TDG Transdigm Group Inc - 10-K

ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS

Below are material risks and uncertainties that could negatively affect our business and financial condition and could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in forward-looking statements contained in this report. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations and financial condition. You should not interpret the disclosure of any risk factor to imply that the risk has not already materialized.

Risks Related to our Strategy

Our business focuses almost exclusively on the aerospace and defense industry.

A period of significant market disruption in the aerospace and defense industry, or other macroeconomic factors, may disproportionately disrupt our business compared to more diversified peer companies.

We may rely heavily on certain customers for much of our sales.

In fiscal year 2025, no customer individually accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s net sales; however, our top ten customers for fiscal year 2025 accounted for approximately 40% of our net sales. A material reduction in purchasing by one of our larger customers for any reason, including but not limited to general economic or aerospace downturns, decreased production, strike or resourcing, could have a material adverse effect on results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

We generally do not have guaranteed future sales of our products. Further, when we enter into fixed price contracts with some of our customers, we take the risk for cost overruns.

As is customary in our business, we do not generally have long-term contracts with most of our aftermarket customers and, therefore, do not have guaranteed future sales. Although we have long-term contracts with many of our OEM customers, many of those customers may terminate the contracts on short notice and, in most cases, our customers have not committed to buy any minimum quantity of our products. In addition, in certain cases, we must anticipate the future volume of orders based upon the historic purchasing patterns of customers and upon our discussions with customers as to their anticipated future requirements, and this anticipated future volume of orders may not materialize.

We also have entered into multi-year, fixed-price contracts with some of our customers, pursuant to which we have agreed to perform the work at a fixed price and, accordingly, realize all the benefit or detriment resulting from any decreases or increases in the costs of making these products. This risk is greater in a high inflationary environment. Sometimes we accept a fixed-price contract for a product that we have not previously produced, and this may increase the risk of cost overruns or delays in the completion of the design and manufacturing of the product. Most of our contracts do not permit us to recover increases in raw material prices, taxes or labor costs. Furthermore, entering into fixed-price contracts with the United States Government (“U.S. Government”), particularly for small-quantity or spot purchases made without reliable forecasts, exposes us to the risk of cost overruns and reduced margins if production costs increase or economies of scale cannot be achieved.

We intend to pursue acquisitions. Our business may be adversely affected if we cannot consummate acquisitions on satisfactory terms, or if we cannot effectively integrate acquired operations.

A significant portion of our growth has occurred through acquisitions. Future growth through acquisitions will be partially dependent upon the continued availability of suitable acquisition candidates at favorable prices and upon advantageous terms and conditions. We intend to pursue acquisitions that we believe will present opportunities consistent with our overall business strategy. However, we may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates to purchase or may be unable to acquire desired businesses or assets on economically acceptable terms or may be unable to receive necessary regulatory approvals or support. In addition, we may not be able to raise the capital necessary to fund future acquisitions. Because we may actively pursue multiple opportunities simultaneously, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, complications and delays, including regulatory complications or difficulties in employing sufficient staff and maintaining operational and management oversight.

We regularly engage in discussions with respect to potential acquisition and investment opportunities. If we consummate an acquisition, our capitalization and results of operations may change significantly. Future acquisitions could result in margin dilution and further likely result in the incurrence of additional debt and contingent liabilities and an increase in interest and amortization expenses or periodic impairment charges related to goodwill and other intangible assets as well as significant charges relating to integration costs.

Acquisitions involve risks that the businesses acquired will not perform in accordance with expectations and that business judgments concerning the value, strengths and weaknesses of businesses acquired will prove incorrect. In addition, we may not be able to successfully integrate any business we acquire into our existing business. The successful integration of new businesses depends on our ability to manage these new businesses and cut excess costs. The successful integration of future acquisitions may also require substantial attention from our senior management and the management of the acquired business, which could decrease the time that they have to service, attract customers and develop new products and services or attend to other acquisition opportunities.

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Our indebtedness could adversely affect our financial health and could harm our ability to react to changes to our business and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations under our indebtedness.

We have a significant amount of indebtedness and may be able to incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future. Although our senior secured credit facility and the indentures governing the various series of senior secured and senior subordinated notes outstanding (the “Notes”) contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of significant qualifications and exceptions, and the indebtedness incurred in compliance with these qualifications and exceptions could be substantial. A breach of any of the covenants or an inability to comply with the required leverage ratio could result in a default under the senior secured credit facility or the indentures.

An increase in our indebtedness could also have other important consequences to investors. For example, it could:

• increase our vulnerability to general economic downturns and adverse competitive and industry conditions;

• increase the risk we are subjected to downgrade or put on a negative watch by the ratings agencies;

• require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations to payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital requirements, capital expenditures, acquisitions, research and development efforts and other general corporate requirements;

• limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate;

• place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to competitors that have less debt; and

• limit, along with the financial and other restrictive covenants contained in the documents governing our indebtedness, among other things, our ability to borrow additional funds, make investments and incur liens.

All of the term loans under our term loan facility and the trade receivable securitization facility (the “Securitization Facility”) bear interest at variable rates based on the Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“Term SOFR”). Accordingly, if Term SOFR increases, our debt service expense will also increase. In order to mitigate the interest rate risk of these variable rate borrowings, we enter into interest rate swap, cap, and collar agreements that cover a significant portion of the existing variable rate debt and may continue do so in the future, subject to market and other conditions.

Our indebtedness increases the possibility that we may be unable to generate cash sufficient to pay, when due, the principal of, interest on or other amounts due in respect of our indebtedness, including debt under the senior secured credit facility and the Notes. We cannot assure that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future borrowings will be available to us under the senior secured credit facility or otherwise in amounts sufficient to enable us to service our indebtedness. If we cannot service our debt, we will have to take actions such as reducing or delaying capital investments, selling assets, restructuring or refinancing our debt or seeking additional equity capital.

To service our indebtedness, we will require a significant amount of cash. Our ability to generate cash depends on many factors beyond our control and any failure to meet our debt service obligations could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our indebtedness, including the Notes, amounts borrowed under the senior secured credit facility, amounts due under our Securitization Facility, and to fund our operations, will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future, which, to a certain extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control.

We cannot assure that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations, or that future borrowings will be available to us under the senior secured credit facility or otherwise in amounts sufficient to enable us to service our indebtedness, including the amounts borrowed under the senior secured credit facility, amounts borrowed under our Securitization Facility and the Notes, or to fund our other liquidity needs. If we cannot service our debt, we will have to take actions such as reducing or delaying capital investments, selling assets, restructuring or refinancing our debt or seeking additional equity capital. We cannot assure that any of these remedies could, if necessary, be effected on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Our ability to restructure or refinance our debt will depend on the condition of the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. Any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. The terms of existing or future debt instruments, the Securitization Facility, the indentures governing the Notes and the senior secured credit facility may restrict us from adopting any of these alternatives. In addition, any failure to make payments of interest and principal on our outstanding indebtedness on a timely basis would likely result in a reduction of our credit rating, which could harm our ability to incur additional indebtedness on acceptable terms and could otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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The terms of the senior secured credit facility and indentures governing the Notes may restrict our current and future operations, particularly our ability to respond to changes or to take certain actions.

Our senior secured credit facility and the indentures governing the Notes contain a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on TD Group, TransDigm Inc. and its restricted subsidiaries (in the case of the senior secured credit facility) and TransDigm Inc. and its restricted subsidiaries (in the case of the indentures) and may limit their ability to engage in acts that may be in our long-term best interests. The senior secured credit facility and indentures governing the Notes include covenants restricting, among other things, the ability to (subject, in each case, to certain important exceptions):

• incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue preferred stock;

• pay distributions on, redeem or repurchase our capital stock or redeem or repurchase our subordinated debt;

• make investments;

• sell assets;

• enter into agreements that restrict distributions or other payments from our restricted subsidiaries to us;

• incur or allow to exist liens;

• consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of our assets;

• engage in transactions with affiliates;

• create unrestricted subsidiaries; and

• engage in certain business activities.

A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under the senior secured credit facility or the indentures governing the Notes. If any such default occurs, the lenders under the senior secured credit facility and the holders of the Notes may elect to declare all outstanding borrowings, together with accrued interest and other amounts payable thereunder, to be immediately due and payable. The lenders under the senior secured credit facility also have the right in these circumstances to terminate any commitments they have to provide further borrowings. In addition, subject to the terms of an intercreditor agreement, following an event of default under the senior secured credit facility or the indentures governing our various series of outstanding senior secured notes, the lenders thereunder or the holders thereof, as applicable, will have the right to proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure the debt, which includes our available cash, and they will also have the right to prevent us from making debt service payments on the senior subordinated notes. If the debt under the senior secured credit facility or the Notes were to be accelerated, we cannot assure that our assets would be sufficient to repay in full the Notes and other debt.

We are dependent on our executive officers, senior management team and highly trained employees and any work stoppage, difficulty hiring similar employees, or ineffective succession planning could adversely affect our business.

Because our products are complicated and highly engineered, we depend on an educated and trained workforce. Historically, there has been substantial competition for skilled personnel in the aerospace and defense industry, and we could be adversely affected by a shortage of skilled employees. We may not be able to fill new positions or vacancies created by expansion or turnover or attract and retain qualified personnel. We cannot be assured that we can continue to hire, train and retain qualified employees at current wage rates since we operate in a competitive labor market, and there may be pressures on wages.

Although we believe that our relations with our employees are satisfactory, we cannot assure that we will be able to negotiate a satisfactory renewal of collective bargaining agreements or that our employee relations will remain stable. Because we strive to limit the volume of finished goods inventory, any work stoppage could materially and adversely affect our ability to provide products to our customers.

In addition, our success depends in part on our ability to attract and motivate our senior management and key employees. Achieving this objective may be difficult due to a variety of factors, including fluctuations in economic and industry conditions, competitors’ hiring practices, and the effectiveness of our compensation programs. Competition for qualified personnel can be intense. I f we are unable to effectively provide for the succession of key personnel, senior management and our executive officers, including our President and Chief Executive Officer, our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition may be adversely affected. The Company’s Board of Directors continually monitors this risk and we believe that the Company’s succession plan, together with our straightforward strategy, clear value drivers, decentralized nature and the quality of managers running our operating units helps to mitigate this risk.

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Public health crises, and health pandemics, epidemics and outbreaks could adversely affect our business .

A significant public health crisis could cause disruption to our operations. Our ability to predict and respond to future changes resulting from potential health crises is uncertain. Even after a public health crisis subsides, there may be long-term effects on our business practices and customers in economies in which we operate that could severely disrupt our operations and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. As we cannot predict the duration, scope or severity of future public health crises, the negative financial impact to our results cannot be reasonably estimated and could be material.

Risks Related to our Operations

Our sales to manufacturers of aircraft are cyclical, and a downturn in sales to these manufacturers may adversely affect us.

Our sales to manufacturers of large commercial aircraft, such as Boeing, Airbus, and related OEM suppliers, as well as manufacturers of business jets have historically experienced periodic downturns. In the past, these sales have been affected by airline profitability, which is impacted by, among other things, fuel and labor costs, price competition, interest rates, downturns in the global economy and national and international events. In addition, sales of our products to manufacturers of business jets are impacted by, among other things, downturns in the global economy. Significant labor disagreements and supply chain issues may also negatively impact the production of aircraft. Downturns adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

Our business is dependent on the availability of certain components and raw materials from suppliers.

Our business is affected by the price and availability of the raw materials and component parts that we use to manufacture our components. Our business, therefore, could be adversely impacted by factors affecting our suppliers (such as the destruction of our suppliers’ facilities or their distribution infrastructure, a work stoppage or strike by our suppliers’ employees or the failure of our suppliers to provide materials of the requisite quality), or by increased costs of such raw materials or components if we were unable to pass along such price increases to our customers. Changes to tariff and import and export regulations in the United States and abroad may also negatively impact the availability and pricing of raw materials.

Because we strive to limit the volume of raw materials and component parts on hand, our business could be adversely affected if we were unable to obtain these raw materials and components from our suppliers in the quantities we require or on favorable terms. Although we believe in most cases that we could identify alternative suppliers, or alternative raw materials or component parts, the lengthy and expensive aviation authority and OEM certification processes associated with aerospace products could prevent efficient replacement of a supplier, raw material or component part.

We face significant competition.

We operate in a highly competitive global industry and compete against a number of companies. Competitors in our product lines are both U.S. and foreign companies and range in size from divisions of large public corporations to small privately-held entities. We believe that our ability to compete depends on high product performance, consistent high quality, short lead-time and timely delivery, competitive pricing, superior customer service and support and continued certification under customer quality requirements and assurance programs. We adjust the prices of some of our products from time to time to stay competitive.

Climate-related regulations designed to address climate change may result in additional compliance costs.

Our operations and the products we sell are currently subject to rules limiting emissions and to other climate-related regulations in certain jurisdictions where we operate. Changes in environmental and climate-related laws or regulations on greenhouse gas emissions may negatively impact us, our suppliers and customers. We cannot predict what environmental legislation or regulations will be enacted in the future, how existing or future laws or regulations will be administered or interpreted, or what environmental conditions may be found to exist. Compliance with any new or more stringent laws or regulations, or stricter interpretations of existing laws, could require additional expenditures by us or our suppliers, in which case, the costs of raw materials and component parts could increase.

Because our manufacturing facilities primarily engage in assembly and light manufacturing and because we do not maintain any transportation infrastructure, we have relatively low Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions. Accordingly, we do not anticipate any material adverse impact from increased carbon regulation directly on our manufacturing operations. Further, because of our wide portfolio of hundreds of thousands of products, we do not anticipate any material adverse impact from the reliance on a supplier or group of suppliers that may be subject to climate risks. However, regulation that would have a material adverse impact on air travel could have a material adverse impact on our business. Given the uncertainty around these issues, we cannot predict how future legislation, will affect our operations and financial condition. We have established a science-aligned greenhouse gas emissions reduction target of at least a 50% reduction in our Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions on an absolute basis. Fiscal 2019 is the selected baseline year for TransDigm that we will compare against as we make progress towards our emissions reduction goal. We continue to evaluate ways to reduce our energy and water consumption and lower our greenhouse gas emissions through energy efficiency measures, the purchase of green power and other actions.

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Our operations depend on our manufacturing facilities, which are subject to physical and other risks that could disrupt production.

Our operations and those of our customers and suppliers have been and may again be subject to natural disasters, climate change-related events, pandemics or other business disruptions, which could seriously harm our results of operation and increase our costs and expenses. Some of our manufacturing facilities are located in regions that may be impacted by severe weather events, such as increased storm frequency or severity in the Atlantic and fires in hotter and drier climates. These could result in potential damage to our physical assets as well as disruptions in manufacturing activities. Some of our manufacturing facilities are located in areas that may be at risk due to rising sea levels. Moreover, some of our manufacturing facilities are located in areas that could experience decreased access to water due to climate issues.

We are also vulnerable to damage from other types of disasters, including power loss, fire, explosions, floods, communications failures, terrorist attacks and similar events. Disruptions could also occur due to health-related outbreaks and crises, cyber-attacks, computer or equipment malfunction (accidental or intentional), operator error or process failures. Should insurance or other risk transfer mechanisms, such as our existing disaster recovery and business continuity plans, be insufficient to recover all costs, we could experience a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

Operations and sales outside of the United States may be subject to additional risks.

Our net sales to foreign customers were $3,296 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025. A number of risks inherent in international operations could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, including war, sanctions, global health crises, currency fluctuations, difficulties in staffing and managing multinational operations, general economic and political uncertainties and potential for social unrest in countries in which we operate, limitations on our ability to enforce legal rights and remedies, restrictions on the repatriation of funds, change in trade policies, tariff regulation, difficulties in obtaining export and import licenses and the risk of government financed competition.

Issues with the global supply chain can also rise due to some of the aforementioned risks, as well as the availability and cost of raw materials to suppliers, merchandise quality or safety issues, shipping and transport availability and cost, increases in wage rates and taxes, transport security, inflation and other factors relating to the suppliers and the countries in which they are located or from which they import. Such issues are often beyond our control and could adversely affect our operations and profitability. Furthermore, the Company is subject to foreign and domestic laws and regulations, which generally prohibit companies and their employees, agents and contractors from making improper payments for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Failure to comply with these laws could subject the Company to civil and criminal penalties that could materially adversely affect the Company’s results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

We continue to monitor the ongoing geopolitical conflicts, such as Russia and Ukraine, and the related export controls and financial and economic sanctions imposed on certain industry sectors, including the aviation sector, and parties in Russia by the U.S., the U.K., the European Union and others. Although the conflicts have not, nor are expected to, have a direct material adverse impact on TransDigm's business, the implications of these conflicts in the short-term and long-term are difficult to predict. Factors such as increased energy costs, the availability of certain raw materials for aircraft manufacturers, embargoes on flights from certain airlines, sanctions on certain companies, and the stability of certain customers could impact the global economy and aviation sector.

We are subject to certain unique business risks as a result of supplying equipment and services to the U.S. Government.

Companies engaged in supplying defense-related equipment and services to U.S. Government agencies, whether through direct contracts with the U.S. Government or as a subcontractor to customers contracting with the U.S. Government, are subject to business risks specific to the defense industry. These risks include the ability of the U.S. Government to unilaterally:

• suspend or debar us from receiving new contracts based on alleged violations of procurement laws or regulations;

• terminate existing contracts;

• revoke required security clearances; and

• audit contract-related costs and fees, including allocated indirect costs.

U.S. Government contracts can be terminated by the U.S. Government at its convenience without cause or significant notice. Termination for convenience provisions provide only for recovery of costs incurred or committed, settlement expenses and profit on the work completed prior to termination.

Most of our U.S. Government contracts are based on a firm-fixed price where we take the risk of cost overruns. On contracts for which the price is not fixed but rather based on the reimbursement of costs, the U.S. Government may review incurred costs and performance, as well as our accounting and general business practices. Based on the results of such audits, the U.S. Government may adjust the reimbursement of contract-related costs and fees, including allocated indirect costs. In addition, under U.S. Government purchasing regulations, some of our costs, including most financing costs, amortization of intangible assets, portions of research and development costs, and certain marketing expenses may not be subject to reimbursement under cost-reimbursement contracts.

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Furthermore, even where the price is not based on cost, the U.S. Government may seek to review costs to determine whether our pricing is “fair and reasonable.” Our subsidiaries are periodically subject to pricing reviews and government buying agencies that purchase some of our subsidiaries’ products are periodically subject to audits by the U.S. Department of Defense (“DOD”) with respect to prices paid for such products. As a result of these audits, we could be asked to enter into an arrangement whereby our prices would be based on costs approved by the auditor, plus a nominal fee, the DOD could seek to pursue alternative sources of supply for our parts, or the U.S. Government could take other adverse actions with respect to our contracts. Any of those occurrences could lead to a reduction in our revenue from, or the profitability of certain of our supply arrangements with, certain agencies and buying organizations of the U.S. Government. Further, negative publicity relating to the results of any audit, inquiry or subsequent hearing or the like could negatively impact our stock price.

If a government inquiry or investigation alleges improper or illegal activities, we could be subject to civil or criminal penalties or administrative sanctions, including contract termination, fines, forfeiture of fees, suspension of payment and suspension or debarment from doing business with U.S. Government agencies, any of which could materially adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Moreover, U.S. Government purchasing regulations contain many additional operational requirements, which do not apply to entities not engaged in government contracting. Failure to comply with such government contracting requirements could result in civil and criminal penalties that could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.

Our business may be adversely affected if we would lose our government or industry approvals or if more stringent government regulations are enacted or if industry oversight is increased.

The aerospace industry is highly regulated in the U.S. and in other countries. In order to sell our products, we and the products we manufacture must be certified by the FAA, the DOD and similar agencies in foreign countries and by individual manufacturers. If new and more stringent government regulations are adopted or if industry oversight increases, we might incur significant expenses to comply with any new regulations or heightened industry oversight. In addition, if material authorizations or approvals were revoked or suspended, our business would be adversely affected.

In addition to the aviation approvals, we are at times required to obtain approval from U.S. Government agencies and similar agencies elsewhere in the world to export our products. U.S. laws and regulations applicable to us include the Arms Export Control Act, the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (“ITAR”), the Export Administration Regulations (“EAR”) and the trade sanctions laws and regulations administered by the United States Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”). EAR restricts the export of commercial and dual-use products and technical data to certain countries, while ITAR restricts the export of defense products, technical data and defense services.

Failure to obtain approval to export or determination by the U.S. Government or similar agencies elsewhere in the world that we failed to receive required approvals or licenses could eliminate or restrict our ability to sell our products outside the United States or other country of origin, and the penalties that could be imposed by the U.S. Government or other applicable government for failure to comply with these laws could be significant.

We could incur substantial costs as a result of data protection concerns.

The interpretation and application of data protection laws in the U.S. and globally, including but not limited to the General Data Protection Regulation and are uncertain and evolving. It is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our data practices. Complying with these various laws is difficult and could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner adverse to our business. Further, although we have implemented internal controls and procedures designed to ensure compliance with the various privacy-related laws, rules and regulations, there can be no assurance that our controls and procedures will enable us to be fully compliant with all data protection laws. The rapid evolution and increased adoption of artificial intelligence (“AI”) technologies may intensify these risks. Any failure to comply, could result in significant penalties, fines, legal challenges and reputational harm.

Increased cybersecurity threats and more sophisticated and targeted computer crime have posed and could continue to pose a risk to our and certain third parties’ information technology systems and a disruption to or breach in the security of such systems, if material, could have adverse effects on our result of operations and financial condition.

We rely extensively on information technology systems to manage and operate our business, some of which are managed by third parties. The security and functionality of these information technology systems, and the processing of data by these systems, are critical to our business operations. If these systems, or any part of the systems, are damaged, intruded upon, attacked, shutdown or cease to function properly (whether by planned upgrades, force majeure, telecommunications failures, criminal acts, including hardware or software break-ins, ransomware attacks or extortion attempts, or viruses, or other cybersecurity incidents) and we suffer any resulting interruption in our ability to manage and operate our business or if our products are affected, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In fact, we have experienced data security incidents, although these have not had a material impact on our financial results. Furthermore, the Company has access to classified, sensitive, confidential, proprietary, or personal data or information that is subject to privacy and security laws, regulations, or other contractually-imposed controls.

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The risks in this area continue to grow, and we expect cyber events will continue to accelerate in frequency and impact as threat actors increasingly use AI and other techniques to circumvent security controls, evade detection and remove forensic evidence.

Despite our use of reasonable and appropriate technical security controls and monitoring, security breaches, theft, misplaced, lost or corrupted data, programming, or employee errors and/or malfeasance have led and could in the future lead to the compromise or improper use of such sensitive, confidential, proprietary, or personal data or information. Such events may result in possible negative consequences, such as disruption to our business operations, loss of proprietary information, ransom demands, loss of revenue, penalties, failure to comply with laws governing sensitive data, government enforcement, litigation or regulatory proceedings, negative publicity, loss of reputation, loss of intellectual property, loss of competitiveness or customers, increased security and compliance costs or other negative consequences; however, the use of isolated systems by our operating units mitigates the pervasiveness of this risk. Further, the amount of insurance coverage that we maintain may be inadequate to cover claims or liabilities relating to a cybersecurity incident. Depending on the nature and magnitude of these events, they may have an adverse impact on our results of operations or financial condition.

Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Matters

We could incur substantial costs as a result of violations of or liabilities under environmental laws and regulations.

Our operations and facilities are subject to a number of federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations that govern, among other things, discharges of pollutants into the air and water, the generation, handling, storage and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes, the remediation of contamination and the health and safety of our employees. Environmental laws and regulations may require that the Company investigate and remediate the effects of the release or disposal of materials at sites associated with past and present operations. Certain facilities and third-party sites utilized by subsidiaries of the Company have been identified as potentially responsible parties under the federal superfund laws and comparable state laws. The Company is currently involved in the investigation and remediation of a number of sites under applicable laws.

Estimates of the Company’s environmental liabilities are based on current facts, laws, regulations and technology. These estimates take into consideration the Company’s prior experience and professional judgment of the Company’s environmental advisors. Estimates of the Company’s environmental liabilities are further subject to uncertainties regarding the nature and extent of site contamination, the range of remediation alternatives available, evolving remediation standards, imprecise engineering evaluations and cost estimates, the extent of corrective actions that may be required and the number and financial condition of other potentially responsible parties, as well as the extent of their responsibility for the remediation.

Accordingly, as investigations and remediations proceed, it is likely that adjustments in the Company’s accruals will be necessary to reflect new information. The amounts of any such adjustments could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations or cash flows in a given period. Based on currently available information, however, the Company does not believe that future environmental costs in excess of those accrued with respect to sites for which the Company has been identified as a potentially responsible party are likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition.

We may be subject to periodic litigation and regulatory proceedings, which may adversely affect our business and financial performance.

Our business is subject to regulation under a variety of U.S. federal and state and non-U.S. laws, regulation and policies that require ongoing compliance efforts. From time to time, we are involved in lawsuits and regulatory actions brought or threatened against us in the ordinary course of business. These actions and proceedings may involve claims for, among other things, compensation for alleged personal injury, workers’ compensation, employment discrimination, financial improprieties or breach of contract. In addition, we may be subject to class action lawsuits, including those involving allegations of violations of consumer product statutes or the Fair Labor Standards Act and state wage and hour laws. Due to the inherent uncertainties of litigation, we cannot accurately predict the ultimate outcome of any such actions or proceedings. The outcome of litigation, particularly class action lawsuits and regulatory actions, is difficult to assess or quantify, as plaintiffs may seek recovery of very large or indeterminate amounts in these types of lawsuits, and the magnitude of the potential loss may remain unknown for substantial periods of time. In addition, plaintiffs in many types of actions may seek punitive damages, civil penalties, consequential damages or other losses, or injunctive or declaratory relief. These proceedings could result in substantial cost and may require us to devote substantial resources to defend ourselves. The ultimate resolution of these matters through settlement, mediation, or court judgment could have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

We could be adversely affected by the impact of failure, misuse or quality issues of our products.

We produce highly engineered aircraft components, and accordingly, the adverse impact of product quality issues, actual or perceived, can be significant. Our operations expose us to potential liabilities for personal injury or death as a result of the failure of an aircraft product that we have designed, manufactured or serviced. While we maintain liability insurance to protect us from future product liability claims, in the event of product liability claims our insurers may attempt to deny coverage or any coverage we have may not be adequate. We also may not be able to maintain insurance coverage in the future at an acceptable cost. Any liability not covered by insurance or for which third-party indemnification is not available could result in significant liability to us.

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In addition, a crash caused by one of our products could damage our reputation for quality products. We believe our customers consider safety and reliability as key criteria in selecting a provider of aircraft products. If a crash were to be caused by one of our products, or if we were to otherwise fail to maintain a satisfactory record of safety and reliability, our ability to retain and attract customers may be materially adversely affected.

Risks Related to Financial Matters

We have recorded a significant amount of intangible assets, which may never generate the returns we expect.

Mergers and acquisitions have resulted in significant increases in identifiable intangible assets and goodwill. Identifiable intangible assets, which primarily include trademarks, trade names, customer relationships, and technology, were $3,454 million at September 30, 2025, representing 15% of our total assets. Goodwill recognized in accounting for mergers and acquisitions was $10,612 million at September 30, 2025, representing 46% of our total assets. We may never realize the full value of our identifiable intangible assets and goodwill, and to the extent we were to determine that our identifiable intangible assets or our goodwill were impaired within the meaning of applicable accounting standards, we would be required to write-off the amount of any impairment.

We may be subject to risks relating to changes in our tax rates or exposure to additional income tax liabilities.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and various non-U.S. jurisdictions. The Company’s domestic and international tax liabilities are dependent upon the location of earnings among these different jurisdictions. The Company’s future results of operations could be adversely affected by changes in the Company’s effective tax rate as a result of changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets, challenges by tax authorities or changes in tax laws or regulations. From time to time, changes in tax laws or regulations may be proposed or enacted that could adversely affect our overall tax liability. There can be no assurance that changes in tax laws or regulations, both within the U.S. and the other jurisdictions in which we operate, such as the proposed 15% global minimum tax under the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (the “OECD”) Pillar Two, Global Anti-Base Erosion Rules (the “Pillar Two Rules”), will not materially and adversely affect our effective tax rate, tax payments, financial condition and results of operations. As of September 30, 2025, many jurisdictions where the Company operates, including Canada, U.K. and Germany, have adopted the Pillar Two Rules. The effective dates vary between fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2026.

In addition, the amount of income taxes paid by the Company is subject to ongoing audits by U.S. federal, state and local tax authorities and by non-U.S. tax authorities. If these audits result in assessments different from amounts reserved, future financial results may include unfavorable adjustments to the Company’s tax liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.

We do not regularly declare and pay quarterly or annual cash dividends on our stock.

Notwithstanding the most recent special cash dividend declared by the Company’s Board of Directors on August 20, 2025 of $90.00 per outstanding share of common stock, paid on September 12, 2025, we do not anticipate declaring regular cash dividends, whether quarterly or annual, on our common stock or any other equity security in the foreseeable future.

The amounts that may be available to us to pay future special cash dividends are restricted under our debt and other agreements. Any payment of special cash dividends on our common stock in the future will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our results of operations, earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, future prospects, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors. Therefore, shareholders should not rely on regular quarterly or annual dividend income from shares of our common stock and should not rely on special dividends with any regularity or at all.

General Risks

Our commercial business is sensitive to the number of flight hours that our customers’ planes spend aloft, the size and age of the worldwide aircraft fleet and our customers’ profitability. These items are, in turn, affected by general economic and geopolitical and other worldwide conditions.

Our commercial business is directly affected by, among other factors, changes in revenue passenger kilometers (“RPKs”), the size and age of the worldwide aircraft fleet, the percentage of the fleet that is out-of-warranty and changes in the profitability of the commercial airline industry. RPKs and airline profitability have historically been correlated with the general economic environment, although national and international events also play a key role, such as pandemics, general downturns in the global economy, higher fuel prices and conflicts abroad.

In addition, global market and economic conditions have been challenging due to turbulence in the U.S. and international markets and economies and have prolonged declines in business and consumer spending. During periods of reduced airline profitability, some airlines may delay purchases of spare parts, preferring instead to deplete existing inventories, and delay refurbishments and discretionary spending. If demand for spare parts decreases, there would be a decrease in demand for certain products. An adverse change in demand could impact our results of operations, collection of accounts receivable and our expected cash flow generation from current and acquired businesses which may adversely impact our financial condition and access to capital markets.

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U.S. military spending is dependent upon the U.S. defense budget.

The military and defense market is significantly dependent upon government budget trends, particularly the DOD budget. In addition to normal business risks, our supply of products to the U.S. Government is subject to unique risks largely beyond our control. DOD budgets could be negatively impacted by several factors, including, but not limited to, a change in defense spending policy as a result of the presidential election or otherwise, the U.S. Government’s budget deficits, spending priorities, the cost of sustaining the U.S. military presence internationally and possible political pressure to reduce U.S. Government military spending, each of which could cause the DOD budget to remain unchanged or to decline. A significant decline in U.S. military expenditures could result in a reduction in the amount of our products sold to the various agencies and buying organizations of the U.S. Government.

Our stock price may be volatile, and an investment in our common stock could suffer a decline in value.

There has been significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of equity securities, which is unrelated to the operating performance of the companies issuing the securities. These market fluctuations may negatively affect the market price of our common stock. Shareholders may not be able to sell their shares at or above the purchase price due to fluctuations in the market price of our common stock. Such changes could be caused by changes in our operating performance or prospects, including possible changes due to the cyclical nature of the aerospace industry and other factors such as fluctuations in OEM and aftermarket ordering, which could cause short-term swings in profit margins. Or such changes could be unrelated to our operating performance, such as changes in market conditions affecting the stock market generally or the stocks of aerospace companies or changes in the outlook for our common stock, such as changes to or the confidence in our business strategy, changes to or confidence in our management, or expectations for future growth of the Company.

ITEM 7.    MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with TD Group’s consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this report. The following discussion may contain predictions, estimates and other forward-looking statements that involve a number of risks and uncertainties, including those discussed under the heading entitled “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this report. These risks could cause our actual results to differ materially from any future performance suggested below.

Overview

We believe we are a leading global designer, producer and supplier of highly engineered proprietary aerospace components with significant aftermarket content. We seek to develop highly customized products to solve specific needs for aircraft operators and manufacturers. We attempt to differentiate ourselves based on engineering, service and manufacturing capabilities. We believe that our products have strong brand names within the industry and that we have a reputation for high quality, reliability and strong customer support. We believe we have achieved steady, long-term growth in sales and improvements in operating performance we believe that due to our competitive strengths and through execution of our value-driven operating strategy. More specifically, focusing our businesses on our value-driven operating strategy of obtaining profitable new business, carefully controlling the cost structure via productivity and cost improvements and pricing our highly engineered value-added products to fairly reflect the value we provide and the resources required to do so has historically resulted in improvements in gross profit and income from operations over the long-term.

Our selective acquisition strategy has also been an important contribution to the growth of our business. We maintain a selective acquisition strategy, concentrating on proprietary commercial aerospace component businesses with significant aftermarket content where we see a clear path to value creation through the application of our three core value drivers. The integration of acquisitions into our existing businesses combined with implementing our proven operating strategy has historically resulted in improvements in the financial performance of the acquired businesses.

For fiscal year 2025, we generated net sales of $8,831 million, gross profit of $5,311 million or 60.1% of net sales, and net income attributable to TD Group of $2,074 million.

In fiscal 2025, demand for air travel remained strong both domestically and internationally. Commercial aftermarket sales increased in fiscal 2025 compared to fiscal 2024 primarily due to the overall demand for air travel resulting in higher flight hours and utilization of passenger and freight aircraft as global air traffic continues to surpass pre-pandemic levels. In recent months, international air traffic growth has been outpacing domestic growth. Passenger load factors remain strong and have reached record levels in recent months in certain markets.

Our commercial transport OEM shipments and revenues generally run ahead of aircraft delivery schedules. Consistent with prior years, our fiscal 2025 shipments were a function of, among other things, the estimated 2025 and 2026 commercial aircraft production rates for Boeing and Airbus. Airline demand for new aircraft remains high and the OEMs are working to increase aircraft production. However, aircraft production rates remain well below pre-pandemic levels as the struggles in the OEM supply chain and labor challenges persist, along with geopolitical challenges, though progress continues to be made in the build rates. Airbus has also encountered difficulties in ramping up production. For fiscal 2025, the impact across TransDigm's operating units was uneven and varied, resulting in consolidated commercial OEM sales decreasing compared to fiscal 2024.

Our defense business fluctuates from year-to-year, and is dependent, to a degree, on government budget constraints, the timing of orders, macro and micro dynamics with respect to the DOD procurement policy and the extent of global conflicts, such as the ongoing geopolitical conflicts. Likewise, delays in government spending outlays and government funding reprioritization can impact demand. For a variety of reasons, the military spending outlook is very uncertain, though recent DOD budgets have trended upwards due to recent geopolitical challenge and conflicts, and current military modernization efforts. Defense sales in fiscal 2025 increased compared to fiscal 2024 primarily due to continued U.S. Government defense spend outlays.

At various points in 2025, the U.S. Government announced new or higher tariffs on goods imported into the U.S. from numerous countries resulting in multiple countries countering with reciprocal tariffs and other actions in response. Negotiations between the U.S. and other countries regarding the tariffs are ongoing and their status continues to evolve. TransDigm is primarily a domestic manufacturer. Because of this, tariffs did not have a significant impact on our fiscal 2025 operating results and we do not expect the tariffs to have a significant impact on our fiscal 2026 operating results. However, we continue to monitor the developments on tariffs and other changes in trade policy for its potential impact on the economic environment and on our business and operating results.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, certain operating data of the Company, including presentation of the amounts as a percentage of net sales (amounts in millions, except per share data):

Fiscal Years Ended September 30,

% of Net Sales

% of Net Sales

Net sales

Cost of sales

Selling and administrative expenses

Amortization of intangible assets

Income from operations

Interest expense-net

Refinancing costs

Other income

Income tax provision

Income from continuing operations

Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests

Net income attributable to TD Group

Net income applicable to TD Group common stockholders

Earnings per share attributable to TD Group common stockholders:

Basic and diluted

Cash dividends declared per common share

Weighted-average shares outstanding—basic and diluted

Other Data:

EBITDA

EBITDA As Defined

(1) Net income applicable to TD Group common stockholders represents net income attributable to TD Group less special dividends declared or paid on participating securities, including dividend equivalents of $208 million and $233 million for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(2) Earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income applicable to TD Group common stockholders by the basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding. Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Earnings per share is calculated using unrounded numbers.

(3) Refer to “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this discussion and analysis for additional information and limitations regarding these non-GAAP financial measures, including a reconciliation to the comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure.

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Changes in Results of Operations

Fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 compared with fiscal year ended September 30, 2024

Total Company

• Net Sales . Net organic sales and acquisition sales and the related dollar and percentage changes for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (amounts in millions):

Fiscal Years Ended

% Change

Net Sales

September 30, 2025

September 30, 2024

Change

Organic sales

Acquisition sales

Net sales

Organic sales represent net sales from existing businesses owned by the Company, excluding sales from acquisitions. Acquisition sales represent net sales from acquired businesses for the period up to one year from the respective acquisition date. We believe this measure provides investors with a supplemental understanding of underlying sales trends by providing sales growth on a consistent basis. Refer to Note 2, “Acquisitions,” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein for information on the Company's recent acquisitions.

The increase in organic sales of $615 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 compared to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 is primarily related to increases in defense and commercial aftermarket.

• Cost of Sales and Gross Profit . Cost of sales increased by $252 million or 7.7%, to $3,520 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 compared to $3,268 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024. Cost of sales and the related percentage of net sales for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (amounts in millions):

Fiscal Years Ended

September 30, 2025

September 30, 2024

Change

% Change

Cost of sales - excluding costs below

% of net sales

Non-cash stock and deferred compensation expense

% of net sales

Inventory step-up amortization

% of net sales

Foreign currency losses

% of net sales

Loss contract amortization

% of net sales

Total cost of sales

% of net sales

Gross profit (Net sales less Total cost of sales)

Gross profit percentage (Gross profit / Net sales)

Cost of sales during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 decreased as a percentage of net sales. This was primarily driven by the application of our three core value-driven operating strategy (obtaining profitable new business, continually improving our cost structure and providing highly engineered value-added products to customers) coupled with fixed overhead costs spread over higher production volume.

Foreign exchange rates continue to fluctuate; the loss is primarily attributable to the continued weakening of the U.S. dollar. Loss contract amortization fluctuates primarily based on the rate of actual to forecasted shipments of the products covered under the onerous contract.

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• Selling and Administrative Expenses. Selling and administrative expenses decreased by $35 million to $945 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025. The related percentage of net sales for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (amounts in millions):

Fiscal Years Ended

September 30, 2025

September 30, 2024

Change

% Change

Selling and administrative expenses - excluding costs below

% of net sales

Non-cash stock and deferred compensation expense

% of net sales

Acquisition transaction and integration-related expenses

% of net sales

Total selling and administrative expenses

% of net sales

The decrease in non-cash stock and deferred compensation expense is primarily attributable to the appreciation of the stock price at a higher rate in fiscal 2024 compared to fiscal 2025, as the stock price is a key input used to determine the Black-Scholes fair value for the non-cash stock compensation expense, and lower deferred compensation expense.

• Interest Expense-net. Interest expense-net includes interest on borrowings outstanding, amortization of debt issuance costs, original issue discount, revolving credit facility fees, finance leases, interest income and the impact of interest rate swaps, caps and collars designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges. Interest expense-net increased $286 million, or 22.2%, to $1,572 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 from $1,286 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024. The increase in interest expense-net was primarily due to an increase in outstanding borrowings (refer to Note 10, “Debt” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for information on our debt) and a decrease in interest income. The weighted average interest rate for cash interest payments on total borrowings outstanding was 6.3% for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024.

• Income Tax Provision. Income tax expense as a percentage of income before income taxes was approximately 21.1% for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 compared to 22.6% for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024. Refer to Note 12, “Income Taxes”, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein for additional information.

• Earnings per Share . Basic and diluted earnings per share was $32.08 for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 and $25.62 for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024. Net income attributable to TD Group for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 of $2,074 million was decreased by dividend equivalents of $208 million, or $3.58 per share, resulting in net income applicable to TD Group common stockholders of $1,866 million. Net income attributable to TD Group for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 of $1,714 million was decreased by dividend equivalents of $233 million, or $4.02 per share, resulting in net income applicable to TD Group common stockholders of $1,481 million.

Business Segments

• Segment Net Sales . Net sales by segment for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (amounts in millions):

Fiscal Years Ended September 30,

% of Net Sales

% of Net Sales

Change

% Change

Power & Control

Airframe

Non-aviation

Net sales

Net sales for the Power & Control segment increased $593 million primarily from increases in organic sales in defense, commercial aftermarket and commercial OEM.

Net sales for the Airframe segment increased $303 million primarily from increases in organic sales in defense and commercial aftermarket.

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• EBITDA As Defined . Refer to “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this discussion and analysis for additional information and limitations regarding these non-GAAP financial measures, including a reconciliation to the comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure. EBITDA As Defined by segment for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (amounts in millions):

Fiscal Years Ended September 30,

% of Segment

Net Sales

% of Segment

Net Sales

Change

% Change

Power & Control

Airframe

Non-aviation

Total segment EBITDA As Defined

Less: Unallocated corporate EBITDA As Defined

Total Company EBITDA As Defined

(1) Calculated as a percentage of consolidated net sales.

EBITDA As Defined for the Power & Control and Airframe segments increased $344 million and $248 million, respectively, due to the increase in net sales described above, along with our application of our three core value-driven operating strategy.

Unallocated corporate EBITDA As Defined consists primarily of corporate expenses which includes compensation, benefits, professional services and other administrative costs incurred by our corporate offices.

Fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 compared with fiscal year ended September 30, 2023

For our results of operations for fiscal 2024 compared with fiscal 2023, refer to the discussion in Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations” of Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 7, 2024.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have historically maintained a capital structure comprising a mix of equity and debt financing. We vary our leverage both to optimize our equity return and to pursue acquisitions. We expect to meet our current debt obligations as they come due through internally generated funds from current levels of operations and/or through refinancing in the debt markets prior to the maturity dates of our debt.

The following tables present selected balance sheet, cash flow and other financial data relevant to the liquidity or capital resources of the Company for the periods specified below (amounts in millions):

September 30, 2025

September 30, 2024

Selected Balance Sheet Data:

Cash and cash equivalents

Working capital (Total current assets less total current liabilities)

Total assets

Total debt (1)

TD Group stockholders’ deficit

(1) Includes debt issuance costs and original issue discount. Refer to Note 10, “Debt,” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein for additional information.

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Fiscal Years Ended September 30,

Selected Cash Flow and Other Financial Data:

Cash flows provided by (used in):

Operating activities

Investing activities

Financing activities

Capital expenditures

Ratio of earnings to fixed charges (1)

(1) For purposes of computing the ratio of earnings to fixed charges, earnings consist of income from continuing operations before income taxes plus fixed charges. Fixed charges consist of interest expense, amortization of debt issuance costs and original issue discount and the “interest component” of rental expense.

Significant Transactions of Fiscal 2025 and Subsequent Events

Debt Financing

During fiscal 2025, the Company completed approximately $11,000 million in debt financing transactions, inclusive of new issuances and refinancing of existing debt. Below is further information on the significant debt financing transactions occurring in fiscal 2025:

• On May 20, 2025, the Company completed the issuance of $2,650 million in 6.375% senior subordinated notes due 2033 (the “6.375% 2033 Notes”), which the net proceeds of approximately $2,615 million, along with existing cash on hand, were used to redeem all of its outstanding $2,650 million in 5.500% senior subordinated notes due 2027 (the “5.500% 2027 Notes”). The redemption occurred on June 20, 2025.

• On July 11, 2025, the Company amended its Securitization Facility to, among other things, (i) increase the borrowing capacity from $650 million to $725 million; and (ii) extend the maturity date to July 10, 2026 at an interest rate of Term SOFR plus 1.35% compared to an interest rate of Term SOFR plus 1.45% that applied prior to the amendment. Prior to the amendment, the Securitization Facility was fully drawn. As of September 30, 2025, the Securitization Facility was fully drawn as the remaining $75 million available was drawn in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025.

• On August 19, 2025, the Company completed $5,000 million in new debt issuances. The new debt was comprised of the following: (i) $500 million in aggregate principal amount of senior secured notes due 2034 in a private offering at an issue price of 100% that bear interest at a rate of 6.250% (the “2034 Secured Notes”); (ii) $2,000 million in aggregate principal amount of senior subordinated notes due 2034 at an issue price of 100% that bear interest at a rate of 6.750% (the “6.750% 2034 Notes”); and (iii) $2,500 million of Tranche M term loans that bear interest at a rate of Term SOFR plus 2.50%. Original issue discount of 0.25%, or approximately $6 million, was paid to the lenders of the Tranche M term loans. The proceeds from the August 19, 2025 new debt issuances were used, along with existing cash on hand, to fund a $90.00 special dividend declaration on each outstanding share of common stock and cash dividend equivalent payments on eligible vested options outstanding under its stock option plans further described below.

• On September 17, 2025, the Company (i) repriced all of its $1,686 million in existing Tranche K term loans to bear interest at Term SOFR plus 2.25% compared to Term SOFR plus 2.75% applicable prior to the transaction; and (ii) amended and extended $1,857 million in existing Tranche I term loans maturing August 24, 2028 and converted such loans into new Tranche K term loans maturing March 22, 2030 (collectively, the “Tranche K term loans” referred to herein are comprised of the existing Tranche K term loans and new Tranche K term loans as described above).

Acquisitions

During fiscal 2025, the Company completed approximately $413 million in acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired, including the acquisition of Servotronics, Inc. (“Servotronics”) completed on July 1, 2025 via a tender offer for approximately $133 million in cash. All fiscal 2025 acquisitions were financed using existing cash on hand.

On October 6, 2025, the Company completed the acquisition of all the outstanding stock of the Simmonds Precision Products, Inc. Business (“Simmonds”) of Goodrich Corporation from RTX Corporation for approximately $757 million in cash. The acquisition was financed using existing cash on hand. The definitive agreement to acquire Simmonds was previously signed on June 30, 2025.

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Special Dividends

On October 18, 2024, the Company paid a special cash dividend of $75.00 per outstanding share of common stock and cash dividend equivalent payments on eligible vested options outstanding under its stock option plans, which was authorized and declared in September 2024 (fiscal 2024). The total cash payment in October 2024 (fiscal 2025) of special dividend and dividend equivalents from this declaration, which was funded by a combination of (i) $3,000 million in new senior secured debt issued on September 19, 2024; and (ii) existing cash on hand, was approximately $4,216 million in special dividends and $132 million in cash dividend equivalent payments.

On August 20, 2025, the Company's Board of Directors authorized and declared a special cash dividend of $90.00 per outstanding share of common stock and cash dividend equivalent payments on eligible vested options outstanding under its stock option plans. The total cash payment in September 2025 of special dividend and dividend equivalents from this declaration, which was funded by a combination of (i) $5,000 million in new senior secured and unsecured debt issued on August 19, 2025 (as noted above); and (ii) existing cash on hand, was approximately $5,073 million in special dividends and $159 million in cash dividend equivalent payments.

Common Stock Repurchases

At various points in fiscal 2025, the Company repurchased, in aggregate, 401,036 shares of common stock at an average price of $1,246.71 per share for a total amount of $500 million.

In October 2025, the Company repurchased 79,959 shares of common stock at an average price of $1,249.90 per share for a total amount of $100 million. Whether the Company undertakes additional share repurchases or other aforementioned activities will depend on prevailing market conditions, the Company's liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors.

In November 2025, the Board of Directors authorized an additional $5,000 million in share repurchases of common stock permissible under the Company’s existing stock repurchase program, subject to any restrictions specified in the Credit Agreement and indentures governing the existing Subordinated and Secured Notes.

If the Company has excess cash, it generally prioritizes allocating the excess cash in the following manner: (1) capital spending at existing businesses, (2) acquisitions of businesses, (3) payment of a special dividend and/or repurchases of our common stock and (4) prepayment of indebtedness or repurchase of debt.

The Company’s ability to make scheduled interest payments on, or to refinance, the Company’s indebtedness, or to fund non-acquisition related capital expenditures and research and development efforts, will depend on the Company’s ability to generate cash in the future. This is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond its control.

The Company's objective is to maintain an allocation of at least 75% fixed rate and 25% variable rate debt thereby limiting its exposure to changes in near-term interest rates. Interest rate swaps, caps and collars used to hedge and offset, respectively, the variable interest rates on our term loans are further described in Note 18, “Derivatives and Hedging Activities,” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein. As of September 30, 2025, approximately 75% of our gross debt was fixed rate.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company has significant cash liquidity as illustrated in the table presented below (in millions):

As of September 30, 2025

Cash and cash equivalents

Availability on revolving credit facility

Cash liquidity

We believe our significant cash liquidity will allow us to meet our anticipated funding requirements. We expect to meet our short-term cash liquidity requirements (including interest obligations and capital expenditures) through net cash from operating activities, cash on hand and, if needed, draws on the revolving credit facility. Long-term cash liquidity requirements consist primarily of obligations under our long-term debt agreements. There is no maturity on any tranche of term loans or notes until August 2028 (fiscal 2028).

The Company estimates its capital expenditures in fiscal year 2026 to be approximately 2.50% to 3.25% of net sales. The Company’s capital expenditures incurred from year-to-year are funded using existing cash on hand and are primarily for projects that are consistent with our three core value-driven operating strategy (obtaining profitable new business, continually improving our cost structure and providing highly engineered value-added products to customers) such as automation projects.

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In connection with the continued application of our three core value-driven operating strategy, we expect our efforts will continue to generate strong margins and provide sufficient cash provided by operating activities to meet our interest obligations and liquidity needs. We believe our cash provided by operating activities and available borrowing capacity will enable us to make strategic business acquisitions, pay dividends to our shareholders and make opportunistic investments in our own stock, subject to any restrictions in our existing Credit Agreement and market conditions.

The Company may issue additional debt if prevailing market conditions are favorable to doing so. In addition, the Company may increase its borrowings in connection with acquisitions, if cash flow from operating activities becomes insufficient to fund current operations or for other short-term cash needs or for common stock repurchases or dividends. Our future leverage will also be impacted by the then current conditions of the credit markets.

Operating Activities . The Company generated $2,038 million of net cash from operating activities during fiscal 2025 compared to $2,045 million during fiscal 2024.

The change in trade accounts receivable during fiscal 2025 was a use of cash of $212 million compared to a use of cash of $84 million in fiscal 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to increased revenue. The Company actively manages its accounts receivable, the related agings and collection efforts.

The change in inventories during fiscal 2025 was a use of cash of $156 million compared to a use of cash of $104 million in fiscal 2024. The increase is due to an increase in raw materials to support the fiscal 2026 sales demand. The Company manages inventory levels in support of customer needs.

The change in accounts payable during fiscal 2025 was a source of cash of $38 million compared to a use of cash of $11 million in fiscal 2024. The change is due to the timing of payments to suppliers.

Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities was $595 million during fiscal 2025, consisting of $419 million from the acquisition of Servotronics and other acquisitions of businesses completed during fiscal 2025 and capital expenditures of $222 million; partially offset by other investing transactions, net, of $46 million.

Net cash used in investing activities was $2,441 million during fiscal 2024, consisting of $2,347 million from the acquisitions of Raptor Scientific, the Electron Device Business of Communications & Power Industries (“CPI's Electron Device Business”) and other acquisitions of businesses completed during fiscal 2024 and capital expenditures of $165 million; partially offset by other investing transactions, net, of $71 million.

Financing Activities . Net cash used in financing activities was $4,900 million during fiscal 2025. The use of cash was primarily attributable to special dividend and dividend equivalent payments of $9,629 million plus repurchases of common stock of $500 million; partially offset by the net proceeds of short-term and long-term debt, including fees, of $5,063 million plus proceeds from stock option exercises of $166 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $3,171 million during fiscal 2024. The source of cash was primarily attributable to the net proceeds of short-term and long-term debt, including fees, of $4,965 million plus proceeds from stock option exercises of $245 million; partially offset by special dividend and dividend equivalent payments of $2,038 million.

Description of Senior Secured Term Loans and Indentures

Senior Secured Term Loans Facility

TransDigm has $11,124 million in fully drawn term loans under the Term Loans Facility as of September 30, 2025 and a $910 million revolving credit facility. The Term Loans Facility consists of four tranches of term loans (refer to Note 10, “Debt” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for information on our term loans).

The Term Loans Facility requires quarterly aggregate principal payments of approximately $28 million. The revolving commitments consist of two tranches which include up to $139 million of multicurrency revolving commitments. At September 30, 2025, the Company had $53 million in letters of credit outstanding and $857 million in borrowings available under the revolving commitments. Draws on the revolving commitments are subject to an interest rate of 2.25%. The unused portion of the revolving commitments is subject to a fee of 0.50% per annum. The maturity date of the revolving credit facility is February 27, 2029.

The interest rates per annum applicable to the Term Loans Facility under the Credit Agreement are, at TransDigm’s option, equal to either an alternate base rate or an adjusted Term SOFR for one, three or six-month interest periods chosen by TransDigm, in each case plus an applicable margin percentage. The adjusted Term SOFR related to the Term Loans Facility are not subject to a floor. Refer to Note 18, “Derivatives and Hedging Activities,” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein for information about how our interest rate swaps, cap and collar agreements are used to hedge and offset, respectively, the variable interest rate portion of our debt.

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Indentures

The following table represents the senior subordinated and secured notes outstanding as of September 30, 2025:

Description

Aggregate Principal

Maturity Date

Interest Rate

2028 Secured Notes (2)

$2,100 million

August 15, 2028

4.625% 2029 Notes (1)

$1,200 million

January 15, 2029

2029 Secured Notes (2)

$2,750 million

March 1, 2029

4.875% 2029 Notes (1)

$750 million

May 1, 2029

2030 Secured Notes (2)

$1,450 million

December 15, 2030

2031 Secured Notes (2)

$1,000 million

December 1, 2031

2032 Secured Notes (2)

$2,200 million

March 1, 2032

2033 Secured Notes (2)

$1,500 million

January 15, 2033

6.375% 2033 Notes (1)

$2,650 million

May 31, 2033

2034 Secured Notes (2)

$500 million

January 31, 2034

6.750% 2034 Notes (1)

$2,000 million

January 31, 2034

(1) Collectively, referred to as the “Subordinated Notes” herein.

(2) Collectively, referred to as the “Secured Notes” herein.

The Subordinated Notes and Secured Notes do not require principal payments prior to their maturity. Interest under the Subordinated Notes and Secured Notes is payable semi-annually. The Subordinated Notes represent our unsecured obligations ranking subordinate to our senior debt, as defined in the applicable indentures. The Secured Notes represent our secured obligations ranking equally to all existing and future senior debt, as defined in the applicable indentures. The Subordinated Notes and Secured Notes contain many of the restrictive covenants included in the Credit Agreement. TransDigm is in compliance with all of the covenants contained in the Subordinated Notes and Secured Notes.

Guarantor Information

The Subordinated Notes are subordinated to all of our existing and future senior secured debt, including indebtedness under TransDigm’s existing senior secured credit facilities, rank equally with all of our existing and future senior subordinated debt and rank senior to all of our future debt that is expressly subordinated to the Subordinated Notes. The 4.625% 2029 Notes and the 4.875% 2029 Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior subordinated unsecured basis by TransDigm Group, TransDigm UK and TransDigm Inc.’s Domestic Restricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the applicable indentures). The 6.375% 2033 Notes and the 6.750% 2034 Notes are guaranteed, on a senior subordinated basis, by TransDigm Group and each of TransDigm Inc.’s direct and indirect restricted subsidiaries that is a borrower or guarantor under TransDigm’s senior secured credit facilities or that issues or guarantees any capital markets indebtedness of TransDigm or any of the guarantors in an aggregate principal amount of at least $200 million. The table set forth in Exhibit 22.1 filed with this Form 10-K details the primary obligors and guarantors. The guarantees of the Subordinated Notes are subordinated to all of the guarantors’ existing and future senior debt, rank equally with all of their existing and future senior subordinated debt and rank senior to all of their future debt that is expressly subordinated to the guarantees of the Subordinated Notes. The Subordinated Notes are structurally subordinated to all of the liabilities of TransDigm Group’s non-guarantor subsidiaries.

The Secured Notes are senior secured debt of TransDigm and rank equally in right of payment with all of TransDigm’s existing and future senior secured debt, including indebtedness under TransDigm’s existing senior secured credit facilities, and are senior in right of payment to all of TransDigm’s existing and future senior subordinated debt, including the Subordinated Notes. The 2028 Secured Notes are guaranteed on a senior secured basis by TransDigm Group, TransDigm UK and TransDigm Inc.’s Domestic Restricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the applicable indentures). The 2029 Secured Notes, 2030 Secured Notes, 2031 Secured Notes, 2032 Secured Notes, 2033 Secured Notes and 2034 Secured Notes are guaranteed on a senior secured basis by TransDigm Group and each of TransDigm Inc.’s direct and indirect Restricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the applicable indenture) that is a borrower or guarantor under TransDigm’s senior secured credit facilities or that issues or guarantees any capital markets indebtedness of TransDigm Inc. or any of the guarantors in an aggregate principal amount of at least $200 million. As of the date of this Form 10-K, the guarantors of the 2029 Secured Notes, 2030 Secured Notes, 2031 Secured Notes, 2032 Secured Notes, 2033 Secured Notes and 2034 Secured Notes are the same as the guarantors of the 2028 Secured Notes. The table set forth in Exhibit 22.1 filed with this Form 10-K details the primary obligors and guarantors. The guarantees of the Secured Notes rank equally in right of payment with all of the guarantors’ existing and future senior secured debt and are senior in right of payment to all of their existing and future senior subordinated debt. The Secured Notes are structurally subordinated to all of the liabilities of TransDigm’s non-guarantor subsidiaries.

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Separate financial statements of TransDigm Inc. are not presented because the Subordinated Notes and Secured Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior subordinated unsecured basis (if Subordinated Notes) and senior secured basis (if Secured Notes) by TransDigm Group, TransDigm UK and all of TransDigm Inc.'s Domestic Restricted Subsidiaries. TransDigm Group has no significant operations or assets separate from its investment in TransDigm Inc.

The financial information presented is that of TransDigm Group, TransDigm Inc. and the other Guarantors, which includes TransDigm UK, on a combined basis and the financial information of non-issuer and non-guarantor subsidiaries has been excluded. Intercompany balances and transactions between TransDigm Group, TransDigm Inc. and the other Guarantors have been eliminated, and amounts due from, amounts due to, and transactions with non-issuer and non-guarantor subsidiaries have been presented separately.

(in millions)

September 30, 2025

Current assets

Goodwill

Other non-current assets

Current liabilities

Non-current liabilities

Amounts due (from) to subsidiaries that are non-issuers and non-guarantors-net

Fiscal Year Ended

(in millions)

September 30, 2025

Net sales

Sales to subsidiaries that are non-issuers and non-guarantors

Cost of sales

Expense from subsidiaries that are non-issuers and non-guarantors-net

Income from operations

Net income attributable to TD Group

Certain Restrictive Covenants in Our Debt Documents

The Credit Agreement and the indentures governing the Subordinated Notes and Secured Notes contain restrictive covenants that, among other things, limit the incurrence of additional indebtedness, the payment of special dividends, transactions with affiliates, asset sales, acquisitions, mergers and consolidations, liens and encumbrances, and prepayments of certain other indebtedness.

The restrictive covenants included in the Credit Agreement are subject to amendments executed periodically. The most recent amendment that impacted the restrictive covenants contained in the Credit Agreement is Amendment No. 15, executed on March 22, 2024.

Under the terms of the Credit Agreement, TransDigm is entitled, on one or more occasions, to request additional term loans or additional revolving commitments to the extent that the existing or new lenders agree to provide such incremental term loans or additional revolving commitments provided that, among other conditions, our consolidated net leverage ratio would be no greater than 7.25x and the consolidated secured net debt ratio would be no greater than 5.00x, in each case, after giving effect to such incremental term loans or additional revolving commitments.

If any such default occurs, the lenders under the Credit Agreement and the holders of the Subordinated Notes and Secured Notes may elect to declare all outstanding borrowings, together with accrued interest and other amounts payable thereunder, to be immediately due and payable. The lenders under the Credit Agreement also have the right in these circumstances to terminate any commitments they have to provide further borrowings. In addition, following an event of default under the Credit Agreement, the lenders thereunder and the holders of the Secured Notes will have the right to proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure the debt, which includes our available cash, and they will also have the right to prevent us from making debt service payments on the Notes.

With the exception of the revolving credit facility, the Company has no maintenance covenants in its existing term loan and indenture agreements. Under the Credit Agreement, if the usage of the revolving credit facility exceeds 40% (or, currently, $364 million) of the total revolving commitments, the Company is required to maintain a maximum consolidated net leverage ratio of net debt to trailing four-quarter EBITDA As Defined of 7.50x (or, solely with respect to the first four fiscal quarters ending after the consummation of any material acquisition, 8.00x) as of the last day of the fiscal quarter.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company was in compliance with all of its debt covenants and expects to remain in compliance with its debt covenants in subsequent periods.

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Trade Receivable Securitization Facility

The Company’s Securitization Facility effectively increases the Company’s borrowing capacity depending on the amount of the domestic operations’ trade accounts receivable. The Securitization Facility includes the right for the Company to exercise annual one year extensions as long as there have been no termination events as defined by the agreement. The Company uses the proceeds from the Securitization Facility as an alternative to other forms of debt, effectively reducing borrowing costs.

On July 11, 2025, the Company amended the Securitization Facility to, among other things, (i) increase the borrowing capacity from $650 million to $725 million; and (ii) extend the maturity date to July 10, 2026 at an interest rate of Term SOFR plus 1.35% compared to an interest rate of Term SOFR plus 1.45% that applied prior to the amendment. Prior to the amendment, the Securitization Facility was fully drawn.

As of September 30, 2025, the Securitization Facility was fully drawn as the remaining $75 million available was drawn in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025. At September 30, 2025, the applicable interest rate was 5.67%. The Securitization Facility is collateralized by substantially all of the Company’s domestic operations’ trade accounts receivable.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table summarizes the Company’s cash requirements from all significant contractual obligations as of September 30, 2025 (in millions):

Total

Payment Due by Period

Contractual

Less than

Between

Between

Over

Obligations

1 Year

1-3 Years

3-5 Years

5 Years

Senior Subordinated and Secured Notes (1)

Term Loans Facility (2)

Scheduled interest payments (3)

Securitization Facility

Finance leases

Operating leases

Total contractual cash obligations

(1) Represents principal maturities which excludes interest, debt issuance costs and original issue discount.

(2) Refer to Note 10, “Debt,” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein for information on the maturity date of each tranche of term loans. The Term Loans Facility requires quarterly aggregate principal payments of approximately $28 million.

(3) Assumes that the variable interest rate on our existing term loans under our Term Loans Facility ranges from approximately 5.50% to 6.75% based on anticipated movements in Term SOFR, which given the ongoing volatility in rates, are highly uncertain. In addition, interest payments include the impact of the existing interest rate swap and collar agreements described in Note 18, “Derivatives and Hedging Activities,” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company utilizes letters of credit to back certain payment and performance obligations. Letters of credit are subject to limits based on amounts outstanding under the Company’s revolving credit facility. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $53 million in letters of credit outstanding.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), which often requires the judgment of management in the selection and application of certain accounting principles and methods. Management believes that the quality and reasonableness of our most critical policies enable the fair presentation of our financial position and results of operations. However, investors are cautioned that the sensitivity of financial statements to these methods, assumptions and estimates could create materially different results under different conditions or using different assumptions.

Below are those policies applied in preparing our financial statements that management believes are the most dependent on the application of estimates and assumptions. For additional significant accounting policies, see Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein.

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Revenue Recognition – The Company recognizes revenue from contracts with customers using the five step model prescribed in ASC 606. A substantial portion of the Company's revenue is recorded at a point in time. Revenue is recognized from the sale of products or services when obligations under the terms of the contract are satisfied and control of promised goods or services have transferred to the customer. Control is transferred when the customer has the ability to direct the use of and obtain benefits from the goods or services. Revenue is measured at the amount of consideration the Company expects to be paid in exchange for goods or services. In a limited number of contracts, control transfers to the customer over time, primarily in contracts where the customer is required to pay for the cost of both the finished and unfinished goods at the time of cancellation plus a reasonable profit relative to the work performed for products that were customized for the customer. Therefore, we recognize revenue over time for those agreements that have a right to margin and where the products being produced have no alternative use. For agreements with multiple performance obligations, judgment is required to determine whether performance obligations specified in these agreements are distinct and should be accounted for as separate revenue transactions for recognition purposes based on the standalone selling price of each performance obligation. The primary method used to estimate a standalone selling price is the price observed in standalone sales to customers for the same product or service. We consider the contractual consideration payable by the customer and assesses variable consideration that may affect the total transaction price. Variable consideration is included in the estimated transaction price when there is a basis to reasonably estimate the amount, including whether the estimate should be constrained in order to avoid a significant reversal of revenue in a future period. These estimates are based on historical experience, anticipated performance under the terms of the contract and our best judgment at the time.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets – In accordance with ASC 805, “Business Combinations,” the Company uses the acquisition method of accounting to allocate costs of acquired businesses to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the dates of acquisition. The excess costs of acquired businesses over the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recognized as goodwill. The valuations of the acquired assets and liabilities will impact the determination of future operating results. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires management’s judgment and often involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions, including assumptions with respect to future cash inflows and outflows, revenue growth rates and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) margins, discount rates, customer attrition rates, royalty rates, asset lives and market multiples, among other items. We determine the fair values of intangible assets acquired generally in consultation with third-party valuation advisors. Fair value adjustments to the Company’s assets and liabilities are recognized and the results of operations of the acquired business are included in our consolidated financial statements from the effective date of the merger or acquisition.

Intangible assets other than goodwill are recognized if the benefit of the intangible asset is obtained through contractual or other legal rights, or if the intangible asset can be sold, transferred, licensed or exchanged, regardless of the Company’s intent to do so. Goodwill and identifiable intangible assets are recorded at their estimated fair value on the date of acquisition and are reviewed at least annually for impairment based on cash flow projections and fair value estimates.

U.S. GAAP requires that the annual, and any interim, goodwill impairment assessment be performed at the reporting unit level. Our reporting units have been identified at the operating unit level, which is one level below our operating segments. Substantially all goodwill was determined and recognized for each reporting unit pursuant to the accounting for the merger or acquisition as of the date of each transaction. With respect to acquisitions integrated into an existing reporting unit, any acquired goodwill is combined with the goodwill of the reporting unit.

Companies may perform a qualitative assessment as the initial step in the annual goodwill impairment testing process for all or selected reporting units. Companies are also allowed to bypass the qualitative analysis and perform a quantitative analysis if desired. Economic uncertainties and the length of time from the calculation of a baseline fair value are factors that we consider in determining whether to perform a quantitative test.

When we evaluate the potential for goodwill impairment using a qualitative assessment, we consider factors including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry conditions, the competitive environment, changes in the market for our products and services, regulatory and political developments, entity specific factors such as strategy and changes in key personnel and overall financial performance. If, after completing this assessment, it is determined that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we proceed to a quantitative impairment test. For the quantitative test, management determines the estimated fair value through the use of a discounted cash flow valuation model incorporating discount rates commensurate with the risks involved for each reporting unit. If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is less than the current carrying value, impairment of goodwill of the reporting unit is recognized. The key assumptions used in the discounted cash flow valuation model for impairment testing includes discount rates, revenue growth rates and EBITDA margins, cash flow projections and terminal value rates. Discount rates are set by using the weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”) methodology. The WACC methodology considers market and industry data in determining the appropriate discount rates to be used, inclusive of company-specific risk factors. The Company utilizes a third party valuation firm to assist in the determination of the WACC. The discount rate utilized for each reporting unit is indicative of the return an investor would expect to receive for investing in such a business.

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Management, considering industry and company-specific historical and projected data, develops growth rates, sales projections and cash flow projections for each reporting unit. Terminal value rate determination follows a common methodology of capturing the present value of perpetual cash flow estimates beyond the last projected period assuming a constant WACC and low long-term growth rates.

The impairment test for indefinite-lived intangible assets consists of a comparison between the estimated fair values and carrying values. If the carrying amounts of intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives exceed their estimated fair values, an impairment loss will be recognized in an amount equal to the difference. Management utilizes the royalty savings valuation method to determine the estimated fair value for each indefinite-lived intangible asset. In this method, management estimates the royalty savings arising from the ownership of the intangible asset. The key assumptions used in estimating the royalty savings for impairment testing include discount rates, royalty rates, growth rates, sales projections and terminal value rates. Discount rates used are similar to the rates developed by the WACC methodology, inclusive of considering any differences in company-specific risk factors between reporting units and the indefinite-lived intangible assets. Royalty rates are established by management with the advice of valuation experts. Management, considering industry and company-specific historical and projected data, develops growth rates and sales projections for each significant intangible asset. Terminal value rate determination follows common methodology of capturing the present value of perpetual sales estimates beyond the last projected period assuming a constant WACC and low long-term growth rates.

The discounted cash flow and royalty savings valuation methodologies require management to make certain assumptions based upon information available at the time the valuations are performed. Actual results could differ from these assumptions. Management believes the assumptions used are reflective of what a market participant would have used in calculating fair value considering the current economic conditions.

As of the first day of the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025, the date of the annual impairment test, no indefinite-lived intangible assets or goodwill was determined to be impaired. As economic and market conditions have not changed significantly since the first day of the fourth quarter, this conclusion remains appropriate as of September 30, 2025.

Income Taxes – The Company estimates income taxes in each jurisdiction in which it operates. This involves estimating taxable earnings, specific taxable and deductible items, the likelihood of generating sufficient future taxable income to utilize deferred tax assets and possible exposures related to future tax audits. To the extent these estimates change, adjustments to deferred and accrued income taxes are made in the period in which the changes occur. Historically, such adjustments have not been significant.

New Accounting Pronouncements

For information about new accounting pronouncements, see Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We present below certain financial information based on our EBITDA and EBITDA As Defined. References to “EBITDA” mean earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, and references to “EBITDA As Defined” mean EBITDA plus, as applicable for each relevant period, certain adjustments as set forth in the reconciliations of net income to EBITDA and EBITDA As Defined and the reconciliations of net cash provided by operating activities to EBITDA and EBITDA As Defined presented below.

Neither EBITDA nor EBITDA As Defined is a measurement of financial performance under U.S. GAAP. We present EBITDA and EBITDA As Defined because we believe they are useful indicators for evaluating operating performance and liquidity.

Our management believes that EBITDA and EBITDA As Defined are useful as indicators of liquidity because securities analysts, investors, rating agencies and others use EBITDA to evaluate a company’s ability to incur and service debt. In addition, EBITDA As Defined is useful to investors because the revolving credit facility under our senior secured credit facility requires compliance under certain circumstances, on a pro forma basis, with a financial covenant that measures the ratio of the amount of our secured indebtedness to the amount of our Consolidated EBITDA defined in the same manner as we define EBITDA As Defined herein.

In addition to the above, our management uses EBITDA As Defined to review and assess the performance of the management team in connection with employee incentive programs and to prepare its annual budget and financial projections. Moreover, our management uses EBITDA As Defined to evaluate acquisitions.

Although we use EBITDA and EBITDA As Defined as measures to assess the performance of our business and for the other purposes set forth above, the use of these non-GAAP financial measures as analytical tools has limitations, and you should not consider any of them in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of our results of operations as reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

• neither EBITDA nor EBITDA As Defined reflects the significant interest expense, or the cash requirements, necessary to service interest payments on our indebtedness;

• although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, and neither EBITDA nor EBITDA As Defined reflects any cash requirements for such replacements;

• the omission of the substantial amortization expense associated with our intangible assets further limits the usefulness of EBITDA and EBITDA As Defined;

• neither EBITDA nor EBITDA As Defined includes the payment of taxes, which is a necessary element of our operations; and

• EBITDA As Defined excludes the cash expense we have incurred to integrate acquired businesses into our operations, which is a necessary element of certain of our acquisitions.

Because of these limitations, EBITDA and EBITDA As Defined should not be considered as measures of discretionary cash available to us to invest in the growth of our business. Management compensates for these limitations by not viewing EBITDA or EBITDA As Defined in isolation and specifically by using other U.S. GAAP measures, such as net income, net sales and operating profit, to measure our operating performance. Neither EBITDA nor EBITDA As Defined is a measurement of financial performance under U.S. GAAP, and neither should be considered as an alternative to net income or cash flow from operations determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our calculation of EBITDA and EBITDA As Defined may not be comparable to the calculation of similarly titled measures reported by other companies.

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The following table sets forth a reconciliation of net income to EBITDA and EBITDA As Defined (in millions):

Fiscal Years Ended September 30,

Net Income

Adjustments:

Depreciation and amortization expense

Interest expense-net

Income tax provision

EBITDA

Adjustments:

Acquisition transaction and integration-related expenses (1)

Non-cash stock and deferred compensation expense (2)

Refinancing costs (3)

Other, net (4)

EBITDA As Defined

Represents costs incurred to integrate acquired businesses into our operations; facility relocation costs and other acquisition-related costs; transaction and valuation-related costs for acquisitions comprising deal fees, legal, financial and tax due diligence expenses; and amortization expense of inventory step-up recorded in connection with the purchase accounting of acquired businesses.

Represents the compensation expense recognized under our stock option plans and deferred compensation plans.

Represents costs expensed related to debt financing activities, including new issuances, extinguishments, refinancings and amendments to existing agreements.

Primarily represents foreign currency transaction gains or losses, payroll withholding taxes related to dividend equivalent payments and stock option exercises, non-service related pension costs, deferred compensation payments and other miscellaneous income or expense, such as gain on sale of business.

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The following table sets forth a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to EBITDA and EBITDA As Defined (in millions):

Fiscal Years Ended September 30,

Net cash provided by operating activities

Adjustments:

Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effects from acquisitions and sales of businesses

Interest expense-net (1)

Income tax provision-current

Amortization of inventory step-up

Loss contract amortization

Refinancing costs (2)

Gain on sale of businesses, net

Non-cash stock and deferred compensation expense (3)

Foreign currency exchange losses

EBITDA

Adjustments:

Acquisition transaction and integration-related expenses (4)

Non-cash stock and deferred compensation expense (3)

Refinancing costs (2)

Other, net (5)

EBITDA As Defined

Represents interest expense, net of interest income, excluding the amortization of debt issuance costs and discount on debt.

Represents costs expensed related to debt financing activities, including new issuances, extinguishments, refinancings and amendments to existing agreements.

Represents the compensation expense recognized under our stock option plans and deferred compensation plans.

Represents costs incurred to integrate acquired businesses into our operations; facility relocation costs and other acquisition-related costs; transaction and valuation-related costs for acquisitions comprising deal fees, legal, financial and tax due diligence expenses; and amortization expense of inventory step-up recorded in connection with the purchase accounting of acquired businesses.

Primarily represents foreign currency transaction gains or losses, payroll withholding taxes related to dividend equivalent payments and stock option exercises, non-service related pension costs, deferred compensation payments and other miscellaneous income or expense, such as gain on sale of business.

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