of the return performance of CPER versus the return of its SCI can be calculated by comparing the actual return of CPER, measured by changes in its per share NAV, versus the expected changes in its per share NAV under the assumption that CPER’s returns had been exactly the same as the daily changes in its SCI.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, the actual total return of CPER as measured by changes in its per share NAV was 38.09%. This is based on an initial per share NAV of $25.23 as of December 31, 2024 and an ending per share NAV as of December 31, 2025 of $34.84. During this time period, CPER made no distributions to its shareholders. However, if CPER’s daily changes in its per share NAV had instead exactly tracked the changes in the daily total return of the SCI, CPER would have had an estimated per share NAV of $34.62 as of December 31, 2025, for a total return over the relevant time period of 37.22%. The difference between the actual per share NAV total return of CPER of 38.09% and the expected total return based on the SCI of 37.22% was a difference over the time period of 0.87%, which is to say that CPER’s actual total return outperformed its benchmark by that percentage. CPER incurs expenses primarily composed of the management fee, brokerage commissions for the buying and selling of futures contracts, and other expenses.

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The impact of these expenses, offset by interest and dividend income, and net of positive or negative execution, tends to cause daily changes in the per share NAV of CPER to track slightly lower or higher than daily changes in the price of the SCI.

By comparison, for the year ended December 31, 2024, the actual total return of CPER as measured by changes in its per share NAV was 4.69%. This is based on an initial per share NAV of $24.10 as of December 31, 2023 and an ending per share NAV as of December 31, 2024 of $25.23. During this time period, CPER made no distributions to its shareholders. However, if CPER’s daily changes in its per share NAV had instead exactly tracked the changes in the daily total return of the SCI, CPER would have had an estimated per share NAV of $25.13 as of December 31, 2024, for a total return over the relevant time period of 4.26%. The difference between the actual per share NAV total return of CPER of 4.69% and the expected total return based on the SCI of 4.26% was a difference over the time period of 0.43%, which is to say that CPER’s actual total return outperformed its benchmark by that percentage. CPER incurs expenses primarily composed of the management fee, brokerage commissions for the buying and selling of futures contracts, and other expenses. The impact of these expenses, offset by interest and dividend income, and net of positive or negative execution, tends to cause daily changes in the per share NAV of CPER to track slightly lower or higher than daily changes in the price of the SCI.

Factors That Can Impact Ability to Track the Applicable Index

There are currently five factors that have impacted or are most likely to impact a Trust Series’ ability to accurately track its Applicable Index.

First, a Trust Series may buy or sell its holdings in the then current Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts at a price other than the closing settlement price of that contract on the day during which such Trust Series executes the trade. In that case, a Trust Series may pay a price that is higher, or lower, than that of the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts, which could cause the changes in the daily per share NAV of a Trust Series to either be too high or too low relative to the daily changes in the price of the Applicable Index. USCF attempts to minimize the effect of these transactions by seeking to execute its purchase or sale of the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contracts at, or as close as possible to, the end of the day settlement price. However, it may not always be possible for a Trust Series to obtain the closing settlement price and there is no assurance that failure to obtain the closing settlement price in the future will not adversely impact a Trust Series’ attempt to track the Applicable Index.

Second, each Trust Series incurs expenses primarily composed of the management fee, brokerage commissions for the buying and selling of futures contracts, and other expenses. The impact of these expenses tends to cause daily changes in the per share NAV of such Trust Series to track slightly lower than daily changes in the price of the Applicable Index. At the same time, each Trust Series earns dividend and interest income on its cash, cash equivalents and Treasuries. A Trust Series is not required to distribute any portion of its income to its shareholders and did not make any distributions to shareholders during the year ended December 31, 2025. Interest payments, and any other income, were retained within the portfolio and added to each Trust Series’ NAV. When this income exceeds the level of a Trust Series’ expenses for its management fee, brokerage commissions and other expenses (including ongoing registration fees, licensing fees and the fees and expenses of the independent directors of USCF), such Trust Series realizes a net yield that will tend to cause daily changes in the per share NAV of such Trust Series to track slightly higher than daily changes in the price of the Applicable Index. If short-term interest rates rise above these levels, the level of deviation created by the yield would increase. Conversely, if short-term interest rates were to decline, the amount of error created by the yield would decrease. When short-term yields drop to a level lower than the combined expenses of the management fee and the brokerage commissions, then the tracking error becomes a negative number and would tend to cause the daily returns of the per share NAV to underperform the daily returns of the Applicable Index. USCF anticipates that interest rates may continue to increase over the near future from historical lows. It is anticipated that fees and expenses paid by each Trust Series may continue to be lower than interest earned by each Trust Series. As such, USCF anticipates that each Trust Series could possibly outperform its benchmark so long as interest earned is higher than the fees and expenses paid by each Trust Series.

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Third, a Trust Series may hold Futures Contracts in a particular commodity other than the one specified as the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contract, or may hold Other Related Investments in its portfolio that may fail to closely track the Applicable Index’s total return movements. Taking USCI as an example, assume for a given month one of the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts is the NYMEX WTI physically settled Futures Contract, trading under the symbol “CL,” for the contract month of November 2020. It is possible that USCI could hold a NYMEX WTI financially settled Futures Contract, trading under the symbol “WS,” for the contract month of November 2020. Alternatively, and using the same example, USCI could hold the ICE WTI financially settled Futures Contract, also for the contract month of November 2020. As a third example, USCI could hold the NYMEX WTI physically settled Futures Contract, trading under the symbol “CL,” but for a contract month other than November 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2025, no Trust Series held any Other Related Investments.

Fourth, a Trust Series could hold Other-Related Investments. In that case, the error in tracking the Applicable Index could result in daily changes in the per share NAV of a Trust Series that are either too high, or too low, relative to the daily changes in the price of the Applicable Index. During the year ended December 31, 2025, none of the Trust Series held any Other-Related Investments, but did, at times, temporarily hold Futures Contracts that were in months other than the months specified as the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contract. If any Trust Series increases in size, and due to its obligations to comply with regulatory limits, or due to other market pricing or liquidity factors, such Trust Series may invest in Futures Contract months other than the designated month specified as the Applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contract, or in Other-Related Investments, which may have the effect of increasing transaction related expenses and may result in increased tracking error.

Finally, a Trust Series could hold the same Futures contracts as its benchmark but at a different weight. This is due to the fact that the benchmark can theoretically own a fractional percentage of a Futures contract but a Trust Series must own a full contract. For a Trust Series with smaller asset base, this percentage difference can have a material impact.

Hypothetical Performance of the SDCI

The table and chart below show the hypothetical performance of the SDCI from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2025. The composition of the SDCI was revised effective December 24, 2020. Beginning with the commodity selection process that commenced on December 24, 2020, SHIM revised the composition of the SDCI to consolidate the six commodity sectors that comprised the index into five sectors. Specifically, prior to December 24, 2020, the SDCI reflected commodities in six commodity sectors: energy (e.g., crude oil, natural gas, heating oil, etc.), precious metals (e.g., gold, silver platinum), industrial metals (e.g., zinc, nickel, aluminum, copper, etc.), grains (e.g., wheat, corn, soybeans, etc.), softs (e.g., sugar, cotton, coffee, cocoa), and livestock (e.g., live cattle, lean hogs, feeder cattle).

HYPOTHETICAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS HAVE MANY INHERENT LIMITATIONS, SOME OF WHICH ARE DESCRIBED BELOW. NO REPRESENTATION IS BEING MADE THAT USCI WILL OR IS LIKELY TO ACHIEVE PROFITS OR LOSSES SIMILAR TO THOSE SHOWN. IN FACT, THERE ARE FREQUENTLY SHARP DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HYPOTHETICAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS AND THE ACTUAL RESULTS ACHIEVED BY ANY PARTICULAR TRADING PROGRAM.

ONE OF THE LIMITATIONS OF HYPOTHETICAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS IS THAT THEY ARE GENERALLY PREPARED WITH THE BENEFIT OF HINDSIGHT. IN ADDITION, HYPOTHETICAL TRADING DOES NOT INVOLVE FINANCIAL RISK, AND NO HYPOTHETICAL TRADING RECORD CAN COMPLETELY ACCOUNT FOR THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL RISK IN ACTUAL TRADING.

FOR EXAMPLE, THE ABILITY TO WITHSTAND LOSSES OR TO ADHERE TO A PARTICULAR TRADING PROGRAM IN SPITE OF TRADING LOSSES ARE MATERIAL POINTS WHICH CAN ALSO ADVERSELY AFFECT ACTUAL TRADING RESULTS. THERE ARE NUMEROUS OTHER FACTORS RELATED TO THE MARKETS IN GENERAL OR TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ANY SPECIFIC TRADING PROGRAM WHICH CANNOT BE FULLY ACCOUNTED FOR IN THE PREPARATION OF HYPOTHETICAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS AND ALL OF WHICH CAN ADVERSELY AFFECT ACTUAL TRADING RESULTS.

The performance data does not reflect any reinvestment or distribution of profits, commission charges, management fees or other expenses that would have been incurred in connection with operating and managing a commodity pool designed to track the SDCI. Such fees and expenses would reduce the performance returns shown in the table below.

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* PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS

Hypothetical Performance Results* for the period from Year Ending 2015 through December 31, 2025

Year

Ending Level*

Annual Return

* The “base level” for the SDCI was set at 100 on January 2, 1991. The “Ending Level” represents the value of the components of the SDCI on the last trading day of each year and is used to illustrate the cumulative performance of the SDCI. In addition to the actual performance of the SDCI, this chart includes the hypothetical performance of the SDCI had the changes to the composition of the SDCI, which became effective on December 24, 2020, been effective during the January 1, 2013 through December 24, 2020 period.

*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS

SummerHaven Dynamic Commodity Index Total Return SM (“SDCI”) Year-Over-Year Hypothetical Total Returns (01/01/2015-12/31/2025)*

Source: SummerHaven Index Management, Bloomberg

* In addition to the actual performance of the SDCI, this chart includes as “SDCI Hypothetical TR” the hypothetical performance of the SDCI had the changes to the composition of the SDCI, which became effective on December 24, 2020, been effective during the January 1, 2013 through December 24, 2020 period.

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The following table and chart compare the hypothetical total return of the SDCI in comparison with the actual total return of three major indexes for the period from December 31, 1997 to December 31, 2025.

*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS

Hypothetical and Historical Results for the period

from December 31, 1997 through December 31, 2025

S&P GSCI

DBIQ OY

SDCI TR

BCOM TR

Actual

Total return

Average annualized return (total)

Annualized volatility

Annualized Sharpe ratio

The table immediately above shows the performance of the SDCI from December 31, 1997 through December 31, 2025 in comparison with three traditional commodities indices: the S&P GSCI Commodity Index (GSCI ® ) Total Return, Bloomberg Commodity Index Total Return SM (“BCOM TR”), and the Deutsche Bank Index Quant Optimum Yield Diversified Commodity Index Total Return TM (“DBIQ OY TR”). The S&P GSCI ® Commodity Index Total Return is a composite index of commodity sector returns representing an unleveraged, long-only investment in commodity futures that is broadly diversified across the spectrum of commodities. The Bloomberg Commodity Index Total Return SM is currently composed of futures contracts on a diversified basket of commodities traded on U.S. exchanges. The Deutsche Bank Liquid Commodity Index-Optimum Yield Total Return TM is designed to reflect the performance of investing in certain wheat, corn, light sweet crude oil, heating oil, gold and aluminum futures contracts plus the returns from investing in 3-month U.S. Treasury Bills in respect of a basket of commodities. The data for the SDCI Total Return Index is derived by using the SDCI’s calculation methodology with historical prices for the futures contracts comprising the SDCI. The information about each of the indices comes from publicly-available material about such indices but is not designed to provide a thorough overview of the methodology of each index.

None of the indices has an investment objective identical to the SDCI. As a result, there are inherent limitations in comparing the performance of such indices against the SDCI. For more information about these indices and their methodologies, please refer to the material published by the sponsors of each such index which may be found on their websites. USCI is not responsible for any information found on such websites, and such information is not part of this annual report on Form 10-K.

In the table above, “Total Return” refers to the return of the relevant index from December 31, 1997 to December 31, 2025; “Annualized Volatility” is a measure of the amount of variation or fluctuation in the returns of the relevant index. Annualized Volatility is calculated by taking the monthly standard deviation of the relevant index’s return and multiplying it by the square root of 12; and “Annualized Sharpe Ratio” is a measure of the total return of each relevant index adjusted by the risk-free interest rate (the 90-Day U.S. Treasury Bill yield) and the volatility of each index. Many investors consider volatility to be a measure of risk, and lower volatility of investment returns is considered a positive investment attribute as opposed to higher volatility. Annualized Sharpe Ratio is a standard measure for investors to compare two different investments or indexes that have different levels of volatility. If two indexes have the same total return, but one has lower Annualized Volatility, then its Annualized Sharpe Ratio will be higher. The higher the Annualized Sharpe Ratio, the better the risk-adjusted performance. Annualized Sharpe Ratio is calculated by taking the average monthly total return of the relevant index and subtracting the then current yield on the 90-Day U.S. Treasury Bill. The annualized return of this series is then divided by the Annualized Volatility of this series, and this result is the Annualized Sharpe Ratio for the relevant index. A higher Sharpe Ratio is not a guarantee that one investment or index will in the future produce better risk adjustment total returns, but USCF believes it is a useful tool for investors to consider when making investment decisions.

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The following chart compares the hypothetical total return of the SDCI in comparison with the actual total return of three major indexes between December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2025, where the SDCI TR includes the initial composition of the index until December 24, 2020 when changes to the index composition became effective.

*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS

Ten Year Comparison of Index Returns of the BCOM TR,

S&P GSCI TR, DBIQ OY TR, and the Hypothetical Returns of the SDCI TR (12/31/2015–12/31/2025)

Source: SHIM, Bloomberg

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The following chart compares the hypothetical total return of the SDCI in comparison with the actual total return of three major indexes over a five year period, where the SDCI TR includes the initial composition of the index until December 24, 2020 when changes to the index composition became effective.

*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS

Five Year Comparison of Index Returns of the BCOM TR,

S&P GSCI TR, DBIQ OY TR, and the Hypothetical Returns of the SDCI TR (12/31/2020–12/31/2025)

Source: SHIM, Bloomberg

SCI

The SCI is a single-commodity index designed to be an investment benchmark for copper as an asset class. The SCI is composed of copper futures contracts on the COMEX exchange. The SCI attempts to maximize backwardation and minimize contango while utilizing contracts in liquid portions of the futures curve.

The SCI is rules-based and is rebalanced monthly based on observable price signals described below in the section “Contract Selection and Weighting.” In this context, the term “rules-based” is meant to indicate that the composition of the SCI in any given month will be determined by quantitative formulas relating to the prices of the futures contracts that are included in the SCI. Such formulas are not subject to adjustment based on other factors.

The overall return on the SCI is generated by two components: (i) uncollateralized returns from the Benchmark Component Copper Futures Contracts comprising the SCI, and (ii) a daily fixed income return reflecting the interest earned on hypothetical 3-month Treasuries, calculated using the weekly auction rate for 3-Month Treasuries published by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. SHIM is the owner of the SCI.

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Hypothetical Performance of the SCI

The table and chart below show the hypothetical performance of the SCI from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2025

HYPOTHETICAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS HAVE MANY INHERENT LIMITATIONS, SOME OF WHICH ARE DESCRIBED BELOW. NO REPRESENTATION IS BEING MADE THAT CPER WILL OR IS LIKELY TO ACHIEVE PROFITS OR LOSSES SIMILAR TO THOSE SHOWN. IN FACT, THERE ARE FREQUENTLY SHARP DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HYPOTHETICAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS AND THE ACTUAL RESULTS ACHIEVED BY ANY PARTICULAR TRADING PROGRAM.

ONE OF THE LIMITATIONS OF HYPOTHETICAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS IS THAT THEY ARE GENERALLY PREPARED WITH THE BENEFIT OF HINDSIGHT. IN ADDITION, HYPOTHETICAL TRADING DOES NOT INVOLVE FINANCIAL RISK, AND NO HYPOTHETICAL TRADING RECORD CAN COMPLETELY ACCOUNT FOR THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL RISK IN ACTUAL TRADING. FOR EXAMPLE, THE ABILITY TO WITHSTAND LOSSES OR TO ADHERE TO A PARTICULAR TRADING PROGRAM IN SPITE OF TRADING LOSSES ARE MATERIAL POINTS WHICH CAN ALSO ADVERSELY AFFECT ACTUAL TRADING RESULTS. THERE ARE NUMEROUS OTHER FACTORS RELATED TO THE MARKETS IN GENERAL OR TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ANY SPECIFIC TRADING PROGRAM WHICH CANNOT BE FULLY ACCOUNTED FOR IN THE PREPARATION OF HYPOTHETICAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS AND ALL OF WHICH CAN ADVERSELY AFFECT ACTUAL TRADING RESULTS.

The performance data does not reflect any reinvestment or distribution profits, commission charges, management fees or other expenses that would have been incurred in connection with operating and managing a commodity pool designed to track the SCI. Such fees and expenses would reduce the performance returns shown in the table below.

*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS

Hypothetical Performance Results* for the SCI for the period from Year Ending 2015 through December 31, 2025

Year

Ending Level*

Annual Return

*     The “base level” for the SCI was set at 100 on January 2, 1991. The “Ending Level” represents the value of the components of the SCI on the last trading day of each year and is used to illustrate the cumulative performance of the SCI.

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The following table compares the total return of the SCI in comparison with the total return a major index and spot copper prices (less storage cost) from December 31, 1997 through December 31, 2025.

*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS

SummerHaven Copper Index (“SCI”) Year-Over-Year Hypothetical Total Returns (01/01/2015-12/31/2025)

Source: SummerHaven Index Management, Bloomberg

*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS

Hypothetical and Historical Results for the period from December 31, 1997 through December 31, 2025

Hypothetical and Historical Results for the period

from December 31, 1997 through December 31, 2025

BCOM

Spot Copper

SCI TR

Copper TR

(less storage)

Actual

Total return

Average annualized return (total)

Annualized volatility

Annualized Sharpe ratio

Source: SHIM, Bloomberg

The table above shows the performance of the SCI from December 31, 1997 through December 31, 2025 in comparison with a traditional commodity index and spot copper prices: the Bloomberg Copper Subindex Total Return SM and spot copper prices less warehouse storage rents. The Bloomberg Copper Subindex Total Return SM includes the contract in the Bloomberg Commodity Index Total Return that relates to a single commodity, copper (currently the Copper High Grade futures contract traded on the COMEX). The data for the SCI Total Return Index is derived by using the SCI’s calculation methodology with historical prices for the futures contracts comprising the SCI. The information about the index above comes from publicly-available material about such index but is not designed to provide a thorough overview of the methodology of such index. The index noted above does not have investment objectives identical to the SCI. As a result, there are inherent limitations in comparing such performance against the SCI. For more information about the index and its methodologies, please refer to the material published by the sponsor of the Bloomberg Copper Subindex Total Return which may be

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found on its website. In addition to the actual performance of the SCI, this chart includes as “SCI Hypothetical TR” the hypothetical performance of the SCI had the changes to the composition of the SCI, which became effective on January 1, 2021, been effective during the period from December 31, 1997 through December 31, 2020. USCF is not responsible for any information found on such website, and such information is not part of this annual report on Form 10-K.

In the table above, “Total Return” refers to the return of the relevant index from December 31, 1997 to December 31, 2025; “Annualized Volatility” is a measure of the amount of variation or fluctuation in the returns of the relevant index. Annualized Volatility is calculated by taking the monthly standard deviation of the relevant index’s return and multiplying it by the square root of 12; and “Annualized Sharpe Ratio” is a measure of the total return of each relevant index adjusted by the risk-free interest rate (the 90-Day U.S. Treasury Bill yield) and the volatility of each index. Many investors consider volatility to be a measure of risk, and lower volatility of investment returns is considered a positive investment attribute as opposed to higher volatility. Annualized Sharpe Ratio is a standard measure for investors to compare two different investments or indexes that have different levels of volatility. If two indexes have the same total return, but one has lower Annualized Volatility, then its Annualized Sharpe Ratio will be higher. The higher the Annualized Sharpe Ratio, the better the risk-adjusted performance. Annualized Sharpe Ratio is calculated by taking the average monthly total return of the relevant index and subtracting the then current yield on the 90-Day U.S. Treasury Bill. The annualized return of this series is then divided by the Annualized Volatility of this series, and this result is the Annualized Sharpe Ratio for the relevant index. A higher Sharpe Ratio is not a guarantee that one investment or index will in the future produce better risk adjustment total returns, but USCF believes it is a useful tool for investors to consider when making investment decisions.

The following chart compares the hypothetical total return of the SCI in comparison with the actual return of three major indexes between December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2025, where the SCI includes the original composition of the index until the changes described above and became effective on January 1, 2021, from which point then the revised composition of the index is included.

*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS

Ten Year Comparison of Index Returns of

BCOM HG TR, Spot Copper Price, Spot Copper Price less Storage Cost, and

the Hypothetical Returns of the SCI TR (12/31/2015– 12/31/2025)

Source: SHIM, Bloomberg, LME

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The following chart compares the hypothetical total return of the SCI in comparison with the actual total return of two major indices and spot copper prices (less storage cost) over a five year period, where the SCI includes the original composition of the index until the changes described above and became effective on January 1, 2021, from which point then the revised composition of the index is included.

*PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS

Five Year Comparison of Index Returns of

BCOM HG TR, Spot Copper Price, Spot Copper Price less Storage

Cost, and the Hypothetical Returns of the SCI (12/31/2020- 12/31/2025)

Source: SHIM, Bloomberg,

For the Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2023

The comparison of the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 can be found in the Trust’s annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 located within Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Critical Accounting Policies

Preparation of the financial statements and related disclosures in compliance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires the application of appropriate accounting rules and guidance, as well as the use of estimates. The Trust’s application of these policies involves judgments and actual results may differ from the estimates used.

USCF has evaluated the nature and types of estimates that it makes in preparing the Trust’s financial statements and related disclosures and has determined that the valuation of Applicable Interests, which are not traded on a United States or internationally recognized futures exchange (such as forward contracts and OTC swaps) involves a critical accounting policy. The values which are used by each Trust Series for its Futures Contracts are provided by its commodity broker who uses market prices when available, while OTC swaps are valued based on the present value of estimated future cash flows that would be received from or paid to a third party in settlement of these derivative contracts prior to their delivery date and valued on a daily basis. In addition, each Trust Series estimates interest

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income on a daily basis using prevailing rates earned on its cash and cash equivalents. These estimates are adjusted to the actual amount received on a monthly basis and the difference, if any, is not considered material.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

None of the Trust Series has made, and does not anticipate making, use of borrowings or other lines of credit to meet its obligations. Each Trust Series has met, and it is anticipated that each Trust Series will continue to meet, its liquidity needs in the normal course of business from the proceeds of the sale of its investments, or from the Treasuries, cash and/or cash equivalents that it intends to hold at all times. Each Trust Series’ liquidity needs include: redeeming shares, providing margin deposits for its existing Futures Contracts or the purchase of additional Futures Contracts and posting collateral for its OTC swaps, if applicable, and payment of its expenses, summarized below under “Contractual Obligations.”

Each Trust Series currently generates cash primarily from: (i) the sale of Creation Baskets and (ii) income earned on Treasuries, cash and/or cash equivalents. Each Trust Series has allocated substantially all of its net assets to trading in Applicable Interests. Each Trust Series invests in Applicable Interests to the fullest extent possible without being leveraged or unable to satisfy its current or potential margin or collateral obligations with respect to its investments in Applicable Interests. A significant portion of each Trust Series’ NAV is held in Treasuries, cash and cash equivalents that are used as margin and as collateral for its trading in Applicable Interests. The balance of the assets is held in each Trust Series’ account at the Custodian and in Treasuries at one or more FCMs. Income received from any investments in money market funds and Treasuries by a Trust Series will be paid to such Trust Series. During the year ended December 31, 2025, each Trust Series’ income earned and the cash earned from the sale of Creation Baskets and the redemption of Redemption Baskets exceeded the expenses.

Each Trust Series’ investments in Applicable Interests may be subject to periods of illiquidity because of market conditions, regulatory considerations and other reasons. For example, most commodity exchanges limit the fluctuations in futures contracts prices during a single day by regulations referred to as “daily limits.” During a single day, no trades may be executed at prices beyond the daily limit. Once the price of a futures contract has increased or decreased by an amount equal to the daily limit, positions in the contracts can neither be taken nor liquidated unless the traders are willing to effect trades at or within the specified daily limit. Such market conditions could prevent a Trust Series from promptly liquidating its positions in Futures Contracts. During the year ended December 31, 2025, none of the Trust Series purchased or liquidated any of its positions while daily limits were in effect; however, no Trust Series can predict whether such an event may occur in the future.

Prior to the initial offering of each Trust Series, all payments with respect to each Trust Series’ expenses are paid by USCF. None of the Trust Series has an obligation or intention to refund such payments made by USCF. USCF is under no obligation to pay any Trust Series’ future expenses. Since the initial offering of shares, each Trust Series has been responsible for expenses relating to: (i) management fees, (ii) brokerage fees and commissions, (iii) ongoing registration expenses in connection with offers and sales of its shares subsequent to the initial offering, (iv) other expenses, including tax reporting costs, (v) the fees of the Trustee in connection with its services as Delaware trustee of the Trust, (vi) fees and expenses of the independent directors of USCF and (vii) other extraordinary expenses not in the ordinary course of business, while USCF has been responsible for expenses relating to the fees of the Trust Series’ Marketing Agent, Administrator and Custodian, the trading advisory and licensing fees of SummerHaven and offering expenses relating to the initial offering of shares of each Trust Series. If USCF and each Trust Series are unsuccessful in raising sufficient funds to cover these respective expenses or in locating any other source of funding, one or more of the Trust Series could terminate and investors may lose all or part of their investment.

Market Risk

Trading in Applicable Interests, such as Futures Contracts, involves each Trust Series entering into contractual commitments to purchase or sell specified amounts of commodities at a specified date in the future. The aggregate market value of the contracts will significantly exceed each Trust Series’ future cash requirements since each Trust Series intends to close out its open positions prior to settlement. As a result, each Trust Series is generally only subject to the risk of loss arising from the change in value of the contracts. Each Trust Series considers the “fair value” of its derivative instruments to be the unrealized gain or loss on the contracts. The market risk associated with each Trust Series’ commitments to purchase a specific commodity will be limited to the aggregate market value of the contracts held.

Each Trust Series’ exposure to market risk depends on a number of factors, including the markets for commodities, the volatility of interest rates and foreign exchange rates, the liquidity of the Applicable Interest markets and the relationships among the contracts held by each such Trust Series. The limited experience that each Trust Series has had in utilizing its model to trade in Applicable Interests in

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a manner intended to track the changes in the Applicable Index, as well as drastic market occurrences, could ultimately lead to the loss of all or substantially all of an investor’s capital.

Credit Risk

When a Trust Series enters into Futures Contracts and Other Related Investments, it is exposed to the credit risk that the counterparty will not be able to meet its obligations. The counterparty for the Futures Contracts traded on the Futures Exchanges is the clearinghouse associated with the particular exchange. In general, in addition to margin required to be posted by the clearinghouse in connection with cleared trades, clearinghouses are backed by their members who may be required to share in the financial burden resulting from the nonperformance of one of their members and, therefore, this additional member support should significantly reduce credit risk. The Trust Series are not currently a member of any clearinghouse. Some foreign exchanges are not backed by their clearinghouse members but may be backed by a consortium of banks or other financial institutions. There can be no assurance that any counterparty, clearinghouse, or their members or their financial backers will satisfy their obligations to a Trust Series in such circumstances.

USCF attempts to manage the credit risk of each Trust Series by following various trading limitations and policies. In particular, each Trust Series generally posts margin and/or holds liquid assets that are approximately equal to the market value of its obligations to counterparties under the Futures Contracts and Other Related Investments it holds. USCF has implemented procedures that include, but are not limited to, executing and clearing trades and entering into OTC transactions only with creditworthy parties and/or requiring the posting of collateral or margin by such parties for the benefit of each Trust Series to limit its credit exposure. Each Trust Series’ commodity broker, or any other broker that may be retained by a Trust Series in the future, when acting as the Trust Series’ FCM in accepting orders to purchase or sell Futures Contracts on United States exchanges, is required by CFTC regulations to separately account for and segregate as belonging to a Trust Series, all assets of a Trust Series relating to domestic Futures Contracts trading. FCMs are not allowed to commingle a Trust Series’ assets with their other assets. In addition, the CFTC requires FCMs to hold in a secure account a Trust Series’ assets related to foreign Futures Contracts trading. During the year ended December 31, 2025, USCI made investments on the London Metal Exchange. In the future, a Trust Series may purchase OTC swaps, see “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in this annual report on Form 10-K for a discussion of OTC swaps.

As of December 31, 2025, each of USCI and CPER held cash deposits and investments in Treasuries and money market funds in the amount of $264,041,053 and $428,215,409, respectively, with the custodian and FCMs. Some or all of these amounts held by a custodian or an FCM, as applicable, may be subject to loss should the Trust Series’ custodian or FCMs, as applicable, cease operations.

Off Balance Sheet Financing

As of December 31, 2025, neither the Trust nor any Trust Series had any loan guarantee, credit support or other off-balance sheet arrangements of any kind other than agreements entered into in the normal course of business, which may include indemnification provisions relating to certain risks that service providers undertake in performing services which are in the best interests of any Trust Series. While each Trust Series’ exposure under these indemnification provisions cannot be estimated, they are not expected to have a material impact on any Trust Series’ financial position.

Redemption Basket Obligation

In order to meet its investment objective and pay its contractual obligations described below, each Trust Series requires liquidity to redeem shares, which redemptions must be in blocks of 50,000 shares called “Redemption Baskets.” Each Trust Series has to date satisfied this obligation by paying from the cash or cash equivalents it holds or through the sale of its Treasuries in an amount proportionate to the number of shares being redeemed.

Contractual Obligations

The Trust’s (and each series thereunder) primary contractual obligations are with USCF and certain other service providers. In return for its services, USCF is entitled to a management fee calculated as a fixed percentage of a Trust Series’ NAV. The management fee payable to USCF is 0.80% (80 basis points) per annum of average daily total net assets for USCI and 0.65% (65 basis points) per annum of average daily total net assets for CPER. Ongoing fees, costs and expenses of its operation for which a Trust Series is responsible include:

brokerage and other fees and commissions incurred in connection with the trading activities of each Trust Series;

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expenses incurred in connection with registering additional shares of each Trust Series or offering shares of each Trust Series after the time any shares of each Trust Series have begun trading on the NYSE Arca;

the routine expenses associated with distribution, including printing and mailing, of any monthly, annual and other reports to shareholders required by applicable U.S. federal and state regulatory authorities;

payment for routine services of the Trustee, legal counsel and independent accountants;

payment for fees associated with tax accounting and reporting, routine accounting, bookkeeping, whether performed by an outside service provider or by affiliates of USCF;

postage and insurance, including directors’ and officers’ liability insurance;

costs and expenses associated with investor relations and services;

the payment of any distributions related to redemption of shares;

payment of all federal, state, local or foreign taxes payable on the income, assets or operations of each Trust Series and the preparation of all tax returns related thereto; and

extraordinary expenses (including, but not limited to, indemnification of any person against liabilities and obligations to the extent permitted by law and required under the Trust Agreement and the bringing and defending of actions at law or in equity and otherwise engaging in the conduct of litigation and the incurring of legal expense and the settlement of claims and litigation).

While USCF has agreed to pay registration fees to the SEC, FINRA, NYSE Arca or any other regulatory agency or exchange in connection with the initial offer and sale of the shares and the legal, printing, accounting and other expenses associated with such registration, each Trust Series is responsible for any registration fees and related expenses incurred in connection with any subsequent offer and sale of its shares after the initial offering of shares. In addition, any Trust Series, in its Registration Statement, may provide for different allocation of expenses among the Sponsor and such Trust Series, in each case solely with respect to such Trust Series.

Each Trust Series pays its own brokerage and other transaction costs. Each Trust Series pays fees to FCMs in connection with its transactions in Futures Contracts. For the year ended December 31, 2025, FCM fees were approximately 0.08% of average daily total net assets for USCI, and approximately 0.02% of average daily total net assets for CPER. In general, transaction costs on OTC Applicable Interests and on Treasuries and other short-term securities are embedded in the purchase or sale price of the instrument being purchased or sold, and may not readily be estimated. USCF had voluntarily agreed to pay certain expenses normally borne by USCI to the extent that such expenses exceeded 0.15% (15 basis points) of USCI’s NAV, on an annualized basis, through June 30, 2011 when such expense waiver was terminated. USCF voluntarily agreed to pay certain expenses typically borne by CPER to the extent that such expenses exceed 0.15% (15 basis points) of CPER’s NAV, on an annualized basis. USCF terminated such expense waiver as of April 30, 2021. As a result, the Annual Fund Operating Expenses increased, which would negatively impact your total return from an investment in CPER. This voluntary expense waiver was in addition to those amounts USCF is contractually obligated to pay as described in Note 5 to the financial statements of the Trust and terminated on April 30, 2021.

The parties cannot anticipate the amount of payments that will be required under these arrangements for future periods, as each Trust Series’ NAVs and trading levels to meet its investment objective will not be known until a future date. These agreements are effective for a specific term agreed upon by the parties with an option to renew, or, in some cases, are in effect for the duration of a Trust Series’ existence. Either party may terminate these agreements earlier for certain reasons described in the agreements.

As of December 31, 2025, USCI’s portfolio held 5,219 Futures Contracts traded on the Futures Exchanges and CPER’s portfolio held 3,184 Contracts traded on the COMEX. For a list of each of USCI’s and CPER’s current holdings, please see www.uscfinvestments.com.