CCB Coastal Financial Corp - 10-K

Item 1A.     Risk Factors

As a financial services organization, we are subject to a number of risks inherent in our transactions and present in the business decisions we make. Described below are the material risks and uncertainties that if realized could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, and our access to liquidity. Consideration should also be given to the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as in the documents incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K. However, other factors not discussed below or elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows and our access to liquidity. Therefore, the risk factors below should not be considered a complete list of potential risks we may face.

Table of Contents

Risk Factors Summary

Our business is subject to numerous material risks and uncertainties, including those described in Part I Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You should carefully consider these material risks and uncertainties when investing in our common stock. The principal risks and uncertainties affecting our business include the following:

• The current economic condition in the market areas we serve may adversely impact our earnings and could increase the credit risk associated with our loan portfolio.

• We are subject to interest rate risk, and fluctuations in interest rates may adversely affect our earnings.

• Our allowance for credit losses may prove to be insufficient to absorb losses in our loan portfolio.

• We originate and purchase loans through our CCBX partners, which exposes us to increased lending and compliance risks.

• We derive a percentage of our deposits, total assets and income from deposit accounts generated through our BaaS relationships.

• Ineffective liquidity management could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

• Strong competition within our market area could hurt our profits and slow growth.

• Our banking-as-a-service (“BaaS”) strategy faces increasing competition, including from institutions and partners that may no longer require a third-party bank.

• We may not be able to adequately measure and limit our credit risk, which could lead to unexpected losses.

• Our business strategy includes growth, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively.

• Our agreements with BaaS partners may produce limited revenue and may expose us to liability for compliance violations by BaaS partners.

• Regulation of the financial services industry is intense, and we may be adversely affected by changes in laws and regulations.

• Financial institutions, such as the Bank, face a risk of noncompliance with and enforcement action under the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering statutes and regulations.

• We are subject to numerous laws designed to promote community reinvestment or protect consumers, including the CRA and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to a wide variety of sanctions.

• We are subject to laws regarding the privacy, information security and protection of personal information and any violation of these laws or another incident involving personal, confidential or proprietary information of individuals could damage our reputation and otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

• We are dependent on our information technology and telecommunications systems and third-party service providers; systems failures, interruptions, security breaches and cybersecurity threats could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

• Because the nature of the financial services business involves a high volume of transactions, we face significant operational risks.

• We previously identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, and any failure to maintain effective internal controls in the future could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

• National and global economic and other conditions could adversely affect our future results of operations or market price of our stock.

• Changes in U.S. trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs and retaliatory tariffs, may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

• Anti-takeover provisions in our corporate organizational documents and provisions of federal and state law may make an attempted acquisition or replacement of our board of directors or management more difficult.

Table of Contents

Risks Related to Credit Matters

We are subject to interest rate risk, and fluctuations in interest rates may adversely affect our earnings.

The majority of our banking assets and liabilities are monetary in nature and subject to risk from changes in interest rates. Like most financial institutions, our earnings are significantly dependent on our net interest income, the principal component of our earnings, which is the difference between interest earned by us from our interest-earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and interest paid by us on our interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. We expect that we will periodically experience “gaps” in the interest rate sensitivities of our assets and liabilities, meaning that either our interest-bearing liabilities will be more sensitive to changes in market interest rates than our interest-earning assets, or vice versa. In either event, if market interest rates should move contrary to our position, this “gap” will negatively impact our earnings. The impact on earnings is more adverse when the slope of the yield curve flattens, that is, when short-term interest rates increase more than long-term interest rates or when long-term interest rates decrease more than short-term interest rates. Many factors impact interest rates, including governmental monetary policies, inflation, recession, changes in unemployment, the money supply and international economic weakness and disorder and instability in domestic and foreign financial markets. Loans and deposits in our CCBX segment are more sensitive to interest rate changes than our community bank segment. Over time we anticipate that this will increase sensitivity to both increasing and decreasing interest rates.

Interest rates remain elevated relative to the historically low levels experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although short-term interest rates declined during portions of 2024 and 2025, funding costs have remained under pressure due to competitive dynamics in the banking sector, including heightened competition for deposits. If interest rates remain elevated, increase again, or if competitive pressures require us to offer or maintain higher-cost deposit products, our cost of funds may increase more rapidly than yields on our interest-earning assets, which could compress our net interest margin.

The timing, magnitude and direction of future changes in interest rates remain uncertain and depend on a variety of factors, including inflation trends, economic growth, labor market conditions, fiscal and monetary policy, and domestic and international financial market developments. While inflation has moderated from recent peaks, it remains above historical norms, and the Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”) continues to assess inflationary and economic risks in setting monetary policy. Future changes in interest rates or the shape of the yield curve could have adverse effects on our earnings. The FOMC began reducing the federal funds rate in September 2024, and most recently decreased the federal funds rate to 3.75% as of December 31, 2025.

Interest rate increases often result in larger payment requirements for our borrowers, which increases the potential for default and could result in a decrease in the demand for loans. At the same time, the marketability of the property securing a loan may be adversely affected by any reduced demand resulting from elevated interest rates. In a declining interest rate environment, there may be an increase in prepayments on loans as borrowers refinance their loans at lower rates. In addition, in a low interest rate environment, loan customers often pursue long-term fixed rate credits, which could adversely affect our earnings and net interest margin if rates increase. Changes in interest rates also can affect the value of loans, securities and other assets. An increase in interest rates that adversely affects the ability of borrowers to pay the principal or interest on loans may lead to an increase in nonperforming assets and a reduction of income recognized, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows. Further, when we place a loan on nonaccrual status, we reverse any accrued but unpaid interest receivable, which decreases interest income. At the same time, we continue to have a cost to fund the loan, which is reflected as interest expense, without any interest income to offset the associated funding expense. Thus, an increase in the amount of nonperforming assets would have an adverse impact on net interest income.

Our commercial real estate lending activities expose us to increased lending risks and related credit losses.

At December 31, 2025, our commercial real estate loan portfolio totaled $1.29 billion, or 34.2% of our total loan portfolio. Our current business strategy is to continue our originations of commercial real estate loans. Commercial real estate loans generally expose a lender to greater risk of non-payment or late payment and loss than one-to-four family residential mortgage loans because repayment of the loans often depends on the successful operation of the properties and the income stream of the borrowers. These loans involve larger loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers compared to one-to-four family residential mortgage loans. To the extent that borrowers have more than one commercial real estate loan outstanding, an adverse development with respect to one loan or one credit relationship could expose us to a significantly greater risk of loss compared to an adverse development with respect to a one-to-four family residential real estate loan. Moreover, if loans that are collateralized by commercial real estate become troubled and the value of the real estate has been significantly impaired, then we may not be able to recover the full contractual amount of

Table of Contents

principal and interest that we anticipated at the time we originated the loan, which could cause us to increase our provision for credit losses and would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, should the fundamentals of the commercial real estate market deteriorate due to macroeconomic and other factors, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We may be subject to environmental liabilities in connection with the real properties we own and the foreclosure on real estate assets securing our loan portfolio.

In the course of our business, we may purchase real estate in connection with our acquisition and expansion efforts, or we may foreclose on and take title to real estate or otherwise be deemed to be in control of property that serves as collateral on loans we make. As a result, we could be subject to environmental liabilities with respect to those properties. We may be held liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for property damage, personal injury, investigation and clean-up costs incurred by these parties in connection with environmental contamination, or we may be required to investigate or clean up hazardous or toxic substances or chemical releases at a property. The costs associated with investigation or remediation activities could be substantial. In addition, if we are the owner or former owner of a contaminated site, we may be subject to common law claims by third parties based on damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination emanating from the property.

The cost of removal or abatement may substantially exceed the value of the affected properties or the loans secured by those properties, we may not have adequate remedies against the prior owners or other responsible parties and we may not be able to resell the affected properties either before or after completion of any such removal or abatement procedures. If material environmental problems are discovered before foreclosure, we generally will not foreclose on the related collateral or will transfer ownership of the loan to a subsidiary. It should be noted, however, that the transfer of the property or loans to a subsidiary may not protect us from environmental liability. Furthermore, despite these actions on our part, the value of the property as collateral will generally be substantially reduced or we may elect not to foreclose on the property and, as a result, we may suffer a loss upon collection of the loan. Any significant environmental liabilities could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our commercial business lending activities expose us to additional lending risks.

As of December 31, 2025, commercial and industrial loans totaled $454.1 million and represented 12.1% of total loans. We make commercial business loans in our market area to a variety of professionals, sole proprietorships, partnerships and corporations. As compared to commercial real estate loans, which are secured by real property, the value of which tends to be more easily ascertainable, commercial business loans are of higher risk and typically are made on the basis of the borrower’s ability to make repayment from the cash flow of the borrower’s business. As a result, the availability of funds for the repayment of commercial business loans may depend substantially on the success of the business itself and the conditions in the general economy. Further, any losses incurred on a small number of commercial loans could have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations due to the larger average size of commercial loans as compared with other loans and the risk that collateral securing such loans may depreciate over time, may be difficult to appraise, may fluctuate in value and may depend on the borrower’s ability to collect receivables. We have increased our focus on commercial business lending in recent years and intend to continue to focus on this type of lending in the future.

Our concentration of residential mortgage loans exposes us to increased lending risks .

At December 31, 2025, $466.4 million, or 12.4%, of our loan portfolio was secured by one-to-four family real estate. One-to-four family residential mortgage lending is generally sensitive to regional and local economic conditions that significantly impact the ability of borrowers to meet their loan payment obligations, making loss levels difficult to predict. Declines in real estate values could cause some of our residential mortgages to be inadequately collateralized, which would expose us to a greater risk of loss if we seek to recover on defaulted loans by selling the real estate collateral.

As of December 31, 2025, $264.1 million of our residential mortgage loans were made through CCBX partners and are located in different regions across the U.S. A decline in residential real estate values across the U.S. would reduce the value of this residential real estate collateral. These home equity lines of credit are secured by residential real estate and are accessed by using a credit card.

As of December 31, 2025, $202.3 million of our residential mortgage loans were made through the community bank, and 83.3% are secured by property in Washington State, and a significant majority of that is located in the Puget

Table of Contents

Sound region. A decline in residential real estate values as a result of a downturn in the Puget Sound housing market could reduce the value of the real estate collateral securing these types of loans. As of December 31, 2025, $167.3 million of our residential mortgage loans made through the community bank were made to investors. These loans may behave more like multi-family loans than individual 1-4 family loans that are occupied by their owners.

Our origination of construction loans exposes us to increased lending risks.

At December 31, 2025, $222.1 million, or 5.9%, of our total loans was construction, land and land development loans. We originate commercial construction loans primarily to professional builders for the construction of one-to-four family residences, apartment buildings, and commercial real estate properties. To a lesser degree, we also originate land acquisition loans for the purpose of facilitating the ultimate construction of a home or commercial building. Our construction loans present a greater level of risk than loans secured by improved, occupied real estate due to: (1) the increased difficulty at the time the loan is made of estimating the building costs and the selling price of the property to be built; (2) the increased difficulty and costs of monitoring the loan; (3) the higher degree of sensitivity to increases in market rates of interest; and (4) the increased difficulty of working out loan problems. In addition, construction costs may exceed original estimates as a result of increased materials, labor or other costs. Construction loans also often involve the disbursement of funds with repayment dependent, in part, on the success of the project and the ability of the borrower to sell or lease the property or refinance the indebtedness.

Our focus on lending to the small- to medium-sized businesses may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We focus our business development and marketing strategy primarily on small- to medium-sized businesses. Small- to medium-sized businesses frequently have smaller market shares than larger firms, may be more vulnerable to economic downturns, often need substantial additional capital to expand or compete and may experience substantial volatility in operating results, any of which may impair a borrower’s ability to repay a loan. In addition, the success of a small and medium-sized business often depends on the management skills, talents and efforts of a small group of people, and the death, disability or resignation of one or more of these people could have an adverse effect on the business and its ability to repay its loan. If our borrowers are unable to repay their loans, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We may not be able to adequately measure and limit our credit risk, which could lead to unexpected losses.

The business of lending is inherently risky, including risks that the principal or interest on any loan will not be repaid timely or at all or that the value of any collateral supporting the loan will be insufficient to cover our outstanding exposure. These risks may be affected by the strength of the borrower’s business sector and local, regional and national market and economic conditions. Many of our loans are made to small to medium-sized businesses that may be less able to withstand competitive, economic and financial pressures than larger borrowers. Our risk management practices, such as monitoring the concentration of our loans within specific industries and our credit approval practices, may not adequately reduce credit risk, and our credit administration personnel, policies and procedures may not adequately adapt to changes in economic or any other conditions affecting customers and the quality of the loan portfolio. A failure to effectively measure and limit the credit risk associated with our loan portfolio could lead to unexpected losses and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We originate and purchase loans through our CCBX partners, which exposes us to increased lending and compliance risks.

At December 31, 2025, $1.81 billion, or 48.1%, of our total loans were originated or purchased through CCBX partners. Our partners underwrite these loans in compliance with our credit standards and policies. Our CCBX partners service $1.60 billion of these loans. Our partners provide fraud and credit enhancements on many of our CCBX loans, but if they are unable to fulfill their contracted obligations, the Bank could be exposed to writing off all or a portion of the related credit enhancement asset and to additional credit losses as a result of this counterparty risk. In certain partner arrangements, the partner is required to maintain reserve, escrow or similar funding mechanisms (including replenishment obligations) intended to support servicing duties, representations and warranties, fraud losses and other credit-related obligations. These reserve or funding positions may decline below required levels or become negative due to loss activity, timing differences or other factors, and partners may be required to replenish such amounts. If a partner is unable or unwilling to fund or replenish required amounts on a timely basis, we could be exposed to higher credit losses, incur additional servicing or operational costs, accelerate loss recognition or write off all or a portion of the related credit enhancement asset. We evaluate partner funding capacity and reserve adequacy on an ongoing basis as part of our risk

Table of Contents

management framework and may exercise contractual remedies, which may include adjusting reserve requirements, suspending originations or purchases, or transferring servicing responsibilities, if warranted. We are subject to compliance and regulatory risk if partners do not follow our servicing policies, lending laws and regulations.

Our allowance for credit losses may prove to be insufficient to absorb losses in our loan portfolio.

Lending money is a substantial part of our business. Every loan carries a certain risk that it will not be repaid in accordance with its terms or that any underlying collateral will not be sufficient to assure repayment. This risk is affected by, among other things:

• the cash flow of the borrower, guarantors and/or the project being financed;

• the changes and uncertainties as to the future value of the collateral, in the case of a collateralized loan;

• the character and creditworthiness of a particular borrower or guarantor;

• changes in economic and industry conditions; and

• the duration of the loan.

The ACL is an estimate of the expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost. The ACL is evaluated and calculated on a collective basis for those loans which share similar risk characteristics. At each reporting period, the Company evaluates whether the loans in a pool continue to exhibit similar risk characteristics as the other loans in the pool and whether it needs to evaluate the allowance on an individual basis. The Bank must estimate expected credit losses over the loans’ contractual terms, adjusted for expected prepayments. In estimating the life of the loan, the Bank cannot extend the contractual term of the loan for expected extensions, renewals, and modifications, unless the extension or renewal options are included in the contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Bank. Because expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual life adjusted for estimated prepayments, determination of the life of the loan may significantly affect the ACL. The Company has chosen to segment its portfolio consistent with the manner in which it manages the risk of the type of credit.

• Community Bank Portfolio: The ACL calculation is derived for loan segments utilizing loan level information and relevant information from internal and external sources related to past events and current conditions. In addition, the Company incorporates a reasonable and supportable forecast.

• CCBX Portfolio: The Bank calculates the ACL on loans on an aggregate basis based on each partner and product level, segmenting the risk inherent in the CCBX portfolio based on qualitative and quantitative trends in the portfolio.

Also included in the ACL are qualitative reserves to cover losses that are expected, but in the Company’s assessment may not be adequately represented in the quantitative method. For example, factors that the Company considers include environmental business conditions, borrower’s financial condition, credit rating and the volume and severity of past due loans and nonaccrual loans. Based on this analysis, the Company records a provision for credit losses to maintain the allowance at appropriate levels.

The determination of the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses inherently involves a high degree of subjectivity and requires us to make significant estimates of current credit risks and future trends, all of which may undergo material changes. If our estimates are incorrect, the allowance for credit losses may not be sufficient to cover losses inherent in our loan portfolio, resulting in the need for increases in our allowance for credit losses through the provision for losses on loans which is charged against income. Management also recognizes that significant new growth in loan portfolios, in the community bank and/or CCBX, new loan products and the refinancing of existing loans can result in portfolios comprised of unseasoned loans that may not perform in a historical or projected manner and may increase the risk that our allowance may be insufficient to absorb losses without significant additional provisions.

Many of the agreements with our CCBX partners provide for a credit enhancement which helps protect the Bank by absorbing incurred losses. CCBX credit enhancements are free-standing and are accounted for separately from the allowance for credit losses. In accordance with accounting guidance, we estimate and record a provision for probable losses for these CCBX loans, without regard to the credit enhancement. If a CCBX lending partner is unable to fulfill its

Table of Contents

contractual obligations with the Bank, then the Bank would be exposed to additional credit losses as a result of this counterparty risk and would have to absorb any credit losses associated with any CCBX partner that cannot fulfill its contractual obligations.

Deterioration in economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans and other factors, both within and outside of our control, may require an increase in the allowance for credit losses. If current conditions in the housing and real estate markets weaken, we expect we will experience increased delinquencies and credit losses. In addition, bank regulatory agencies periodically review our allowance for credit losses and may require an increase in the provision for credit losses or the recognition of further loan charge-offs, based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination. In addition, if charge-offs in future periods exceed the allowance for credit losses, we will need additional provisions to increase the allowance for credit losses. While we believe that our allowance for credit losses was adequate at December 31, 2025, there is no assurance that it will be sufficient to cover future credit losses, especially if there is a significant deterioration in economic conditions.

The current economic condition in the market areas we serve may adversely impact our earnings and could increase the credit risk associated with our loan portfolio.

While there is not a single employer or industry in our market area on which a significant number of our customers are dependent, a substantial portion of our community bank loan portfolio is comprised of loans secured by property located in the Puget Sound region and substantially all of our community bank loan and deposit customers are businesses and individuals in greater Puget Sound region. A deterioration of the economy in the market areas we serve could result in the following consequences, any of which would have an adverse impact, which could be material, on our business, financial condition, and results of operations:

• high short-term interest rates may cause deposits to decline and deposit costs to increase as depositors seek higher returns on their deposits;

• loan delinquencies may increase;

• problem assets and foreclosures may increase;

• collateral for loans made may decline in value, in turn reducing customers’ borrowing power, reducing the value of assets and collateral associated with existing loans;

• certain securities within our investment portfolio could become other than temporarily impaired, requiring a write-down through earnings to fair value, thereby reducing equity;

• CCBX partners may experience financial difficulties or fail, our BaaS revenue may decrease, and credit losses could increase if the partner cannot fulfill its credit enhancement obligations;

• low-cost or noninterest bearing deposits may decrease; and

• demand for our loan and other products and services may decrease.

A decline in local economic conditions may have a greater effect on our earnings and capital than on the earnings and capital of larger financial institutions whose real estate loans are geographically diverse. Many of the community bank loans in our portfolio are secured by real estate. Deterioration in the real estate markets where collateral for a mortgage loan is located could negatively affect the borrower’s ability to repay the loan and the value of the collateral securing the loan. Real estate values are affected by various other factors, including changes in general or regional economic conditions, governmental rules or policies and natural disasters such as earthquakes and flooding. Further, deterioration in local economic conditions could drive the level of credit losses beyond the level we have provided for in our allowance for credit losses, which in turn could necessitate an increase in our provision for credit losses and a resulting reduction to our earnings and capital.

In addition, weakening in regional and general economic conditions such as inflation, recession, business closings, restrictions on business activity, unemployment, natural disasters, epidemic illness, or other factors beyond our control could reduce our growth rate and negatively affect demand for loans, the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans and our financial condition and results of operations.

Our SBA lending program is dependent upon the U.S. federal government, and we face specific risks associated with originating SBA loans.

As of December 31, 2025, the balance of owned SBA loans and SBA loans net of the sold portion was $5.2 million, which are guaranteed. As of December 31, 2025, the balance of SBA loans sold and serviced was $2.5 million,

Table of Contents

resulting in $17,000 in servicing income for the year ended December 31, 2025. Our SBA lending program is dependent upon the U.S. federal government. As an approved participant in the SBA Preferred Lender’s Program, referred to herein as an SBA Preferred Lender, we enable our clients to obtain SBA loans without being subject to the potentially lengthy SBA approval process necessary for lenders that are not SBA Preferred Lenders. The SBA periodically reviews the lending operations of participating lenders to assess, among other things, whether the lender exhibits prudent risk management. When weaknesses are identified, the SBA may request corrective actions or impose enforcement actions, including revocation of the lender’s SBA Preferred Lender status. If we lose our status as an SBA Preferred Lender, we may lose some or all of our customers to lenders who are SBA Preferred Lenders, and as a result we could experience an adverse effect to our financial results. Any changes to the SBA program, including but not limited to changes to the level of guarantee provided by the federal government on SBA loans, changes to program specific rules impacting volume eligibility under the guaranty program, as well as changes to the program amounts authorized by Congress or exhaustion of the available funding for SBA programs may also have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation. In addition, any default by the U.S. Government on its obligations could, among other things, impede our ability to originate SBA loans or sell such loans in the secondary market, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The SBA’s 7(a) Loan Program is the SBA’s primary program for helping start-up and existing small businesses, with financing guaranteed for a variety of general business purposes. Generally, we sell the guaranteed portion of our non-PPP SBA 7(a) loans in the secondary market. These sales result in premium income for us at the time of sale and create a stream of future servicing income, as we retain the servicing rights to these loans. For the reasons described above, we may not be able to continue originating these loans or sell them in the secondary market. Furthermore, even if we are able to continue to originate and sell SBA 7(a) loans in the secondary market, we might not continue to realize premiums upon the sale of the guaranteed portion of these loans or the premiums may decline due to economic and competitive factors. When we originate SBA loans, we incur credit risk on the non-guaranteed portion of the loans, and if a customer defaults on a loan, we share any loss and recovery related to the loan pro-rata with the SBA. If the SBA establishes that a loss on an SBA guaranteed loan is attributable to significant technical deficiencies in the manner in which the loan was originated, funded or serviced by us, the SBA may seek recovery of the principal loss related to the deficiency from us. Generally, we do not maintain reserves or loss allowances for such potential claims and any such claims could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The laws, regulations and standard operating procedures that are applicable to SBA loan products may change in the future. We cannot predict the effects of these changes on our business, financial condition and results of operation. Because government regulation greatly affects the business and financial results of all commercial banks and bank holding companies and especially our organization, changes in the laws, regulations and procedures applicable to SBA loans could adversely affect our ability to operate profitably.

Economic conditions could increase our level of nonperforming loans and/or reduce demand for our products and services, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Prolonged deteriorating economic conditions could significantly affect the markets in which we do business, the value of our loans and investment securities, and our ongoing operations, costs and profitability. Further, declines in real estate values and sales volumes and elevated unemployment levels may result in higher loan delinquencies, increases in our nonperforming and classified assets and a decline in demand for our products and services. These events may cause us to incur losses and may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Reduction in problem assets can be slow, and the process can be exacerbated by the condition of the properties securing nonperforming loans and the lengthy foreclosure process in Washington. To the extent that we must work through the resolution of assets, economic problems may cause us to incur losses and adversely affect our capital, business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows and our access to liquidity.

Nonperforming assets take significant time and resources to resolve and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Nonperforming assets adversely affect our net income in various ways. We generally do not record interest income on other real estate owned (“OREO”), or on nonperforming loans, thereby adversely affecting our income and increasing loan administration costs. When we take collateral in foreclosures and similar proceedings, we are required to mark the related asset to the then fair market value of the collateral, which may ultimately result in a loss. An increase in our level of nonperforming assets increases our risk profile and may impact the capital levels regulators believe are appropriate in light of the ensuing risk profile. While we seek to reduce problem assets through loan workouts,

Table of Contents

restructurings and otherwise, decreases in the value of the underlying collateral, or in these borrowers’ performance or financial condition, whether or not due to economic and market conditions beyond our control, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the resolution of nonperforming assets requires significant commitments of time from management, which may adversely impact their ability to perform their other responsibilities. We may not experience future increases in the value of nonperforming assets.

Risks Related to Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies

Our use of artificial intelligence and automated technologies may expose us to operational, compliance and governance risks.

We currently use, and may in the future evaluate or implement, artificial intelligence (“AI”), automation, and similar technologies to support certain internal processes or business functions. The use of these technologies involves inherent risks, including the risk of errors, model limitations, data quality issues, system failures, or unintended outcomes. If AI-enabled tools do not operate as intended or are not properly governed, our operations, risk management processes, or compliance with applicable laws and regulations could be adversely affected.

The regulatory and supervisory framework applicable to AI continues to evolve and may limit our ability to deploy or expand AI-enabled tools.

Banking regulators have emphasized that the use of AI and automated decision-making technologies remains subject to existing legal and regulatory requirements, including those related to consumer protection, fair lending, data privacy, and model risk management. Regulatory expectations with respect to governance, transparency, documentation, and oversight of AI models are continuing to develop. As a result, we may be required to modify, delay, or limit our use of AI technologies, or incur additional compliance, governance, or operational costs.

AI models may produce outcomes that are difficult to explain, validate or monitor.

Certain AI techniques may rely on complex or opaque algorithms that can make it challenging to fully explain model outputs or identify the underlying drivers of specific results. Limitations in explainability or validation may increase model risk and complicate compliance with supervisory expectations, including those related to model risk management, internal controls, and auditability. Failure to appropriately manage these risks could result in restrictions or other actions by regulatory agencies on the use of such technologies.

Our use of third-party vendors for technology solutions, including those incorporating AI, may increase operational and data risks.

We rely on third-party service providers for certain technology platforms and services, some of which may incorporate AI or automated functionality. Our ability to manage the risks associated with these technologies depends, in part, on the controls and practices of such vendors. Deficiencies in vendor risk management, data security, or regulatory compliance could disrupt our operations, compromise sensitive information, or result in regulatory or contractual exposure.

Increased public and regulatory scrutiny of AI could give rise to reputational risk.

The use of AI in financial services has been subject to heightened public and regulatory attention. Concerns regarding transparency, fairness, privacy, or data use, whether or not well founded, could adversely affect customer confidence or result in increased regulatory scrutiny. Any perceived misuse or failure of AI-enabled tools could harm our reputation and negatively affect our customer relationships.

Risks Related to Compliance and Operational Matters

Imposition of limits by the bank regulators on commercial real estate lending activities could curtail our growth and adversely affect our earnings.

In 2006, the federal banking regulators issued joint guidance entitled “Concentrations in Commercial Real Estate Lending, Sound Risk Management Practices” (“CRE Guidance”). Although the CRE Guidance did not establish specific lending limits, it provides that a bank’s commercial real estate lending exposure could receive increased supervisory scrutiny where total non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans, including loans secured by apartment buildings,

Table of Contents

investor commercial real estate, and construction and land loans, represent 300% or more of an institution’s total risk-based capital, and the outstanding balance of the commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased by 50% or more during the preceding 36 months. Our total non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans, including loans secured by apartment buildings, investor commercial real estate, and construction and land loans, totaled $1.13 billion and represented 170.9% and 184.2% of its capital, at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The outstanding balance of the Bank’s regulatory CRE portfolio has decreased by 0.4%, and increased by 5.1%, and 16.8%, for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 respectively.

In December 2015, the federal banking regulators released a statement on prudent risk management for commercial real estate lending, referred to herein as the 2015 Statement. In the 2015 Statement, the federal banking regulators, among other things, indicate their intent to “continue to pay special attention” to commercial real estate lending activities and concentrations going forward. If the Federal Reserve, our primary federal regulator, were to impose restrictions on the amount of commercial real estate loans we can hold in our portfolio, for reasons noted above or otherwise, our earnings would be adversely affected.

Our business is subject to the risks of epidemic illnesses, earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, fires and other natural catastrophic events or effects of climate change.

A major catastrophe, such as an epidemic illness, earthquake, tsunami, flood, fire or other natural disaster or effects of climate change could result in a prolonged interruption of our business. For example, our headquarters are located in Everett, Washington and we serve the broader Puget Sound region, a geographical region that has been and may continue to be affected by earthquake, tsunami, wildfires and flooding activity. These activities may increase as the effects of climate change increase. Because we serve individuals and businesses in the Northwest, a natural disaster, epidemic illness, significant effect of climate change or other major catastrophe in the Northwest likely would have a greater impact on our business, financial condition and results of operation than if our business were more geographically diverse. The occurrence of any of these natural disasters, epidemic illnesses, effects of climate change or other major catastrophes could negatively impact our performance by disrupting our operations or the operations of our customers, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Appraisals and other valuation techniques we use in evaluating and monitoring loans secured by real property, OREO and repossessed personal property may not accurately reflect the net value of the asset.

In considering whether to make a loan secured by real property, we generally require an appraisal of the property. However, an appraisal is only an estimate of the value of the property at the time the appraisal is made, and, as real estate values may change significantly in relatively short periods of time (especially in periods of heightened economic uncertainty), this estimate may not accurately describe the net value of the real property collateral after the loan is made. As a result, we may not be able to realize the full amount of any remaining indebtedness when we foreclose on and sell the relevant property. In addition, we rely on appraisals and other valuation techniques to establish the value of our OREO, and personal property that we acquire through foreclosure proceedings and to determine certain loan impairments. If any of these valuations are inaccurate, our financial statements may not reflect the correct value of our OREO, and our allowance for credit losses may not reflect accurate loan impairments. This could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. As of December 31, 2025, we did not hold any OREO or repossessed property and equipment.

We derive a percentage of our deposits, total assets and income from deposit accounts generated through our BaaS relationships.

Deposit accounts acquired through these relationships totaled $2.56 billion, or 61.7% of total deposits at December 31, 2025. We provide oversight over these relationships, which must meet all internal and regulatory requirements. We may exit relationships where such requirements are not met or be required by our regulators to exit such relationships. Also, our CCBX partner(s) could terminate a relationship with us for many reasons, including being able to obtain better terms from another provider or dissatisfaction with the level or quality of our services. If a relationship were to be terminated, it could materially reduce our deposits, assets and income. We cannot assure you that we could replace such relationship. If we cannot replace such relationship, we may be required to seek higher rate funding sources as compared to the existing relationship and interest expense might increase. We may also be required to sell securities or other assets to meet funding needs which would reduce revenues or potentially generate losses.

Table of Contents

Our banking-as-a-service (“BaaS”) strategy faces increasing competition, including from institutions and partners that may no longer require a third-party bank.

Our strategy of partnering with digital financial service providers to offer BaaS has been adopted by a growing number of financial institutions with which we compete. Several technology-enabled banking platforms, as well as conventional banks with digital banking programs, have implemented BaaS strategies similar to ours. As a result, we face increased competition in attracting and retaining BaaS partners, and we expect competitive pressures in this area to continue.

In addition, certain current or prospective partners may seek to reduce their reliance on third-party banking relationships by obtaining their own bank charters or other regulatory approvals that would allow them to offer banking products directly. If such efforts are successful, demand for our BaaS services could decline, existing partner relationships could be reduced or terminated, and our ability to grow or maintain deposits, fee income, or other revenues associated with these relationships could be adversely affected.

Competition in the BaaS market may also increase our operating and compliance costs, reduce pricing flexibility, or limit revenue growth. Any inability to compete effectively in this market could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our agreements with BaaS partners may produce limited revenue and may expose us to liability for compliance violations by BaaS partners.

We have entered into agreements with BaaS partners, which includes digital financial service providers, pursuant to which we will provide certain banking services for the BaaS partner customers, including serving as the issuing bank for debit cards issued to their customers and establishing one or more settlement accounts for the purpose of settling customer transactions in the cash management account program. The agreements have varying terms and may be terminated by the parties under certain circumstances. If our BaaS partners are not successful in achieving customer acceptance of their programs or terminate the agreement before the end of its term, our revenue under the agreement may be limited or may cease altogether. In addition, because we will provide banking services with respect to the cash features of our BaaS partner account programs, our bank regulators may hold us responsible for their activities with respect to the marketing or administration of their programs, which may result in increased compliance costs for us or potentially compliance violations as a result of BaaS partner activities. In recent years, a significant number of banks that provide BaaS have become subject to enforcement actions relating to their partners’ activities, indicating that banking regulators have made banks’ oversight over their BaaS partners a supervisory priority and that there is an increased risk that we could similarly become subject to additional regulatory scrutiny or enforcement. Additionally, financial weaknesses at our BaaS partners could cause us to record greater expenses or losses or suffer reputational harm.

Significant changes in federal government policies, priorities, and operations could cause economic disruption and adversely affect our business, results of operation, and financial condition.

In recent years, the size, structure, priorities, and operations of the federal government have continued to evolve. Federal actions have included changes to agency priorities, budgetary constraints, modifications to federal programs, workforce adjustments, and an increased emphasis on efficiency initiatives and the use of advanced technologies, including AI, across both the public and private sectors. These developments, whether implemented through legislation, regulation, executive action, or administrative practice, may have economic effects that are difficult to predict.

Changes in federal funding levels, program administration, or agency mandates could disrupt the delivery of government services or the distribution of federal funds and benefits. In addition, reductions or realignments in the federal workforce or government contracting activity could adversely affect regional and local economies, particularly in areas with meaningful concentrations of federal employees or contractors. Such effects could, in turn, negatively impact our customers’ financial condition, borrowing capacity, or demand for banking services.

The pace and scope of ongoing changes to federal government operations and policies may contribute to broader economic uncertainty or volatility. Any resulting adverse economic conditions in the markets we serve could have a negative effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Table of Contents

We may be adversely affected by changes in U.S. tax laws and regulations.

From time to time, the U.S. Government may introduce new tax laws and regulations, or interpretations of existing income tax laws could change, causing an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, changes in tax laws contained in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act”), which was enacted in December 2017, include a number of provisions that will have an impact on the banking industry, borrowers and the market for residential real estate. Included in this legislation was a reduction of the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%. In addition, other changes included: (i) a lower limit on the deductibility of mortgage interest on single-family residential mortgage loans, (ii) the elimination of interest deductions for home equity loans, (iii) a limitation on the deductibility of business interest expense and (iv) a limitation on the deductibility of property taxes and state and local income taxes.

We are subject to additional state and local taxes as a result of CCBX operations.

We are subject to additional state and local taxes and related reporting requirements related to our CCBX operations. The added recordkeeping burden as well as additional expense that could result from the expansion of CCBX into new regions may have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in U.S. trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs and retaliatory tariffs, may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

U.S. trade policy continues to evolve and has included the imposition, modification, suspension, and proposed expansion of tariffs and other trade restrictions affecting imports from, and exports to, various trading partners, including Canada, Mexico, and China. Certain tariffs have been implemented, delayed, or adjusted as trade negotiations and diplomatic discussions continue, and additional changes to tariff levels or trade restrictions may occur in the future. The timing, scope, and duration of such measures remain uncertain.

Tariffs and other trade restrictions may increase costs for our customers, disrupt supply chains, reduce demand for their products, or compress operating margins. These effects could adversely impact our customers’ financial performance and liquidity, increase credit risk, and reduce demand for loans and other banking services. In addition, heightened trade tensions or uncertainty regarding trade policy could contribute to broader economic volatility, reduced business confidence, or slower economic growth in the markets we serve.

Further changes in trade policies, retaliatory actions by foreign governments, or modifications to international trade agreements could have adverse effects on economic conditions, financial markets, and our customers’ businesses. Any resulting deterioration in economic conditions or increase in credit or market risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Because the nature of the financial services business involves a high volume of transactions, we face significant operational risks, including, but not limited to, customer, employee or third-party fraud and data processing system failures and errors.

We rely on the ability of our employees and systems to process a high number of transactions. Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from our operations, including but not limited to, the risk of fraud or other misconduct by employees or outside persons, the improper use of confidential information, the execution of unauthorized transactions by employees, errors relating to transaction processing and technology, breaches of our internal control system and compliance requirements, high volume of transactions processed for our strategic partners, and business continuation and disaster recovery. Insurance coverage may not be available for such losses, or where available, such losses may exceed insurance limits. This risk of loss also includes the potential legal actions, including claims for negligence, that could arise as a result of an operational deficiency or as a result of noncompliance with applicable regulations, adverse business decisions or their implementation, and customer attrition due to potential negative publicity. We maintain a system of internal controls to mitigate operational risks, including data processing system failures and errors and customer or employee fraud, as well as insurance coverage designed to protect us from material losses associated with these risks, including losses resulting from any associated business interruption. It is not always possible to prevent employee or third-party errors or misconduct. Any material weakness in our internal control system, a breakdown in our internal control system, improper operation of our systems or improper employee actions could result in material financial loss to us, the imposition of regulatory action, and damage to our reputation.

Table of Contents

We are dependent on the use of data and modeling in our management’s decision-making, and faulty data or modeling approaches could negatively impact our decision-making ability or possibly subject us to regulatory scrutiny in the future.

The use of statistical and quantitative models and other quantitative analyses is widespread in bank decision-making, and the employment of such analyses is becoming increasingly widespread in our operations. Liquidity stress testing, interest rate sensitivity analysis, and the identification of possible violations of anti-money laundering regulations are all examples of areas in which we are dependent on models and the data that underlies them. The use of statistical and quantitative models is also becoming more prevalent in regulatory compliance. While we are not subject to stress testing under the Dodd-Frank Act, we anticipate that model-derived testing may become more extensively implemented by regulators in the future.

We anticipate data-based modeling will penetrate further into bank decision-making, particularly risk management efforts, as the capacities developed to meet rigorous stress testing requirements are able to be employed more widely and in differing applications. While we believe these quantitative techniques and approaches improve our decision-making, they also create the possibility that faulty data or flawed quantitative approaches could negatively impact our decision-making ability or, if we become subject to regulatory stress testing in the future, adverse regulatory scrutiny. Further, because of the complexity inherent in these approaches, misunderstanding or misuse of their outputs could similarly result in suboptimal decision-making.

We depend on the accuracy and completeness of information provided to us by our borrowers and counterparties and any misrepresented information could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In deciding whether to approve loans or to enter into other transactions with borrowers and counterparties, we rely on information furnished to us by, or on behalf of, borrowers and counterparties, including financial statements, credit reports and other financial information. We also rely on representations of borrowers and counterparties as to the accuracy and completeness of that information and, with respect to financial statements, on reports of independent auditors. If any of this information is intentionally or negligently misrepresented and such misrepresentation is not detected prior to loan funding, the value of the loan may be significantly lower than expected and we may be subject to regulatory action. Whether a misrepresentation is made by the loan applicant, another third party, or one of our employees, we generally bear the risk of loss associated with the misrepresentation. Our controls and processes may not have detected, or may not detect all, misrepresented information in our loan originations or from our business clients. Any such misrepresented information could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We could recognize losses on investment securities held in our securities portfolio, particularly if interest rates increase or economic and market conditions deteriorate .

While we attempt to invest a significant majority of our total assets in loans (our loan-to-asset ratio was 80.6% as of December 31, 2025), we invest a percentage of our total assets (1.0% as of December 31, 2025) in investment securities with the primary objectives of providing a source of liquidity and meeting pledging requirements. As of December 31, 2025, the fair value of our available for sale investment securities portfolio was $29,000, which included a net unrealized loss of $1,000, and the fair value of our held to maturity investment securities was $48.7 million, which included a net unrealized loss of $496,000. Factors beyond our control can significantly and adversely influence the fair value of securities in our portfolio. For example, fixed-rate securities are generally subject to decreases in market value when interest rates rise. Additional factors include, but are not limited to, rating agency downgrades of the securities, defaults by the issuer or individual borrowers with respect to the underlying securities, and instability in the credit markets. Any of the foregoing factors could cause impairment in future periods and result in realized losses. The process for determining whether impairment exists usually requires difficult, subjective judgments about the future financial performance of the issuer and any collateral underlying the security in order to assess the probability of receiving all contractual principal and interest payments on the security. Although we have not recognized an impairment related to our investment portfolio as of December 31, 2025, changing economic and market conditions affecting interest rates, the financial condition of issuers of the securities and the performance of the underlying collateral, among other factors, may cause us to recognize losses in future periods, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Table of Contents

The accuracy of our financial statements and related disclosures could be affected if the judgments, assumptions or estimates used in our critical accounting policies are inaccurate.

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP requires us to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and related notes to those financial statements. Our critical accounting policies, which are included in the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, describe those significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements that we consider “critical” because they require judgments, assumptions and estimates that materially affect our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. As a result, if future events or regulatory views concerning such analysis differ significantly from the judgments, assumptions and estimates in our critical accounting policies, those events or assumptions could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, in each case resulting in our needing to revise or restate prior period financial statements, cause damage to our reputation and the price of our common stock, and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Dependency on external security systems expose us to greater operational risk.

External security systems with which we are connected, whether directly or indirectly, through the community bank or CCBX, can be sources of risk to us. We may be exposed not only to a systems failure with which we are directly connected, but also to a systems breakdown of a party to CCBX or other relationship to which we are connected. This is particularly the case where activities of customers or those parties are beyond our security and control systems, including through the use of the internet, cloud computing services and personal smart phones and other mobile devices or services.

If that party experiences a breach of its own systems or misappropriates that data, this could result in a variety of negative outcomes for us and our customers, including:

• losses from fraudulent transactions, as well as potential liability for losses that exceed thresholds established in consumer protection laws and regulations,

• increased operational costs to remediate the consequences of the external party’s security breach,

• negative impact on future revenues, and

• harm to reputation arising from the perception that our systems may not be secure.

We are highly dependent on the accuracy and effectiveness of our operational processes and systems and the operational processes and systems of external parties related to the community bank and CCBX.

We rely comprehensively on financial, accounting, transaction execution, data processing and other operational systems to process, record, monitor and report a large number of transactions on a continuous basis, and to do so accurately, quickly and securely. In addition to the proper design, installation, maintenance and training of our own operational systems, we rely on the effective functioning of operational systems of external parties related to the community bank and CCBX. Breakdowns in these operational systems could result in:

• the inability to accurately and timely settle transactions,

• the possibility that funds transfers or other transactions are executed erroneously, or with unintended consequences,

• financial losses incurred, or possible restitution to customers, resulting from contractual agreements with external parties related to the community bank and CCBX,

• regulatory issues,

• higher operational costs, associated with replacing or recovering systems that are inoperable or unavailable,

• loss of confidence in our ability to protect against and withstand operational disruptions, thus impacting our ability to market and establish new relationships in the CCBX segment, and

• harm to our reputation.

As the speed, frequency, volume, interconnectivity and complexity of transactions within our CCBX segment continues to increase, it becomes more challenging to effectively maintain systems and mitigate risks such as:

• errors made by us or external parties doing business with the community bank and CCBX, whether inadvertent or malicious, and

• isolated or seemingly insignificant errors or losses, which migrate to other systems or grow in number, to become larger issues or losses.

Table of Contents

We may be subject to potential business risk from actions by our regulators related to CCBX relationships.

Our regulators could impose restrictions on the businesses served in our CCBX segment or restrict the number of different relationships the Company can hold. Regulatory restrictions placed on the parties served in the Company’s CCBX segment could result in reduced demand for services, reduced future revenue in the CCBX segment, or loss of current relationships. Regulatory restrictions that limit the number of relationships the Company can hold in its CCBX segment would result in reduced future revenue and limit the potential for growth in that segment.

Risks Related to Strategic and Reputational Matters

Our business strategy includes growth, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively. Growing our operations could also cause our expenses to increase faster than our revenues.

Our business strategy includes growth in assets, deposits and the scale of our operations. Achieving such growth will require us to attract customers that currently bank at other financial institutions in our market area. Our ability to successfully grow will depend on a variety of factors, including our ability to attract and retain experienced bankers, the continued availability of desirable business opportunities, competition from other financial institutions in our market area and our ability to manage our growth. Growth opportunities may not be available or we may not be able to manage our growth successfully. If we do not manage our growth effectively, our financial condition and operating results could be negatively affected. Furthermore, there can be considerable costs involved in expanding deposit and lending capacity that generally require a period of time to generate the necessary revenues to offset these costs, especially in areas in which we do not have an established presence and that require alternative delivery methods. Accordingly, any such business expansion can be expected to negatively impact our earnings for some period of time until certain economies of scale are reached. Our expenses could be further increased if we encounter delays in modernizing existing facilities, opening new branches or deploying new services.

Our expansion strategy focuses on organic growth of our community bank and the expansion of our CCBX segment. We may not be able to execute on aspects of our expansion strategy, which may impair our ability to sustain our historical rate of growth or prevent us from growing at all. More specifically, we may not be able to generate sufficient new loans and deposits within acceptable risk and expense tolerances, obtain the personnel or funding necessary for additional growth or find suitable new strategic partners. The success of our strategy also depends on our ability to effectively manage growth, which is dependent upon a number of factors, including our ability to adapt our credit, operational, technology and governance infrastructure to accommodate expanded operations. If we fail to implement one or more aspects of our strategy, we may be unable to maintain our historical earnings trends, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Strong competition within our market area could hurt our profits and slow growth.

Our profitability depends upon our continued ability to compete successfully in our market area. We face intense competition both in making loans and attracting deposits. Our competitors for commercial real estate loans include other community banks and commercial lenders, some of which are larger than us and have greater resources and lending limits than we have and offer services that we do not provide. We face stiff competition for one-to-four family residential loans from other financial service providers, including large national residential lenders and local community banks. Other competitors for one-to-four family residential loans include credit unions and mortgage brokers which keep overhead costs and mortgage rates down by selling loans and not holding or servicing them. Price competition for loans and deposits might result in us earning less on our loans and paying more on our deposits, which reduces net interest income. We expect competition to remain strong in the future.

The Washington DFI has entered into a multi-state agreement with six other states that is intended to streamline the licensing process for money service businesses, which include money transmitters and payment service providers. Increasing the relative ease of obtaining a license to operate a money service business within the state of Washington may encourage financial technology, or fintech, companies to offer services in the state, thereby increasing competition for such services.

Table of Contents

We rely heavily on our executive management team and other key employees, and we could be adversely affected by the unexpected loss of their services.

Our success depends in large part on the performance of our executive management team and other key personnel, as well as on our ability to attract, motivate and retain highly qualified senior and middle management and other skilled employees. Competition for qualified employees is intense, and the process of locating key personnel with the combination of skills, attributes and business relationships required to execute our business plan may be lengthy. We may not be successful in retaining our key employees, and the unexpected loss of services of one or more of our key personnel could have an adverse effect on our business because of their skills, knowledge of and business relationships within our primary markets, years of industry experience and the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel. If the services of any of our key personnel should become unavailable for any reason, we may not be able to identify and hire qualified persons on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Anti-takeover provisions in our corporate organizational documents and provisions of federal and state law may make an attempted acquisition or replacement of our board of directors or management more difficult.

Our second amended and restated articles of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws, (“bylaws”), may have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, discourage or prevent an attempted acquisition or change of control or a replacement of our incumbent board of directors or management. Our governing documents include provisions that:

• empower our board of directors, without shareholder approval, to issue preferred stock, the terms of which, including voting power, are to be set by our board of directors;

• establish a classified board of directors, with directors of each class serving a three-year term;

• provide that directors may be removed from office without cause only by vote of 80% of the outstanding shares then entitled to vote;

• eliminate cumulative voting in elections of directors;

• permit our board of directors to alter, amend or repeal our bylaws or to adopt new bylaws;

• require the request of holders of at least one-third of the outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote at a meeting to call a special shareholders’ meeting;

• require shareholders that wish to bring business before annual meetings of shareholders, or to nominate candidates for election as directors at our annual meeting of shareholders, to provide timely notice of their intent in writing;

• require that certain business combination transactions with a significant shareholder be approved by holders of two-thirds of the shares held by persons other than the significant shareholder; and

• enable our board of directors to increase, between annual meetings, the number of persons serving as directors and to fill the vacancies created as a result of the increase by a majority vote of the directors present at a meeting of directors.

In addition, certain provisions of Washington law, including a provision which restricts certain business combinations between a Washington corporation and certain affiliated shareholders, may delay, discourage or prevent an attempted acquisition or change in control. Furthermore, banking laws impose notice, approval, and ongoing regulatory requirements on any shareholder or other party that seeks to acquire direct or indirect “control” of an FDIC-insured depository institution or its holding company. These laws include the BHC Act, the Change in Bank Control Act, and comparable banking laws in the State of Washington. These laws could delay or prevent an acquisition.

Table of Contents

We are subject to laws regarding the privacy, information security and protection of personal information and any violation of these laws or another incident involving personal, confidential or proprietary information of individuals could damage our reputation and otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business requires the collection and retention of large volumes of customer data, including personally identifiable information in various information systems that we maintain and in those maintained by third parties with whom we contract to provide data services to customers and partners. We also maintain important internal company data such as personally identifiable information about our employees and information relating to our operations. We are subject to complex and increasingly demanding laws and regulations governing the privacy and protection of personal information of individuals (including customers, employees, suppliers and other third parties). For example, our business is subject to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act which, among other things: (i) imposes certain limitations on our ability to share nonpublic personal information about our customers with nonaffiliated third parties; (ii) requires that we provide certain disclosures to customers about our information collection, sharing and security practices and afford customers the right to “opt out” of any information sharing by us with nonaffiliated third parties (with certain exceptions); and (iii) requires that we develop, implement and maintain a written comprehensive information security program containing appropriate safeguards based on our size and complexity, the nature and scope of our activities, and the sensitivity of customer information we process, as well as plans for responding to data security breaches. Various state and federal laws and regulations impose data security breach notification requirements with varying levels of individual, consumer, regulatory or law enforcement notification in certain circumstances in the event of a security breach. Ensuring that our collection, use, transfer and storage of personal information complies with all applicable laws and regulations can increase our costs.

While we have implemented a vendor management program with the third-party service providers, to help ensure third party relationships are effectively managed by providing risk-focused controls and processes that are designed to monitor our vendors’ compliance with relevant laws, regulations, and industry standards, we may not be able to ensure that all of our clients, suppliers, counterparties and financial providers in CCBX, and other third parties have appropriate controls in place to protect the confidentiality of the information that they exchange with us, particularly where such information is transmitted by electronic means. If personal, confidential or proprietary information of customers or others were to be mishandled or misused (in situations where, for example, such information was erroneously provided to parties who are not permitted to have the information, or where such information was intercepted or otherwise compromised by third parties), we could be exposed to litigation or regulatory sanctions under personal information laws and regulations. Concerns regarding the effectiveness of our measures to safeguard personal information, or even the perception that such measures are inadequate, could cause us to lose customers or potential customers for our products and services and thereby reduce our revenues. Accordingly, any failure or perceived failure to comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws and regulations may subject us to inquiries, examinations and investigations that could result in requirements to modify or cease certain operations or practices or in significant liabilities, fines or penalties, and could damage our reputation and otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are dependent on our information technology and telecommunications systems and third-party service providers; systems failures, interruptions, security breaches and cybersecurity threats could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is dependent on the successful and uninterrupted functioning of our information technology and telecommunications systems and third-party service providers. The failure of these systems, or the termination of a third-party software license or service agreement on which any of these systems is based, could interrupt our operations. Because our information technology and telecommunications systems interface with and depend on third-party systems, we could experience service denials if demand for such services exceeds capacity or such third-party systems fail or experience interruptions. If significant, sustained or repeated, a system failure or service denial could compromise our ability to operate effectively, damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business, and/or subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny and possible financial liability, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including our proprietary business information and that of our customers, suppliers and business partners, as well as personally identifiable information about our customers and employees. The processing that takes place with our strategic partners could potentially have an adverse impact on us in the event of a security breach of their systems. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. We, our customers, and other financial institutions with which we interact, are subject to increasingly frequent and continuous attempts, including ransomware and malware attacks, to penetrate key systems by individual hackers, organized criminals, and in some cases, state-sponsored

Table of Contents

organizations, all of which are heightened as a result of advances in AI. Our systems and our third-party service providers’ systems have been, and will likely continue to be, subject to advanced computer viruses or other malicious codes, ransomware, unauthorized access attempts, denial of service attacks, phishing, social engineering, hacking and other cyberattacks.

We have an Information Security Program that includes internal/external penetration testing, regular vulnerability assessments, detailed vulnerability management, data loss prevention controls, file access and integrity monitoring and reporting and threat intelligence. While we have established policies and procedures to prevent or limit the impact of cyberattacks, there can be no assurance that such events will not occur or will be adequately addressed if they do. In addition, we also outsource certain cybersecurity functions, such as penetration testing, to third-party service providers, and the failure of these service providers to adequately perform such functions could increase our exposure to security breaches and cybersecurity threats. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other malicious code and cyberattacks that could have an impact on information security. Any such breach or attacks could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such unauthorized access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, and regulatory penalties; disrupt our operations and the services we provide to customers; damage our reputation; and cause a loss of confidence in our products and services, all of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, to the extent that the activities of our third-party service providers or the activities of our customers involve the storage and transmission of confidential information, security breaches and viruses could expose us to claims, regulatory scrutiny, litigation costs and other possible liabilities. For further information, see the section titled “Cybersecurity” in Part I, Item 1C of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As noted above, federal banking agency rules require banking organizations to notify their primary federal regulator of significant security incidents within 36 hours of determining that such an incident has occurred as soon as possible and no later than within 36 hours of a significant cybersecurity incident. Failure to comply with these requirements in the event of such an incident could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil money penalties, and/or damage to our reputation, all of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, the SEC enacted rules, effective as of December 18, 2023, requiring public companies to disclose material cybersecurity incidents that they experience on Form 8-K within four business days of determining that a material cybersecurity incident has occurred and to disclose on an annual basis material information regarding their cybersecurity risk management, strategy and governance. If we fail to comply with these new requirements we could incur regulatory fines in addition to other adverse consequences to our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Capital and Liquidity

Ineffective liquidity management could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Effective liquidity management is essential for the operation of our business. We require sufficient liquidity to meet customer loan requests, customer deposit maturities/withdrawals, payments on our debt obligations as they come due and other cash commitments under both normal operating conditions and other unpredictable circumstances causing industry or general financial market stress. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance our activities on terms that are acceptable to us could be impaired by factors that affect us specifically or the financial services industry or economy generally. Factors that could detrimentally impact our access to liquidity sources include a downturn in the geographic markets in which our loans and operations are concentrated or difficult credit markets. Our access to deposits may also be affected by the liquidity needs of our depositors. In particular, a majority of our liabilities are checking accounts and other liquid deposits, which are payable on demand or upon several days’ notice, while by comparison, a substantial majority of our assets are loans, which cannot be called or sold in the same time frame. Although we have historically been able to replace maturing deposits and advances as necessary, we might not be able to replace such funds in the future, especially if a large number of our depositors seek to withdraw their accounts, regardless of the reason. A failure to maintain adequate liquidity could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may need to raise additional capital in the future, and such capital may not be available when needed or at all.

We may need to raise additional capital, in the form of additional debt or equity, in the future to have sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet our commitments and fund our business needs and future growth, particularly if the quality of our assets or earnings were to deteriorate significantly. Our ability to raise additional capital, if needed, will depend on, among other things, conditions in the capital markets at that time, which are outside of our control, and our

Table of Contents

financial condition. Economic conditions and a loss of confidence in financial institutions may increase our cost of funding and limit access to certain customary sources of capital or make such capital only available on unfavorable terms, including interbank borrowings, repurchase agreements and borrowings from the discount window of the Federal Reserve. We may not be able to obtain capital on acceptable terms or at all. Any occurrence that may limit our access to the capital markets, such as a decline in the confidence of debt purchasers, depositors of our bank or counterparties participating in the capital markets or other disruption in capital markets, may adversely affect our capital costs and our ability to raise capital and, in turn, our liquidity. Further, if we need to raise capital in the future, we may have to do so when many other financial institutions are also seeking to raise capital and would then have to compete with those institutions for investors. An inability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms when needed could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

There may be future sales or other dilution of our equity, which may adversely affect the market price of our securities.

We may seek to raise additional capital in the future through equity offerings. The issuance of additional shares of common stock or the issuance of convertible securities would dilute the ownership interest of our existing common shareholders. The market price of our common stock could decline as a result of an equity offering, as well as other sales of a large block of shares of our common stock or similar securities in the market after an equity offering, or the perception that such sales could occur. Both we and our regulators perform a variety of analyses of our assets, including the preparation of stress case scenarios, and as a result of those assessments we could determine, or our regulators could require us, to raise additional capital.

Risks Related to Our Industry

Regulation of the financial services industry is intense, and we may be adversely affected by changes in laws and regulations, including as a result of the current administration.

We are subject to extensive government regulation, supervision and examination at both the federal and state level. The Bank’s deposits are insured in whole or in part by the FDIC. The Bank is subject to regulation by the Federal Reserve and the Washington DFI. The Federal Reserve also has supervisory authority over the Company. Such regulation, supervision and examination govern the activities in which we may engage, and are intended primarily for the protection of the deposit insurance fund and the Bank’s depositors, rather than for shareholders.

Compliance with applicable laws and regulations can be difficult and costly, and changes to laws and regulations can impose additional compliance costs. The Dodd-Frank Act, which imposed significant regulatory and compliance changes on financial institutions, is an example of this type of federal law. Any future legislative changes, including as a result of the current administration, could have a material impact on our profitability, the value of assets held for investment or the value of collateral for loans. Future legislative changes could also require changes to business practices and potentially expose us to additional costs, liabilities, enforcement action and reputational risk.

Federal regulatory agencies have the ability to take strong supervisory actions against financial institutions that have experienced increased loan production and losses and other underwriting weaknesses or have compliance weaknesses. These actions include entering into formal or informal written agreements and cease and desist orders that place certain limitations on their operations. If we were to become subject to a regulatory action, such action could negatively impact our ability to execute our business plan, and result in operational restrictions, as well as our ability to grow, pay dividends, repurchase stock or engage in mergers and acquisitions. See “Item 1. Business—Regulation and Supervision—Bank Regulation and Supervision—Capital Adequacy” for a discussion of regulatory capital requirements.

Additional increases in Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance premiums could adversely affect our earnings and results of operations.

The deposits of the Bank are insured by the FDIC up to legal limits and, accordingly, subject it to the payment of FDIC deposit insurance assessments. The Bank's regular assessments are determined by the level of its assessment base and its risk classification, which is based on its regulatory capital levels and the level of supervisory concern that it poses, as well as by its usage of brokered deposits. Moreover, the FDIC has the unilateral power to change deposit insurance assessment rates and the manner in which deposit insurance is calculated and also to charge special assessments to FDIC-insured institutions. The FDIC utilized all of these powers during the financial crisis for the purpose of restoring the reserve ratios of the Deposit Insurance Fund, and more recently increased assessment rates to address extraordinary growth in the amount of insured deposits resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Table of Contents

Any future special assessments, increases in assessment rates or premiums, or required prepayments in FDIC insurance premiums could reduce our profitability or limit our ability to pursue certain business opportunities, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Federal banking agencies periodically conduct examinations of our business, including compliance with laws and regulations, and our failure to comply with any supervisory actions to which we are or become subject as a result of such examinations could adversely affect us.

As part of the bank regulatory process, the Federal Reserve and the Washington DFI periodically conduct comprehensive examinations of our business, including compliance with laws and regulations. If, as a result of an examination, either of these banking agencies were to determine that the financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity, asset sensitivity, risk management or other aspects of any of our operations had become unsatisfactory, or that our Company, the Bank or their respective management were in violation of any law or regulation, it may take a number of different remedial actions as it deems appropriate. The Federal Reserve may enjoin “unsafe or unsound” practices or violations of law, require affirmative actions to correct any conditions resulting from any violation or practice, issue an administrative order that can be judicially enforced, direct an increase in our capital levels, restrict our growth, assess civil monetary penalties against us, the Bank or their respective officers or directors, and remove officers and directors. The FDIC also has authority to review our financial condition, and, if the FDIC were to conclude that the Bank or its directors were engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, that the Bank was in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or the Bank or the directors violated applicable law, the FDIC could move to terminate the Bank’s deposit insurance. If we become subject to such regulatory actions, our business, financial condition, and results of operations as well as our reputation could be adversely affected.

Many of our new activities and expansion plans require regulatory approvals, and failure to obtain these approvals may restrict our growth.

We may complement and expand our business by growing our BaaS segment, expanding the Bank’s banking location network, or de novo branching, and pursuing strategic acquisitions of financial institutions and other complementary businesses. Generally, we must receive federal and state regulatory approval before we can acquire a depository institution or related business insured by the FDIC or before we open a de novo branch. In determining whether to approve a proposed acquisition, federal banking regulators will consider, among other factors, the effect of the acquisition on competition, our financial condition, our future prospects, and the impact of the proposal on U.S. financial stability. The regulators also review current and projected capital ratios and levels, the competence, experience and integrity of management and its record of compliance with laws and regulations, the convenience and needs of the communities to be served (including the acquiring institution’s record of compliance under the CRA) and the effectiveness of the acquiring institution in combating money laundering activities. Such regulatory approvals may not be granted on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all.

Federal bank regulators have increasingly focused on the risks related to bank and fintech company partnerships, raising concerns regarding risk management, oversight, internal controls, information security, change management, compliance, and information technology operational resilience. This focus is demonstrated by recent regulatory enforcement actions against other banks that have allegedly not adequately addressed these concerns while growing their BaaS offerings. We could be subject to additional regulatory scrutiny with respect to our CCBX business that could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects of the Company.

Financial institutions, such as the Bank, face a risk of noncompliance with and enforcement action under the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering statutes and regulations.

The Bank Secrecy Act, the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (“USA PATRIOT Act”), and other laws and regulations require financial institutions, among other duties, to institute and maintain an effective anti-money laundering program and file suspicious activity and currency transaction reports as appropriate. The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, established by the Treasury Department to administer the Bank Secrecy Act, has authority to impose significant civil money penalties for violations of these requirements and has recently engaged in coordinated enforcement efforts with the individual federal banking regulators, as well as the U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration and the Internal Revenue Service. There is also increased scrutiny of compliance with the sanctions programs and rules administered and enforced by the Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control.

Table of Contents

In order to comply with regulations, guidelines and examination procedures in this area, we have dedicated significant resources to our anti-money laundering program. If our policies, procedures and systems are deemed deficient, we could be subject to liability, including fines and regulatory actions such as restrictions on our ability to pay dividends and the inability to obtain regulatory approvals to proceed with certain aspects of our business plans, including acquisitions and de novo branching.

We are subject to numerous laws designed to promote community reinvestment or protect consumers, including the CRA and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to a wide variety of sanctions.

The CRA requires the Federal Reserve to assess the Bank’s performance in meeting the credit needs of the communities it serves, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, and if the Bank performs unsatisfactorily, various adverse regulatory consequences may ensue, including an inability to secure regulatory approval of expansionary transactions or new branches.

The regulatory framework governing CRA evaluations has been the subject of recent legal and regulatory developments. Although the federal banking agencies adopted a final CRA rule in October 2023, implementation of that rule was subsequently enjoined by a federal court and did not take effect. The agencies have since proposed to rescind the 2023 rule and continue to supervise institutions under the prior CRA regulations while further rulemaking is considered. Future changes to CRA regulations, supervisory expectations, or examination practices could increase compliance costs or make it more difficult to achieve or maintain favorable CRA ratings.

In addition, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act and other fair lending laws and regulations impose nondiscriminatory lending requirements on financial institutions. The federal banking agencies, the CFPB, the U.S. Department of Justice and other federal agencies are responsible for enforcing these laws and regulations. The CFPB was created under the Dodd-Frank Act to centralize responsibility for consumer financial protection with broad rulemaking authority to administer and carry out the purposes and objectives of federal consumer financial laws with respect to all financial institutions that offer financial products and services to consumers. The CFPB is also authorized to prescribe rules applicable to any covered person or service provider, identifying and prohibiting acts or practices that are “unfair, deceptive, or abusive” in connection with any transaction with a consumer for a consumer financial product or service, or the offering of a consumer financial product or service. The broad rulemaking powers of the CFPB have potential to have a significant impact on the operations of financial institutions offering consumer financial products or services.

A successful regulatory challenge to an institution’s performance under fair lending laws or regulations, or other consumer lending laws and regulations could result in a wide variety of sanctions, including damages and civil money penalties, injunctive relief, restrictions on mergers and acquisitions activity, restrictions on expansion, and restrictions on entering new business lines. Private parties may also have the ability to challenge an institution’s performance under fair lending laws in private class action litigation. Such actions could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Federal, state and local consumer lending laws may restrict our ability to originate certain mortgage loans or increase our risk of liability with respect to such loans and could increase our cost of doing business.

Federal, state and local laws have been adopted that are intended to eliminate certain lending practices considered “predatory.” These laws prohibit practices such as steering borrowers away from more affordable products, selling unnecessary insurance to borrowers, repeatedly refinancing loans and making loans without a reasonable expectation that the borrowers will be able to repay the loans irrespective of the value of the underlying property. It is our policy not to make predatory loans, but these laws create the potential for liability with respect to our lending activities. They increase our cost of doing business and, ultimately, may prevent us from making certain loans and cause us to reduce the average percentage rate or the points and fees on loans that we do make.

The expanding body of federal, state and local regulations and/or the licensing of loan servicing, collections or other aspects of our business and our sales of loans to third parties may increase the cost of compliance and the risks of noncompliance and subject us to litigation.

We service most of our own community bank loans and CCBX partners service most loans originated through them. Loan servicing is subject to extensive regulation by federal, state and local governmental authorities, as well as various laws and judicial and administrative decisions imposing requirements and restrictions on those activities. The volume of new or modified laws and regulations has increased in recent years and, in addition, some individual

Table of Contents

municipalities have begun to enact laws that restrict loan servicing activities, including delaying or temporarily preventing foreclosures or forcing the modification of certain mortgages. If regulators impose new or more restrictive requirements, we may incur additional significant costs to comply with such requirements, which may further adversely affect us. In addition, were we to be subject to regulatory investigation or regulatory action regarding our loan modification and foreclosure practices, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could possibly lead to: civil and criminal liability; loss of licensure; damage to our reputation in the industry; fines and penalties and litigation, including class action lawsuits; and administrative enforcement actions. Any of these outcomes could adversely affect us.

The Federal Reserve may require us to commit capital resources to support the Bank.

The Federal Reserve requires a bank holding company to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary banks and to commit resources to support its subsidiary banks. Under the “source of strength” doctrine that was codified by the Dodd-Frank Act, the Federal Reserve may require a bank holding company to make capital injections into a troubled subsidiary bank at times when the bank holding company may not otherwise be inclined to do so and may charge the bank holding company with engaging in unsafe and unsound practices for failure to commit resources to such a subsidiary bank. Under the prompt corrective action regime, if the Bank were to become undercapitalized, we would be required to guarantee the Bank’s plan to restore its capital subject to certain limits. See “Item 1. Business—Regulation and Supervision—Bank Regulation and Supervision—Prompt Corrective Action.” Accordingly, we could be required to provide financial assistance to the Bank if it experiences financial distress.

A capital injection may be required at a time when our resources are limited, and we may be required to borrow the funds or raise capital to make the required capital injection. Any loan by a bank holding company to its subsidiary bank is subordinate in right of payment to deposits and certain other indebtedness of such subsidiary bank. In the event of a bank holding company’s bankruptcy, the bankruptcy trustee will assume any commitment by the holding company to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank. Moreover, bankruptcy law provides that claims based on any such commitment will be entitled to a priority of payment over the claims of the holding company’s general unsecured creditors, including the holders of any note obligations. Thus, any borrowing by a bank holding company for the purpose of making a capital injection to a subsidiary bank often becomes more difficult and expensive relative to other corporate borrowings.

We could be adversely affected by the soundness of other financial institutions.

Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty or other relationships. We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including commercial banks, brokers and dealers, investment banks and other institutional clients. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of a default by a counterparty or client. In addition, our credit risk may be exacerbated when our collateral cannot be foreclosed upon or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the credit or derivative exposure due. Any such losses could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, we may be adversely affected by the soundness of other financial institutions even when we do not have direct or indirect relationships with those institutions. For example, the failures of Silicon Valley Bank, Signature Bank and First Republic Bank in 2023 resulted in significant disruption in the financial services industry and negative media attention, which has also adversely impacted the volatility and market prices of the securities of financial institutions and resulted in outflows of deposits for many financial institutions.

We could be adversely affected by the soundness of our CCBX partners.

A growing portion of our revenue, deposits and loans are derived from CCBX partner activities. If our partners are not operating soundly, we may be adversely impacted through decreased revenue, increased credit losses and reduced deposits. Our CCBX partners originate their loans in compliance with our credit standards and policies. Additionally, partners provide fraud and credit enhancements on many of our CCBX loans. If any CCBX partners encounter operating difficulties, we may experience reduced revenue, increased credit losses if credit and fraud enhancement obligations are not met, and reduced deposits, which may impact liquidity. Any such losses could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Table of Contents

General Risk Factors

We previously identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, and any failure to maintain effective internal controls in the future could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, evaluating their effectiveness, and disclosing any material weaknesses identified. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

As previously disclosed, in March 2025 we identified material errors in certain interest income, noninterest income, BaaS loan expense, and noninterest expense amounts, which resulted in the restatement of our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 and for certain interim periods in 2023 and 2024. In connection with these matters, management identified material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting related to deficiencies in the control environment and risk assessment and control activities associated with accounting and financial reporting for information provided by BaaS partners.

During 2025, management, under the oversight of the Audit Committee, implemented a comprehensive remediation plan designed to address the previously identified material weaknesses. As of December 31, 2025, management concluded that these material weaknesses had been remediated and that our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures were effective. However, the effectiveness of internal controls can provide only reasonable assurance, and controls may be subject to breakdowns due to changes in conditions, human error, system limitations, or the circumvention or override of controls.

We cannot provide assurance that we will not identify additional control deficiencies or material weaknesses in the future, particularly as our business evolves, including through changes in our BaaS activities, third-party relationships, systems, or regulatory requirements. Any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures could result in material misstatements in our financial statements, delays in our periodic reporting obligations, loss of investor confidence, regulatory scrutiny or enforcement actions, or adverse effects on the market price of our common stock, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

National and global economic and other conditions could adversely affect our future results of operations or market price of our stock.

Our business and results of operations are influenced by a wide range of economic, political, and market factors that are beyond our control, including national and global economic conditions, monetary and fiscal policies, inflation, interest rates, government debt levels, geopolitical developments, trade policies, and financial market volatility. These factors affect consumer and business confidence, borrowing and spending behavior, asset values, credit quality, and liquidity conditions, all of which can impact our performance.

The global economic environment continues to be characterized by heightened uncertainty. Although economic conditions in the United States and other major economies have shown periods of stabilization, growth has remained uneven, inflationary pressures persist in certain sectors, interest rates remain elevated relative to historical norms, and fiscal and monetary policy paths remain uncertain. Concerns regarding U.S. government debt levels, budgetary actions, and broader fiscal policy could contribute to market volatility or adverse economic conditions.

Geopolitical developments, including the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, conflicts in the Middle East, heightened geopolitical tensions, and evolving trade relationships, have contributed to uncertainty in global financial markets, supply chains, and energy and commodity prices. Economic conditions in international markets, including Europe and Asia, may also affect U.S. economic performance and financial market stability. Any escalation of geopolitical tensions, expansion of conflicts, or adverse developments in global trade or capital markets could negatively affect economic activity and investor sentiment.

Adverse economic conditions at the national, regional, or local level could reduce demand for loans and other financial products, increase credit losses, negatively affect collateral values, and constrain our growth and profitability. Periods of economic stress are often associated with higher levels of unemployment, increased delinquencies and defaults

Table of Contents

on consumer and commercial loans, declines in residential and commercial real estate values, reduced transaction activity, and volatility in debt and equity markets.

In addition, future public health events, epidemics, or pandemics could disrupt economic activity, labor markets, and financial markets, and could adversely affect our customers and operations. Our business is also significantly affected by monetary, regulatory, and other policy actions of the U.S. federal government, its agencies, and government-sponsored entities. Changes in these policies, which are influenced by evolving macroeconomic conditions and other factors outside our control, are difficult to predict and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and the market price of our common stock.

We are subject to certain risks in connection with growing through mergers and acquisitions.

It is possible that we could acquire other banking institutions, other financial services companies or branches of banks in the future. Acquisitions typically involve the payment of a premium over book and trading values and, therefore, may result in the dilution of our tangible book value per share and/or our earnings per share. Our ability to engage in future mergers and acquisitions depends on various factors, including: (1) our ability to identify suitable merger partners and acquisition opportunities; (2) our ability to finance and complete transactions on acceptable terms and at acceptable prices; and (3) our ability to receive the necessary regulatory and, when required, shareholder approvals. Our inability to engage in an acquisition or merger for any of these reasons could have an adverse impact on the implementation of our business strategies. Furthermore, mergers and acquisitions involve a number of risks and challenges, including our ability to achieve planned synergies and to integrate the branches and operations we acquire, and the internal controls and regulatory functions into our current operations, as well as the diversion of management’s attention from existing operations, which may adversely affect our ability to successfully conduct our business and negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.

We must keep pace with technological change to remain competitive.

Financial products and services have become increasingly technology-driven. Our ability to meet the needs of our customers competitively, and in a cost-efficient manner, is dependent on the ability to keep pace with technological advances and to invest in new technology as it becomes available, as well as related essential personnel. In addition, technology has lowered barriers to entry into the financial services market and made it possible for financial technology companies and other non-bank entities to offer financial products and services traditionally provided by banks. The ability to keep pace with technological change is important, and the failure to do so, due to cost, proficiency or otherwise, could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Negative public opinion regarding our company or failure to maintain our reputation in the communities we serve could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and prevent us from growing our business.

As a community bank, our reputation within the communities we serve, including the BaaS space, is critical to our success. We believe we have set ourselves apart from our competitors by building strong personal and professional relationships with our customers and being active members of the communities we serve. As such, we strive to enhance our reputation by recruiting, hiring and retaining employees who share our core values of being an integral part of the communities we serve and delivering superior service to our customers. If our reputation is negatively affected by the actions of our employees or otherwise, we may be less successful in attracting new talent and customers or may lose existing customers, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Further, negative public opinion can expose us to litigation and regulatory action and delay and impede our efforts to implement our expansion strategy, which could further adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Item 7.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes that appear elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

We are a bank holding company that operates through our wholly owned subsidiaries, Coastal Community Bank (“Bank”) and Arlington Olympic LLC. We are headquartered in Everett, Washington, which by population is the largest city in, and the county seat of, Snohomish County. Our business is conducted through three reportable segments: The community bank, CCBX and treasury & administration. The community bank segment includes all community banking activities, with a primary focus on providing a wide range of banking products and services to consumers and small to medium sized businesses in the broader Puget Sound region in the state of Washington and through the Internet and our mobile banking application. We currently operate 14 full-service banking locations, 12 of which are located in Snohomish County, where we are the largest community bank by deposit market share, and two of which are located in neighboring counties (one in King County and one in Island County) and have one loan production office in King County. The CCBX segment provides banking as a service (“BaaS”) that allows our digital financial service partners to offer their customers banking services. The CCBX segment had 28 partners as of December 31, 2025. The treasury & administration segment includes investments, debt and other reporting items that are not specific to the community bank or CCBX segments. The Bank’s deposits are insured in whole or in part by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). The Bank is subject to regulation by the Federal Reserve and the Washington State Department of Financial Institutions Division of Banks. The Federal Reserve also has supervisory authority over the Company.

As of December 31, 2025, we had total assets of $4.74 billion, total loans receivable of $3.75 billion, total deposits of $4.14 billion and total shareholders’ equity of $491.0 million.

The following discussion and analysis presents our financial condition and results of operations on a consolidated basis. However, because we conduct all of our material business operations through the Bank, the discussion and analysis relate to activities primarily conducted by the Bank. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes presented elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We generate most of our community bank revenue from interest on loans and CCBX revenue from BaaS fee income and interest on loans. Our primary source of funding for our loans is commercial and retail deposits from our customer relationships and from our partner deposit relationships. We place secondary reliance on wholesale funding, primarily borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”). Less commonly used sources of funding include borrowings from the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve”) discount window, draws on established federal funds lines from unaffiliated commercial banks, brokered funds, which allows us to obtain deposits from sources that do not have a relationship with the Bank and can be obtained through certificate of deposit listing services, via the internet or through other advertising methods, or a one-way buy through an insured cash sweep (“ICS”) account, which allows us to obtain funds from other institutions that have deposited funds through ICS. Our largest expenses are provision for credit losses - loans, interest on deposits and borrowings, BaaS loan expense, salaries and employee benefits, BaaS fraud expense, legal and professional expenses, data processing and software licenses and occupancy expense. Our principal lending products are commercial real estate loans, consumer loans, residential real estate, commercial and industrial loans and construction, land and land development loans.

Key Factors Affecting our Business

Average Balances and Interest Rates

Our operating results depend primarily on our net interest income, which is the largest contributor to our net income and is the difference between the interest and fees earned on interest-earning assets (such as loans and securities) and the interest expense incurred in connection with interest-bearing liabilities (such as deposits and borrowings). Net interest income is primarily a function of the average balances of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the yields and costs with respect to these assets and liabilities. Average balances are influenced by internal considerations such as the types of products we offer and the amount of risk that we are willing to assume as well as external influences

Table of Contents

such as economic conditions, competition for loans and deposits, and interest rates. The yields generated by our loans and securities are typically affected by short-term and long-term interest rates and, in the case of loans, competition for similar products in our market area. Interest rates are often impacted by the actions of the Federal Reserve. The cost of our deposits and short-term borrowings is primarily based on short-term interest rates, which are largely driven by competition and by the actions of the Federal Reserve. The level of net interest income is influenced by movements in interest rates and the pace at which such movements occur, as well as the relationship between short- and long-term interest rates.

Credit Quality

We have well established loan policies and underwriting practices that have resulted in low levels of charge-offs and nonperforming assets for the community bank. Through our thorough underwriting process, we strive to originate quality loans that will maintain and enhance the overall credit quality of our loan portfolio, and through our careful monitoring of our community bank loan portfolio and prompt attention to delinquencies, we seek to minimize the impact of problem loans. However, credit trends in the markets in which we operate are largely impacted by economic conditions beyond our control and can adversely impact our financial condition. We originate loans through our CCBX partners and while these loans will have higher levels of charge-offs and nonperforming assets, agreements with our CCBX partners provide for a credit enhancement which protects the Bank by absorbing incurred losses. For additional information on credit enhancements see Item 1. Business - Concentrations of Credit Risk section. If our partners are unable to fulfill their contracted obligations then the Bank would be exposed to additional credit losses as a result of this counterparty risk. Management regularly evaluates and manages this counterparty risk.

Operating Efficiency

The largest component of noninterest expense is BaaS loan expense and salaries and employee benefits. Other significant operating expenses include BaaS fraud expense, legal and professional expenses, data processing and software licenses and occupancy expense. Our operating efficiency, as measured by our efficiency ratio, has gradually improved primarily because the growth of our deposits and loans has enabled our net interest income and noninterest income to outpace the growth of our expenses. When we make substantial investments in our infrastructure and make investments to increase our operating capacity, our operating efficiency ratio decreases until we generate enough revenue growth to offset the increased costs however, prior to making such investments, we focus on how best and most expediently we can achieve the revenue growth necessary to offset the costs of these investments or new branches. Our efficiency ratio has been impacted by the increase in CCBX income and CCBX expense. Our efficiency ratio was 53.13% at December 31, 2025, compared to 42.38% at December 31, 2024. This ratio increased as a result of an increase in net interest income, decrease in credit enhancement income and higher noninterest expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.

Economic Conditions

Our business and financial performance are affected by economic conditions generally in the United States for CCBX and more directly for the community bank in the markets in the Puget Sound region where we operate. The significant economic factors that are most relevant to our business and our financial performance include, but are not limited to, real estate values, interest rates and unemployment rates. In recent years, the Puget Sound region has experienced significant population gain, fueled in large part by the region’s technology industry, low unemployment and rising real estate values, all of which positively impacted our business. The macro economic environment is continuously changing, primarily due to the pace of economic growth, inflation, changing interest rates, global trade tensions, tariffs, unemployment, global unrest, the war in Ukraine, conflicts in the Middle East, political uncertainty, natural disasters and trade issues that contribute to economic uncertainty which has caused increased market volatility and may lead to a significant decrease in consumer confidence and business generally.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Significant Accounting Policies

Our accounting policies are integral to understanding our results of operations. Our accounting policies are described in greater detail in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain accounting policies involve significant judgments and assumptions by us that have a material impact on the carrying value of certain assets and liabilities. Our critical accounting estimates are included and discussed below. These assumptions, estimates and judgments we use can be influenced by a number of factors, including the general economic environment. Actual results could differ from these judgments and estimates under different conditions, resulting in a change that could have a material impact on the carrying values of our assets and liabilities and our results of

Table of Contents

operations. We believe that of our accounting policies, the following accounting policies may involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity:

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses ("ACL") is an estimate of the expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost. The ACL is evaluated and calculated on a collective basis for those loans which share similar risk characteristics. At each reporting period, the Company evaluates whether the loans in a pool continue to exhibit similar risk characteristics as the other loans in the pool and whether it needs to evaluate the allowance on an individual basis. The Company must estimate expected credit losses over the loans’ contractual terms, adjusted for expected prepayments. In estimating the life of the loan, the Company cannot extend the contractual term of the loan for expected extensions, renewals and modifications, unless the extension or renewal options are included in the contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company. Because expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual life adjusted for estimated prepayments, determination of the life of the loan may significantly affect the ACL. The Company has chosen to segment its portfolio consistent with the manner in which it manages the risk of the type of credit.

• Community bank Portfolio: The ACL calculation is derived from loan segments utilizing loan level information and relevant available information from internal and external sources related to past events and current conditions. In addition, the Company incorporates a reasonable and supportable forecast.

• CCBX Portfolio: The Bank calculates the ACL on loans on an aggregate basis based on each partner and product level, segmenting the risk inherent in the CCBX portfolio based on qualitative and quantitative trends in the portfolio.

Also included in the ACL are qualitative reserves to cover losses that are expected, but in the Company’s assessment may not be adequately represented in the quantitative method. For example, factors that the Company considers include environmental business conditions, borrower’s financial condition, credit rating and the volume and severity of past due loans and nonaccrual loans. Based on this analysis, the Company records a provision for credit losses to maintain the allowance at appropriate levels.

Determining the amount of the allowance is considered a critical accounting estimate, as it requires significant judgment and the use of subjective measurements, including management’s assessment of overall portfolio quality. The Company maintains the allowance at an amount the Company believes is sufficient to provide for estimated losses expected to occur in the Company’s loan portfolio at each balance sheet date, and fluctuations in the provision for credit losses may result from management’s assessment of the adequacy of the allowance. Changes in these estimates and assumptions are possible and may have a material impact on the Company’s allowance, and therefore the Company’s financial position, liquidity or results of operations. The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost basis in its ACL calculation as accrued interest is written off in a timely manner when deemed uncollectible.

The Company decreased the allowance from $177.0 million at December 31, 2024 to $169.5 million at December 31, 2025. The change is largely related to improved credit quality decreasing the provision for CCBX loans. The Company uses CCBX partner data, industry data and its own credit loss data to develop an appropriate allowance for the risk inherent in the CCBX loan portfolio. For more information and discussion related to the allowance for credit losses, see “ Note 4 - Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Revenue Recognition

We record revenue from contracts with customers in accordance with ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”). Under Topic 606, the Company must identify the contract with a customer, identify the performance obligations in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. Significant revenue has not been recognized in the current reporting period that results from performance obligations satisfied in previous periods. A large portion of the Company’s revenue are derived from interest and fees earned on loans, investment securities and other financial instruments that are not within the scope of Topic 606. The Company generally fully satisfies its performance obligations on its contracts with customers as services are rendered and the transaction prices are typically fixed, charged either on a periodic basis or based on activity. Because performance obligations are satisfied as services are

Table of Contents

rendered and the transaction prices are fixed, there is little judgment involved in applying Topic 606 that significantly affects the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with customers.

The recording of BaaS income and expense is in accordance with accounting guidance, and is dependent upon the contractual agreement with each partner with certain components of BaaS income being consistent across agreements. Agreements with many of our CCBX partners provide for a credit enhancement which protects the Bank by absorbing incurred credit and fraud losses. In accordance with accounting guidance, we estimate and record a provision for probable losses for CCBX loans. When the provision for credit losses - loans and provision for unfunded commitments is recorded, a credit enhancement asset is also recorded on the balance sheet through noninterest income (BaaS credit enhancement). Incurred losses are recorded in the allowance for credit losses, and the credit enhancement asset is relieved when credit enhancement payments and recoveries are received from the CCBX partner. Many agreements with our CCBX partners also provide protection to the Bank from fraud by absorbing incurred fraud losses. Fraud losses are recorded when incurred in noninterest expense, and the recovery received from the CCBX partner is recorded in noninterest income, resulting in a net impact of zero to the income statement. Enhancements that provide protection to the Bank from credit and fraud losses are not within the scope of Topic 606.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, noninterest income subject to Topic 606 increased $9.7 million to $34.3 million, compared to $24.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was largely due to an increase in BaaS program income resulting from increased activity and growth with active CCBX partners. For more information and discussion related to revenue recognition, see “ Note 19 – Revenue Recognition” in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Recent Pronouncements

For a discussion of the expected impact of accounting pronouncements recently adopted and accounting pronouncements recently issued but not yet adopted by us as of December 31, 2025, see “ Note 2 – Recent Accounting Standards ” in the accompanying notes to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Results of Operations

The following discussion is intended to assist in understanding the financial condition and results of operations of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025. The information contained in this section should be read together with the December 31, 2025 audited Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Form 10-K.

This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2025 and 2024 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2025 and 2024. Discussions of 2023 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2024 and 2023 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

Net Income

Year Ended December 31, 2025, Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024 . Net income for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $47.0 million, or $3.06 per diluted share, compared to $45.2 million, or $3.26 per diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2024. Net income is up; however, net income per diluted share is down as a result of the capital raise in December 2024 that increased the number of shares outstanding. The increase in net income over the comparable period in the prior year was primarily attributable to an increase of $37.0 million in net interest income, partially offset by an increase of $10.6 million in BaaS loan expense. The increase in interest income and BaaS loan expense is largely related to growth in CCBX loans. Also contributing to the variance is an increase in BaaS program income of $9.4 million. The increase is partially offset by a $15.8 million increase in salaries and employee benefits, a $4.7 million increase in legal and professional expenses and an $8.0 million increase in data processing and software licenses all related to growth and investments in technology. Additionally, there was an increase in the provision for income taxes of $2.2 million as a result of higher net income, an increase in effective tax rate resulting from an increase in state taxes, and the taxability of certain equity awards.

Table of Contents

Net Interest Income

Year Ended December 31, 2025, Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024 . Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2025, was $310.1 million, compared to $273.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $37.0 million, or 13.6%. The increase in net interest income compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was largely related to growth in CCBX loans and a decrease in interest expense as a result of lower interest rates.

Interest and fees on loans totaled $397.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $372.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The $25.6 million increase in interest and fees on loans for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, was largely due to growth in CCBX and community bank loans. Total average loans receivable for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $3.61 billion, compared to $3.32 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024.

CCBX average loans receivable grew to $1.73 billion for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $1.43 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $302.4 million, or 21.2%. Average CCBX yield of 15.87% and 17.39% was earned on CCBX loans for the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. This decrease in yield on loans receivable is the result of lower rates compared to the prior year period as well as a change in the loan mix. Lower rate capital call lines were $101.5 million higher compared to December 31, 2024. CCBX yield does not include the impact of BaaS loan expense. BaaS loan expense represents the amount paid or payable to partners for credit enhancements, fraud enhancements and servicing CCBX loans. The tables later in this section illustrate the impact of BaaS loan expense on CCBX loan yield.

Community bank average loans receivable was fairly flat at $1.88 billion for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $1.89 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024, representing a decrease of $8.5 million, or 0.4%. Average yield of 6.52% was earned on community bank loans for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to 6.54% for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Interest income from interest earning deposits with other banks was $29.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $7.7 million largely due to an increase in balances, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The average balance of interest earning deposits invested with other banks for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $671.7 million, compared to $405.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Interest income on investment securities decreased $529,000 to $2.5 million. Average investment securities decreased $19.2 million from $65.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 to $46.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 as a result of maturing securities and principal paydowns.

Interest expense was $119.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, a $4.2 million decrease from the year ended December 31, 2024. Interest expense on deposits was $116.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $120.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The $4.0 million decrease in interest expense on deposits was due to decreases in interest rates despite an increase in average interest bearing deposits of $439.2 million. Interest on borrowed funds was $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 and $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The $179,000 decrease in interest expense on borrowed funds from the year ended December 31, 2024 is primarily the result of a decrease in interest rates on the junior subordinated debt, which decreased 1.00% to 6.77% for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to 7.77% for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Net interest margin was 7.14% for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to 7.18% for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in net interest margin compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was largely a result of a decrease of 0.20% for yield on loans and a decrease of 0.93% on interest bearing deposits with other banks partially offset by a decrease of 0.48% for cost of deposits, despite a $439.2 million increase in average interest bearing deposits, many of which were impacted by a lower Fed Funds rate for all of 2025.

Cost of funds was 3.02% for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to 3.49% for the year ended December 31, 2024. Cost of deposits for the year ended December 31, 2025 was 2.99%, which was a 0.48% decrease, from 3.46% for the year ended December 31, 2024. These decreases were largely due to lower interest rates compared to the prior year period.

Total yield on loans receivable for the year ended December 31, 2025 was 11.00%, compared to 11.20% for the year ended December 31, 2024. This decrease in yield on loans receivable is primarily attributed to lower interest rates and a change in loan mix. For the year ended December 31, 2025, average CCBX loans increased $302.4 million, or 21.2%,

Table of Contents

with an average CCBX yield of 15.87%, compared to 17.39% for the year ended December 31, 2024. There was a decrease in average community bank loans of $8.5 million, or 0.4%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. Average yield on community bank loans for the year ended December 31, 2025 was 6.52%. compared to 6.54% for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The following tables show the average yield on loans and cost of deposits by segment and also illustrates the impact of BaaS loan expense on CCBX yield on loans:

For the Year Ended

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

December 31, 2023

Yield on

Loans

Cost of

Deposits

Yield on

Loans

Cost of

Deposits

Yield on

Loans

Cost of

Deposits

Community Bank

CCBX (1)

Consolidated

(1) CCBX yield on loans does not include the impact of BaaS loan expense. BaaS loan expense represents the amount paid or payable to partners for credit enhancements, fraud enhancements and servicing CCBX loans. To determine net BaaS loan income earned from CCBX loan relationships, the Company takes BaaS loan interest income and deducts BaaS loan expense to arrive at net BaaS loan income which can be compared to interest income on the Company’s community bank loans. A reconciliation of this non-GAAP measure is set forth in the section titled “GAAP Reconciliation and Management Explanation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

For the Year Ended

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

December 31, 2023

(dollars in thousands)

Income / Expense

Income / expense divided by average CCBX loans

Income / Expense

Income / expense divided by average CCBX loans

Income / Expense

Income / expense divided by average CCBX loans

BaaS loan interest income

Less: BaaS loan expense

Net BaaS loan income (1)

Average BaaS Loans (2)

(1) A reconciliation of this non-GAAP measure is set forth in the section titled “ GAAP Reconciliation and Management Explanation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

(2) Includes loans held for sale.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, net interest margin (net interest income divided by the average total interest earning assets) and net interest spread (average yield on total interest earning assets minus average cost of total interest bearing liabilities) were 7.14% and 6.36%, respectively, compared to 7.18% and 6.25%, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The following table presents an analysis of the average balances of net interest income, net interest spread and net interest margin for the periods indicated. Loan fees, net of loan costs included in interest income, totaled $9.3 million, $8.9 million and $6.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Table of Contents

Average Balance Sheets

For the Year Ended December 31,

(dollars in thousands)

Average

Balance

Interest &

Dividends

Yield /

Cost

Average

Balance

Interest &

Dividends

Yield /

Cost

Average

Balance

Interest &

Dividends

Yield /

Cost

Assets

Interest earning assets:

Interest earning deposits with

other banks

Investment securities, available for sale (1)

Investment securities, held to maturity (1)

Other investments

Loans receivable (2)

Total interest earning assets

Noninterest earning assets:

Allowance for credit losses

Other noninterest earning assets

Total assets

Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity

Interest bearing liabilities:

Interest bearing deposits

FHLB advances and other borrowings

Subordinated debt

Junior subordinated debentures

Total interest bearing liabilities

Noninterest bearing deposits

Other liabilities

Total shareholders' equity

Total liabilities and shareholders' equity

Net interest income

Interest rate spread

Net interest margin (3)

(1) For presentation in this table, average balances and the corresponding average rates for investment securities are based upon historical cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts.

(2) Includes loans held for sale and nonaccrual loans.

(3) Net interest margin represents net interest income divided by the average total interest earning assets.

Table of Contents

The following table presents an analysis of certain average balances, interest income and interest expense that are specific to each segment. Items that are not directly attributed to the segment are not listed:

For the Year Ended

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

December 31, 2023

(dollars in thousands)

Average

Balance

Interest &

Dividends

Yield /

Cost

Average

Balance

Interest &

Dividends

Yield /

Cost

Average

Balance

Interest &

Dividends

Yield /

Cost

Community Bank

Assets

Interest earning assets:

Loans receivable (1)

Total interest earning assets

Liabilities

Interest bearing liabilities:

Interest bearing deposits

Intrabank liability, net (6)

Total interest bearing liabilities

Noninterest bearing deposits

Net interest income

Net interest margin (2)

CCBX

Assets

Interest earning assets:

Loans receivable (1)(3)

Intrabank asset, net (6)

Total interest earning assets

Liabilities

Interest bearing liabilities:

Interest bearing deposits

Total interest bearing liabilities

Noninterest bearing deposits

Net interest income

Net interest margin (2)

Net interest margin, net of

BaaS loan expense (4)

For the Year Ended

Table of Contents

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

December 31, 2023

(dollars in thousands)

Average

Balance

Interest &

Dividends

Yield /

Cost

Average

Balance

Interest &

Dividends

Yield /

Cost

Average

Balance

Interest &

Dividends

Yield /

Cost

Treasury & Administration

Assets

Interest earning assets:

Loans receivable (1)

Interest earning deposits with

other banks

Investment securities, available

for sale (5)

Investment securities, held to

maturity (5)

Other investments

Total interest earning assets

Liabilities

Interest bearing liabilities:

FHLB advances and borrowings

Subordinated debt

Junior subordinated debentures

Intrabank liability, net (6)

Total interest bearing liabilities

Net interest income

Net interest margin (2)

(1) Includes loans held for sale and nonaccrual loans.

(2) Net interest margin represents net interest income divided by the average total interest earning assets.

(3) CCBX yield does not include the impact of BaaS loan expense. BaaS loan expense represents the amount paid or payable to partners for credit enhancements, fraud enhancements and servicing CCBX loans. See the section titled “ GAAP Reconciliation and Management Explanation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures ” for a reconciliation of the impact of BaaS loan expense on CCBX loan yield.

(4) Net interest margin, net of BaaS loan expense includes the impact of BaaS loan expense. BaaS loan expense represents the amount paid or payable to partners for credit enhancements, fraud enhancements, and servicing CCBX loans. A reconciliation of this non-GAAP measure is set forth in the section titled “ GAAP Reconciliation and Management Explanation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures. ”

(5) For presentation in this table, average balances and the corresponding average rates for investment securities are based upon historical cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts.

(6) Intrabank assets and liabilities are consolidated for period calculations and presented as intrabank asset, net or intrabank liability, net in the table above.

Table of Contents

The following table presents information regarding the dollar amount of changes in interest income and interest expense for the periods indicated for each major component of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities and distinguishes between the changes attributable to changes in volume and changes attributable to changes in interest rates. The table illustrates the $32.4 million increase in loan interest income that is attributable to an increase in loan volume partially offset by a decrease of $6.8 million in loan interest income attributed to a decrease in loan rates. For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume that cannot be segregated have been allocated to volume.

Year Ended December 31, 2025

Compared to

Year Ended December 31, 2024

Year Ended December 31, 2024

Compared to

Year Ended December 31, 2023

Increase (Decrease)

Due to

Total Increase

(Decrease)

Increase (Decrease)

Due to

Total Increase

(Decrease)

(dollars in thousands)

Volume

Rate

Volume

Rate

Interest income:

Interest earning deposits

Investment securities, available-for-sale

Investment securities, held-to-maturity

Other Investments

Loans receivable

Total increase in interest income

Interest expense:

Interest bearing deposits

FHLB advances

Subordinated debt

Junior subordinated debentures

Total increase in interest expense

Increase in net interest income

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses - loans is an expense we incur to maintain an allowance for credit losses at a level that is deemed appropriate by management to absorb expected losses on existing loans. For a description of the factors taken into account by our management in determining the allowance for credit losses see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Operations—Financial Condition—Allowance for Credit Losses.”

The macro economic environment is continuously changing, primarily due to the pace of economic growth, inflation, changing interest rates, global trade tensions, tariffs, unemployment, global unrest, the war in Ukraine, conflicts in the Middle East, political uncertainty, natural disasters, and trade issues that may impact the provision and therefore the allowance. Gross loans, excluding loans held for sale, totaled $3.75 billion at December 31, 2025. The allowance for credit losses as a percentage of loans was 4.52% at December 31, 2025, compared to 5.08% at December 31, 2024.

Table of Contents

Agreements with our CCBX partners provide for a credit enhancement provided by the partner which protects the Bank by indemnifying or reimbursing incurred losses. CCBX partners bear most of the responsibility for credit losses incurred which consequently gives them vested interests in the performance of the portfolio. We believe that this alignment of interests ensures that CCBX partners are motivated to implement robust risk management practices and maintain the overall health of the portfolio. In accordance with accounting guidance, we estimate and record a provision for expected losses for these CCBX loans and reclassified negative deposit accounts. When the provision for credit losses - loans and provision for unfunded commitments are recorded, a credit enhancement asset is also recorded on the balance sheet through noninterest income (BaaS credit enhancements) in recognition of the CCBX partner's legal commitment to indemnify or reimburse losses. The credit enhancement asset is relieved as credit enhancement payments are received from the CCBX partner or taken from the partner's cash reserve account.

Year Ended December 31, 2025, Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024 . The provision for credit losses - loans for the year ended December 31, 2025, was $189.4 million compared to $275.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in the Company’s provision for credit losses - loans during the year ended December 31, 2025, is largely related to improvement in the performance of the CCBX portfolio and our focus on originating higher quality CCBX loans resulting in lower historical loss factors. During the year ended December 31, 2025, a $190.0 million provision for credit losses - loans was recorded for loans originated through CCBX partners based on management’s analysis. The factors used in management’s analysis for community bank credit losses indicated that a recapture of $666,000 was needed for the year ended December 31, 2025 due to a change in loan mix and updated prepayment speeds, partially offset by a slight increase in economic uncertainty.

The following table shows the provision expense by segment for the periods indicated:

Year Ended

(dollars in thousands)

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

December 31, 2023

Community bank

CCBX

Total provision expense

Net charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2025 totaled $196.8 million, or 5.45% of total average loans, as compared to net charge-offs of $216.1 million, or 6.51% of total average loans, for the year ended December 31, 2024. Net charge-offs decreased in 2025 compared to 2024 as a result of the improvement in the performance of loans originated through CCBX partners and our focus on originating higher quality CCBX loans. In accordance with GAAP, CCBX losses are recorded as charge-offs, but CCBX partner agreements provide for a credit enhancement that indemnifies the Bank from incurred losses, and as a result CCBX partners reimburse the Bank for net-charge-offs on CCBX loans and negative deposit accounts, except in accordance with the program agreement for one partner where the Company is responsible for credit losses on approximately 5% of a $321.3 million loan portfolio. At December 31, 2025, our portion of this portfolio represented $22.1 million in loans. Provision expense on these loans was $4.9 million and $6.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, with net charge-offs of $4.6 million in 2025 and $5.6 million in 2024. In 2025, $196.8 million of net-charge-offs were recognized for CCBX loans and $27,000 of net charge-offs were recognized for community bank loans. In 2024, $215.5 million of charge-offs were recognized for CCBX loans and $540,000 of net charge-offs were recognized for community bank loans.

Table of Contents

The following table show the total charge-off activity by segment for the periods indicated:

Year Ended

December 31, 2025

Year Ended

December 31, 2024

Year Ended

December 31, 2023

(dollars in thousands)

Community Bank

CCBX

Total

Community Bank

CCBX

Total

Community Bank

CCBX

Total

Gross charge-offs

Gross recoveries

Net charge-offs

Net charge-offs to

average loans

% of CCBX net

charge-offs

covered by credit

enhancement

Noninterest Income

Our primary sources of recurring noninterest income are BaaS indemnification income, BaaS program income and service charges and fees. Noninterest income does not include loan origination fees, which are generally recognized over the life of the related loan as an adjustment to yield using the interest or similar method.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, noninterest income totaled $231.6 million, a decrease of $76.6 million, or (24.9)%, compared to $308.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease is largely attributed to lower BaaS indemnification income which is related to lower provision for credit losses on CCBX loans, partially offset by an increase of $9.4 million in BaaS program income.

Table of Contents

The following table presents, for the periods indicated, the major categories of noninterest income:

Year Ended

December 31,

2025 compared to 2024

2024 compared to 2023

(dollars in thousands)

Increase

(Decrease)

Percent

Change

Increase

(Decrease)

Percent

Change

Service charges and fees

Loan referral fees

Gain on sales of loans, net

Unrealized gain (loss) on equity securities, net

Other

Noninterest income, excluding BaaS program income and BaaS indemnification income

Servicing and other BaaS fees

Transaction and interchange fees

Reimbursement of expenses

BaaS program income

BaaS credit enhancements

BaaS fraud enhancements

BaaS indemnification income

Total BaaS income

Total noninterest income

A description of our largest noninterest income categories are below:

BaaS Income . Our CCBX segment provides BaaS offerings that enable our digital financial service providers to offer their customers banking services. In exchange for providing these services, we earn fixed fees, volume-based fees and reimbursement of costs depending on the program agreement. Servicing and other BaaS fees are typically higher with new partners who have minimum contractual fees. Transaction and interchange fees increase as partner activity increases. As a result, we generally expect servicing and other fees to decrease and transaction and interchange fees to increase as partner activity grows and contracted minimum fees are replaced with recurring fees which then exceed the minimum contractual fees. Increases in BaaS reimbursement of fees offsets increases in noninterest expense from BaaS expenses covered by CCBX partners. In accordance with GAAP, we recognize the reimbursement of noncredit fraud losses on loans and deposits originated through partners and credit enhancements related to the allowance for credit losses and reserve for unfunded commitments provided by the partner as revenue in BaaS income. CCBX credit losses are recognized in the allowance for credit losses - loans, and fraud losses are expensed in noninterest expense under BaaS fraud expense. Also in accordance with GAAP, we establish a credit enhancement asset for expected future credit losses through the recognition of BaaS credit enhancement revenue at the same time we establish an allowance for those loans though a provision for credit losses - loans. For more information on the accounting for BaaS allowance for credit losses, reserve for unfunded commitments, credit enhancements and fraud enhancements see the section titled “CCBX – BaaS Reporting Information.”

Table of Contents

For the year ended December 31, 2025, we earned $225.2 million in BaaS fees, which was a decrease of $77.6 million, or 25.6%, over the year ended December 31, 2024, when we earned $302.7 million in BaaS fees. The decrease from the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to a decrease of $85.2 million in BaaS credit enhancements related to the allowance for credit losses and reserve for unfunded commitments and a decrease of $1.8 million in BaaS fraud enhancements, partially offset by an increase of $9.4 million in total BaaS fee program income, which was the result of increased partner activity.

Service Charges and Fees. S ervice charges and fees include service charges on accounts, point-of-sale fees, merchant services fees and overdraft fees. Together they constitute the largest component of our noninterest income, outside of BaaS fee income. Service charges and fees were $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, a decrease of $180,000, or 4.8%, from the prior year primarily due to decreases in point-of-sale fees of $194,000 partially offset by an increase in service charges on deposit accounts of $9,000.

The following table presents service charges and fees for the periods indicated:

Year Ended

December 31,

2025 compared to 2024

2024 compared to 2023

(dollars in thousands)

Increase

(Decrease)

Percent

Change

Increase

(Decrease)

Percent

Change

Point of sale fees

Service charges on accounts

Merchant services

ATM fees

Overdraft and NSF fees

Cash management fees

Other

Loan Referral Fees . We earn loan referral fees when we originate a variable rate loan and the borrower enters into an interest rate swap agreement with a third party to fix the interest rate for an extended period, usually 20 or 25 years. We recognize the loan referral fee for arranging the interest rate swap. By facilitating interest rate swaps to our clients, we are able to provide them with a long-term, fixed interest rate without assuming the interest rate risk. Interest rate volatility, swap rates, and the timing of loan closings all impact the demand for long-term fixed rate swaps. The recognition of loan referral fees fluctuates in response to these market conditions and as a result we may recognize more or less, or may not recognize any, loan referral fees in some periods. Current market conditions are making interest rate swap agreements less attractive in the higher rate environment. Loan referral fees were $0 for the year ended December 31, 2025, a decrease of $168,000, or 100.0%, from the year ended December 31, 2024. Interest rate volatility, swap rates, and the timing of loan closings all impact the demand for long-term fixed rate swaps.

Gain on Sale of Loans, net . Gain on sales of loans occurs when we sell certain CCBX loans to the originating partner, in accordance with partner agreements, however most partner loan sales are at par. Gain on sale of loans may also occur when we sell in the secondary market the guaranteed portion (generally 75% of the principal balance) of the SBA and U.S. Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) loans that we originate. This activity fluctuates based on SBA and USDA loan activity.

Unrealized gain (loss) on equity securities, net. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recognized an unrealized loss on equity securities of $414,000, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, when we recognized a $27,000 unrealized holding gain on equity securities. We hold $3.3 million in equity securities focused on entities providing products to the BaaS and financial services space.

Table of Contents

Other. This category includes a variety of other income-producing activities, credit card fee income, wire transfer fees, interest earned on bank owned life insurance (“BOLI”), and SBA and USDA servicing fees. Other noninterest income increased $1.8 million, or 116.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, due in large part to the addition of sweep fee income in 2025.

Noninterest Expense

Generally, noninterest expense is composed of all employee expenses and costs associated with operating our facilities, obtaining and retaining customer relationships and providing bank services. The largest components of noninterest expense are BaaS loan and fraud expense combined and salaries and employee benefits. Noninterest expense also includes operational expenses, such as legal and professional expenses, data processing and software licenses, occupancy, point of sale expenses, FDIC assessments, director and staff expenses, excise taxes, marketing and other expenses.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, noninterest expense totaled $287.8 million, an increase of $41.5 million, or 16.8%, compared to $246.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Noninterest expense, excluding BaaS loan and BaaS fraud expense totaled $150.7 million and increased $32.8 million, or 27.8%. The $15.8 million increase in salaries and employee benefits, $4.7 million increase in legal and professional expenses and $8.0 million increase in data processing and software licenses are all related to growth and enhancements in technology all of which are related to the growth of the Company and investments in technology and risk management.

The following table presents, for the periods indicated, the major categories of noninterest expense:

Year Ended

December 31,

2025 compared to 2024

2024 compared to 2023

(dollars in thousands)

Increase

(Decrease)

Percent

Change

Increase

(Decrease)

Percent

Change

Salaries and employee benefits

Legal and professional expenses

Data processing and software licenses

Point of sale expense

Occupancy

FDIC assessments

Director and staff expenses

Excise taxes

Marketing

Other

Noninterest expense, excluding BaaS loan and BaaS fraud expense

BaaS loan expense

BaaS fraud expense

BaaS loan and fraud expense

Total noninterest expense

Table of Contents

Salaries and Employee Benefits. Salaries and employee benefits are the largest component of noninterest expense, excluding BaaS loan expense, and include payroll expense, incentive compensation costs, benefit plans, health insurance and payroll taxes. Salaries and employee benefits were $85.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $15.8 million, or 22.7%, compared to $69.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Contributing to the year-over-year variance in salaries and employee benefits was $2.1 million of employee restructuring costs related to organizational changes, including severance and other termination-related expenses. These costs included approximately $2.5 million of non-recurring stock-based compensation associated with accelerated vesting and modification-date fair value adjustments of equity awards in connection with employee departures, partially offset by a $2.0 million credit to salaries and employee benefits due to the forfeiture of other equity awards. As our CCBX activities grow and we invest more in technology, we expect some continued growth in number of employees to support these lines of business but are also working to automate our processes to reduce and/or slow future growth in hiring.

Legal and Professional Expenses . Legal and professional costs include legal, audit and accounting expenses, consulting fees, and fees for recruiting and hiring employees. These expenses fluctuate with the development of contracts for CCBX customers, audit and accounting needs, and are impacted by our reporting cycle and timing of legal and professional services. The expenses also reflect the costs associated with our infrastructure enhancement projects to improve our processing, automate processes, reduce compliance costs and enhance our data management. Legal and professional expenses were $20.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $15.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, which is an increase of $4.7 million, or 30.6%.

Data Processing and Software Licenses. Data processing and software licenses include expenses related to obtaining and maintaining software required for our various functions and additional investments in software development and the amortization of those costs. Capitalized software totaled $17.3 million as of December 31, 2025, compared to $15.7 million as of December 31, 2024. Data processing costs include all of our customer transaction processing and data storage, computer processing, and network costs. Data processing costs grow as we grow and add new products, customers and branches and enhance technology. Additionally, CCBX data processing expenses and software that aids in the reporting of CCBX activities and monitoring of transactions that helps to automate and create other efficiencies in reporting have resulted in increased expenses in the category. These expenses are expected to increase as we invest more in automated processing and as we grow product lines and our CCBX segment. Amortization of capitalized software totaled $5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Data processing costs were $23.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $15.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $8.0 million, or 52.0%.

Occupancy Expenses. Occupancy expenses were $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $56,000, or 1.4%. This category includes building, leasehold, furniture, fixtures and equipment depreciation totaling $1.5 million for years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. Occupancy expenses include rent, utilities, janitorial and other maintenance expenses, property insurances and taxes. Also included is depreciation on building, leasehold, furniture, fixtures and equipment. Our hybrid and remote workforce has increased, which helps keep some occupancy expenses down, however we do expect occupancy expenses to increase as we continue to grow.

Director and Staff Expenses. Director and staff expenses includes compensation for director service, continuing education for employees and other director and staff related expenses. Expenses will fluctuate depending upon conferences and other professional events that are attended by employees as well as expenses related to employee travel, and continuing education. Director and staff expenses were $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $545,000, or 25.8%.

Excise Taxes . Excise taxes are assessed on Washington state income and are based on gross income. Gross income is reduced by certain allowed deductions, and income attributed to other states is also removed to arrive at the taxable base. Excise taxes increased primarily as a result of increased income subject to excise taxes. CCBX income is sourced to the state where the partner does business, and the majority of partners are located outside the state of Washington. The year-over-year $1.7 million increase is largely due to a $1.2 million refund recorded during the year ended December 31, 2024, for which there was no similar entry in 2025. Excise taxes were $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $1.7 million, or 147.4%.

Table of Contents

Marketing. Marketing and promotion costs were $631,000 for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $162,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $469,000, or 289.5%. Marketing and promotion costs will vary depending upon the deployment of branding and targeted advertising for the community bank and CCBX. We expect costs to increase as we expand our marketing plan.

Other. This category includes dues and memberships, office supplies, mail services, telephone, examination fees, internal loan expenses, services charges from banks, operational losses, directors and officer’s insurance, donations and other expenses. Other noninterest expense increased to $7.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $6.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $1.0 million, or 15.5%. Contributing to the increase was the $700,000 recognition of a payable related to the settlement of an employment-related matter.

BaaS loan and fraud expense. Our CCBX segment provides BaaS offerings that enable our digital financial service providers to offer their customers banking services. Included in BaaS loan and fraud expense is partner loan expense including overdraft balances and BaaS fraud expense. Partner loan expense represents the amount paid or payable to partners for credit enhancements, fraud enhancements and servicing CCBX loans. BaaS fraud expense represents noncredit fraud losses on loans and deposits originated through partners. Fraud losses are recorded when incurred as losses in noninterest expense, and the reimbursement from the CCBX partner is recorded in noninterest income, resulting in a net impact of zero to the income statement. For the year ended December 31, 2025, BaaS loan and fraud expense was $137.1 million, compared to $128.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 as a result of increased partner activity. For more information on the accounting for BaaS loan and fraud expenses see the section titled “CCBX – BaaS Reporting Information.”

The following table presents, for the periods indicated, the BaaS loan and fraud expenses:

Year Ended

December 31,

2025 compared to 2024

2024 compared to 2023

(dollars in thousands)

Increase

(Decrease)

Increase

(Decrease)

BaaS loan expense

BaaS fraud expense

Total BaaS loan and fraud expense

Income Tax Expense

The amount of income tax expense we incur is impacted by the amounts of our pre-tax income, tax-exempt income and other nondeductible expenses. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are reflected at current income tax rates in effect for the period in which the deferred tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through the provision for income taxes. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. The Company is subject to various state taxes that are assessed as CCBX activities and employees expand into new states, which increases the overall tax rate used in calculating the provision for income taxes in the current and future periods.

On July 4, 2025, the President signed H.R. 1, the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act, (the "Act") into law. The legislation includes several changes to federal tax law that generally allow for more favorable deductibility of certain business expenses beginning in 2025, including the restoration of immediate expensing of domestic R&D expenditures, reinstatement of 100% bonus depreciation, and more favorable rules for determining the limitation on business interest expense. The Act also made certain changes to the deductibility of the cost of meals and charitable contributions that are effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2025. The Company is taking advantage of the immediate deductibility of R&D expenditures, which has positively impacted the tax provision and resulted in a deferred tax liability as of December 31, 2025.

Table of Contents

Year Ended December 31, 2025, Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2025, income tax expense totaled $14.3 million, compared to $12.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Our effective tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024, was 23.3% and 21.1%, respectively. The $2.2 million increase in income tax expense was largely due to an increase in the state income tax rate used to calculate provision for income taxes and higher net income before income taxes. The deductibility of certain equity awards also impacts income tax expense.

Table of Contents

Segment Information

Based on the criteria of ASC 280, Segment Reporting, we have identified three segments: the community bank, CCBX and treasury & administration. The primary focus of the community bank is on providing a wide range of banking products and services to consumers and small to medium sized businesses in the broader Puget Sound region in the state of Washington and through the Internet and our mobile banking application. We currently operate 14 full-service banking locations, 12 of which are located in Snohomish County, where we are the largest community bank by deposit market share, and two of which are located in neighboring counties (one in King County and one in Island County). We also have a loan production office which is located in King county. The CCBX segment provides banking as a service (“BaaS”) that allows our digital financial service partners to offer their customers banking services. The CCBX segment had 28 relationships, at varying stages, including one signed letter of intent as of December 31, 2025. The treasury & administration segment includes treasury management, overall administration and all other aspects of the Company.

The Company’s reported segments and the financial information of the reported segments are not necessarily comparable with similar information reported by other financial institutions. Additionally, because of the interrelationships of the various segments, the information presented is not indicative of how the segments would perform if they operated as independent entities. Changes in management structure or allocation methodologies and procedures may result in future changes to previously reported segment financial data. The Company continues to evaluate its methodology on allocating items to the Company’s various segments to support strategic business decisions by the Company’s executive leadership. The difference in total loans receivable and total deposits in the community bank and CCBX segments is recorded on the balance sheet of each segment as an intrabank asset or intrabank liability, with the treasury & administration segment as the offset to those entries. Income and expenses that are specific to a segment are directly posted to each segment. Additionally, certain indirect expenses are allocated to each segment utilizing various metrics, such as number of employees, utilization of space, and allocations based on loan and deposit balances. We have implemented a transfer pricing process that credits or charges the community bank and CCBX segments with intrabank interest income or expense for the difference in average loans and average deposits, with the treasury & administration segment as the offset for those entries. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in “ Note 1 – Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies ” in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this report.

Table of Contents

The following table presents summary financial information for each segment for the periods indicated:

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

(dollars in thousands)

Community Bank

CCBX

Treasury & Administration

Consolidated

Community Bank

CCBX

Treasury & Administration

Consolidated

Assets

Cash and due from banks

Intrabank asset

Securities

Loans held for sale

Total loans receivable

Allowance for credit losses

All other assets

Total assets

Liabilities

Total deposits

Total borrowings

Intrabank liability

All other liabilities

Total liabilities

Community Bank

Community bank total assets as of December 31, 2025 increased $61.0 million, or 3.2%, to $1.96 billion, compared to $1.90 billion as of December 31, 2024. Loans receivable net of deferred fees for the community bank segment increased $59.0 million, or 3.1%, to $1.94 billion as of December 31, 2025, compared to $1.88 billion as of December 31, 2024. The increase in community bank loans receivable is the result of loan growth and normal balance fluctuations. Total community bank deposits increased $65.1 million, or 4.28%, as of December 31, 2025, compared to $1.52 billion as of December 31, 2024. Our cost of deposits for the community bank was 1.71% for the year ended December 31, 2025.

CCBX

CCBX total assets as of December 31, 2025 increased $497.1 million, or 23.7%, to $2.60 billion, compared to $2.10 billion as of December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2025, $6.69 billion in CCBX loans were transferred to loans held for sale, with $6.64 billion in loans sold and $71.2 million loans remaining in loans held for sale as of December 31, 2025 compared to $20.6 million at December 31, 2024. We continue to reposition ourselves by managing CCBX credit and concentration levels in an effort to optimize our loan portfolio earnings and generate off balance sheet fee income. We retain a portion of the fee income for our role in processing transactions on sold credit card balances. This is expected to provide an on-going and recurring revenue stream without the additional on balance sheet risk. Total CCBX loans receivable increased $204.0 million, or 12.7%, to $1.81 billion as of December 31, 2025, compared to $1.60 billion as of December 31, 2024. The increase in loans receivable is the result of increased activity with CCBX partners, net of $6.64 billion in loan sales. As a result of an increase in the difference of average

Table of Contents

deposits compared to average loans the intrabank asset increased $221.8 million to $633.6 million as of December 31, 2025, compared to $411.8 million as of December 31, 2024. CCBX allowance for credit losses decreased to $151.3 million as of December 31, 2025, compared to $158.1 million as of December 31, 2024. The decrease in the allowance is due to an improvement in the performance of the CCBX portfolio and our focus on originating higher quality CCBX loans resulting in lower historical loss factors. As we continue to originate higher quality loans, these become a greater proportion of the CCBX portfolio, resulting in an improvement in expected losses and a reduced allowance. CCBX partner agreements provide for credit enhancements that cover $192.2 million, or 97.7%, of the charge-offs on CCBX loans for the year ended December 31, 2025. CCBX partners bear most of the responsibility for credit losses incurred which consequently gives them a vested interest in the performance of the portfolio. We believe that this alignment of interests ensures that CCBX partners are motivated to implement robust risk management practices and maintain the overall health of the portfolio. Total CCBX deposits increased $493.8 million, or 23.9%, to $2.56 billion, compared to $2.06 billion as of December 31, 2024, primarily as a result of growth within the CCBX relationships and new partnerships. This does not include an additional $843.6 million in CCBX deposits that were transferred off balance sheet to provide for increased FDIC insurance coverage to certain customers, compared to $273.2 million as of December 31, 2024.

Treasury & administration total assets as of December 31, 2025 increased $62.1 million, or 49.9%, to $186.7 million, compared to $124.6 million as of December 31, 2024, primarily due to an increase in cash and due from banks. Total securities increased $926,000, or 2.0%, to $48.2 million as of December 31, 2025, compared to $47.3 million as of December 31, 2024, due to the purchase of CRA securities, partially offset by principal repayments on securities. Total borrowings were $48.0 million as of both December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Table of Contents

The following table presents summary financial information for each segment for the periods indicated.

Year Ended

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

December 31, 2023

(dollars in thousands)

Community Bank

CCBX

Treasury & Admin

Total

Community Bank

CCBX

Treasury & Admin

Total

Community Bank

CCBX

Treasury & Admin

Total

INTEREST INCOME AND EXPENSE

Interest income

Interest (expense)

income intrabank

transfer

Interest expense

Net interest income

Provision for credit

losses

Net interest income

(expense) after

provision

(recapture) for

credit losses

NONINTEREST INCOME

Service charges and fees

Other income

BaaS program income

BaaS indemnification

income

Noninterest income

Table of Contents

Year Ended

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

December 31, 2023

(dollars in thousands)

Community Bank

CCBX

Treasury & Admin

Total

Community Bank

CCBX

Treasury & Admin

Total

Community Bank

CCBX

Treasury & Admin

Total

NONINTEREST EXPENSE

Salaries and employee

benefits

Occupancy

Data processing and

software licenses

Legal and professional

expenses

Other expense

BaaS loan expense

BaaS fraud expense

Total noninterest

expense

Net income before

income taxes

Income taxes

Net income (loss)

Community Bank

Year Ended December 31, 2025, Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024. Net interest income for the community bank was $82.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $6.8 million, or 9.0%, compared to $75.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in net interest income is due to lower interest expense, due largely to lower interest rates, on the intrabank transfer. As a result of the community bank having higher average loans than deposits for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, an intrabank interest expense for the community bank of $13.8 million was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to intrabank interest expense of $21.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This was partially offset by lower interest income on loans due to a change in loan mix. There was a provision recapture for credit losses for the community bank of $504,000 for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to a provision recapture for credit losses of $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Net charge-offs to average loans for the community bank segment have remained consistently low and was 0.00% and 0.03% for the year ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Noninterest income for the community bank was $4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, a decrease of $345,000, or 7.8%, compared to $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Loan referral fees decreased $168,000 for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The recognition of loan referral fees fluctuates in response to market conditions and as a result we may recognize more or less, or may not recognize any, loan referral fees in some periods. Noninterest expenses for the community bank increased $11.3 million, or 31.0%, to $47.9 million as of December 31, 2025, compared to $36.5 million as of December 31, 2024. The increase in noninterest expense is largely due to higher salaries and employee benefits, data processing and software licenses and legal and

Table of Contents

professional expenses all of which are related to the growth of Company and investments in technology and risk management. We continue to invest in our infrastructure and the automation of our processes so that they are scalable.

CCBX

Year Ended December 31, 2025, Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024. Net interest income for CCBX was $211.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $26.7 million, or 14.5%, compared to $184.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in net interest income is due to loan growth from active CCBX relationships. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we sold $6.64 billion in CCBX loans as part of our strategy to optimize our CCBX portfolio, manage growth, credit quality, portfolio and partner limits. We are retaining a portion of the transaction processing fee income on sold credit card receivables which provides ongoing and recurring income without balance sheet risk. As a result of having higher average deposits than loans, but lower interest rates, for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 intrabank interest income for CCBX was $26.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $30.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Provision for credit losses was $193.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $279.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in the provision is due to a change in loan mix and an improvement in the performance of the CCBX portfolio and our focus on originating higher quality CCBX loans resulting in lower historical loss factors. As we continue to originate higher quality loans, these become a greater proportion of the CCBX portfolio, resulting in an improvement in expected losses and lower provision expense. Noninterest income for CCBX was $226.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, a decrease of $76.4 million, or 25.2%, compared to $302.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, due to a decrease of $85.2 million in BaaS credit enhancements related to the allowance for credit losses and a $1.8 million decrease in BaaS fraud enhancements, partially offset by a $9.4 million increase in total BaaS program income, which was the result of increased activity with our CCBX partners. Noninterest expenses for CCBX increased $28.1 million, or 16.1%, to $203.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $175.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in noninterest expense is largely due to growth from active CCBX relationships resulting in an increase in BaaS loan expense and increased salaries and benefits, data processing and software licenses and legal and professional expenses all of which are related to the growth of Company and investments in technology and risk management, for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. For more information on the accounting for BaaS income and expenses see the section titled “ CCBX – BaaS Reporting Information. ”

Treasury & Administration

Year Ended December 31, 2025, Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024. Net interest income for treasury & administration was $16.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $3.5 million, or 27.3%, compared to $13.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as a result of increased balances on interest earning assets. Noninterest income increased $191,000, or 21.4%, to $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $892,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024. Noninterest expense increased $2.0 million, or 5.8%, to $36.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $34.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, largely as a result of increased salaries and employee benefits and legal and professional expenses as a result of growth of the Company and investments in risk management. Data processing and software expenses decreased $3.4 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 as more of these expenses have been directly expensed to the other segments.

Table of Contents

Financial Condition

Our total assets increased $620.2 million, or 15.0%, to $4.74 billion at December 31, 2025 from $4.12 billion at December 31, 2024. The increase is primarily comprised of a $263.0 million increase in loans receivable and a $286.7 million increase in interest earning deposits with other banks.

Loans Held For Sale

During the year ended December 31, 2025, $6.69 billion in CCBX loans were transferred to loans held for sale, with $6.64 billion in loans sold, $5.14 billion of which is new activity on previously sold credit card receivables. As of December 31, 2025 there were $71.2 million in loans held for sale and $20.6 million as of December 31, 2024. We will continue to sell loans back to the originating partner as part of our strategy to optimize our CCBX portfolio, manage growth, credit quality, portfolio and partner limits. Additionally, we retain a portion of the fee income for our role in processing new transactions on previously sold credit card receivables, which continues to grow and is expected to provide increased and on-going revenue with no on-balance sheet risk or capital requirement.

Loan Portfolio

Our primary source of income is derived through interest earned on loans. A substantial portion of our loan portfolio consists of commercial real estate loans and commercial and industrial loans primarily in the Puget Sound region. Our consumer and other loans also represent a significant portion of our loan portfolio with the growth of our CCBX segment. Our loan portfolio represents the highest yielding component of our earning assets.

As of December 31, 2025, loans receivable totaled $3.75 billion, an increase of $263.0 million, or 7.5%, compared to December 31, 2024. Total loans receivable is net of $7.3 million in net deferred origination fees. The increase includes CCBX loan growth of $204.0 million, or 12.7%, and community bank loan growth of $59.7 million, or 3.2%.

Loans as a percentage of deposits were 92.2% as of December 31, 2025, compared to 97.8% as of December 31, 2024. We remain focused on serving our communities and markets by growing loans and funding those loans with customer deposits.

The following table summarizes our loan portfolio by type of loan as of the dates indicated:

As of December 31,

(dollars in thousands)

Amount

Percent

Amount

Percent

Commercial and industrial loans:

Capital call lines

All other commercial & industrial loans

Total commercial and industrial loans

Real estate loans:

Construction, land and land development

Residential real estate

Commercial real estate

Consumer and other loans

Gross loans receivable

Net deferred origination fees

Loans receivable

Loan Yield

Table of Contents

The following tables detail the loans by segment which are included in the total loan portfolio table above:

Community Bank

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

(dollars in thousands)

Balance

% to Total

Balance

% to Total

Commercial and industrial loans:

Commercial and industrial loans

Real estate loans:

Construction, land and land development loans

Residential real estate loans

Commercial real estate loans

Consumer and other loans:

Other consumer and other loans

Gross community bank loans receivable

Net deferred origination fees

Loans receivable

Loan Yield

CCBX

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

(dollars in thousands)

Balance

% to Total

Balance

% to Total

Commercial and industrial loans:

Capital call lines

All other commercial & industrial loans

Real estate loans:

Residential real estate loans

Consumer and other loans:

Credit cards

Other consumer and other loans

Gross CCBX loans receivable

Net deferred origination fees

Loans receivable

Loan Yield (1)

(1) CCBX yield does not include the impact of BaaS loan expense. BaaS loan expense represents the amount paid or payable to partners for credit enhancements, fraud enhancements and servicing CCBX loans. To determine net BaaS loan income earned from CCBX loan relationships, the Company takes BaaS loan interest income and deducts BaaS loan expense to arrive at net BaaS loan income which can be compared to interest income on the Company’s community bank loans. Net BaaS loan income is a non-GAAP measure. See the reconciliation of non-GAAP measures set forth in the section titled “GAAP Reconciliation and Management Explanation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for the impact of BaaS loan expense on CCBX yield.

Commercial and Industrial Loans . Commercial and industrial loans increased $160.7 million, or 54.8%, to $454.1 million as of December 31, 2025, from $293.4 million as of December 31, 2024. The increase in commercial and industrial loans receivable over December 31, 2024 was due to an increase of $101.5 million in capital call lines combined with a $59.2 million increase in other commercial and industrial loans.

Commercial and industrial loans are underwritten after evaluating and understanding the borrower’s ability to operate profitably and effectively. These loans are primarily made based on the borrower’s ability to service the debt from income. Most commercial and industrial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets, such as accounts receivable, inventory or equipment, and we generally obtain personal guarantees on these loans. Commercial and

Table of Contents

industrial loans included $92.0 million and $48.6 million in loans to financial institutions as of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Included in the commercial and industrial loan balance is $210.5 million and $109.0 million in capital call lines resulting from relationships with our CCBX partners as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and $19.2 million and $34.0 million in CCBX other commercial loans as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. As of December 31, 2025 there was $224.4 million in community bank commercial and industrial loans compared to $150.4 million at December 31, 2024.

Construction, Land and Land Development Loans . Construction, land and land development loans increased $73.9 million, or 49.9%, to $222.1 million as of December 31, 2025, from $148.2 million as of December 31, 2024. The increase is attributed to some new construction and development projects.

Unfunded loan commitments for construction, land and land development loans were $98.2 million at December 31, 2025, compared to $47.8 million at December 31, 2024. Although we have seen a strong commercial and residential real estate market in the Puget Sound region in 2025, the macro economic environment is continuously changing, primarily due to the pace of economic growth, inflation, changing interest rates, global trade tensions, tariffs, unemployment, global unrest, the war in Ukraine, conflicts in the Middle East, political uncertainty, natural disasters, and trade issues that have resulted in economic uncertainty and slowing in construction lending.

Construction, land and land development loans are comprised of loans to fund construction, land acquisition and land development construction. The properties securing these loans are primarily located in the Puget Sound region and are comprised of both residential and commercial properties, including owner occupied properties and investor properties. As of December 31, 2025, construction, land and land development loans included $124.9 million in commercial construction loans, $39.1 million in other construction, land and land development loans, $37.4 million in residential construction loans and $20.7 million in undeveloped land loans, compared to $83.2 million in commercial construction loans, $40.9 million in residential construction loans and $15.4 million in other construction, land and land development loans and $8.7 million in undeveloped land loans as of December 31, 2024.

Residential Real Estate Loans . Our one-to-four family residential real estate loans decreased $3.4 million, or 0.7%, to $466.4 million as of December 31, 2025, from $469.8 million as of December 31, 2024 due to a decrease of $3.6 million in CCBX loans partially offset by an increase of $229,000 in community bank loans.

As of December 31, 2025, there were $264.1 million in CCBX home equity loans included in residential real estate, compared to $267.7 million at December 31, 2024. These are first, second, and third lien residential loans and require 18 months of home ownership for non-owner occupied. Term lengths are up to 30 years and lines range from $5,000 to $400,000. We sold $927.1 million in CCBX residential real estate loans during the year ended December 31, 2025.

In the past, we have purchased residential mortgages originated through other financial institutions to hold for investment for purposes of diversifying our residential mortgage loan portfolio, meeting certain regulatory requirements and increasing our interest income. We last purchased residential mortgage loans in 2018. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we held $4.4 million, in purchased residential real estate mortgage loans. These loans purchased typically have a fixed rate with a term of 15 to 30 years and are collateralized by one-to-four family residential real estate. We have a defined set of credit guidelines that we use when evaluating these loans. Although purchased loans were originated and underwritten by another institution, our mortgage, credit, and compliance departments conduct an independent review of each underlying loan that includes re-underwriting each of these loans to our credit and compliance standards.

Like our commercial real estate loans, our residential real estate loans are secured by real estate, the value of which may fluctuate significantly over a short period of time as a result of market conditions in the area in which the real estate is located. Adverse developments affecting real estate values in our market areas could therefore increase the credit risk associated with these loans, impair the value of property pledged as collateral on loans, and affect our ability to sell the collateral upon foreclosure without a loss or additional losses.

Commercial Real Estate Loans . Commercial real estate loans decreased $88.9 million, or 6.5%, to $1.29 billion as of December 31, 2025, from $1.37 billion as of December 31, 2024.

These increases, which occurred across the various segments of our portfolio, were due to our commitment to continue growing the portfolio in the Puget Sound region. We actively seek commercial real estate loans in our markets and our lenders are experienced in competing for these loans and managing these relationships.

Table of Contents

We make commercial mortgage loans collateralized by owner-occupied and non-owner-occupied real estate, as well as multi-family residential loans. The real estate securing our existing commercial real estate loans includes a wide variety of property types, such as manufacturing and processing facilities, business parks, warehouses, retail centers, convenience stores, hotels and motels, low rise office buildings, mixed-use residential and commercial, and other properties. We originate both fixed- and adjustable-rate loans with terms up to 20 years. Fixed-rate loans typically amortize over a 10 to 25 year period with balloon payments due at the end of five to ten years. Adjustable-rate loans are generally based on the prime rate and adjust with the prime rate or are based on term equivalent FHLB rates. At December 31, 2025, approximately 32.1% of the commercial real estate loan portfolio consisted of fixed rate loans. Commercial real estate loans represented 34.2% of our loan portfolio at December 31, 2025 and are a large source of revenue. As of December 31, 2025, we held $15.5 million in purchased commercial real estate loans, compared to $20.1 million at December 31, 2024. Our credit administration team has substantial experience in underwriting, managing, monitoring and working out commercial real estate loans, and remains diligent in communicating and proactively working with borrowers to help mitigate potential credit deterioration.

Consumer and Other Loans . Consumer and other loans increased $121.7 million, or 10.1%, to $1.33 billion, from $1.21 billion as of December 31, 2024, as a result of growth in CCBX loans originated through our partners. We sold $5.27 billion in CCBX credit cards loans and $281.8 million in CCBX consumer and other loans during the year ended December 31, 2025. We expect that we will continue to sell CCBX loans as part of our on-going strategy to manage the loan portfolio and credit quality. New loans are being booked with enhanced credit standards, which typically results in a lower interest rate than some of the higher risk loans that have paid off or that we have chosen to sell.

CCBX consumer loans totaled $1.31 billion as of December 31, 2025, compared to $1.19 billion at December 31, 2024. CCBX consumer loans include cash secured and unsecured consumer loans, loan products designed to help consumers build credit, lines of credit, credit cards, other loans and overdrafts. Consumer credit cards are open-ended and have interest rates ranging from a promotional rate of 0.00% to the maximum rate allowable by state. For short-term consumer loans, both secured and unsecured options are available and typically have fully-amortizing terms ranging from two months to six years. Interest rates can be fixed or variable up to the maximum allowable rate by state.

Our community bank consumer and other loans totaled $14.1 million as of December 31, 2025, compared to $13.5 million at December 31, 2024 and are comprised of personal lines of credit, automobile, boat, and recreational vehicle loans, and secured term loans.

Contractual Maturity Ranges . The contractual maturity ranges of loans in our loan portfolio and the amount of such loans with fixed and floating interest rates in each maturity range as of date indicated are summarized in the following table:

As of December 31, 2025

(dollars in thousands)

Due in One

Year or Less

Due after One

Year Through

Five Years

Due after Five

Years Through

Fifteen Years

Due After

Fifteen Years

Gross

Loans

Commercial and industrial loans:

Capital call lines

All other commercial and

industrial loans

Real estate loans:

Construction, land and land

development loans

Residential real estate loans

Commercial real estate loans

Consumer and other loans

Total

Table of Contents

The following table sets forth all loans at December 31, 2025, that are due after December 31, 2026, and have either fixed interest rates or floating or adjustable interest rates:

(dollars in thousands)

Fixed Rates

Floating or

Adjustable

Rates

Total

Commercial and industrial loans:

Capital call lines

All other commercial and industrial loans

Real estate loans:

Construction, land and land development loans

Residential real estate loans

Commercial real estate loans

Consumer and other loans

Total

Industry Exposure and Categories of Loans

We have a diversified loan portfolio, representing a wide variety of industries. Our major categories of loans are commercial real estate, consumer and other loans, residential real estate, commercial and industrial, and construction, land and land development loans. Together they represent $3.76 billion in outstanding loan balances. When combined with $2.31 billion in unused commitments the total of these categories is $6.06 billion. However, total exposure on CCBX loans is subject to portfolio and partner maximum limits and adjusted for those limits, unused commitments are limited to $560.8 million . See " Material Cash Requirements and Capital Resources " for maximum limits on CCBX loans by category.

The following table summarizes our exposure by industry for our commercial real estate portfolio as of December 31, 2025:

(dollars in thousands)

Outstanding Balance

Available Loan Commitments

Total Outstanding Balance & Available Commitments

% of Total Loans

(Outstanding Balance &

Available Commitments)

Average Loan Balance

Number of Loans

Community bank commercial real estate loans

Apartments

Hotel/Motel

Convenience Store

Office

Retail

Warehouse

Mixed use

Mini Storage

Strip Mall

Manufacturing

Groups < 0.60% of total

Total

Table of Contents

As illustrated in the table below, our CCBX partners originate a large number of mostly smaller dollar loans, resulting in an average consumer loan balance of just $800.

The following table summarizes our exposure by category for our consumer and other loan portfolio as of December 31, 2025:

(dollars in thousands)

Outstanding Balance

Available Loan Commitments (1)

Total Outstanding Balance & Available Commitments (1)

CCBX Portfolio Maximum Limit (1)

% of Total Loans

(Outstanding Balance &

Available Commitments)

Average Loan Balance

Number of Loans

CCBX consumer loans

Installment loans

Credit cards

Lines of credit

Other loans

Community bank consumer loans

Lines of credit

Installment loans

Other loans

Total

(1) Total exposure on CCBX loans is subject to portfolio maximum limits.

The following table summarizes our exposure by category for our residential real estate portfolio as of December 31, 2025:

(dollars in thousands)

Outstanding Balance

Available Loan Commitments (1)

Total Outstanding Balance & Available Commitments (1)

CCBX Portfolio Maximum Limit (1)

% of Total Loans

(Outstanding Balance &

Available Commitments)

Average Loan Balance

Number of Loans

CCBX residential real estate loans

Home equity lines of credit

Community bank residential real estate loans

Closed end, secured by first liens

Home equity lines of credit

Closed end, second liens

Total

(1) Total exposure on CCBX loans is subject to portfolio maximum limits.

Table of Contents

The following table summarizes our concentration by industry for our commercial and industrial loan portfolio as of December 31, 2025:

(dollars in thousands)

Outstanding Balance

Available Loan Commitments (1)

Total Outstanding Balance & Available Commitments (1)

CCBX Portfolio Maximum Limit (1)

% of Total Loans

(Outstanding Balance &

Available Commitments)

Average Loan Balance

Number of Loans

CCBX C&I loans

Capital call lines

Retail and other

loans

Community bank C&I loans

Construction/Contractor services

Financial institutions

Medical / Dental / Other care

Manufacturing

Maintenance and repair

Groups < 0.10% of total

Total

(1) Total exposure on CCBX loans is subject to portfolio maximum limits.

The following table details our concentration by category for our construction, land and land development loan portfolio as of December 31, 2025:

(dollars in thousands)

Outstanding Balance

Available Loan Commitments

Total Outstanding Balance & Available Commitments

% of Total Loans

(Outstanding Balance &

Available Commitments)

Average Loan Balance

Number of Loans

Community bank construction, land and land development loans

Commercial construction

Residential construction

Undeveloped land loans

Developed land loans

Land development

Total

Table of Contents

Nonperforming Assets

Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when, in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to meet payment obligations as they become due, as well as when required by applicable regulations. Loans may be placed on nonaccrual status regardless of whether or not such loans are considered past due. In general, we place loans on nonaccrual status when they become 90 days past due. We also place loans on nonaccrual status if they are less than 90 days past due if the collection of principal or interest is in doubt. Installment (closed end) consumer loans and revolving (open-ended loans, such as credit cards) originated through CCBX partners continue to accrue interest until they are charged-off at 120 days past due for installment loans (primarily unsecured loans to consumers) and 180 days past due for revolving loans (primarily credit cards). These consumer loans are reported as substandard loans, 90+ days past due and still accruing. As a result of the type of loans (primarily consumer loans) originated through our CCBX partners, we anticipate that balances 90 days past due or more and still accruing will increase as those loans grow. Additionally, some CCBX partners have instituted a collection practice that places certain loans on nonaccrual status to improve collectability. As of December 31, 2025, $20.3 million in CCBX nonaccrual loans were less than 90 days past due.

When loans are placed on nonaccrual status, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed from income and all interest accruals are stopped. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received in excess of principal balance. Loans are returned to accrual status if we believe that all remaining principal and interest is fully collectible and there has been at least six months of sustained repayment performance since the loan was placed on nonaccrual status. We define nonperforming loans as loans on nonaccrual status and accruing loans 90 days or more past due. Nonperforming assets also include other real estate owned and repossessed assets.

We believe our lending practices and active approach to managing nonperforming assets has resulted in sound asset quality and timely resolution of problem assets. We have procedures in place to assist us in maintaining the overall credit quality of our loan portfolio. We have established underwriting guidelines, concentration limits and we also monitor our delinquency levels for any negative or adverse trends. We actively manage problem assets to reduce our risk for loss.

We had $64.1 million in nonperforming assets as of December 31, 2025, compared to $62.7 million as of December 31, 2024. This includes $33.1 million in CCBX loans more than 90 days past due and still accruing interest as of December 31, 2025, compared to $43.1 million at December 31, 2024. All of our nonperforming assets were nonperforming loans as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Our accruing loans past due 90 days or more decreased $9.9 million and was partially offset by an increase of $5.0 million in CCBX nonaccrual loans primarily as a result of a new collection practice employed by certain CCBX partners that places specific loans on nonaccrual status to enhance collectability, $20.3 million of these loans are less than 90 days past due as of December 31, 2025. Additionally, there was an increase in community bank nonaccrual loans of $6.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2025. Our nonperforming loans to loans receivable ratio was 1.71% at December 31, 2025, compared to 1.80% at December 31, 2024.

Our community bank credit quality remains strong, as demonstrated by the low level of community bank nonperforming loans to total loans receivable of 0.17% as of December 31, 2025. CCBX loans have a higher level of expected losses than our community bank loans, which is reflected in the factors for the allowance for credit losses. Agreements with our CCBX partners provide for a credit enhancement which protects the Bank by indemnifying or reimbursing incurred losses, when accruing consumer loans originated through CCBX partners are charged-off at 120 days past due for installment loans (primarily unsecured loans to consumers) and 180 days past due for revolving loans (primarily credit cards). CCBX partners bear most of the responsibility for credit losses incurred which consequently gives them a vested interest in the performance of the portfolio. We believe this alignment of interests ensures that CCBX partners are motivated to implement robust risk management practices and maintain the overall health of the portfolio.

Table of Contents

The following table presents information regarding community bank and CCBX nonperforming assets at the dates indicated:

(dollars in thousands)

December 31,

December 31,

Nonaccrual loans:

Commercial and industrial loans

Real estate loans:

Residential real estate

Commercial real estate

Consumer and other loans:

Credit cards

Other consumer and other loans

Total nonaccrual loans

Accruing loans past due 90 days or more:

Commercial & industrial loans

Real estate loans:

Residential real estate loans

Consumer and other loans:

Credit cards

Other consumer and other loans

Total accruing loans past due 90 days or more

Total nonperforming loans

Real estate owned

Repossessed assets

Total nonperforming assets

Total nonaccrual loans to loans receivable

Total nonperforming loans to loans receivable

Total nonperforming assets to total assets

Table of Contents

The following tables detail the community bank and CCBX nonperforming assets which are included in the total nonperforming assets table above.

Community Bank

(dollars in thousands)

December 31,

December 31,

Nonaccrual loans:

Commercial and industrial loans

Real estate:

Residential real estate

Commercial real estate

Total nonaccrual loans

Accruing loans past due 90 days or more:

Total accruing loans past due 90 days or more

Total nonperforming loans

Other real estate owned

Repossessed assets

Total nonperforming assets

Total nonperforming community bank loans to total loans receivable

CCBX

(dollars in thousands)

December 31,

December 31,

Nonaccrual loans:

Commercial and industrial loans:

All other commercial & industrial loans

Consumer and other loans:

Credit cards

Other consumer and other loans

Total nonaccrual loans

Accruing loans past due 90 days or more:

Commercial & industrial loans

Real estate loans:

Residential real estate loans

Consumer and other loans:

Credit cards

Other consumer and other loans

Total accruing loans past due 90 days or more

Total nonperforming loans

Other real estate owned

Repossessed assets

Total nonperforming assets

Total nonperforming CCBX loans to total loans receivable

As of December 31, 2025, $55.7 million of the $57.6 million in nonperforming CCBX loans were covered by CCBX partner credit enhancements. Agreements with our CCBX partners provide for a credit enhancement which protects the Bank

Table of Contents

by indemnifying or reimbursing incurred losses. Under the agreement, the CCBX partner will indemnify or reimburse the Bank for its loss/charge-off on these loans.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans

The ACL is an estimate of the expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost. The ACL is evaluated and calculated on a collective basis for those loans which share similar risk characteristics. At each reporting period, the Company evaluates whether the loans in a pool continue to exhibit similar risk characteristics as the other loans in the pool and whether it needs to evaluate the allowance on an individual basis. The Bank must estimate expected credit losses over the loans’ contractual terms, adjusted for expected prepayments. In estimating the life of the loan, the Bank cannot extend the contractual term of the loan for expected extensions, renewals, and modifications, unless the extension or renewal options are included in the contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Bank. Because expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual life adjusted for estimated prepayments, determination of the life of the loan may significantly affect the ACL. The Company has chosen to segment its portfolio consistent with the manner in which it manages the risk of the type of credit.

• Community Bank Portfolio: The ACL calculation is derived for loan segments utilizing loan level information and relevant information from internal and external sources related to past events and current conditions. In addition, the Company incorporates a reasonable and supportable forecast.

• CCBX Portfolio: The Bank calculates the ACL on loans on an aggregate basis based on each partner and product level, segmenting the risk inherent in the CCBX portfolio based on qualitative and quantitative trends in the portfolio.

Also included in the ACL are qualitative reserves to cover losses that are expected, but in the Company’s assessment may not be adequately represented in the quantitative method. For example, factors that the Company considers include environmental business conditions, borrower’s financial condition, credit rating and the volume and severity of past due loans and nonaccrual loans. Based on this analysis, the Company records a provision for credit losses - loans to maintain the allowance at appropriate levels.

As of December 31, 2025, the allowance for credit losses totaled $169.5 million, or 4.52% of total loans. As of December 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses totaled $177.0 million, or 5.08% of total loans.

The decrease in the Company’s allowance for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024, is largely related to improved credit quality decreasing the provision for CCBX loans. During the year ended December 31, 2025, a $193.1 million provision for credit losses was recorded for CCBX loans. The decrease in the allowance is due to a change in loan mix, an improvement in the performance of the CCBX portfolio and our focus on originating higher quality CCBX loans resulting in lower historical and future projected loss factors. As we continue to originate higher quality loans, these higher quality loans become a greater proportion of the CCBX portfolio, resulting in a decrease in expected losses and a reduced allowance. In general, CCBX loans have a higher level of expected losses than our community bank loans, which is reflected in the factors for the allowance for credit losses. The factors used in management’s analysis for community bank credit losses indicated that a provision recapture for credit losses - loans of $504,000 was needed for the year ended December 31, 2025, largely due to a change in the mix of community bank loans and updated prepayment speeds, offset by a slight increase in economic uncertainty. The macro economic environment is continuously changing, primarily due to the pace of economic growth, inflation, changing interest rates, global trade tensions, tariffs, unemployment, global unrest, the war in Ukraine, conflicts in the Middle East, political uncertainty, natural disasters, and trade issues that have resulted in economic uncertainty. As described above, CCBX loans have a higher level of expected losses than our community bank loans, which is reflected in the factors for the allowance for credit losses.

Table of Contents

Agreements with our CCBX partners provide for a credit enhancement provided by the partner which protects the Bank by indemnifying or reimbursing incurred losses. In accordance with accounting guidance, we estimate and record a provision for expected losses for these CCBX loans, unfunded commitments and negative deposit accounts. When the provision for credit losses - loans and provision for unfunded commitments is recorded, a credit enhancement asset is also recorded on the balance sheet through noninterest income (BaaS credit enhancements) in recognition of the CCBX partner legal commitment to indemnify or reimburse losses. The credit enhancement asset is relieved as credit enhancement payments and recoveries are received from the CCBX partner or taken from the partner's cash reserve account. Agreements with our CCBX partners also provide protection to the Bank from fraud by indemnifying or reimbursing incurred fraud losses. BaaS fraud includes noncredit fraud losses on loans and deposits originated through partners. Fraud losses are recorded when incurred as losses in noninterest expense, and the enhancement received from the CCBX partner is recorded in noninterest income, resulting in a net impact of zero to the income statement.

The credit enhancement asset is an amount due from CCBX partners related to losses in the loan portfolio. It is determined by the provision for credit and other losses, such as fraud, and increases due to credit loss recoveries, which is ultimately reduced as partners reimburse for incurred losses. Identified below is the portion of incurred losses that are pending settlement with partners as of each period indicated. The CCBX provision for credit losses and CCBX net-charge-offs include partner accounts that are not covered by credit enhancement, therefore those items are included on a separate line item to reflect the exclusion from the credit enhancement asset. At December 31, 2025 the Company was responsible for credit losses on approximately 5% of a $321.3 million CCBX loan portfolio and represented $22.1 million in loans. The table below shows the activity in the credit enhancement asset for the periods indicated:

As of or for the Year Ended December 31,

(dollars in thousands)

Credit enhancement at beginning of period

CECL Day 1 Adjustment

CCBX Provision for credit losses - loans

CCBX Provision for credit losses - unfunded commitments

Credit losses settled with partner during period

Credit recoveries settled with partner during period

Net change in pending partner settlements

Net (provision) charge-offs without credit enhancement

Credit enhancement at end of period

Many CCBX partners also pledge a cash reserve account at the Bank as collateral for loss exposure which the Bank can collect from when losses occur that is then replenished by the partner on a regular interval. Credit losses and recoveries typically flow through the cash reserve account. These cash reserve accounts are included in total deposits on the balance sheet. Although agreements with our CCBX partners provide for credit enhancements that provide protection to the Bank from credit and fraud losses by indemnifying or reimbursing incurred credit and fraud losses, if our partner is unable to fulfill their contracted obligation then the Bank would be exposed to additional loan and deposit losses if the cash flows on the loans were not sufficient to fund the reimbursement of loan losses, as a result of this counterparty risk. If a CCBX partner does not replenish their cash reserve account the Bank may consider an alternative plan for funding the cash reserve, such as adjusting the funding amounts or timelines to better align with the partner's specific situation. If a mutually agreeable funding plan is not achieved then the Bank could declare the agreement in default, take over servicing and cease paying the partner for servicing the loan and providing credit enhancements. The Bank would evaluate any remaining credit enhancement asset from the CCBX partner in the event the partner failed to fulfill its obligations and would determine if a write-off is appropriate. If a write-off occurs, the Bank would retain the full yield and any fee income on the loan portfolio going forward, and our BaaS loan expense would decrease once default occurs and payments to the CCBX partner are stopped.

Table of Contents

The following tables present, as of and for the periods indicated, net charge-off information by segment:

Year Ended

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

(dollars in thousands)

Community Bank

CCBX

Total

Community Bank

CCBX

Total

Gross charge-offs

Gross recoveries

Net charge-offs

Net charge-offs to

average loans

% of CCBX net

charge-offs

covered by credit

enhancement

Year Ended

December 31, 2023

(dollars in thousands)

Community Bank

CCBX

Total

Gross charge-offs

Gross recoveries

Net charge-offs

Net charge-offs to average loans

% of CCBX net charge-offs covered

by credit enhancement

Table of Contents

The following tables present, as of and for the periods indicated, an analysis of the allowance for credit losses and other related data:

As of or for the Year Ended December 31,

(dollars in thousands)

Allowance at beginning of period

Impact of adopting CECL (ASC 326)

Provision for credit losses

Charge-offs:

Commercial and industrial loans

Residential real estate

Commercial real estate

Consumer and other

Total charge-offs

Recoveries:

Commercial and industrial loans

Residential real estate

Commercial real estate

Consumer and other

Total recoveries

Net charge-offs

Allowance at end of period

Allowance for credit losses to nonaccrual loans

Allowance to nonperforming loans

Allowance to loans receivable

The allowance for credit losses to nonaccrual loans ratio decreased as of December 31, 2025, compared to December 31, 2024, primarily as a result of an increase in nonaccrual loans of $11.4 million, largely due to an increase in CCBX nonaccrual loans as a result of a new collection practice that certain CCBX partners employ that places specific loans on nonaccrual status to enhance collectability, combined with a $6.4 million increase in nonaccrual community bank loans. The allowance for credit losses decreased $7.5 million as of December 31, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024 largely due to a change in loan mix, an improvement in the performance of the CCBX portfolio and our focus on originating higher quality CCBX loans resulting in lower historical and future projected loss factors. Agreements with our CCBX partners provide for a credit enhancement which protects the Bank by indemnifying or reimbursing incurred losses. CCBX partners bear most of the responsibility for credit losses incurred which consequently gives them a vested interest in the performance of the portfolio. We believe that this alignment of interests ensures that CCBX partners are motivated to implement robust risk management practices and maintain the overall health of the portfolio. Net charge-offs on CCBX loans for the year ended December 31, 2025 that were covered by credit enhancements were $192.2 million. At December 31, 2025, the allowance for credit losses for CCBX loans totaled $151.3 million, compared to $158.1 million at December 31, 2024.

Table of Contents

The following table presents the loans receivable and allowance for credit losses by segment for the period indicated:

As of December 31, 2025

As of December 31, 2024

(dollars in thousands)

Community Bank

CCBX

Total

Community Bank

CCBX

Total

Loans receivable

Allowance for credit losses

Allowance for credit losses

to total loans receivable

Although we believe that we have established our allowance for credit losses in accordance with GAAP and that the allowance for credit losses was adequate to provide for expected losses in the portfolio at all times shown above, future provisions for credit losses will be subject to ongoing evaluations of the risks in our loan portfolio. We continue to have a low level of community bank charge-offs and nonperforming loans, however, The macro economic environment is continuously changing, primarily due to the pace of economic growth, inflation, changing interest rates, global trade tensions, tariffs, unemployment, global unrest, the war in Ukraine, conflicts in the Middle East, political uncertainty, natural disasters, and trade issues that have resulted in economic uncertainty. If economic conditions worsen then Washington state and Puget Sound region may experience a more severe economic downturn, and our asset quality could deteriorate, which may require material additional provisions for credit losses.

The following table shows the allocation of the allowance for credit losses among loan categories and certain other information as of the dates indicated. The allocation of the allowance for credit losses as shown in the table should neither be interpreted as an indication of future charge-offs, nor as an indication that charge-offs in future periods will necessarily occur in these amounts or in the indicated proportions. The total allowance is available to absorb losses from any loan category.

At December 31,

(dollars in thousands)

Allowance

Allocated

to Loan

Portfolio

Loan

Category

Total

Loans

Allowance

Allocated

to Loan

Portfolio

Loan

Category

Total

Loans

Commercial and industrial loans

Real estate loans:

Construction, land and land development loans

Residential real estate loans

Commercial real estate loans

Consumer and other loans

Total allowance for credit losses

Securities

We use our securities portfolio primarily as a source of liquidity and collateral that can be readily sold or pledged for public deposits, for CRA purposes or other business purposes. At December 31, 2025, our securities portfolio was invested in U.S. Agency collateralized mortgage obligations and U.S. Agency residential mortgage-backed securities for Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA") purposes. Because we target a loan-to-deposit ratio in the range of 90% to 100%, we prioritize liquidity over the earnings of our securities portfolio. At December 31, 2025, our loan-to-deposit ratio was 92.2%, due primarily to our growth in both loans and deposits. When our securities portfolio represents less than 5% of assets we focus on liquid securities. To the extent our securities represent more than 5% of assets, absent an immediate need for liquidity, we may invest excess funds to provide a higher return.

Table of Contents

As of December 31, 2025, the amortized cost of our investment securities totaled $48.2 million, an increase of $925,000, or 2.0%, compared to $47.3 million as of December 31, 2024. The increase in the securities portfolio was due to the purchase of CRA securities partially offset by principal paydowns during the year ended December 31, 2025.

Our investment portfolio consists of only $29,000 in securities classified as available-for-sale ("AFS") and $48.2 million in held-to-maturity securities for CRA purposes. The carrying values of our investment securities classified as AFS are adjusted for unrealized gain or loss, and any gain or loss is reported on an after-tax basis as a component of other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity. As of December 31, 2025 our AFS portfolio had an unrealized loss of $1,000 compared to an unrealized loss of $2,000 as of December 31, 2024.

The following table summarizes the amortized cost and estimated fair value of certain of our investment securities as of the dates shown:

As of December 31,

(dollars in thousands)

Amortized

Cost

Fair

Value

Amortized

Cost

Fair

Value

Securities available-for-sale:

U.S. Agency collateralized mortgage obligations

Total available-for-sale securities

Securities held-to-maturity:

U.S. Agency residential mortgage-backed securities

Total held-to-maturity securities

Total investment securities

All of our U.S. Agency residential mortgage-backed securities and U.S. Agency collateralized mortgage obligations are U.S. Government agency securities. As of December 31, 2025, we did not hold any Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac preferred stock, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations, structured investment vehicles, private label collateralized mortgage obligations, subprime, or second lien elements in our investment portfolio.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we did not own securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S. Government and its agencies, for which aggregate adjusted cost exceeded 10.0% of consolidated shareholders’ equity.

Restricted equity securities totaled $9.2 million as of December 31, 2025 and $7.3 million as of December 31, 2024 The increase was attributable to the amount of FHLB stock that we are required to hold. Federal Reserve and FHLB stock are carried at par and do not have a readily determinable fair value. Ownership of FHLB stock is restricted to the FHLB and member institutions, and can only be purchased and redeemed at par.

The Company has the following equity investments which do not have a readily determinable fair value and are held at cost minus impairment if any, plus or minus observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. This method will be applied until the investments do not qualify for the measurement election (e.g., if the investment has a readily determinable fair value). The Company will reassess at each reporting period whether the equity investments without a readily determinable fair value qualifies to be measured at cost minus impairment.

• The Company had a $1.8 million and $2.2 million equity interest in a specialized bank technology company as of the quarters ended December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.

• The Company had a $350,000 equity interest in a technology company as of the quarters ended December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024.

• The Company had a $42,000 and $47,000 equity interest in a technology company as of the quarters ended December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The following table shows the activity in equity investments without a readily determinable fair value for the dates shown:

Table of Contents

Year Ended

December 31,

(dollars in thousands)

Carrying value, beginning of period

Purchases

Observable price change

Carrying value, end of period

Additionally, the Company has invested in technology-focused funds, including those targeting innovation and adoption within the banking industry. These equity investments are held at fair value, as reported by the funds. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company contributed $556,000 in these funds and recognized net gains of $34,000, resulting in an equity interest of $1.5 million at December 31, 2025. The Company has committed up to $1.1 million in capital for these equity funds, however, the Company is not obligated to fund these commitments prior to a capital call.

The following table shows the activity in equity fund investments held at fair value for the dates shown:

Year Ended

December 31,

(dollars in thousands)

Carrying value, beginning of period

Purchases/capital calls/capital returns, net

Net change recognized in earnings

Carrying value, end of period

The following table sets forth the amortized cost of held to maturity securities and the fair value of available for sale securities, maturities and approximated weighted average yield based on estimated annual income divided by the average amortized cost of our securities portfolio as of the dates indicated. The contractual maturity of a mortgage-backed security is the date at which the last underlying mortgage matures.

As of December 31, 2025

More than Ten Years

Total

(dollars in thousands)

Carrying

Value

Weighted

Average

Yield

Carrying

Value

Weighted

Average

Yield

Securities available-for-sale:

U.S. Agency collateralized mortgage obligations

Total available-for-sale

Securities held to maturity:

U.S. Agency residential mortgage-backed securities

Total held to maturity

Total

Other Assets

Deferred tax assets, net was zero as we moved to a deferred tax liability, net largely due to the impact of the Act, which permits the immediate expense of R&D costs for tax purposes. Other assets decreased $6.6 million to $20.3 million as of December 31, 2025, compared to December 31, 2024.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company completed a small asset acquisition that included the purchase of certain identifiable intangible assets. The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition. The acquired intangible asset is finite-lived and is being amortized over its estimated useful life. The carrying amount of the intangible

Table of Contents

asset was $4.5 million at December 31, 2025. The acquisition did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Deposits

We offer a variety of deposit products that have a wide range of interest rates and terms, including demand, money market, savings, and time accounts as well as network sweep deposits. Sweep deposits enable us to provide an FDIC insured deposit option to customers that have balances in excess of the FDIC insurance limit. This service trades our customers’ funds as certificates of deposit or interest bearing demand deposits in increments under the FDIC insured amount to other participating financial institutions and in exchange we receive time deposit or interest bearing demand investments from participating financial institutions. We rely primarily on competitive pricing policies, convenient locations, electronic delivery channels (internet and mobile), and personalized service to attract new deposits and retain existing deposits. Additionally, we offer deposit products through our CCBX segment. CCBX deposits are generally classified as interest bearing demand and money market accounts. CCBX deposit products allow us to offer a broader range of partner specific products, which include products designed to reach specific under-served or under-banked populations served by our CCBX partners.

Total deposits as of December 31, 2025 were $4.14 billion, an increase of $558.9 million, or 15.6%, compared to $3.59 billion as of December 31, 2024. The increase in deposits was largely due to an increase of $493.8 million in CCBX deposits. Core deposits ended the quarter at $4.13 billion compared to $3.12 billion at December 31, 2024. We define core deposits as all deposits except time deposits and brokered deposits. Our cost of deposits was 1.56% for the community bank and 3.52% for CCBX for the three months ended December 31, 2025. Additionally, as of December 31, 2025 there was $843.6 million in CCBX deposits that were transferred off balance sheet for increased FDIC insurance coverage and liquidity purposes.

Included in total deposits is $2.56 billion in CCBX deposits, an increase of $493.8 million, or 23.9%, compared to $2.06 billion as of December 31, 2024. CCBX customer deposit relationships include deposits with CCBX end customers, operating and non-operating deposit accounts. The deposits from our CCBX segment are generally classified as interest bearing demand and money market accounts.

Total noninterest bearing deposits as of December 31, 2025 were $579.6 million, an increase of $52.1 million, or 9.9%, compared to $527.5 million as of December 31, 2024. Noninterest bearing deposits represent 14.0% and 14.7% of total deposits for December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Community bank noninterest bearing deposits totaled $493.0 million and $471.8 million at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. CCBX noninterest bearing deposits totaled $86.6 million and $55.7 million at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Total interest bearing balances, excluding time deposits, as of December 31, 2025 were $3.55 billion, an increase of $512.0 million, or 16.8%, compared to $3.04 billion as of December 31, 2024. The $512.0 million increase is primarily due to $507.0 million increase in CCBX interest bearing deposits combined with an increase in community bank interest bearing deposits of $49.2 million. Included in total deposits is $460.3 million in IntraFi network interest bearing demand and money market sweep accounts as of December 31, 2025, which provides our customers with fully insured deposits through a sweep and exchange of deposits with other financial institutions.

Total time deposit balances as of December 31, 2025 were $12.3 million, a decrease of $5.3 million, or 30.0%, from $17.5 million as of December 31, 2024. The decrease is largely due to our focus on core deposits and letting higher rate time deposits run off as they mature. We have seen competitors increase rates on time deposits, and have not globally matched their rates in response as we focus on growing and retaining less costly core deposits.

Table of Contents

The following table sets forth deposit balances at the dates indicated.

As of December 31,

(dollars in thousands)

Amount

Percent of

Total

Deposits

Amount

Percent of

Total

Deposits

Demand, noninterest bearing

Interest bearing demand and

money market

Savings

Total core deposits

Other deposits

Time deposits less than $100,000

Time deposits $100,000 and over

Total

Cost of deposits

The following table presents the community bank deposits which are included in the total deposit portfolio table above:

Community Bank

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

(dollars in thousands)

Balance

% to Total

Balance

% to Total

Demand, noninterest bearing

Interest bearing demand and

money market

Savings

Total core deposits

Other deposits

Time deposits less than $100,000

Time deposits $100,000 and over

Total community bank deposits

Cost of deposits

The following table presents the CCBX deposits which are included in the total deposit portfolio table above:

CCBX

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

(dollars in thousands)

Balance

% to Total

Balance

% to Total

Demand, noninterest bearing

Interest bearing demand and

money market

Savings

Total core deposits

Other deposits

Total CCBX deposits

Cost of deposits

Table of Contents

The following table sets forth the Company’s time deposits of $100,000 or more by time remaining until maturity as of the dates indicated:

As of December 31,

(dollars in thousands)

Maturity Period:

Three months or less

Over three through six months

Over six through twelve months

Over twelve months

Total

Weighted average maturity (in years)

Average deposits for the year ended December 31, 2025, were $3.91 billion, an increase of $421.4 million, or 12.1%, compared to $3.49 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in average deposits was primarily in interest bearing deposits. We expect deposits to increase with continued growth in our primary market areas for the community bank and CCBX, through increases in commercial lending relationships for which we also seek deposit balances and the results of business development efforts by branch managers, treasury service personnel and lenders.

The average rate paid on total deposits was 2.99% for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to 3.46% for the year ended December 31, 2024. The average rate paid on interest bearing demand and money market accounts decreased 0.78% for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The average rate paid on other deposits increased 0.35% for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The average rate paid on time deposits of less than $100,000 was unchanged for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The average rate paid on time deposits greater than $100,000 increased 0.43% for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The average rate paid on savings increased 0.68% for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The overall lower average rate paid on interest bearing accounts in the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was due to a lower interest rate environment.

The following table presents the average balances and average rates paid on deposits for the periods indicated:

For the Year Ended December 31,

(dollars in thousands)

Average

Balance

Average

Rate

Average

Balance

Average

Rate

Average

Balance

Average

Rate

Demand, noninterest bearing

Interest bearing demand and

money market

Savings

Other deposits

Time deposits less than $100,000

Time deposits $100,000 and over

Total deposits

The ratio of average noninterest-bearing deposits to average total deposits for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, was 14.5% and 16.8%, respectively.

Factors affecting the cost of funding interest-bearing assets include the volume of noninterest- and interest-bearing deposits, changes in market interest rates and economic conditions in the Puget Sound region and their impact on interest paid on deposits, competition from other financial institutions, as well as the ongoing execution of our growth strategies. Cost of

Table of Contents

total interest-bearing liabilities is calculated as total interest expense divided by average total interest-bearing deposits plus average total borrowings. Our cost of total interest-bearing liabilities was 3.52% and 4.19% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in our cost of deposits in 2025 was primarily due to rate decreases from the FOMC. We actively manage our interest rates on deposits, however, rate changes from the FOMC and competition can and do impact our deposit costs.

Uninsured Deposits

The FDIC insures our deposits up to $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank for each account ownership category. Deposits that exceed insurance limits are uninsured. At December 31, 2025, deposits totaled $4.14 billion, of which total estimated uninsured deposits were $641.3 million, or 15.5% of total deposits. At December 31, 2024, deposits totaled $3.59 billion, of which total estimated uninsured deposits were $543.0 million, or 15.1% of total deposits. The Bank is using sweep deposits to provide our customers with fully insured deposits through a sweep and exchange of deposits with other financial institutions.

Estimated uninsured time deposits totaled $1.6 million as of December 31, 2025. The table below shows the estimated uninsured time deposits, by account, for the maturity periods indicated:

(dollars in thousands)

As of December 31, 2025

Maturity Period:

Three months or less

Over three through six months

Over six through twelve months

Over twelve months

Total

Borrowings

We have the ability to utilize short-term to long-term borrowings to supplement deposits to fund our lending and investment activities, each of which is discussed below.

Federal Reserve Bank Line of Credit. The Federal Reserve allows us to borrow against our line of credit through a borrower in custody agreement utilizing the discount window, which is collateralized by certain loans. As of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, total borrowing capacity of $416.7 million and $468.7 million, respectively, was available under this arrangement. As of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, Federal Reserve borrowings against our line of credit totaled zero. Additional loans were pledged during 2023 to significantly increase the borrowing capacity of the Bank in the event of a liquidity crisis.

Federal Home Loan Bank Advances. The FHLB allows us to borrow against our line of credit, which is collateralized by certain loans. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had borrowing capacity of $225.4 million and $173.3 million, respectively, with the FHLB. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, FHLB advances totaled zero.

The following table presents details on FHLB advance borrowings for the periods indicated:

As of and For the Years

Ended December 31,

(dollars in thousands)

Maximum amount outstanding at any month-end during period:

Average outstanding balance during period:

Weighted average interest rate during period:

Balance outstanding at end of period:

Weighted average interest rate at end of period:

(1) No borrowings were outstanding during the period, except for an immaterial borrowing incurred to test the advance line.

Table of Contents

Junior Subordinated Debentures. In 2004, we issued $3.6 million in junior subordinated debentures to Coastal (WA) Statutory Trust (the “Trust”), of which we own all of the outstanding common securities. The Trust used the proceeds from the issuance of its underlying common securities and preferred securities to purchase the debentures issued by the Company. These debentures are the Trust’s only assets and the interest payments from the debentures finance the distributions paid on the preferred securities. Prior to June 30, 2023, the debentures bore interest at a rate per annum equal to the 3-month LIBOR plus 2.10%. Beginning with rate adjustments subsequent to June 30, 2023, the rate is based off three-month CME Term SOFR plus a spread adjustment of 0.26% and margin of 2.10%. The effective rate as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, was 6.08% and 6.72%, respectively. We generally have the right to defer payment of interest on the debentures at any time or from time to time for a period not exceeding five years provided that no extension period may extend beyond the stated maturity of the debentures. During any such extension period, distributions on the Trust’s preferred securities will also be deferred, and our ability to pay dividends on our common stock will be restricted. The Trust’s preferred securities are mandatorily redeemable upon maturity of the debentures, or upon earlier redemption as provided in the indenture, subject to Federal Reserve approval. If the debentures are redeemed prior to maturity, the redemption price will be the principal amount and any accrued but unpaid interest. We unconditionally guarantee payment of accrued and unpaid distributions required to be paid on the Trust securities subject to certain exceptions, the redemption price with respect to any Trust securities called for redemption and amounts due if the Trust is liquidated or terminated.

Subordinated Debt. In August 2021, the Company issued a subordinated note in the amount of $25.0 million. The note matures on September 1, 2031, and bears interest at the rate of 3.375% per year for five years and, thereafter, reprices quarterly beginning September 1, 2026, at a rate equal to the three-month SOFR plus 2.76%. The five-year 3.375% interest period ends on September 1, 2026. We may redeem the subordinated note, in whole or in part, without premium or penalty, in principal redemption multiples of $1,000, after August 18, 2026, subject to any required regulatory approvals. Proceeds were used to repay $10.0 million in existing 5.65% interest subordinated debt on August 9, 2021 and $11.5 million was contributed to the Bank as capital.

In November 2022, the Company issued a subordinated note in the amount of $20.0 million. The note matures on November 1, 2032, and bears interest at the rate of 7.00% per year for five years and, thereafter, reprices quarterly beginning November 1, 2027, at a rate equal to the three-month SOFR plus 2.90%. The five-year 7.00% interest period ends on November 1, 2027. We may redeem the subordinated note, in whole or in part, without premium or penalty, in principal redemption multiples of $1,000, after November 1, 2027, subject to any required regulatory approvals.

Table of Contents

Other Liabilities

Deferred tax liability, net increased to $853,000 from a net deferred asset as of December 31, 2025, largely due to the impact of the Act, which permits the immediate expense of R&D costs for tax purposes.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity Management

Liquidity refers to our capacity to meet our cash obligations at a reasonable cost. Our cash obligations require us to have cash flow that is adequate to fund loan growth and maintain on-balance sheet liquidity while meeting present and future obligations of deposit withdrawals, borrowing maturities and other contractual cash obligations. In managing our cash flows, management regularly confronts situations that can give rise to increased liquidity risk. These include funding mismatches, market constraints in accessing sources of funds and the ability to convert assets into cash. Changes in economic conditions or exposure to credit, market, and operational, legal and reputational risks also could affect the Bank’s liquidity risk profile and are considered in the assessment of liquidity management. Deposits obtained through our CCBX segment are a significant source of liquidity for us. If a relationship with a large CCBX partner terminates, the exit of those deposits could have an adverse impact on liquidity. Partner program agreements govern the relationship and are valid for a given period of time. Prior to exiting, the partner would need to provide us adequate notice as stipulated in the agreement that they were not going to renew the program agreement and intend to move the deposits. The movement to an alternate BaaS provider is cumbersome and would be over a period of time, which would allow us the opportunity to put alternate liquidity in place; those options are more fully discussed below. As of December 31, 2025, we had two partners with deposits that together represent 45% of total deposits.

We continually monitor our liquidity position to ensure that our assets and liabilities are managed in a manner to meet all reasonably foreseeable short-term, long-term and strategic liquidity demands. Management has established a comprehensive process for identifying, measuring, monitoring and controlling liquidity risk. Because of its critical importance to the viability of the Bank, liquidity risk management is fully integrated into our risk management processes. Critical elements of our liquidity risk management include: effective corporate governance consisting of oversight by the board of directors and active involvement by management; appropriate strategies, policies, procedures, and limits used to manage and mitigate liquidity risk; comprehensive liquidity risk measurement and monitoring systems that are commensurate with the complexity of our business activities; active management of intraday liquidity and collateral; an appropriately diverse mix of existing and potential future funding sources; adequate levels of readily available cash, deposits and highly liquid marketable securities free of legal, regulatory, or operational impediments, that can be used to meet liquidity needs in stressful situations; contingency funding policies and plans that sufficiently address potential adverse liquidity events and emergency cash flow requirements; and internal controls and internal audit processes sufficient to determine the adequacy of the Bank’s liquidity risk management process. Unlike many industrial companies, substantially all of our assets and liabilities are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on our performance than the effects of general levels of inflation. Interest rates may not necessarily move in the same direction or in the same magnitude as the prices of goods and services. However, other operating expenses do reflect general levels of inflation.

Our liquidity position is supported by management of our liquid assets and liabilities and access to alternative sources of funds. Our liquidity requirements are met primarily through our deposits, FHLB advances and the principal and interest payments we receive on loans and investment securities. Cash on hand, cash at third-party banks, investments available-for-sale and maturing or prepaying balances in our investment and loan portfolios are our most liquid assets. Other sources of liquidity that are routinely available to us include funds from retail, commercial, and BaaS deposits, advances from the FHLB and proceeds from the sale of loans. Less commonly used sources of funding include borrowings from the Federal Reserve discount window, draws on established federal funds lines from unaffiliated commercial banks, funds from online rate services, brokered deposits, a one-way buy through an ICS account, and the issuance of debt or equity securities. We believe we have ample liquidity resources to fund future growth and meet other cash needs as necessary and are closely monitoring liquidity in this uncertain macro economic environment.

The Company has pledged loans and securities totaling $939.8 million and $957.9 million at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, for borrowing lines at the FHLB and FRB. Additional loans were pledged during 2023 to significantly increase the borrowing capacity of the Bank in the event of a liquidity crisis. The Bank had the ability and capacity to borrow up to $642.2 million from FHLB and the FRB discount window at December 31, 2025. There were no borrowings taken under these facilities during the twelve-months ended December 31, 2025 so the Bank has the maximum capacity in the event of a liquidity emergency.

Table of Contents

The Bank’s current liquidity position is supported by liquid assets (cash and investments on the balance sheet), liabilities (capacity to borrow funds the same day), low levels of uninsured deposits ($641.3 million at December 31, 2025 and $543.0 million at December 31, 2024) and alternative sources of funds including the capacity to borrow up to $642.2 million from FHLB, the FRB discount window on a same day basis and a $50.0 million line of credit with a Banker’s Bank. Cash on the balance sheet and borrowing capacity of $1.43 billion represented 34.5% of total deposits and exceeded the $641.3 million in uninsured deposits as of December 31, 2025. The board of directors and management is cognizant of the risk of uninsured deposits and has used fully insured IntraFi Network reciprocal deposits to reduce uninsured deposits. Fully insured IntraFi network reciprocal deposits totaled $460.3 million and $414.0 million at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The board of directors adopted a policy requiring management take various actions, in its discretion, to return the liquidity ratio to 10% or greater within 10 business days of the liquidity ratio being below 10% before the Bank’s liquidity contingency funding plan would be invoked. If the liquidity ratio goes below 7.5% then the board of directors will be notified immediately, and the liquidity contingency funding plan would be invoked until the ratio is returned to 10% or more. These liquidity risk measures provide the board of directors and management with a framework for managing liquidity risk and taking action early so liquidity events are avoided or managed in a timely manner.

The Company is a corporation separate and apart from our Bank and, therefore, must provide for its own liquidity, including liquidity required to meet its debt service requirements on its subordinated note and junior subordinated debentures. The Company’s main source of cash flow has been through equity and debt offerings. The Company has consistently retained a portion of the funds from equity and debt offerings so that is has sufficient funds for its operating and debt costs. During the quarter ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed a public offering of 1,380,000 shares of its common stock at a price to the public of $71.00 per share. Gross proceeds from the offering of $98.0 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses, is used for general corporate purposes, including, without limitation, to support investment opportunities and the Bank’s growth. A total of $50.0 million of those proceeds were contributed to the Bank in 2024, and the balance of the amount was retained in cash at the Company level. The Company currently holds $42.3 million in cash for debt servicing and operating purposes. In addition, the Bank can declare and pay dividends to the Company to meet the Company’s debt and operating expenses. There are statutory and regulatory limitations that affect the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company. We believe that these limitations will not impact the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company to meet ongoing operating needs.

For contingency purposes, the Company maintains a minimum level of cash to fund one year’s projected operating cash flow needs and the Bank established a minimum (regulatory calculation) liquidity ratio of 10%, and usually targets a liquidity ratio between 12% and 15%. Both of these minimum liquidity levels are on-balance sheet sources. Per the Bank’s policies and its liquidity contingency plan, in event of a liquidity emergency the Bank can utilize wholesale funds in an amount up to 30% of assets. Since the Bank uses only a small portion of its borrowing or wholesale funding capacity, the Bank has access to funds if needed in a liquidity emergency.

Capital Adequacy

Capital management consists of providing equity and other instruments that qualify as regulatory capital to support current and future operations. Banking regulators view capital levels as important indicators of an institution’s financial soundness. As a general matter, FDIC-insured depository institutions and their holding companies are required to maintain minimum capital levels relative to the amount and types of assets they hold. We are subject to regulatory capital requirements at the bank and holding company level.

As of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the Company and the Bank were in compliance with all applicable regulatory capital requirements, and the Bank was classified as "well capitalized" for purposes of the Federal Reserve's prompt corrective action regulations. As we deploy capital and continue to grow operations, regulatory capital levels may decrease depending on our level of earnings; however, the capital raise completed in December 2024 strengthened our regulatory capital levels. We expect to monitor and control growth in order to remain in compliance with all regulatory capital standards applicable to us. In addition, the Company maintains an effective registration statement on

Table of Contents

Form S-3 with the Securities and Exchange Commission which allows the Company to raise additional capital in an amount up to $102.0 million. The Company raised $98.0 million in December 2024.

The following table presents the Company’s and the Bank’s regulatory capital ratios as of the dates presented, as well as the regulatory capital ratios that are required by Federal Reserve regulations to maintain “well-capitalized” status:

Actual

Minimum Required

for Capital

Adequacy Purposes (1)

Required to be Well

Capitalized

Under the Prompt

Corrective Action

Provisions

(dollars in thousands)

Amount

Ratio

Amount

Ratio

Amount

Ratio

December 31, 2025

Tier 1 Leverage Capital

(to average assets)

Company

Bank Only

Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)

Company

Bank Only

Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)

Company

Bank Only

Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets)

Company

Bank Only

December 31, 2024

Tier 1 Leverage Capital

(to average assets)

Company

Bank Only

Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)

Company

Bank Only

Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)

Company

Bank Only

Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets)

Company

Bank Only

(1 ) Presents the minimum capital adequacy requirements that apply to the Bank (excluding the capital conservation buffer) and the Company. The capital conservation buffer is an additional 2.5% of the amount necessary to meet the minimum risk-based capital requirements for total, tier 1, and common equity tier 1 risk-based capital.

Table of Contents

Material Cash Requirements and Capital Resources

The following table provides the material cash requirements from known contractual and other obligations as of December 31, 2025:

Payments Due by Period

(dollars in thousands)

Total

Less than

1 Year

Over

1 year

Other (1)

Cash requirements

Time Deposits

Subordinated notes

Junior subordinated debentures

Deferred compensation plans

Operating and finance leases

Non-maturity deposits

Equity investment commitment

(1) Represents the undefined maturity of non-maturing deposits, including noninterest bearing demand deposits, interest bearing demand deposits, money market accounts, savings accounts and brokered deposits, which can generally be withdrawn on demand.

We maintain sufficient cash and cash equivalents and investment securities to meet short-term cash requirements and the levels of these assets are dependent on our operating, investing and financing activities during any given period. Cash on hand, cash at third-party banks, investments available-for-sale and maturing or prepaying balances in our investment and loan portfolios are our most liquid assets. Other sources of liquidity that are routinely available to us include funds from retail, commercial, and BaaS deposits, advances from the FHLB and proceeds from the sale of loans. Less commonly used sources of funding include borrowings from the Federal Reserve discount window, draws on established federal funds lines from unaffiliated commercial banks, funds from online rate services, brokered funds, a one-way buy through an ICS account, and the issuance of debt or equity securities.

In the normal course of business, we enter into various transactions, which, in accordance with GAAP, are not included in our consolidated balance sheets. We enter into these transactions to meet the financing needs of our customers. These transactions include commitments to extend credit and standby and commercial letters of credit, which involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in our consolidated balance sheets.

Our commitments associated with outstanding commitments to extend credit and standby and commercial letters of credit are summarized below. Since commitments associated with commitments to extend credit and letters of credit may expire unused, the amounts shown do not necessarily reflect the actual future cash funding requirements.

As of December 31, 2025 we had $2.31 billion in commitments to extend credit, compared to $1.96 billion as of December 31, 2024. The $345.2 million increase is largely attributed to a $102.3 million increase in credit cards, related to CCBX loans, a $185.0 million increase in residential real estate commitments, related to CCBX loans, an increase of $49.7 million in consumer and other loan commitments, related to CCBX consumer loans, and a $21.7 million increase in commercial construction loans, partially offset by a $31.8 million decrease in commercial and industrial capital call line commitments.

Table of Contents

The following table presents commitments associated with outstanding commitments to extend credit, standby and commercial letters of credit and equity investment commitments as of the periods indicated:

(dollars in thousands)

As of December 31, 2025

As of December 31, 2024

Commitments to extend credit:

Commercial and industrial loans

Commercial and industrial loans – capital call lines

Construction – commercial real estate loans

Construction – residential real estate loans

Residential real estate loans

Commercial real estate loans

Credit cards

Consumer and other loans

Total commitments to extend credit

Standby letters of credit

Equity investment commitment

Commitments to extend credit on CCBX loans are included in the table above and are summarized below:

(dollars in thousands)

As of December 31, 2025

As of December 31, 2024

Commitments to extend credit:

Commercial and industrial loans

Commercial and industrial loans - capital call lines

Residential real estate loans

Credit cards, consumer and other loans

Total commitments to extend credit

Table of Contents

We have portfolio limits with our each of our partners to manage loan concentration risk, liquidity risk, and counter-party partner risk. For example, as of December 31, 2025, capital call lines outstanding balance totaled $210.5 million, and while commitments totaled $519.1 million the commitments are cancelable, and are also limited to a maximum of $350.0 million by agreement with the partner.

The following table shows the CCBX maximum portfolio sizes by loan category as of December 31, 2025.

As of December 31, 2025

As of December 31, 2024

(dollars in thousands)

Type of Lending

Maximum Portfolio Size

Increase/(decrease)

Commercial and industrial loans:

Capital call lines

Business - Venture Capital

All other commercial & industrial

loans

Business - Small Business

Real estate loans:

Home equity lines of credit

Home Equity - Secured Credit

Cards

Consumer and other loans:

Credit cards

Credit Cards - Primarily Consumer

Installment loans

Consumer

Other consumer and other loans

Consumer - Secured Credit Builder

& Unsecured consumer

Total Existing Portfolio Size

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being fully drawn upon, the total commitment amounts disclosed above do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. We evaluate each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if considered necessary by us, upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer. As of December 31, 2025, $1.42 billion in commitments to extend credit are unconditionally cancelable, compared to $1.30 billion at December 31, 2024. The increase in unconditionally cancelable commitments is attributed to growth in CCBX loans. Commitments that are unconditionally cancelable allow us to better manage loan growth, credit concentrations and liquidity. We also limit CCBX partners to a maximum aggregate customer loan balance originated and held on our balance sheet, as shown in the table above.

Standby and commercial letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by us to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. In the event of nonperformance by the customer, we have rights to the underlying collateral, which can include commercial real estate, physical plant and property, inventory, receivables, cash and/or marketable securities. Our credit risk associated with issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as the risk involved in extending loan facilities to our customers.

We believe that we will be able to meet our long-term cash requirements as they come due. Adequate cash levels are generated through profitability, repayments from loans and securities, deposit gathering activity, access to borrowing sources and periodic loan sales.

Table of Contents

Selected Financial Information

The following table shows the Company’s key performance ratios for the periods indicated.

Year Ended

December 31,

December 31,

December 31,

December 31,

December 31,

Return on average assets

Return on average equity

Yield on earnings assets

Yield on loans receivable

Cost of funds

Cost of deposits

Net interest margin

Noninterest expense to average assets

Noninterest income to average assets

Efficiency ratio

Loans receivable to deposits (1)

(1) Including loans held for sale

CCBX – BaaS Reporting Information

During the year ended December 31, 2025, $47.3 million was recognized in noninterest income BaaS credit enhancements related to the establishment of a credit enhancement asset for credit losses indemnified by our strategic partners and reserved for unfunded commitments for CCBX loans and deposits. Agreements with our CCBX partners provide for a credit enhancement provided by the partner which protects the Bank by indemnifying or reimbursing incurred losses. In accordance with accounting guidance, we estimate and record a provision for expected losses for these CCBX loans, unfunded commitments and negative deposit accounts. When the provision for credit losses - loans and provision for unfunded commitments is recorded, a credit enhancement asset is also recorded on the balance sheet through noninterest income (BaaS credit enhancements) in recognition of the CCBX partner legal commitment to indemnify or reimburse losses. The credit enhancement asset is relieved as credit enhancement payments and recoveries are received from the CCBX partner or taken from the partner's cash reserve account. Agreements with our CCBX partners also provide protection to the Bank from fraud by indemnifying or reimbursing incurred fraud losses. BaaS fraud includes noncredit fraud losses on loans and deposits originated through partners. Fraud losses are recorded when incurred as losses in noninterest expense, and the enhancement received from the CCBX partner is recorded in noninterest income, resulting in a net impact of zero to the income statement. CCBX partners bear most of the responsibility for credit and fraud losses incurred which consequently gives them a vested interest in the performance of the portfolio. We believe that this alignment of interests ensures that CCBX partners are motivated to implement robust risk management practices and maintain the overall health of the portfolio.

Many CCBX partners also pledge a cash reserve account at the Bank, which the Bank can collect from when losses occur that is then replenished by the partner on a regular interval. Although agreements with our CCBX partners provide for credit enhancements that provide protection to the Bank from credit and fraud losses, if our partner is unable to fulfill their contractual obligation and if the cash flows on the loans were not sufficient to fund the reimbursement of loan losses, then the Bank would be exposed to additional loan and deposit losses as a result of this counterparty risk. If a CCBX partner does not replenish their cash reserve account, the Bank may consider an alternative plan for funding the cash reserve. This may involve the possibility of adjusting the funding amounts or timelines to better align with the partner's specific situation. If a mutually agreeable funding plan is not agreed to, the Bank could declare the agreement in default, take over servicing and cease paying the partner for servicing the loan and providing credit enhancements. The Bank would evaluate any remaining credit enhancement asset from the CCBX partner in the event the partner defaulted to determine if a write-off is appropriate. If a write-off occurs, the Bank would stop payments to the CCBX partner and retain the full yield and any fee income on the loan portfolio going forward, decreasing our BaaS loan expense.

Table of Contents

For CCBX loans the Bank records contractual interest earned from the borrower on loans in interest income, adjusted for origination costs which are paid or payable to the CCBX partner. BaaS loan expense represents the amount paid or payable to partners for credit and fraud enhancements and servicing CCBX loans. To determine net BaaS loan income earned from CCBX loan relationships, the Bank takes BaaS loan interest income and deducts BaaS loan expense to arrive at net BaaS loan income which can then be compared to interest income on the Company’s community bank loans.

The following table illustrates how CCBX partner loan income and expenses are recorded in the financial statements:

Loan income and related loan expense

Year. Ended

(dollars in thousands)

December 31,

December 31,

December 31,

BaaS loan interest income

Less: BaaS loan expense

Net BaaS loan income (1)

Net BaaS loan income divided by average BaaS loans (1)

Yield on loans

(1) A reconciliation of this non-GAAP measure is set forth in the section titled “ GAAP Reconciliation and Management Explanation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures. ”

The increased activity of CCBX partners has resulted in increases in direct fees, expenses and interest for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The following tables are a summary of the direct fees, expenses and interest components of BaaS for the periods indicated and are not inclusive of all income and expense related to BaaS.

Interest income

Year Ended

(dollars in thousands)

December 31,

December 31,

December 31,

BaaS loan interest income

Total BaaS loan interest income

Interest expense

Year Ended

(dollars in thousands)

December 31,

December 31,

December 31,

BaaS interest expense

Total BaaS interest expense

Table of Contents

Year Ended

(dollars in thousands)

December 31,

December 31,

December 31,

BaaS program income:

Servicing and other BaaS fees

Transaction and interchange fees

BaaS program income before reimbursement of expenses

Reimbursement of expenses

Total BaaS program income

BaaS indemnification income:

BaaS credit enhancements

BaaS fraud enhancements

BaaS indemnification income

Total noninterest BaaS income

Servicing and other BaaS fees increased $1,052,000 in the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, while transaction and interchange fees increased $5.9 million, in the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. We expect servicing and other BaaS fees to decrease and transaction and interchange fees to increase, as partner activity grows and contracted minimum fees are replaced with recurring fees, which exceed those minimum fees. Additionally, we expect reimbursement of expenses to increase as we continue to bill partners for incurred expenses.

Year Ended

(dollars in thousands)

December 31,

December 31,

December 31,

BaaS loan expense

BaaS fraud expense

Total BaaS loan and fraud expense

GAAP Reconciliation and Management Explanation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The Company uses certain non-GAAP financial measures to provide meaningful supplemental information regarding the Company’s operational performance and to enhance investors’ overall understanding of such financial performance. However, these non-GAAP financial measures are supplemental and are not a substitute for an analysis based on GAAP measures. As other companies may use different calculations for these adjusted measures, this presentation may not be comparable to other similarly titled adjusted measures reported by other companies.

The following non-GAAP measure is presented to illustrate the impact of BaaS loan expense on net loan income and yield on CCBX loans.

Net BaaS loan income divided by average CCBX loans is a non-GAAP measure that includes the impact BaaS loan expense on net BaaS loan income and the yield on CCBX loans. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is yield on CCBX loans.

The following non-GAAP measure is presented to illustrate the impact of BaaS loan expense on net interest income and net interest margin.

Net interest income net of BaaS loan expense is a non-GAAP measure that includes the impact BaaS loan expense on net interest income. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is net interest income.

Table of Contents

Net interest margin, net of BaaS loan expense is a non-GAAP measure that includes the impact of BaaS loan expense on net interest rate margin. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is net interest margin.

Reconciliations of the GAAP and non-GAAP measures are presented in the following table.

As of and for the Year Ended

(dollars in thousands)

December 31,

December 31,

December 31,

Net BaaS loan income divided by average CCBX loans:

CCBX loan yield (GAAP)

Total average CCBX loans receivable

Interest and earned fee income on CCBX loans (GAAP)

BaaS loan expense

Net BaaS loan income

Net BaaS loan income divided by average CCBX loans

CCBX net interest margin, net of BaaS loan expense:

CCBX interest margin

CCBX earning assets

Net interest income (GAAP)

Less: BaaS loan expense

Net interest income, net of BaaS

loan expense

CCBX net interest margin, net of BaaS loan expense

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

As a financial institution, our primary component of market risk is interest rate volatility. Our asset liability and funds management policy provides management with the guidelines for effective funds management, and we have established a measurement system for monitoring our net interest rate sensitivity position. We have historically managed our sensitivity position within our established guidelines.

Fluctuations in interest rates will ultimately impact both the level of income and expense recorded on most of our assets and liabilities, and the market value of all interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, other than those which have a short term to maturity. Interest rate risk is the potential for economic losses due to future interest rate changes. These economic losses can be reflected as a loss of future net interest income and/or a decrease in current fair market values. Our objective is to measure the effect on net interest income and to adjust the balance sheet to minimize the inherent risk while at the same time maximizing income. The FOMC lowered the Fed Funds target range of 4.25%-4.50% by 0.25% in the third quarter of 2025 and by 0.50% in the fourth quarter of 2025, bringing the top end of the target range to 3.75% as of the filing date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The timing and magnitude of any future and potential rate changes, expected to be further rate cuts, remains uncertain but will likely be closely tied to future inflationary trends. The impact of this and any future increases or decreases will impact financial results.

We manage our exposure to interest rates by structuring our balance sheet in the ordinary course of business. We do not enter into instruments such as leveraged derivatives, financial options, financial future contracts or forward delivery contracts for the purpose of reducing interest rate risk. Based upon the nature of our operations, we are not subject to foreign exchange or commodity price risk. We do not own any trading assets.

Our exposure to interest rate risk is managed by the Asset Liability Committee (“ALCO”), of the Bank and reviewed by the Asset Liability and Investment Committee of our board of directors in accordance with policies approved by our board of directors. ALCO formulates strategies based on appropriate levels of interest rate risk. In determining the appropriate level of interest rate risk, ALCO considers the impact on earnings and capital on the current outlook on interest rates, potential changes in interest rates, regional economies, liquidity, business strategies and other factors. ALCO meets

Table of Contents

regularly to review, among other things, the sensitivity of assets and liabilities to interest rate changes, the book and market values of assets and liabilities, unrealized gains and losses, purchase and sale activities, commitments to originate loans and the maturities of investments and borrowings. Additionally, ALCO reviews liquidity, cash flows, maturities of deposits and consumer and commercial deposit activity. Management employs various methodologies to manage interest rate risk including an analysis of relationships between interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities and interest rate simulations using a model. The Asset Liability and Investment Committee of our board of directors meets regularly to review the Bank’s interest rate risk profile, liquidity position, including contingent liquidity, and investment portfolio.

We use interest rate risk simulation models to test interest rate sensitivity of net interest income and fair value of equity, and the impact of changes in interest rates on other financial metrics. Contractual maturities and re-pricing opportunities of loans are incorporated in the model, as are prepayment assumptions, maturity data and call options within the investment portfolio. Average life of non-maturity deposit accounts are based on historical decay rates and assumptions and are incorporated into the model. The assumptions used are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the model cannot precisely measure future net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in market interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from the model’s simulated results due to timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes as well as changes in market conditions and the application and timing of various management strategies. To help ensure the accuracy of the model, we perform a quarterly back test against our actual results.

On a quarterly basis, we run multiple simulations under two different premises of which one is a static balance sheet and the other is a dynamic growth balance sheet. The static balance sheet approach produces results that show the interest risk currently inherent in our balance sheet at that point in time. The dynamic balance sheet includes our projected growth levels going forward and produces results that shows how net income, net interest income, and interest risk change based on our projected growth. These simulations test the impact on net interest income and fair value of equity from changes in market interest rates under various scenarios. Under the static and dynamic approaches, rates are shocked instantaneously and ramped over a 12-month horizon assuming parallel yield curve shifts. Parallel shock scenarios assume instantaneous parallel movements in the yield curve compared to a flat yield curve scenario. Non-parallel simulations are also conducted and involve analysis of interest income and expense under various changes in the shape of the yield curve including a forward curve, flat curve, steepening curve, and an inverted curve. Our internal policy regarding internal rate risk simulations currently specifies that for instantaneous parallel shifts of the yield curve, estimated net income at risk for the subsequent one- and two-year period should not decline by more than 10% for a 100 basis point shift, 15% for a 200 basis point shift, 20% for a 300 basis point shift, and 25% for a 400 basis point shift.

Table of Contents

The following tables summarize the simulated change in net interest income over a 12-month horizon as of the dates indicated:

Change in Market Interest Rates

Twelve Month Projection

As of December 31, 2025

Twelve Month Projection

As of December 31, 2024

Static Balance Sheet and Rate Shifts

+400 basis points

+300 basis points

+200 basis points

+100 basis points

-100 basis points

-200 basis points

-300 basis points

-400 basis points

Dynamic Balance Sheet and Rate Shifts

+400 basis points

+300 basis points

+200 basis points

+100 basis points

-100 basis points

-200 basis points

-300 basis points

-400 basis points

The results illustrate that the Company’s static balance sheet has now become asset sensitive, with the dynamic balance sheet displaying slightly more asset sensitivity due to most of the loan growth assumptions coming from fully adjustable-rate CCBX products. The community bank segment remains asset sensitive and performs better in an increasing interest rate environment. For the community bank, the loan portfolio is only approximately 20-25% adjustable rate, meaning the asset sensitivity is driven by the lower level of deposit repricing in rising rate environments. We have found that, historically, offering rates on these community bank deposits change more slowly than changes in short-term market rates. For the CCBX segment, the offering rates on the loan portfolio are modeled using partner contractual net yields which mostly adjust immediately with market shifts. For this CCBX portfolio, the offering rates on approximately 97% of loans and the majority of deposits fully reprice with changes in market rates. During 2025, one of the material CCBX lending partners contractual yields converted to an adjustable-rate product, causing the Company’s balance sheet to become slightly asset sensitive. As of December 31, 2025, the Company’s overall funding mix continues to be more heavily weighted towards the CCBX deposits, which are primarily adjustable-rate deposits and work to partially offset some of the asset sensitivity in the static model. The assumptions incorporated into the simulation model are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the model cannot precisely measure future net interest income or precisely predict the impact that fluctuations in market interest rates have on net interest income. Actual results will differ from the model’s simulated results due to timing, magnitude, and frequency of interest rate changes as well as changes in market conditions, the shape of the interest yield curve, and the application and timing of various assumptions and strategies.

Impact of Inflation

Our consolidated financial statements and related notes to those financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. GAAP requires the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars, without considering changes in the relative value of money over time due to inflation or recession.

Table of Contents

Unlike many industrial companies, substantially all of our assets and liabilities are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on our performance than the effects of general levels of inflation. Interest rates may not necessarily move in the same direction or in the same magnitude as the prices of goods and services. However, other operating expenses do reflect general levels of inflation.

For further discussion of the risks to our business resulting from inflation, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and the section captioned “Risks Related to Credit Matters-We are subject to interest rate risk and fluctuations in interest rates may adversely affect our earnings.”