SUPN Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. - 10-K

ITEM 1A.     RISK FACTORS.

Any investment in our business involves a high degree of risk. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks described below, with all of the other information we include in this report and the additional information in the other reports we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC" or the "Commission"). These risks may result in material harm to our business, our financial condition, and the results of our operations. If a material, adverse event was to occur, the market price of our common stock may decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

RISK FACTORS SUMMARY

We are subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties, including risks related to our industry and business, risks related to our finances and capital requirements, risks related to securities markets and investment in our stock, and certain general risks, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The summary below is not exhaustive and is qualified by reference to the full set of risk factors set forth in this "Risk Factors” section.

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Risks Related to Our Industry and Business

We are dependent on the commercial success of our products in the U.S.

If generics or other versions of our products including generics containing one or more of the active pharmaceutical ingredients present in our products are approved and successfully commercialized, our business could be materially harmed.

We are subject to uncertainty relating to payment or managed care reimbursement policies, which, if not favorable for our products or product candidates, could hinder or prevent our commercial success.

We depend on wholesalers, distributors, and specialty pharmacies for the distribution of our products. If we lose any of our significant wholesaler, distributor, or specialty pharmacy accounts, our business could be harmed.

Final marketing approval of any of our product candidates or approval of additional indications for existing products by the FDA or other regulatory authorities may be delayed, limited, or denied, any of which would adversely affect our ability to generate operating revenues.

We rely on and will continue to rely on outsourcing arrangements for certain of our critical activities, including clinical research of our product candidates, manufacture of our compounds and product candidates, and the manufacture of our commercial products. If we fail to produce our products and product candidates in the volumes that we require on a timely basis or fail to comply with stringent regulations applicable to pharmaceutical drug manufacturers, we may face delays in the development and commercialization of our products and product candidates or be required to withdraw our products from the market.

If we do not obtain marketing exclusivity for our product candidates, our business may suffer.

If our competitors develop or market alternatives for the treatment of our target indications, our commercial opportunities will be reduced or eliminated.

We depend on collaborators to work with us to develop, manufacture and commercialize our products and product candidates. We have in-licensed or acquired a portion of our intellectual property necessary to develop certain of our product candidates. If we fail to comply with our obligations under any of these arrangements, we could lose the benefit of such collaborative relationships, including licenses or intellectual property rights.

Our failure to successfully develop and market our product candidates would impair our ability to grow.

Our clinical trials for our product candidates may fail to demonstrate acceptable levels of safety, efficacy, or other requirements, which could prevent or significantly delay regulatory approval.

Delays or failures in the completion of clinical development of our product candidates would increase our costs, delay, or limit our ability to generate revenues.

Healthcare reform measures could hinder or prevent the commercial success of our products or product candidates.

Healthcare cost containment legislation and the failure of third-party payors to provide appropriate levels of coverage and reimbursement for the use of products and treatments facilitated by our products could harm our business and prospects.

Any failure to comply with healthcare regulations, including implementation of any change in compliance with healthcare regulations and laws could cause us to incur significant compliance expenses and any failure to comply could subject us to substantial penalties and fines. Our business, operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

We could be involved in additional lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents, which could be expensive, time consuming, distracting, and ultimately unsuccessful.

Limitations on our patent rights relating to our products and product candidates may limit our ability to prevent third parties from competing with us.

We face potential litigation and product liability exposures. If successful claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities.

Cybersecurity incidents may adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, and reputation. Security breaches and other disruptions could compromise our information and expose us to liability which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

Ongoing legal actions and proceedings could distract management and could result in substantial costs or large judgments against Supernus or one or more of its subsidiaries.

Our future business prospects for ZURZUVAE® (zuranolone) depend on our ability, with our collaboration partner, Biogen MA Inc., and Biogen International GmbH, or together, Biogen, to successfully commercialize ZURZUVAE® (zuranolone) for the treatment of women with postpartum depression, or PPD, in the U.S. There is no assurance that our commercialization efforts in the U.S. with respect to ZURZUVAE for the treatment of women with PPD will be successful or that we will be able to generate revenues at the levels or on the timing we expect or at levels or on the timing necessary to support our goals.

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Risks Related to Our Finances and Capital Requirements

Tariffs may increase our costs.

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes may be limited or may expire prior to utilization.

We have and may further expand our business through acquisitions of new product lines or businesses, which expose us to various risks, including difficulties in integrating acquisitions. Our recent acquisitions pose certain incremental risks to the Company.

Any impairment in the value of our intangible assets, including goodwill, would negatively affect our operating results and total capitalization.

Risks Related to Securities Markets and Investment in Our Stock

The issuance of additional shares of our common stock, or instruments convertible into or rights to acquire shares or our common stock, or market sales of our common stock, could affect the market price of our common stock.

Anti-takeover provisions under our charter documents and Delaware law could delay or prevent a change of control, which could negatively impact the market price of our common stock.

General Risk Factors

Obtaining and maintaining patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment, and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies. Our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover our legal claims or other losses that we may incur in the future.

Our operations rely on sophisticated information technology, systems, and infrastructure, a disruption of which could harm our operations.

Risks Related to Our Industry and Business

We are dependent on the commercial success of our products in the U.S.

Our financial performance, including our ability to replace revenue and income lost to generic products and other competitors as well as to grow our business, depends heavily on the commercial success of our products. A substantial amount of our resources is focused on generating, maintaining and/or expanding the revenue generated by our approved products in the U.S. Our major products Qelbree ® , GOCOVRI ® , Oxtellar XR ® , APOKYN ® , and ZURZUVAE ® represented approximately 49%, 23%, 6%, and 8% of our total net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025, respectively. If any of our major products were to become subject to problems, such as changes in prescription growth rates, unexpected side effects, loss of intellectual property protection, supply chain or product supply shortages, regulatory proceedings, changes in labeling, publicity adversely affecting doctor or patient confidence in such product, material product liability litigation, pressure from new or existing competitive products, or adverse changes in coverage under managed care programs, the adverse impact on our revenue and profit could be significant. For example, in November 2025 we announced that supplier constraints were impacting our ability to fully meet demand for ONAPGO and that this required pausing delivery of the product to patients who had not yet started ONAPGO, resulting in an adverse impact on our revenue and profit during the fourth quarter of 2025. In February 2026, we announced that we have made progress securing additional product supply of ONAPGO from the current supplier and as a result has resumed new patient initiation. In addition, we are working with a second supplier that is expected to begin supplying ONAPGO in 2027. In addition, our revenue and profit could be significantly impacted by the timing and rate of commercial acceptance of key new products.

Our ability to generate significant product revenue from sales of our products in the near term will depend on, among other things, our ability to:

• Defend our patents, intellectual property, and products from the competition, both branded and generic;

• Maintain commercial manufacturing arrangements with third-party manufacturers;

• Produce, through a validated process, sufficiently large quantities of our products to meet demand;

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• Continue to maintain a wide variety of internal sales, distribution, and marketing capabilities, sufficient to sustain and grow revenue;

• Continue to maintain and grow widespread acceptance of our products from physicians, health care payors, patients, pharmacists, and the medical community;

• Properly price and obtain adequate reimbursement coverage of these products by governmental authorities, private health insurers, managed care organizations, and other third-party payors;

• Maintain compliance with ongoing FDA labeling, packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, recordkeeping, safety, and other post-market requirements;

• Obtain approval from the FDA to expand the labeling of our approved products for additional indications;

• Maintain compliance with the Drug Enforcement Administration’s regulation of certain controlled substances, such as ZURZUVAE;

• Adequately protect against and effectively respond to any claims by holders of patents and other IP rights alleging that our products infringe their rights; and

• Adequately protect against and effectively respond to any unanticipated adverse effects or unfavorable publicity that develops with respect to our products, as well as respond to the emergence of new or existing competitive products, which may be proven to be more clinically effective and cost-effective.

There are no guarantees that we will be successful in completing these tasks. We will need to continue investing substantial financial and management resources to maintain our commercial sales and marketing infrastructure and recruit and train qualified marketing, sales, and other personnel.

Sales of our products may slow for a variety of reasons, including competing products or safety issues. Any increase in sales of our products will be dependent on several factors, including our ability to educate physicians, to increase physician awareness, and physician acceptance of the benefits and cost-effectiveness of our products relative to competing products.

Our ability to increase market acceptance of any of our products or to gain market acceptance of approved product candidates among physicians, patients, health care payors, and the medical community will depend on a number of factors, including:

• Acceptable evidence of safety and efficacy;

• Relative convenience and ease of administration;

• Prevalence, nature, and severity of any adverse side effects;

• Availability of alternative treatments, including branded and generic products; and

• Pricing and cost effectiveness.

Further, our products are subject to continual review by the FDA. We cannot provide assurance that newly discovered or reported safety issues would not arise. With the use of any marketed drug by a broader patient population, serious adverse events may occur from time to time that initially do not appear to be related to the drug itself. Any safety issues could cause us to suspend or to cease marketing of our approved products; cause us to modify how we market our approved products; subject us to substantial liabilities; and adversely affect our revenues and financial condition. In the event of a withdrawal of any of our products from the market, our revenues would decline significantly, and our business would be seriously harmed and could fail.

In addition, we have expressed certain long term revenue expectations. If we are not successful in broadening and/or maintaining the current commercial acceptance of our products, such that we cannot achieve those revenue expectations with respect to such products, this could result in a material adverse impact on our anticipated revenue, earnings, and liquidity.

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If other versions of our products, including but not limited to generics containing one or more of the active pharmaceutical ingredients present in our products are approved and successfully commercialized, or if products are developed, approved and successfully commercialized which provide similar benefits of treatment for patients, our business could be materially harmed.

Third parties have, and in the future may, receive approval to manufacture and market their own versions of products containing one or more of the active pharmaceutical ingredients present in our products in the U.S.

The Company has entered into settlement and license agreements with third parties, which permit the sale of generic versions of Trokendi XR and Oxtellar XR beginning on January 2023 and September 2024, respectively. Sales of generic versions of Trokendi XR and Oxtellar XR began in 2023 and 2024, respectively. The Company has also entered into settlement and license agreements with third parties permitting the sale of the first generic version of XADAGO beginning in December 2027, or sooner under certain conditions. We have the right to defend our products against third parties who may infringe or are infringing our patents.

Third parties have, and in the future may, receive approval to manufacture and market their own products, including but not limited to generics containing apomorphine hydrochloride, for the treatment of Parkinson’s Disease in the U.S. For example, in 2019, Acorda Therapeutics, Inc. launched Inbrija (acquired by Merz Pharmaceuticals, LLC in July 2024), an inhalable form of levodopa and Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Sunovion, a subsidiary of Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co. Ltd) launched KYNMOBI, a sublingual film formulation of apomorphine hydrochloride, in 2020 (later withdrawn from the U.S. in June 2023). In February 2022, the FDA approved the first generic containing apomorphine hydrochloride to treat hypomobility "OFF" episodes ("end-of-dose wearing off" and unpredictable "ON/OFF" episodes) associated with advanced Parkinson's Disease. This approval was for the drug cartridges only, which according to the FDA’s press release are to be used with the APOKYN pen, the brand-name pen injector, as the generic manufacturer did not seek approval of its own pen. Patients treated with generic apomorphine hydrochloride will need to separately obtain the APOKYN pen.

Third parties have developed, received FDA approval and successfully commercialized longer-lasting extended relief levodopa/carbidopa products, which are impacting sales of APOKYN because they reduce the number of times per day a given patient may need to use an off-episode product like APOKYN.

Third parties have also developed, received FDA approval and successfully commercialized products that compete with ONAPGO. For example, in 2024, AbbVie launched Vyalev, a treatment for advanced PD that utilizes a wearable pump to provide a continuous infusion of foscarbidopa and foslevodopa.

The success of these products and the entry of new products could adversely impact the sales of ONAPGO and APOKYN.

To the extent any third party is successful in obtaining approval to manufacture and market a generic or its own version of a product containing one or more of the active pharmaceutical ingredients present in our products in the U.S., we may not be able to prospectively realize revenues from such products and sales of such products may occur in place of sales of our products. Accordingly, our business and growth prospects could be materially impaired.

We are subject to uncertainty relating to payment or managed care reimbursement policies, which, if not favorable for our products or product candidates, could hinder or prevent our commercial success.

Our business is operating in an ever more challenging environment, with significant economic pressures exerted by federal and state governments, insurers, and private payors on the pricing of our products, affecting our ability to obtain and/or maintain satisfactory rates of reimbursement for our products. The U.S. federal and state governments and private payors are under intense pressure to control healthcare spending even more tightly than in the past. These pressures are further compounded by consolidation among distributors, retailers, private insurers, managed care organizations, and other private payors, resulting in an increase in their negotiating power, particularly with respect to our products. In addition, these pressures are intensified by increased, adverse publicity about pricing for pharmaceuticals. These prices are sometimes characterized as excessive, leading to government actions, including investigations, and legal proceedings regarding pharmaceutical pricing practices.

Our ability, or our collaborators' ability, to successfully commercialize our products and product candidates, including Qelbree and ONAPGO (formerly known as SPN-830), will depend in part on the coverage and reimbursement levels set by governmental authorities, private health insurers, managed care organizations, and other third-party payors.

As a threshold for coverage and reimbursement, third-party payors require that drug products be approved for marketing by the FDA. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the effectiveness of and prices charged for medical products and

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services. Government authorities and third-party payors have attempted to control costs, in some instances, by limiting coverage, by limiting the amount of reimbursement for particular medications, or by encouraging the use of lower-cost generic products.

We cannot be sure that reimbursement will be available for any of the products that we develop and, if reimbursement is available, the level of reimbursement. Moreover, that level of reimbursement may change over time as a result of requests from payors for higher levels of fees. Reduced or partial payment, or reduced reimbursement coverage, could make our products or product candidates less attractive to patients and prescribing physicians. We also may be required to sell our products or product candidates at a significant discount, which would adversely affect our ability to realize an appropriate return on our investment in our products or product candidates or to maintain profitability. Our business would also be adversely affected if private insurers, managed care organizations, the Medicare program, or other reimbursing bodies or payors limit the indications for which our products or product candidates will be reimbursed.

We expect that private insurers and managed care organizations will consider the efficacy, cost effectiveness, and safety of our products or product candidates in determining whether to approve reimbursement for such products or product candidates and to what extent they will provide reimbursement. Moreover, they will consider the efficacy and cost effectiveness of comparable or competitive products, including generic products, in making reimbursement decisions for our products. Because each third-party payor individually approves payment or reimbursement, obtaining these approvals can be a time consuming and expensive process, requiring us to provide scientific or clinical support for the use of each of our products or product candidates separately to each third-party payor. In some cases, it could take months or years before a particular private insurer or managed care organization reviews a particular product. Prior to that time, reimbursement may be negligible. We may ultimately be unsuccessful in obtaining coverage. In addition, our competitors may have more extensive existing business relationships with third-party payors that could adversely impact the coverage for our products.

Our business would be materially and adversely affected if we do not receive reimbursement for our products or product candidates from private insurers in a timely fashion or on a satisfactory basis. Our products and product candidates may not be considered cost-effective, and coverage and reimbursement may not be available or economically sufficient to allow us to sell our products or product candidates on a profitable basis.

In addition, many managed care organizations negotiate the reimbursement price of products through the use of formularies, which establish reimbursement levels. Exclusion of a product from a formulary, as has occurred in the past, can lead to sharply reduced usage in the managed care organization's patient population because reimbursement is limited and/or negligible. If our products are not included within an adequate number of managed care formularies or reimbursed at adequate levels, or if those policies increasingly favor generic products, our market share and gross margins could be negatively affected. This would have a material adverse effect on our overall business and financial condition.

There has been increasing interest in the U.S. from both the executive and legislative branches with respect to specialty drug pricing practices. Specifically, there have been several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed federal and state legislative initiatives designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, reduce the cost of prescription drugs under the Medicare program, to review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and to reform government reimbursement methodologies for drugs. Additionally, several Executive Orders have been issued generally aimed at lowering the price of certain pharmaceutical products in the United States. For additional information, see " Healthcare cost containment legislation and the failure of third-party payors to provide appropriate levels of coverage and reimbursement for the use of products and treatments facilitated by our products could harm our business and prospects. " We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with the sale of any of our products and product candidates due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations, additional cost containment initiatives, and additional legislative changes.

In some foreign jurisdictions, where certain of our products are sold by third parties pursuant to license agreements with us, particularly Canada and Europe, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to strict governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take six to twelve months, or longer, after the receipt of regulatory approval and product launch. To obtain favorable reimbursement for the indications sought, or to obtain pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our products or product candidates, if approved, to other available therapies. If reimbursement for our products or product candidates is unavailable in any country in which reimbursement is sought or is limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business could be materially harmed and unprofitable.

As evidenced by the passage of the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 and Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, discussed in greater detail below, and the President's Executive Orders in 2025, we expect these challenges to continue and to potentially intensify during 2026, as political pressures mount, and healthcare payors, including government-controlled health authorities,

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insurance companies, and managed care organizations, step up initiatives to reduce the overall cost of healthcare, restrict access to higher-priced new medicines, increase the use of generic products and impose overall price cuts. Such pressures could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We depend on wholesalers, distributors, and specialty pharmacies for the distribution of our products. If we lose any of our significant wholesaler, distributor, or specialty pharmacy accounts, our business could be harmed.

The majority of our product sales are to pharmaceutical wholesalers, specialty pharmacies, and distributors who, in turn, sell our products to pharmacies, hospitals, and other customers, including federal and state entities. The majority of sales of Qelbree, Oxtellar XR, Trokendi XR, XADAGO, and MYOBLOC are made to wholesalers and distributors. In addition, MYOBLOC is available for direct purchase by physicians and hospitals. The majority of sales of GOCOVRI, APOKYN, ONAPGO, and ZURZUVAE are made to specialty pharmacies.

Each of our three major customers, Cencora, Inc., Cardinal Health, Inc., and McKesson Corporation, individually accounted for more than 15% of our total product revenue in 2025 and collectively accounted for more than 76% of our total product revenue in 2025.

The loss of any of these wholesale pharmaceutical distributors or wholesale and specialty pharmacy accounts, or a material reduction in their purchases, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects. In addition, these wholesale customers comprise a significant part of the distribution network for pharmaceutical products in the U.S. This distribution network has undergone and may continue to undergo significant consolidation marked by mergers and acquisitions. As a result, a small number of large wholesale distributors control a significant share of the market.

Consolidation of drug wholesalers has increased. This may result in increased competition and pricing pressures on pharmaceutical products. We cannot assure you that we can manage these pricing pressures or that wholesaler purchases will not fluctuate unexpectedly from period to period.

Sales of our products can be greatly affected by the inventory levels that our respective wholesalers, specialty pharmacies, and distributors carry. We monitor wholesalers, specialty pharmacies, and distributor inventory of our products using a combination of methods. Pursuant to distribution service agreements with our three largest wholesale customers, we receive product inventory reports. For other wholesalers where we do not receive inventory reports, our estimates of wholesaler inventories may differ significantly from actual inventory levels. Significant differences between actual and estimated inventory levels may result in excessive stocking, resulting in our holding substantial quantities of unsold inventory, or, alternatively, inadequate supplies of product in the distribution channels. This could result in an inability to support sales at the retail level. These changes may cause our revenues to fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and, in some cases, may cause our operating results for a particular quarter to be below expectations.

At times, wholesalers and distributors may increase inventory levels in response to anticipated price increases, resulting in both greater wholesaler purchases prior to the anticipated price increase and in reduced wholesaler purchases in later quarters. Accordingly, this may cause substantial fluctuations in our results of operations from period to period. If our financial results are below expectations for a particular period, the market price of our common stock may drop significantly.

We may not be able to effectively market and sell our product candidates, if approved, in the U.S.

If we are unable to establish and maintain adequate sales and marketing capabilities for new product candidates or do so in a timely manner, we may not be able to generate sufficient product revenues from our product candidates to be profitable. The cost of establishing and maintaining such marketing and sales capabilities may not be economically justifiable in light of the revenues generated by any of our product candidates. With the approval of a new product candidate, we may re-prioritize our marketing and sales efforts, including reassigning our sales representatives who support existing products to devote their full efforts to the launch of the new product candidate. This could have a detrimental impact on the future sales performance of existing products.

Final marketing approval of any of our product candidates or approval of additional indications for existing products by the FDA or other regulatory authorities may be delayed, limited, or denied, any of which would adversely affect our ability to generate operating revenues.

We are dependent on obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates and approval for additional indications for existing products. Our business depends on successful clinical development i.e., successful completion of clinical trials and completion of requisite manufacturing information. We are not permitted to market a product candidate in the U.S. until we

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receive approval of an NDA from the FDA or market in any foreign jurisdiction until we receive approval from the requisite authority. Satisfaction of regulatory requirements typically takes many years, is dependent upon the type, complexity, and novelty of the product candidate, and requires the expenditure of substantial resources. We cannot predict whether or when we will obtain regulatory approval to commercialize our product candidates. We cannot, therefore, predict the timing of any future revenues from these product candidates.

The FDA has substantial discretion in the drug approval process, including the ability to delay, limit or deny approval of a product candidate or deny a prior approval supplement for many reasons. For example, the FDA

• Could reject or delay the marketing application for an NCE;

• Could determine that we cannot rely on Section 505(b)(2) for any approval of our product candidates;

• Could determine that the information provided by us was inadequate, contained clinical deficiencies, or otherwise failed to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of any of our product candidates for a specific indication;

• May not find the data from bioequivalence studies and/or clinical trials sufficient to support the submission of an NDA or to obtain marketing approval in the U.S.;

• May find the clinical and other benefits of our product candidates do not outweigh their safety risks;

• May disagree with our trial design or our interpretation of data from preclinical studies, bioequivalence studies, and/or clinical trials, or may change the requirements for approval even after they have reviewed and commented on the design for our trials; the outcome and measurement scale used in the trials; or the clinical protocols whether with or without a special protocol assessment process;

• May determine that we have identified the wrong reference listed drug or drugs, or that approval of our Section 505(b)(2) application of our product candidate is blocked by patent or non-patent exclusivity of the reference listed drug or drugs;

• May identify deficiencies in the manufacturing processes or facilities of third-party manufacturers with which we enter into agreements for the supply of raw materials, including the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or formulated product used in our product candidates, wherein those deficiencies may result in a delay in obtaining FDA approval or in an interruption in the ability to supply product;

• Could reject or delay approval of a "prior approval supplement" required prior to distribution of the drug product made using changes that may impact product quality, identity strength, purity, or potency (i.e., major changes);

• May approve our product candidates for fewer or more limited indications than we request, or may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-approval clinical trials;

• May change their approval policies or adopt new regulations;

• May not approve the labeling claims that we believe are necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of our product candidates or may approve them with warnings and precautions that could limit the acceptance of our product candidates and their commercial success; or

• May not approve the addition of new indications to the label of our existing products.

Notwithstanding the approval of many products by the FDA pursuant to Sections 505(b)(1) and 505(b)(2), over the last few years, some pharmaceutical companies and others have objected to the FDA's interpretation of Section 505(b)(2). If the FDA changes its interpretation of Section 505(b)(2), or if the FDA's interpretation is successfully challenged in court, then this could delay or even prevent the FDA from approving any Section 505(b)(2) application that we submit. Any failure to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates would eliminate our ability to generate revenues for that candidate. Any failure to obtain such approval for all of the indications and labeling claims we deem desirable could reduce our potential revenues.

The process of obtaining regulatory clearances or approvals to market a medical device can be costly and time consuming. We may not be able to obtain these clearances or approvals on a timely basis, if at all. The FDA exercises significant discretion over the regulation of combination products, including drug and device components in a combination product.

The FDA could in the future require additional regulation under the medical device provisions of the FDCA. We must comply with the QSR, which sets forth the FDA's cGMP, requirements for medical devices, and other applicable government

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regulations and corresponding foreign standards for drug cGMPs. If we fail to comply with these regulations, then it could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

We rely on and will continue to rely on outsourcing arrangements for certain of our critical activities, including clinical research of our product candidates, manufacture of our compounds and product candidates, and the manufacture of our commercial products. If we fail to produce our products and product candidates in the volumes that we require on a timely basis or fail to comply with stringent regulations applicable to pharmaceutical drug manufacturers, we may face delays in the development and commercialization of our products and product candidates or be required to withdraw our products from the market.

We rely on outsourcing arrangements for some of our critical activities, including manufacturing, preclinical and clinical research, data collection and analysis, and electronic submission of regulatory filings. We have limited control over third parties, and we cannot guarantee that they will perform their obligations in an effective, competent, and timely manner. For example, in November 2025, we announced that due to stronger than expected demand for ONAPGO, supplier constraints are impacting the Company's ability to fully meet demand. In February 2026, we announced that we have made progress securing additional product supply of ONAPGO from the current supplier and as a result has resumed new patient initiation. In addition, we are working with a second supplier that is expected to begin supplying ONAPGO in 2027. Our reliance on third parties, including third-party Clinical Research Organizations (CROs) and CMOs, entails risks including, but not limited to:

• Non-compliance by third parties with regulatory and quality control standards;

• Sanctions imposed by regulatory authorities if materials supplied or manufactured by a third party supplier or manufacturer fail to comply with applicable regulatory standards;

• Possible breach of the agreements by the CROs or CMOs because of factors beyond our control, insolvency or other financial difficulties of any of these third parties; labor unrest; natural disasters; or other factors adversely affecting their ability to conduct their business; and

• Termination or non-renewal of an agreement by a third party at a time that is inconvenient for us and for reasons not entirely under our control.

We do not currently own or operate manufacturing facilities for the commercial production of any of our products or for production of clinical supplies of our product candidates, nor do we have plans to do so in the future. We currently depend on third-party CMOs, who offer a comprehensive range of contract manufacturing and packaging services, in various countries for the supply of API for our products and product candidates, including raw materials and drug substances for our preclinical research and clinical trials. For most of our products and product candidates, we rely on single source suppliers to produce and package final dosage forms for our products and raw materials, including API. If any of these vendors are unable to perform their obligations to us, including due to violations of the FDA's requirements, our ability to meet regulatory requirements, projected timelines, product demand, and necessary quality standards for the development or commercialization of products would be adversely affected. Further, if we were required to change suppliers, it could result in substantial delays in our regulatory approval efforts, significantly increase our costs, and delay generation of revenues. Accordingly, the loss of any of our current or future third-party manufacturers or suppliers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and business prospects.

There is a risk that supplies of our products or product candidates may be significantly delayed by or may become unavailable as a result of manufacturing, equipment, process, supply chain or business-related issues or geopolitical events affecting our suppliers. At this time while we do not know of any geopolitical events impacting our supply chain, we cannot determine the impact of current or future geopolitical events which may ultimately have an impact on our supply chains or may create other unforeseen consequences affecting us or our suppliers. Any future curtailment in the availability of raw materials or finished goods could result in production or other delays, resulting adverse business effects. In addition, because regulatory authorities must generally approve or grant a waiver with respect to raw material sources for pharmaceutical products, changes in raw material suppliers may result in production delays or higher raw material costs. We may also encounter similar risks with the other products and product candidates where raw materials or finished goods are purchased from suppliers outside the U.S., as is the case for example for ONAPGO (formerly known as SPN-830), Qelbree, APOKYN, XADAGO, and MYOBLOC where various suppliers are based in Europe, and ZURZUVAE where suppliers are based in Asia.

The manufacture of pharmaceutical products requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the development of advanced manufacturing techniques and process controls. Pharmaceutical companies and their suppliers often encounter difficulties in manufacturing, particularly in scaling up the production of their products. These problems can adversely affect production costs and yields, quality control, the stability of the product and quality assurance testing, as well as compliance

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with federal, state, and foreign regulations. If we are unable to demonstrate stability in accordance with commercial requirements, or if our manufacturers were to encounter difficulties or otherwise fail to comply with their obligations to us, our ability to obtain or maintain FDA approval and to market our products and product candidates, respectively, would be jeopardized. In addition, any delay or interruption in producing clinical trial supplies could delay or prohibit the completion of our clinical trials, increase the costs associated with conducting our clinical trials and, depending upon the period of delay, require us to commence new trials at the significant additional expense or to terminate a trial.

Manufacturers of pharmaceutical products need to comply with cGMP requirements and other requirements enforced by the FDA, including electronic tracking and submission. These requirements include quality control, quality assurance, and the maintenance of records and documentation. Manufacturers of our products and product candidates may be unable to comply with all cGMP requirements and other FDA and similar foreign regulatory requirements. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in fines and civil penalties, suspension of production, suspension or delay in product approval, product seizure or recall, or withdrawal of product approval. If the safety of any of our products or product candidates is compromised due to failure to adhere to applicable laws or for other reasons, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for such product candidates or to successfully commercialize such products. We may be held liable for any injuries sustained as a result. Any of these factors could cause a delay in clinical development, regulatory submissions, approvals, or commercialization of our product candidates, entail higher costs, or result in our being unable to effectively commercialize our product candidates. Furthermore, if we fail to obtain the required commercial quantities on a timely basis from our suppliers and at commercially reasonable prices, we may be unable to meet the demand for our approved products or may not be able to sell our products profitably.

If we do not obtain marketing exclusivity for our product candidates, our business may suffer.

Under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, three years of marketing exclusivity may be granted for the approval of NDAs and sNDAs, including Section 505(b)(2) applications, for, among other things, new indications, dosage forms, routes of administration, strengths, or for a new use of an existing drug. If the clinical investigations that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are determined by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application, the FDA may grant exclusivity for the product, sometimes referred to as clinical investigation exclusivity. This prevents the FDA from approving an application under Section 505(b)(2) for the same conditions of use for new clinical investigations prior to the expiration of three years from the date of approval. Such exclusivity, however, would not prevent the approval of another application if the applicant submits a full NDA and has conducted its own adequate, well-controlled clinical trials, demonstrating safety and efficacy. It would not prevent approval of a generic product or Section 505(b)(2) product that did not incorporate the exclusivity-protected changes of the approved drug product.

Under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, newly-approved drugs and indications may also benefit from a statutory period of non-patent marketing exclusivity. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments provide five-year marketing exclusivity to the first applicant to gain the approval of an NDA for an NCE. This would be the case if the FDA had not previously approved any other drug containing the same API or active moiety, which is the molecule responsible for the action of the drug substance. Although protection under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments will not prevent the submission or approval of another full NDA, such an NDA applicant would be required to conduct its own preclinical and adequate, well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate safety and effectiveness.

Currently, the Company has a five-year marketing exclusivity period for Qelbree.

If we are unable to obtain marketing exclusivity for our subsequent product candidates, then our competitors may obtain approval for competing products more easily than if we had such marketing exclusivity. In such an event, our future revenues from such product candidates could be reduced materially.

If the FDA or other applicable regulatory authorities approve generic products that compete with any of our products or product candidates, the sales of our products or the commercial success of our product candidates would be adversely affected.

Once an NDA, including a Section 505(b)(2) application, is approved, the product covered thereby becomes a listed drug, which can be cited by potential competitors in support of approval of an ANDA. FDCA, FDA regulations and other applicable regulations and policies provide incentives to manufacturers to create modified, non-infringing versions of a drug to facilitate the approval of an ANDA or other application for generic substitutes. These manufacturers might only be required to conduct a relatively inexpensive study to show that their product has the same active ingredient(s), dosage form, strength, route of administration, and conditions of use or labeling, as our product or product candidate and that the generic product is bioequivalent to our product. Bioequivalence implies that a product is absorbed in the body at the same rate and to the same extent as our product or product candidate. These generic equivalents, which must meet the same quality standards as branded pharmaceuticals, would be significantly less costly than ours to bring to market. Companies that produce generic equivalents are generally able to

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offer their products at significantly lower prices. Thus, regardless of the regulatory approval pathway, after the introduction of a generic competitor, a significant percentage of the sales of any branded product are typically lost to the generic product through both price and volume erosion. Accordingly, as we have observed with Trokendi XR and Oxtellar XR, competition from generic equivalents adversely, materially, and permanently impact our revenues, profitability, and cash flows from those products and may substantially limit our ability to obtain a return on the investments we have made in our products.

If our competitors develop or market alternatives for the treatment of our target indications, our commercial opportunities will be reduced or eliminated.

The pharmaceutical industry is characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense product-driven competition, and a strong emphasis on proprietary therapeutics. We face competition from a number of sources, some of which may target the same indications as to our products and product candidates. These include large pharmaceutical companies, smaller pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, academic institutions, government agencies, and private and public research institutions. The availability of new products or the approval of new indications for existing products may limit the demand for and the price we are able to charge for any of our products. We may be unable to differentiate our products from competitive offerings.

In addition to competition for our current commercial products, we anticipate that we will face intense competition if our pipeline product candidates are approved by regulatory authorities and begin their commercialization process.

New developments, including the development of other drug technologies, may render our products or product candidates obsolete or noncompetitive. As a result, demand for our product may significantly decline or our products and product candidates may become obsolete before we recover expenses incurred in connection with their development or realize revenues from their commercialization. Moreover, many competitors have substantially greater:

• Capital resources;

• Research and development resources and experience, including personnel and technology;

• Drug development, clinical trial and regulatory resources and experience, including personnel and technology;

• Sales and marketing resources and experience;

• Manufacturing and distribution resources and experience;

• Name recognition; and

• Resources, experience and expertise in prosecution and enforcement of intellectual property rights.

As a result of these factors, our competitors may obtain regulatory approval of their products more rapidly than we are able to or may obtain patent protection or other intellectual property rights that limit or block us from developing or commercializing our product candidates. Our competitors may also develop drugs that are more effective, have faster onset to action, are better tolerated, subject to fewer or less severe side effects, are more widely prescribed or accepted, or are less costly than ours. They may also be more successful than us in manufacturing and marketing their products. If we are unable to compete effectively with the products of our competitors, or if such competitors are successful in developing products that compete with any of our approved product candidates, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects may be materially and adversely affected. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical industry may result in an even higher level of resources being concentrated at competitors. Competition may intensify as a result of advances made in the commercial applicability of technologies and as a result of greater availability of capital for investment.

Our products and our product candidates may be subject to restrictions or withdrawal from the market. We may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements.

Even though U.S. regulatory approval has been obtained for our products, the FDA may impose significant restrictions on their indicated uses, or may impose restrictions on marketing, or may impose requirements for costly post-approval studies. For example, certain of our products, including Qelbree, ONAPGO, ZURZUVAE, Oxtellar XR, Trokendi XR, and MYOBLOC, were approved on the basis of post-approval commitments.

We have post-marketing commitments for Qelbree including the requirement to (i) conduct a clinical efficacy and six month open label safety extension study for ADHD in pediatric patients 4 to 5 years of age, a lactation study and a descriptive study related to the use of Qelbree during pregnancy, and (ii) assess the risks of adverse events and potential complications. We are working toward meeting these post-marketing commitments for Qelbree in a timely manner. We also have a post-marketing

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commitment to conduct a new leachable study for ONAPGO. The final protocol was submitted in September 2025. The final report is expected to be submitted in 2028.

We have post-marketing commitments for ZURZUVAE including the requirement to (i) conduct an embryofetal development study in a second species and (ii) Pediatric Research Equity Act sNDA as an efficacy supplement, including proposed labeling updates, and also plans to include nonclinical labeling and carton/container artwork updates.

We also have post-marketing commitments for Oxtellar XR and MYOBLOC. Although we have initiated work on some of these post-marketing commitments, we have not been able to accomplish them. We were released from the majority of our post-marketing commitments for Trokendi XR in 2024. If we do not meet our post-marketing commitments and are unable to show good cause for our inability to adhere to the timetables laid out in the approval letters, then the FDA could take enforcement action against us, including withdrawal of approval.

Our products, product candidates, and our collaborators' approved products are subject to ongoing FDA requirements governing the labeling, packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, recordkeeping, and submission of safety and other information. In addition, manufacturers of drug products and their facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) regulations. If we, our collaborators, or a regulatory authority discover previously unknown problems with a product, including side effects that are unanticipated in severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, then a regulatory authority may impose restrictions on that product or on the manufacturer, including requiring withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing.

If we or our collaborators, or our products, product candidates, or our collaborators' products, or the manufacturing facilities for our products, product candidates or our collaborators' products fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, then a regulatory authority may:

• Issue warning letters or untitled letters;

• Impose civil or criminal penalties;

• Suspend regulatory approval;

• Suspend any ongoing bioequivalence and/or clinical trials;

• Refuse to approve pending applications or supplements to applications filed by us;

• Impose restrictions on operations, including costly new manufacturing requirements, or suspend production for a sustained period of time; or

• Seize or detain products or require us to initiate a product recall.

In addition, our product labeling, advertising, and promotion of our approved products are subject to regulatory requirements and continuing regulatory review. The FDA strictly regulates the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products. In particular, a product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the FDA, as reflected in the product's approved labeling. However, physicians may prescribe products to their patients in a manner that is inconsistent with the approved label, which is known as "off label use". The FDA and other authorities actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have promoted off-label use may be subject to significant sanctions. The federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion and has enjoined companies from engaging in off-label promotion. If we are found to have promoted off-label use, then we may be enjoined from such off-label promotion and become subject to significant liability. This could have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, revenues, and profits.

Further, the FDA's policies may prospectively change. Additional government regulations may be enacted that could affect our products, or prevent, limit, or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. If we are unable to adapt on a timely basis, or at all, to changes in existing requirements or to adopt new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, then we may lose any marketing approval that we have obtained, adversely affecting our business and prospects, as well as our ability to achieve or sustain profitability.

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We depend on collaborators to work with us to develop, manufacture and commercialize their and our products and product candidates. We have in-licensed or acquired a portion of our intellectual property necessary to develop certain of our product candidates. If we fail to comply with our obligations under any of these arrangements, we could lose the benefit of such collaborative relationships, including licenses or intellectual property rights.

We rely on third-party collaborators and strategic partners to market and commercialize our products and product candidates outside the U.S. We are party to and rely on several arrangements with third parties which provide us with rights to intellectual property that are necessary for the development of certain of our product candidates. We also have agreements with leading CMOs to manufacture other commercial products and the API for such products

Under the Britannia Supply Agreement, we have been granted certain intellectual property and product rights in relation to APOKYN and ONAPGO, including the right to use and market those products in the United States. Additionally, the Britannia Supply Agreement grants Britannia certain intellectual property and product rights in relation to APOKYN, including the right to use and market APOKYN in the rest of the world, excluding the United States. Per the Agreement, Britannia has an obligation to supply us with APOKYN for our marketing and sale of the product, and supplies us with ONAPGO.

Britannia may terminate its obligation to supply APOKYN for cause, or at any time, by giving at least twenty-four months' written notice. The Britannia Supply Agreement does not provide technology transfer assistance from Britannia to any new suppliers we might engage following termination. In addition, the Britannia Supply Agreement is silent in providing us with an explicit license grant to any intellectual property, or to access know-how necessary or useful for manufacturing APOKYN or ONAPGO. If we materially breach the Britannia Supply Agreement, or Britannia chooses to terminate the Britannia Supply Agreement for convenience, we could lose the right and resources necessary for the manufacture of APOKYN and ONAPGO or could incur significant costs implementing technology transfer assistance.

In addition, we may enter into similar arrangements in the future for other product candidates. Our current arrangements impose various development, financial and other obligations on us. If we materially breach these obligations, of if third parties fail to adequately perform their respective obligations, these arrangements could be terminated. Certain agreements may be terminated by our third-party collaborators without cause. The termination of those agreements could result in our inability to develop, manufacture, market and sell products that are covered by such intellectual properties. We may not have sufficient resources to successfully establish future collaborations or license future arrangements on acceptable terms, if at all. We also face competition in our search for collaborators and licensing partners. By entering into strategic collaborations or similar arrangements, we rely on third parties to financially support their local operations, including support required for development, commercialization, sales, marketing, and regulatory activities, as well as expertise in each of those subject areas.

Refer to Part I, Item 1—Business — Collaborations and Licensing Agreements , of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for discussion on the different collaborations and licensing arrangements.

Our future collaboration agreements may limit the areas of research and development that we may pursue, either alone or in collaboration with third parties. Much of the potential revenues from these future collaborations may consist of contingent payments, such as payments for achieving certain development milestones and royalties payable on product sales. The milestones and royalty revenues that we may receive under these collaborations will depend upon our collaborators' ability to successfully develop, introduce, market and sell new products. Future collaboration partners may fail to develop or effectively commercialize products, product candidates, or technologies because they, among other things, may:

• Change the focus of their development and commercialization efforts, or may have insufficient resources to effectively develop our product candidates;

• Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies historically have re-evaluated their development and commercialization priorities following mergers and consolidations, which have been common in recent years. The ability of some of our product candidates to reach their potential could be limited if our future collaborators fail to apply sufficient development or commercialization efforts related to those product candidates;

• Decide not to devote the necessary resources due to internal constraints, such as limited personnel with the requisite scientific expertise, limited cash resources, or in the belief that other internal drug development programs may have a higher likelihood of obtaining marketing approval, or may potentially generate a greater return on investment;

• Develop and commercialize, either alone or with others, drugs that are similar to or competitive with the product candidates that are the subject of their collaboration with us;

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• Not have necessary and sufficient resources to develop the product candidate through clinical development, marketing approval, and commercialization;

• Fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements;

• Are unable to obtain the necessary marketing approvals; or

• Breach or terminate their arrangement with us.

If collaboration partners fail to develop or fail to effectively commercialize our products for any of these reasons, we may not be able to replace the collaboration partner with another partner to develop and commercialize the product under the terms of the collaboration, if at all. Further, even if we are able to replace the collaboration partner, we may not be able to do so on commercially favorable terms. As a result, the development and commercialization of the affected product or product candidate could be delayed, impaired, or terminated because we may not have sufficient financial resources or capabilities to continue the development and commercialization of the product candidate on our own. Failure of our third-party collaborators to successfully market and commercialize our products or product candidates within and outside the U.S. could materially diminish our revenues and harm our results of operations.

The commercial results of ZURZUVAE® (zuranolone) depend, in part, on our ability, with our collaboration partner, Biogen MA Inc., and Biogen International GmbH, or together, Biogen, to successfully continue the commercialization of the product for the treatment of women with postpartum depression, or PPD, in the U.S. There is no assurance that our commercialization efforts in the U.S. with respect to ZURZUVAE for the treatment of women with PPD will be successful or that we will be able to generate revenues at the levels or on the timing we expect or at levels or on the timing necessary to support our goals.

The commercial results of ZURZUVAE depend, in part, on our ability, along with our collaboration partner, Biogen, to successfully continue the commercialize of ZURZUVAE in the U.S. for the treatment of women with PPD. ZURZUVAE was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, in August 2023 as a treatment for adults with PPD and became commercially available in the U.S. in December 2023.

ZURZUVAE is the first oral treatment specifically indicated for adults with PPD. ZURZUVAE may not achieve, or, even if achieved, maintain, broad market acceptance. Healthcare professionals may decide not to use ZURZUVAE as a treatment option for their patients with PPD or may only consider prescribing ZURZUVAE for a subset of women with PPD in their practice who they consider to have particularly severe symptoms relative to other patients suffering from this disease. ZURZUVAE also may not achieve or, even if achieved, maintain broad market acceptance among women with PPD who may decide that they do not want to be treated with ZURZUVAE, including due to concern about the safety and tolerability profile of ZURZUVAE or use of ZURZUVAE while breastfeeding. ZURZUVAE includes a boxed warning that instructs healthcare professionals to advise patients that ZURZUVAE causes driving impairment due to central nervous system depressant effects, and that people who take ZURZUVAE should not drive a motor vehicle or engage in other potentially hazardous activities requiring complete mental alertness until at least 12 hours after ZURZUVAE administration for the duration of the once-daily, 14-day treatment course, which could decrease willingness to prescribe or use ZURZUVAE. The label also includes information about adverse events and other warnings and precautions that may cause a woman with PPD not to consider ZURZUVAE as a treatment option.

ZURZUVAE also may not achieve or, even if achieved, maintain broad market acceptance for the treatment of women with PPD if payors are not willing to cover and provide reimbursement for the treatment or impose significant restrictions on reimbursement. Payors that currently have favorable coverage for ZURZUVAE for the treatment of women with PPD may decide to change their policies and limit coverage or reimbursement for ZURZUVAE, including by requiring women with PPD to try other treatments prior to ZURZUVAE, requiring a specific showing of symptom severity with the use of measurement scales, requiring prior consultation with a psychiatrist or other specialist, or imposing other onerous prior authorization requirements, or they may deny coverage or reimbursement for other reasons or in all cases. Some payors currently require that healthcare professionals attest that the women with PPD for whom they have prescribed ZURZUVAE have severe symptoms. In addition, even if a healthcare professional writes a prescription for ZURZUVAE for the treatment of a woman with PPD, the prescription may not result in product being shipped to the patient and/or the patient taking ZURZUVAE. The healthcare professional or the patient may, for example, not take the steps necessary to obtain reimbursement or to have the prescription filled at the specialty pharmacy or may find the process of obtaining a prescription through the specialty pharmacy too slow or complicated. There is no guarantee that the infrastructure, systems, processes, policies, relationships or materials we and Biogen have built for the commercialization of ZURZUVAE for the treatment of women with PPD in the U.S. will be sufficient for us to achieve or, even if achieved, maintain success.

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Our commercialization of ZURZUVAE in PPD may be negatively impacted by competition from other drugs currently on the market or that may be approved in the future. The number of women with PPD, the unmet need for additional treatment options for women with PPD, and the potential market for ZURZUVAE may be significantly smaller than we expect, or we and Biogen may encounter other market-related issues in the commercialization of ZURZUVAE for the treatment of women with PPD, including as a result of the price we charge. We and our collaboration partner, Biogen, may not be applying the optimal resources to the launch of ZURZUVAE or we or Biogen may not be able or willing to scale our resources at the right time or at an effective level.

Even if our product candidates receive regulatory approval in the U.S., we or our collaborators may not receive approval to commercialize our product candidates outside of the U.S.

To market any product outside of the U.S., we or our collaborators must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other regulatory jurisdictions regarding safety and efficacy. For example, we are party to a collaboration and license agreement with Shionogi whereby Shionogi is responsible for, among other things, obtaining regulatory approval for zuranolone in MDD and other indications in Japan, the Republic of Korea (South Korea), and Taiwan. In December 2025, Shionogi announced that it received regulatory approval for zuranolone in MDD in Japan. Additionally, we are party to an agreement with Knight Therapeutics, Inc. (Knight) granting Knight the right to commercialize Qelbree in Canada, subject to it obtaining approval by Health Canada. In November 2025, Knight announced that it experienced regulatory setbacks for Qelbree. Approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve product testing and administrative review periods different from, and longer than, those in the U.S. The time required to obtain approval in other jurisdictions might differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. The regulatory approval process in other jurisdictions may include all of the risks detailed above regarding FDA approval in the U.S., as well as other risks. For example, legislation analogous to Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA in the U.S., which relates to the ability of an NDA applicant to use published data not developed by such applicant, may not exist in other countries. In territories where data are not freely available, we may not have the ability to commercialize our products without first negotiating with third parties to obtain their permission to refer to their clinical data in our regulatory applications. This process could require the expenditure of significant additional funds and time.

In addition, regulatory approval in one jurisdiction does not ensure regulatory approval in another. A failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one jurisdiction may have a negative effect on the regulatory processes in others. Failure to obtain regulatory approval in other jurisdictions, or any delay or setback in obtaining such approvals, could have the same adverse effects as detailed above regarding FDA approval. As described above, such effects include the risks that any of our product candidates may not be approved for all requested indications, which could limit the uses of our product candidates and could have an adverse effect on their commercial potential or could require costly post-marketing studies.

Our failure to successfully develop and market our product candidates would impair our ability to grow.

As part of our growth strategy, we intend to develop and market additional product candidates. We may spend substantial resources and several years completing the development of a particular current or future internal product candidate, during which process we can experience failure at any stage, and for many reasons. The product candidates to which we allocate our resources, even if approved, may not be commercially successful. In addition, because our internal research capabilities are limited, we may be dependent upon pharmaceutical companies, academic scientists, and other researchers to sell or license products or technologies to us. The success of this strategy depends partly upon our ability to identify, select, discover and acquire promising pharmaceutical product candidates and approved products, and to manage our spending as expenses related to undertaking clinical trials can be substantial.

Recent Executive Orders May Impact our Financial Results.

During 2025 several Executive Orders were issued by the President of the United States, which generally aim to lower the price paid for certain pharmaceutical products in the United States. Aspects of these orders direct the Secretary of Health and Human Services to develop implementation plans and to issue related regulations.

We are monitoring these developments and assessing the potential impact. These Executive Orders may impact our financial results if they result in reduction in the price paid for any of our commercial products. Certain aspects of the Executive Orders, such as those related to a “Most-Favored-Nation” (MFN) model, could have broader industry-wide effects. For example, such policies may lead pharmaceutical companies to avoid or delay expanding sales into foreign markets to prevent triggering lower U.S. price benchmarks, which could, in turn, reduce potential future growth opportunities.

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We may be unable to acquire product candidates or products.

The process of proposing, negotiating, and implementing a license, or acquiring a product candidate or an approved product, is lengthy and complex. Other companies, including some with substantially greater financial, marketing and sales resources, may compete with us for the license, the product candidate, or approved product. We have limited resources, including financial resources, to identify and execute the acquisition or in-licensing of third-party products, businesses, and technologies and integrate them into our current infrastructure. Moreover, we may devote significant resources to potential acquisitions, or in-licensing opportunities wherein those transactions are never consummated, or we may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such efforts. We may not be able to acquire the rights to additional product candidates on terms that we find acceptable or at all.

In addition, future acquisitions may entail numerous operational and financial risks, including:

• Exposure to potential and unknown liabilities;

• Disruption of our business, and diversion of our management's time and attention, to develop acquired products or technologies;

• Incur substantial debt, or dilutive issuances of securities, or depletion of cash to pay for acquisitions;

• Incur higher than expected acquisition, integration, and operating costs;

• Experience difficulty in combining the operations and personnel of any acquired businesses with our operations and personnel;

• Impair relationships with key suppliers or customers of any acquired businesses due to changes in management and ownership; and

• Unable to retain and/or motivate key employees of any acquired businesses.

Our clinical trials for our product candidates may fail to demonstrate acceptable levels of safety, efficacy, or other requirements, which could prevent or significantly delay regulatory approval.

We may be unable to sufficiently demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates in obtaining regulatory approval. We must demonstrate, with substantial evidence gathered in well-controlled studies and to the satisfaction of the relevant regulatory authorities, that each product candidate is safe and effective for use in the target indication. We may be required to conduct additional studies or trials to adequately demonstrate safety and efficacy, which could prevent or significantly delay our receipt of regulatory approval, increase clinical costs, and ultimately delay or otherwise impair the commercialization of that product candidate.

Any product candidate that we in-license or acquire may require additional development prior to commercial sale, including formulation development, extensive clinical testing, and approval by the FDA or applicable foreign regulatory authorities. All product candidates are prone to risks of failure typical to pharmaceutical product development, including the possibility that a product candidate will not be shown to be sufficiently safe and effective for approval by regulatory authorities.

In addition, the results from the trials that we have completed for our product candidates may not be replicated in future trials. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced development, even after promising results in earlier trials. If our product candidates are not shown to be safe and effective, these clinical development programs might be terminated.

Delays or failures in the completion of clinical development of our product candidates would increase our costs, and delay, or limit our ability to generate revenues.

Delays or failures in the completion of clinical trials for our product candidates could significantly raise our product development costs. We do not know whether current or planned trials will be completed on schedule, if at all. The commencement and completion of clinical development can be delayed or halted for a number of reasons, including:

• Difficulties in obtaining regulatory approval to commence a clinical trial or in complying with conditions imposed by a regulatory authority regarding the scope or term of a clinical trial;

• Difficulties obtaining IRB or ethics committee approval to conduct a trial at a prospective site;

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• Delays in reaching or failure to reach agreement on acceptable terms with prospective trial sites and investigators, the contractual terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly from site to site;

• Insufficient or inadequate supply of or quantity of a product candidate for use in trials;

• Challenges recruiting and enrolling patients to participate in clinical trials, for any and all reasons, including competition from other programs for the treatment of similar conditions;

• Severe or unexpected drug-related side effects experienced by patients in a clinical trial;

• Difficulty retaining patients who have enrolled in a clinical trial but who may be prone to withdraw due to side effects from the therapy, lack of efficacy, or personal issues;

• Temporary cessation of clinical trials (clinical holds); or

• Delays due to ambiguous or negative interim results in clinical trials.

Clinical trials may be suspended or terminated by us; or at a trial site by the site's Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) or ethics committee overseeing the clinical trial; or by the FDA; or by other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors, including:

• Failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or the trial protocols;

• Observations during an inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial sites by the FDA or other regulatory authorities which ultimately result in the imposition of a delay or clinical hold;

• Unforeseen safety issues; or

• Lack of adequate funding to continue the trial.

Failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or the trial protocols may result in the inability to use the trial data to support product approval. Changes in regulatory requirements and guidance may occur, and we may need to amend clinical trial protocols to reflect these changes. Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical trial protocols to IRBs or ethics committees for reexamination, which may adversely impact the cost, timing, and/or successful completion of a clinical trial.

In addition, many of the factors that cause or lead to a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates. If we experience delays in completion, or if we terminate any of our clinical trials, our ability to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates may be materially harmed, and our commercial prospects and ability to generate product revenues diminished.

Additionally, the current inflationary environment, unstable economic conditions and geopolitical events may delay our trials or significantly increase our product development costs.

Our products and product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other characteristics that limit their commercial potential, delay, or prevent their regulatory approval.

Undesirable side effects caused by any of our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt development. This could result in the denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other regulatory authorities and result in potential product liability claims. Undesirable side effects caused by any of our products could cause regulatory authorities to temporarily or permanently halt product sales, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. As required by the FDA, the labels for our products include precautions and warnings about side effects, and in certain cases, the need for monitoring patients receiving the product.

If our products cause side effects, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by our products or product candidates, then a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including, among others:

• regulatory authorities may withdraw approval of the product or otherwise require us to take the approved product off the market;

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• regulatory authorities may require additional warnings or a narrowing of the indication on the product label;

• we may be required to create a medication guide outlining the proper use of the medication and the risks of side effects for distribution to patients;

• we may be required to modify the product in some way;

• regulatory authorities may require us to conduct additional clinical trials, or costly post-marketing testing and surveillance, to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product;

• sales of approved products may decrease significantly;

• we could be sued and be held liable for harm caused to patients; or

• our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining the commercial success of our products and product candidates and could substantially increase commercialization costs.

We may not obtain or maintain the benefits associated with designation as an orphan drug under the Orphan Drug Act, including market exclusivity.

Regulatory authorities in the United States may designate drugs for relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. The FDA may grant Orphan Drug Designation to drugs or biological products intended to prevent, diagnose, or treat a rare disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the U.S. annually. Orphan drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives, such as opportunities for grant funding towards clinical trial costs, tax credits for certain research, and user fee waivers under certain circumstances. In addition, if a drug receives its first FDA approval in an indication for which it has Orphan Drug Designation, that drug is entitled to seven years of market exclusivity. This implies that the FDA may not approve any other firm's application for the same drug for that same indication for a period of seven years. Exceptions are limited, such as showing of clinical superiority over the drug with orphan drug exclusivity.

Although historically we have been granted orphan drug designation under the Orphan Drug Act for certain drug products and product candidates, and we intend to expand our designation for alternative uses where applicable, we may not receive the benefits associated with Orphan Drug Designation. This may result from a failure to maintain orphan drug status, or it may result from a competing product reaching the market with an orphan designation for the same disease indication. Under U.S. rules for orphan drugs, if such a competing product reaches the market before ours does, the competing product could potentially obtain a scope of market exclusivity that limits or precludes our product from being sold in the U.S. for seven years. Even if we obtain exclusivity, the FDA could subsequently approve an alternative drug for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the second to reach the market is clinically superior by being safer or more effective, or by it making a major contribution to patient care. In addition, a competitor may receive approval of different products for the same indication for which our orphan product has exclusivity or may obtain approval for the same product but for a different indication for which the orphan product has exclusivity.

In August 2017, the FDA Reauthorization Act of 2017 (FDARA) was enacted. FDARA, among other things, codified the FDA's pre-existing regulatory interpretation to require that a drug sponsor demonstrate clinical superiority of an orphan drug that is otherwise the same as a previously approved drug for the same rare disease in order for the new drug to receive orphan drug exclusivity. The new legislation reverses prior precedent holding that the Orphan Drug Act unambiguously requires that the FDA recognize the orphan exclusivity period, regardless of showing clinical superiority.

The FDA may further reevaluate the Orphan Drug Act, including the FDARA amendment, its regulations, and policies. We do not know if, when, or how the FDA may change the orphan drug regulations and policies in the future. It is uncertain how any changes might affect our business. Depending on what changes the FDA may make to its orphan drug regulations and policies, our business could be adversely impacted.

Healthcare reform measures could hinder or prevent the commercial success of our products or product candidates.

The U.S. and certain states have shown significant, increased interest in pursuing healthcare reform and changes to the healthcare delivery system. Numerous major markets outside the U.S., including the EU, Japan, and China, have widespread governmental involvement in healthcare funding, including with regard to pricing and reimbursement of pharmaceuticals.

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Government-adopted reform measures could adversely impact the pricing of healthcare products and services in the U.S. or internationally, adversely impact the level of reimbursement available from governmental agencies and/or commercial third-party payors. The continuing efforts of third-party payors, including U.S. federal and state agencies, foreign governments, insurance companies, managed care organizations, employers, and other payors of healthcare services to contain or reduce healthcare costs may adversely affect the Company's ability to set prices at launch, increase prices after launch, generate revenues, achieve profitability, and/or maintain profitability. In addition to healthcare reform initiatives in the U.S. and in other countries, there are (i) new laws, regulations, and judicial or other governmental decisions affecting pricing, drug reimbursement, and access or marketing within or across jurisdictions; (ii) changes in intellectual property laws; (iii) changes in accounting standards; (iv) new and increasing data privacy regulations and enforcement; (v) legislative mandates or preferences for local manufacturing of pharmaceutical products; and (vi) emerging and new global regulatory requirements for reporting payments and other value transfers to healthcare professionals. The costs of compliance with such laws and regulations, or the negative results of non-compliance, could adversely affect the business, cash flow, results of operations, financial condition and prospects of the Company. The Company believes that the healthcare industry will continue to be subject to increasing regulation as well as legal and political action, as future proposals to reform the healthcare system are considered by the U.S. Executive branch, Congress, and state legislatures. For additional information see Item 1. Business – Government Regulation” and “Item 1. Business – Pharmaceutical Coverage, Pricing, and Reimbursement.

In 2021 the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) was signed into law, which includes a provision eliminating the statutory cap on rebates that drug manufacturers pay to Medicaid beginning in January 2024. These rebates function as a discount off the list price and eliminating the cap means that manufacturer discounts paid to Medicaid can increase. Prior to this change, manufacturers had not been required to pay more than 100% of the Average Manufacturer Price (AMP) in rebates to state Medicaid programs for Medicaid-covered drugs. As a result of this provision, effective January 1, 2024 manufacturers may have to pay state Medicaid programs more in rebates than they receive on sales of particular products. This change could present a risk to the Company in the future for drugs that have high Medicaid utilization and rebate exposure that is more than 100% of the AMP. As a result of ARPA certain pharmaceutical manufacturers may reconsider pricing strategies and overall business in Medicaid and other federal programs. Among other major changes to ARPA in 2025, annual reporters were required to submit their final activity report for COVID-19 funds between April 1 and April 30, 2025. Many of the COVID-related public health grants to states and local public health under ARPA were scheduled to cease in September 2025, but such termination dates are grant-dependent.

In addition to those changes discussed above, in recent years there have also been several Congressional inquiries and proposed bills designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, reduce the cost of prescription drugs under Medicare; review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government programs reimbursement methodologies for drugs.

Executive orders have changed certain provisions of the HealthCare Reform Law, while other provisions have been subject to court challenges. On June 17, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the most recent judicial challenge to the HealthCare Reform Law, brought by several states, without specifically ruling on the constitutionality of the HealthCare Reform Law. Prior to the U.S. Supreme Court ruling, then President Biden issued an executive order instructing certain governmental agencies to review and reconsider their existing policies and rules that limit access to healthcare, including, among others, re-examining Medicaid demonstration projects and waiver programs that include work requirements, and policies that create barriers to obtaining access to health insurance coverage through Medicaid or the HealthCare Reform Law.

The Company's activities, including research, preclinical testing, clinical trials, and the manufacturing and marketing of its products, are subject to extensive regulation by numerous federal, state and local governmental authorities in the U.S., including the FDA, and by foreign regulatory authorities. In the U.S., the FDA administers requirements covering the testing, approval safety, effectiveness, manufacturing, labeling, and marketing of prescription pharmaceuticals and vaccines. In some instances, the FDA requirements have increased the amount of time and resources necessary to develop new products and bring them to market in the U.S. FDA statutes, regulations, and guidance often are revised or reinterpreted by the FDA in ways that may significantly affect the Company's business and products.

The FDA Reauthorization Act of 2017 (FDARA) amended the FDCA to revise and extend the user-fee programs for drugs, medical devices, generic drugs, and biosimilar biological products, and for other programs. FDARA reauthorized the various user fees to facilitate the FDA's review and oversight relating to prescription drugs, generic drugs, medical devices, and biosimilars. FDA's authority, including, among others, pediatric study requirements, orphan drug exclusivity, and the approval process for generic drugs.

The FDA also has enhanced its post-marketing authority, including the authority to require post-marketing studies and clinical trials, make labeling changes based on new safety information, or to require compliance with risk evaluation and

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mitigation strategies. The 2012 Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act expanded drug supply chain reporting requirements and strengthened the FDA's response to drug shortages. The FDA's exercise of its authority could result in delays or increase costs during product development and regulatory review. It could also result in increased costs to assure compliance with post-approval regulatory requirements and potential restrictions on the sale and/or distribution of any approved product. It is impossible to predict whether additional legislative changes will be enacted or whether FDA regulations, guidance, or interpretations will be changed, and what the impact of such changes, if any, may be. Future regulatory changes could make it more difficult for the Company to maintain or attain approval to develop and commercialize its products and technologies.

On June 28, 2024, the Supreme Court overruled their landmark 1984 decision in Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council, which gave rise to the doctrine known as the Chevron doctrine. The Supreme Court’s ruling sharply reduced the power of federal agencies to interpret the laws they administer and ruled that courts should rely on their own interpretation of ambiguous laws. This ruling could have a significant impact on the health care industry, which is heavily regulated by multiple federal agencies and subject to frequent federal rulemaking regarding such topics as reimbursement, health care operations, patient safety, and patient privacy.

Healthcare cost containment legislation and the failure of third-party payors to provide appropriate levels of coverage and reimbursement for the use of products and treatments facilitated by our products could harm our business and prospects.

The Company's products are dependent on the coverage decisions and reimbursement policies established by government healthcare programs and private health insurers. These policies affect which products customers purchase and the prices customers are willing to pay. Reimbursement varies by country and can significantly impact the acceptance of new products and technologies. Even if the Company develops a promising new product, there may be limited demand for the product unless appropriate reimbursement approval is obtained from private and governmental third-party payors. Additional legislative or administrative reforms to the reimbursement systems in the U.S. and other countries that significantly reduce reimbursement for the Company's products, including price regulation, competitive bidding and tendering, coverage and payment policies, comparative effectiveness of therapies, technology assessments, and managed-care arrangements, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition or results of operations.

Certain U.S. states have become increasingly active in enacting statutes and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, and restrictions on access to certain products, which creates additional compliance challenges for the Company. Marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures have been designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. In addition, regional healthcare authorities and individual hospitals increasingly are using bidding procedures to determine what pharmaceutical products and which suppliers will be included in their prescription drug formularies. Legally mandated price controls on payment amounts by third-party payors, or other similar restrictions, could harm the Company's business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects. These price controls could prevent the Company from being able to commercialize its products or to generate an acceptable return on its investment. For additional information see Item 1. Business – Pharmaceutical Coverage, Pricing, and Reimbursement.

The Company cannot predict whether additional legislation or rulemaking will be issued or enacted, or what impact, if any, such changes will have on the profitability of any of the Company's products. There also may be future changes unrelated to the already existing laws that result in reductions in potential coverage and reimbursement levels for the Company's products, and we cannot predict the scope of any future changes or the impact that those changes may have on its business.

In addition to the foregoing, the White House has issued certain Executive Orders in 2025 that reflect additional healthcare cost containment policies. On April 15, 2025, President Trump issued an Executive Order directing federal agencies (primarily the HHS, FDA, and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)) to reduce prescription costs by increasing price transparency, expanding Medicare drug price negotiations, accelerating generic and biosimilar approvals, and exploring importation of lower-cost medicines. This policy suggests stricter governmental control over pricing and rebates, creating cost pressure and added compliance burdens for pharmaceutical companies. Additionally, as part of this order, on June 10, 2025, the site-of-service executive directive was issued instructing HHS and CMS to implement “site-neutral” payment policies, attempting to ensure that Medicare pays the same rate for certain drugs and procedures regardless of whether they are administered in hospitals or outpatient clinics. This could reduce reimbursement for higher-cost hospital settings and pressure certain manufacturers to cut prices or face reduced utilization as providers shift patients to lower-cost sites.

On May 12, 2025, the White House issued an Executive Order establishing a Most Favored Nation drug pricing model for prescription drugs. The policy intends to align U.S. drug prices with the lowest prices in other developed countries. This Executive Order requires HHS to communicate MFN drug prices to manufacturers for single-source brand drugs without generic or biosimilar competition. Under this order, HHS is also directed to facilitate direct-to-consumer purchasing programs for

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manufacturers that sell at MFN prices, providing Americans the ability to purchase at the lowest price directly from manufacturers. If manufacturers fail to achieve such pricing, the Secretary of Commerce shall propose rulemaking to impose MFN pricing, including by, among other things, importing from foreign countries and modifying or revoking drug approvals for unsafe, ineffective, or improperly marketed drugs. It is unknown at this time how courts will interpret the Executive Order establishing an MFN drug pricing model for prescription drugs. Many publicized efforts regarding the Executive Order to date have been undertaken by pharmaceutical companies on a voluntary basis.

The federal government has also launched TrumpRx.gov, a prescription drug pricing platform intended to promote pricing transparency and discounted purchasing options. While participation is voluntary and the initiative does not currently impose new pricing mandates, it may contribute to pricing pressure or influence market expectations.

Additionally, while many pharmaceutical products are exempt from the Executive Order issued in April 2025 regarding reciprocal, country-specific tariffs, the policy creates uncertainty in import/export flows, supply-chain sourcing, and future tariff risks for pharmaceutical companies. Supplemental orders modifying the scope, rates, and timing of the reciprocal tariffs further indicates that the exemptions, which include pharmaceuticals, may be narrowed or rescinded in the future, exposing pharmaceutical companies to potential tariffs. For example, following the February 2026 Supreme Court decision in Learning Resources, Inc. v. Trump (consolidated with Trump v. V.O.S. Selections ), where the Court held that the International Emergency Economic Powers Act does not authorize the President to impose tariffs, the U.S. government imposed a temporary global import surcharge under Section 122 of the Trade Act of 1974. Pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical ingredients are currently exempt; however, broader tariff measures or changes to existing exemptions could increase supply chain costs or create additional uncertainty that may adversely affect pharmaceutical companies .

Future healthcare reform measures may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and lower reimbursement, and additional downward pressure on the price that the Company receives for any approved product. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government-funded programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms could result in reduced demand for the Company's product candidates or additional pricing pressures and may prevent the Company from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize its drugs.

Future healthcare reforms in the U.S. and in other countries could limit the prices that can be charged for the Company's products and product candidates or may otherwise limit its commercial opportunities. The Company cannot predict what additional future changes in the healthcare industry in general, or the pharmaceutical industry in particular, will occur; however, any changes could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, cash flow, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

Any failure to comply with healthcare regulations, including implementation of any change in compliance with healthcare regulations and laws could cause us to incur significant compliance expenses and any failure to comply could subject us to substantial penalties and fines. Our business, operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

As a supplier of pharmaceuticals, certain U.S. federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to patients' rights to privacy, fraud and abuse protection, and others, are and will continue to be applicable to our business. We could be subject to allegations of healthcare fraud and abuse, patient privacy violations, as well as other violations of healthcare regulations by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. Regulations to which we are subject include the HealthCare Reform Law and others discussed in Item 1. Business – Government Regulation” and “Item 1. Business – Pharmaceutical Coverage, Pricing, and Reimbursement.

There can be no assurance that the Company's business will not be materially harmed by future compliance with or changes to the HealthCare Reform Law.

The HealthCare Reform Law includes various provisions designed to strengthen fraud and abuse enforcement. These include increased funding for enforcement efforts and lowering the intent requirement of the federal anti-kickback statute and criminal healthcare fraud statute, such that a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge or specific intent to violate the statute.

If the Company's past or present operations are found to be in violation of any such laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to it, then the Company may be subject to penalties, both civil and criminal, damages, fines, exclusion from federal healthcare programs, and/or the curtailment or restructuring of its operations.

In addition, the Company could receive adverse publicity as a result of any such failure to comply with HealthCare Reform Law. Certain provisions of the HealthCare Reform Law have not been fully interpreted by the regulatory authorities or

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the courts and certain provisions are subject to a variety of interpretations, which may complicate the Company's compliance with the HealthCare Reform Law. Any action against the Company for violation of the HealthCare Reform Law, even if successfully defended, could cause the Company to incur significant legal expenses and divert management's attention from the operation of its business.

The Company could be subject to allegations of healthcare fraud and abuse, as well as other violations of healthcare regulations by both the federal government and the states in which the Company conducts its business.

As a supplier of pharmaceuticals, certain U.S. federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to patients’ rights to privacy apply to the Company’s business. The Company could be subject to allegations of patient privacy violations by both the federal government and the states in which the Company’s conducts its business.

On October 30, 2023, the Biden Administration issued an Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of AI, which addressed the use of AI in health care and the safety and integrity of data stored and generated by AI health care technology systems and directed HHS to establish an AI Task Force that must, within 365 days of its creation, develop policies and specific frameworks addressing the use of AI and AI -enabled technologies in the health sector, including research, drug and device safety, and health care delivery and financing. President Trump rescinded the Biden Administration Executive Order on January 20, 2025 with a new order “Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence” issued on January 23, 2025. The new order by the Trump Administration emphasizes deregulation and prioritizes American leadership and global dominance in AI innovation.

Efforts to ensure that the Company's business arrangements will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations could be costly. If the Company's operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described or referenced above or in violation of any governmental regulations that apply to the Company, then it may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, and the curtailment, or restructuring of its operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment or restructuring of the Company's operations could adversely affect its ability to operate its business and impair its financial results.

Although compliance efforts can mitigate the risk of investigation and prosecution for violations of these laws, the risks cannot be entirely eliminated. The risk of violating a law can increase when governmental interpretations and rule-making necessitate operating changes. Any action against the Company for violation of these laws, even if successfully defended, could cause the Company to incur significant legal expenses and divert management's attention from the operation of its business. Moreover, achieving and sustaining compliance with applicable federal and state privacy, security, and fraud laws may prove costly.

Guidelines and recommendations published by various organizations can reduce the use of our products and product candidates.

Government agencies promulgate regulations and guidelines directly applicable to us and to our products and product candidates that could affect the use of our products. In addition, professional societies, practice management groups, private health and science foundations, and organizations involved in various diseases from time to time may also publish guidelines or recommendations to the health care provider and patient communities. Recommendations from government agencies or these other groups or organizations may relate to such matters as usage, dosage, route of administration, and use of concomitant therapies. Recommendations or guidelines suggesting the reduced use of our products, or the use of competitive or alternative products which are subsequently followed by patients and health care providers, could result in decreased use of our products.

We could be involved in additional lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents, which could be expensive, time consuming, distracting, and ultimately unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, in the past we have been, and in the future we may again be, required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time consuming. For example, we are involved in several matters related to Paragraph IV Certification Notice Letters that we received in connection with our products and our collaborators' products. In connection with an ANDA, a Paragraph IV Certification Notice Letter notifies the FDA that one or more patents listed in the FDA's Orange Book is alleged to be invalid, unenforceable, or will not be infringed by the competitive ANDA product.

For example, we have received Paragraph IV Notice Letters from generic drug makers directed to the Orange Book patents of several of our products. We have filed lawsuits against the generic drug makers and intend to vigorously enforce our intellectual property rights relating to our products.

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For more information, refer to Part I, Item 3—Legal Proceedings contained in this Annual Report Form 10-K.

In any infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours is not valid or enforceable, or the court may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent application at risk of not issuing.

Interference or derivation proceedings instituted by the USPTO may be necessary to determine the priority or inventorship of inventions with respect to our patents and patent applications or the patents of our collaborators. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if a prevailing party does not offer us a license on terms that are acceptable to us or offer terms at all. Litigation or interference proceedings may fail. Even if successful, litigation may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. We may not be able to prevent, alone or with our collaborators, misappropriation of our proprietary rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as they are protected in the U.S.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.

In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative or perceive that the presence or continuation of these cases creates a level of uncertainty regarding our ability to increase or sustain product sales, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

There can be no assurance that our product candidates will not be subject to the same risks.

Limitations on our patent rights relating to our products and product candidates may limit our ability to prevent third parties from competing with us.

To a significant degree, our success will depend on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection for: our proprietary technologies; for both our products and product candidates; to preserve our trade secrets; to prevent third parties from infringing upon our proprietary rights; and to operate without infringing upon the proprietary rights of others. To that end, we seek patent protection in the U.S. and internationally for our products and product candidates. Our policy is to actively seek to protect our proprietary positions by, among other things, filing patent applications in the U.S. and abroad (including Europe, Canada, and certain other countries when appropriate) relating to proprietary technologies that are important to the development of our business.

The strength of patents in the pharmaceutical industry involves complex legal and scientific questions and can have uncertain results. Patent applications in the U.S. and most other countries are confidential for a period of time until they are published. Publication of discoveries in scientific or patent literature typically lags actual discoveries by several months or more. As a result, we cannot be certain that we were the first to conceive inventions covered by our patents and pending patent applications or that we were the first to file patent applications for such inventions. In addition, we cannot be certain that our patent applications will be granted; that any issued patents will adequately protect our intellectual property; or that such patents will not be challenged, narrowed, invalidated, or circumvented.

We also rely upon unpatented trade secrets, unpatented know-how, and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position, which we seek to protect, in part, by confidentiality agreements with our employees, with our collaborators, and with our consultants. We also have agreements with our employees and selected consultants that obligate them to assign their inventions to us.

It is possible that technology relevant to our business will be independently developed by a person that is not a party to such an agreement. Furthermore, if the employees and consultants that are parties to these agreements breach or violate the terms of these agreements, we may not have adequate remedies. We could lose our trade secrets through such breaches or violations. Further, our trade secrets could otherwise become known or could be independently discovered by our competitors. Any failure to adequately prevent disclosure of our trade secrets and other proprietary information could have a material, adverse impact on our business.

In addition, the laws of certain foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the U.S. Therefore, we may encounter problems in protecting and defending our intellectual property in certain foreign jurisdictions.

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If we are sued for infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties, it could be costly and time consuming to defend such a suit. An unfavorable outcome in such litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our commercial success depends upon our ability, and the ability of our collaborators, to develop, manufacture, market and sell our approved products and our product candidates and to use our proprietary technologies without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties.

The numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we and our collaborators are developing product candidates. As the pharmaceutical industry expands and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our collaborators' approved products, or our product candidates, may give rise to claims of infringement of the patent rights of others. There may be issued patents of third parties that we are currently unaware of and that may be infringed by our products or our collaborators' approved products. These patents could prevent us from being able to maximize revenue generated by our products or our product candidates. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be pending patent applications, which may later result in issued patents. Our collaborators' approved products, our products, or our product candidates may infringe those issued patents.

We may be exposed to or threatened with future litigation by third parties alleging that our collaborators' approved products, our products, or product candidates infringe their intellectual property rights. If one of our collaborators' approved products, our products, or our product candidates is found to infringe the intellectual property rights of a third party, we or our collaborators could be enjoined by a court and required to pay damages. In such an event, we could be prevented from commercializing the applicable approved products or product candidates unless we obtain a license to the patent. A license may not be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, during litigation, the patent holder could obtain a preliminary injunction, or other equitable relief, which could prohibit us from making, using, or selling our approved products prior to a trial. Such a trial may not occur for several years.

There is a substantial amount of litigation involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the pharmaceutical industry. If a third party claims that we or our collaborators infringe its intellectual property rights, we may face a number of issues, including, but not limited to:

• Infringement and other intellectual property claims which, regardless of merit, may be expensive and time-consuming to litigate, and which may divert our management's attention from our core business;

• Substantial damages for infringement, which we may have to pay if a court decides that the product at issue infringes on or violates the third party's rights. If the court finds that the infringement was willful, we could be ordered to pay treble damages and pay the patent owner's legal fees;

• Court rulings prohibiting us from selling our products or product candidates, unless the third party licenses its rights to us, which it is not required to do;

• If a license is available from a third party, we may have to pay substantial royalties, fees or grant cross-licenses to our intellectual property rights; and

• Incurring the costs and expending the time necessary to defend against such litigation; and

• Redesigning our products or product candidates so they do not infringe. This may not be possible or may require substantial monetary expenditures and time.

We face potential litigation and product liability exposures. If successful claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities.

In recent years, the volume and variety of claims and the amount of damages claimed in litigation against the pharmaceutical industry have increased. For example, in recent years we or our subsidiaries have been involved in litigations alleging violation of federal and state false claims acts and antitrust laws. For more information, refer to Part I, Item 3 - Legal Proceedings contained in this Annual Report Form 10-K. While we strive to conduct our business in accordance with applicable laws, we nevertheless remain exposed to litigation risk. We could be sued by many different parties, including, for example, consumers, healthcare providers, or others selling or otherwise coming into contact with our products and product candidates. Lawsuits or investigations that we may become involved in could be very expensive. These claims may be highly damaging to our reputation, even if the underlying claims are without merit, thereby adversely affecting our business.

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The use of our product candidates in clinical trials and the commercial sale of any of our products expose us to the risk of product liability claims. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we could incur substantial liabilities. In addition, product liability claims may result in:

• Decreased demand for a commercial product;

• Impairment of our business reputation and exposure to adverse publicity;

• Withdrawal of bioequivalence and/or clinical trial participants;

• Initiation of investigations by regulators;

• Costs related to litigation;

• Distraction of management's attention from our primary business;

• Substantial monetary awards to patients or other claimants;

• Loss of revenues; and

• Our inability to commercialize products for which we are obtaining marketing approval.

Our product liability insurance coverage for our clinical trials is limited to $30 million per claim and $30 million in the aggregate. Insurance covers bodily injury and property damage arising from our clinical trials, subject to industry-standard terms, conditions, and exclusions. On occasion, large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits for drugs that had unanticipated side effects. In the future, the potential inability to obtain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost, or at all, to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the development and commercialization of the pharmaceutical products we develop.

As we continue to increase the size of our organization, we may experience difficulties in managing growth.

Our personnel, systems and facilities currently in place may not be adequate to support future growth. Our future financial performance and our ability to compete effectively will depend, to a significant degree, on our ability to effectively manage our recent and any future growth. We increased employee headcount from 674 employees in 2024 to 778 employees in 2025. Our need to effectively execute our growth strategy requires that we:

• Manage regulatory approvals and clinical trials effectively;

• Manage our internal developmental efforts efficiently while complying with our contractual obligations to licensors, licensees, contractors, collaborators, and other third parties;

• Commercialize our product candidates;

• Continue to grow our pipeline;

• Target strategic business development opportunities;

• Improve our operational, financial, and management controls, financial reporting systems and procedures; and

• Attract, retain and motivate sufficient numbers of talented employees with the requisite skills and experience.

This growth could place a strain on our administrative and operational infrastructure and may require our management to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or to recruit, train, and retain additional qualified personnel, particularly in an inflationary economic environment. This may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure; give rise to operational mistakes; loss of business opportunities; loss of employees; and reduced productivity.

We may not be able to make improvements to our management information and control systems in an efficient or timely manner and may discover deficiencies in existing systems and controls. In addition, our growth will cause us to comply with an increasing number of regulations and statutory requirements. If our management is unable to effectively manage our expected growth, our expenses may increase more than expected; our ability to generate or increase our revenues could be impaired; and we may not be able to implement our business strategy.

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Cybersecurity incidents may adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, and reputation. Security breaches and other disruptions could compromise our information and expose us to liability which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

Our operations involve the use of multiple systems that process, store and transmit sensitive information about our customers, suppliers, employees, financial position, operations and strategies. In the ordinary course of our business, we or our vendors collect and store sensitive data in our or their data centers and networks, including: intellectual property; proprietary business information; proprietary information of our customers, suppliers, and business partners; and personal information of our employees, patients in our clinical trials, and other individuals. Hardware, software, or applications we develop or procure from third parties or through open source solutions may contain defects in design or other problems that could unexpectedly compromise information security. Additionally, cyberattacks or security breaches, such as the 2021 ransomware attack, could compromise confidential or proprietary information, personal information or other sensitive data, cause a disruption or delay in our operations, harm our reputation, result in improper use of our systems and networks, the manipulation and destruction of data, or the release of defective products and may otherwise expose us to liability, including as a result of the release of third party information improperly obtained from our systems, any of which in turn could negatively impact our business, financial results, reputation and the value of our common shares. We have and continue to implement measures designed to safeguard our systems and information and mitigate potential risks, but there is no assurance that such actions will be sufficient to prevent cyberattacks, security breaches, or other disruptions that manipulate or improperly use our systems, compromise sensitive information, destroy or corrupt data, or otherwise disrupt our operations. The occurrence of such events, including breaches of our security measures or those of our third-party service providers, could negatively impact our reputation and our competitive position and could result in litigation with third parties, regulatory action, loss of business due to disruption of operations, reputational damage, potential liability, and/or increased remediation and protection costs, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Any future attacks or other security breaches could also cause us to incur remediation costs with respect to our information technology systems, as occurred following the 2021 ransomware attack. Additionally, a cyberattack, security breach, or other incident may remain undetected for an extended period of time, potentially escalating the adverse effects of any such incident.

The continued occurrence of high-profile data breaches provides evidence of an external environment which is increasingly hostile to information security and to the secure processing, maintenance, and transmission of information critical to our operations and business strategy.

In response to a cyberattack or security breach, as was the case following the 2021 ransomware attack, we may accelerate previously planned information technology investments in ways designed to improve our information security and technology infrastructure. We have incurred costs and expect to continue to incur costs in the future, which may be significant, in connection with efforts designed to enhance our data security and take further steps designed to protect against unauthorized access to, or manipulation of, our systems and data. In response to any future cyberattack or security breach we may further increase our information technology investments.

Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to additional attacks due to employee error, malfeasance, or other disruptions. It is possible that the security controls we have implemented to safeguard personal data and our networks, train our employees and vendors on data security, and implement security requirements and other practices may not prevent the compromise of our networks or the improper disclosure of data that we or our vendors store and manage. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to gain access to our systems or facilities, or those of third parties with whom we do business, through fraud, trickery or other forms of deceiving our employees, contractors, and vendors. If we, our vendors, or other third parties with whom we do business experience significant data security breaches or fail to detect and appropriately respond to significant data security breaches, we could be exposed to government enforcement actions. Improper disclosure could also harm our reputation, create risks for customers, or subject us to liability under laws that protect personal information. This could adversely affect our business, revenues, and competitive position.

While integrating acquired businesses and operations and upgrading the Company's information technology systems, we may face an elevated cybersecurity risk.

Since 2023, we have cyber insurance in addition to our business insurance coverage, however, prior to that time we self-insured by assuming the full risk of costs related to cybersecurity incidents. Such cyber insurance does not provide coverage for incidents that occurred before 2023. There can be no assurance that our insurance coverage will be sufficient to cover the full impact of a cyberattack or that it can be renewed in the future at favorable terms, or at all.

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We face significant competition in attracting and retaining talented employees. Further, managing succession for and retention of key executives is critical to our success. Our failure to do so could have an adverse impact on our future performance.

We are highly dependent upon skilled personnel in key parts of our organization, and we invest heavily in recruiting, training, and retaining qualified individuals. The loss of the service of key members of our organization, including senior members of our scientific and management teams, high-quality researchers, development specialists, and skilled personnel, could delay or prevent the achievement of major business objectives. Our future growth will demand talented employees and leaders, yet the market for such talent has become increasingly competitive. In addition, our ability to hire qualified personnel also depends on our flexibility to reward superior performance and to pay competitive compensation. In our industry, during the current inflationary economic environment, compensation levels for qualified personnel and competition among employers to recruit and retain such personnel have and continue to increase.

We may not be able to attract or motivate qualified management, scientific and clinical personnel in the future due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and other businesses. Our industry has experienced a high rate of turnover of management personnel in recent years. If we are not able to attract and motivate key personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience constraints that may significantly impede the achievement of our objectives.

Effective succession planning is also important to our long-term success. Failure to ensure effective transfer of knowledge and smooth transition involving key employees and members of our management team could hinder our strategic planning and business execution. In addition, our failure to adequately plan for succession of senior management and for other key management roles, or the failure of key employees to successfully transition into new roles, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We are highly dependent on the development, regulatory, commercial, and financial expertise of our management, particularly Jack A. Khattar, our President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Khattar has an employment agreement with us. Other members of the senior management team have executive retention agreements with us, but these agreements do not guarantee the services of these executives will continue to be available to us. If we lose key members of our management team, we may not be able to find suitable replacements in a timely fashion, if at all. We cannot be certain that future management transitions will not disrupt our operations or will not generate concern among employees and those with whom we do business.

In addition to competition for personnel, our corporate offices are located in the greater Washington D.C. metropolitan area, an area that is characterized by a high cost of living. As such, we could have difficulty attracting experienced personnel to our Company and may be required to expend significant financial resources in our employee recruitment efforts. As a result, despite significant efforts on our part, we may be unable to attract and retain qualified individuals in sufficient numbers, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business involves the use of hazardous materials, and we must comply with environmental laws and regulations. This can be expensive and restrict how we do business.

Our activities and the activities conducted by our third-party manufacturers and suppliers involve the controlled storage, use, and disposal of hazardous materials. We and our manufacturers and suppliers are subject to federal, state, city, and local laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling, and disposal of these hazardous materials. Although we believe that the safety procedures we use for handling and disposing of these materials comply with the standards prescribed by applicable laws and regulations, we cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of an accident, local, city, state, or federal authorities may curtail the use of these materials and may interrupt our business operations, including our commercialization, research and development efforts. Although we believe that the safety procedures utilized by our third-party manufacturers for handling and disposing of these materials generally comply with the standards prescribed by applicable laws and regulations, we have no direct control over our third-party manufacturers, and therefore cannot guarantee that this is the case. We can eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or that such safety procedures will prevent injury from these materials. In such an event, we may be held liable for any resulting damages. Such liability could exceed our resources.

We do not currently maintain biological or hazardous materials insurance coverage. While we have implemented processes and procedures to ensure that the suppliers we use are complying with all applicable regulations, there can be no assurance that such suppliers in all instances will comply with such processes and procedures or otherwise comply with applicable regulations. Noncompliance could result in our marketing and distribution of contaminated, defective, or dangerous products, which could subject us to liabilities. This could result in the imposition by governmental authorities of procedures or penalties that

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could restrict or eliminate our ability to sell products. Any or all of these effects could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Provisions in our agreement with Shire, or its successor, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, impose restrictive covenants on us, which could limit our ability to operate effectively in the future.

In 2005, we purchased substantially all of the assets of Shire Laboratories Inc., the predecessor of Supernus Pharmaceuticals. Under the purchase agreement, we agreed to refrain perpetually from engaging in any research, formulation development, analytical testing, manufacture, technology assessment, or oral bioavailability screening that relate to five specific drug compounds (i.e., amphetamine, carbamazepine, guanfacine, lanthanum, and mesalamine), and any derivative thereof. Although these various restrictions and covenants on us do not currently impact our products, product candidates, or business, they could in the future limit or delay our ability to take advantage of business opportunities that may relate to such compounds.

The Company’s financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected by health pandemics.

Any future pandemic may result in workforce limitations and travel restrictions resulting from related government actions taken to contain the spread of the disease, any of which may impact many aspects of our business. If a significant percentage of our workforce is unable to work, including because of illness or travel or government restrictions in connection with the pandemic, our operations may be negatively impacted. During a pandemic, government restrictions and social distancing guidelines may drive an increased reliance on working from home for our employees. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company’s sales force was functioning largely utilizing digital engagement tools, tactics, and virtual detailing, which may be less effective than the Company's ordinary course sales and marketing programs. In addition, during a pandemic, patients may not be able to get their prescriptions or visit their physicians, which in turn could adversely impact the prescription volumes of our commercial products. Similarly, investigative sites, subjects in clinical trials, and vendors that include our contract research organizations may be subject to the same workforce limitations and travel restrictions during a pandemic. As a result, during a pandemic, we may experience delays or disruptions in our preclinical studies, clinical studies, and non-clinical experiments due to unforeseen circumstances, including but not limited to, interruption of key clinical trial activities, such as clinical trial site data monitoring, and interruption of clinical trial subject visits and study procedures.

The Company may also experience other unknown impacts from a pandemic that cannot be predicted. We may also experience delays in receiving supplies of our product candidates from our contract manufacturing organizations due to staffing shortages, production slowdowns, stoppages, or disruptions in delivery systems.

The Company may also require an increased level of working capital if it experiences extended billing and collection cycles as a result of displaced employees at the Company, payors, revenue cycle management contractors, or otherwise. In addition, any disease outbreak could result in a widespread health crisis that could adversely affect the U.S. economy and financial markets, resulting in an economic downturn that could affect customers' demand for our products and our ability to raise additional capital or obtain financing on favorable terms.

The Company may experience delays in receipt of financial information, which may preclude timely reporting of financial results to investors and to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

Accordingly, disruptions to the Company's business as a result of a pandemic could result in a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects in the near and long terms.

There can be no assurance that any of the Company's plans will be effective in mitigating the effects of a pandemic on our business operations and consequently the potential material adverse impact on our anticipated revenue, earnings and liquidity.

Ongoing legal actions and proceedings could distract management and could result in substantial costs or large judgments against Supernus or one or more of its subsidiaries.

From time to time and in the ordinary course of business, Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Parent) and any of its subsidiaries are and may be subject to additional claims, charges, enforcement actions and litigation.

For example, prior to Parent’s acquisition of Sage Therapeutics, Inc. (Sage) on July 31, 2025, in August 2024, a plaintiff filed a purported federal securities class action lawsuit in the Southern District of New York, or the Securities Class Action, against Sage and certain of its executive officers, or the Securities Class Action. Pursuant to a statutorily prescribed process, the court appointed two new class representatives, Steamfitters Local 449 Pension & Retirement Security Funds and Trust of the Retirement System of the UPR, who filed an amended complaint in March 2025 against the original defendants and certain

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additional former officers of Sage. The amended complaint in the Securities Class Action alleges violations of U.S. securities laws under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder and seeks an as-yet unspecified amount of damages allegedly sustained by parties who purchased Sage stock between April 12, 2021 and July 23, 2024, as well as applicable attorneys’ fees and costs. On April 17, 2025, Sage, along with all of the individual defendants, filed a motion to dismiss the Securities Class Action in the Southern District of New York.

In addition, Sage received a subpoena from the Enforcement Division of the SEC in October 2024, requesting documents and information related to its NDA for zuranolone for the treatment of MDD, including communications with the FDA and any communications containing material nonpublic information.

Also, in March 2025, plaintiff shareholder Qingping Zhu commenced derivative litigation in the Southern District of New York, purportedly on behalf of Sage, against fifteen of its current and former officers and directors (the Zhu Derivative Litigation). Based significantly on the allegations underlying the Securities Class Action, the Zhu Derivative Litigation alleges violations of Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder, breaches of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and waste of corporate assets, and seeks unspecified damages and various equitable relief. On April 14, 2025, the Southern District of New York granted a stay of the Zhu Derivative Litigation pending the resolution of the motion to dismiss the amended complaint in the Securities Class Action. On June 20, 2025, Sage, along with other relevant parties, submitted for the Southern District of New York’s approval a consolidation of the Zhu Derivative Litigation with two other related derivative litigations and the court approved such consolidation (the Consolidated Derivative Litigation).

At this time, neither we nor Sage are able to predict the outcome of the Securities Class Action, the SEC investigation, or the Consolidated Derivative Litigation, or reasonably estimate a range of possible losses, nor are we able to predict the outcome other litigation we or any of our subsidiaries are involved in or may be involved in in the future. For more information regarding litigation we or any of our subsidiaries are involved in, refer to Part I, Item 3—Legal Proceedings in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. If any of these matters are concluded in a manner adverse to us or any of our subsidiaries and for which the relevant entity incur substantial costs or damages not covered by liability insurance, such a conclusion could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition and business. In addition, any of these matters could adversely impact us or the relevant subsidiary’s reputation and divert management’s attention and resources from other priorities, including the execution of business plans and strategies that are important to our ability to grow our business, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our future business prospects for ZURZUVAE® (zuranolone) depend on our ability, with our collaboration partner, Biogen MA Inc., and Biogen International GmbH, or together, Biogen, to successfully commercialize ZURZUVAE® (zuranolone) for the treatment of women with postpartum depression, or PPD, in the U.S. There is no assurance that our commercialization efforts in the U.S. with respect to ZURZUVAE for the treatment of women with PPD will be successful or that we will be able to generate revenues at the levels or on the timing we expect or at levels or on the timing necessary to support our goals.

Our business prospects for ZURZUVAE currently depends on our ability, along with our collaboration partner, Biogen, to successfully continue to commercialize ZURZUVAE in the U.S. for the treatment of women with PPD. ZURZUVAE was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, in August 2023 as a treatment for adults with PPD and became commercially available in the U.S. in December 2023. ZURZUVAE is the first oral treatment specifically indicated for adults with PPD. We may never be able to meet our expectations with respect to revenues or profits from sales. ZURZUVAE may not achieve, or, even if achieved, maintain, broad market acceptance. Healthcare professionals may decide not to use ZURZUVAE as a treatment option for their patients with PPD or may only consider prescribing ZURZUVAE for a subset of women with PPD in their practice who they consider to have particularly severe symptoms relative to other patients suffering from this disease. ZURZUVAE may not achieve broad brand awareness and adoption among healthcare professionals, including OBGYNs, and our beliefs about the potential for OBGYNs to utilize ZURZUVAE at the forefront of postpartum care may prove to be incorrect. ZURZUVAE also may not achieve or, even if achieved, maintain broad market acceptance among women with PPD who may decide that they do not want to be treated with ZURZUVAE, including due to concern about the safety and tolerability profile of ZURZUVAE or use of ZURZUVAE while breastfeeding. ZURZUVAE includes a boxed warning that instructs healthcare professionals to advise patients that ZURZUVAE causes driving impairment due to central nervous system depressant effects, and that people who take ZURZUVAE should not drive a motor vehicle or engage in other potentially hazardous activities requiring complete mental alertness until at least 12 hours after ZURZUVAE administration for the duration of the once-daily, 14-day treatment course, which could decrease willingness to prescribe or use ZURZUVAE. The label also includes information about adverse events and other warnings and precautions that may cause a woman with PPD not to consider ZURZUVAE as a treatment option.

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ZURZUVAE also may not achieve or, even if achieved, maintain broad market acceptance for the treatment of women with PPD if payors are not willing to cover and provide reimbursement for the treatment or impose significant restrictions on reimbursement. Payors that currently have favorable coverage for ZURZUVAE for the treatment of women with PPD may decide to change their policies and limit coverage or reimbursement for ZURZUVAE, including by requiring women with PPD to try other treatments prior to ZURZUVAE, requiring a specific showing of symptom severity with the use of measurement scales, requiring prior consultation with a psychiatrist or other specialist, or imposing other onerous prior authorization requirements, or they may deny coverage or reimbursement for other reasons or in all cases. Some payors currently require that healthcare professionals attest that the women with PPD for whom they have prescribed ZURZUVAE have severe symptoms. In addition, even if a healthcare professional writes a prescription for ZURZUVAE for the treatment of a woman with PPD, the prescription may not result in product being shipped to the patient and/or the patient taking ZURZUVAE. The healthcare professional or the patient may, for example, not take the steps necessary to obtain reimbursement or to have the prescription filled at the specialty pharmacy or may find the process of obtaining a prescription through the specialty pharmacy too slow or complicated. There is no guarantee that the infrastructure, systems, processes, policies, relationships or materials we and Biogen have built for the commercialization of ZURZUVAE for the treatment of women with PPD in the U.S. will be sufficient for us to achieve or, even if achieved, maintain success. ZURZUVAE also may not achieve the clinical benefit we expect in women with PPD. Our commercialization of ZURZUVAE in PPD may be negatively impacted by competition from other drugs currently on the market or that may be approved in the future. The number of women with PPD, the unmet need for additional treatment options for women with PPD, and the potential market for ZURZUVAE may be significantly smaller than we expect, or we may encounter other market-related issues in the commercialization of ZURZUVAE for the treatment of women with PPD, including as a result of the price we charge. We and our collaboration partner, Biogen, may not be applying the optimal resources to the launch of ZURZUVAE or we or Biogen may not be able or willing to scale our resources at the right time or at an effective level.

Risks Related to Our Finances and Capital Requirements

Tariffs may increase our costs.

We rely on suppliers and other vendors located outside of the United States, including third-party clinical manufacturing organizations for the supply of active product ingredients for our products and product candidates, including raw materials and drug substances for our preclinical research and clinical trials. The United States and other countries have recently announced the imposition of tariffs on the import of a wide variety of products and services. Certain countries have also announced changes to previously announced tariffs. The United States has also announced the possibility of imposing additional tariffs, including specifically on pharmaceutical products. These tariffs may increase the costs we bear when importing products into the United States and may also increase our vendors' production costs, which may be passed on to us. We are assessing the potential impact of recently announced and potential tariffs on our financial results.

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly.

We expect that any revenue we generate will fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year as a result of the revenue generated from approved products, license agreements, development milestones, and collaboration license agreements.

Our net earnings (loss) and other operating results will be affected by numerous factors, including:

•    The level of market acceptance for any approved product candidate, underlying demand for our products, and wholesalers' buying patterns;

•    Variations in the level of expenses related to our development programs;

•    The success of our product development and clinical trial activities through all phases of clinical development;

•    Our execution of any collaborative, licensing, or similar commercial arrangements, and the timing of payments we may make or receive under these arrangements;

•    Any delays in regulatory review and approval of product candidates in clinical development;

•    The timing of any regulatory approvals, if received, of additional indications for our existing products;

•    Potential side effects of our products and our future products that could delay or prevent commercialization, cause an approved drug to be taken off the market, or result in litigation;

•    Any intellectual property infringement lawsuit in which we may become involved;

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•    Our ability to maintain an effective sales and marketing infrastructure;

•    Our dependence on third-party manufacturers to supply or manufacture our products and product candidates;

•    Competition from existing products, new products, or potential generics to our products or to competitive products that may emerge;

•    Regulatory developments affecting our products and product candidates;

•    Increased costs as a result of inflation, unstable economic conditions and geopolitical events, including increases in compensation and professional expenses, cost of goods sold, and research and development expenses;

•    Changes in reimbursement environment and regulatory changes; and

• Changes in the size of our investment portfolio, borrowings and interest rates.

Due to the various factors mentioned above, and others, the results of any prior quarterly period should not be relied upon as an indication of our future operating performance. If our quarterly operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Furthermore, any quarterly fluctuations in our operating results may, in turn, cause the price of our stock to fluctuate substantially.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes may be limited or may expire prior to utilization.

Our ability to utilize our U.S. federal and state net operating losses and other tax attributes are currently limited and may be limited further, under various sections of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (Code) such as Section 382 and Section 383. Section 382 and Section 383 limitations apply if an ownership change, as defined by Section 382 and Section 383, occurs. Generally, an ownership change occurs when certain shareholders change their aggregate ownership position by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage in a testing period, which is typically three years, or since the last ownership change. Our acquired tax attributes are subject to Section 382 and 383 limitations. As of December 31, 2025, we had U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $2.5 billion. Future changes in stock ownership may also trigger an additional ownership change and, consequently, additional Section 382 and Section 383 limitations.

In addition, Section 174 of the Code determines the timing of deduction of research and experimental (R&E) expenditures, with recent changes allowing immediate expensing of domestic research and development costs while foreign research and development costs remain subject to long-term amortization. As of December 31, 2025, we had Section 174 capitalized research and development of approximately $594.7 million.

Any limitation may result in the expiration of a portion of the net operating loss or tax credit carryforwards before utilization, which would reduce our gross deferred income tax assets, or may result in limitations in the amount of deductions that could be applied to taxable income, which would increase our current tax provision. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards to reduce U.S. federal and state income tax may be subject to limitation, which could potentially result in increased future cash tax liability to us.

In the past, we have identified material weaknesses in our internal controls which might cause stockholders to lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, particularly if not remediated appropriately and timely, which in turn would harm our business and the trading price of our common stock.

Maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to produce reliable financial statements. Effective internal control over financial reporting and adequate disclosure controls and procedures are designed to prevent fraud.

Our failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. Moreover, we are required to maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures in order to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be reported in our periodic reports filed with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

In 2022 we identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. We successfully implemented measures designed to ensure that the control deficiencies contributing to the material weaknesses were remediated. However, if we are unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, our ability to report financial

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information timely and accurately could be adversely affected. As a result, we could lose investor confidence and become subject to litigation or investigations, which could adversely affect our business, operations, financial condition and the trading price of our Common Stock.

In addition, any testing conducted by us in connection with Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX), or the subsequent testing by our independent registered public accounting firm in connection with Section 404(b) of SOX, may in the future reveal deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses. Any system of internal controls, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures or to remediate any material weakness, could result in a material misstatement of our consolidated financial statements that would require a restatement or other materially deficient disclosures. Therefore, investor confidence in the accuracy and timeliness of our financial reports and other disclosures may be adversely impacted, and the market price of our common shares could be negatively impacted.

We are required to disclose changes made in our internal control procedures on a quarterly basis. Our management is required to assess the effectiveness of these controls annually. The annual independent assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls is very expensive and could detect problems that our management's assessment might not. Undetected material weaknesses in our internal controls could lead to financial statement restatements and require us to incur the expense of remediation.

We devote significant resources and time in an effort to comply with the provisions related to internal control over financial reporting of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. However, we cannot be certain that these measures will ensure that we design, implement, and maintain adequate control over our financial processes and reporting in the future.

The integration of acquired businesses may result in our systems and controls becoming increasingly complex and more difficult to manage, regardless of whether such acquired business was previously privately or publicly held. The integration of acquired businesses may also result in material challenges to the Company’s control environment, including: managing a larger, more complex combined business; maintaining employee morale and retaining key management and other employees; unanticipated issues in integrating financial reporting and information technology infrastructure; and harmonizing the companies’ operating practices, internal controls, compliance programs and other policies, procedures, and processes. We may also encounter difficulties in addressing possible differences in business backgrounds, corporate cultures and management philosophies, and maintaining adequate staffing, which could potentially pose challenges in the implementation and operation of controls. We may also identify or fail to identify potential deficiencies in internal controls at the acquired or combined business level.

Any difficulties in the assimilation of acquired businesses into our internal control framework could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations. These risks, among others, could be heightened if we complete a large acquisition or other business venture or multiple transactions within a relatively short period of time.

We have expended and anticipate that we will continue to expend significant resources in order to improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting.

We have and may further expand our business through acquisitions of new product lines or businesses, which expose us to various risks, including difficulties in integrating acquisitions. Our recent acquisitions pose certain incremental risks to the Company.

Our acquisition strategy entails numerous risks. Our continued ability to grow through acquisitions, such as our acquisition of Sage Therapeutics, Inc. will depend, in part, on the availability of suitable candidates at acceptable prices, terms, and conditions; our ability to compete effectively for acquisition candidates; and the availability of capital and personnel resources to complete such acquisitions and run and integrate the acquired business effectively. We anticipate competition for attractive candidates from other parties, some of whom have substantially greater financial and other resources than we have. Any acquisition, alliance, joint venture, investment, or partnership could impair our business, financial condition, reputation, and operating results. For instance, the benefits of an acquisition, or new alliance, joint venture, investment, or partnership may take more time than expected to develop or integrate into our operations, and we cannot guarantee that previous or future acquisitions, alliances, joint ventures, investments, or partnerships will, in fact, produce any benefits. Whether or not any particular acquisition is successfully completed, each of these activities is expensive and time consuming and would likely require our management to spend considerable time and effort to complete, which would detract from our management's ability to run our current business. Although we may spend considerable funds and efforts to pursue acquisitions, we may not be able to complete them.

Acquisitions may involve a number of risks, the occurrence of which could adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition, and operating results, including:

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• Dilutive issuances of equity securities;

• Incurrence of additional debt and contingent liabilities;

• Increased amortization of expenses related to intangible assets;

• Difficulties in the integration of the operations, technologies, services, and products of the acquired companies;

• Diversion of management's attention from our other business activities;

• Assumption of debt and liabilities of the target company including any ongoing lawsuits;

• Failing to achieve anticipated revenues, profits, benefits, or cost savings;

• Difficulty in coordinating, establishing, or expanding sales, distribution and marketing functions, as necessary;

• Potential inability to realize the value of the acquired assets relative to the price paid;

• Inaccurate assessment of additional post-acquisition, undisclosed, contingent, or other liabilities or problems, unanticipated costs associated with an acquisition despite the existence of representations, warranties, and indemnities in any definitive agreement; and an inability to recover or manage such liabilities and costs;

• Possibility of incurring significant restructuring charges and amortization expense;

• Potential impairment to assets recorded as a part of an acquisition, including intangible assets and goodwill;

• Potential loss of key employees, customers or distribution partners;

• Difficulties implementing and maintaining sufficient controls, policies, and procedures over the systems, products, and processes of the acquired company and the potential for deficiencies in internal controls at the acquired or combined business;

• Adverse tax consequences;

• Reallocation of amounts of capital from other operating initiatives and/or an increase in our leverage and debt service requirements to pay acquisition purchase prices or other business venture investment costs, which could, in turn,     restrict our ability to access additional capital when needed, result in a decrease in our credit rating, or limit our ability to pursue other important elements of our business strategy;

• Failure by acquired businesses or other business ventures to comply with applicable international, federal, and state product safety or other regulatory standards; and

• Impacts as a result of purchase accounting adjustments, incorrect estimates made in the accounting for acquisitions, the incurrence of non-recurring charges, or other potential financial accounting or reporting impacts.

Assets acquired from acquisitions, which include intangible assets, were recorded at their estimated fair value at the applicable date of acquisition. The fair value of intangible assets, including acquired in-process research and development (IPR&D), were determined using information available as of the applicable acquisition date and were based on estimates and assumptions that were deemed reasonable by management. The fair value of these contingent consideration liabilities and the CVR is determined as of the applicable acquisition date using estimated or forecast inputs. Changes in any of the inputs or assumptions to the fair value estimate may result in a significantly different fair value adjustment, which may impact the results of operations in the period in which the adjustment is made.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to complete acquisitions that we believe are necessary to complement our growth strategy on acceptable terms or at all. Further, if we do successfully integrate the operations of any companies that we have acquired or subsequently acquire, we may not achieve the potential benefits of such acquisitions. If we do not achieve the anticipated benefits of acquisition as rapidly or to the extent anticipated by management, or if others do not perceive the same benefits of the acquisition as we do, there could be a material, adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition or results of operations. Further, we expect to incur substantial expenses in connection with the integration activities, and actual integration may result in additional and unforeseen expenses.

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Any impairment in the value of our intangible assets, including goodwill, could negatively affect our operating results and total capitalization.

As part of prior acquisitions, we acquired substantial intangible assets, including goodwill. We may not realize all the economic benefits from acquisitions, which could cause an impairment of goodwill or other intangibles. We review our intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. For example, during the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized impairment charges of $20.2 million mainly due to the partial write-off of the carrying value of some of its acquired intangible assets, primarily XADAGO. Factors that may lead to an impairment determination include: (1) the performance of an acquired commercial products; (2) anticipated loss of exclusivity of an acquired commercial product; and (3) changes in the Company's future outlook of acquired products.

We test goodwill for impairment at least annually. Factors that may cause a change in circumstances, indicating that the carrying value of our goodwill or intangible assets may not be recoverable, include a decline in our stock price and market capitalization, reduced future cash flow estimates if significant and prolonged negative industry or economic trends exist, significant changes occur in the competitive landscape and slower growth rates in industry segments in which we participate. For example, in February 2022 the FDA approved the first generic of APOKYN (apomorphine hydrochloride injection) to treat hypomobility "OFF" episodes associated with advanced Parkinson’s Disease when it approved an application for drug cartridges for use with the APOKYN brand-name pen injector. At this time, we cannot forecast what impact, if any, the FDA's approval of this generic may have on sales of APOKYN, or the value of our intangible asset associated with APOKYN. The drug regulatory approval process is inherently uncertain, lengthy, and difficult. The FDA has substantial discretion in the drug approval process, including the ability to delay, limit or deny approval of a product candidate for many reasons. Any adverse action by the FDA can potentially impact our estimated fair value of the IPR&D intangible asset. We may be required to record a significant charge in our consolidated financial statements during the period in which any impairment of our goodwill or other intangible assets is determined, negatively affecting our results of operations and equity book value, the effect of which could be material.

Changes in tax laws or regulations that are applied adversely to us or our customers may have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, financial condition or results of operations.

Changes in tax laws or regulations that are applied adversely to us or our customers may have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, financial condition or results of operations. New income, sales and use or other tax laws or regulations could be enacted or promulgated at any time, which could adversely affect our business operations and financial performance. Further, existing tax laws and regulations could be interpreted, modified or applied adversely to us. These events could require us to pay additional taxes on a prospective or retroactive basis, as well as penalties, interest and other costs for past amounts deemed to be due. New laws or regulations, or laws or regulations that are changed, modified or newly interpreted or applied, also could create new or increase our existing compliance, operating and other costs, as well as the costs of our products. Further, the Reconciliation Act of 2017 enacted many significant changes to the U.S. tax laws, some of which were further modified in recent years, among others, by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 and more significantly by the Reconciliation Act of 2025, all of which may be further modified in the future by the current or a future presidential administration. Among other changes, the Reconciliation Act of 2017 amended the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (Code), to require that certain research and experimental expenditures be capitalized and amortized over five years if incurred in the United States or fifteen years if incurred in foreign jurisdictions for tax years beginning after December 31, 2021. The Reconciliation Act of 2025, however, permanently repealed the capitalization and amortization requirement for domestic research and experimental expenditures paid or incurred in tax years beginning after December 31, 2024, provides an option for taxpayers to capitalize and amortize such expenditures over at least 60 months, and offers transition rules permitting the deduction of unamortized domestic research and experimental expenditures paid or incurred in tax years 2022 through 2024. No changes were made by the Reconciliation Act of 2025 with respect to the capitalization and amortization requirement for research and experimental expenditures incurred in foreign jurisdictions. If and to the extent the immediate expensing for domestic research and experimental expenditures is repealed or any of the capitalization and amortization requirements reenacted or otherwise modified, it may increase our cash taxes and effective tax rate. In addition, it is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to current federal law, or any newly enacted federal tax legislation. Changes in corporate tax rates, the realization of net operating losses, and other deferred tax assets relating to our operations, the taxation of foreign earnings, and the deductibility of expenses could have a material impact on the value of our deferred tax assets and could increase our future tax expense.

Although we have historically been profitable from operations since the fourth quarter of 2014, there is no assurance that we will continue to generate net income in the future. We may not be able to maintain or increase profitability.

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In recent years, we have focused primarily on marketing our current products and developing our product candidates, with the goal of supporting regulatory approval for our product candidates. We have financed our operations through revenue generated from operations and various financing transactions.

Our ability to remain profitable depends upon our ability to generate the same or increasing levels of revenue from sales of our commercial products while simultaneously funding the requisite research expenditures to gain FDA approval for our product candidates. Future revenues will highly depend on our ability to maintain or grow demand for our products and defend against potential generic competition and successfully develop and commercialize our product candidates.

As of December 31, 2025, we had retained earnings of approximately $517.9 million. However, prior to 2018, we reported accumulated deficit due to significant operating losses incurred since inception through 2014, substantially as a consequence of costs incurred in connection with our development programs, expenses associated with launching our products, and from selling, general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We expect our research and development costs to continue to be substantial and to increase as we advance our product candidates through preclinical studies, clinical trials, manufacturing scale-up, and other pre-approval activities. We expect our selling, general and administrative costs to continue to increase as we continue to support the ongoing commercialization of our products and to further increase in anticipation of launching new product candidates.

We operated at a net loss in 2025, however, we had positive adjusted operating earnings. We cannot be certain that we will continue to do so. Any potential future losses, if and when they occur, could have an adverse impact on our stockholders' equity and working capital.

Risks Related to Securities Markets and Investment in Our Stock

The issuance of additional shares of our common stock, or instruments convertible into or rights to acquire shares or our common stock, or market sales of our common stock, could affect the market price of our common stock.

We may conduct future offerings of our common stock, preferred stock, or other securities that are convertible into or exercisable for our common stock to finance our operations, fund acquisitions, or for other purposes. Sales of our common stock, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock, which would impair our ability to raise future capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

In addition, as of December 31, 2025, we had outstanding 57,457,462 shares of common stock, of which approximately 2,506,151 shares are restricted securities that may be sold in accordance with the resale restrictions under Rule 144 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (Securities Act), or pursuant to a resale registration statement. Also, as of December 31, 2025, we had outstanding options to purchase 6,343,009 shares of common stock that, if exercised, would result in these additional shares becoming available for sale. We have also registered all common stock subject to options, restricted stock units and performance stock units outstanding or reserved for issuance under our 2012 Equity Incentive Plan, 2021 Equity Incentive Plan and 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. An aggregate of 3,008,901 and 484,612 shares of our common stock are reserved for future grant issuance under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, respectively.

If we issue additional shares of our common stock or issue rights to acquire shares of our common stock, if any of our existing stockholders sells a substantial amount of our common stock, or if the market perceives that such issuances or sales may occur, then the trading price of our common stock may significantly decrease. In addition, our issuance of additional shares of common stock will dilute the ownership interests of our existing common stockholders.

The price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially.

The market price for our common stock historically has been volatile. In addition, the market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors, including but not limited to:

• Fluctuations in stock market prices for the U.S. stock market;

• The commercial performance of products, including Qelbree, GOCOVRI, Oxtellar XR, Trokendi XR, APOKYN, ONAPGO, ZURZUVAE, or any of our product candidates that receive regulatory approval;

• Substitution of our products in favor of generic versions of our products or competitors' products;

• Status of patent infringement lawsuits, if applicable;

• The filing of ANDAs by generic companies seeking approval to market generic versions of our products;

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• Plans for, progress in, and results from clinical trials of our product candidates generally;

• FDA or international regulatory actions, including actions on regulatory applications for any of our product candidates;

• Announcements of new products, services or technologies, commercial relationships, acquisitions, or other events by us or our competitors;

• Market conditions and regulatory changes in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors;

• Fluctuations in stock market prices and trading volumes of similar companies;

• Variations in our quarterly operating results;

• Changes in accounting principles;

• Litigation or public concern about the safety of our products and/or potential products;

• Fluctuations in our quarterly operating results;

• Deviations in our operating results from the estimates of securities analysts;

• Additions or departures of key personnel;

• Sales or purchases of large blocks of our common stock, including sales by our executive officers, directors, and significant stockholders;

• Changes in third-party coverage and reimbursement policies for our products and/or product candidates; and

• Discussion by us of our stock price in the financial or scientific press or investor communities.

The realization of any of the risks described in these "Risk Factors" could have a dramatic, material, and adverse impact on the market price of our common stock. In addition, class action litigation has often been instituted against companies whose securities have experienced periods of volatility. Any such litigation brought against us could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management attention, which could hurt our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Anti-takeover provisions under our charter documents and Delaware law could delay or prevent a change of control, which could negatively impact the market price of our common stock.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as amended, may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control. These provisions include the following:

• Our board of directors is divided into three classes, serving staggered three-year terms, such that not all members of the board will be elected at one time. This staggered board structure prevents stockholders from replacing the entire board at a single stockholders' meeting;

• Our board of directors has the right to elect directors to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the board of directors or the resignation, death, or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors;

• Our board of directors may issue, without stockholder approval, shares of preferred stock. The ability to authorize preferred stock makes it possible for our board of directors to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to acquire us;

• Stockholders must provide advance notice to nominate individuals for election to the board of directors or to propose matters that can be acted upon at a stockholders' meeting. Furthermore, stockholders may only remove a member of our board of directors for cause. These provisions may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect such acquirer's own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our Company;

• Our stockholders may not act by written consent. As a result, a holder, or holders, controlling a majority of our capital stock would not be able to take certain actions outside of a stockholders' meeting;

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• Special meetings of stockholders may be called only by the chairman of our board of directors or a majority of our board of directors. As a result, a holder, or holders, controlling a majority of our capital stock would not be able to call a special meeting; and

• A supermajority (75%) of the voting power of outstanding shares of our capital stock is required to amend, repeal or adopt any provision inconsistent with certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and to amend our by-laws, which make it more difficult to change the provisions described above.

In addition, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which may prohibit certain business combinations with stockholders owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock. These and other provisions in our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws, and in the Delaware General Corporation Law could make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirers to obtain control of our board of directors or initiate actions that are opposed by the then-current board of directors.

To the extent outstanding stock options are exercised and restricted stock units and performance stock units vest there will be dilution to new investors.

As of December 31, 2025, we had issued options to purchase 6,343,009 shares of common stock outstanding, with exercise prices ranging from $12.98 to $58.15 per share and a weighted average exercise price of $32.63 per share, as well as 396,693 unvested restricted stock units and 390,496 performance stock units. Upon the vesting of each of these options, the holder may exercise his or her options, and following the vesting of the restricted stock units and performance stock units the holder will receive shares of common stock, which would, in any case, result in dilution to investors.

Indebtedness and liabilities could limit the cash flow available for our operations, expose us to risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations, and impair our ability to satisfy our obligations under the notes.

In 2018 we incurred $402.5 million of indebtedness as a result of the sale of 0.625% Convertible Senior Notes, which matured on April 1, 2023 (2023 Notes) at which time the Company paid the total principal amount and the outstanding interest due. During the first quarter of 2023, we entered into the Credit Line, an uncommitted demand secured credit line with a financial institution for up to $150.0 million. In the future, we may incur indebtedness, including by drawing funds from the Credit Line, to meet financing needs or otherwise refinance existing indebtedness. Indebtedness could have significant negative consequences for our security holders and our business, results of operations, and financial condition by, among other things:

• Increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions;

• Limiting our ability to obtain additional financing;

• Requiring the dedication of a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service our indebtedness, which would reduce the amount of cash available for other purposes;

• Limiting our flexibility to plan for, or react to, changes in our business; and

• Placing us at a possible competitive disadvantage with competitors that are less leveraged than us or have better access to capital.

Our business may not generate sufficient funds, and we may otherwise be unable to maintain sufficient cash reserves to pay amounts due under any indebtedness we incur.

Our Credit Line is an uncommitted debt facility that may be terminated by the lender at any time.

Our Credit Line is an uncommitted debt facility and, accordingly, the lender may not provide funding to us when we request a borrowing thereunder. Additionally, the terms of the Credit Line permit the lender to terminate the Credit Line and demand full or partial payment of amounts borrowed thereunder at any time. Although we believe that our existing financing sources, including the Credit Line, are adequate for our current operations, reductions in our available credit, or the inability to draw on the Credit Line, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

General Risk Factors

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Obtaining and maintaining patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment, and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies. Our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment, and other provisions during the patent process. There are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or in lapse of a patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, competitors might be able to enter the market earlier than would otherwise have been the case, causing damage to our business.

Our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover our legal claims or other losses that we may incur in the future.

We seek to minimize any losses we may incur through various insurance contracts from third-party insurance carriers. However, our insurance coverage is subject to large individual claim deductibles, individual claim and aggregate policy limits, and other terms and conditions. We cannot assure that our insurance will be sufficient to cover our losses. Further, due to rising insurance costs and changes in the insurance markets, we cannot provide assurance that insurance coverage will continue to be available on terms similar to those presently available to us or available at all. Any such losses not covered by insurance could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

We may be subject to claims that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

We employ individuals who were previously employed at other pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. As such, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed trade secrets or disclosed other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

We may enter into significant, complex, and unusual transactions, which may require us to engage outside consultants and financial professionals in order to comply with complex accounting and reporting requirements.

From time to time, the Company may be presented with and may choose to enter into significant, complex, and unusual business or financial transactions, either to raise capital or in the context of entering into a business arrangement with a third party. These transactions may entail complex accounting or financial reporting requirements, with which we may not be familiar. Accordingly, we may need to hire additional personnel or retain the services of outside accounting, financial reporting, and legal experts to guide both the transaction and to assist management in becoming compliant with the attendant financial reporting requirements. Acquiring such additional resources could increase our legal and financial compliance costs, divert management's attention from other matters, and/or make certain activities more time consuming.

Given the complexity of such transactions, there is an inherent risk regarding compliance with financial reporting requirements. Because the relevant regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretation, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, their application in practice may evolve over time, as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies, and as the market gains familiarity with these requirements. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and on-going financial reporting requirements.

If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations, and accounting standards differ from the intentions of regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us, and our business may be adversely affected.

Our operations rely on sophisticated information technology, systems, and infrastructure, a disruption of which could harm our operations.

We may not be able to make improvements to our management information and control systems in an efficient or timely manner and may discover deficiencies in existing systems and controls. In addition, we rely on various information technology and systems, some of which are provided by, or dependent on services provided by, third parties, to manage our technology platform and operations. These systems provide critical data and services for internal and external users, including procurement, inventory management, transaction processing, financial, commercial, and operational data, human resources management, legal and tax compliance, financial reporting, and other information necessary to operate and manage our business. These systems are complex and are frequently updated as technology improves. This includes software and hardware that is licensed, leased, or

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purchased from third parties. If our information technology, equipment, or systems fail to function properly due to internal errors or defects, implementation or integration issues, catastrophic events, cyberattacks, telecommunications delays or failures or power outages, we may experience a material disruption in our ability to manage our business operations. Failure or disruption of these systems could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. Any failure to manage, expand, or update our information technology infrastructure, or any failure in the operation of this infrastructure, could harm our business.

We may need additional funding and may be unable to raise capital when needed, which would force us to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development programs, commercialization, or business development efforts.

Developing or acquiring products and product candidates, conducting clinical trials, establishing manufacturing relationships and marketing drugs are expensive and uncertain processes.

In addition, unforeseen circumstances may arise, or our strategic imperatives could change, causing us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, requiring us to raise additional funds. We have no committed external sources of funds.

The amount and timing of our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

• Our ability to successfully support our products in the marketplace and the rate of increase in the level of sales in the marketplace;

• The rate of progress, clinical success, and cost of our trials and other product development programs for our product candidates;

• The costs and timing of in-licensing product candidates or acquiring other complementary companies;

• The timing of any regulatory approvals of our product candidates;

• The actions of our competitors and their success in selling competitive product offerings, including generics; and

• The status, terms, and timing of any collaborative, licensing, co-promotion, or other arrangement.

Additional financing may not be available in the amount we require or may not be available on terms that are favorable to us or at all. We may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, or at all, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate one or more of our development programs, our commercialization efforts, or strategic initiatives.

Complying with increased financial reporting and securities laws reporting requirements has increased our costs and requires additional management resources. We may fail to meet these obligations.

We face increased legal, accounting, administrative, and other costs and expenses as a public company. Compliance with Section 404 of SOX, the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010, as well as rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission and NASDAQ, for example, has resulted in significant initial costs to us as well as ongoing legal, audit and financial reporting costs. As of the beginning of 2017, we transitioned from "accelerated filer" to "large accelerated filer" status, which led to further increases in our legal, audit, NASDAQ listing fees, and financial compliance costs. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. Our board of directors, management, and outside advisors need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and require us to incur substantial and increasing costs to maintain the same or similar coverage.

As a public company, we are subject to Section 404 of SOX relating to internal control over financial reporting. We have and expect to continue to incur significant expense and to devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with Section 404.

Implementing any necessary changes to our internal controls may require specific compliance training for our directors, officers, and employees, entail substantial costs to modify or replace our existing accounting systems, and take a significant period of time to complete. Such changes may not, however, be effective in maintaining the adequacy of our internal controls. Any failure to maintain that adequacy, or consequent inability to produce accurate consolidated financial statements or other reports on a timely basis, could increase our operating costs and could materially impair our ability to operate our business. We cannot give assurance that our internal control over financial reporting will prove to be effective.

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We have never paid dividends. Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain on an investment in our common stock.

We have paid no cash dividends, and we currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. We do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. There is no guarantee that shares of our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which our stockholders have purchased their shares.

Unstable market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and stock price.

As a result of economic conditions and other geopolitical events, in recent years the global credit and financial markets have experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, which has included periods of severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, and increases in inflation and uncertainty about economic stability. The financial markets and global economy have and may continue to be adversely affected by pandemics, economic conditions and geopolitical events, including the impact of military conflicts, sanctions imposed in response to such conflicts, and any economic countermeasures by the affected countries or others could exacerbate market and economic instability. There can be no assurance that further deterioration in credit and financial markets and confidence in economic conditions will not occur. Our general business strategy may be adversely affected by any such economic downturn, volatile business environment, inflationary economic environment or continued unpredictable and unstable market conditions, including disruption to enrollment within our ongoing clinical trials and our ability to purchase necessary supplies on acceptable terms, if at all, and increased costs in compensation levels to recruit and retain qualified personnel and to carry out ongoing and future clinical trials. If the current equity and credit markets deteriorate, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult, more costly and more dilutive. Failure to secure any necessary financing in a timely manner and on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy, financial performance and stock price and could require us to delay or abandon clinical development plans. In addition, there is a risk that one or more of our current service providers, suppliers or other partners may not survive an economic downturn or rising inflation, which could directly affect our ability to attain our operating goals on schedule and on budget.

ITEM 7.     MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto, appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical information, some of the information in this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements reflecting our current expectations and involving risk and uncertainties. For example, statements regarding our expectations as to our plans and strategy for our business, future financial performance, expense levels, and liquidity sources are forward-looking statements. Our actual results and the timing of those events could differ materially from those discussed in our forward-looking statements because of many factors, including those set forth under the "Risk Factors" section and elsewhere in this report.

Unless the content requires otherwise, the words "Supernus," "we," "our" and "the Company" refer to Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and/or one or more of its subsidiaries, as the case may be. These terms are used solely for the convenience of the reader. Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and each of its subsidiaries are distinct legal entities. For example, MDD US Operations, LLC, a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., is the exclusive licensee and distributor of APOKYN in the United States and its territories. Adamas Operations, LLC, a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., wholly owns the patents and patent applications related to GOCOVRI and Osmolex ER and has a license agreement with Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., granting Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. rights to market and sell GOCOVRI and Osmolex ER. Sage Therapeutics, LLC, a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., has granted Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. a license to market and sell zuranolone in the United States.

Overview

We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing products for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Our diverse neuroscience portfolio includes approved treatments for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients receiving levodopa-based therapy, hypomobility in PD, postpartum depression (PPD), epilepsy, migraine, cervical dystonia, and chronic sialorrhea. We are developing a broad range of novel CNS product candidates including new potential treatments for epilepsy, depression, and other CNS disorders.

2025 Acquisition of Sage Therapeutics, Inc. (Sage) and Reorganization

On July 31, 2025, the Company completed its previously announced acquisition of Sage when Saphire, Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (Purchaser), was merged with and into Sage (the Merger), with Sage continuing as the surviving corporation in the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (the Sage Acquisition). At the time of the Sage Acquisition, Sage had an established commercial product in its portfolio, ZURZUVAE.

Following the Sage Acquisition, during the third quarter of 2025, Sage Therapeutics, Inc. was reorganized into Sage Therapeutics, LLC.

We have a portfolio of commercial products and product candidates.

Commercial Products

• Qelbree ® (viloxazine) extended-release capsules are a novel non-stimulant product indicated for the treatment of ADHD in adults and pediatric patients 6 years and older. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Qelbree for the treatment of ADHD in pediatric patients 6 to 17 years of age in April 2021, and in adult patients in April 2022. The Company launched Qelbree for pediatric patients in May 2021 and for adult patients in May 2022 in the United States (U.S.). In January 2025, the FDA approved an expanded label update for Qelbree to include new data on the pharmacodynamics and use in breastfeeding mothers.

• GOCOVRI ® (amantadine) extended-release capsules are the first and only FDA approved medicine indicated for the treatment of dyskinesia in patients with PD receiving levodopa-based therapy, with or without concomitant dopaminergic medications, and as an adjunctive treatment to levodopa/carbidopa with PD experiencing "OFF" episodes.

• ONAPGO TM (apomorphine hydrochloride) injection is the first and only subcutaneous apomorphine infusion device for the treatment of motor fluctuations in adults with advanced PD. ONAPGO was approved by the FDA in February 2025. ONAPGO was launched in April 2025.

• ZURZUVAE ® (zuranolone) capsules are the first and only FDA approved oral medicine indicated for the treatment of PPD in adults. ZURZUVAE is a neuroactive steroid that is a positive allosteric modulator of GABA A receptors, targeting

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both synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA A receptors, and is the first oral, once-daily, 14-day treatment specifically indicated for adults with PPD. ZURZUVAE became commercially available in the U.S. in December 2023 as a treatment option for women with PPD. We and our collaboration partner, Biogen, are jointly commercializing ZURZUVAE in the U.S. under a collaboration agreement (Biogen Collaboration Agreement). The Company and Biogen equally share in all operating profits and losses arising from sales of ZURZUVAE in the U.S., with Biogen recording such product sales.

• APOKYN ® (apomorphine hydrochloride injection) is a product indicated for the acute, intermittent treatment of hypomobility, "OFF" episodes ("end-of-dose wearing off" and unpredictable "ON/OFF" episodes) in patients with advanced PD.

• Trokendi XR ® (topiramate) is the first once-daily extended-release topiramate product indicated for the treatment of epilepsy in patients 6 years of age and older in the U.S. market. It is also indicated for the prophylaxis of migraine headache in adults and adolescents 12 years and older.

• Oxtellar XR ® (oxcarbazepine) is indicated as therapy for the treatment of partial onset seizures in patients 6 years of age and older. It is also the first once-daily extended-release oxcarbazepine product indicated for the treatment of epilepsy in the U.S. market.

• XADAGO ® (safinamide) is a once-daily product indicated as adjunctive treatment to levodopa/carbidopa in patients with PD experiencing "OFF" episodes.

• MYOBLOC ® (rimabotulinumtoxinB injection) is a product indicated for the treatment of cervical dystonia and chronic sialorrhea in adults. It is the only botulinum toxin type B available on the market.

Research and Development

We are committed to the development of innovative product candidates in neurology and psychiatry, including the following:

SPN-817 (huperzine A)

SPN-817 represents a novel mechanism of action (MOA) for an anticonvulsant. SPN-817 is a novel synthetic form of huperzine A, whose MOA includes potent acetylcholinesterase inhibition, with pharmacological activities in CNS conditions such as epilepsy. The development will initially focus on the drug's anticonvulsant activity, which has been shown in preclinical models to be effective for the treatment of partial seizures and Dravet Syndrome. SPN-817 is in clinical development.

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SPN-820 (NV-5138)

SPN-820 is a novel, first in class, intracellular enhancer of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. Depression is associated with synapse loss and reduced synaptic plasticity in key brain regions including the prefrontal cortex and increasing mTORC1-mediated synaptic plasticity is a potential avenue to treat depression and associated symptoms. SPN-820 selectively binds to intracellular sestrin proteins and subsequently engages a cascade of multi-protein complexes, enhancing mTORC1 signaling. The intracellular mechanism and the lack of binding to cell surface receptors suggests the potential for a differentiated safety profile and is unlikely to have abuse potential.

In February 2025, the Company reported topline results from a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled Phase 2b study of SPN-820 in adults with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) following four weeks of chronic daily dosing. The study did not demonstrate a statistically significant improvement on the primary and secondary endpoints. The safety profile of SPN-820 was consistent with previous clinical trials, showing few adverse events.

The Company initiated a follow-on Phase 2b multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in approximately 200 adults with MDD. The study will examine the safety and tolerability of SPN-820 2400 mg given intermittently (twice weekly) as an adjunctive treatment to the current baseline antidepressant therapy, as well as assess the rapid onset of improvement in depressive symptoms.

SPN-443 – Novel stimulant for the treatment of ADHD/CNS

The Company completed a Phase 1 single dose study in healthy adults in 2024 following submission of an Investigational New Drug Application. The study was a first in human, pilot pharmacokinetic study of two oral formulations of SPN-443 in healthy adults. The primary objective of the study was to assess safety and tolerability. This molecule, along with its major metabolites, is an inhibitor of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin, also known as a triple reuptake inhibitor. Both formulations of SPN-443 showed adequate bioavailability and were well tolerated. The Company plans to initiate Single Ascending Dose (SAD) and Multiple Ascending Dose (MAD) studies in the second half of 2026.

Zuranolone

The Company has granted Biogen sole rights to develop and commercialize zuranolone outside the U.S., other than in Japan, Taiwan and South Korea where it has granted those rights to Shionogi & Co., Ltd. (Shionogi). Shionogi is currently developing zuranolone for the treatment of patients with MDD in Japan, and in the third quarter of 2024, Shionogi reported that it submitted a new drug application (NDA) in Japan for zuranolone for the treatment of MDD. In the third quarter of 2025, Biogen received approval for zuranolone for the treatment of PPD by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and Medicines Healthcare Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in Europe and the United Kingdom (U.K.) respectively. In the fourth quarter of 2025, zuranolone received Health Canada Authorization in Canada for treatment indicated for adults with PPD. Also in the fourth quarter of 2025, Shionogi received approval for a product containing zuranolone for the treatment of MDD by the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency in Japan. No product containing zuranolone is approved for the treatment of MDD in the United States.

Product Pipeline Update

SPN-817 – Novel first-in-class highly selective AChE inhibitor for epilepsy

• The Phase 2b randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 3mg and 4mg twice daily doses is ongoing with a targeted enrollment of approximately 258 adult patients with treatment resistant focal seizures.

SPN-820 – Novel first-in-class molecule that increases mTORC1 mediated synaptic function for depression

• The Company initiated a follow-on Phase 2b multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in approximately 200 adults with MDD. The study will examine the safety and tolerability of SPN-820 2400 mg given intermittently (twice weekly) as an adjunctive treatment to the current baseline antidepressant therapy, as well as assess the rapid onset of improvement in depressive symptoms.

SPN-443 – Novel stimulant for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

• The Company expects to initiate a Phase 1 single-ascending/multiple-ascending dose study in adult healthy volunteers in the second half of 2026.

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Critical Accounting Policies and the Use of Estimates

The significant accounting policies and basis of presentation for our consolidated financial statements are described in Part II, Item 8 — Financial Statements and Supplementary Data , Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP), requiring us to make estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, and other related disclosures. Some judgments can be subjective and complex, and therefore, actual results could differ materially from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We believe the judgments, estimates, and assumptions associated with the following critical accounting policies have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements:

• Revenue recognition;

• Business combination and valuation of acquired assets;

• Valuation of contingent consideration;

• Impairment of definite-lived intangible assets

Revenue Recognition

Our principal source of revenue is product sales. Revenue from product sales is recognized when physical control of our products is transferred to our customers, who are primarily pharmaceutical wholesalers, specialty pharmacies, and distributors. Product sales are recorded net of various forms of variable consideration, including: estimated rebates; sales discounts; and an estimated liability for future product returns (collectively, sales deductions).

The variability in the net transaction price for our products arises primarily from the aforementioned sales deductions. Significant judgment is required in estimating certain sales deductions, including rebates and returns. In making these estimates, we consider: historical experience; product price increases; current contractual arrangements under applicable payor programs; unbilled claims; processing time lags for claims; inventory levels in the wholesale, specialty pharmacy, and retail distribution channel; and product life cycle. We adjust our estimates at the earlier of when the most likely amount of consideration we expect to receive changes, or when the consideration becomes fixed. Variable consideration on product sales is only recognized when it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur. If actual results in the future vary from our estimates, we adjust our estimates in the period identified. These adjustments could materially affect net product sales and earnings in the period in which the adjustment(s) is recorded. Refer to Part II, Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data , Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, for further discussion on each of the different sales deductions. While sales rebates have been relatively predictable based on historical experience such that there have not been material changes in estimates in prior periods, there have been critical estimates associated with rebates and returns that may result in significant variability as further discussed below.

Returns

We maintain a return policy that allows our customers to return products within a specified period of time. Sales of our products are not subject to a general right of return; however, we will accept return of expired product 6 months prior to, and up to twelve months subsequent to, the product's expiry date for certain products. Our products have a shelf life of up to 48 months from date of manufacture. The product return accrual is estimated principally based on historical experience, the level and estimated shelf life of inventory in the distribution channel, changes in the current wholesaler prices, our return policy and expected market events, including generic competition. The time lag from date of sale of our products when we accrue our provision for product returns and the time at which we issue credit for expired product can occur up to several years after the sale of our product. Estimates associated with our provision for product returns are particularly susceptible to adjustment given the extensive time lag. The Company launched Qelbree in May 2021. The Company is actively monitoring returns activity in light of the timeline from the date of sale and the time at which we issue credit for expired products. We had favorable actual returns in 2024 and 2025 for Qelbree and as a result, the Company changed its estimated provision for Qelbree product returns based on the most recent experience. The Company has entered into settlement and license agreements with third parties, permitting the sale of a generic version of Trokendi XR beginning in January 2023. In addition, the Company entered into settlement and license agreements with third parties, permitting the sale of a generic version of Oxtellar XR beginning in September 2024. The Company is actively monitoring returns activity in light of the loss of exclusivity and actual and possible further future sales decline based on timing of generic entry. The entry of a generic competitor may cause our future Trokendi XR and Oxtellar XR product return rates to change from historical trends, and this change could have a material effect on the future provision for product returns.

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Historically, we have experienced changes in estimates in return reserve calculations, but those adjustments have not been material to net earnings (loss). Adjustments related to prior year sales for product returns in 2025 and 2024 was less than 4% of net product sales for each respective period and was less than 1% of net product sales in 2023. However, given the extensive number of inputs and assumptions, described above, future changes in our return reserves could be material.

Rebates

Rebates are discounts which we pay under either public sector or private sector health care programs. Rebates paid under public sector programs are generally mandated under law, whereas private sector rebates are generally contractually negotiated by us with managed care providers. Both types of rebates vary over time. Rebate amounts are typically based upon the volume of purchases using contractual or statutory prices, which may vary by product and by payer. For each type of rebate, the factors used in the calculations of the accruals for that rebate include the identification of the products subject to the rebate, applicable price terms and estimated lag time between sale and payment of the rebate, which can be significant. In order to establish the rebate accruals, we use both internal and external data to estimate the level of inventory in the distribution channel and the rebate claims processing lag time for each type of rebate. To estimate the rebate percentage or net price, we track sales by product and by customer or payer. We evaluate inventory data reported by wholesalers, available prescription volume information, product pricing, historical experience and other factors in order to determine the adequacy of our accruals. We regularly monitor our accruals and record adjustments when rebate trends, rebate programs and contract terms, legislative changes, or other significant events indicate that a change in reserve is appropriate. Historically, adjustments to rebate accruals have not been material to net earnings (loss).

Specifically, a significant portion of rebates we pay are on state Medicaid programs. We participate in state Medicaid programs wherein the lag time from the date of sale of our product when we accrue for provision for rebates and the ultimate invoicing by the individual state Medicaid program can occur up to several quarters after the sale of our product. Because of the time lag for Medicaid, in any particular quarter, our adjustments may incorporate revisions of accruals for prior periods. Estimates associated with our participation in state Medicaid programs are particularly susceptible to adjustment given the extensive time lag. Historically, adjustments to rebate accruals have not been material to net earnings (loss), but there continues to be an extensive time lag related to certain programs that could result in variability in future periods.

For a roll-forward of the accrued sales deductions, see the section entitled Results of Operations - Revenues - Sales deductions and related accruals .

Business Combinations and Valuation of Acquired Assets

The Company completed the Sage Acquisition on July 31, 2025. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination.

The acquisition method of accounting requires that we recognize the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the acquisition date net fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. The purchase price allocation is a critical accounting policy because the estimation of fair values of acquired assets and assumed liabilities is judgmental and requires various assumptions. Further, the amounts and useful lives assigned to depreciable and amortizable assets versus amounts assigned to goodwill, which is not amortized, can significantly affect the results of operations in the period of and for periods subsequent to a business combination.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction, and therefore represents an exit price. When identifiable intangible assets, are acquired, we determine the fair values of the assets as of the acquisition date. An income approach, which generally relies upon projected cash flow models, is used in estimating the fair value of the acquired intangible assets. These cash flow projections are based on management's estimates of economic and market conditions including: the estimated future cash flows from revenues of acquired assets; the timing and projection of costs and expenses, discount rates; and tax rates.

While we use our best estimates and assumptions as part of the process to value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. During the measurement period, which occurs before finalization of the purchase price allocation, changes in assumptions and estimates that result in adjustments to the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if based on facts and circumstances existing at the acquisition date, are recorded on a retroactive basis as of the acquisition date, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Any adjustments not based on facts and circumstances existing at the acquisition date, or if subsequent to the conclusion of the measurement period, will be recorded to our consolidated statements of earnings.

Refer to Note 3, Sage Acquisition , for further information.

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Valuation of Contingent Consideration

We record contingent consideration resulting from a business combination at its fair value on the acquisition date. During the measurement period, if we obtain new information regarding facts and circumstances that existed as of the Sage Acquisition Closing Date that, if known, would have resulted in revised estimates of fair values of acquired assets, assumed liabilities or contingent consideration, the Company will accordingly revise its estimates of fair values and purchase price allocation. In addition, on a quarterly basis, we will revalue the contingent consideration liability and record increases or decreases in their fair value as an adjustment to operating earnings. The determination of the initial and subsequent value of the contingent consideration liability requires significant judgment by management. Changes in any of the inputs not related to facts and circumstances existing as of the acquisition date may result in a significant fair value adjustment, which can impact the results of operations in the period in which the adjustment is made.

As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 the Company reported contingent consideration liability of $31.3 million and $47.3 million, respectively, in its consolidated balance sheets related to the Sage Acquisition, USWM Acquisition, and Adamas Acquisition. There was no contingent consideration liability related to the USWM Acquisition and Adamas Acquisition as of December 31, 2025.

The Sage contingent consideration liability was $11.4 million as of the Sage acquisition date, and $31.3 million as of December 31, 2025. The contingent consideration is primarily associated with the fair value of the regulatory and commercial milestone and the sales-based milestones contingent consideration payments. The contingent consideration is related to one non-tradable contingent value right (CVR) which represents the contractual right to receive a contingent payment upon the achievement of the applicable regulatory and commercial milestone and sales-based milestones. The estimated fair value of the contingent consideration was determined using the Monte Carlo simulation. The key assumptions considered in estimating the fair value includes the estimated probability and timing of milestone achievement, such as the probability and timing of obtaining regulatory approval and first commercial sale in Japan, the estimated amount and timing of projected revenues, volatility, estimated discount rates and risk-free interest rate. The drug regulatory approval process is inherently uncertain, and any adverse action taken by the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency in Japan can potentially impact our estimated fair value of the regulatory and commercial activities milestone. The possible outcomes for the contingent consideration range from $0 to $234 million on an undiscounted basis. Refer to Note 3, Sage Acquisition , and Note 7, Contingent Consideration , for further information. Subsequent to the Sage Acquisition, in December 2025, Shionogi, the Company's collaboration business partner, announced that it obtained manufacturing and marketing approval in Japan for ZURZUVAE ® Capsules 30 mg for the indication of depression and depressive state. As a result, the Company's contingent consideration liability increased as of December 31, 2025.

Impairment of Definite-Lived Intangible Assets

Management assesses the potential impairment of our finite-lived intangibles whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of the definite-lived intangible assets, net was $569.5 million as of December 31, 2025. Changes that could prompt such an assessment may include significant or adverse changes in the legal and regulatory environment, the introduction or advancement of competitive products and product candidates, changes in market demand, declining revenue and/or other events that indicate it is more likely than not that fair value is less than its carrying value. If a review of the definite-lived intangibles indicates that the carrying value of certain of these assets is more than the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is made, as required, to adjust the carrying value to the estimated fair value. Evaluating for impairment requires judgment, including evaluating current economic and competitive circumstances, estimating future cash flows, future growth rates and future profitability. The primary inputs and assumptions used in the model included timing and projections of estimated future revenues and cash flows, loss of exclusivity, and discount rate. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value, the Company writes down the asset to its estimated fair value, and an impairment loss equal to the difference between the assets fair value and carrying value is recognized in the consolidated statement of earnings (loss) in the period at which such determination is made. The use of different assumptions could increase or decrease the estimated fair value of assets and could therefore affect any impairment measurement. The Company recognized impairment charges of $20.2 million in 2023 mainly due to the partial write-off of the carrying value of some of its acquired intangible assets, primarily XADAGO. The primary factors that led to the impairment determinations were the following: (1) the performance of the commercial products; (2) forthcoming loss of exclusivity of XADAGO in December 2027, or earlier under certain circumstances, due to settlement agreements with third party generic companies; and (3) the change in the Company's future outlook of the brands.

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Results of Operations

In this section, we discuss the results of our operations for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, includes a discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023, in Part II, Item 7—Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations .

Revenues

Revenues consist primarily of net product sales of our commercial products in the U.S., supplemented by royalty and licensing revenues from our collaborative licensing arrangements. The following table provides information regarding our revenues during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Change

Amount

Percent

Net product sales

Qelbree

GOCOVRI

Oxtellar XR

APOKYN

Trokendi XR

ONAPGO

Other (1)

Total net product sales

Collaboration revenue (ZURZUVAE)

Royalty, licensing, and other revenues

Total revenues

(1) Includes net product sales of MYOBLOC, XADAGO and Osmolex ER.

Net Product Sales

Net product sales decreased by $11.2 million from $637.7 million in 2024 to $626.5 million in 2025. The decrease was primarily due to the decline in net product sales of APOKYN due to lower volume, and decline in net product sales of Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR due to generic erosion, partially offset by the increases in net product sales from Qelbree and GOCOVRI due to higher volume and higher price, and ONAPGO, which was launched in the second quarter of 2025.

On November 4, 2025, we announced that due to stronger than expected demand for ONAPGO, supplier constraints are impacting our ability to fully meet this demand. ONAPGO is manufactured in Europe, supplied to us by our ONAPGO licensing partner, and packaged in the U.S. by a third-party contract manufacturing organization. We currently rely on single source suppliers to produce and package final dosage forms for ONAPGO. On February 24, 2026, we announced that we have made progress in securing additional product supply of ONAPGO from the current supplier and as a result, has resumed new patient initiation. In addition, we are working with a second supplier that is expected to begin supplying ONAPGO in 2027. A change in any of the suppliers would require regulatory approval which could cause a further delay in manufacturing and a possible loss of sales, which could affect future operating results adversely.

Sales Deductions and Related Accruals

We record accrued product returns and accrued product rebates as current liabilities in Accrued product returns and rebates, on our consolidated balance sheets. We record sales discounts as a reduction against Accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheets. Both amounts are generally affected by changes in gross product sales, changes in the provision for net product sales deductions, and the timing of payments/credits.

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The following table provides a summary of activities with respect to accrued product returns and rebates and sales discounts for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Accrued Product Returns and Rebates

Product

Returns

Product

Rebates

Sales Discounts

Total

Balance at December 31, 2024

Provision related to:

Current year sales

Prior year sales

Total provision

Less: Actual payments/credits

Balance at December 31, 2025

Balance at December 31, 2023

Provision related to:

Current year sales

Prior year sales

Total provision

Less: Actual payments/credits

Balance at December 31, 2024

Accrued Product Returns and Rebates

The accrued product returns balance decreased from $53.4 million as of December 31, 2024 to $37.8 million as of December 31, 2025. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease of $20.7 million of estimated provision for product returns related to prior year sales. The majority of the provision for product returns related to prior year sales is attributable to Qelbree, reflecting continued favorable actual returns experienced in 2025. As a result, the Company changed its estimated provision for product returns based on the most recent experience.

The accrued product rebates balance increased from $115.3 million as of December 31, 2024 to $123.3 million as of December 31, 2025 due to timing of payments associated with government programs.

Provision for Product Returns and Rebates

The provision for product returns decreased from $5.7 million in 2024 to $(10.2) million in 2025. The decrease was primarily due to the aforementioned $20.7 million of favorable adjustment in the estimated provision for product returns related to prior year sales.

The provision for product rebates increased from $387.8 million in 2024 to $432.8 million in 2025. The increase was primarily attributable to higher Qelbree sales and unfavorability in government programs as a result of product price increases in the first quarter of 2025.

Sales Discounts

The provision for sales discounts increased from $69.5 million in 2024 to $73.0 million in 2025 primarily attributable to new product launched in 2025 and higher Qelbree sales in 2025 compared to 2024.

Adjustments related to prior year sales

Adjustments related to prior year sales in 2025 of $21.1 million was approximately 4% of both net product sales and total provision for the year ended December 31, 2025. Adjustments related to prior year sales in 2024 of $14.0 million was less than 3% of both net product sales and total provision for the year ended December 31, 2024. As aforementioned, the majority of this adjustment is attributable to Qelbree, reflecting favorable actual returns experienced in 2025 and 2024.

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Collaboration Revenue (ZURZUVAE)

Collaboration revenue (ZURZUVAE) was $53.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025. The increase was due to the Sage Acquisition in July 2025.

Royalty, Licensing and Other Revenues

Royalty, licensing and other revenues increased by $15.3 million from $24.1 million in 2024 to $39.4 million in 2025, primarily due to an increase in licensing revenues related to the achievement of a regulatory milestone under our collaboration agreement with Shionogi. The royalty term for Orenitram is expected to cease in 2027 which may result in a future decrease to royalty revenues.

Cost of Revenues

The following table provides information regarding our cost of revenues for the years indicated (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Change

Amount

Percent

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues includes the cost of royalties; cost of materials, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (API); and cost to manufacture, including tableting, packaging, personnel, overhead, stability testing, and distribution. Cost of revenues also includes our proportionate share of ZURZUVAE manufacturing costs under the Biogen Collaboration Agreement.

Cost of revenues decreased from $77.9 million in 2024 to $74.6 million in 2025. The decrease was primarily driven by lower APOKYN royalties due to lower sales and decrease in Oxtellar XR sales due to generic erosion, primarily offset by increases in cost of revenues from Qelbree due to higher sales, increase in cost of revenues from ONAPGO, which was launched in the second quarter of 2025, and increase in manufacturing costs related to ZURZUVAE under the Biogen Collaboration Agreement from the acquisition of Sage in July 2025.

Research and Development Expense

The following table provides information regarding our Research and development (R&D) expenses for the years indicated (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Change

Amount

Percent

Research and development

R&D expenses decreased from $108.8 million in 2024 to $106.2 million in 2025. The decrease was primarily due to decreased clinical program costs on SPN-820, partially offset by the increase in clinical program costs on SPN-817 and the Company's share of R&D expenses from the collaboration arrangement with Biogen. The Company acquired a collaboration agreement with Biogen as part of the acquisition of Sage in July 2025.

Selling, General, and Administrative Expense

The table below provides information regarding our Selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses for the years indicated (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Change

Amount

Percent

Selling and marketing expense

General and administrative expense

Total

Selling and marketing expenses increased from $227.3 million in 2024 to $288.7 million in 2025. The increase was primarily due to higher professional and consulting expenses, higher employee-related expenses due to an increase in headcount because of the acquisition of Sage, higher marketing expense related to ONAPGO, which was launched in second quarter of 2025, and the Company's share of commercial expenses from the collaboration arrangement with Biogen in 2025.

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General and administrative expenses increased from $94.3 million in 2024 to $196.9 million in 2025. The increase was primarily due to the acquisition-related costs associated with the acquisition of Sage in July 2025. The one-time acquisition-related costs consist primarily of transaction costs of $10.0 million, post-combination employee-related expenses of $38.3 million, and post-combination share-based compensation expense of $25.0 million associated with the acceleration of the vesting of certain Sage's equity awards under the terms of the Merger Agreement and change in value of contingent value rights of the portion of potential CVR payments to former Sage employees which are considered probable under the employee compensation accounting model as of the fourth quarter of 2025.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

The following table provides information regarding the amortization expense for intangible assets during the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Change

Amount

Percent

Amortization of intangible assets

Amortization of intangible assets increased from $78.0 million in 2024 to $89.5 million in 2025. The increase is primarily due to ONAPGO and ZURZUVAE intangible assets amortization expense in 2025 offset by amortization expense in 2024 for Oxtellar XR and Namzaric intangible assets, which were fully amortized in 2024. Prior to the FDA approval of ONAPGO in February 2024, ONAPGO was previously accounted for as an indefinite-lived intangible asset not subject to amortization. ZURZUVAE intangible asset was acquired as part of the Sage Acquisition in July 2025.

Contingent Consideration Loss (Gain)

The following table provides information regarding the Contingent consideration loss (gain) during the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Change

Amount

Percent

Contingent consideration loss (gain)

Contingent consideration was a loss of $25.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, and a gain of $6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, respectively. The change was primarily due to an increase in fair value of the Sage contingent consideration associated with the regulatory and commercial milestone with the approval of ZURZUVAE for the treatment of MDD in Japan in December 2025, and the accretion of the USWM contingent consideration liabilities to the full milestone payment amounts with the approval of ONAPGO by the FDA in February 2025.

Other Income (Expense)

The following table provides the components of other income (expense) during the years indicated (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Change

Amount

Percent

Interest and other income, net

Total

Interest and other income, net decreased to $13.3 million in 2025 from $16.2 million in 2024. The decrease was due to lower interest income on marketable securities largely driven by sale of marketable securities holdings of which the proceeds were used to partially fund the Sage Acquisition in July 2025.

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Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

The following table provides information regarding our income tax expense (benefit) during the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Change

Dollar

Percent

Income tax expense (benefit)

Effective tax rate

Income tax expense (benefit) was a benefit of $10.5 million and expense of $24.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The 2025 income tax benefit is primarily driven by pre-tax book loss as compared to prior year. The effective tax rate is impacted by the favorable effect of state taxes and the research and development credit, which is offset by the effect of expenses related to current and prior year transactions that are not deductible for tax purposes. Included within transaction costs are payments to former employees of Sage which are not deductible for tax purposes.

Net Earnings (Loss)

The following table provides information regarding our Net earnings (loss) during the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Change

Amount

Percent

Net earnings (loss)

The decrease in Net earnings (loss) was primarily due to higher amortization of intangible assets, higher selling, general, and administrative expenses, and higher contingent consideration loss as a result of the acquisition of Sage in 2025, offset by higher revenues.

Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources

Summary of Cash Flows

The following table summarizes the major sources and uses of cash for the periods set forth below (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Change

Amount

Net cash provided by (used in):

Operating activities

Investing activities

Financing activities

Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $47.3 million in 2025 compared to $172.0 million in 2024. The decrease in cash flows provided by operating activities was primarily due to the decrease in net earnings for the year ended December 31, 2025 as well as changes in working capital. The Company reported a net loss of $38.6 million and net earnings of $73.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The decline in earnings is principally due to higher costs and expense in 2025 primarily due to the Sage Acquisition in July 2025. The Company recorded $72.9 million acquisition-related costs in 2025.

Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $4.1 million in 2025 compared to $189.9 million used in investing activities in 2024. The change was primarily due to the following:

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• Net cash inflows from marketable securities activity were higher in 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 due to maturities of the marketable securities, whereby the proceeds were used to fund the Sage Acquisition in 2025 offset by

• Cash outflows related to the Sage Acquisition in 2025 (net of cash acquired) of $293.1 million.

Net cash used in investing activities in 2024 was primarily due to purchases of marketable securities, partially offset by higher cash inflows from the maturities of marketable securities.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $9.1 million in 2025 compared to $12.2 million provided in the same period in 2024. The change was primarily due to the payment of the USWM contingent consideration milestones, offset by higher proceeds from the issuances of common stock in 2025 due to exercising of stock options.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, Marketable Securities, and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, and restricted cash are comprised of the following (dollars in thousands):

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Cash and cash equivalents

Marketable securities

Restricted cash

Total

We have financed our operations primarily with cash generated from product sales, supplemented by revenues from royalty and licensing arrangements, as well as proceeds from the sale of equity and debt securities. Continued cash generation is highly dependent on the success of our commercial products, as well as the success of our product candidates if approved by the FDA. While we expect continued profitability in future years, we anticipate there may be significant variability from year to year in the level of our profits particularly due to continued market and payor pressures for our commercial products; the unfavorable impact of the loss of patent exclusivity for Trokendi XR in January 2023 and Oxtellar XR in September 2024; the potential unfavorable impact of the forthcoming loss of exclusivity of XADAGO; funding for research and development of our product candidates; the additional funding for the launch of ONAPGO, which was approved by the FDA in February 2025 and launched in April 2025, and the additional funding for the marketing of ZURZUVAE which was acquired as part of the Sage Acquisition in July 2025. Our marketable securities were lower in 2025 than during 2024 as a portion of the marketable securities we held were sold to fund the Sage Acquisition.

The Company believes its balances of cash, cash equivalents and unrestricted marketable securities, which totaled $308.7 million as of December 31, 2025, along with cash generated from ongoing operations and continued access to debt markets, will be sufficient to satisfy its cash requirements over the next twelve months and beyond.

We may, from time to time, consider raising additional capital through: new collaborative arrangements; strategic alliances; additional equity and/or debt financings; or financing from other sources, especially in conjunction with opportunistic business development initiatives. We will continue to actively manage our capital structure and to consider all financing opportunities that could strengthen our long-term financial profile. Any such capital raises may or may not be similar to transactions in which we have engaged in the past. There can be no assurance that any such financing opportunities will be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

Material Cash Requirements

Our material cash requirements include the following contractual and other obligations.

Leases

Our operating lease commitments include leases of fleet vehicles, leases of certain facilities, including the lease of the current headquarters office and laboratory space. As of December 31, 2025, we have fixed lease payment obligations of $47.0

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million, with $12.4 million payable within twelve months. Refer to Note 13, Leases in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this report.

Manufacturing Purchase Obligations

In October 2021, we entered into an amendment to the Merz Agreement which increased the price of the annual purchase commitment of MYOBLOC from €3.0 million to approximately €3.9 million. An amendment to the contract manufacturing agreement with Merz was executed in July 2025. Amendments to the contract manufacturing agreement in July 2025 included, among other things, the removal of the annual minimum purchase requirement of MYOBLOC, and the Company's agreement to pay a nonrefundable annual fee of €3.0 million to cover general maintenance and reservation costs for the manufacturing facilities. For further discussion on the embedded operating lease related to the Merz Agreement, refer to Note 13, Leases in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this report.

Milestone Payment Obligations from Acquisitions

As of December 31, 2025, no amounts are due from the contingent consideration milestone payable related to the Adamas Acquisition. As of December 31, 2024, there was one remaining outstanding milestone, Milestone 2025. Milestone 2025 (subject to certain terms and conditions and may only be achieved once) is payable upon the first occurrence of the achievement of aggregate worldwide net sales of GOCOVRI in excess of $225 million during any consecutive twelve-month period ending on or before December 31, 2025. At December 31, 2025, Milestone 2025 was not met in 2025 and therefore is no longer outstanding nor payable.

We also had contingent consideration milestones payable related to the USWM Acquisition. At December 31, 2024, there were two remaining outstanding milestones, one related to the approval of ONAPGO and the other related to the commercial launch of ONAPGO. Both milestones were met in 2025 and the liability was accreted to the milestone amounts due resulting in the recognition of $7.7 million change in fair value of contingent consideration during 2025. In February 2025, the Company paid the $25 million milestone related to the FDA's approval of ONAPGO in February 2025. ONAPGO was launched in April 2025 and the $30 million milestone payment related to the commercial launch of ONAPGO, subject to certain holdbacks as permitted under the Sale and Purchase Agreement Relating to USWM Enterprises, LLC, dated April 28, 2020, by and between US WorldMeds Partners, LLC and Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., (USWM Sale and Purchase Agreement) became due and payable. Of the $30 million, the Company paid $2.3 million in the second quarter of 2025 and the remaining amount held was reclassified to Other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet as the milestone had been met but payment remains subject to certain holdbacks permitted under the USWM Sale and Purchase Agreement. The Company paid $1.9 million of the principal amount held back in the third quarter of 2025. The outstanding liability as of December 31, 2025 is $26.6 million, which included the principal amount held back and the interest. During the third quarter of 2025, USWorldsMeds Partners, LLC filed a complaint in the Superior Court of the State of Delaware seeking payment for the withheld amount, plus interest, attorney's fees and costs. See Part I Item 3 Legal Proceedings for further information on this matter .

The Company has contingent consideration milestones payable related to the Sage Acquisition. As of December 31, 2025, all milestone payments remain outstanding and payable upon achievement. Subject to the terms of the Sage CVR Agreement, $1.00 per share (equal to aggregate of $66.9 million) would be payable if in any calendar year between closing and end of 2027, annual net sales (as defined in the Sage CVR Agreement) of ZURZUVAE allocable to Supernus or any of its affiliates reach $250 million or more in the U.S., $1.00 per share (equal to aggregate of $66.9 million) would be payable if in any calendar year between closing and end of 2028, annual net sales (as defined in the Sage CVR Agreement) of ZURZUVAE allocable to Supernus or any of its affiliates reach $300 million or more in the U.S., (3) $1.00 per share (equal to aggregate of $66.9 million) would be payable if in any calendar year between closing and end of 2030, annual net sales (as defined in the Sage CVR Agreement) of ZURZUVAE allocable to Supernus or any of its affiliates reach $375 million or more in the U.S., and (4) $0.50 per share (equal to aggregate of $33.4 million) per share would be payable upon the first commercial sale in Japan to a third-party customer after regulatory approval for ZURZUVAE for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in Japan by June 30, 2026. As of December 31, 2025, the possible outcomes for the contingent consideration range, on an undiscounted basis, range from $0 to $234 million.

Further, with the Sage Acquisition in the third quarter of 2025, our investment balance decreased as marketable securities were sold to fund the acquisition of Sage. Refer to Part II, Item 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Management's discussion on Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2025, and Note 1, Business Organization , in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

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In January 2026, the Company entered into an agreement with former Biscayne security holders wherein the Company will pay $10.0 million on June 30, 2026 for settlement of certain developmental milestones under the merger agreement entered into in 2018.

Biogen Collaboration Obligations

Pursuant to the Biogen Collaboration Agreement, we are jointly commercializing ZURZUVAE in the United States with Biogen. We have a contractual obligation to share equally in all operating profits and losses arising from the sales of ZURZUVAE in the U.S. Consequently, we are required to fund 50% of the development and commercialization expenses incurred for the U.S. market, including 50% of the costs associated with non-discretionary FDA post-marketing requirements, such as required studies in adolescent populations. To the extent that shared commercialization and development expenses exceed net revenues in any given period, we are obligated to make cash payments to fund our share of the operating loss.

While Biogen records net product sales for ZURZUVAE in the U.S., the collaboration necessitates a periodic reconciliation process to ensure the equal sharing of economics, which results in net expense reimbursement payments between the parties. We may incur obligations to reimburse Biogen for our share of selling, general, and administrative expenses, and research and development expenses, in each case, when Biogen’s incurred costs exceed ours.

We are also currently responsible for the manufacturing supply chain for the collaboration. This requires us to finance the costs of manufacturing active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and bulk drug product for commercialization in territories outside of the United States other than Japan, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan (the Biogen Territory). While Biogen is obligated to reimburse us for the costs of supply related to marketing and sales in the Biogen Territory, we are required to fund the initial cash payments to third-party contract manufacturing organizations prior to receiving reimbursement from Biogen. These manufacturing activities result in working capital requirements that fluctuate based, in part, on Biogen’s long-term demand forecasts for sales in the Biogen Territory and will continue until such time as Biogen assumes manufacturing responsibilities for the Biogen Territory as permitted under the agreement.

Navitor Development Agreement

We have obligations from the Development Agreement with Navitor Inc. we entered into in April 2020. The Company can terminate the Development Agreement upon 30 days' notice. Under the terms of the Development Agreement, the Company and Navitor Inc. will jointly conduct a Phase 2 clinical program for NV-5138 (SPN-820) for treatment-resistant depression. The Company will bear all of Phase 1 and Phase 2 development costs incurred by either party, up to a maximum of $50 million. There are certain additional payments which could be incurred by the Company that are contingent upon Navitor Inc. achieving defined milestones. These milestone payments include an additional license or acquisition fee depending on whether the Company ultimately licenses or acquires NV-5138, and subsequent clinical, regulatory and sales milestone payments. The Company has an option to acquire or license NV-5138 (SPN-820), for which additional payments would be required. In the second quarter of 2024, the Company consented to payment of additional Phase II development costs for NV-5138 (SPN-820) as they are incurred, but reserves the right to terminate payment of future development costs at its discretion. On May 5, 2025, the Company entered into a binding memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Navitor Inc. Under the MOU, the Company agreed to conduct further development activities at its own cost and Navitor Inc. agreed to waive its right to receive the $100 million Initial Acquisition Fee under the Development Agreement. In addition, pursuant to the MOU the Company exercised the Purchase Option to purchase all assets of Navitor and its affiliates pursuant to the Development Agreement, subject to, among other things, completion of satisfactory due diligence by the Company, and negotiation and execution of a definitive Purchase Agreement. On June 24, 2025, October 31, 2025 and December 22, 2025, the Company amended the MOU with Navitor to extend the negotiation period.

Royalty Payments

We obtained exclusive licenses from third parties for proprietary rights to support our commercial products and product candidates. We are obligated to pay royalties to third parties, computed as a percentage of net product sales, for each respective product under a license agreement, beginning upon commercialization. The amount of future royalty obligations are dependent on future net product sales of each of the respective products under a license agreement.

Other Obligations

We have other obligations in which the timing, likelihood and, in some situations, the amount of such payments are not known, which include the following:

• any milestone payments which may become payable to third parties under license agreements or contractual agreements regarding our clinical trials, or those which may become payable upon achieving sales, regulatory, and developmental milestones

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per contractual agreements.

• liabilities related to uncertain tax positions. Due to uncertainties in the timing of potential tax audits, the timing and the amounts associated with the resolution of these positions is uncertain. As such, we are unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate regarding the timing of payments beyond twelve months.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not currently have, nor have we ever had, any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or for other contractually narrow or limited purposes. In addition, we do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of new accounting pronouncements, see Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this report.