NPB Northpointe Bancshares Inc - 10-K

Risk factors include, but are not limited to, the risk factors described in “Item 1A - Risk Factors” of this report. These and other factors are representative of the risk factors that may emerge and could cause a difference between an ultimate actual outcome and the preceding forward-looking statements.

A number of important factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated in these forward-looking statements, including those factors discussed elsewhere in this annual report and the following:

• general economic and business conditions nationally and in our local markets, including conditions affecting employment levels, interest rates, inflation, slowdowns in economic growth and the threat of recession, volatile equity capital markets, supply chain issues, property and casualty insurance costs, collateral values, customer income, creditworthiness and confidence, spending and savings that may affect customer bankruptcies, defaults, charge-offs and deposit activity; and the impact of the foregoing on customer and client behavior (including the velocity and levels of deposit withdrawals and loan repayment);

• changes in the interest rate environment (including changes to the federal funds rate and the impact on the level, composition of, and cost of deposits), loan demand, liquidity and the values of loan collateral, securities and market fluctuations, and interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities, and competition in our markets may result in increased funding costs or reduced earning assets yields, thus reducing our margins and net interest income;

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• uncertainties surrounding geopolitical events, trade policy, taxation policy, and monetary policy which continue to impact the outlook for future economic growth, including U.S. imposition of tariffs and consideration of responsive actions by the impacted nations and/or the expansion of import fees and tariffs among a larger group of nations, which may bring greater ambiguity to the outlook for future economic growth;

• adverse developments in the banking industry and the impact of such developments on customer confidence, liquidity and regulatory responses to these developments (including increases in the cost of our deposit insurance assessments and increased regulatory scrutiny following recent bank failures), our ability to effectively manage our liquidity risk and any growth plans and the availability of capital and funding;

• our ability to comply with applicable capital and liquidity requirements, including our ability to generate liquidity internally or raise capital on favorable terms, including continued access to the debt and equity capital markets;

• the risk that a future economic downturn and contraction could have a material adverse effect on our capital, financial condition, credit quality, results of operations and future growth, including the risk that the strength of the current economic environment could be weakened by the continued impact of elevated or rising interest rates and inflation;

• factors that can impact the performance of our loan portfolio, including real estate values and liquidity in our primary market areas, the financial health of our borrowers and the success of various projects that we finance;

• changes in the prices, values and sales volumes of commercial and residential real estate, especially as they relate to the value of collateral supporting the Company’s loans;

• weakness in the real estate market, including the secondary residential mortgage market, which can affect, among other things, the value of collateral securing mortgage loans, mortgage loan originations and delinquencies, profits on sales of mortgage loans, and the value of mortgage servicing rights;

• credit and lending risks associated with our loan portfolios;

• negative impact on our mortgage banking services, including declines in our mortgage originations or profitability due to prolonged elevated or rising interest rates and increased competition and regulation, our or third party’s failure to satisfy mortgage servicing obligations, loan modifications, the effects of judicial or regulatory requirements or guidance, and the possibility of us being required to repurchase mortgage loans or indemnify buyers;

• the impact of prolonged elevated interest rates on our financial projections, models and guidance;

• our ability to attract sufficient loans that meet prudent credit standards;

• our ability to attract and maintain business banking relationships with well-qualified businesses, real estate developers and investors with proven track records in our market areas;

• our ability to successfully manage our credit risk;

• the sufficiency of our allowance for credit losses (“ACL”), the adequacy of our reserves (including ACL) and the appropriateness of our methodology for calculating such reserves;

• our ability to successfully execute our business strategy to achieve profitable growth;

• the concentration of our business within our geographic areas of operation;

• our ability to manage our growth;

• our ability to increase our operating efficiency;

• significant turbulence or a disruption in the capital or financial markets and/or the effect of a fall in stock market prices on our investment securities;

• risks that our cost of funding could increase, in the event we are unable to continue to attract stable, low-cost deposits and reduce our cost of deposits;

• inability of our risk management framework (including internal controls) to effectively mitigate credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, price risk, compliance risk, operational risk (including by virtue of our relationships with third-party business partners, as well as our relationships with third-party vendors and other service providers), strategic risk, reputational risk and other risks inherent to the business of banking;

• our ability to maintain expenses in line with current projections;

• the makeup of our asset mix and investments;

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• external economic, political and/or market factors, such as changes in monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including those that impact the value of the U.S. Dollar in relation to the currencies of other advanced and emerging market countries and the money supply, and also including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve, inflation or deflation, changes in the demand for loans, and fluctuations in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits, which may have an adverse impact on our financial condition;

• the institution and outcome of litigation and other legal proceeding against us or to which we may become subject to and the potential effect of our reputation;

• the impact of recent and future legislative and regulatory changes and changes to supervisory, examination and enforcement priorities;

• examinations by our regulatory authorities;

• continued or increasing competition from other financial institutions, credit unions, and non-bank financial services companies (including fintech companies), many of which are subject to different regulations than we are;

• challenges arising from unsuccessful attempts to expand into new geographic markets, products, or services;

• restraints on the ability of Northpointe Bank (the “Bank”) to pay dividends to us, which could limit our liquidity;

• increased capital requirements imposed by banking regulators, which may require us to raise capital at a time when capital is not available on favorable terms or at all;

• inaccuracies in our assumptions about future events, which could result in material differences between our financial projections and actual financial performance;

• changes in our management personnel or our inability to retain motivate and hire qualified management personnel;

• the dependence of our operating model on our ability to attract and retain experienced and talented bankers in each of our markets, which may be impacted as a result of labor shortages;

• our ability to identify and address cyber-security risks, fraud and systems errors, including the impact on our reputation and the costs and effects required to address such risks, fraud and systems errors;

• disruptions, security breaches, or other adverse events, failures or interruptions in, or attacks on, our information technology systems, which may be exacerbated by the continued development and implementation of generative artificial intelligence, and the cost of defending against them and any reputational or other financial risks following such a cybersecurity incident;

• our business relationships with, and reliance upon, third parties that have strategic partnerships with us or that provide key components of our business infrastructure, including the costs of services and products provided to us by third parties, and disruptions in service, security breaches, financial difficulties with or other adverse events affecting a third-party vendor or business relationship;

• an inability to keep pace with the rate of technological advances due to a lack of resources to invest in new technologies;

• fraudulent and negligent acts by our clients, employees or vendors and our ability to identify and address such acts;

• risks related to potential acquisitions;

• the impact of any claims or legal actions to which we may be subject, including any effect on our reputation;

• compliance with governmental and regulatory requirements, including the Dodd-Frank Act and others relating to banking, consumer protection, securities and tax matters, and our ability to maintain licenses required in connection with commercial mortgage origination, sale and servicing operations;

• changes in the scope and cost of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance and other coverage;

• changes in accounting standards;

• changes in federal tax law or policy;

• the effects of war or other conflicts, regime change, civil unrest, acts of terrorism, acts of God, natural disasters, health emergencies, epidemics or pandemics, climate changes, or other catastrophic events that may affect general economic conditions or cause other disruptions and/or increase costs, including, but not limited to, property and casualty and other insurance cost;

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• the impact of action or inaction by the federal government, including as a result of any prolonged government shutdown;

• risks associated with compliance with evolving diversity, equity and inclusion (“DEI”) and environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) related laws and regulations;

• a deterioration of the credit rating for U.S. long-term sovereign debt, actions that the U.S. government may take to avoid exceeding the debt ceiling, and uncertainties surrounding the debt ceiling and the federal budget; and

• other factors and risks described under “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” herein and in any of the Company’s subsequent reports filed with the SEC and available on its website at www.sec.gov.

The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read together with the other cautionary statements included in this Annual Report and in any of Northpointe’s subsequent SEC filings. Because of these risks and other uncertainties, our actual future results, performance or achievement, or industry results, may be materially different from the results indicated by the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, our past results of operations are not necessarily indicative of our future results. You should not rely on any forward-looking statements, which represent our beliefs, assumptions and estimates only as of the dates on which they were made, as predictions of future events. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we do not undertake any obligation to update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as required by law.

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Part I

Item 1. Business

As used in this report, the terms “we”, “us”, “our”, “Northpointe”, and “Company” mean Northpointe Bancshares, Inc. and its subsidiary, unless the context indicates another meaning. The term “Bank” means Northpointe Bank.

Our Business

Company Overview

Northpointe Bancshares, Inc. (“the Company”) is a bank holding company headquartered in Grand Rapids, Michigan and registered under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. The Company completed an initial public offering of common stock in February 2025 as an emerging growth company under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“the JOBS Act”). Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “NPB”.

Our Bank was founded in 1999 as a focused mortgage portfolio lender primarily operating in the midwestern states of Michigan, Ohio and Indiana. Presently, the Bank also offers a nationwide mortgage purchase program, residential mortgage lending, digital deposit banking to our retail customers and custodial deposit services to our loan servicing clients. Our delivery systems are primarily digital and are available to clients nationwide; and we provide our staff with loan production offices across 25 cities in 15 states and support them through our centralized operating center in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Our nationwide presence has enabled us to have clients in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Today, we are the largest bank headquartered in the state of Michigan, one of the largest providers of mortgage warehouse financing, and one of the only mortgage-focused banks in the country.

In the large and fragmented mortgage marketplace, we believe we are well-positioned as a specialty bank that uses a widely accepted and growing digitally-enabled platform to serve the borrowing and payment needs of increasingly sophisticated mortgage warehouse clients and the rapidly evolving demands of professional mortgage originators and retail borrowers.

We have strategically built our primary business channels to provide us with synergies across our lines of business. We believe this approach offers us substantial insulation from cyclical economic changes, credit swings and rate volatility. Within our lines of business, we pursue very focused strategies that we believe have (1) historically proven to be well received by borrowers, (2) allowed us to differentiate ourselves from the competition and (3) resulted in strong financial performance during high volume cycles and durable performance during low volume cycles. We believe our platform has been able to dynamically and profitably scale up and down with the changes in volume in the mortgage industry. We have demonstrated an ability to generate and scale revenues while proactively managing variable costs and containing fixed costs, resulting in attractive financial results. As evidence of our platform’s proactive adaptability, we completed our strategic repositioning efforts over 23 months starting in 2022, which included the following: (i) quickly exiting the correspondent lending business as margins declined in the sector, (ii) entering into private- labelled subservicing agreements for non-specialized mortgage products, such as conforming agency mortgage loans, and (iii) remixing our available lending capacities by (a) increasing Mortgage Purchase Program clients and balances as other lenders exited the sector and (b) holding more specialized residential loan products. These actions resulted in long-term cost reductions that outpaced revenue reduction which, in combination with increased yields on assets, delivered strong performance metrics and substantial growth in profitability for 2025 compared to 2024. These strategic actions are consistent with our rate, liquidity and credit risk strategies.

Business Segments

We offer financial products and services through our two primary business segments, Mortgage Purchase Program and Retail Banking.

Mortgage Purchase Program (“MPP”). Through our Mortgage Purchase Program business (which we refer to as “MPP”), we provide independent mortgage banking platforms nationwide with an alternative to traditional mortgage warehouse lending. MPP utilizes a collateralized mortgage purchase facility, marketed to independent mortgage bankers nationwide. These facilities enable our MPP clients to close and fund their mortgages and during a relatively short period (typically less than 30 days), the originated loans are sold into the secondary market via government agencies (Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae) or institutional investors (banks, large mortgage companies, insurance companies, mortgage REIT’s) or are securitized. Our MPP facilities provide a key source of liquidity to the residential mortgage marketplace.

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Retail Banking. Our Retail Banking business includes residential lending, digital deposit banking and loan servicing.

(a) Residential Lending. Our residential lending division provides a comprehensive range of financing options for home purchases and refinancing, serving borrowers nationwide through two main channels: Consumer Direct and Traditional Retail. These channels combine the convenience of online, self-service platforms with the personalized service of traditional, referral-based interactions. Through our point of sale platform, borrowers can easily apply for loans, upload documents, speak with loan officers, track progress, and make payments — all from one secure, user-friendly interface. Northpointe offers a broad spectrum of loan programs, including conventional, government, and non-Qualified Mortgage (“QM”) loans, catering to a wide variety of borrowers’ needs. As a direct seller/servicer to Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Ginnie Mae and other end investors, we ensure competitive rates and efficient processing. With a focus on speed, quality, and client satisfaction, we leverage our customized technology in our underwriting process, leading to faster decisions and document delivery.

We also specialize in the origination and servicing of first-lien home equity lines which are tied seamlessly to a demand deposit sweep account through our proprietary technology (we commonly refer to these loans as “All-in-One” or “AIO” loans). These first-lien home equity lines combine the benefits of a revolving equity line of credit, a market rate cost of a first mortgage and the sweep benefits of a deposit account. The borrower benefits through reduced interest charges on the credit line as a result of the daily sweep from the linked bank checking account.

Our digitized loan origination processes give borrowers and origination professionals easy access to our proprietary application and point-of-sale support features to quickly, intelligently, and securely gather personal and loan information. Borrowers also have access to account advisors to help borrowers on their journey when they need human assistance. We believe our processes have allowed us to improve upon traditional mortgage offering with products advancements such as: Lock & Shop, Temporary Buydown, TrueApproval, Delayed Financing, and Rate Refresh along with Jumbo, Renovation, traditional HELOC, VA Loans and our first-lien home equity loans.

(b) Digital Deposit Banking. Our automated account opening, direct to customer deposit platform and product suite provide our depositors with effective, competitive, modern digital banking services and provide us with reliable access to deposit funding. We offer and utilize the full spectrum of deposit products, including noninterest- bearing accounts, savings, money-market demand accounts; but we typically focus upon term CDs. Our digital platform (supported by one central branch) offers very competitive rates (typically priced in the top 25 of average nationwide industry deposit rates for similar maturities) that allow us to attract deposits at an attractive all-in cost to us. We successfully compete with other digital-only banks by offering a simple online account opening experience, friendly features such as ATM fee rebates, no/low overdraft fees and a dynamic mobile banking solution. In addition to retail deposits, we offer commercial deposits which are primarily noninterest bearing custodial deposits related to our loan servicing business or deposits from our MPP clients.

(c) Loan Servicing. We service and sub-service specialized loans on behalf of our borrowers and investors, which includes a monthly fee paid by the investor. In 2024, we refined our servicing strategy to focus solely on in-house servicing of select loan types such as first-lien home equity lines which are tied seamlessly to a demand deposit sweep account through our proprietary technology; and the private label outsourcing of non-specialized mortgage servicing to a scaled sub-servicer. Our servicing duties include handling the recording, acceptance, and remittance of principal and interest payments from borrowers, holding FDIC-insured deposits, calculating variable rate interest payments, as well as the administration of taxes, insurance and escrow payments, as applicable; and may also include negotiations of loan workouts and modifications upon default or other proceedings. Critical to the success of our servicing platform is being an approved seller/servicer for the largest government-related mortgage agencies (Federal National Mortgage Association “FNMA”, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation “FHLMC”, Federal Home Loan Bank “FHLB”) as well as being rated by a third-party rating agency (Fitch) as a qualified servicer for investor-owned securitizations and other non-agency products.

Market Area

While our headquarters is located in Grand Rapids, Michigan, our market area is nationwide. Our delivery systems are primarily digital, enabling clients across all 50 states and the District of Columbia to access our mortgage and deposit products. In addition to our digital platform, we operate loan production offices in 25 cities across 15 states, which support our lending activities and are backed by our centralized operating center in Grand Rapids. This structure allows us to efficiently serve a geographically diverse customer base and participate broadly in the national residential mortgage market.

Competition

We compete in a number of areas, including deposit banking, residential mortgage lending and servicing, and mortgage warehouse lending. These industries are highly competitive, and our Bank faces strong direct competition for loans and deposits. We compete with other nondepository financial institutions and community banks, thrifts and credit unions. In

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addition, we compete with large banks and other financial intermediaries, such as consumer finance companies, mortgage banking companies, and online banks. Competition from financial technology (“fintech”) companies and technology-enabled financial service providers has also increased and continues to intensify as these providers offer digital-first platforms for lending, payments, and deposit-like products that may compete directly with traditional banking services.

Continued consolidation and rapid technological changes within the financial services industry will likely change the nature and intensity of competition, but also will create opportunities for the Company to demonstrate and leverage its competitive advantages. The continuing consolidation within the financial services industry is leading to larger, better capitalized and geographically diverse institutions with enhanced product and technology capabilities. Additionally, competition from fintechs is increasing. In addition to fintechs, certain technology companies are working to provide financial services directly to their customers. These nontraditional financial service providers have been successful in developing digital and other products and services that effectively compete with traditional banking services, but are in some cases subject to fewer regulatory restrictions than banks and bank holding companies, allowing them to operate with greater flexibility and lower cost structures.

Fintech companies, digital payment platforms, and other non‑bank financial service providers increasingly offer alternatives to traditional bank deposits and payment services, which may reduce customer reliance on traditional banking relationships and contribute to deposit disintermediation. Advances in real‑time payments and customer expectations for instantaneous funds availability may further intensify competitive pressures on banks, particularly those offering digital deposit products. Certain fintech competitors may also benefit from operating under different regulatory frameworks or reduced capital, liquidity, or supervisory requirements, which can allow for faster product development cycles, lower operating costs, or more flexible pricing relative to traditional banks.

Competitors include not only financial institutions based in Michigan, but also a number of large out-of-state and foreign banks, bank holding companies and other financial institutions that have an established market presence in Michigan or that offer internet-based products. Many of the Company's competitors are engaged in local, regional, national and international operations and have greater assets, personnel and other resources. Some of these competitors are subject to less regulation and/or more favorable tax treatment. Many of these institutions have greater resources, broader geographic markets and higher lending limits, and may offer services that the Company does not offer. In addition, these institutions may be able to better afford and make broader use of media advertising, support services, and electronic and other technology. To offset these potential competitive disadvantages, the Company depends on its reputation for superior service, ability to make credit and other business decisions quickly, and the delivery of an integrated distribution of a traditional branch and bankers, with digital technology. We believe that the range and quality of products that we offer, the knowledge of our personnel and our emphasis on building long-lasting relationships sets us apart from our competitors.

Risk Management

We believe that effective risk management and control processes are critical to our safety and soundness, our ability to predict and manage the challenges that we face and, ultimately, our long-term corporate success. Risk management refers to the activities by which we identify, measure, monitor, evaluate and manage the risks we face in the course of our banking activities. These include liquidity, interest rate, credit, operational, compliance, regulatory, strategic, financial and reputational risk exposures. Our board of directors, both directly and through its committees, is responsible for overseeing our risk management processes, including routinely conducting enterprise risk management assessments, cyber, BSA/anti-money laundering and third-party risk assessments, with each of the committees of our board of directors assuming a different and important role in overseeing the management of the risks we face. Our risk management processes are designed to address both existing and emerging risks, including those arising from changes in economic conditions, technology, cybersecurity threats, third-party relationships and the evolving regulatory environment.

The Audit Committee of our board of directors is responsible for overseeing risks associated with financial matters (particularly financial reporting, accounting practices and policies, disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting). The Compensation Committee of our board of directors has primary responsibility for risks and exposures associated with our compensation policies, plans and practices, regarding both executive compensation and our compensation structure generally. In particular, our Compensation Committee, in conjunction with our President and our Chief Executive Officer and other members of our management, as appropriate, reviews our incentive compensation arrangements to ensure these programs are consistent with applicable laws and regulations, including safety and soundness requirements, and do not encourage imprudent or excessive risk-taking by our employees. The Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee of our board of directors oversees risks associated with the independence of our board of directors and potential conflicts of interest.

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Our senior management is responsible for implementing our risk management processes, including by assessing and managing the risks we face, including strategic, operational, regulatory, investment and execution risks, on a day-to-day basis, and reporting to our board of directors regarding our risk management processes. Our senior management is also responsible for creating and recommending to our board of directors for approval appropriate risk appetite metrics reflecting the aggregate levels and types of risk we are willing to accept in connection with the operation of our business and pursuit of our business objectives.

The role of our board of directors in our risk oversight is consistent with our leadership structure, with our President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Executive Officer, along with the other members of senior management having responsibility for assessing and managing our risk exposure, and our board of directors and its committees providing oversight in connection with those efforts. We believe this division of risk management responsibilities presents a consistent, systemic and effective approach for identifying, managing and mitigating risks throughout our operations.

Properties

Our principal executive office is located at 3333 Deposit Drive Northeast, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546. In addition to our principal executive office, we operate loan production offices across 25 cities in 15 states that are supported through our centralized operating center in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Human Capital

To facilitate talent attraction and retention, we strive to create an inclusive, safe and healthy workplace with opportunities for our employees to grow and develop in their careers, supported by strong compensation, benefits and health and welfare programs.

Employee Profile

As of December 31, 2025, we had 483 full-time employees and 8 part-time employees. None of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good and have not experienced interruptions of operations due to labor disagreements.

Compensation and Benefits

We provide a competitive compensation and benefits program to help meet the needs of our employees. Our compensation programs are designed to be market-competitive and performance-based, while remaining consistent with applicable laws, regulations and safety and soundness considerations. In addition to salaries, these programs include annual bonus opportunities, a 401(k) plan with an employer matching contribution, healthcare and insurance benefits, flexible spending accounts, paid time off and family leave and an employee assistance program. Restricted stock awards are also available to certain employees.

Learning and Development

We invest in the growth and development of our employees by providing a multi-dimensional approach to learning that empowers, intellectually grows, and professionally develops our colleagues. In particular, we facilitate the educational and professional development of our employees through support to attend conferences and obtain degrees, licenses and certifications while employed by us.

Corporate Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 3333 Deposit Drive Northeast, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546, and our telephone number at that address is (616) 940-9400. Our website address is www.northpointe.com . The information contained on our website is not a part of, or incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.

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Public Information

Persons interested in obtaining information on the Company may read and copy any materials that we file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The Commission maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. We make available, free of charge, on or through our website, https://ir.northpointe.com/, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and other filings pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and amendments to such filings, as soon as reasonably practicable after each is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC.

Also available on the Company's website are its Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, Corporate Governance Guidelines, the charter of each active committee of the Board of Directors, and other materials outlining the Company's corporate governance practices.

SUPERVISION AND REGULATION

We are extensively regulated under federal and state law. The following is a brief summary that does not purport to be a complete description of all regulations that affect us or all aspects of those regulations. This discussion is qualified in its entirety by reference to the particular statutory and regulatory provisions described below and is not intended to be an exhaustive description of the statutes or regulations applicable to the Company’s and the Bank’s business. In addition, proposals to change the laws and regulations governing the banking industry are frequently raised at both the state and federal levels. The likelihood and timing of any changes in these laws and regulations, and the impact such changes may have on us and the Bank, are difficult to predict. Regulatory agencies may issue enforcement actions, policy statements, interpretive letters, and similar written guidance applicable to us or to the Bank. Changes in applicable laws, regulations, or regulatory guidance, or their interpretation by regulatory agencies or courts may have a material adverse effect on our and the Bank’s business, operations, and earnings.

We, the Bank, and in some cases, our nonbank affiliates, must undergo regular examinations by the appropriate regulatory agency, which will examine for adherence to a range of legal and regulatory compliance responsibilities. A bank regulator conducting an examination has complete access to the books and records of the examined institution. The results of the examination are confidential. Supervision and regulation of banks, their holding companies, and affiliates is intended primarily for the protection of depositors and clients, the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”) of the FDIC, and the U.S. banking and financial system rather than holders of our securities.

Regulation of the Company

We are registered as a bank holding company with the Federal Reserve under the BHC Act. As such, we are subject to comprehensive supervision and regulation by the Federal Reserve and are subject to its regulatory reporting requirements. Federal law subjects bank holding companies, such as the Company, to restrictions on the types of activities in which they may engage, and to a range of supervisory requirements. Various federal and state bodies regulate and supervise our non-bank activities including our trust and insurance agency activities.

Violations of laws and regulations, or other unsafe and unsound practices, may result in regulatory agencies imposing fines or penalties, cease and desist orders, or taking other enforcement actions. Under certain circumstances, these agencies may enforce remedies directly against officers, directors, employees, and other parties participating in the affairs of a bank or bank holding company. Under federal and state laws and regulations pertaining to the safety and soundness of insured depository institutions, state banking regulators, the Federal Reserve, and separately the FDIC as the insurer of bank deposits have the authority to compel or restrict certain actions on our part if they determine that we have insufficient capital or other resources, or are otherwise operating in a manner that may be deemed to be inconsistent with safe and sound banking practices. Under this authority, our regulators can require us or our subsidiary to enter into informal or formal supervisory agreements, including board resolutions, memoranda of understanding, written agreements, and consent or cease and desist orders pursuant to which we would be required to take identified corrective actions to address cited concerns and to refrain from taking certain actions.

If we become subject to and are unable to comply with the terms of any regulatory actions or directives, supervisory agreements or orders, then we could become subject to additional, heightened supervisory actions and orders, possibly including prompt corrective action restrictions and/or other regulatory actions, including prohibitions on the payment of dividends on our common stock and preferred stock. If our regulators were to take such supervisory actions, then we could, among other things, become subject to significant restrictions on our ability to develop any new business, as well as restrictions on our existing business, and we could be required to raise additional capital, dispose of certain assets and liabilities within a prescribed period of time, or both. The terms of any such action could have a material negative effect on our business, reputation, operating flexibility, financial condition, and the value of our common stock and preferred stock.

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Activity Limitations

Bank holding companies are generally restricted to engaging in the business of banking, managing or controlling banks and certain other activities determined by the Federal Reserve to be closely related to banking. In addition, the Federal Reserve has the power to order a bank holding company or its subsidiaries to terminate any nonbanking activity or terminate its ownership or control of any nonbank subsidiary when it has reasonable cause to believe that continuation of such activity or such ownership or control constitutes a serious risk to the financial safety, soundness, or stability of any bank subsidiary of that bank holding company.

Source of Strength Obligations

A bank holding company, such as us, is required to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary bank. The term “source of financial strength” means the ability of a company, such as us, that directly or indirectly owns or controls an insured depository institution, such as the Bank, to provide financial assistance to such insured depository institution in the event of financial distress. The appropriate federal banking agency for the depository institution (in the case of the Bank, this agency is the FDIC) may require reports from us to assess our ability to serve as a source of strength and to enforce compliance with the source of strength requirements by requiring us to provide financial assistance to the Bank in the event of financial distress. If we were to enter bankruptcy or become subject to the orderly liquidation process established by the Dodd-Frank Act, any commitment by us to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of the Bank would be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee or the FDIC, as appropriate, and entitled to a priority of payment. In addition, the FDIC provides that any insured depository institution generally will be liable for any loss incurred by the FDIC in connection with the default of, or any assistance provided by the FDIC to, a commonly controlled insured depository institution. The Bank is an FDIC-insured depository institution and thus subject to these requirements.

Acquisitions

The BHC Act permits acquisitions of banks by bank holding companies, such that we and any other bank holding company, whether located in Michigan or elsewhere, may acquire a bank located in any other state, subject to certain deposit-percentage, age of bank charter requirements, and other restrictions. The BHC Act requires that a bank holding company obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve before (i) acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting shares of any additional bank or bank holding company, (ii) taking any action that causes an additional bank or bank holding company to become a subsidiary of the bank holding company, or (iii) merging or consolidating with any other bank holding company. The Federal Reserve may not approve any such transaction that would result in a monopoly or would be in furtherance of any combination or conspiracy to monopolize or attempt to monopolize the business of banking in any section of the United States, or the effect of which may be substantially to lessen competition or to tend to create a monopoly in any section of the country, or that in any other manner would be in restraint of trade unless the anticompetitive effects of the proposed transaction are clearly outweighed in the public interest by the probable effect of the transaction in meeting the convenience and needs of the community to be served. The Federal Reserve is also required to consider: (i) the financial and managerial resources of the companies involved, including pro forma capital ratios; (ii) the risk to the stability of the United States banking or financial system; (iii) the convenience and needs of the communities to be served, including performance under the CRA; and (iv) the effectiveness of the company in combating money laundering.

Change in Control

Federal law restricts the amount of voting stock of a bank holding company or a bank that a person may acquire without the prior approval of banking regulators. Under the Change in Bank Control Act and the regulations thereunder, a person or group must give advance notice to the Federal Reserve before acquiring control of any bank holding company, such as the Company, or to the appropriate regulator before acquiring control of any FDIC-insured bank, such as the Bank. Upon receipt of such notice, the regulator may approve or disapprove the acquisition. The Change in Bank Control Act creates a rebuttable presumption of control if a person or group acquires the power to vote 10% or more of our outstanding common stock. The overall effect of such laws is to make it more difficult to acquire a bank holding company and a bank by tender offer or similar means than it might be to acquire control of another type of corporation. Consequently, stockholders of the Company may be less likely to benefit from the rapid increases in stock prices that may result from tender offers or similar efforts to acquire control of other companies. Investors should be aware of these requirements when acquiring shares of our stock.

Repurchase or Redemption of Shares

A BHC is generally required to give the Federal Reserve prior written notice of any purchase or redemption of its own then-outstanding equity securities if the gross consideration for the purchase or redemption, when combined with the net consideration paid for all such purchases or redemptions during the preceding twelve months, is equal to 10.0% or more of the company’s consolidated net worth. The Federal Reserve may disapprove such a purchase or redemption if it determines that the proposal would constitute an unsafe and unsound practice, or would violate any law, regulation, Federal Reserve order or

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directive, or any condition imposed by, or written agreement with, the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve has adopted an exception to this approval requirement for BHCs that meet certain “well-capitalized” and “well-managed” standards and are not the subject of any unresolved supervisory issue.

Incentive Compensation

The Dodd-Frank Act required the federal banking agencies and the SEC to establish joint rules or guidelines for financial institutions with more than $1 billion in assets, such as us and the Bank, which prohibit incentive compensation arrangements that the agencies determine to encourage inappropriate risks by the institution. The federal banking agencies issued proposed rules in 2011 and previously issued guidance on sound incentive compensation policies. In 2016, the federal banking agencies and the SEC proposed rules that would, depending upon the assets of the institution, directly regulate incentive compensation arrangements and would require enhanced oversight and recordkeeping. As of December 31, 2025, these rules have not been implemented, although the SEC did adopt final rules implementing the clawback provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act in 2022. We and the Bank have undertaken efforts to ensure that our incentive compensation plans do not encourage inappropriate risks, consistent with three key principles - that incentive compensation arrangements should appropriately balance risk and financial rewards, be compatible with effective controls and risk management, and be supported by strong corporate governance.

Capital Requirements

We and the Bank are required under federal law to maintain certain minimum capital levels based on ratios of capital to total assets and capital to risk-weighted assets. The required capital ratios are minimums, and the regulators may determine that a banking organization based on its size, complexity, or risk profile must maintain a higher level of capital in order to operate in a safe and sound manner. Risks such as concentration of credit risks and the risk arising from non-traditional activities, as well as the institution’s exposure to a decline in the economic value of its capital due to changes in interest rates, and an institution’s ability to manage those risks, are important factors that are to be taken into account in assessing an institution’s overall capital adequacy. The following is a brief description of the relevant provisions of these capital rules and their potential impact on our capital levels.

We and the Bank are subject to the following risk-based capital ratios: a CET1 risk-based capital ratio, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, which includes CET1 and additional Tier 1 capital, and a total risk-based capital ratio, which includes Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. CET1 is primarily comprised of the sum of common stock instruments and related surplus net of treasury stock plus retained earnings less certain adjustments and deductions, including with respect to goodwill, intangible assets, mortgage servicing assets, and deferred tax assets subject to temporary timing differences. Additional Tier 1 capital is primarily comprised of noncumulative perpetual preferred stock. Tier 2 capital consists of instruments disqualified from Tier 1 capital, including qualifying subordinated debt and a limited amount of loan loss reserves up to a maximum of 1.25% of risk-weighted assets, subject to certain eligibility criteria. The capital rules also define the risk-weights assigned to assets and off-balance sheet items to determine the risk-weighted asset components of the risk-based capital rules, including, for example, certain “high volatility” commercial real estate, past due assets, structured securities, and equity holdings.

The leverage capital ratio, which serves as a minimum capital standard, is the ratio of Tier 1 capital to quarterly average total consolidated assets net of goodwill, certain other intangible assets, and certain required deduction items. The required minimum leverage ratio for all banks and bank holding companies is 4%.

In addition, effective January 1, 2019, the capital rules required a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% above each of the minimum risk-based capital ratio requirements (CET1, Tier 1, and total capital), which is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. These buffer requirements must be met for a bank or bank holding company to be able to pay dividends, engage in share buybacks, or make discretionary bonus payments to executive management without restriction.

The FDICIA, among other things, requires the federal bank regulatory agencies to take “prompt corrective action” regarding depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. FDICIA establishes five regulatory capital tiers: “well capitalized”, “adequately capitalized”, “undercapitalized”, “significantly undercapitalized”, and “critically undercapitalized”. A depository institution’s capital tier will depend upon how its capital levels compare to various relevant capital measures and certain other factors, as established by regulation. FDICIA generally prohibits a depository institution from making any capital distribution (including payment of a dividend) or paying any management fee to its holding company if the depository institution would thereafter be undercapitalized. The FDICIA imposes progressively more restrictive restraints on operations, management, and capital distributions depending on the category in which an institution is classified. Undercapitalized depository institutions are subject to restrictions on borrowing from the Federal Reserve System. In addition, undercapitalized depository institutions may not accept brokered deposits absent a waiver from the FDIC, are subject to growth limitations, and are required to submit capital restoration plans for regulatory approval. A depository institution's holding company must guarantee any required capital restoration plan up to an amount equal to the lesser of 5% of the depository institution's assets at

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the time it becomes undercapitalized or the amount of the capital deficiency when the institution fails to comply with the plan. Federal banking agencies may not accept a capital plan without determining, among other things, that the plan is based on realistic assumptions and is likely to succeed in restoring the depository institution's capital. If a depository institution fails to submit an acceptable plan, it is treated as if it is significantly undercapitalized.

To be well-capitalized, the Bank must maintain at least the following capital ratios:

• 6.5% CET1 to risk-weighted assets;

• 8.0% Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets;

• 10.0% Total capital to risk-weighted assets; and

• 5.0% leverage ratio.

The Federal Reserve has not yet revised the well-capitalized standard for bank holding companies to reflect the higher capital requirements imposed under the current capital rules applicable to banks. For purposes of the Federal Reserve’s Regulation Y, including determining whether a bank holding company meets the requirements to be a financial holding company, bank holding companies, such as the Company, must maintain a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0% or greater and a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater to be well-capitalized. Also, the Federal Reserve may require bank holding companies, including the Company, to maintain capital ratios substantially in excess of mandated minimum levels depending upon general economic conditions and a bank holding company’s particular condition, risk profile, and growth plans.

Failure to be well-capitalized or to meet minimum capital requirements could result in certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have an adverse material effect on our operations or financial condition. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements could also result in restrictions on the Company’s or the Bank’s ability to pay dividends or otherwise distribute capital or to receive regulatory approval of applications or other restrictions on its growth.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company’s and the Bank’s regulatory capital ratios were above the applicable well-capitalized standards and met the capital conservation buffer. Based on current estimates, we believe that the Company and the Bank will continue to exceed all applicable well-capitalized regulatory capital requirements and the capital conservation buffer in 2026.

Additional information on our capital ratios may be found in Item 7 of this report under the heading "Capital Resources" included in "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Results of Operations and Financial Condition" and in Item 8 of this report in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Payment of Dividends

We are a legal entity separate and distinct from the Bank. The primary sources of funds for our payment of dividends to our stockholders are cash on hand and dividends from the Bank. Various federal and state statutory provisions and regulations limit the amount of dividends that the Bank may pay. Under Michigan law, banks may not declare dividends out of capital or surplus. The Bank may only declare dividends on its common stock out of net income on hand, after deducting losses and bad debts, and provided the bank will have a surplus of 20.0% or more of its capital after payment of the proposed dividend. Moreover, a bank must transfer to surplus at least 10.0% of its net income (a) for the prior six months, in the case of quarterly or semiannual dividends or (b) for the two prior six-month periods, in the case of annual dividends.

In addition, we and the Bank are subject to various general regulatory policies and requirements relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimums. The FDIC has indicated that paying dividends that deplete a bank’s capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice. The Federal Reserve has indicated that holding companies should generally pay dividends only out of current operating earnings.

Under a Federal Reserve policy adopted in 2009, the board of directors of a bank holding company must consider different factors to ensure that its dividend level is prudent relative to maintaining a strong financial position and is not based on overly optimistic earnings scenarios, such as potential events that could affect its ability to pay, while still maintaining a strong financial position. As a general matter, the Federal Reserve has indicated that the board of directors of a bank holding company should consult with the Federal Reserve and eliminate, defer, or significantly reduce the bank holding company’s dividends if:

• its net income available to stockholders for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid during that period, is not sufficient to fully fund the dividends;

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• its prospective rate of earnings retention is not consistent with its capital needs and overall current and prospective financial condition; or

• it will not meet, or is in danger of not meeting, its minimum regulatory capital adequacy ratios.

Additional information about restrictions on payment of dividends by the Bank may be found in Item 8 of this report in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Regulation of the Bank

The Bank is subject to comprehensive supervision and regulation by the FDIC, and is subject to its regulatory reporting requirements, as well as supervision and regulation by the DIFS.

Broadly, regulations applicable to the Bank include limitations on loans to a single borrower and to its directors, officers, and employees; restrictions on the opening and closing of branch offices; the maintenance of required capital ratios; the granting of credit under equal and fair conditions; the disclosure of the costs and terms of such credit; requirements to maintain reserves against deposits and loans; limitations on the types of investment that may be made by the Bank; and requirements governing risk management practices. Subject to FDIC approval and certain state filing requirements, the Bank is permitted under federal law to branch on a de novo basis across state lines wherever the laws of that state would permit a bank chartered by that state to establish a branch.

Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders

The Bank is subject to restrictions on extensions of credit and certain other transactions between the Bank and the Company or any nonbank affiliate as defined. Generally, these covered transactions with either the Company or any affiliate are limited to 10% of the Bank’s capital and surplus, and all such transactions between the Bank and the Company and all of its nonbank affiliates combined are limited to 20% of the Bank’s capital and surplus. Loans and other extensions of credit from the Bank to the Company or any affiliate generally are required to be secured by eligible collateral in specified amounts. In addition, any transaction between the Bank and the Company or any affiliate is required to be on an arm’s length basis. Federal banking laws also place similar restrictions on certain extensions of credit by insured banks, such as the Bank, to their directors, executive officers, and principal stockholders.

FDIC Insurance Assessments and Depositor Preference

The Bank’s deposits are insured by the FDIC’s DIF up to the limits under applicable law, which currently are set at $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank, for each account ownership category. The Bank is subject to FDIC assessments for its deposit insurance. The FDIC calculates quarterly deposit insurance assessments based on an institution’s average total consolidated assets less its average tangible equity and applies one of four risk categories determined by reference to its capital levels, supervisory ratings, and certain other factors. The assessment rate schedule can change from time to time, at the discretion of the FDIC, subject to certain limits.

As of June 30, 2020, the DIF reserve ratio fell to 1.30%, below the statutory minimum of 1.35%. The FDIC, as required under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, established a plan on September 15, 2020 to restore the DIF reserve ratio to meet or exceed the statutory minimum of 1.35% within eight years. On October 18, 2022, the FDIC adopted an amended restoration plan to increase the likelihood that the reserve ratio would be restored to at least 1.35% by September 30, 2028. The FDIC's amended restoration plan increases the initial base deposit insurance assessment rate schedules uniformly by 2 bps, beginning in the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. The FDIC could further increase the deposit insurance assessments for certain insured depository institutions, including the Bank, if the DIF reserve ratio is not restored as projected.

In November 2023, the FDIC approved a final rule to implement a special assessment to recover the loss to the DIF associated with several bank failures that occurred during early 2023. The assessment base for the special assessment is equal to estimated uninsured deposits reported as of December 31, 2022, adjusted to exclude the first $5 billion, to be collected at an annual rate of approximately 13.4 basis points for an anticipated total of eight quarterly assessment periods, beginning the first quarterly assessment period of 2024. Based on current information and assumptions, we estimate our annual assessment rate to be 13 basis points in 2026.

Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by a bank’s federal regulatory agency. In addition, the Federal Deposit Insurance Act provides that, in the event of the liquidation or other resolution of an insured depository institution, the claims of depositors of the institution,

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including the claims of the FDIC as subrogee of insured depositors, and certain claims for administrative expenses of the FDIC as a receiver, will have priority over other general unsecured claims against the institution, including those of the parent bank holding company.

Standards for Safety and Soundness

The Federal Deposit Insurance Act requires the federal bank regulatory agencies to prescribe, by regulation or guideline, operational and managerial standards for all insured depository institutions relating to: (i) internal controls; (ii) information systems and audit systems; (iii) loan documentation; (iv) credit underwriting; (v) interest rate risk exposure; and (vi) asset quality. The federal banking agencies have adopted regulations and Interagency Guidelines Establishing Standards for Safety and Soundness to implement these required standards. These guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards used to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. Under the regulations, if a regulator determines that a bank fails to meet any standards prescribed by the guidelines, the regulator may require the bank to submit an acceptable plan to achieve compliance, consistent with deadlines for the submission and review of such safety and soundness compliance plans.

Anti-Money Laundering

A continued focus of governmental policy relating to financial institutions in recent years has been combating money laundering and terrorist financing. The USA PATRIOT Act broadened the application of anti-money laundering regulations to apply to additional types of financial institutions such as broker-dealers, investment advisors, and insurance companies, and strengthened the ability of the U.S. government to help prevent, detect and prosecute international money laundering and the financing of terrorism. The principal provisions of Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act require that regulated financial institutions, including state banks: (i) establish an anti-money laundering program that includes training and audit components; (ii) comply with regulations regarding the verification of the identity of any person seeking to open an account; (iii) take additional required precautions with non-U.S. owned accounts; and (iv) perform certain verification and certification of money laundering risk for their foreign correspondent banking relationships. Failure of a financial institution to comply with the USA PATRIOT Act’s requirements could have serious legal and reputational consequences for the institution. The Bank has augmented its systems and procedures to meet the requirements of these regulations and will continue to revise and update its policies, procedures, and controls to reflect changes required by law.

FinCEN has adopted rules that require financial institutions to obtain beneficial ownership information with respect to legal entities with which such institutions conduct business, subject to certain exclusions and exemptions. FinCEN has adopted a beneficial ownership information reporting framework under the Corporate Transparency Act, which has been subject to subsequent regulatory modifications and currently applies on a limited basis, and financial institutions continue to be subject to existing customer due diligence requirements under applicable law. Bank regulators are focusing their examinations on anti-money laundering compliance, and we continue to monitor and augment, where necessary, our anti-money laundering compliance programs. Banking regulators will consider compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act’s money laundering provisions in acting upon merger and acquisition proposals. Bank regulators routinely examine institutions for compliance with these obligations and have been active in imposing cease and desist and other regulatory orders and civil money penalties against institutions found to be violating these obligations. Sanctions for violations of the USA PATRIOT Act can be imposed in an amount equal to twice the sum involved in the violating transaction, up to $1 million.

Economic Sanctions

The OFAC is responsible for helping to ensure that U.S. entities do not engage in transactions with certain prohibited parties, as defined by various executive orders and acts of Congress. OFAC publishes, and routinely updates, lists of names of persons and organizations suspected of aiding, harboring, or engaging in terrorist acts, including the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List. If we find a name on any transaction, account, or wire transfer that is on an OFAC list, we must undertake certain specified activities, which could include blocking or freezing the account or transaction requested, and we must notify the appropriate authorities.

Concentrations in Lending

During 2006, the federal bank regulatory agencies released guidance on “Concentrations in Commercial Real Estate Lending” (the “Guidance”) and advised financial institutions of the risks posed by CRE lending concentrations. The Guidance requires that appropriate processes be in place to identify, monitor, and control risks associated with real estate lending concentrations. Higher allowances for loan losses and capital levels may also be required. The Guidance is triggered when CRE loan concentrations exceed either:

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• total reported loans for construction, land development, and other land of 100% or more of a bank’s total risk-based capital; or

• total reported loans secured by multifamily and nonfarm nonresidential properties and loans for construction, land development, and other land of 300% or more of a bank’s total risk-based capital.

The Guidance also applies when a bank has a sharp increase in CRE loans or has significant concentrations of CRE secured by a particular property type. We have always had exposures to loans secured by CRE due to the nature of our markets and the borrowing needs of both consumer and commercial clients. We believe our long-term experience in CRE lending, underwriting policies, internal controls, and other policies currently in place, as well as our loan and credit monitoring and administration procedures, are generally appropriate in managing our concentrations as required under the Guidance.

Community Reinvestment Act

The Bank is subject to the provisions of the CRA, which imposes a continuing and affirmative obligation, consistent with safe and sound operation, to help meet the credit needs of entire communities where the bank accepts deposits, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. The FDIC’s assessment of the Bank’s CRA record is made available to the public. CRA agreements with private parties must be disclosed and annual CRA reports must be made to the FDIC. Federal CRA regulations require, among other things, that evidence of discrimination against applicants on a prohibited basis and illegal or abusive lending practices be considered in the CRA evaluation. The Bank has a rating of “Satisfactory” in its most recent CRA evaluation.

In 2023, the Federal Reserve, OCC and FDIC issued a final rule to modernize their respective CRA regulations. The revised rules would substantially alter the methodology for assessing compliance with the CRA, with material aspects taking effect January 1, 2026 and revised data reporting requirements taking effect January 1, 2027. The revised CRA regulations have been subject to an injunction since March 29, 2024. On July 16, 2025, the Federal Reserve, OCC and FDIC issued a joint proposal to rescind the 2023 modernization rule. The agencies continued to apply the CRA rules as they existed before the 2023 modernization, considering the injunction and pending finalization of the rescission of the modernization rule.

Anti-Tying Restrictions

In general, a bank may not extend credit, lease, sell property, or furnish any services or fix or vary the consideration for them on the condition that (i) the client obtain or provide some additional credit, property, or services from or to the bank or bank holding company or their subsidiaries or (ii) the client not obtain some other credit, property, or services from a competitor, except to the extent reasonable conditions are imposed to assure the soundness of the credit extended. A bank may, however, offer combined-balance products and may otherwise offer more favorable terms if a client obtains two or more traditional bank products. The law also expressly permits banks to engage in other forms of tying and authorizes the Federal Reserve Board to grant additional exceptions by regulation or order. Also, certain foreign transactions are exempt from the general rule.

Consumer Financial Services

The structure of federal consumer protection regulation applicable to all providers of consumer financial products and services changed significantly on July 21, 2011, when the CFPB commenced operations to oversee and enforce consumer protection laws. The CFPB has broad rulemaking authority for a wide range of consumer protection laws that apply to all providers of consumer products and services, including our Bank, as well as the authority to prohibit “unfair, deceptive or abusive” acts and practices. The CFPB has examination and enforcement authority over insured depository institutions and their holding companies with more than $10 billion in assets. (The CFPB has similar authority over certain nonbanking organizations.) Banks and savings institutions with $10 billion or less in assets, like our Bank, will continue to be examined by their primary federal regulators, which can be expected to nonetheless look to the rulings and enforcement actions of the CFPB as they carry out their supervision of larger institutions.

Because abuses in connection with residential mortgages were a significant factor contributing to the financial crisis, many new rules issued by the CFPB and required by the Dodd-Frank Act address mortgage and mortgage-related products, their underwriting, origination, servicing and sales. The Dodd-Frank Act significantly expanded underwriting requirements applicable to loans secured by 1-4 family residential real property and augmented federal law combating predatory lending practices. In addition to numerous disclosure requirements, the Dodd-Frank Act imposed new standards for mortgage loan originations on all lenders, including banks and savings associations, in an effort to strongly encourage lenders to verify a borrower’s ability to repay, while also establishing a presumption of compliance for certain “qualified mortgages.” In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act generally required lenders or securitizers to retain an economic interest in the credit risk relating to loans that the lender sells, and other asset-backed securities that the securitizer issues, if the loans do not comply with the ability-to-repay standards described below. The risk retention requirement generally is 5.0%, but the statute and its implementing

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regulations, exempt certain transactions from the requirement. The CFPB’s rules have impacted our operations, and have resulted in higher compliance costs for the Bank.

Consumer Laws

Numerous federal, state and local consumer protection laws impose substantive requirements upon mortgage lenders, servicers and holders of mortgage loans in connection with the origination, servicing and enforcement of mortgage loans.

The Bank must comply with many federal laws including:

• the Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”) and Regulation Z promulgated thereunder, which (among other things) require specific disclosures to the borrowers regarding the terms of the mortgage loans and inclusion of certain terms in an originator’s underwriting guidelines;

• the Consumer Financial Protection Act, enacted as part of the Dodd-Frank Act, which (among other things) created the CFPB and gave it broad rulemaking, supervisory and enforcement jurisdiction over mortgage lenders and servicers, and proscribes any unfair, deceptive or abusive acts or practices in connection with any consumer financial product or services;

• the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and Regulation B promulgated thereunder, which (among other things) prohibit discrimination on the basis of age, race, color, sex, religion, marital status, national origin, receipt of public assistance or the exercise of any right under the Consumer Credit Protection Act, in the extension of credit; and

• the Fair Credit Reporting Act, as amended by the Fair and Accurate Transactions Act, which (among other things) regulates the use and reporting of information related to the borrower’s credit experience.

Other federal laws also may apply, including but not limited to the, Alternative Mortgage Transactions Parity Act, BSA, Electronic Funds Transfer Act, Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, Fair Housing Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1998, Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”), Right to Financial Privacy Act, SAFE Mortgage Licensing Act, and the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act.

Our mortgage lending activities are also subject to applicable state and local laws that regulate among other things, interest rates and other charges, require specific disclosure, regulate specific practices and require licensing of various participants in the transaction. In addition, other state and local laws, public policy and general principles of equity relating to the protection of consumers, unfair and deceptive practices and debt collection practices may apply to the origination, ownership, servicing or collection of mortgage loans.

The CFPB, state and federal banking regulatory agencies, state attorneys general offices, the Federal Trade Commission, the U.S. Department of Justice, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and state and local governmental authorities continue to monitor lending practices. State, local and federal governmental agencies have imposed sanctions on originators for practices including, but not limited to, charging borrowers excessive fees, steering borrowers to loans with higher costs or more onerous terms, imposing higher interest rates than the borrower’s credit risk warrants, failing to adequately disclose the material terms of loans to the borrowers and otherwise engaging in discriminatory lending practices or unfair, deceptive or abusive acts or practices.

S.A.F.E. Act

Regulations issued under the Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act of 2008 (the “S.A.F.E. Act”) require residential mortgage loan originators who are employees of institutions regulated by the foregoing agencies to meet the registration requirements of the S.A.F.E. Act. The S.A.F.E. Act requires residential mortgage loan originators who are employees of regulated financial institutions to register with the Nationwide Mortgage Licensing System and Registry, a database created by the Conference of State Bank Supervisors and the American Association of Residential Mortgage Regulators to support the licensing of mortgage loan originators by the states. The S.A.F.E. Act generally prohibits employees of regulated financial institutions from originating residential mortgage loans unless they obtain and annually maintain registration as a registered mortgage loan originator.

The Bank conducts all its mortgage origination and warehouse alternative finance activities directly from our Bank itself, and is exempt from most state, but not all, licensing requirements by virtue of being a state-chartered bank. The Bank is licensed to originate and service loans in Maine, Maryland, New Mexico and Utah, and has filed an exemption registration in Nevada. Other states may require our Bank to obtain mortgage or servicer licenses in their respective jurisdictions.

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Loan Originator Compensation

On January 20, 2013, the CFPB issued a final rule under the Truth in Lending Act (Regulation Z) which imposed several requirements and restrictions on the compensation of mortgage loan originators. These compensation rules are intended to prevent originators from steering consumers into higher cost mortgages.

The California Homeowner Bill of Rights

The California Homeowner Bill of Rights, which became effective on January 1, 2013 and was amended effective January 1, 2019, among other measures (i) prohibits “dual track” foreclosures (servicers will be required to halt the foreclosure process while any modification is being considered), (ii) creates a single point of contact for homeowners while negotiating a loan modification, (iii) expands upon notice requirements to a borrower before taking action on a loan modification application or pursuing foreclosure and (iv) allows for injunctions against foreclosure until violations are corrected and permits civil penalties (including monetary damages) against servicers that file multiple inaccurate mortgage documents or otherwise violate California law. The California Homeowner Bill of Rights is likely to extend foreclosure times in California and lead to increased litigation of the foreclosure process.

Homeowner Association Super Priority Liens May Take Priority Over the Mortgage Liens

In some states it is possible that the first lien of the mortgages may be extinguished by super priority liens of homeowner associations (“HOA”), potentially resulting in a loss of the mortgage loan’s outstanding principal balance. In at least 20 states, and the District of Columbia, HOA or condominium association assessment liens can take priority over first lien mortgages under certain circumstances. The number of these so called “super lien” states has increased in the past few decades and may increase further. Rulings by the highest courts of Nevada and the District of Columbia have held that the “super lien statute” provides the HOA or condominium association with a true lien priority rather than a payment priority from the proceeds of the sale, creating the ability to extinguish the senior mortgage and greatly increasing the risk of losses on mortgage loans secured by homes whose owners fail to pay HOA or condominium fees.

The laws of these “super lien” states that provide for HOA super liens vary in terms of (a) the duration of the priority period (with many at six months and some with no limitations); (b) the assessments secured by the HOA lien (charges can include not only unpaid HOA assessments, but also late charges, collection costs, attorneys’ fees, foreclosure costs, fines, and interest); (c) whether the HOA must give lenders with liens encumbering the mortgaged property notice of the homeowner’s failure to pay the assessment; and (d) the statute of limitations on HOA foreclosure rights.

Predatory Lending Laws/High Cost Loans

Various federal, state and local laws have been enacted to discourage predatory lending practices. The federal Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act of 1994, commonly known as HOEPA, amends TILA to prohibit inclusion of certain provisions in mortgage loans that have mortgage rates or origination costs in excess of prescribed levels, and require that borrowers be given certain disclosures prior to the origination of mortgage loans. Some states have enacted, similar laws or regulations, which in some cases impose restrictions and requirements greater than those in HOEPA.

In addition, under federal law and the anti-predatory lending laws of some states, the origination of certain mortgage loans (including loans that are not classified as “high cost” loans under applicable law) must satisfy a net tangible benefits test with respect to the related borrower. This test may be highly subjective and open to interpretation. As a result, a court may determine that a mortgage loan does not meet the test even if the related originator reasonably believed that the test was satisfied,

Failure to comply with these laws, to the extent applicable to any of the mortgage loans, could subject the originator and its assignees to monetary penalties and could result in the voiding or rescission of the affected mortgage loans. Lawsuits have been brought in various states making claims against assignees of high-cost loans for violations of state law. Named defendants in these cases have included numerous participants within the secondary mortgage market, including some securitization trusts.

Substantially all of the Mortgage Loans Originated by our Bank Are Subject to the “Know Before You Owe” TRID Disclosures

Substantially all of our mortgage loans are subject to the CFPB’s Know Before You Owe TRID rule, which became effective for mortgage loans whose applications were received on or after October 3, 2015. The purpose of the TRID rule was to reconcile overlapping disclosure obligations under TILA and RESPA and to provide for integrated closing disclosure and loan estimate forms that would satisfy those requirements under both TILA and RESPA.

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Regular instances of potential non-compliance with the TRID rule have been reported in the marketplace since it became effective. Certain TILA-based disclosure provisions of the TRID rule carry assignee liability. Violations of TILA-based disclosure provisions of the TRID rule are limited in individual actions to actual damages, statutory damages for certain violations of not more than $4,000 per mortgage loan plus attorney’s fees and court costs, and can potentially result in liability for assignees where the violation is apparent on the face of the disclosure and the assignment was voluntary. While the statute of limitations under TILA is generally one year from the date of origination for most TRID violations, mortgagors may raise a violation of the TRID rules as a matter of defense by recoupment or set-off to an action to collect the debt beyond the one-year period, if permitted by state law. Further, for certain mortgage loans, while not changed by TRID requirements, TILA’s right of rescission may be extended to three years from consummation if there are errors in certain “material disclosures” such as the required disclosures of finance charges and payment schedule, which are contained within the TRID closing disclosure.

Risks Associated with Ability to Repay Laws

TILA provides that subsequent purchasers of mortgage loans originated in violation of certain requirements specified in TILA that require lenders to consider consumers’ “ability to repay” before extending them credit may have liability for such violations. The CFPB issued implementing regulations, which became effective January 10, 2014 for mortgage loans for which the application from the related mortgagor was taken on or after January 10, 2014, specifying the standards for a “qualified mortgage” that would have the benefit of a safe harbor from such liability if certain requirements are satisfied, or a rebuttable presumption of compliance with respect to such liability if certain requirements are satisfied and the annual percentage rate of the loan exceeds certain thresholds. The regulations apply to mortgage loans made for a personal, family, or household purpose secured by a one-to-four unit dwelling for which the application from the related mortgagor was taken on or after January 10, 2014.

Revised QM Rules

On December 10, 2020, the CFPB, issued the revised qualified mortgage rules (the “QM Rules”) that replaced Appendix Q and the strict 43.0% debt-to-income ratio (“DTI”) underwriting threshold with a price-based “Qualified Mortgage Loan” definition. The revised QM Rules also terminated the “QM Patch,” under which certain loans eligible for purchase by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac do not have to be underwritten to Appendix Q or satisfy the capped 43.0% DTI requirement. In order to qualify for QM status, the mortgage loan must continue to meet the statutory requirements regarding the 3.0% points and fees limits, and must not contain negative amortization, a balloon payment (except in the existing limited circumstances), or a term exceeding 30 years. Compliance with the revised QM rules became mandatory on October 1, 2022.

On the same day, the CFPB also issued a final “Seasoned QM” rulemaking that creates a pathway to “safe harbor” QM status for performing non-QM and “rebuttable presumption” QM first lien loans that meet certain performance criteria portfolio requirements over a seasoning period of at least 36 months and that satisfy certain product restrictions, points and fees limits, and underwriting requirements prior to consummation. The “Seasoned QM” rule became effective with respect to applications received on or after March 1, 2021.

Under the revised QM rules, for first-lien transactions, a loan receives a conclusive presumption that the consumer had the ability to repay (and hence receives the safe harbor presumption of QM compliance) if the annual percentage rate does not exceed the average prime offer rate (“APOR”) for a comparable transaction by 1.5 percentage points or more as of the date the interest rate is set. A first-lien loan receives a “rebuttable presumption” that the consumer had the ability to repay if the APR exceeds the APOR for a comparable transaction by 1.5 percentage points or more but by less than 2.25 percentage points. The revised QM rules provide for higher thresholds for loans with smaller loan amounts, for subordinate-lien transactions, and for certain manufactured housing loans.

To qualify for QM status, the mortgage loan must continue to meet the statutory requirements regarding the 3.0% points and fees limits, and it must not contain negative amortization, a balloon payment (except in the existing limited circumstances), or a term exceeding 30 years.

CFPB Mortgage Servicing Rules

In February 2012, the Department of Justice, the Department of Housing and Urban Development and 49 States’ Attorneys General reached a settlement with five leading bank mortgage servicers that requires those servicers to implement comprehensive reforms to their mortgage servicing practices. Consent judgments implementing the agreement were filed in the U.S. District Court in Washington, D.C. in March 2012. The servicing standards outlined in the settlement agreement include (i) preventing mortgage servicers from engaging in robo-signing and other improper foreclosure practices, (ii) requiring servicers to offer loss mitigation alternatives to borrowers before pursuing foreclosure, (iii) increasing the transparency of the

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loss mitigation process, (iv) imposing timelines for servicers to respond to borrowers and (v) restricting the practice of “dual tracking,” where foreclosure is initiated despite the borrower’s engagement in a loss mitigation process.

The CFPB Servicing Rules, among other things, incorporate many of the provisions of the servicing settlement discussed above, targets early intervention with borrowers following initial delinquency and imposes detailed requirements applicable in each step of the Servicer’s loss mitigation process. These rules, for example, prohibit the Servicer from commencing a foreclosure until a mortgage loan is more than 120 days delinquent and require the Servicer to provide certain notices and follow specific procedures relating to loss mitigation and foreclosure alternatives. The CFPB Servicing Rules therefore could result in increased delays in foreclosure or the inability to foreclose, which could in turn result in delays in payments on, or losses in respect of, the mortgage loans originated by our Bank.

On August 4, 2016, the CFPB announced amendments to certain of the CFPB Servicing Rules (“2016 Final Servicing Rule Amendments”) relating to force-placed insurance notices, delinquency and early intervention, loss mitigation, periodic monthly statements, and successors-in-interest to borrowers that could further impact servicing and delay foreclosures. Portions of the 2016 Final Servicing Rule Amendments became effective on August 19, 2017, and the remaining provisions became effective on April 19, 2018. On March 8, 2018, the CFPB issued a final rulemaking to amend certain sections of the 2016 Final Servicing Rule Amendments relating to the timing for servicers providing periodic statements and coupon books in connection with borrowers’ bankruptcy cases. As with the 2016 Final Servicing Rule Amendments, this final rule became effective on April 19, 2018. The 2016 Final Servicing Rule Amendments could result in increased delays in foreclosure or the inability to foreclose, which could in turn result in delays in payments on, or losses in respect of, the mortgage loans originated by our Bank.

On July 10, 2024, the CFPB proposed a rule to amend provisions of the CFPB Servicing Rules to significantly revamp requirements relating to borrowers experiencing payment difficulties (the “Proposed Rule”). The Proposed Rule includes a number of key changes to the servicing requirements in Regulation X (12 C.F.R. Part 1024), and would streamline existing requirements when borrowers seek payment assistance in times of distress, add safeguards when borrowers seek help, and revise existing requirements with respect to borrower assistance. The Proposed Rule would also require servicers to provide certain communications in languages other than English, such as when a borrower is seeking payment assistance with their mortgage. While many of the key concepts were anticipated by the industry, the proposed provisions go much further than expected. The CFPB accepted comments on the Proposed Rule through September 9, 2024. The CFPB may finalize, modify, or withdraw the Proposed Rule, or adopt related guidance, during 2026, and any such actions could require changes to mortgage servicing practices and may increase compliance costs.

CFPB Debt Collection Rules

On October 30, 2020, the CFPB issued a final rule to amend Regulation F, which implements the fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”), passed in 1977, to restate and clarify prohibitions on harassment and abuse, false or misleading representations, and unfair practices by debt collectors when collecting consumer debt (the “Debt Collection Rule”). The Debt Collection Rule focuses on debt collection communications and gives consumers more control over how often and through what means debt collectors can communicate with them regarding their debts. The Debt Collection Rule also clarifies how the protections of the FDCPA apply to newer communication technologies, such as email and text messages.

The Debt Collection Rule also contains provisions on disputes, and record retention, among other topics. The rule took effect on November 21, 2020. The CFPB issued a second debt collection final rule focused on consumer disclosures in December 2020. The second rule, issued in December 2020, clarifies disclosures debt collectors must provide to consumers at the beginning of collection communications and also prohibits debt collectors from suing or threatening to sue consumers on time barred debt. Additionally, the second rule requires debt collectors to take specific steps to disclose the existence of a debt to consumers before reporting information about the debt to a consumer reporting agency. Both rules took effect on November 30, 2021.

Privacy, Credit Reporting, and Data Security

The GLB generally prohibits disclosure of non-public consumer information to non-affiliated third parties unless the consumer has been given the opportunity to object and has not objected to such disclosure. Financial institutions are further required to disclose their privacy policies to clients annually. Financial institutions, however, will be required to comply with state law if it is more protective of consumer privacy than the GLB. The GLB also directed federal regulators to prescribe standards for the security of consumer information. The Bank is subject to such standards, as well as standards for notifying clients in the event of a security breach. The Bank utilizes credit bureau data in underwriting activities. Use of such data is regulated under the Fair Credit Reporting Act and Regulation V on a uniform, nationwide basis, including credit reporting, prescreening, and sharing of information between affiliates and the use of credit data. The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act, which amended the

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Fair Credit Reporting Act, permits states to enact identity theft laws that are not inconsistent with the conduct required by the provisions of that Act. Clients must be notified when unauthorized disclosure involves sensitive client information that may be misused. The federal banking agencies require banks to notify their primary federal regulator within 36 hours of a “computer-security incident” that rises to the level of a “notification incident.”

The federal banking regulators regularly issue guidance regarding cybersecurity intended to enhance cyber risk management standards among financial institutions. As a result, financial institutions, like us and the Bank, are expected to establish multiple lines of defense and to ensure their risk management processes address the risk posed by potential threats to the institution. A financial institution’s management is expected to maintain sufficient processes to effectively respond and recover the institution’s operations after a cyber-attack. A financial institution is also expected to develop appropriate processes to enable recovery of data and business operations if a critical service provider of the institution falls victim to this type of cyber-attack. Our information security protocols are designed in part to adhere to the requirements of this guidance.

State regulators have also been increasingly active in implementing privacy and cybersecurity standards and regulations. Recently, several states have adopted regulations requiring certain financial institutions to implement cybersecurity programs and providing detailed requirements with respect to these programs, including data encryption requirements. Many states have also recently implemented or modified their data breach notification and data privacy requirements. We expect this trend of state-level activity in those areas to continue and are continually monitoring developments in the states in which our clients are located.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

An investment in our common stock involves a significant degree of risk. The material risks and uncertainties that management believes affect us are described below. Before you decide to invest in our common stock, you should carefully read and consider the risk factors described below as well as the other information included in this Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Any of these risks, if they are realized, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, and consequently, the value of our common stock. In any such case, you could lose all or a portion of your original investment. Further, additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also adversely affect us.

Summary of Risk Factors

The following is a summary of the most significant risks and uncertainties that management believes could adversely affect the business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition to the following summary, you should consider the other information set forth in this “Risk Factors” section and the other information contained in this report before investing in the Company’s securities.

Risks related to our business

• Decreased residential mortgage origination, increased competition, and changes in interest rates may adversely affect our profitability

• Our mortgage banking profitability could significantly decline if we are not able to originate and resell a high volume of mortgage loans

• A decline in our MPP business could have a significant impact on our results of operations

• Because a significant portion of our loan portfolio is comprised of real estate loans, negative changes in the economy affecting real estate values and liquidity could impair the value of collateral securing our real estate loans and result in loan and other losses

• A decline in general business and economic conditions and any regulatory responses to such conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and growth prospects

• Liquidity risks could affect operations and jeopardize our business, financial condition, and results of operations, and deposits, many of which are brokered deposits, are our primary source of funding

• Fluctuations in interest rates may reduce net interest income and otherwise negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations

• If we do not effectively manage our credit risk, we may experience increased levels of delinquencies, nonperforming loans and charge-offs, which could require increases in our allowance for credit losses

• We may be required to repurchase or substitute mortgage loans or mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) that we have sold, or indemnify purchasers of our mortgage loans or MSRs

• We engage in lending secured by real estate and may be forced to foreclose on the collateral and own the underlying real estate, subjecting us to the costs and potential risks associated with the ownership of real property, or consumer protection initiatives or changes in state or federal law may substantially raise the cost of foreclosure or prevent us from foreclosing at all

• Our allowance for credit losses may prove to be insufficient to absorb actual losses in our loan portfolio

• Technology disruptions or failures, including a failure in our operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties with whom we do business, could disrupt our business, cause legal or reputational harm and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations

• Cyberattacks and other data and security breaches could result in serious harm to our reputation and adversely affect our business

• We may not be able to make technological improvements as quickly as demanded by our customers, which could harm our ability to attract customers and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity

• We depend on our ability to sell loans in the secondary market to a limited number of investors and to the GSEs, and to securitize our loans into MBS through the GSEs. If our ability to sell or securitize mortgage loans is impaired, whether as a result of regulatory action or otherwise, the volume of mortgage loans that we are able to originate will be reduced

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• We are subject to certain operational risks, including, but not limited to, customer or employee fraud and data processing system failures and errors

• Litigation and regulatory actions, including possible enforcement actions, could subject us to significant fines, penalties, judgments or other requirements resulting in increased expenses or restrictions on our business activities

• Severe weather, natural disasters, pandemics, acts of war or terrorism or other external events could significantly impact our business

Risks related to our industry and regulation

• Our industry is highly regulated, and the regulatory framework, together with any future legislative or regulatory changes, may have a materially adverse effect on our operations

• Federal and state regulators periodically examine our business and may require us to remediate adverse examination findings or may take enforcement action against us

• We are subject to stringent capital requirements, which could have an adverse effect on our operations

• We are subject to numerous laws designed to protect consumers, including the CRA and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to a wide variety of sanctions

• We are a bank holding company and are dependent upon our Bank for cash flow, and our Bank’s ability to make cash distributions is restricted

• The Federal Reserve may require us to commit capital resources to support our Bank

Risks related to our common stock

• There is a limited trading market in our common stock, which will hinder your ability to sell our common stock and may lower the market price of the stock

• Our stock price may be volatile, and you could lose part or all of your investment as a result

• We may not pay dividends on our common stock in the future, and our ability to pay dividends is subject to certain restrictions

• The holders of our debt obligations and preferred stock will have priority over our common stock with respect to payment in the event of liquidation, dissolution or winding up and with respect to the payment of interest and dividends

• Michigan law and the provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws may have an anti-takeover effect, and there are substantial regulatory limitations on changes of control of bank holding companies

• An investment in our common stock is not an insured deposit

• We qualify as an “emerging growth company” and we cannot be certain whether the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

Risks Related to Our Business

Decreased residential mortgage origination, competition, and changes in interest rates may adversely affect our profitability.

We currently operate a residential mortgage origination, MPP facility, and servicing business. Changes in interest rates and pricing decisions by our competitors may adversely affect demand for our mortgage loan products, the revenue realized on the sale of loans, revenues received from servicing such loans and the valuation of our mortgage servicing rights.

The banking and mortgage origination businesses are highly competitive, and we experience competition in our market from many other financial institutions. Our operations consist of offering banking and residential mortgage services as well as warehouse alternative mortgage financing through our MPP business. Many of our competitors offer the same, or a wider variety of, banking and related financial services within our market areas. These competitors include national banks, regional banks, community banks, mortgage companies, and many other types of financial institutions, including savings and loan institutions, finance companies, credit unions, and other financial intermediaries. Additionally, we face growing competition from online businesses with few or no physical locations, including online banks, lenders and consumer lending platforms.

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Increased competition in our markets may result in pricing pressure, reduced loans, deposits and fees, as well as reduced net interest margin and profitability. Ultimately, we may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors. If we are unable to attract and retain customers in our mortgage origination, MPP, and banking businesses, we may be unable to continue to grow our business, and our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Many of our non-bank competitors are not subject to the same extensive regulations that govern our activities and may have greater flexibility in competing for business. The financial services industry could become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes and continued consolidation. In addition, some of our current MPP clients may seek alternative financing sources as they develop needs for warehouse alternative facilities larger than we may be able to accommodate. Our inability to compete successfully in the markets in which we operate could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Mortgage production, especially refinancing activity, declines in high interest rate environments. Interest rates have been elevated in recent years. Although interest rates have begun to decline, there is no assurance that the trend will continue, and continued high interest rates may inhibit our ability to increase our mortgage production. Moreover, if interest rates increase further, there can be no assurance that our mortgage production will continue at current levels.

Our mortgage banking profitability could significantly decline if we are not able to originate and resell a high volume of mortgage loans.

Because we sell a substantial portion of the mortgage loans we originate, the profitability of our mortgage banking business also depends in large part on our ability to aggregate a high volume of loans and sell them at a gain in the secondary market. Thus, in addition to our dependence on the interest rate environment, we are dependent upon (i) the existence of an active secondary market and (ii) our ability to profitably sell loans or securities into that market. If our level of mortgage production declines, the profitability will depend upon our ability to reduce our costs commensurate with the reduction of revenue from our mortgage operations.

Our ability to sell mortgage loans readily is dependent upon our ability to remain eligible for the programs offered by GSEs, and other institutional and non-institutional investors. Any significant impairment of our eligibility with any of the GSEs could materially and adversely affect our operations. Further, the criteria for loans to be accepted under such programs may be changed from time to time by the sponsoring entity, which could result in a lower volume of corresponding loan originations. Changes in program eligibility requirements, pricing, capital standards, or other policies imposed by the GSEs or their regulator could reduce liquidity in the secondary market or adversely affect the profitability of our mortgage banking activities. The profitability of participating in specific programs may vary depending on a number of factors, including our administrative costs of originating qualifying loans and our costs of meeting such criteria.

The ability for us and our clients to originate and sell residential mortgage loans is dependent upon the availability of an active secondary market for single-family mortgage loans, which in turn depends in part upon the continuation of programs currently offered by GSEs and other institutional and non-institutional investors. These entities account for a substantial portion of the secondary market in residential mortgage loans. Because the largest participants in the secondary market are Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, GSEs whose activities are governed by federal law, any future changes in laws that significantly affect the activity of these GSEs could, in turn, adversely affect our operations.. The federal government has for many years considered proposals to reform Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, but the results of any such reform, and their impact on us, are difficult to predict. To date, no reform proposal has been enacted.

A decline in our MPP business could have a significant impact on our results of operations.

Our MPP business accounted for 30.4% of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025. All our MPP clients are residential mortgage originators who are subject to many of the same risks that affect our mortgage origination business. Accordingly, macroeconomic factors that may result in a decrease in our mortgage origination revenue would have a similar effect on our MPP revenue.

An increase in competition in MPP, including from GSEs or new market entrants, could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, if GSEs who purchase loans from our MPP clients develop real-time funding products for mortgage originators, our MPP clients’ need for funding facilities such as our MPP facilities would be reduced.

The mortgage originators that participate in the MPP may also have fewer resources to weather adverse business developments, which may impair their ability to continue as going concerns and originate new mortgage loans. If a mortgage originator that participates in the MPP defaults on its obligations to us, we have recourse against both the mortgage originator and any unsold loans on our facility originated by the mortgage originator, but it is still possible that we may not be made

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whole. Additionally, in periods of market stress, the value or liquidity of mortgage loans securing our MPP facilities may decline, which could increase the risk of loss and limit our ability to recover amounts owed to us.

Because a significant portion of our loan portfolio is comprised of real estate loans, negative changes in the economy affecting real estate values and liquidity could impair the value of collateral securing our real estate loans and result in loan and other losses.

At December 31, 2025, approximately 99% of our loan portfolio was comprised of loans with real estate as a primary or secondary component of collateral. As a result, adverse developments affecting real estate values in our market areas could increase the credit risk associated with our real estate loan portfolio. The market value of real estate can fluctuate significantly in a short period of time as a result of market conditions in the area in which the real estate is located. Adverse changes affecting real estate values and the liquidity of real estate in one or more of our markets could increase the credit risk associated with our loan portfolio, significantly impairing the value of property pledged as collateral on loans and affect our ability to sell the collateral upon foreclosure without a loss, any losses would adversely affect profitability. Such declines and losses could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and growth prospects. Declines in real estate values affecting particular property types or borrower segments in which we have concentrations could disproportionately increase credit risk in our loan portfolio. In addition, if hazardous or toxic substances are found on properties pledged as collateral, the value of the real estate could be impaired. If we foreclose on and and take title to such properties, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage. Environmental laws may also require us to incur substantial expenses to address unknown liabilities and may materially reduce the affected property’s value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. These risks may exist even if we did not originate the loan, were unaware of the environmental condition at origination, or otherwise complied with applicable environmental laws.

A decline in general business and economic conditions and any regulatory responses to such conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and growth prospects.

Our business and operations are sensitive to general business and economic conditions in the United States. If the national, regional and local economies experience worsening economic conditions, including high levels of unemployment, our growth and profitability could be constrained. Additionally, our ability to assess the credit-worthiness of our customers is made more complex by uncertain business and economic conditions. Weak economic conditions are characterized by, among other indicators, deflation, elevated levels of unemployment, fluctuations in debt and equity capital markets, increased delinquencies on mortgage, commercial and consumer loans, residential and commercial real estate price declines, increases in non- performing assets and foreclosures, and lower home sales and commercial activity. All of these factors are generally detrimental to our business. Our business is significantly affected by monetary and other regulatory policies of the U.S. federal government, its agencies and GSEs. Changes in any of these policies are influenced by macroeconomic conditions and other factors that are beyond our control, are difficult to predict and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and growth prospects.

Liquidity risks could affect operations and jeopardize our business, financial condition, and results of operations, and deposits, many of which are brokered deposits, are our primary source of funding.

Liquidity is essential to our business. Our primary source of funding is deposits, and such deposits substantially consist of brokered deposits. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale of loans and/or investment securities and from other sources could have a substantial negative effect on our liquidity. A source of our funds consists of our customer deposits. These deposits are subject to potentially dramatic fluctuations in availability or price due to certain factors that may be outside of our control, such as a loss of confidence by customers in us or the banking sector generally, customer perceptions of our financial health and general reputation, increasing competitive pressures from other financial services firms for consumer or corporate customer deposits, changes in interest rates and returns on other investment classes. If customers move money out of bank deposits and into other investments, we could lose a relatively low cost source of funds, which would require us to seek wholesale funding alternatives in order to continue to grow, thereby increasing our funding costs and reducing our net interest income and net income.

Additional liquidity is provided by brokered deposits and our ability to borrow from the FHLB. As of December 31, 2025, brokered deposits were approximately $2.64 billion, or 54.1% of our total deposits. Brokered deposits may be more rate sensitive than other sources of funding. In the future, those depositors may not replace their brokered deposits with us as they mature, or we may have to pay a higher rate of interest to keep those deposits or to replace them with other deposits or other sources of funds. Not being able to maintain or replace those deposits as they mature would adversely affect our liquidity. Additionally, if our Bank does not maintain its well-capitalized position, it may not accept or renew any brokered deposits without a waiver granted by the FDIC. We also may borrow from third-party lenders from time to time. Our ability to access

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borrowings, including from the FHLB, may be limited by the amount, type and market value of eligible collateral, which could decline during periods of market stress. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our activities or on terms that are acceptable to us could be impaired by factors that affect us directly or the financial services industry or economy in general, such as disruptions in the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry.

Additionally, as a BHC, we are dependent on dividends from our subsidiary as our primary source of income. Our subsidiary is subject to certain legal and regulatory limitations on their ability to pay us dividends. Any reduction or limitation on our subsidiary’s ability to pay us dividends could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and in particular, affect our ability to repay our borrowings.

Any decline in available funding, including a decrease in brokered deposits, could adversely impact our ability to continue to implement our strategic plan, including our ability to originate loans, fund MPP commitments, meet our expenses, declare and pay dividends to our stockholders or to fulfill obligations such as repaying our borrowings or meeting deposit withdrawal demands, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on participations from third parties as an important funding source.

We frequently sell participations in MPP facilities to third parties in order to manage concentration risk and provide an additional source of funding. Third-party participants are generally not obligated to maintain or renew their participation interests, and their decisions may be based on factors unrelated to our credit performance or the performance of the underlying MPP facilities. If we are not able to maintain and attract such third parties to participate in these transactions or if any existing third parties terminate their participations in existing MPP facilities, then we could face loan concentration issues and capital constraints as we seek to provide alternative funding for the affected MPP facilities.

Fluctuations in interest rates may reduce net interest income and otherwise negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Net interest income is the difference between the amounts received by us on our interest-earning assets and the interest paid by us on our interest-bearing liabilities. When interest rates rise, the rate of interest we pay on our liabilities, such as deposits, rises more quickly than the rate of interest that we receive on our interest-bearing assets, such as loans, which may cause our profits to decrease. The impact on earnings is more adverse when short-term interest rates increase more than long-term interest rates or when long-term interest rates decrease more than short-term interest rates, leading to similar yields between short-term and long-term rates. Many factors impact interest rates, including governmental monetary policies, trade/tariff policies, inflation, recession, changes in unemployment, the money supply and international economic weaknesses and disorder and instability in domestic and foreign financial markets.

Interest rate increases often result in larger payment requirements for our borrowers, which increases the potential for default. At the same time, the marketability of the underlying property may be adversely affected by any reduced demand resulting from higher interest rates. In a declining interest rate environment, there may be an increase in prepayments on loans as borrowers refinance their mortgages and other indebtedness at lower rates.

As interest rates decrease, the potential for prepayment on our mortgage servicing rights increases and the fair market value of our mortgage servicing rights assets may decrease. Our ability to mitigate this decrease in value is largely dependent on our ability to be the refinancer and retain servicing rights. While we have previously been successful in our servicing retention, we may not be able to achieve the same level of retention in the future.

Changes in interest rates also can affect the value of loans, securities and other assets. An increase in interest rates that adversely affects the ability of borrowers to pay the principal or interest on loans may lead to an increase in nonperforming assets and a reduction of income recognized, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows. Further, when we place a loan on nonaccrual status, we reverse any accrued but unpaid interest receivable, which decreases interest income. Subsequently, we continue to have a cost to fund the loan, which is reflected as interest expense, without any interest income to offset the associated funding expense. Thus, an increase in the amount of nonperforming assets would have an adverse impact on net interest income.

Rising interest rates will result in a decline in value of any fixed rate mortgage loans that we hold on our balance sheet and any fixed-rate debt securities we may hold in an investment securities portfolio. The unrealized losses resulting from holding these securities would be recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) and reduce total stockholders’ equity. Unrealized losses do not negatively impact our regulatory capital ratios; however, tangible common equity and the associated ratios would

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be reduced. If debt securities in an unrealized loss position are sold, such losses become realized and will reduce our regulatory capital ratios.

If interest rates decline for a prolonged period we could experience net interest margin compression as our interest earning assets could reprice downward while our interest-bearing liability rates could fail to decline in tandem. This could have an adverse effect on our net interest income and our results of operations.

If we do not effectively manage our credit risk, we may experience increased levels of delinquencies, nonperforming loans and charge-offs, which could require increases in our allowance for credit losses.

There are risks inherent in making any loan, including risks inherent in dealing with individual borrowers, risks of nonpayment, risks resulting from uncertainties as to the future value of collateral and cash flows available to service debt and risks resulting from changes in economic and market conditions. We cannot guarantee that our credit underwriting, credit monitoring, and risk management procedures will adequately reduce these credit risks, and they cannot be expected to completely eliminate our credit risks. If the overall economic climate in the United States, generally, or our market areas, specifically, declines, our borrowers may experience difficulties in repaying their loans, and the level of nonperforming loans, charge- offs and delinquencies could rise and require further increases in the allowance for credit losses, which would cause our net income, return on equity and capital to decrease.

Nonperforming assets take significant time to resolve and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations, and could result in further losses in the future.

Our nonperforming assets adversely affect our net income in various ways. We do not record interest income on nonaccrual loans or other real estate owned, thereby adversely affecting our net income and returns on assets and equity, increasing our loan administration costs and adversely affecting our efficiency ratio. When we take collateral in foreclosure and similar proceedings, we are required to mark the collateral to its then-fair market value, which may result in a loss. These nonperforming loans and other real estate owned also increase our risk profile and the level of capital our regulators believe is appropriate for us to maintain in light of such risks. The resolution of nonperforming assets requires significant time commitments from management and can be detrimental to the performance of their other responsibilities. If we experience increases in nonperforming loans and nonperforming assets, our net interest income may be negatively impacted and our loan administration costs could increase, each of which could have an adverse effect on our net income and related ratios, such as return on assets and equity.

As of December 31, 2025, our nonperforming loans (which consist of nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest, including loans reported at fair value) totaled $91.0 million, or 1.44% of total loans, and our nonperforming assets (which include nonperforming loans and other real estate owned at December 31, 2025) totaled $92.7 million, or 1.32% of total assets. In addition, we had $44.3 million in accruing loans that were 31 – 89 days delinquent as of December 31, 2025.

We may be required to repurchase or substitute mortgage loans or mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) that we have sold, or indemnify purchasers of our mortgage loans or MSRs.

We make representations and warranties to purchasers when we sell them a mortgage loan or an MSR, including in connection with securitizations. If a mortgage loan or MSR does not comply with the representations and warranties that we made with respect to it at the time of its sale, we could be required to repurchase the loan and/or indemnify secondary market purchasers for losses. If this occurs, we may have to bear any associated losses directly, as repurchased loans typically can only be resold at a steep discount to their repurchase price, if at all. We also may be subject to claims by purchasers for repayment of a portion of the premium we received from such purchaser on the sale of certain loans or MSRs if such loans or MSRs are repaid in their entirety within a specified time period after the sale of the loan. As of December 31, 2025, we accrued $2.1 million in expenses in connection with our reserve for repurchase and indemnification obligations. Actual repurchase and indemnification obligations could materially exceed the reserves we have recorded in our financial statements. Any significant repurchases, substitutions, indemnifications or premium recapture could be detrimental to our business. Additionally, in periods of market stress or heightened regulator or investor scrutiny, purchasers may be more likely to assert repurchase, indemnification or premium recapture claims.

Additionally, we may not be able to recover amounts from some third parties from whom we may seek indemnification or against whom we may assert a loan repurchase demand in connection with a breach of a representation or warranty due to financial difficulties or otherwise. As a result, we are exposed to counterparty risk in the event of non-performance by counterparties to our various contracts, including, without limitation, as a result of the rejection of an agreement or transaction in bankruptcy proceedings, which could result in substantial losses for which we may not have insurance coverage.

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We engage in lending secured by real estate and may be forced to foreclose on the collateral and own the underlying real estate, subjecting us to the costs and potential risks associated with the ownership of real property, or consumer protection initiatives or changes in state or federal law may substantially raise the cost of foreclosure or prevent us from foreclosing at all.

Since we originate loans secured by real estate, we may have to foreclose on the collateral property to protect our investment and may thereafter own and operate such property, in which case we would be exposed to the risks inherent in the ownership of real estate. The amount that we, as a mortgagee, may realize after a foreclosure depends on factors outside of our control, including, but not limited to, general or local economic conditions assessments, interest rates, real estate tax rates, governmental and regulatory rules, and natural disasters. Our inability to manage the amount of costs or size of the risks associated with the ownership of real estate, or write-downs in the value of other real estate owned could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, consumer protection initiatives or changes in state or federal law may substantially increase the time and expenses associated with the foreclosure process or prevent us from foreclosing at all. A number of states in recent years have either considered or adopted foreclosure reform laws that make it substantially more difficult and expensive for lenders to foreclose on properties in default. Additionally, federal and state regulators have prosecuted or pursued enforcement action against a number of mortgage servicing companies for alleged consumer law violations. If new federal or state laws or regulations are ultimately enacted that significantly raise the cost of foreclosure or raise outright barriers to foreclosure, they could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we lose our ability to be a rated servicer, our business would be adversely affected.

We are currently rated by Fitch as a primary servicer. Servicer ratings are based on rating agency criteria and ongoing assessments of operational performance, compliance, financial condition and risk management practices, and may be revised, suspended or withdrawn at any time based on factors that may be outside of our control. If we were to lose our servicer rating, our reputation would be adversely affected. Additionally, losing our servicer rating would inhibit us from servicing securitized mortgage loans, which would result in a decrease in our mortgage servicing revenue.

Our allowance for credit losses may prove to be insufficient to absorb actual losses in our loan portfolio.

We establish our allowance for credit losses and maintain it at a level that management considers adequate to absorb expected loan losses based on an analysis of our portfolio, the underlying health of our borrowers, future economic forecasts and general economic conditions. The allowance for credit losses represents our estimate of losses in the portfolio at each balance sheet date and is based upon relevant information available to us. The allowance contains provisions for losses that have been identified relating to specific borrowing relationships, as well as estimated losses in the loan portfolio and credit undertakings that are not specifically identified. Additions to the allowance for credit losses, which are charged to earnings through the provision for credit losses, are determined based on a variety of factors, including an analysis of the loan portfolio, historical loss experience, future economic forecasts and an evaluation of current economic conditions in our market areas. The determination of the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses is inherently subjective and requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions regarding current credit risks and future trends, all of which may undergo material changes. The actual amount of loan losses is affected by changes in economic, operating and other conditions within our markets, which may be beyond our control, and such losses may exceed current estimates.

As of December 31, 2025, our allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total loans HFI was 0.17% and as a percentage of total nonaccrual loans was 18.5%. Although management believes that the allowance for credit losses is adequate to absorb losses on any existing loans that may become uncollectible, we may be required to take additional provisions for credit losses in the future to further supplement the allowance for credit losses, either due to management’s decision to do so or because our banking regulators require us to do so. Our bank regulatory agencies will periodically review our allowance for credit losses and the value attributed to nonaccrual loans or to real estate acquired through foreclosure and may require us to adjust our determination of the value for these items. These adjustments may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on the accuracy and completeness of information provided by customers and counterparties.

In deciding whether to extend credit or enter into other transactions with customers and counterparties, we may rely on information furnished to us by or on behalf of customers and counterparties, including financial statements and other financial information. We also may rely on representations of customers and counterparties as to the accuracy and completeness of that information. In deciding whether to extend credit, we may rely upon our customers’ representations that their financial statements conform to GAAP and present fairly, in all material respects, the financial condition, results of operations and cash

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flows of the customer. We also may rely on customer representations and certifications, or other audit or accountants’ reports, with respect to the business and financial condition of our clients. Customers, counterparties or third parties may intentionally provide misleading, incomplete or fraudulent information, and we may not detect all such inaccuracies despite our underwriting, verification and risk management procedures. Our internal controls, policies and procedures may not be sufficient to identify all inaccuracies or misrepresentations in the information on which we rely. Our financial condition, results of operations, financial reporting and reputation could be negatively affected if we rely on materially misleading, false, inaccurate or fraudulent information.

Our ability to maintain our reputation is critical to the success of our business, and the failure to do so may materially adversely affect our business and the value of our stock.

We are known nationally for mortgage origination, MPP facilities and loan servicing, and our reputation is one of the most valuable components of our business. As such, we strive to conduct our business in a manner that enhances our reputation. This is done, in part, by recruiting, hiring and retaining employees who share our core values of being an integral part of the communities we serve, delivering superior service to our customers and caring about our customers and employees. If our reputation is negatively affected, by the actions of our employees or otherwise, our business and, therefore, our operating results and the value of our stock may be materially adversely affected. Our reputation could also be harmed by events beyond our control, including regulatory actions, litigation, servicing disruptions, cybersecurity incidents, counterparty misconduct or negative publicity, even if the underlying allegations are unfounded. Adverse publicity or negative perceptions can spread rapidly and may have a disproportionate impact on our business regardless of the ultimate outcome. Damage to our reputation could adversely affect our ability to attract and retain customers, counterparties, employees, funding sources and investors, and could increase regulatory scrutiny and compliance costs.

Technology disruptions or failures, including a failure in our operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties with whom we do business, could disrupt our business, cause legal or reputational harm and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

We are dependent on the secure, efficient, and uninterrupted operation of our technology infrastructure, including computer systems, related software applications and data centers, as well as those of certain third parties and affiliates. Our websites and computer/telecommunication networks must accommodate a high volume of traffic and deliver frequently updated information, the accuracy and timeliness of which is critical to our business. Our technology must be able to facilitate a loan application experience that equals or exceeds the experience provided by our competitors. We have or may in the future experience service disruptions and failures caused by system or software failure, fire, power loss, telecommunications failures, team member misconduct, human error, computer threat actors, computer viruses and disabling devices, malicious or destructive code, denial of service or information, as well as natural disasters, health pandemics and other similar events and our disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient for all situations. The implementation of technology changes and upgrades to maintain current and integrate new technology systems may also cause service interruptions. Any such disruption could interrupt or delay our ability to provide services to our clients and loan applicants, and could also impair the ability of third parties to provide critical services to us.

Additionally, the technology and other controls and processes we have created to help us identify misrepresented information in our loan origination operations were designed to obtain reasonable, not absolute, assurance that such information is identified and addressed appropriately. Accordingly, such controls may not have detected, and may fail in the future to detect, all misrepresented information in our loan origination operations. If our operations are disrupted or otherwise negatively affected by a technology disruption or failure, this could result in client dissatisfaction and damage to our reputation and brand, and material adverse impacts on our business. We do not carry business interruption insurance sufficient to compensate us for all losses that may result from interruptions in our service as a result of systems disruptions, failures and similar events.

Cyberattacks and other data and security incidents could result in serious harm to our reputation and adversely affect our business.

We are dependent on information technology networks and systems, including those we maintain with our third-party vendors, including the internet, to securely collect, process, transmit and store electronic information. In the ordinary course of our business, we receive, process, retain and transmit proprietary information and sensitive or confidential data, including the public and non-public personal information of our team members, clients and loan applicants. Despite devoting significant time and resources to ensure the integrity of our information technology systems, we have not always been able to, and may not be able to in the future, anticipate or implement effective preventive measures against all security incidents or unauthorized access of our information technology systems or the information technology systems of third-party vendors that receive, process, retain

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and transmit electronic information on our behalf. Our incident response, business continuity and recovery plans may not be effective in preventing or mitigating all cybersecurity incidents or their impacts.

Security incidents, acts of vandalism, natural disasters, fire, power loss, telecommunication failures, team member misconduct, human error and developments in computer intrusion capabilities could result in a compromise of the technology that we or our third-party vendors use to collect, process, retain, transmit and protect the personal information and transaction data of our team members, clients and loan applicants. Similar events outside of our control can also affect the demands we and our third-party vendors may make to respond to any security incidents or similar disruptive events. We invest in industry-standard security technology designed to protect our data and business processes against risk of a data security incidents and cyberattack. Our data security management program includes identity, trust, vulnerability and threat management business processes as well as the adoption of standard data protection policies. We measure our data security effectiveness through industry-accepted methods and remediate significant findings. The technology and other controls and processes designed to secure our team member, client and loan applicant information and to prevent, detect and remedy any unauthorized access to that information were designed to obtain reasonable, but not absolute, assurance that such information is secure and that any unauthorized access is identified and addressed appropriately. Such controls have not always detected, and may in the future fail to prevent or detect, unauthorized access to our team member, client and loan applicant information.

The techniques used to obtain unauthorized, improper or illegal access to our systems and those of our third-party vendors, our data, our team members’, clients’ and loan applicants’ data or to disable, degrade or sabotage service are constantly evolving, and have become increasingly complex and sophisticated, including but not limited to artificial intelligence, which may be used by threat actors to perpetuate cyberattacks. Furthermore, such techniques change frequently and are often not recognized or detected until after they have been launched, and therefore, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques and may not become aware in a timely manner of such a security incident, which could exacerbate any damage we experience. Cyber security attacks can originate from a wide variety of sources, including third parties such as criminal threat actors, persons involved with organized crime or associated with external service providers, or foreign state or foreign state-supported actors. Those parties may also attempt to fraudulently induce team members, vendors, vendors’ clients and loan applicants or other users of our systems to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our data or that of our team members, vendors, clients and loan applicants.

Cybersecurity risks for lenders have significantly increased in recent years, in part, because of the proliferation of new technologies, the use of the internet and telecommunications technologies to conduct financial transactions, and the increased sophistication and activities of criminal threat actors, organized crime, terrorists, and other external parties, including foreign state actors. We, our clients and loan applicants, regulators, vendors and other third parties have been subject to, and are likely to continue to be the target of, cyberattacks. These cyberattacks could include computer viruses, malicious or destructive code, phishing attacks, brute force attacks, denial of service, improper access by team members or third-party vendors, exploiting software vulnerabilities (including “zero-day attacks”), ransomware or other malware, supply chain attacks, or other security incidents that have or could in the future result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of confidential, proprietary and other information of ours, our team members, our clients and loan applicants or of third parties, or otherwise materially disrupt our or our clients’ and loan applicants’ or other third parties’ network access or business operations.

Additionally, cyberattacks on local and state government databases and offices, including the rising trend of ransomware attacks, expose us to the risk of losing access to critical data and the ability to provide services to our clients. These attacks can cause havoc and have at times led title insurance underwriters to prohibit us from issuing policies, and to suspend closings, on properties located in the affected counties or states.

Any penetration of our or our third-party vendors’ information technology systems, network security, mobile devices or other misappropriation or misuse of personal information of our team members, clients or loan applicants, including wire fraud, phishing attacks and business e-mail compromise, could cause interruptions in the operations of our businesses, financial loss to our clients or loan applicants, damage to our computers or operating systems and to those of our clients, loan applicants and counterparties, and subject us to increased costs, loss of revenue, loss of business and customers, litigation, disputes, damages, increased cybersecurity costs, and other liabilities. In addition, the foregoing events could result in violations of applicable privacy and other laws. If this information is inappropriately accessed and used by a third party or a team member for improper or unauthorized purposes, such as identity theft, we may be responsible to the affected individuals for any losses they may have incurred as a result of misappropriation. In such an instance, we may also be subject to regulatory action, increased regulatory scrutiny, investigation, or liability to a governmental authority for fines or penalties (which may not be covered by our insurance), associated with a lapse in the integrity and security of our team members’, clients’ and loan applicants’ information. We may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to protect against and remedy any potential or existing

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security incidents and their consequences. In addition, our remediation efforts may not be successful and we may not have adequate insurance to cover these losses

Security incidents could also significantly damage our reputation with existing and prospective clients and third parties with whom we do business. Any publicized security problems affecting our businesses and/or those of such third parties may negatively impact the market perception of our products and discourage clients from doing business with us. These risks may increase in the future as we continue to increase our reliance on the internet and use of web-based product offerings.

We may not be able to make technological improvements as quickly as demanded by our customers, which could harm our ability to attract customers and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity.

The financial services industry is undergoing rapid technological changes, with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services (including those related to or involving artificial intelligence, machine learning, blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies). The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial and lending institutions to better serve clients and reduce costs. Our future success will depend, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our clients by using technology, such as mobile and online services, to provide products and services that will satisfy client demands for convenience, as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology- driven products and services as quickly as competitors or be successful in marketing these products and services to our clients. Rapid technological change may require significant and ongoing investment, and delays, cost overruns or unsuccessful implementations could adversely affect our competitive position. Failure to successfully keep pace with technological change affecting the financial services industry could harm our ability to attract customers and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity.

Our products use software, hardware and services that may be difficult to replace or cause errors or failures of our products that could adversely affect our business.

In addition to our custom-curated and proprietary software, we license third-party software, utilize third-party hardware and depend on services from various third parties for use in our products. In the future, this software or these services may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any loss of the right to use any of the software or services could result in decreased functionality of our products until equivalent technology is either developed by us or, if available from another provider, is identified, obtained and integrated, which could adversely affect our business. We may be dependent on a limited number of third-party providers for certain critical services, and replacing such providers may be costly, time-consuming or impracticable in the short term. In addition, any errors or defects in or failures of the software or services we rely on, whether maintained by us or by third parties, could result in errors or defects in our products or cause our products to fail, which could adversely affect our business and be costly to correct. Many of our third-party providers attempt to impose limitations on their liability for such errors, defects or failures, and if enforceable, we may have additional liability to our clients or to other third parties that could harm our reputation and increase our operating costs. We will need to maintain our relationships with third-party software and service providers and to obtain software and services from such providers that do not contain any errors or defects. Any failure to do so could adversely affect our ability to deliver effective products to our clients and loan applicants and adversely affect our business.

The developments and use of artificial intelligence (AI) presents risks and challenges that may adversely impact our business.

The Company or its third-party (or fourth party) vendors, clients or counterparties may develop or incorporate AI technology in certain business processes, services, or products. The development and use of AI presents a number of risks and challenges to the Company’s business. The legal and regulatory environment relating to AI is uncertain and rapidly evolving, both in the U.S. and internationally, and includes regulatory schemes targeted specifically at AI as well as provisions in intellectual property, privacy, consumer protection, employment, and other laws applicable to the use of AI. These evolving laws and regulations could require changes in the Company’s implementation of AI technology and increase the Company’s compliance costs and the risk of non-compliance. AI models, particularly generative AI models, may produce output or take action that is incorrect, that reflects biases included in the data on which they are trained, that results in the release of private, confidential, or proprietary information, which infringes on the intellectual property rights of others, or that is otherwise harmful. In addition, the complexity of many AI models makes it difficult to understand why they are generating particular outputs. This limited transparency increases the challenges associated with assessing the proper operation of AI models, understanding and monitoring the capabilities of the AI models, reducing erroneous output, eliminating bias, and complying with regulations that require documentation or explanation of the basis on which decisions are made. Further, the Company may rely on AI models developed by third parties, and, to that extent, would be dependent in part on the manner in which those third parties develop and train their models, including risks arising from the inclusion of any unauthorized material in the

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training data for their models and the effectiveness of the steps these third parties have taken to limit the risks associated with the output of their models, matters over which the Company may have limited visibility. Any failure by us or our third-party providers to appropriately govern, monitor or control the use of AI could expose the Company to liability, regulatory action or reputational harm. Any of these risks could expose the Company to liability or adverse legal or regulatory consequences and harm the Company’s reputation and the public perception of its business or the effectiveness of its security measures.

We are, and intend to continue, developing new products and services, and our failure to accurately predict their demand or growth could have an adverse effect on our business.

We are, and intend in the future to continue, investing significant resources in developing new tools, features, services, products and other offerings. New initiatives are inherently risky, as each involves unproven business strategies and new products and services with which we have limited or no prior development or operating experience. Risks from our innovative initiatives include those associated with potential defects in the design and development of the technologies used to automate processes, misapplication of technologies, the reliance on data that may prove inadequate, and failure to meet client expectations, among others. Any new line of business, product, product enhancement or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. As a result of these risks, we could experience increased claims, reputational damage or other adverse effects, which could be material. Additionally, we can provide no assurance that we will be able to develop, commercially market and achieve acceptance of our new products and services. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives and shifting market preferences, may also impact the ultimate implementation of a new line of business or offerings of new products, product enhancements or services. In addition, our investment of resources to develop new products and services may either be insufficient or result in expenses that are excessive in light of revenue actually originated from these new products and services.

The profile of potential clients using our new products and services may not be as attractive as the profile of the clients that we currently serve, which may lead to higher levels of delinquencies or defaults than we have historically experienced. Failure to accurately predict demand or growth with respect to our new products and services could have an adverse impact on our business, and there is always risk that these new products and services will be unprofitable, will increase our costs or will decrease our operating margins or take longer than anticipated to achieve target margins. Further, our development efforts with respect to these initiatives could distract management from current operations and could divert capital and other resources from our existing business. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or offerings of new products, product enhancements or services could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on our ability to sell loans in the secondary market to a limited number of investors and to the GSEs, and to securitize our loans into MBS through the GSEs. If our ability to sell or securitize mortgage loans is impaired, whether as a result of regulatory action or otherwise, the volume of mortgage loans that we are able to originate will be reduced.

A substantial portion of our loan originations are sold into the secondary market. We sell whole loans and loans securitized into MBS through Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae. Loans originated outside of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the guidelines of the Federal Housing Administration, U.S Department of Agriculture, or VA (for loans securitized with Ginnie Mae) are sold to private investors and mortgage conduits.

The gain recognized from sales in the secondary market represents a significant portion of our revenues and net earnings. A decrease in the prices paid to us upon sale of our loans could be detrimental to our business, as we are dependent on the cash generated from such sales to fund our future loan closings and repay borrowings under our loan funding facilities. If it is not possible or economical for us to complete the sale or securitization of certain of our loans held for sale, we may lack liquidity to continue to fund such loans and our revenues and margins on new loan originations could be materially and negatively impacted. The severity of the impact would be most significant to the extent we were unable to sell conforming home loans to the GSEs or securitize such loans pursuant to the GSEs and government agency-sponsored programs.

Further, there may be delays in our ability to sell future mortgage loans which we originate, or there may be a market shift that causes buyers of our non-GSE products to reduce their demand for such products. These market shifts can be caused by factors outside of our control that affect investor appetite for such non- GSE products. To the extent that happens, we could need to reduce our origination volume. Delays in the sale of mortgage loans also increases our exposure to market risks, which could adversely affect our profitability on sales of loans. Any such delays or failure to sell loans could be detrimental to our business.

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Our hedging strategies may not be successful in mitigating our risks associated with changes in interest rates.

Our profitability is directly affected by changes in interest rates. The market value of closed loans held for sale and interest rate locks generally change along with interest rates. The value of such assets moves opposite of interest rate changes. For example, as interest rates rise, the value of existing mortgage assets falls.

We employ various economic hedging strategies to mitigate the interest rate and the anticipated loan financing probability or “pull-through risk” inherent in such mortgage assets. Our use of these hedge instruments may expose us to counterparty risk as they are not traded on regulated exchanges or guaranteed by an exchange or its clearinghouse and, consequently, there may not be the same level of protections with respect to margin requirements and positions and other requirements designed to protect both us and our counterparties. Furthermore, the enforceability of agreements underlying hedging transactions may depend on compliance with applicable statutory, commodity and other regulatory requirements and, depending on the domicile of the counterparty, applicable international requirements. Consequently, if a counterparty fails to perform under a derivative agreement, we could incur a significant loss.

Our hedge instruments are accounted for as free-standing derivatives and are included on our consolidated balance sheet at fair market value. Our operating results could be negatively affected because the losses on the hedge instruments we enter into may not be offset by a change in the fair value of the related hedged transaction.

Our hedging strategies also require us to provide cash margin to our hedging counterparties from time to time. Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”) requires us to provide daily cash margin to (or receive daily cash margin from, depending on the daily value of related MBS) our hedging counterparties from time to time. The collection of daily margins between us and our hedging counterparties could, under certain MBS market conditions, adversely affect our short-term liquidity and cash-on-hand. Additionally, our hedge instruments may expose us to counterparty risk — the possibility that a loss may occur from the failure of another party to perform in accordance with the terms of the contract, which loss exceeds the value of existing collateral, if any.

Our hedging activities in the future may include entering into interest rate swaps, caps and floors, options to purchase these items, purchasing or selling U.S. Treasury securities, and/or other tools and strategies. These hedging decisions will be determined in light of the facts and circumstances existing at the time and may differ from our current hedging strategy. These hedging strategies may be less effective than our current hedging strategies in mitigating the risks described above, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The accuracy of our financial statements and related disclosures could be affected if the judgments, assumptions or estimates used in our critical accounting policies are inaccurate.

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP requires us to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Our critical accounting policies, which are included in the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, describe those significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements that we consider “critical” because they require judgments, assumptions and estimates that materially affect our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Many of these judgments and estimates involve complex methodologies and are sensitive to changes in economic conditions, interest rates and market assumptions. As a result, if future events or regulatory views concerning such analysis differ significantly from the judgments, assumptions and estimates in our critical accounting policies, those events or assumptions could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, in each case resulting in our needing to revise or restate prior period financial statements, cause damage to our reputation and the price of our common stock, and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A portion of our assets are measured at fair value. Fair value determinations require many assumptions and complex analyses, and we cannot control many of the underlying factors. If our estimates prove to be incorrect, we may be required to write down the value of such assets, which could adversely affect our earnings, financial condition and liquidity.

We measure the fair value of our mortgage loans held for sale, derivatives, interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”) and MSRs on a recurring basis and we measure the fair value of other assets, such as certain mortgage loans HFI, certain impaired loans and other real estate owned, on a nonrecurring basis. Fair value determinations require many assumptions and complex analyses, especially to the extent there are no active markets for identical assets. For example, we generally estimate the fair value of loans held for sale based on quoted market prices for securities backed by similar types of loans. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value is estimated based on other relevant factors, including dealer price quotations and prices available for similar instruments, to approximate the amounts that would be received from a third party. In addition, the fair

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value of IRLCs are measured based upon the difference between the current fair value of similar loans (as determined generally for mortgages held for sale) and the price at which we have committed to originate the loans, subject to the anticipated loan financing probability, or pull-through factor (which is both significant and highly subjective).

Further, MSRs do not trade in an active market with readily observable prices and therefore, their fair value is determined using a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated net future cash flows, using estimates of prepayment speeds, discount rate, cost to service, float earnings, contractual servicing fee income and ancillary income, and late fees.

If our estimates of fair value prove to be incorrect, we may be required to write down the value of such assets, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Because accounting rules for valuing certain assets and liabilities are highly complex and involve significant judgment and assumptions, these complexities could lead to a delay in preparation of financial information and the delivery of this information to our stockholders and also increase the risk of errors and restatements, as well as the cost of compliance.

We are dependent on the use of data and modeling in our management’s decision-making, and faulty data or modeling approaches could negatively impact our decision-making ability or possibly subject us to regulatory scrutiny in the future.

The use of statistical and quantitative models and other quantitative analyses is critical to bank decision- making, and the employment of such analyses is becoming increasingly widespread in our operations. Liquidity stress testing, interest rate sensitivity analysis, and the identification of possible violations of anti- money laundering regulations are all examples of areas in which we are dependent on models and the data that underlies them. The use of statistical and quantitative models is also becoming more prevalent in regulatory compliance. While we are not currently subject to annual Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) stress testing (DFAST) and the Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (CCAR) submissions, we anticipate that model-derived testing may become more extensively implemented by regulators in the future. We anticipate data-based modeling will penetrate further into bank decision-making, particularly risk management efforts, as the capacities developed to meet rigorous stress testing requirements are able to be employed more widely and in differing applications. While we believe these quantitative techniques and approaches improve our decision-making, they also create the possibility that faulty data or flawed quantitative approaches could negatively impact our decision- making ability or, if we become subject to regulatory stress-testing in the future, it could result in adverse regulatory scrutiny. Secondarily, because of the complexity inherent in these approaches, misunderstanding or misuse of their outputs could similarly result in suboptimal decision-making.

Our success is largely dependent upon our ability to successfully execute our business strategy.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to grow and to remain profitable in future periods, or, if profitable, that our overall earnings will remain consistent with our prior results of operations, or increase in the future. A downturn in economic conditions in our market, particularly in the real estate market, heightened competition from other financial services providers, an inability to retain or grow our core deposit base, regulatory and legislative considerations, and failure to attract and retain high-performing talent, among other factors, could limit our ability to grow assets, or increase profitability, as rapidly as we have in the past. Sustainable growth requires that we manage our risks by following prudent loan underwriting standards, balancing loan and deposit growth without materially increasing interest rate risk or compressing our net interest margin, maintaining more than adequate capital at all times, managing a growing number of customer relationships, scaling technology platforms, hiring and retaining qualified employees and successfully implementing our strategic initiatives. Our ability to execute our strategy may be constrained by regulatory requirements, capital and liquidity considerations, technology limitations, or changes in market conditions. We must also successfully implement improvements to, or integrate, our management information and control systems, procedures and processes in an efficient and timely manner and identify deficiencies in existing systems and controls. In particular, our controls and procedures must be able to accommodate an increase in loan volume in various markets and the infrastructure that comes with expanding operations, including new branches. Our growth strategy may require us to incur additional expenditures to expand our administrative and operational infrastructure. If we are unable to effectively manage and grow our banking platform, we may experience compliance and operational problems, have to slow the pace of growth, or have to incur additional expenditures beyond current projections to support such growth. We may not have, or may not be able to develop, the knowledge or relationships necessary to be successful in new markets. Our failure to sustain our historical rate of growth, adequately manage the factors that have contributed to our growth or successfully enter new markets could have an adverse effect on our earnings and profitability and, therefore on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We are highly dependent on our management team, and the loss of our senior executive officers or other key employees could harm our ability to implement our strategic plan, impair our relationships with customers and adversely affect our business, results of operations and growth prospects.

Our success is dependent, to a large degree, upon the continued service and skills of our executive management team.

Our business and growth strategies are built primarily upon our ability to retain employees with experience and business relationships within their respective market areas. We seek to manage the continuity of our executive management team through regular succession planning. As part of such succession planning, other executives and high performing individuals have been identified and are provided certain training in order to be prepared to assume particular management roles and responsibilities in the event of the departure of a member of our executive management team. While we engage in succession planning, there can be no assurance that such planning will be effective or that suitable replacements will be available on a timely basis. However, the loss of any of our other key personnel could have an adverse impact on our business and growth because of their skills, years of industry experience, and knowledge of our market areas, our failure to develop and implement a viable succession plan, the difficulty of finding qualified replacement personnel, or any difficulties associated with transitioning of responsibilities to any new members of the executive management team. While our mortgage originators and loan officers are generally subject to non-solicitation provisions as part of their employment, our ability to enforce such agreements may not fully mitigate the injury to our business from the breach of such agreements, as such employees could leave us and immediately begin soliciting our customers. The departure of any of our personnel who are not subject to enforceable non-competition agreements could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and growth prospects.

Our operations could be interrupted if our third-party service providers experience difficulty, terminate their services or fail to comply with banking regulations.

We depend to a significant extent on a number of relationships with third-party service providers. Specifically, we receive core systems processing, essential web hosting and other internet systems, deposit processing and other processing services from third-party service providers. If these third-party service providers experience difficulties or terminate their services and we are unable to replace them with other service providers, our operations could be interrupted. If an interruption were to continue for a significant period of time, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected, perhaps materially. Even if we are able to replace them, it may be at a higher cost to us, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to certain operational risks, including, but not limited to, customer or employee fraud and data processing system failures and errors.

Employee errors and employee and/or customer misconduct could subject us to financial losses or regulatory sanctions and seriously harm our reputation or financial performance. Misconduct by our employees could include, but is not limited to, hiding unauthorized activities from us, improper or unauthorized activities on behalf of our customers or improper use of confidential information. It is not always possible to prevent employee errors and misconduct, and the precautions we take to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective in all cases. Employee errors could also subject us to financial claims for negligence.

We maintain a system of internal controls and insurance coverage to mitigate against operational risks, including data processing system failures and errors and customer or employee fraud. If our internal controls fail to prevent or detect an occurrence, or if any resulting loss is not insured or exceeds applicable insurance limits, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to overcome the integration and other risks associated with any future acquisitions, which could have an adverse effect on our ability to implement our business strategy.

Although we plan to continue to grow our business organically, we may pursue acquisition opportunities that we believe complement our activities and have the ability to enhance our profitability and provide attractive risk-adjusted returns. Our future acquisition activities could be material to our business and involve a number of risks, including the following:

• intense competition from other banking organizations and other acquirers for potential merger candidates;

• market pricing for desirable acquisitions resulting in returns that are less attractive than we have traditionally sought to achieve;

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• incurring time and expense associated with identifying and evaluating potential acquisitions and negotiating potential transactions, resulting in our attention being diverted from the operation of our existing business;

• using inaccurate estimates and judgments to evaluate credit, operations, management and market risks with respect to the target institution or assets;

• potential exposure to unknown or contingent liabilities of banks and businesses we acquire, including consumer compliance issues;

• the time and expense required to integrate the operations and personnel of the combined businesses;

• experiencing higher operating expenses relative to operating income from the new operations;

• losing key employees and customers;

• reputational issues if the target’s management does not align with our culture and values;

• significant problems relating to the conversion of the financial and customer data of the target;

• integration of acquired customers into our financial and customer product systems;

• risks of impairment to goodwill; or

• regulatory timeframes for review of applications may limit the number and frequency of transactions we may be able to consummate.

Depending on the condition of any institution or assets or liabilities that we may acquire, that acquisition may, at least in the near term, adversely affect our capital and earnings and, if not successfully integrated with our organization, may continue to have such effects over a longer period. Integration risks may be exacerbated by differences in business practices, risk management approaches, regulatory compliance cultures or operating systems between us and an acquired institution. We may not be successful in overcoming these risks or any other problems encountered in connection with pending or potential acquisitions, and any acquisition we may consider will be subject to prior regulatory approval. Our inability to overcome these risks could have an adverse effect on our ability to implement our business strategy, which, in turn, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may need to raise additional capital in the future, and if we fail to maintain sufficient capital, whether due to losses, an inability to raise additional capital or otherwise, our liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations, as well as our ability to maintain regulatory compliance, would be adversely affected.

We face significant capital and other regulatory requirements as a financial institution. We may need to raise additional capital in the future to provide us with sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet our commitments and business needs, which could include the possibility of financing acquisitions. In addition, we, on a consolidated basis, and our Bank, on a stand-alone basis, must meet certain regulatory capital requirements and maintain sufficient liquidity. Importantly, regulatory capital requirements could increase from current levels, which could require us to raise additional capital or contract our operations. Our ability to raise additional capital depends on conditions in the capital markets, economic conditions and a number of other factors, including investor perceptions regarding the banking industry, market conditions and governmental activities, and on our financial condition and performance. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will be able to raise additional capital if needed or on terms acceptable to us. If we fail to maintain capital to meet regulatory requirements, our liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

Changes in accounting standards could materially impact our financial statements.

From time to time, the Financial Accounting Standards Board or the SEC may change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. Such changes may result in us being subject to new or changing accounting and reporting standards. In addition, the bodies that interpret the accounting standards (such as banking regulators or outside auditors) may change their interpretations or positions on how these standards should be applied. These changes may be beyond our control, can be hard to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retrospectively, or apply an existing standard differently, also retrospectively, in each case resulting in our needing to revise or restate prior period financial statements. The adoption of new accounting standards may also require changes to our systems, processes or internal

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controls and may divert management time and resources. Additionally, as an emerging growth company we intend to take advantage of extended transition periods for complying with new or revised accounting standards affecting public companies.

Litigation and regulatory actions, including possible enforcement actions, could subject us to significant fines, penalties, judgments or other requirements resulting in increased expenses or restrictions on our business activities.

In the normal course of business, from time to time, we have in the past and may in the future be named as a defendant in various legal actions, arising in connection with our current and/or prior business activities. Legal actions could include claims for substantial compensatory or punitive damages or claims for indeterminate amounts of damages. Further, in the future our regulators may impose consent orders, civil money penalties, matters requiring attention, or similar types of supervisory criticism. We may also, from time to time, be the subject of subpoenas, requests for information, reviews, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal) by governmental agencies regarding our current and/or prior business activities. Any such legal or regulatory actions may subject us to substantial compensatory or punitive damages, significant fines, penalties, obligations to change our business practices or other requirements resulting in increased expenses, diminished income and damage to our reputation. Regulatory actions or enforcement proceedings could also restrict our ability to engage in certain business activities, pursue acquisitions, pay dividends or grow our business. Our involvement in any such matters, whether tangential or otherwise and even if the matters are ultimately determined in our favor, could also cause significant harm to our reputation and divert management attention from the operation of our business. Further, any settlement, consent order or adverse judgment in connection with any formal or informal proceeding or investigation by government agencies may result in litigation, investigations or proceedings as other litigants and government agencies begin independent reviews of the same activities. As a result, the outcome of legal and regulatory actions could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and results of operations.

Severe weather, natural disasters, pandemics, acts of war or terrorism or other external events could significantly impact our business.

Severe weather, natural disasters, widespread disease or pandemics, civil unrest, acts of war or terrorism or other adverse external events could have a significant impact on our ability to conduct business. In addition, such events could affect the stability of our deposit base, impair the value of collateral securing loans, cause significant property damage, result in loss of revenue or cause us to incur additional expenses. These events could also disrupt our operations, workforce, technology systems, third-party service providers or customers, and may limit our ability to deliver products and services. The occurrence of any of these events in the future could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If we fail to design, implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or remediate any future material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud.

Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable reports and prevent fraud. We may not be able to identify all significant deficiencies and/or material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the future, and our failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the normal course of our operations, we may identify deficiencies that would have to be remediated to satisfy the SEC rules for certification of our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is defined by the standards issued by the PCAOB, as a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting that results in a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As a consequence, we would have to disclose in periodic reports we file with the SEC any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. The existence of a material weakness would preclude management from concluding that our internal control over financial reporting is effective and, when we cease to be an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act, preclude our independent registered public accounting firm from rendering their report addressing an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, disclosures of deficiencies of this type in our SEC reports could cause investors to lose confidence in our financial reporting, and may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, and could result in the delisting of our securities from the securities exchanges on which they trade. Moreover, effective internal controls are necessary to produce reliable financial reports and to prevent fraud. If we have deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting, such deficiencies may adversely affect us.

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If we are unable to successfully remediate future material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, the accuracy and timing of our financial reporting may be adversely affected.

We cannot assure you that we have identified all of our existing material weaknesses, or that we will not, in the future, have additional material weaknesses. Our independent registered public accounting firm has not performed an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting during any period in accordance with the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We believe that it is possible that, had our independent registered public accounting firm performed an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, additional material weaknesses or significant control deficiencies may have been identified.

Additionally, we cannot assure you that we will be able to remediate any existing or future material weakness in a timely manner or at all. If our efforts to remediate an identified material weakness are not successful, or if other material weaknesses or other significant control deficiencies occur, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results could be impaired, which could result in late filings of our annual and quarterly reports under the Exchange Act as a public company, additional restatements of our consolidated financial statements, a decline in our stock price, suspension or delisting of our common stock from the NYSE, and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is susceptible to fraud.

The Company’s business exposes it to fraud risk from loan and deposit customers, the parties they do business with, as well as from employees, contractors and vendors. Fraud risks include, among other things, identity theft, account takeover, wire fraud, payment fraud, social engineering schemes, and other forms of financial crime, which are increasingly sophisticated and difficult to detect. The Company relies on financial and other data from new and existing customers which could turn out to be fraudulent when accepting such customers, executing their financial transactions and making and purchasing loans and other financial assets. In times of increased economic stress, the Company is at increased risk of fraud losses. The Company believes it has underwriting and operational controls in place to prevent or detect such fraud, but cannot provide assurance that these controls will be effective in detecting fraud or that the Company will not experience fraud losses or incur costs or other damage related to such fraud, at levels that adversely affect financial results or reputation. The Company’s lending customers may also experience fraud in their businesses which could adversely affect their ability to repay their loans or make use of services. The Company’s and its customers’ exposure to fraud may increase the Company’s financial risk and reputation risk as it may result in unexpected litigation expense, other costs and loan losses that exceed those that have been provided for in the allowance for credit losses.

Risks Related to Our Industry and Regulation

Our industry is highly regulated, and the regulatory framework, together with any future legislative or regulatory changes, may have a materially adverse effect on our operations.

The banking industry is highly regulated and supervised under both federal and state laws and regulations that are intended primarily for the protection of depositors, customers, the public, the banking system as a whole or the FDIC Deposit Insurance Fund not for the protection of our stockholders and creditors. We are subject to regulation and supervision by the Federal Reserve, and our Bank is subject to regulation and supervision by the FDIC and the DIFS. Compliance with these laws and regulations can be difficult and costly, and changes to laws and regulations can impose additional compliance costs. The Dodd-Frank Act, which imposed significant regulatory and compliance changes on financial institutions, is an example of this type of federal law. The laws and regulations applicable to us govern a variety of matters, including permissible types, amounts and terms of loans and investments we may make, the maximum interest rate that may be charged, the amount of reserves we must hold against deposits we take, the types of deposits we may accept and the rates we may pay on such deposits, maintenance of adequate capital and liquidity, changes in control of us and our Bank, transactions between us and our Bank, handling of nonpublic information, restrictions on dividends and establishment of new offices. We must obtain approval from our regulators before engaging in certain activities, and there is risk that such approvals may not be granted, either in a timely manner or at all. These requirements may constrain our operations, and the adoption of new laws and changes to or repeal of existing laws may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Also, the burden imposed by those federal and state regulations may place banks in general, including our Bank in particular, at a competitive disadvantage compared to their non-bank competitors. Compliance with current and potential regulation, as well as supervisory scrutiny by our regulators, may significantly increase our costs, impede the efficiency of our internal business processes, require us to increase our regulatory capital, and limit our ability to pursue business opportunities in an efficient manner by requiring us to expend significant time, effort and resources to ensure compliance and respond to any regulatory inquiries or investigations. Our failure to comply with any applicable laws or regulations, or regulatory policies and interpretations of such laws and

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regulations, could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil money penalties or damage to our reputation, all of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Applicable laws, regulations, interpretations, enforcement policies and accounting principles have been subject to significant changes in recent years, and may be subject to significant future changes. Additionally, federal and state regulatory agencies may change the manner in which existing regulations are applied. We cannot predict the substance or effect of pending or future legislation or regulation or changes to the application of laws and regulations to us. Future changes may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, given the current economic and financial environment, regulators may elect to alter standards or the interpretation of the standards used to measure regulatory compliance or to determine the adequacy of liquidity, risk management or other operational practices for financial service companies in a manner that impacts our ability to implement our strategy and could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways, and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, the regulatory agencies have broad discretion in their interpretation of laws and regulations and their assessment of the quality of our loan portfolio, securities portfolio and other assets. Based on our regulators’ assessment of the quality of our assets, operations, lending practices, investment practices, capital structure or other aspects of our business, we may be required to take additional charges or undertake, or refrain from taking, actions that could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our earnings and growth are affected by the policies of the Federal Reserve. An important function of the Federal Reserve is to regulate the money supply and credit conditions. Among the instruments used by the Federal Reserve to implement these objectives are open market purchases and sales of U.S. government securities, adjustments of the discount rate and changes in banks’ reserve requirements against bank deposits. These instruments are used in varying combinations to influence overall economic growth and the distribution of credit, bank loans, investments and deposits. Their use also affects interest rates charged on loans or paid on deposits.

The monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve have had a significant effect on the operating results of commercial banks in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future. The effects of such policies upon our business, financial condition and results of operations cannot be predicted.

Federal and state regulators periodically examine our business and may require us to remediate adverse examination findings or may take enforcement action against us.

The Federal Reserve, the FDIC and the DIFS periodically examine our business, including our compliance with laws and regulations. If, as a result of an examination, the Federal Reserve, the FDIC, or the DIFS were to determine that our financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity or other aspects of any of our operations had become unsatisfactory, or that we were in violation of any law or regulation, they may take a number of different remedial actions as they deem appropriate. These actions may include requiring us to remediate any such adverse examination findings.

In addition, these agencies have the power to take enforcement action against us to enjoin “unsafe or unsound” practices, to require affirmative action to correct any conditions resulting from any violation of law or regulation or unsafe or unsound practice, to issue an administrative order that can be judicially enforced, to direct an increase in our capital, to direct the sale of our subsidiary or other assets, to limit dividends and distributions, to restrict our growth, to assess civil money penalties against us or our officers or directors, to remove officers and directors and, if it is concluded that such conditions cannot be corrected or there is imminent risk of loss to depositors, to terminate our deposit insurance and place our Bank into receivership or conservatorship. Any regulatory enforcement action against us could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to stringent capital requirements, which could have an adverse effect on our operations.

Federal regulations establish minimum capital requirements for insured depository institutions, including minimum risk-based capital and leverage ratios, and defines “capital” for calculating these ratios. The capital rules require bank holding companies and banks to maintain a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets ratio of at least 7.0% (a minimum of 4.5% plus a capital conservation buffer of 2.5%), a Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets ratio of at least 8.5% (a minimum of 6.0% plus a capital conservation buffer of 2.5%), a total capital to risk-weighted assets ratio of at least 10.5% (a minimum of 8% plus a capital conservation buffer of 2.5%), and a leverage ratio of Tier 1 capital to total consolidated assets of at least 4.0%. An institution’s failure to exceed the capital conservation buffer with common equity Tier 1 capital would result in limitations

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on an institution’s ability to make capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments. In addition, for an insured depository institution to be “well-capitalized” under the banking agencies’ prompt corrective action framework, it must have a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of at least 6.5%, Tier 1 capital ratio of at least 8.0%, a total capital ratio of at least 10.0%, and a leverage ratio of at least 5.0%, and must not be subject to any written agreement, order or capital directive, or prompt corrective action directive issued by its primary federal or state banking regulator to meet and maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure.

Any new or revised standards adopted in the future may require us to maintain materially more capital, with common equity as a more predominant component, or manage the configuration of our assets and liabilities to comply with formulaic capital requirements. We may not be able to raise additional capital at all, or on terms acceptable to us. Failure to maintain capital to meet current or future regulatory requirements could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to numerous laws designed to protect consumers, including the CRA and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to a wide variety of sanctions.

The CRA, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act and other fair lending laws and regulations prohibit discriminatory lending practices by financial institutions. The U.S. Department of Justice, federal banking agencies, and other federal agencies are responsible for enforcing these laws and regulations. A challenge to an institution’s compliance with fair lending laws and regulations could result in a wide variety of sanctions, including damages and civil money penalties, injunctive relief, restrictions on mergers and acquisitions activity, restrictions on expansion, and restrictions on entering new business lines. Private parties may also challenge an institution’s performance under fair lending laws in private class action litigation. Such actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, growth prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

Additionally, the Consumer Financial Protection Board (the “CFPB”) was created under the Dodd-Frank Act to centralize responsibility for consumer financial protection with broad rulemaking authority to administer and carry out the purposes and objectives of federal consumer financial laws with respect to all financial institutions that offer financial products and services to consumers. The CFPB is also authorized to prescribe rules applicable to any covered person or service provider, identifying and prohibiting acts or practices that are “unfair, deceptive, or abusive” in connection with any transaction with a consumer for a consumer financial product or service, or the offering of a consumer financial product or service. The ongoing broad rulemaking powers of the CFPB have potential to have a significant impact on the operations of financial institutions offering consumer financial products or services.

We are subject to laws regarding the privacy, information security and protection of personal information and any violation of these laws or another incident involving personal, confidential, or proprietary information of individuals could damage our reputation and otherwise adversely affect our business.

Our business requires the collection and retention of large volumes of customer data, including personally identifiable information, or PII, in various information systems that we maintain and in those maintained by third-party service providers. We also maintain important internal company data such as PII about our employees and information relating to our operations. We are subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations governing the privacy and protection of PII of individuals (including customers, employees, and other third parties). For example, our business is subject to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (the “GLB Act”), which, among other things: (i) imposes certain limitations on our ability to share nonpublic PII about our customers with nonaffiliated third parties; (ii) requires that we provide certain disclosures to customers about our information collection, sharing and security practices and afford customers the right to “opt out” of any information sharing by us with nonaffiliated third parties (with certain exceptions); and (iii) requires that we develop, implement and maintain a written comprehensive information security program containing appropriate safeguards based on our size and complexity, the nature and scope of our activities, and the sensitivity of customer information we process, as well as plans for responding to data security breaches. Various federal and state banking regulators and states have also enacted data breach notification requirements with varying levels of individual, consumer, regulatory or law enforcement notification in the event of a security breach.

Ensuring that our collection, use, transfer and storage of PII complies with all applicable laws and regulations can increase our costs. Furthermore, we may not be able to ensure that customers and other third parties have appropriate controls in place to protect the confidentiality of the information that they exchange with us, particularly where such information is transmitted by electronic means. We may also have limited ability to control or monitor how third-party service providers safeguard information once it is shared with them. If personal, confidential or proprietary information of customers or others were to be mishandled or misused (in situations where, for example, such information was erroneously provided to parties who are not

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permitted to have the information, or where such information was intercepted or otherwise compromised by third parties), we could be exposed to litigation or regulatory sanctions under privacy and data protection laws and regulations. Concerns regarding the effectiveness of our measures to safeguard PII, or even the perception that such measures are inadequate, could cause us to lose customers or potential customers and thereby reduce our revenues. Accordingly, any failure or perceived failure to comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws and regulations may subject us to inquiries, examinations and investigations that could result in requirements to modify or cease certain operations or practices or in significant liabilities, fines or penalties, and could damage our reputation and otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are a bank holding company and are dependent upon our Bank for cash flow, and our Bank’s ability to make cash distributions is restricted.

We are a BHC with no material activities other than activities incidental to holding the common stock of our Bank. Our principal source of funds to pay distributions on our common stock and service any of our obligations, other than further issuances of securities, is dividends received from our Bank. Furthermore, our Bank is not obligated to pay dividends to us, and any dividends paid to us would depend on the earnings or financial condition of our Bank, various business considerations and applicable law and regulation. As is generally the case for banking institutions, the profitability of our Bank is subject to the fluctuating cost and availability of money, changes in interest rates and economic conditions in general. In addition, various federal and state statutes and regulations limit the amount of dividends that our Bank may pay to the Company without regulatory approval.

The Federal Reserve may require us to commit capital resources to support our Bank.

The Federal Reserve requires a BHC to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary banks and to commit resources to support its subsidiary banks. Under the “source of strength” doctrine that was codified by the Dodd-Frank Act, the Federal Reserve may require a BHC to make capital injections into a subsidiary bank at times when the BHC may not be inclined to do so and may charge the BHC with engaging in unsafe and unsound practices for failure to commit resources to such a subsidiary bank. Accordingly, we could be required to provide financial assistance to our Bank if it experiences financial distress.

A capital injection may be required at a time when our resources are limited, and we may be required to borrow the funds or raise capital to make the required capital injection. Any loan by a BHC to its subsidiary bank is subordinate in right of payment to deposits and certain other indebtedness of such subsidiary bank. In the event of a BHC’s bankruptcy, the bankruptcy trustee will assume any commitment by the holding company to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank. Moreover, bankruptcy law provides that claims based on any such commitment will be entitled to a priority of payment over the claims of the holding company’s general unsecured creditors, including the holders of any note obligations. Thus, any borrowing by a BHC for the purpose of making a capital injection to a subsidiary bank may become more difficult and expensive relative to other corporate borrowings.

We face the risk of noncompliance and enforcement action with the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering statutes and regulations.

The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 (the “BSA”), the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (the “Patriot Act”), and other laws and regulations require financial institutions, among other duties, to institute and maintain an effective anti-money laundering program and to file reports such as suspicious activity reports and currency transaction reports. We are required to comply with these and other anti-money laundering requirements. Our federal and state banking regulators, the U.S. Department of the Treasury Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”), and other government agencies are authorized to impose significant civil money penalties for violations of anti-money laundering requirements. We are also subject to increased scrutiny of compliance with the regulations issued and enforced by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), which is responsible for helping to ensure that U.S. entities do not engage in transactions with certain prohibited parties, as defined by various Executive Orders and Acts of Congress. If our program is deemed deficient, we could be subject to liability, including fines, civil money penalties and other regulatory actions, which may include restrictions on our business operations and our ability to pay dividends, restrictions on mergers and acquisitions activity, restrictions on expansion, and restrictions on entering new business lines. Regulatory expectations regarding BSA/AML and sanctions compliance continue to evolve, and increased transaction volumes, new products, digital delivery channels or reliance on third-party service providers may increase compliance risk. Failure to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could also have significant reputational consequences for us. Any of these circumstances could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Our Bank’s FDIC deposit insurance premiums and assessments may increase.

Our Bank’s deposits are insured by the FDIC up to legal limits and, accordingly, our Bank is subject to insurance assessments based on our Bank’s average consolidated total assets less its average tangible equity. Our Bank’s regular assessments are determined by its CAMELS composite rating (a supervisory rating system developed to classify a bank’s overall condition by taking into account capital adequacy, assets, management capability, earnings, liquidity and sensitivity to market and interest rate risk), taking into account other factors and adjustments. In order to maintain a strong funding position and the reserve ratios of the DIF required by statute and FDIC estimates of projected requirements, the FDIC has the power to increase deposit insurance assessment rates and impose special assessments on all FDIC-insured financial institutions. Any future increases or special assessments could reduce our profitability and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related an Investment in Our Common Stock

There is a limited trading market in the Company's common stock, which will hinder your ability to sell our common stock and may lower the market price of the stock.

Although the Company's common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange, there is currently a limited trading market for the Company's common stock. An active trading market for shares of the Company's common stock may never develop or be sustained. This limited trading market for the Company's common stock may reduce the market value of our common stock. Before investing in shares of the Company's common stock you should consider the limited trading market for our common stock and be financially prepared and able to hold your shares for an indefinite period.

Our stock price may be volatile, and you could lose part or all of your investment as a result.

Stock price volatility may negatively impact the price at which our common stock may be sold, and may also negatively impact the timing of any sale. Our stock price may fluctuate widely in response to a variety of factors including the risk factors described herein and, among other things:

• actual or anticipated variations in quarterly or annual operating results, financial conditions or credit quality;

• changes in business or economic conditions;

• changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;

• changes in recommendations or research reports about us or the financial services industry in general published by securities analysts;

• the failure of securities analysts to cover, or to continue to cover, us after this offering;

• changes in financial estimates or publication of research reports and recommendations by financial analysts or actions taken by rating agencies with respect to us or other financial institutions;

• news reports relating to trends, concerns and other issues in the financial services industry;

• reports related to the impact of natural or manmade disasters in our market;

• perceptions in the marketplace regarding us and or our competitors;

• sudden increases in the demand for our common stock, including as a result of any “short squeezes;”

• significant acquisitions or business combinations, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by or involving us or our competitors;

• additional investments from third parties;

• additions or departures of key personnel;

• future sales or issuance of additional shares of common stock;

• fluctuations in the stock price and operating results of our competitors;

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• changes or proposed changes in laws or regulations, or differing interpretations thereof affecting our business, or enforcement of these laws or regulations;

• new technology used, or services offered, by competitors;

• additional investments from third parties; or

• geopolitical conditions such as acts or threats of terrorism, pandemics or military conflicts.

Our stock price may also be affected by factors unrelated to our operating performance, including general market volatility, investor sentiment, interest rate changes or macroeconomic trends. In particular, the realization of any of the risks described in this section could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock and cause the value of your investment to decline. In addition, the stock market in general has experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock over the short, medium or long term, regardless of our actual performance.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We may be unable to attract or sustain research coverage by securities and industry analysts. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our company, the trading price for our stock would be negatively impacted. If we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage and if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If we fail to meet the expectations of analysts for our operating results, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which could cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

We may not pay dividends on our common stock in the future, and our ability to pay dividends is subject to certain restrictions.

Holders of our common stock are entitled to receive only such dividends as our board of directors may declare out of funds legally available for such payments. Our board of directors may, in its sole discretion, change the amount or frequency of dividends or discontinue the payment of dividends entirely. In addition, we are a BHC, and our ability to declare and pay dividends is dependent on federal regulatory considerations, including the guidelines of the Federal Reserve regarding capital adequacy and dividends. It is the policy of the Federal Reserve that bank holding companies should generally pay dividends on common stock only out of earnings, and only if prospective earnings retention is consistent with the organization’s expected future needs, asset quality and financial condition, and that bank holding companies should inform and consult with the Federal Reserve in advance of declaring and paying a dividend that exceeds earnings for the period for which the dividend is being paid.

The holders of our debt obligations and preferred stock will have priority over our common stock with respect to payment in the event of liquidation, dissolution or winding up and with respect to the payment of interest and dividends.

In any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, our common stock would rank below all claims of debt holders against us as well as any preferred stock that has been issued. As of December 31, 2025, we had an outstanding aggregate of $96.9 million of subordinated notes, net of debt issuance costs, and we had an outstanding aggregate $25.0 million of non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock. We could incur such debt obligations or issue preferred stock in the future to raise additional capital. In such event, holders of our common stock will not be entitled to receive any payment or other distribution of assets upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company until after all of our obligations to the debt holders are satisfied and holders of subordinated debt and senior equity securities, including preferred shares, if any, have received any payment or distribution due to them. In addition, we will be required to pay interest on the subordinated notes and dividends on the trust preferred securities and preferred stock before we will be able to pay any dividends on our common stock.

Michigan law and the provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws may have an anti-takeover effect, and there are substantial regulatory limitations on changes of control of bank holding companies.

Michigan corporate law and provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and our Amended and Restated Bylaws could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so would be perceived to be

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beneficial by our stockholders. Furthermore, with certain limited exceptions, federal regulations prohibit a person or company or a group of persons deemed to be “acting in concert” from, directly or indirectly, acquiring 10% or more (5% or more if the acquirer is a BHC) of any class of our voting stock or obtaining the ability to control in any manner the election of a majority of our directors or otherwise direct the management or policies of our Company without prior notice or application to and the approval of the Federal Reserve. Accordingly, prospective investors must comply with these requirements, if applicable, in connection with any purchase of shares of our common stock. Collectively, provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws and other statutory and regulatory provisions may delay, prevent or deter a merger, acquisition, tender offer, proxy contest or other transaction that might otherwise result in our stockholders receiving a premium over the market price for their common stock. Moreover, the combination of these provisions effectively inhibits certain business combinations, which, in turn, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

An investment in our common stock is not an insured deposit.

An investment in our common stock is not a bank deposit and, therefore, is not insured against loss by the FDIC, any other deposit insurance fund or by any other public or private entity. Investment in our common stock is inherently risky for the reasons described herein, and is subject to the same market forces that affect the price of common stock in any company. As a result, if you acquire our common stock, you could lose some or all of your investment.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources and divert management’s attention.

As a public company, we will incur additional legal, accounting, insurance and other expenses. We will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and applicable securities rules and regulations. These laws and regulations increase the scope, complexity and cost of corporate governance, reporting and disclosure practices over those of non-public or non-reporting companies. Despite our conducting business in a highly regulated environment, these laws and regulations have different requirements for compliance than we have experienced prior to becoming a public company. Among other things, the Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and operating results and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. As an NYSE listed company, we will be required to prepare and file proxy materials which meet the requirements of the Exchange Act and the SEC’s proxy rules. Compliance with these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly, and increase demand on our systems and resources, particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. In order to maintain, appropriately document and, if required, improve our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to meet the standards required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, additional resources and management oversight may be required. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could harm our business and operating results. Additionally, any failure by us to file our periodic reports with the SEC in a timely manner could harm our reputation and cause our investors and potential investors to lose confidence in us, and restrict trading in, and reduce the market price of, our common stock, and potentially our ability to access the capital markets.

The Company is an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act, and the Company cannot be certain whether the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make the Company’s common stock less attractive to investors.

The Company is an “emerging growth company” under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”), and is, therefore, permitted to, and intends to, take advantage of certain exemptions from certain disclosure requirements. For so long as the Company remains an “emerging growth company,” the Company may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in the Company’s periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on certain executive compensation matters, such as “say on pay” and “say on frequency.” As a result, the Company’s stockholders may not have access to certain information that they may deem important. Although the Company intends to rely on the exemptions provided in the JOBS Act, the exact implications of the JOBS Act for the Company are still subject to interpretations and guidance by the SEC and other regulatory agencies.

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised financial accounting standards. The Company has elected to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies.

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The Company cannot predict whether investors will find its common stock less attractive as a result of the Company taking advantage of these exemptions. If some investors find the Company’s common stock less attractive as a result of these choices, there may be a less active trading market for the Company’s common stock, and the Company’s stock price may be more volatile.

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Introduction

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risk, uncertainties and assumptions. Certain risks, uncertainties and other factors, including but not limited to those set forth under “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” “Risk Factors,” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, may cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements.

Business Overview

Northpointe Bancshares, Inc. (the “Company”) is a bank holding company headquartered in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol NPB. Through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Northpointe Bank (the “Bank”), we focus on (1) providing a best-in-class platform for independent mortgage bankers nationwide to utilize as an alternative to traditional mortgage warehouse lending (we refer to this business as our Mortgage Purchase Program, or “MPP”) and (2) offering attractive products and services to our residential mortgage and digital banking retail customers.

Our residential lending business provides a comprehensive range of financing options nationwide through two main channels: consumer direct and traditional retail. We are a nationwide mortgage lender, with 122 mortgage originators across 25 states. These channels combine the convenience of online, self-service platforms with the personalized service of an experienced residential mortgage loan officer. Both residential mortgage loan origination channels are supported by our proprietary point-of-service digital platform that streamlines the loan application and closing processes. Our consumer direct and traditional retail channels primarily originate mortgage loans which are saleable through an end investor. In addition, our traditional retail channel selectively originates first-lien home equity lines which are tied seamlessly to a demand deposit sweep account (we refer to the loans we originate as “All-in-One” or “AIO” loans). We have one bank branch located in Grand Rapids, Michigan and physical loan production offices located in 25 cities in 15 states across the country, which are supported by our centralized operations and back-office support teams based in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Our results of operations are driven by a combination of net interest income, which is the difference between interest income from interest-earning assets and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, as well as fee income from a variety of sources. Key components of noninterest income include gains from the sale loans, loan servicing fees, MPP fees, service charges from our deposit services, and other fees. Our principal operating expense, aside from interest expense, consists of salaries and employee benefits, including commissions paid to loan originators, occupancy and equipment costs, data processing expense, professional fees, and provisions for credit losses. Our income is affected by regulatory, economic, and competitive factors that influence interest rates, residential loan demand and deposits costs. In addition, we are subject to interest rate risk to the degree that our interest-earnings assets mature or reprice at different times or at different speeds than our interest-bearing liabilities.

Known Trends and Uncertainties

Our results of operations and financial condition are influenced by several known trends and uncertainties that management believes are reasonably likely to have a material impact on future performance. These trends and uncertainties include changes in residential mortgage origination volumes, interest rate levels and volatility, competition for deposits and broader macroeconomic conditions affecting housing demand. In particular, sustained changes in interest rates may affect net interest margin, mortgage refinancing activity, gain on sale revenue, customer deposit behavior, and the valuation of mortgage servicing rights. Management continually evaluates these factors in assessing operating performance, capital adequacy, and liquidity planning.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) and follow general practices within the banking industry. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions and complex judgments that affect amounts presented in our consolidated financial statements. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the consolidated financial statements could reflect different estimates, assumptions, and judgments.

Our accounting and reporting policies are in accordance with GAAP and conform to general practices within the banking industry. Accounting and reporting policies for the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”), the lender risk account (“LRA”) for loans we have sold to the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis (“FHLB”), and the capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights (“MSR”) are deemed critical since they involve the use of estimates and require significant management judgments. Application of assumptions different than those that we have used could result in material changes in our financial position or results of operations.

Our methodology for determining the ACL and related provision for credit losses is described later in this section under “Provision for Credit Losses” and “Loan Portfolio”. In particular, this area of accounting requires a significant amount of judgment because a multitude of factors can influence the ultimate collection of a loan or other type of credit. It is extremely difficult to precisely measure the amount of expected credit losses in our loans held for investment (“HFI”) portfolio. We use a rigorous process to attempt to estimate the necessary ACL and related provision for credit losses, but there can be no assurance that our modeling process will successfully identify all of the expected credit losses in our loan portfolio. The assumptions around establishing reasonable and supportable economic forecasts are particularly subjective. We believe the assumptions we utilize in estimating our ACL are reasonable based upon accepted industry practices and represent neither the most conservative nor aggressive assumptions.

We have established an LRA for loans sold to the FHLB. The LRA is funded through a reduction of the purchase price and maintained by the FHLB at an initial amount of 1.20% of the loan balance and is used to offset credit losses over the life of the loans sold by the Company to the FHLB. If the LRA has not been depleted by losses, funds are returned to the Company over time, beginning after five years and continuing through 25 years. We carry the asset at estimated fair value. The fair value of our LRA is determined based on a valuation model used by an independent third party, which is determined using an income approach with various assumptions including expected cash flows, market discount rates, prepayment speeds, expected loss rates and other factors. These assumptions are particularly subjective and can have a material effect on the estimated LRA balance and income. We believe the assumptions that we utilize in estimating fair value are reasonable based upon accepted industry practices and represent neither the most conservative nor aggressive assumptions.

We establish MSR assets when we sell loans with servicing retained and when we purchase mortgage servicing. MSRs are measured at fair value, with new capitalization reported in net gain on sale of loans and any subsequent changes reported in loan servicing fees. The fair value of our MSRs are determined based on a valuation model used by an independent third party. There are several critical assumptions involved in establishing the value of this asset including estimated future prepayment speeds on the underlying mortgage loans, the interest rate used to discount the net cash flows from the mortgage loan servicing, the estimated amount of ancillary income that will be received in the future (such as late fees) and the estimated cost to service the mortgage loans. These assumptions are particularly subjective and can have a material effect on the estimated MSR balances and income. We believe the assumptions that we utilize in our valuation are reasonable based upon accepted industry practices for valuing mortgage loan servicing rights and represent neither the most conservative nor aggressive assumptions.

Emerging Growth Company

Pursuant to the JOBS Act, as an emerging growth company, we can elect to opt out of the extended transition period for adopting any new or revised accounting standards. We have elected to take advantage of the extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we may adopt the standard on the application date for private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the scaled disclosures and other relief under the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of some or all of the reduced regulatory and reporting requirements that will be available to us under the JOBS Act, so long as we qualify as an emerging growth company.

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Recent Developments

On December 9, 2025, we issued $70.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 7.50% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2035. The proceeds of this issue, along with cash reserves, was used to redeem the remaining $77.0 million of our 8.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Series A Preferred Stock (“Series A”) on December 30, 2025. We elected to redeem the Series A preferred stock because its interest rate was scheduled to reset to a higher rate on January 2, 2026. Preferred stock dividends and related costs for the year ended December 31, 2025 included $3.2 million in unamortized deal issuance costs related to the redemption of the Series A preferred stock, and a special one-time dividend of $2.50 per share paid on June 30, 2025 on our Series A preferred stock and our 8.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series B (“Series B”).

On March 12, 2026, the Company issued $20.0 million of subordinated notes due March 15, 2036. The notes become redeemable on March 15, 2031. Interest payments are due on June 15 and December 15 of each year at a fixed rate of 7.50% through March 15, 2031 and convert to a variable rate of three-month SOFR plus 4.24% with payments due quarterly.

More detail on our subordinated notes and preferred stock is provided in Note 9 and Note 11, respectively, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

On July 4, 2025, “An Act to Provide for Reconciliation Pursuant to Title II of H. Con. Res. 14,” more commonly referred to as the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” (“OBBBA”) was signed into law. OBBBA enacted broad changes to the domestic and international taxation arena by extending many expiring Tax Cuts and Jobs Act tax provisions among other individual and business tax relief measures, along with funding national defense and border security, cutting certain federal spending programs, phasing out certain renewable energy credits created by the Inflation Reduction Act, and raising the national debt ceiling, among other things. These changes did not have a material impact on our federal income tax expense or liability for the year ended December 31, 2025. We do not expect these changes to have a material impact on future periods.

Primary Factors Used to Evaluate our Business

In addition to net income, the primary factors we use to evaluate and manage our results of operations include net interest income, noninterest income and noninterest expense.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income is generally the most significant contributor to our net income. Net interest income represents interest income from interest earning assets, primarily our loan portfolio, including MPP, residential mortgage loans, and our first lien home equity product AIO loans, as well as interest earned on our liquid assets primarily invested at the Federal Reserve and FHLB dividends, less interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits, FHLB advances, and other borrowings, which are used to fund those assets. The amount of our net interest income is affected by overall loan demand, economic conditions, the slope of the yield curve, and changes in the absolute level of interest rates, the amounts and composition of our loan portfolio and interest-bearing liabilities.

For 2025 and 2024, net interest income accounted for more than half of our total revenue. During periods when market conditions are such that industry residential loan originations are significantly higher, it is expected that noninterest income will grow substantially, driven primarily by gain on sale of mortgage loans, resulting in net interest income dropping to under half of total revenue.

Noninterest Income

Noninterest income consists of service charges on deposits and related fees, loan servicing fees, MPP related fees, net gains on the sale of loans and other noninterest income. Noninterest income is a key contributor to our net income and is expected to account for more than half of our revenue in market conditions when industry residential mortgage loan origination volumes are significantly higher.

Noninterest Expense

Noninterest expense includes salaries and employee benefits, occupancy and equipment costs, data processing expense, professional fees, and other taxes and insurance and other noninterest expense. In evaluating our level of noninterest expense, we also monitor our efficiency ratio. As a residential real estate mortgage-focused bank, our efficiency ratio will typically be higher than other non-mortgage focused banks and will tend to decrease significantly with any meaningful increase in industry

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mortgage originations. The efficiency ratio represents noninterest expense divided by the sum of net interest income and noninterest income.

We continually seek to identify ways to streamline our business and operate more efficiently, which has enabled us to reduce our noninterest expense in both absolute terms and as a percentage of our revenue while continuing to achieve growth in total loans and assets. A significant component of our expense base is mortgage- related commissions, which are variable in nature and increase or decrease in line with residential mortgage originations. We also proactively manage our production-related back-office expenses and will right size those expenses where possible based on the anticipated level of production.

Over the past several years, and most notably since becoming a public company, we have made investments in people and technology to continue our growth strategy, and to bolster our risk management functions including cybersecurity. We believe we are well positioned to continue our growth trajectory without meaningful additions to our current cost structure.

Public Company Costs

We completed our initial public offering in February of 2025. As a result, we have incurred additional costs associated with operating as a public company in 2025. While we expect certain public company costs to moderate over time as we scale and gain operating efficiencies, we expect that these costs will continue to be elevated from additional personnel, legal, consulting, regulatory, insurance, accounting, investor relations and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules adopted by the SEC, the FDIC, and NYSE, requires public companies to implement specified corporate governance practices that were previously inapplicable to us as a private company. These additional rules and regulations will increase our legal, regulatory and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly.

Financial Condition

The primary factors we use to evaluate and manage our financial condition include asset quality, liquidity and capital.

Asset Quality

We manage the quality of our loans based upon trends at the overall loan portfolio level as well as within specific product types. We measure and monitor key factors that include the level and trend of classified, delinquent, nonaccrual and nonperforming assets, collateral coverage and credit scores and debt service coverage, where applicable. These metrics directly impact our evaluation of the adequacy of our allowance for credit losses.

Liquidity

We manage liquidity based upon factors that include the level of diversification of our funding sources, the composition and duration of our deposits, the availability of unused funding sources, off-balance sheet obligations, the amount of cash we hold and the availability of assets to be readily converted into cash without undue loss. Our liquidity position benefits significantly from the fact that over half of the loan portfolio is in MPP, in which loans typically have a dwell time on the client’s facility for less than 30 days after the loan is funded, and which we have the unilateral right not to fund. We maintain appropriate funding capacity through our diversified and nimble funding structure, which includes a scalable digital banking platform, non-brokered rate board time deposits, brokered CDs, and access to funding from the FHLB and other smaller facilities. The FDIC evaluates the liquidity of our Bank on a stand-alone basis pursuant to applicable guidance and policies.

Capital

We manage our capital by tracking the level and quality of capital with consideration given to our overall financial condition, our asset quality, our level of allowance for credit losses, our geographic and industry concentrations, and other risk factors in our balance sheet, including interest rate sensitivity and off-balance-sheet commitments. Bank holding companies and banks are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal bank and state regulatory agencies. Our Bank is subject to minimum risk-based and leverage capital requirements under federal regulations implementing the Basel III framework, and to regulatory thresholds that must be met for an insured depository institution to be classified as “well-capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework. Our capital ratios and the capital ratios of our Bank at December 31, 2025 exceeded all applicable minimum capital requirements and the regulatory standards for our Bank to be “well- capitalized.”

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Highlights for 2025

• Net income available to common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $71.6 million, an increase of $24.5 million, or 51.9%, from $47.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

• Earnings per diluted common share increased to $2.11 for 2025, compared to $1.83 for 2024.

• Net interest income before provision for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $36.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, reflecting $1.17 billion increase in average interest-earning assets and a 16 basis point improvement in net interest margin.

• Noninterest expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $14.6 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily driven by higher incentive compensation expense reflecting the improvement in financial performance.

• Demonstrated strong balance sheet growth.

• MPP facilities increased by $1.71 billion at December 31, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024.

• AIO loans increased by $120.5 million at December 31, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024.

• Total deposits increased by $1.45 billion at December 31, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024, and include growth in the Company’s diversified digital deposit banking platform including two new deposit relationships added during 2025, along with growth in brokered CDs.

• Liquidity remained stable, with total cash and cash equivalents of $496.5 million at December 31, 2025, up $120.2 million, or 31.9% compared to $376.3 million at December 31, 2024.

• As of December 31, 2025, our capital ratios were above all regulatory requirements to be considered well-capitalized.

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Results of Operations

Net Interest Income

The following table presents average balance sheet information, interest income, interest expense and the corresponding average yield earned and rates paid for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

(Dollars in thousands)

For the Years Ended December 31,

Average

Balance

Interest

Inc/Exp

Average

Yield/Rate

Average

Balance

Interest

Inc/Exp

Average

Yield/Rate

Interest-Earning Assets

Loans (1)(2)

Securities, AFS (3)

Securities, FHLB Stock

Interest bearing deposits

Total earning assets

Noninterest earning assets (4)

Total assets

Interest-Bearing Liabilities

Deposits:

Transaction Accounts

Money market & savings

Time

Total interest-bearing deposits

Sub debt

Borrowings

Total interest-bearing liabilities

Noninterest-bearing liabilities

Noninterest-bearing deposits

Other noninterest-bearing liabilities

Total noninterest-bearing liabilities

Equity

Net interest spread (5)

Net interest margin (6)

(1) Loan balance includes loans HFI and held for sale. Nonaccrual loans are included in total loan balances and no adjustment has been made for these loans in the yield calculation. Interest income on loans includes amortization of deferred loan fees, net of deferred loan costs.

(2) Net loan fees of $144,000 and $303,000 for 2025 and 2024, respectively, are included in interest income.

(3) Average yield based on carrying value and there are no tax-exempt securities in the portfolio.

(4) Noninterest-earning assets includes the allowance for credit losses.

(5) Net interest spread is the average yield on total interest-earning assets minus the average rate on total interest-bearing liabilities.

(6) Net interest margin is net interest income divided by total average interest-earning assets.

Increases and decreases in interest income and interest expense result from changes in average balances (volume) of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as changes in average interest rates. The following table shows the

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effect that these factors had on the interest earned from our interest-earning assets and interest incurred on our interest-bearing liabilities. The effect of changes in volume is determined by multiplying the change in volume by the current period’s average rate. The effect of rate changes is calculated by multiplying the change in average rate by the previous period’s volume. The change in interest due to both rate and volume has been allocated to rate and volume changes in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of the changes in each.

For the Year Ended December 31,

Variance Due To

(Dollars in thousands)

Volume

Yield/Rate

Total

Interest-Earning Assets

Loans

Securities, AFS

Securities, FHLB Stock

Interest-bearing deposits

Total interest-earning assets

Interest-Bearing Liabilities

Deposits:

Transaction accounts

Money market & savings

Time

Total interest-bearing deposits

Sub debt

Borrowings

Total interest-bearing liabilities

Net interest income / margin

For the year ended December 31, 2025, net interest income totaled $150.7 million, an increase of $36.5 million, or 32.0%, from $114.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This year-over-year increase was driven primarily by a $1.17 billion increase in average-earning assets and a 16 basis point improvement in net interest margin.

Average interest-earning assets increased to $6.15 billion at December 31, 2025, compared to $4.98 billion at December 31, 2024, reflecting strong growth in MPP and AIO loans, partially offset by continued run-off from the remainder of the loans HFI portfolio.

Net interest margin increased to 2.45% for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to 2.29% for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was driven primarily by a decrease in the average rate paid on interest-bearing deposits, consistent with the decrease in the federal funds rate, which outpaced the decrease in the yield earned on interest-earning assets.

Provision (Benefit) for Credit Losses

The provision (benefit) for credit losses represents a charge (gain) to earnings necessary to establish an allowance for credit losses that, in management’s evaluation, is adequate to provide coverage for all expected future credit losses. The provision (benefit) for credit losses is impacted by inherent risk characteristics in our loan portfolio, the level of nonperforming loans and net charge-offs, both current and historic, recent historical and projected future economic conditions, loan growth, the direction of the change in collateral values, and the level of actual net charge-offs incurred. Our provision (benefit) for credit losses reflect risks in the HFI loan portfolio, which is comprised predominately of collateralized single-family mortgage loans, with very low historical loss experience. Our provision (benefit) for credit losses reflects both our loans HFI portfolio and the unfunded commitments on that portfolio.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, total provision for credit losses was $2.1 million compared to a provision benefit of $328,000 for the year ended December 31 2024. This increase was driven primarily by higher levels of net charge-offs and additional provisions related to the continued growth in MPP and AIO loans.

The provision for credit losses related to loans was an expense of $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, reflecting net charge-offs of $2.9 million and an ending allowance for credit losses of $10.4 million. For the year ended

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December 31, 2024, the provision for credit losses related to loans was an expense of $881,000, reflecting $2.0 million in net charge-offs and an ending allowance for credit losses of $11.2 million.

The provision for unfunded loan commitments was a benefit of $55,000 for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to a benefit of $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease reflects lower levels of unfunded commitments driven primarily by continued run-off in the construction loan portfolio.

Noninterest income

The following table presents the major components of our noninterest income for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

(Dollars in thousands)

Noninterest Income

For the Years Ended

December 31,

$ Increase (Decrease)

% Change

Service charges on deposits and other fees

Loan servicing fees

MPP fees

Net gain on sale of loans

Other noninterest income

For the year ended December 31, 2025, noninterest income totaled $91.0 million, an increase of $18.1 million, or 24.8%, from $72.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was driven primarily by higher net gains on sales of loans and other noninterest income, partially offset by lower loan servicing fees.

The following tables present the major components of our loan servicing fees and net gain on sale of loans for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

(Dollars in thousands)

Loan Servicing Fees

For the Years Ended

December 31,

$ Increase (Decrease)

% Change

Fees on servicing

Change in fair value of MSRs (1)

(1) Includes change in fair value and paid in full MSRs.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, loan servicing fees decreased by $4.2 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. This decrease was largely due to the bulk sale of mortgage servicing rights early in 2024, as we made the strategic decision to scale back that part of our business.

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(Dollars in thousands)

Net Gain on Sale of Loans

For the Years Ended

December 31,

$ Increase (Decrease)

% Change

Capitalized MSRs

Change in fair value of loans (1)

Gain (loss) on sale of portfolio loans (2)

Gain on sale of loans, net (3)

Total net gain on sale of loans

Exclude: change in fair value of loans HFI and LRA

Exclude: (Gain) loss on sale of portfolio loans

Total net gain on sale of loans, excluding portfolio sales and LRA / HFI fair value adjustments

(1) - Includes the change in fair value of interest rate locks, loans held for sale, and loans HFI.

(2) - Includes proceeds from portfolio loan sales, which are netted against any associated changes in fair value of loans to determine total gain or loss on sale.

(3) - Includes (a) net premium from sale of loans, (b) loan origination fees, points and costs, (c) provision from investor reserves, (d) gain or loss from forward commitments from hedging, and (e) change in fair value of lender risk account.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, net gain on sale of loans increased by $20.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The table above shows the components of net gain on sale of loans and pulls out the effect of fair value adjustments and portfolio sales to show operational gain on sale of loans held for sale. Net gain on sale of loans for the year ended December 31, 2025 included a gain of $9.4 million from the combined change in fair value of loans HFI and LRA, both attributable to changes in market interest rates, and a gain of $1.2 million on the sale of portfolio loans. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the combined change in fair value of fair value of loans HFI and LRA totaled $11.2 million and included a net loss on sale of portfolio loans of $9.6 million. Excluding these items, net gain on sale of loans was $66.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $11.4 million from $55.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was driven primarily by higher saleable residential mortgage rate lock commitments and originations.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, other noninterest income increased by $2.0 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was driven primarily by higher gains on the extinguishment of debt and on sales of real estate owned, along with a $1.1 million loss from premium refunded on certain loans in the bulk MSR sale (delinquency, underwriting deficiencies, etc.) recorded for the year ended December 31, 2024. We recognized a $2.0 million gain on the extinguishment of $102.5 million in FHLB advances for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to a $1.7 million gain on the extinguishment of $50.0 million in FHLB advances for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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Noninterest expense

The following table presents the major components of our noninterest expense for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

(Dollars in thousands)

Noninterest Expense

For the Years Ended

Ended December 31,

$ Increase (Decrease)

% Change

Salaries and employee benefits

Occupancy and equipment

Data processing expense

Professional fees

Other taxes and insurance

Other

For the year ended December 31, 2025, noninterest expense totaled $129.2 million, an increase of $14.6 million, or 12.8%, from $114.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was driven primarily by higher salaries and benefits expense and professional fees. The table below identifies the primary components of salaries and benefits:

(Dollars in thousands)

Salaries and Employee Benefits

For the Years Ended

December 31,

$ Increase (Decrease)

% Change

Salaries and other compensation

Salary deferral from loan origination

Bonus and incentive compensation

Mortgage production - variable compensation

Employee benefits

Total salaries and employee benefits

For the year ended December 31, 2025, salaries and employee benefits expense increased by $12.4 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was driven primarily by higher bonus and incentive compensation, reflecting the improvement in business activity over the prior year level, additional restricted stock expense from the initial public offering, as well as higher variable compensation related to the increase in mortgage production and higher medical insurance costs. Base salaries and other compensation decreased by $691,000 for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. This decrease was driven primarily by our strategic decision to private label ousource the non-specialized mortgage servicing business to a scaled sub-servicer. Our average full time equivalent employees (FTE) for 2025 was 483 compared to 491 for 2024.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, occupancy and equipment expense decreased by $1.0 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, driven primarily by lower lease expense as we leased out portions of our corporate space.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, professional fees increased by $2.1 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily related to higher ongoing customary public company compliance costs.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, other taxes and insurance increased by $560,000 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 driven primarily by higher FDIC assessment expense resulting from the growth in assets and continued utilization of capital.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, other noninterest expense increased by $841,000 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, reflecting increased loan servicing expense related to the outsourcing of our non-specialty servicing business and higher loan repurchase reserve expense, partially offset by reductions in other categories, including marketing, loan collections and intangible amortization/impairment.

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Preferred stock dividends and related costs

For the year ended December 31, 2025, preferred stock dividends and related costs were $11.8 million, an increase of $3.8 million, or 47.4%, from $8.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2025, this included $3.2 million in unamortized deal issuance costs related to the redemption of Series A preferred stock, along with a special one-time dividend of $2.50 per share, totaling $255,000, paid on June 30, 2025 on the Company’s Series A and Series B preferred stock. The special dividend was paid in connection with amendments made to the Company’s Series A and Series B preferred stock to extend the registration rights agreements deadlines to January 2, 2026 for Series A and to January 2, 2027 for Series B.

Income tax expense

Total income tax expense was $27.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $17.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily attributable to the increase in pretax net income. The effective tax rate was 24.44% for or the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 24.31% for or the year ended December 31, 2024.

Operating Segment Analysis

We have two reporting segments, Retail Banking and MPP. As discussed in Note 21 of our Consolidated Financial Statements, our reportable segments have been determined based on management’s focus and internal reporting structure.

The MPP segment provides collateralized mortgage purchase facilities to independent mortgage bankers nationwide. The Retail Banking segment provides a vast array of financial products and services to consumers nationwide. These include residential mortgages, AIO Loans, other consumer loans, and loan servicing, as well as various types of deposit products, including checking, savings and time deposit accounts. It also includes general and administrative expenses for the enterprise-wide support functions, which are allocated among the segments, internal funds transfer pricing offsets resulting from allocations to or from the other segments, and certain elimination entries.

Our reported segments and the financial information disclosed in the reported segments are not necessarily comparable with similar information reported by other financial institutions. Furthermore, changes in management structure or allocation methodologies and procedures may result in future changes to previously reported operating segment financial information.

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The following tables present our reported segment results for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

(Dollars in thousands)

As of or for the Year Ended December 31,

Retail

Banking

MPP

Total

Retail

Banking

MPP

Total

Interest income

Interest expense

Funds transfer pricing

Net interest income

Provision (benefit) for credit losses

Net income after provision

Noninterest income (1)

Salaries and employee benefits

Occupancy and equipment

Other noninterest expense (2)

Noninterest expense

Expense allocation (3)

Net income before taxes

Income tax expense

Net income before preferred dividends

Average balance sheet assets

Period end assets

(1) Noninterest income for MPP only includes MPP related fees. All other components of noninterest income are reflected in Retail Banking.

(2) Includes data processing, professional services, office supplies and other miscellaneous expenses.

(3) Reflects corporate overhead expense allocations used by both business segments; primarily consisting of corporate admin, finance, technology, human resources, risk, marketing, wire services and occupancy related allocations.

MPP

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our MPP segment reported net income before preferred dividends of $44.4 million, an increase of $18.5 million, or 71.3%, over the $25.9 million reported for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was driven primarily by an 88.9% increase in average balances reflecting strong new customer acquisition and market share gains, partially offset by higher salaries and employee benefits related to the improvement in financial performance, as well as an increase in expense allocations.

Retail Banking

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our Retail Banking segment reported net income before preferred dividends of $39.0 million, an increase of $9.8 million, or 33.4%, over the $29.2 million reported for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was driven primarily by higher noninterest income, reflecting higher gain on the sale of loans, and higher net interest income for the improvement in net interest margin and growth in AIO loans, partially offset by an increase in noninterest expense.

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Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition

The following table summarizes selected components of our balance sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:

December 31,

(Dollars in thousands)

BALANCE SHEET DATA

Total assets

Cash and cash equivalents

Equity and debt securities

FHLB stock

Loans HFI and loans held for sale, net

Deposits

Borrowings

Subordinated debentures

Total stockholders' equity

Total Assets

Total assets were $7.02 billion at December 31, 2025, a 34.4% increase from $5.22 billion at December 31, 2024. This $1.80 billion increase was primarily driven by higher loan balances, including loans HFI and loans held for sale, which increased by $1.69 billion during 2025.

Management believes that continued growth in MPP and AIO loans, competition for deposits, and change in interest rates represent the most significant trends affecting the Company’s financial condition, liquidity profile, and capital planning.

Loan Portfolio

The following table presents the balance and associated percentage of each major loan type within our portfolio, including net deferred fees and costs, as of the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands)

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Amount

% of Total

Gross Loans

Amount

% of Total

Gross Loans

Residential:

Construction

All-in-One (AIO) (1)

Other consumer / home equity (1)

Residential mortgage (2)

Commercial

MPP

Total loans HFI

Loans held for sale

Total gross loans (HFI and HFS)

(1) AIO and Other Consumer / Home Equity are aggregated into Home equity lines of credit loans within the tables in our consolidated financial statements.

(2) Residential Mortgage loans consist of Closed end first liens, Closed end second liens, and Land development loans.

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Our loan portfolio includes both loans HFI and loans held for sale and over 99% of the portfolio is comprised of loans collateralized by residential real estate. At December 31, 2025, our loans HFI portfolio represented 95.1% of our gross loans. As evidence of our strong underwriting and diligent risk controls, our largest loan category, MPP, has not experienced any charge-offs since we began this lending program in 2010 and our second largest loan category, residential mortgages, has experienced very low net charge-offs throughout our history.

Our MPP business offers facilities to independent mortgage banking companies located around the country. These are floating rate, short term loans that are collateralized by single-family mortgage loans that these mortgage banks are preparing to be delivered to the secondary mortgage market. In most cases, mortgage loans sit in the mortgage banking company’s facility for less than 30 days after the loan is funded.

Residential mortgage loans include fixed or adjustable-rate residential real estate loans collateralized by one-to-four family properties. Our portfolio is geographically diversified across the United States. To mitigate interest rate risk, most of the loans we choose to hold in our portfolio are floating rate loans. The majority of our residential mortgage loans at December 31, 2025 are first liens.

AIO loans are floating rate, first mortgage revolving equity loans that include a checking account linked to the revolving equity loan.

We also have a smaller portfolio of construction loans, home equity lines of credit, and commercial loans, which combined represented less than 4% of the overall loan portfolio as of December 31, 2025.

At December 31, 2025, our total loans net of allowance for credit losses including loans held for sale was $6.32 billion compared to $4.63 billion on December 31, 2024. This loan growth was primarily attributable to the strong growth in MPP balances, which increased by 100.2% from December 31, 2024, reflecting the strength of scalable technology, long-standing strong relationships built by account executives since inception, as well as our ability to capitalize on recent market disruption within the business line. Another key driver of our overall loan growth is growth in our AIO loans, which increased by 19.7% to $732.6 million at December 31, 2025, from $612.1 million at December 31, 2024.

At December 31, 2025, residential mortgage loans comprised 28.0% of our total loan portfolio compared to 54.1% for MPP and 11.6% for AIO loans. As of December 31, 2024, residential mortgage loans comprised 41.9% of our total loan portfolio compared to 36.8% for MPP and 13.2% for AIO loans. The reduction in residential mortgage loans as a percentage of total loans reflects normal amortization and pay-offs, as we continue to focus on growing our two main portfolios, AIO and MPP. Outside of these two portfolios, no other significant loans are being added to the loans HFI portfolio. While MPP represents a significant and growing portion of our loan portfolio, management actively monitors concentration risk, liquidity characteristics, and counterparty exposure associated with this business line.

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Contractual Maturities and Rate Structures of Loan Portfolio

The following table sets forth the contractual maturities and rate structures at December 31, 2025 and 2024:

Contractual Loan Maturities as of December 31, 2025

Due in 1 Year or less

Due after 1 Year

through 5 years

Due after 5 Years

through 15 years

Due after 15 years

Total

(Dollars in thousands)

Fixed

Rate

Adjustable

Rate

Fixed

Rate

Adjustable

Rate

Fixed

Rate

Adjustable

Rate

Fixed

Rate

Adjustable

Rate

Residential

Construction

All-in-One (AIO)(1)

Other consumer / home equity(1)

Residential mortgage(2)

Commercial

MPP

Total loans HFI

Retail loans held for sale

Total gross loans (HFI and HFS)

(1) AIO and Other Consumer / Home Equity are aggregated into Home equity lines of credit loans within the tables in our consolidated financial statements.

(2) Residential Mortgage loans consist of Closed end first liens, Closed end second liens, and Land development loans.

Contractual Loan Maturities as of December 31, 2024

Due in 1 Year or less

Due after 1 Year

through 5 years

Due after 5 Years

through 15 years

Due after 15 years

Total

(Dollars in thousands)

Fixed

Rate

Adjustable

Rate

Fixed

Rate

Adjustable

Rate

Fixed

Rate

Adjustable

Rate

Fixed

Rate

Adjustable

Rate

Residential

Construction

All-in-One (AIO)(1)

Other consumer / home equity(1)

Residential mortgage(2)

Commercial

MPP

Total loans HFI

Retail loans held for sale

Total gross loans (HFI and HFS)

(1) AIO and Other Consumer / Home Equity are aggregated into Home equity lines of credit loans within the tables in our consolidated financial statements.

(2) Residential Mortgage loans consist of Closed end first liens, Closed end second liens, and Land development loans.

Our mortgage loan portfolio has ARMs which reset annually after the initial fixed rate period, which ranges from one to 10 years. AIO adjustable rate loans reset monthly. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities if borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

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At December 31, 2025, 54.4% of our total loan portfolio had a contractual maturity of less than one year, up from 37.3% at December 31, 2024. This increase was driven primarily by the strong growth in our MPP business over the period. Our MPP facilities are floating rate and generally have terms of 30 days or less given that is the time period that a funded mortgage stays in our mortgage banking clients facility prior to the sale of the mortgage in the secondary market. Very few of our loans have intermediate contractual maturities of between one and fifteen years. As of December 31, 2025, 45.1% of total loans had contractual maturities of longer than 15 years, compared to 62.1% at December 31, 2024. Within our two largest categories of longer duration loans, 77.0% of residential mortgage and 100% of our AIO Loans were floating rate at December 31, 2025.

Nonperforming Assets

The following table provides details of our nonperforming and restructured assets as of the dates presented and certain other related information:

(Dollars in thousands)

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Nonaccrual loans (1) :

Commercial

Construction

Land development

Home equity lines of credit

First lien mortgage

First lien mortgage wholly or partially guaranteed by the U.S Government

Junior lien mortgage

MPP

Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing (1) :

Commercial

Construction

Land development

Home equity lines of credit

First lien mortgage

First lien mortgage wholly or partially guaranteed by the U.S Government

Junior lien mortgage

MPP

Total nonperforming loans

Other real estate owned

Total nonperforming assets

Nonaccrual loans to total loans

Nonperforming loans to total loans

Nonperforming assets to total assets

Allowance for credit losses to nonaccrual loans

Ratios excluding loans wholly or partially guaranteed by the U.S Government

Nonaccrual loans to total loans

Nonperforming loans to total loans

Nonperforming assets to total assets

Allowance for credit losses to nonaccrual loans

(1) Includes loans which are reported at fair value (see Note 18 of our consolidated financial statements).

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At December 31, 2025, nonperforming assets were $92.7 million, compared to $82.0 million at December 31, 2024. The increase in nonperforming assets was primarily driven by normal aging in the residential mortgage portfolio which contributed to higher nonperforming first liens and HELOCs. Nonperforming assets as a percent of total assets decreased to 1.32% at December 31, 2025 compared to 1.57% at December 31, 2024, reflecting the growth in our MPP portfolio which does not have any non-performing assets.

Excluding the portion of our loans that are wholly or partially guaranteed by the U.S. Government, nonperforming assets to total assets decreased to 0.92% at December 31, 2025, compared to 0.95% at December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2025, approximately 31% of our nonperforming loans have a form of government guarantee.

The Company uses a risk grading system for our loans to aid us in evaluating the overall credit of our loan portfolio and assessing the adequacy of our allowance for credit losses. All loans are categorized into a risk category at the time of origination. Loans are re-evaluated for proper risk grading as new information such as payment patterns, collateral condition and other relevant information comes to our attention.

The Company categorized each loan into credit risk categories based on current financial information, overall debt service coverage, comparison against industry averages, collateral coverage, historical payment experience, and current economic trends. The Company uses the following definitions for credit risk ratings:

A) Performing . Residential real estate credits not covered by the non-performing definition below.

B) Non-performing . Residential real estate loans classified as non-performing are generally loans on nonaccrual status.

C) Pass . Commercial credits not covered by the definitions below are pass credits, which are not considered to be adversely rated.

D) Special Mention (Watch) . Loans classified as special mention, or watch credits, have a potential weakness or weaknesses that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the institution’s credit position at some future date.

E) Substandard . Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution may sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

F) Doubtful . These are loans in which the collection or liquidation of the entire debt is highly questionable or improbable. Typically, the possibility of loss is extremely high. The losses on these loans are deferred until all pending factors have been addressed.

Our classified assets are described in more detail in Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Allowance for Credit Losses and Net Charge-Offs

The ACL is established through a provision for credit losses charged to operations. Loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when management believes that the collectability of the principal is unlikely. Subsequent recoveries of previously charged off amounts, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is evaluated on a regular basis by management and is based on management’s periodic review of the collectability of the loans considering historical experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, and prevailing economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective, as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available. While the entire ACL is available to absorb losses from all loans, the following table represents management’s allocation of our allowance for credit losses by loan category, and the percentage of allowance for credit losses in each category, for the periods indicated:

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(Dollars in thousands)

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Dollars

Total

Dollars

Total

Collectively evaluated for impairment:

Commercial

Construction

Land development

Home equity lines of credit

First lien mortgage

Junior lien mortgage

MPP

Individually evaluated for impairment

Unallocated

Total allowance for credit losses

The following table provides an analysis of the activity in our allowance for the periods indicated:

For the Year Ended

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Activity

% of Average Loans

HFI

Activity

% of Average Loans

HFI

Loans HFI

Loans HFI (excluding fair value loans)

Beginning allowance for credit losses

Net charge-offs (recoveries):

Commercial

Construction

Land development

Home equity lines of credit

First lien mortgage

Junior lien mortgage

MPP

Total net charge-offs (recoveries)

Provision for credit losses

Ending allowance for credit losses

Allowance for credit losses to loans HFI

Allowance for credit losses to loans HFI (excluding fair value loans)

Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans

The allowance for credit losses was 0.17% of total loans as of December 31, 2025 compared to 0.25% as of December 31, 2024. This ratio includes MPP balances, which carry significantly lower reserves given the lack of loss history, and fair value loans, which are reserved for outside of the estimation of the ACL.

Management estimates the allowance by using relevant available information from internal and external sources related to historical loss experience, current borrower risk characteristics, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable

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forecasts, and other relevant factors. The allowance is measured on a collective or pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist or on an individual basis when loans have unique risk characteristics which differentiate them from other loans within the loan segment. The process for estimating credit losses incorporates methodologies and procedures specific to the residential and commercial loan portfolios, each of which has unique risk characteristics. Our ACL methodology is described in more detail in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Our ACL, and associated percentage of total loans, reflect the relative credit risk of our loan portfolio. These include the seasoning of the portfolio, LTV, FICO score, debt to income ratio (“DTI”) and collateral coverage. Given these risk characteristics, and the stark contrast to other financial institutions with a commercial heavy loan portfolio, our allowance and associated ratios will be much lower than those of bank peers with similar asset size. This nuance is also evidenced by the low level of charge-offs we have incurred. Additionally, as discussed above, our MPP portfolio makes up an increasing portion of our total loan portfolio and we have yet to experience any loss on that portfolio, so the allowance allocations are minimal for the residential mortgage portfolio. We also have purchased mortgage insurance on certain high loan to value loans, further minimizing our loss potential on those loans. Our annualized net charge-off rate was 0.05% for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 0.04% for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

MSRs are the contractual agreement to service existing mortgage loans held by other investors. MSRs were most typically created on mortgages that were originated by the Company but sold to third parties. Additionally, a small portion of our MSRs were acquired from other mortgage originators. The MSR asset represents future cash flows the Company expects to receive from the mortgage for which it has the contractual right to service. MSRs totaled $17.0 million at December 31, 2025, up from $15.1 million at December 31, 2024, but well below prior year historical levels. In 2024, the Company made a strategic decision to sell the majority of its mortgage servicing portfolio. Since then, the MSR portfolio and related assets have grown slightly, with that growth coming from new loans sold servicing retained.

Investment Portfolio

The Company has historically maintained a very small debt securities portfolio relative to other banking institutions, as our strategy remains to invest in highly liquid loans or hold liquidity in cash or cash equivalents. At December 31, 2025, debt securities totaled $4.7 million, or 0.07%, of total assets compared to $8.6 million, or 0.16% of total assets at December 31, 2024. This decrease in balances from December 31, 2024 was due to the sale of a $4.0 million corporate bond during the third quarter of 2025. This bond was sold at par, resulting in no realized gain or loss on the sale.

The following table presents the carrying value of our investment portfolio as of the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands)

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Carrying

Value

Total

Carrying

Value

Total

Available for sale securities:

Corporate debt

Total available for sale securities

Total investment securities

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The following table presents the par value of our debt securities by their stated maturities, as well as the weighted average yields for each maturity range as of the dates indicated:

December 31, 2025

Due in 1 Year or Less

Due after 1 Year through 5 Years

Due after 5 Years through 10 Years

Due after 10 Years

Total

Par

Value

Weighted

Avg

Yield (1)

Par

Value

Weighted

Avg

Yield (1)

Par

Value

Weighted

Avg

Yield (1)

Par

Value

Weighted

Avg

Yield (1)

Par

Value

Weighted

Avg

Yield (1)

Available for sale securities:

Corporate debt

Total available for sale securities

Total investment securities

December 31, 2024

Due in 1 Year or Less

Due after 1 Year through 5 Years

Due after 5 Years through 10 Years

Due after 10 Years

Total

Par

Value

Weighted

Avg

Yield (1)

Par

Value

Weighted

Avg

Yield (1)

Par

Value

Weighted

Avg

Yield (1)

Par

Value

Weighted

Avg

Yield (1)

Par

Value

Weighted

Avg

Yield (1)

Available for sale securities:

Corporate debt

Total available for sale securities

Total investment securities

(1) Weighted-average yields on investment securities are computed based on par value and exclude any premiums or discounts recorded. There are no tax-exempt securities in the portfolio.

Deposits

Deposits are the primary source of funding our business operations. At December 31, 2025, total deposits were $4.87 billion, compared to $3.42 billion at December 31, 2024. This $1.45 billion, or 42.3%, increase in deposits was driven primarily by a higher level of brokered CDs, and growth in our diversified digital deposit banking platform including two new deposit relationships added during 2025. During 2025, we completed an initiative to onboard a new custodial account relationship, totaling approximately $250 million in new interest bearing demand deposits. In addition, we added a new deposit platform providing an additional $251 million in interest bearing demand deposits at December 31, 2025. The growth in deposits during 2025 demonstrates our ability to quickly scale up our diversified digital deposit base and respond to market opportunities to fund stronger loan growth.

The following table summarizes our deposit composition by average deposits and average rates paid for the periods indicated:

For the Year Ended

For the Year Ended

(Dollars in thousands)

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Average

Amount

Weighted

Avg Rate

Paid

Percent of Total Deposits

Average

Amount

Weighted

Avg Rate

Paid

Percent of Total Deposits

Noninterest bearing demand

Interest bearing demand

Savings & money market

Time

Total deposits

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The following tables set forth the maturity of time deposits for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

December 31, 2025

Three Months

or Less

Three to

Six Months

Six to

Twelve Months

After Twelve

Months

Total

Brokered CDs

All other CDs

Total time deposits

December 31, 2024

Three Months

or Less

Three to

Six Months

Six to

Twelve Months

After Twelve

Months

Total

Brokered CDs

All other CDs

Total time deposits

Total uninsured deposits were $379.0 million at December 31, 2025 and $309.9 million at December 31, 2024.

The following table shows the portion of time deposits that are uninsured, by remaining time until maturity, at December 31, 2025:

(Dollars in thousands)

December 31,

3 months or less

Over 3 through 6 months

Over 6 through 12 months

Over 12 months

Total:

Borrowings

Another key source of funding for us are collateralized borrowings from the FHLB. At December 31, 2025, our total FHLB borrowings were $1.42 billion, up $163.8 million from $1.26 billion at December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2025, we had $1.52 billion in additional borrowing capacity at the FHLB. During the fourth quarter of 2024, we paid off a $50.0 million FHLB advance, recognizing a $1.7 million gain on debt extinguishment. We executed another early payoff of $102.5 million in FHLB advances in the first quarter of 2025, recognizing a gain of $2.0 million. Both of these extinguishments were funded through our receipt of new contractual interest bearing deposits with a similar duration.

The following table is a summary of our outstanding FHLB Advances for the periods indicated:

(Dollars in thousands)

December 31,

December 31,

Period ending balance

Average balance during period

Maximum outstanding at any month end

Weighted average rate paid

We also have a $20.0 million unsecured line of credit with another financial institution that we utilize for holding company liquidity needs. The line of credit carries a floating rate (7.37% at December 31, 2025) and is subject to annual renewal and matures on October 21, 2026. This line had a balance of $17.0 million at December 31, 2025 and no balance at December 31, 2024.

Subordinated Debentures and Subordinated Debentures Issued through Trusts

At December 31, 2025, we had $95.0 million in outstanding subordinated debenture notes. These notes were issued to investors in two separate private placements, one in 2024 and one in late 2025. We also had a $15.0 million subordinated note issued in 2018, which was redeemed and repaid in the first quarter of 2025. The remaining two outstanding subordinated notes

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totaling $95.0 million at December 31, 2025 qualified as Tier 2 capital at our Bank entity. See also “Recent Developments” in this Item 7 for further discussion about the 2025 issuance of subordinated debentures.

At December 31, 2024, we had $40.0 million in outstanding subordinated debenture notes. These notes were issued to investors in two separate private placements, one in 2018 and one in 2019. The 2019 note placement for $20.0 million was called on September 30, 2024 and we replaced it with a $25.0 million note on August 22, 2024. The two outstanding subordinated notes totaling $40.0 million at December 31, 2024 qualified as Tier 2 capital at our Bank entity.

At December 31, 2025, and 2024 we had $5.0 million in subordinated debentures issued through trusts due on March 17, 2034, but callable on March 17, 2025, which qualifies as Tier 1 capital at our Bank entity.

The following tables provide a summary of our outstanding subordinated notes and subordinated debentures issued through trusts for the periods indicated:

Subordinated Notes and Subordinated Debentures issued through Trusts at December 31, 2025

(Dollars in thousands)

Issuance Date

Amount of

Notes

Current Coupon

Next Call Date

Maturity Date

Subordinated notes:

Fixed to floating due 2034

August 22, 2024

9.00% (fixed)

September 1, 2029

September 1, 2034

Fixed to floating due 2035

December 9, 2025

7.50% (fixed)

December 15, 2030

December 15, 2035

Subordinated debentures issued through trusts:

Trust preferred due 2034

March 17, 2004

(3 mo SOFR + 2.79)%

March 17, 2026

March 17, 2034

Unamortized issuance costs

Subordinated Notes and Subordinated Debentures issued through Trusts at December 31, 2024

(Dollars in thousands)

Issuance Date

Amount of

Notes

Current Coupon

Next Call Date

Maturity Date

Subordinated notes:

Fixed to floating due 2028 (issued at Bank)

September 28, 2018

(3 mo SOFR + 4.03)%

January 1, 2025

October 1, 2028

Fixed to floating due 2034

August 22, 2024

9.00% (fixed)

September 1, 2029

September 1, 2034

Subordinated debentures issued through trusts:

Trust preferred due 2034

March 17, 2004

(3 mo SOFR + 2.79)%

March 17, 2025

March 17, 2034

Unamortized issuance costs

Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices

The Company’s financial statements included herein have been prepared in accordance with GAAP which presently requires the Company to measure financial position and operating results primarily in terms of historic dollars. Changes in the relative value of money due to inflation or recession are generally not considered. The primary effect of inflation on the operations of the Company is reflected in increased operating costs, and the Company has experienced material effects of inflation during the last four fiscal years due to the government's monetary policies and the current economic climate. In management’s opinion, changes in interest rates affect the financial condition of a financial institution to a far greater degree

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than changes in the inflation rate. While interest rates are greatly influenced by changes in the inflation rate, they do not necessarily change at the same rate or in the same magnitude as the inflation rate. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond the control of the Company, including changes in the expected rate of inflation, the influence of general and local economic conditions and the monetary and fiscal policies of the United States government, its agencies and various other governmental regulatory authorities, among other things, as further discussed in the next section.

Liquidity

Liquidity refers to our capacity to meet our cash obligations at a reasonable cost. Our cash obligations require us to have cash flow that is adequate to fund loan growth and maintain on-balance sheet liquidity while meeting present and future obligations of deposit withdrawals, borrowing maturities and other contractual cash obligations. In managing our cash flows, management regularly confronts situations that can give rise to increased liquidity risk. These include funding mismatches, market constraints in accessing sources of funds and the ability to convert assets into cash. Changes in economic conditions or exposure to credit, market, operational, legal and reputational risks also could affect our Bank’s liquidity risk profile and are considered in the assessment of liquidity management. The Company is a corporation separate and apart from our Bank and, therefore, must provide for its own liquidity, including liquidity required to meet its debt service requirements on its senior notes and junior subordinated debentures. The Company’s main source of cash flow is dividends declared and paid to it by the Bank.

There are statutory and regulatory limitations that affect the ability of our Bank to pay dividends to the Company. See the section entitled “Supervision and Regulation” and our forward-looking statements elsewhere in this Form 10-K for more information. We believe that these limitations will not impact our ability to meet our ongoing short-term cash obligations. For contingency purposes, the Company typically maintains a minimum level of cash to fund two year’s projected operating cash flow needs and debt service. We continually monitor our liquidity position to ensure that our assets and liabilities are managed in a manner to meet all reasonably foreseeable short-term, long-term and strategic liquidity demands. Management has established a comprehensive management process for identifying, measuring, monitoring and controlling liquidity risk.

Because of its critical importance to the viability of our Bank, liquidity risk management is fully integrated into our risk management processes. Critical elements of our liquidity risk management include: effective corporate governance consisting of oversight by the board of directors and active involvement by management; appropriate strategies, policies, procedures and limits used to manage and mitigate liquidity risk; comprehensive liquidity risk measurement and monitoring systems including stress tests that are commensurate with the complexity of our business activities; active management of intraday liquidity and collateral; an appropriately diverse mix of existing and potential future funding sources; adequate levels of highly liquid marketable securities free of legal, regulatory, or operational impediments, that can be used to meet liquidity needs in stressful situations; comprehensive contingency funding plans that sufficiently address potential adverse liquidity events and emergency cash flow requirements; and internal controls and internal audit processes sufficient to determine the adequacy of our Bank’s liquidity risk management process.

The Company considers the maintenance of adequate liquidity to be an important part of managing risk. Consistent with our balance sheet strategy, we have intentionally kept our liquidity primarily in cash and interest-bearing deposits rather than investing heavily in investment securities, which typically includes significant unrealized gains or losses.

Our liquidity position is supported by management of our liquid assets and liabilities and access to alternative sources of funds. Our liquidity requirements are met primarily through our deposits, FHLB advances and the principal and interest payments we receive on loans and investment securities. Cash on hand, cash at third-party banks, and maturing or prepaying balances in our loan portfolios are our most liquid assets. Additionally, the Company has a unilateral right not to fund its MPP facilities, it could exercise within 30 days, if needed or as necessary, to generate additional liquidity. Other sources of liquidity that are routinely available to us include funds from retail and wholesale deposits, advances from the FHLB and proceeds from the sale of loans. See “FHLB Advances” above for more information regarding FHLB advances that are available to us. Less commonly used sources of funding include other borrowings and lines of credit. We believe we have ample liquidity resources to fund future growth and meet other cash needs as necessary.

Capital Adequacy

We and our Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal and state banking regulators. Our capital management consists of providing equity to support our current operations and future growth. Failure to meet minimum regulatory capital requirements may result in mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on our consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, our Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of our assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting

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policies. As of December 31, 2025, we and our Bank exceeded all applicable minimum regulatory capital requirements, including the capital conservation buffer applicable to our Bank, and our Bank qualified as “well-capitalized” for purposes of the FDIC’s prompt corrective action regulations.

The following table presents our regulatory capital ratios as of the dates presented, as well as the regulatory capital ratios that are required by FDIC regulations for our Bank to maintain “well-capitalized” status:

Regulatory Capital Ratios

Actual

Required for Capital

Adequacy Purposes

Required to be Well

Capitalized Under PCA

(Dollars in thousands)

Amount

Ratio

Amount

Ratio

Amount

Ratio

Northpointe Bancshares Inc.

As of December 31, 2025

Total capital to RWA

Tier 1 capital to RWA

Common Equity Tier 1 to RWA

Tier 1 capital to average assets (leverage)

As of December 31, 2024

Total capital to RWA

Tier 1 capital to RWA

Common Equity Tier 1 to RWA

Tier 1 capital to average assets (leverage)

Northpointe Bank

As of December 31, 2025

Total capital to RWA

Tier 1 capital to RWA

Common Equity Tier 1 to RWA

Tier 1 capital to average assets (leverage)

As of December 31, 2024

Total capital to RWA

Tier 1 capital to RWA

Common Equity Tier 1 to RWA

Tier 1 capital to average assets (leverage)

Off-balance Sheet Arrangements

In the normal course of business, we enter into lending commitments that are not on our consolidated balance sheet. The largest component is lending commitments to our MPP customers, which the Company has a unilateral right not to fund. The remainder are undrawn revolving loan commitments on our AIO Loans and undrawn commitments on home equity lines of credit. While these commitments represent contractual cash requirements, a portion of these commitments to extend credit are expected to expire without being drawn upon. Therefore, future commitments do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.

The following is a summary of our off-balance commitments outstanding as of the dates presented.

(Dollars in thousands)

December 31,

December 31,

Commitments to fund loans HFI

Unused Commitments

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