HTGM Htg Molecular Diagnostics, Inc - 10-K

RISK FACTORS

An investment in shares of our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, as well as the other information in this report, and in our other public filings, before deciding to purchase, hold or sell shares of our common stock. The occurrence of any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects or cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements we have made in this report and those we may make from time to time. In these circumstances, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. You should consider all of the risk factors described when evaluating our business.

Risks Related to our Business and Strategy

There is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We will need to raise additional capital to fund our operations in the future. If we are unsuccessful in attracting new capital, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate at least some of our product development programs or business development plans, may not be able to continue operations or may be forced to sell assets to do so. Alternatively, capital may not be available to us on favorable terms, or if at all. If available, financing terms may lead to significant dilution of our stockholders’ equity.

We are not profitable and have had negative cash flow from operations since our inception. To fund our operations and develop and commercialize our products, we have relied primarily on equity and debt financings and revenue generated from the sale of our HTG EdgeSeq products and related services. We currently expect that our existing resources will only be sufficient to fund our planned operations and expenditures until at least July 2023. In addition, potentially changing circumstances may also result in the depletion of our capital resources more rapidly than we currently anticipate. These circumstances raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Our efforts to use our transcriptome-based drug discovery engine to deliver new drug candidates in areas of significant unmet medical need are broad, expensive to achieve and will require substantial additional capital in the future. Our existing programs span early and late-stage discovery, with some approaching entrance into preclinical development. We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities as we continue research and development and add to our pipeline that we believe will be an accelerating number of additional programs. Preclinical testing is expensive and can take many years, which may make equity and debt financing more difficult to obtain.

We will need to obtain additional funds to finance our operations. Additional capital may not be available at such times or in amounts needed by us. Historically we have financed our business in part by access to the capital markets. However, the current volatility in the equity markets creates additional challenges to raising a sufficient amount of capital through an equity financing in the near term. Even if capital is available, it might be available only on unfavorable terms. Any additional equity or convertible debt financing into which we enter could be dilutive to our existing stockholders. Any future debt financing into which we enter may impose covenants upon us that restrict our operations, including limitations on our ability to incur liens or additional debt, pay dividends, repurchase our stock, make certain investments and engage in certain merger, consolidation or asset sale transactions. Any debt financing or additional equity that we raise may contain terms that are not favorable to us or our stockholders. If we raise additional funds through strategic collaborations, partnerships or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may need to relinquish rights to our technologies, our products or our drug candidates or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If access to sufficient capital is not available as and when needed, our business will be materially impaired, and we may be required to cease operations, curtail one or more product development or commercialization programs, or significantly reduce expenses, sell assets, seek a merger or joint venture partner, file for protection from creditors or liquidate all of our assets. Any of these factors could harm our operating results.

We have incurred losses since our inception and expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future. We cannot be certain that we will achieve or sustain profitability.

We have incurred losses since our inception and expect to incur losses in the future. We incurred net losses of $21.6 million and $17.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $229.9 million. We expect that our losses will continue for the foreseeable future as we will be required to invest significant additional funds to support product development, including the commercialization of our HTG EdgeSeq platform and proprietary consumables and advancement of our HTG Therapeutics business unit. Our ability to achieve or, if achieved, sustain profitability is based on numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including the market acceptance of our products and services, competitive product development and our market penetration and margins. We may never be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve or, if achieved, sustain profitability.

Payments under the instruments governing our indebtedness may reduce our working capital. In addition, a default under our SVB Term Loan could cause a material adverse effect on our financial position.

Pursuant to the terms of the NuvoGen obligation, we have paid NuvoGen $11.1 million, and are required to annually pay NuvoGen the greater of $400,000 or 6% of our yearly revenue until the total aggregate cash compensation paid to NuvoGen under the agreement equals $15.0 million. Payments to NuvoGen will result in a reduction in our working capital as we continue to make payments on this obligation.

The SVB Term Loan requires us, and any debt arrangements we may enter into in the future may require us, to comply with various covenants that limit our ability to, among other things:

dispose of assets;

complete mergers or acquisitions;

incur indebtedness or modify existing debt agreements;

amend or modify certain material agreements;

engage in additional lines of business;

encumber assets;

pay dividends or make other distributions to holders of our capital stock;

make specified investments; and

engage in transactions with our affiliates.

These restrictions could inhibit our ability to pursue our business strategies. If we default under our obligations under the SVB Term Loan, including as a result of a “material adverse change,” the lender could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure our indebtedness or declare all obligations under the SVB Term Loan to be due and payable. The definition of “material adverse change” is broad and includes a material impairment in the value of the collateral securing the SVB Term Loan, a material adverse change in our business, operations, or condition (financial or otherwise), and a material impairment of the prospect of repayment of any portion of the SVB Term Loan. Moreover, the determination by the lender as to whether a “material adverse change” has occurred is not within our control. This risk may be exacerbated by the recent closure of SVB. On March 10, 2023, the FDIC took control and was appointed receiver of SVB. The SVB Term Loan remains intact and we will continue to make required payments through the end of the current year, at which time the SVB Term Loan will be repaid in full. However, it is unclear how the current managers of SVB will view the SVB Term Loan from a risk standpoint and what actions they may elect to take under the SVB Term Loan to protect the financial interests of SVB.

In certain circumstances, procedures by the lender could result in a loss by us of all of our equipment and inventory, which are included in the collateral granted to the lender. Our intellectual property is not included in the collateral granted to the lender but is subject to a negative pledge. In addition, upon any distribution of assets pursuant to any liquidation, insolvency, dissolution, reorganization or similar proceeding, the holders of secured indebtedness will be entitled to receive payment in full from the proceeds of the collateral securing our secured indebtedness before the holders of other indebtedness or our common stock will be entitled to receive any distribution with respect thereto.

Unstable market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and share price.

The global economy, including credit and financial markets particularly in the emerging biotech sector, has experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, record inflation and uncertainty about economic stability. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in widespread unemployment, economic slowdown and extreme volatility in the capital markets. Similarly, the current Russia-Ukraine conflict has resulted and may result in the future in volatility in the global capital markets and has disrupted the global supply chain and energy markets. Any such volatility and disruptions may have adverse consequences on us or the third parties on whom we rely. If the equity and credit markets deteriorate, including as a result of bank failures, political unrest or war, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to obtain in a timely manner or on favorable terms, more costly or more dilutive.

Our HTG Therapeutics business strategy is unique, may not lead to successful drug products for various reasons, may require significant investments in working capital and may not generate any revenue.

In July 2021, we formed a new drug discovery business unit, HTG Therapeutics. This business unit uses our HTP and our epitranscriptomic profiling technologies to more thoroughly understand at the cellular level how cells respond to pharmacologic perturbation. By leveraging these profiling technologies earlier in the drug discovery process, our objective is for HTG Therapeutics to generate lead compounds faster, and with potentially more favorable efficacy and toxicity profiles, with the ultimate goal of generating interest from pharmaceutical companies that results in research or licensing collaborations for, or acquisitions of, these compounds. While we have hired experienced employees and added drug development depth to our Board of Directors, as a company we have no prior experience with drug discovery and development and may not be successful in this endeavor. If studying the transcriptomic profile does not prove to be a more insightful approach to understand diseases and the effects of molecules or does not lead to the biological insights for selection and design of drug candidates that we anticipate, our drug discovery platform may not be as useful or may not lead to as successful drug products, or we may have to move to a new business strategy, any of which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and results of operations.

Moreover, drug discovery and development is expensive and will require investments in working capital by us that may be significant. Our current drug candidates are discovery stage and are approaching entrance to preclinical development. Before we or a partner can bring any drug candidate to market, we must, among other things, complete preclinical studies, have the candidate manufactured to appropriate specifications, conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate safety and efficacy in humans, prepare regulatory registration packages and ultimately obtain marketing approval from global regulatory authorities, which, based on our early stage, we have not yet demonstrated our ability to do. Even if we are successful in partnering for one or more early-stage drug discovery programs with a pharmaceutical company, we will need to expend potentially significant capital resources on these programs prior to any such partnering, and potentially after, and there can be no assurance that we will generate meaningful revenue from these programs. Preclinical and clinical development are expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and are uncertain as to outcome. A failure of a clinical trial can occur at any stage of testing. The outcome of preclinical development testing and early clinical trials may not be predictive of success in later clinical trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results.

We have a limited history of operations for our preclinical-stage platform-based drug discovery business and no products approved by regulators for commercial sale, which may make it difficult to evaluate our current and future business prospects.

Since the creation of our drug discovery business in July 2021, we have focused substantial efforts and financial resources on building our drug discovery platform and developing our initial target compounds. All of our compounds are in the discovery stages and/or approaching preclinical development. We may never establish an out-licensing or collaboration arrangement for any compounds we develop, or if we do, the terms may not be favorable to us. Until we successfully partner, out-license develop and/or commercialize drug candidates for these targets, which may never occur, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings and strategic collaborations or similar arrangements. Biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. For these and other reasons discussed elsewhere in this Risk Factors section, it may be difficult to evaluate our current business and our future prospects.

As part of our current business model, we intend to seek to enter into strategic collaborations and licensing arrangements with third parties.

We have relied, and expect to continue to rely, on strategic development collaborations and licensing agreements with third parties to develop or in-license technologies based on which products or services we may develop or offer.

We have entered into agreements with third parties to facilitate or enable our development of assays, and ultimately diagnostic tests, to aid in the diagnosis of oncology diseases, such as breast cancer and melanoma, and other diseases. We intend to enter into additional similar agreements with life sciences companies, biopharmaceutical companies and other researchers for future diagnostic products.

In addition, we intend to seek strategic collaborations, partnerships and licensing arrangements with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies related to preclinical or clinical development or commercialization to fund expenses associated with development, registration and commercialization of our potential drug candidates. In the near term, the value of our company will depend in part on the number and quality of the collaborations and similar arrangements that we create. Whether we reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend, among other things, on our assessment of the collaborator's resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the potential collaborator's evaluation of our technologies and capabilities.

We cannot guarantee that we will enter into any additional agreements or collaborations. For example, our life sciences research or biopharmaceutical customers are not obligated to collaborate with us or license technology to us, and they may choose to develop diagnostic products themselves or collaborate with our competitors. Establishing strategic collaborations and licensing arrangements is difficult and time-consuming. Discussions may not lead to development collaborations or licenses on favorable terms, or at all. Potential collaborators or licensors may elect not to work with us based upon their assessment of our financial, regulatory or intellectual property position. To the extent that we enter new collaborative development or licensing agreements, they may never result in the successful development or commercialization of future drug candidates or other products or the generation of future sales revenue for a variety of reasons. The success of these arrangements will depend heavily on the efforts and activities of our collaborators. We cannot control the amount and timing of our collaborators’ resources that will be devoted to performing their responsibilities under our agreements with them. Moreover, to the extent we agree to work exclusively with a party in a given area, our opportunities to collaborate with others would be limited. Disputes with our collaborators could also impair our reputation or result in development delays, could consume time and divert management resources away from operations, impact our ability to enter into future collaboration agreements, decrease future revenue and or result litigation expenses or payments to settle disputes.

If we are unable to successfully commercialize our products, our business may be adversely affected.

Our sales of life science research products, profiling and diagnostic products, and potential future products will depend in large part on our ability to successfully increase the scope of our marketing efforts and establish and maintain a sales force commensurate with our then applicable markets. We currently market our products through our own sales force in the United States and Europe and have distributors in parts of Europe, though we may choose to expand our marketing and sales efforts into other parts of the world. However, we may not be able to market and sell our products effectively. If we do not build and maintain an efficient and effective sales force and distributor relationships targeting new markets, our business and operating results will be adversely affected. Further, if our products fail to achieve and sustain sufficient market acceptance, or we are not able to continue to expand our service relationships with third parties, we may not generate the expected revenues and our prospects could be harmed.

If our HTG EdgeSeq platform and proprietary profiling panels fail to achieve and sustain sufficient market acceptance, or we are not able to continue to expand our service relationships with biopharmaceutical customers, either directly or through a partner, we will not generate expected revenue, and our prospects may be harmed. If the utility of our HTG EdgeSeq platform, proprietary profiling panels, services and solutions in development is not supported by studies published in peer-reviewed medical publications, the rate of adoption of our current and future products and the rate of reimbursement of our future products by third-party payors may be negatively affected. We may provide our HTG EdgeSeq instrument and profiling panels free of charge or through other arrangements to customers or key opinion leaders through evaluation agreements or reagent rental programs, and these programs may not be successful in generating recurring revenue from sales of our systems and proprietary panels.

In addition, a component of our strategy is to develop diagnostic tools in conjunction with biopharmaceutical companies’ drug development programs, to help assess the proper course of treatment for specific diseases. Even if we are successful in developing those diagnostic tools and receive regulatory approval, we still may not be successful in marketing those diagnostic tests. Furthermore, the decision to advance an underlying drug candidate through clinical trials and ultimately to commercialization is at the discretion of biopharmaceutical companies with which we collaborate. Our biopharmaceutical partners may take certain actions that could negatively impact the utility and marketability of our diagnostic tests. For example, our biopharmaceutical partners could:

determine not to actively pursue the development or commercialization of an applicable drug candidate, including due to the failure to demonstrate sufficient efficacy, the occurrence of safety or tolerability issues, or any number of other reasons;

fail to obtain necessary regulatory approval of an applicable drug candidate;

obtain regulatory approval for a drug candidate in a manner that neither requires nor recommends the use of a companion diagnostic test prior to its use; or

choose alternative diagnostic tests to market with their products instead of ours.

To the extent that we develop diagnostic assays for a biopharmaceutical company in collaboration with a collaboration partner, we may not have responsibility for some or all aspects of developing, marketing or commercializing any resulting diagnostic tests. In addition to this biopharmaceutical partner risk, a collaboration partner may take certain actions that could negatively impact the development, utility and marketability of the applicable diagnostic tests. For example, a collaboration partner could fail to satisfy or fall behind in its obligations to us or to the biopharmaceutical company for which we develop a companion diagnostic test, which may delay development, regulatory approvals, market development and/or commercialization of the applicable companion diagnostic test.

COVID-19 has adversely affected our business and a resurgence of COVID-19 or another health epidemic or pandemic may have an adverse impact on our business in the future.

Our business, including our workforce, supply chain and customer base, has been adversely affected by COVID‑19 in the past and a resurgence of COVID-19 or another health epidemic or pandemic may adversely affect us in the future.

COVID-19 had a negative impact on our product and product-related services revenue in 2020, 2021 and 2022. While we saw some recovery in customers returning to work in 2022, the period of reduced revenue continued in 2022 as many customers did not return to historical operating levels, did not allow visitors on site at their facilities for some portion of the year or have not resumed previously planned studies. The extent of this impact has varied from customer to customer depending upon how they have been directly or indirectly impacted by local stay-at-home orders and other social distancing measures, priorities for the customers when the immediate impacts of the pandemic had passed, and the workforce and supplier impacts that each customer experienced during the pandemic.

It is also possible that COVID-19 or another epidemic or pandemic will impact our workforce, supply chains or distribution networks or otherwise impact our ability to conduct sample processing services in our laboratory or to travel to customer facilities for commercial or support functions in the future. Governmental mandates may require forced shutdowns of our facilities for extended or indefinite periods. A public health crisis could also substantially interfere with general commercial activity related to our supply chain and customer base, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, business or prospects. Restrictions resulting from a public health crisis may disrupt our supply chains or distribution networks or limit our ability to obtain sufficient materials for our consumables or instruments and may disrupt our ability to process customer samples or, to the extent we enter into collaborative services agreements with biopharmaceutical customers, perform collaborative development services. Further, to the extent our customers’ businesses are adversely affected by the pandemic, they might delay or reduce purchases from us or development projects with us, which could adversely affect our results of operations. The effects of ongoing or future health epidemics on our business remain uncertain and subject to change. While we do not know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on the global economy, these effects could have a material adverse impact on our operations, financial position and liquidity.

Our business operations might be disrupted or adversely affected by catastrophic events.

We manufacture our HTG EdgeSeq instrument and consumable products and perform our RUO profiling and custom RUO assay design services in our Tucson, Arizona facilities. In addition, our Tucson facilities are the center for order processing, receipt of critical components of our HTG EdgeSeq instrument and shipping products to customers. We do not have redundant facilities. Damage or the inability to utilize our Tucson facilities and the equipment we use to perform research, development or services and manufacture our products could be costly, and we would require substantial lead-time to repair or replace this facility and equipment. The Tucson facilities may be harmed or rendered inoperable by natural or man-made disasters, including flooding, wind damage, power spikes and power outages, which may render it difficult or impossible for us to perform these critical functions for some period of time. The inability to manufacture consumables or instruments, process customer samples, perform development services or ship products to customers for even a short period of time may result in the loss of customers or harm our reputation, and we may be unable to regain those customers in the future. Although we possess insurance for damage to our property and the disruption of our business, this insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses and may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, natural disasters or other catastrophic events in various parts of the world, including interruptions in the supply of natural resources, political and governmental changes, disruption in transportation networks or delivery services, severe weather conditions, wildfires and other fires, explosions, actions of animal rights activists, terrorist attacks, earthquakes, wars, conflicts (including the current Russia-Ukraine conflict), and public health issues could disrupt our operations or those of our collaborators, contractors and vendors or contribute to unfavorable economic or other conditions that could adversely impact us.

Our financial results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter or may fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, each of which may adversely affect our stock price.

Investors should consider our business and prospects considering the risks and difficulties we expect to encounter in the new, uncertain and rapidly evolving markets in which we compete. Because these markets are new and evolving, predicting their future growth and size is difficult. We expect that our visibility into future sales of our products, including volumes, prices and product mix between instruments, consumables and services, will continue to be limited and could result in unexpected fluctuations in our quarterly and annual operating results.

Numerous other factors, many of which are outside our control, may cause or contribute to significant fluctuations in our quarterly and annual operating results. For example, two customers accounted for 16% and 14% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022. The three largest customers accounted for 37%, 24%, and 13% of our accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2022. If orders from our top customers are discontinued and we are unable to establish new projects or continue to expand our customer base, our revenue in future periods may materially decrease. In addition, we experienced a significant slowing of product and product-related services revenue generation beginning in March 2020 as a result of COVID-19. This period of reduced revenue continued through the remainder of 2020, 2021 and into 2022 due to disruptions to our customers’ businesses as a result of the pandemic. The extent of this impact on our ongoing business is likely to vary from customer to customer depending upon how they are directly or indirectly impacted by local stay-at-home orders and other social distancing measures, priorities for the customers when the immediate impacts of the pandemic have passed, and the workforce and supplier impacts that each customer has experienced during the pandemic. Fluctuations in our operating results may make financial planning and forecasting difficult. In addition, these fluctuations may result in unanticipated decreases in our available cash, which could negatively affect our business and prospects. Factors that may contribute to fluctuations in our operating results include many of the risks described under the caption “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Business and Strategy” of this report. In addition, one or more of such factors may cause our revenue or operating expenses in one period to be disproportionately higher or lower relative to the others. Our products involve a significant capital commitment from our customers or may depend on customer studies that have variable or indefinite timelines and accordingly, involve a lengthy sales cycle. We may expend significant effort in attempting to make a particular sale, which may be deferred by the customer or never occur. Accordingly, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful, and investors should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance. If such fluctuations occur or if our operating results deviate from our expectations or the expectations of investors or securities analysts, our stock price may be adversely affected.

Our sales cycle is lengthy and variable, which makes it difficult for us to forecast revenue and other operating results.

Our sales process involves numerous interactions with multiple individuals within any given organization, and often includes in-depth analysis by potential customers of our products (where in some instances we will provide a demonstration unit for their use and evaluation), performance of proof-of-principle studies, preparation of extensive documentation and a lengthy review process. As a result of these factors, the capital investment required in purchasing our instrument and the budget cycles of our customers, the time from initial contact with a customer to our receipt of a purchase order can vary significantly and be up to 12 months or longer. Given the length and uncertainty of our sales cycle, we have in the past experienced, and likely will in the future experience, fluctuations in our product and product-related services revenue on a period-to-period basis. In addition, any failure to meet customer expectations could result in customers choosing to retain their existing systems or service providers or to purchase systems or services other than ours. To the extent we enter into collaborative services agreements with biopharmaceutical customers, the revenue that we expect to earn from our collaborative development services are also subject to an extended, variable timeline based on each project agreement, which will likely result in fluctuations in our collaborative development services revenue on a period-to-period basis as well.

We may not be able to develop new products or enhance the capabilities of our systems to keep pace with rapidly changing technology and customer requirements, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

Our success depends on our ability to develop new products and applications for our technology in existing and new markets, while improving the performance and cost-effectiveness of our systems. If we do not successfully manage the development and launch of new products, our products or our financial results could be adversely affected. Developing new products and applications may require large investments in working capital and/or the development of new methods or technologies.

Although we believe that our HTG Transcriptome Panel will be a foundational product for RUO profiling, future companion diagnostics and potential proprietary diagnostic products, and will allow us to further expand our product offerings outside of oncology and autoimmune, we have only recently initiated commercial sales of this panel and it may not have the commercial success that we anticipate or hope for, and we may not be able to continue to expand our product offerings.

In July 2021, we formed a new drug discovery business unit, HTG Therapeutics, which uses our HTP and epitranscriptomic profiling technologies in RNA profiling, and we expect that, by leveraging these profiling technologies earlier in the drug discovery process, HTG Therapeutics will generate lead compounds faster, and with potentially more favorable efficacy and toxicity profiles. However, there can be no assurance that HTG Therapeutics will be able to accomplish these goals or will otherwise be successful. In addition, we have built a machine learning-based chemical library design platform, which is expected to better predict the binding properties of a drug candidate to its target. If we are unsuccessful at developing this full machine learning-based chemical library design platform, or it, HTG Therapeutics or our HTP do not provide the benefits that we anticipate, our future revenue opportunities will be limited.

New technologies, techniques or products could emerge that might offer better combinations of price and performance than our current or future products and systems. Existing or future markets for our products, including gene expression analysis, liquid-based specimen analysis (e.g., plasma, blood and urine) and single-cell analysis, as well as potential markets for our diagnostic product candidates, are characterized by rapid technological change and innovation. It is critical to our success that we anticipate changes in technology and customer requirements and successfully introduce new, enhanced and competitive technologies to meet our customers’ and prospective customers’ needs on a timely and cost-effective basis. At the same time, however, we must carefully manage the introduction of new products. If customers believe that such products will offer enhanced features or be sold for a more attractive price, they may delay purchases until such products are available. We may also have excess or obsolete inventory of older products as we transition to new products and our experience in managing product transitions is very limited. If we do not successfully innovate and introduce new technology into our product lines or effectively manage the transitions to new product offerings, our revenue and results of operations will be adversely impacted.

Competitors may respond more quickly and effectively than we do to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements. We anticipate that we will face increased competition in the future as existing companies and competitors develop new or improved products and as new companies enter the market with new technologies.

If we do not successfully manage the development and launch of new products, our financial results could be adversely affected.

We face risks associated with launching new products and with undertaking to comply with regulatory requirements for certain types of our products. If we encounter development or manufacturing challenges, adjust our product development priorities, or discover deficiencies during our product development cycle, the product launch date(s) may be delayed, or certain product development projects may be terminated. The expenses or losses associated with unsuccessful product development or launch activities or lack of market acceptance of our new products could adversely affect our business or financial condition.

We may not be successful in expanding our customer base and introducing new applications for our profiling business.

Our current customer base is primarily composed of biopharmaceutical companies, academic institutions and molecular labs that perform analyses using or directly or indirectly obtain services based on our HTG EdgeSeq platform and consumables for research use only, which means that the products or data from services may not be used for clinical diagnostic purposes. The success of our profiling business will depend, in part, upon our ability to increase our market penetration among our customer bases, to continue to introduce new applications for our existing technology and to expand existing customer adoption of our RUO applications (whether product or service). To achieve these goals, we will need to enter into service arrangements with biopharmaceutical company customers, expand and adjust our sales strategy, continue to train our sales force and support publication of scientific publications that reflect the application of our technology in various areas. Additionally, we must demonstrate to laboratory directors, physicians and third-party payors that our products are effective in obtaining relevant information, and that our HTG EdgeSeq platform and related panels can enable an equivalent or superior approach than other available technology. Furthermore, we expect that a combination of increasing the installed base of our HTG EdgeSeq instruments and entering into additional service agreements with biopharmaceutical customers will drive increased demand for our relatively high margin panels. If we are not able to successfully increase our installed base and biopharmaceutical customer relationships, then sales of our products and services, and our margins for these revenue items may not meet expectations. Attracting new customers and introducing new applications for our products and services requires time and expense. Any failure to expand adoption of our technology would adversely affect our ability to improve our operating results.

Our HTG EdgeSeq product portfolio requires the use of NGS instrumentation and reagents and could be adversely affected by actions of third-party NGS product manufacturers over whom we have no control.

We depend at least in part on the availability of NGS instrumentation and reagents, and the ability of our HTG EdgeSeq products to operate seamlessly with NGS instrumentation. Any significant interruption or delay in the ability of our HTG EdgeSeq products to operate on or with NGS instrumentation could reduce demand for our products and result in a loss of customers.

Our reputation, and our ability to continue to establish or develop our technology for clinical applications of next-generation sequencers, are dependent upon the availability of NGS instrumentation and the reliable performance of our products with NGS instrumentation. We are not able to control the providers of NGS instrumentation, which increases our vulnerability to interoperability problems with the products that they provide. For example, providers of NGS instruments may discontinue existing products, or introduce new NGS instrumentation products with little or no notice to us.

If we do not achieve, sustain or successfully manage our anticipated growth, our business and growth prospects will be harmed.

Our current personnel, systems and facilities may not be adequate to support our business plan and future growth. Our need to effectively manage our operations, growth and various projects requires that we, among other things:

continue to improve our operational, financial, management and regulatory compliance controls and reporting systems and procedures;

attract and retain sufficient numbers of talented employees;

manage our commercialization activities effectively and in a cost-effective manner;

manage our relationship with third parties related to the development and commercialization of our products; and

manage our development efforts effectively while carrying out our contractual obligations to contractors and other third parties.

Moreover, growth will place significant strains on our management and our operational and financial systems and processes. For example, expanded market penetration of our HTG EdgeSeq platform and related proprietary panels, and future development and approval of diagnostic products, are key elements of our growth strategy that will require us to hire and retain additional sales and marketing, regulatory, manufacturing and quality assurance personnel. If we do not successfully forecast the timing and cost of the development of new panels and diagnostic products, the regulatory clearance or approval for product marketing of any future diagnostic products or the demand and commercialization costs of such products, or manage our anticipated expenses accordingly, our operating results will be harmed.

We expect to generate a portion of our revenue internationally and are subject to various risks relating to our international activities, which could adversely affect our operating results.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, approximately 35% of our revenue was generated from sales originated by customers located outside of the United States, respectively, compared with 31% for the year ended December 31, 2021. We expect that a percentage of our future revenue will continue to come from international sources, and we expect to expand our overseas operations and develop opportunities in additional areas. Engaging in international business involves a number of difficulties and risks, including:

required compliance with existing and changing foreign regulatory requirements and laws;

required compliance with anti-bribery laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and U.K. Bribery Act, data privacy requirements, labor laws and anti-competition regulations;

export and import restrictions;

various reimbursement, pricing and insurance regimes;

laws and business practices favoring local companies;

longer payment cycles and difficulties in enforcing agreements and collecting receivables through certain foreign legal systems;

political and economic instability, including due to the current Russia-Ukraine conflict;

potentially adverse tax consequences, tariffs, customs charges, bureaucratic requirements and other trade barriers, including transfer pricing, value added and other tax systems, double taxation and restrictions and/or taxation on repatriation of earnings;

tariffs, customs charges, bureaucratic requirements and other trade barriers;

difficulties and costs of staffing and managing foreign operations, including difficulties and costs associated with foreign employment laws;

increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities; and

difficulties protecting, procuring, or enforcing intellectual property rights, including from reduced or varied protection for intellectual property rights in some countries.

As we expand internationally our results of operations and cash flows will become increasingly subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Historically, most of our revenue has been denominated in U.S. dollars, although we have sold our products and services in local currency outside of the United States, principally the Euro. Our expenses are generally denominated in the currencies in which our operations are located, which is primarily in the United States. As our operations in countries outside of the United States grows, our results of operations and cash flows will increasingly be subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, which could negatively impact our results of operations in the future. For example, if the value of the U.S. dollar increases relative to foreign currencies, in the absence of an offsetting change in local currency prices, our revenue could be adversely affected as we convert revenue from local currencies to U.S. dollars.

If we dedicate significant resources to our international operations and are unable to manage these risks effectively, our business, operating results and prospects will suffer. Moreover, we cannot be certain that the investment and additional resources required in establishing operations in other countries will produce desired levels of revenue or profitability.

In addition, any failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory obligations could negatively impact us in a variety of ways that include, but are not limited to, significant criminal, civil and administrative penalties, including imprisonment of individuals, fines and penalties, denial of export privileges, seizure of products and restrictions on certain business activities.

If the utility of our HTG EdgeSeq platform, proprietary profiling panels, services and solutions in development is not supported by studies published in peer-reviewed medical publications, the rate of adoption of our current and future products and the rate of reimbursement of our future products by third-party payors may be negatively affected.

We anticipate that we will need to maintain a continuing presence in peer-reviewed publications to promote adoption of our products by biopharmaceutical companies, academic institutions and molecular labs and to promote favorable coverage and reimbursement decisions. We believe that peer-reviewed journal articles that provide evidence of the utility of our current and future products or the technology underlying the HTG EdgeSeq platform, consumables and services are important to our commercial success. It is critical to the success of our sales efforts that we educate a sufficient number of clinicians and administrators about our HTG EdgeSeq technology, including our epitranscriptomic profiling technology, our current panels and services and our future solutions, and demonstrate the research and clinical benefits of these solutions. Our customers may not adopt our current and future solutions, and third-party payors may not cover or adequately reimburse our future products, unless they determine, based on published peer-reviewed journal articles and the experience of other researchers and clinicians, that our products provide accurate, reliable, useful and cost-effective information. Peer-reviewed publications regarding our products and solutions may be limited by many factors, including delays in the completion of, poor design of, or lack of compelling data from studies that would be the subject of the article. If our current and future product and product-related service solutions or the technology underlying such products and services do not receive sufficient favorable exposure in peer-reviewed publications, the rate of research and clinical adoption and positive coverage and reimbursement decisions could be negatively affected.

We may provide our HTG EdgeSeq instrument and profiling panels free of charge or through other arrangements to customers or key opinion leaders through evaluation agreements or reagent rental programs, and these programs may not be successful in generating recurring revenue from sales of our systems and proprietary panels.

We sell our HTG EdgeSeq instrument and profiling panels under different arrangements to expand our installed base and facilitate the adoption of our platform.

In some instances, we provide equipment free of charge under evaluation agreements for a limited period of time to permit the user to evaluate the system for their purposes in anticipation of a decision to purchase the system. We retain title to the equipment under such arrangements unless the evaluator purchases the equipment, and in most cases, require evaluation customers to purchase a minimum quantity of consumables during the evaluation period.

When we place a system under a reagent rental agreement, we install equipment in the customer’s facility without a fee and the customer agrees to purchase consumable products at a stated price over the term of the agreement. While some of these agreements did not historically contain a minimum purchase requirement, we have included a minimum purchase requirement in all current reagent rental agreements and will continue to do so in the future. We retain title to the equipment and such title is transferred to the customer at no additional charge at the end of the initial arrangement. The cost of the instrument under the agreement is expected to be recovered in the fees charged for consumables, to the extent sold, over the term of the agreement.

Other arrangements might include a research agreement whereby an academic collaborator agrees to provide biological samples in exchange for the use of an HTG EdgeSeq instrument at no cost in furtherance of the collaborator’s professional goals and/or the educational or research objectives of an applicable institution.

Any of the foregoing arrangements could result in lost revenue and profit and potentially harm our long-term goal of achieving profitable operations. In addition, we require customers who receive systems that we continue to own to carry insurance sufficient to protect us against any equipment losses, we cannot guarantee that they will maintain such coverage, which may expose us to a loss of the value of the equipment in the event of any loss or damage.

There are instances where we provide our systems to key opinion leaders free of charge, to gather data and publish the results of their research to assist our marketing efforts. We have no control over some of the work being performed by these key opinion leaders, or whether the results will be satisfactory. It is possible that the key opinion leader may generate data that is unsatisfactory and could potentially harm our marketing efforts. In addition, customers may from time to time create negative publicity about their experience with our systems, which could harm our reputation and negatively affect market perception and adoption of our platform.

Placing our HTG EdgeSeq instruments under evaluation agreements, under reagent rental agreements or with our key opinion leaders without receiving payment for the instruments could require substantial additional working capital to provide additional units for sale to our customers.

We face risks related to handling of hazardous materials and other regulations governing environmental safety.

Our operations are subject to complex and stringent environmental, health, safety and other governmental laws and regulations that both public officials and private individuals may seek to enforce. Our activities that are subject to these regulations include, among other things, our use of hazardous materials and the generation, transportation and storage of waste. We could discover that we or an acquired business is not in material compliance with these regulations. Existing laws and regulations may also be revised or reinterpreted, or new laws and regulations may become applicable to us, whether retroactively or prospectively, that may have a negative effect on our business and results of operations. It is also impossible to eliminate completely the risk of accidental environmental contamination or injury to individuals. In such an event, we could be liable for any damages that result, and any liability could exceed our resources or any applicable insurance coverage we may have, which events could adversely affect our business.

The life sciences research and diagnostic markets are highly competitive. We face competition from enhanced or alternative technologies and products, which could render our products and/or technologies obsolete. If we fail to compete effectively, our business and operating results will suffer.

We face significant competition in the drug discovery, life sciences research and diagnostics markets.

The biopharmaceutical sector is populated with companies seeking to advance new and differentiated approaches to discovery and experimental therapeutics by way of different platform technologies or modalities with the intent for application to specific disease areas through focus on pharmacologic targets or through phenotypic approaches. In drug discovery, companies such as Accent Therapeutics, Arrakis Therapeutics, Storm Therapeutics and other discovery-stage biotechnology companies are focused in similar therapeutic areas.

We currently compete with both established and early-stage life sciences research companies that design, manufacture and market instruments and consumables for gene expression analysis, liquid-based specimen analysis (e.g., plasma, blood and urine), single-cell analysis, PCR, digital PCR, other nucleic acid detection and additional applications. These companies use well-established laboratory techniques such as microarrays or qPCR as well as newer technologies such as next-generation sequencing. We believe our principal competitors in the life sciences research market are Abbott Molecular, Affymetrix, Inc., Agilent Technologies, Inc., BioRad Laboratories, Invitae, Fluidigm Corporation, Illumina, Inc., Luminex Corporation, NanoString Technologies, Inc., Personal Genome Diagnostics (acquired by Labcorp), entities owned and controlled by QIAGEN N.V., Roche Diagnostics, a division of the Roche Group of companies, and Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. In addition, there are several other market entrants in the process of developing novel technologies for the life sciences market. One or more of our competitors could develop a product that is superior to a product we offer or intend to offer, or our technology and products may be rendered obsolete or uneconomical by advances in existing technologies.

Within the diagnostic market, there are competitors that manufacture systems for sales to hospitals and laboratories and other competitors that offer tests conducted through CLIA certified laboratories. We will also compete with commercial diagnostics companies. Most of our current competitors are either publicly traded, or are divisions of publicly traded companies, and enjoy a number of competitive advantages over us, including:

greater name and brand recognition, financial and human resources;

broader product lines;

larger sales forces and more established distributor networks;

substantial intellectual property portfolios;

larger and more established customer bases and relationships; and

better established, larger scale, and lower cost manufacturing capabilities.

We believe that the principal competitive factors in all of our target markets include:

cost of capital equipment;

cost of consumables and supplies;

reputation among customers;

innovation in product offerings;

flexibility and ease-of-use;

accuracy and reproducibility of results; and

compatibility with existing laboratory processes, tools and methods.

We believe that additional competitive factors specific to the diagnostics market include:

breadth of clinical decisions that can be influenced by information generated by tests;

volume, quality, and strength of clinical and analytical validation data;

availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement for testing services; and

economic benefit accrued to customers based on testing services enabled by products.

Our products may not compete favorably, and we may not be successful in the face of increasing competition from new products and technologies introduced by our existing competitors or new companies entering our markets. In addition, our competitors may have or may develop products or technologies that currently or in the future will enable them to produce competitive products with greater capabilities or at lower costs than ours. Any failure to compete effectively could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our revenue currently depends in part on research and development spending by academic and governmental research institutions and biopharmaceutical companies, a reduction in which could limit demand for our products and adversely affect our business and operating results.

Our revenue is currently derived from sales of our HTG EdgeSeq instrument and related proprietary panels, the design of custom RUO assays and sample processing for research applications to biopharmaceutical companies, academic institutions and molecular labs, predominantly in the United States and Europe. The demand for our products and services will depend in part upon the research and development budgets of these customers, which are impacted by factors beyond our control, such as:

changes in government programs that provide funding to research institutions and companies;

macroeconomic conditions and the political climate;

changes in the regulatory environment;

differences in budgetary cycles;

market-driven pressures to consolidate operations and reduce costs; and

market acceptance of relatively new technologies, such as ours.

We believe that any uncertainty regarding the availability of research funding may adversely affect our operating results and may adversely affect sales to customers or potential customers that rely on government funding. In addition, academic, governmental and other research institutions that fund research and development activities may be subject to stringent budgetary constraints that could result in spending reductions, reduced allocations or budget cutbacks, which could jeopardize the ability of these customers to purchase our products or services. Our operating results may fluctuate substantially due to reductions and delays in research and development expenditures by these customers. Any decrease in our customers’ budgets or expenditures, or in the size, scope or frequency of capital or operating expenditures, could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our research and development efforts will be hindered if we are not able to contract with third parties for access to archival patient samples.

Our future development of products for clinical indications will require access to archival patient samples for which data relevant to the clinical indication of interest is known. We rely on our ability to secure access to these archived patient samples, including FFPE tissue, plasma, serum, whole blood preserved in PAXgene, or various cytology preparations, together with the information pertaining to the clinical outcomes of the patients from which the samples were taken. Owners or custodians of relevant samples may be difficult to identify and/or identified samples may be of poor quality or limited in number or amount. Additionally, others compete with us for access to these samples for both research and commercial purposes. Even when an appropriate cohort of samples is identified, the process of negotiating access to these samples can be lengthy because it typically involves numerous parties and approval levels to resolve complex issues such as usage rights, institutional review board approval, privacy rights, publication rights, and intellectual property ownership. In addition, in some instances the cost to acquire samples can be prohibitively expensive. If we are not able to negotiate access to archived patient samples on a timely basis and on acceptable terms, or at all, or if our competitors or others secure access to these samples before us, our ability to research, develop and commercialize future products will be limited or delayed.

We are dependent on third-party suppliers for certain subcomponents of our products, including a single supplier for one subcomponent of our HTG EdgeSeq instruments.

We rely on third-party suppliers to supply certain subcomponents used in our HTG EdgeSeq instruments and consumables, including a single supplier, In Position Technologies, to produce a certain subcomponent used in our HTG EdgeSeq instruments. While we periodically forecast our needs for these subcomponents, our contracts with these suppliers do not commit them to carry inventory or make available any particular quantities, and the suppliers may give other customers’ needs higher priority than ours and we may not be able to obtain adequate supplies in a timely manner or on commercially reasonable terms. If we were to lose any of these suppliers, we may not be able to identify or enter into agreements with alternative suppliers on a timely basis on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, we have in the past experienced supply issues, as well as quality control problems such as shipment errors, with certain of our suppliers, and may experience problems in the future. If we should encounter delays or difficulties in securing the quality and quantity of subcomponents we require for our products, our supply chain would be interrupted or our products may not perform as expected, which would adversely affect our sales. A loss or performance failure of any of these suppliers could significantly delay the delivery or impact the performance of our products, which in turn would materially affect our ability to generate revenue. If any of these events occur, our business and operating results could be materially harmed.

We rely on distributors for sales of our products in several markets outside of the United States.

We have established exclusive and non-exclusive distribution agreements for our HTG EdgeSeq platform and related profiling panels within parts of Europe and the Middle East. We intend to continue to grow our business internationally, and to do so, in addition to expanding our own direct sales and support team, we plan to attract additional distributors and sales partners to maximize the commercial opportunity for our products. We cannot guarantee that we will be successful in attracting desirable distribution and sales partners or that we will be able to enter into such arrangements on favorable terms. Distributors and sales partners may not commit the necessary resources to market and sell our products to the level of our expectations or may favor marketing the products of our competitors. If current or future distributors or sales partners do not perform adequately, or we are unable to enter into effective arrangements with distributors or sales partners in particular geographic areas, we may not realize long-term international revenue growth.

Limitations in the use of our products could harm our reputation or decrease market acceptance of our products; undetected errors or defects in our products could harm our reputation, decrease market acceptance of our products or expose us to product liability claims.

Our products are subject to the limitations set forth in the product labeling, which may not satisfy the needs of all customers. For example, in the past we have introduced new panels that initially were intended to be used with specific sample types. Because our customers desire that our panels be broadly applicable to many biological sample types, these initial limitations could harm our reputation or decrease market acceptance of our products. If that occurs, we may incur significant costs, the attention of our key personnel could be diverted, or other significant customer relations problems may arise, which could harm our business and operating results.

Similarly, our products may contain undetected errors or defects when first introduced or as new versions are released. Since our current customers use our products for research and, if cleared or approved for diagnostic applications, disruptions or other performance problems with our products may damage our customers’ businesses and could harm our reputation. If that occurs, we may incur significant costs, the attention of our key personnel could be diverted, or other significant customer relations problems may arise. We may also be subject to warranty and liability claims for damages related to errors or defects in our products. A material liability claim or other occurrence that harms our reputation or decreases market acceptance of our products could harm our business and operating results.

The sale and use of products or services based on our technologies, or activities related to our research and clinical studies, could lead to the filing of product liability claims if someone were to allege that one of our products contained a design or manufacturing defect which resulted in the failure to adequately perform the analysis for which it was designed. A product liability claim could result in substantial damages and be costly and time consuming to defend, either of which could materially harm our business or financial condition. We cannot assure investors that our product liability insurance could adequately protect our assets from the financial impact of defending a product liability claim. Any product liability claim brought against us, with or without merit, could increase our product liability insurance rates or prevent us from securing insurance coverage in the future.

Uncertainties in the interpretation and application of existing, new and proposed tax laws and regulations could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate.

The tax regimes to which we are subject or under which we operate are unsettled and may be subject to significant change. The issuance of additional guidance related to existing or future tax laws, or changes to tax laws or regulations proposed or implemented by the current or a future U.S. presidential administration, Congress, or taxing authorities in other jurisdictions, including jurisdictions outside of the United States, could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate. To the extent that such changes have a negative impact on us, including as a result of related uncertainty, these changes may adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

The amount of taxes we pay in different jurisdictions depends on the application of the tax laws of various jurisdictions, including the United States, to our international business activities, tax rates, new or revised tax laws, or interpretations of tax laws and policies, and our ability to operate our business in a manner consistent with our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements. The taxing authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate may challenge our methodologies for pricing intercompany transactions pursuant to our intercompany arrangements or disagree with our determinations as to the income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions. If such a challenge or disagreement were to occur, and our position was not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest, and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows, and lower overall profitability of our operations. Our financial statements could fail to reflect adequate reserves to cover such a contingency. Similarly, a taxing authority could assert that we are subject to tax in a jurisdiction where we believe we have not established a taxable connection, often referred to as a “permanent establishment” under international tax treaties, and such an assertion, if successful, could increase our expected tax liability in one or more jurisdictions.

Effective January 1, 2022, legislation enacted in 2017, informally titled the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) eliminated the option to deduct research and development expenses for tax purposes in the year incurred and requires taxpayers to capitalize and subsequently amortize such expenses over five years for research activities conducted in the United States and over 15 years for research activities conducted outside the United States. Although there have been legislative proposals to repeal or defer the capitalization requirement to later years, there can be no assurance that the provision will be repealed or otherwise modified. Future guidance from the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities with respect to such legislation may affect us, and certain aspects of such legislation could be repealed or modified in future legislation.

Our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

As of December 31, 2022, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) to offset future taxable income of $203.0 million, of which $121.6 million will begin to expire after 2023 if not utilized, while the remainder can be carried forward indefinitely. A lack of future taxable income would adversely affect our ability to utilize these NOLs. Under current law, our federal NOLs incurred in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 may be carried forward indefinitely but the deductibility of these federal NOLs is limited to 80% of taxable income. In addition, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and corresponding provisions of state law, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” (generally defined as a greater than 50% change, by value, in its equity ownership over a three-year period) is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-ownership change NOL carryforwards and certain other pre-ownership change tax attributes to offset post-ownership change income or taxes. We believe we may have already experienced one or more ownership changes and may in the future experience one or more additional ownership changes, and thus, our ability to utilize pre-ownership change NOL carryforwards and other pre-ownership change tax attributes to offset post-ownership change income or taxes may be limited. Such limitations may cause a portion of our NOL and credit carryforwards to expire before we are able to utilize them. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of NOL carryforwards is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed. We have recorded a full valuation allowance related to our NOLs and other deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty of the ultimate realization of the future benefits of those assets.

Acquisitions or joint ventures could disrupt our business, cause dilution to our stockholders and otherwise harm our business.

We may acquire other businesses, products or technologies as well as pursue strategic alliances, partnerships, joint ventures, technology licenses or investments in complementary businesses. We have limited experience with respect to business, product or technology acquisitions or the formation of collaborations, strategic alliances and joint ventures or investing in complementary businesses. Any of these transactions could be material to our financial condition and operating results and expose us to many risks, including:

disruption in our relationships with customers, distributors or suppliers as a result of such a transaction;

unanticipated liabilities related to acquired companies;

difficulties integrating acquired personnel, intellectual property, products, technologies or drug candidates of an acquired company into our existing business;

diversion of management time and focus from operating our business to acquisition integration challenges;

increases in our expenses and reductions in our cash available for operations and other uses; and

possible write-offs or impairment charges relating to acquired businesses.

Foreign acquisitions involve unique risks in addition to those mentioned above, including those related to integration of operations across different cultures and languages, currency risks and the particular economic, political and regulatory risks associated with specific countries. Also, the anticipated benefit of any acquisition may not materialize. Future acquisitions or dispositions could result in potentially dilutive issuances of our equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or amortization expenses or write-offs of goodwill, any of which could harm our financial condition. We cannot predict the number, timing or size of future joint ventures or acquisitions, or the effect that any such transactions might have on our operating results.

If any members of our management team were to leave us or we are unable to recruit, train and retain key personnel, we may not achieve our goals.

Our future success depends on our ability to recruit, train, retain and motivate key personnel, including our senior management, research and development, manufacturing, service and sales and marketing personnel. If we were to lose one or more of our key employees, we may experience difficulties in competing effectively, developing our technologies and implementing our business strategies. Competition for qualified personnel is intense, and we may not be able to attract talent. Our growth depends, in part, on attracting, retaining and motivating highly trained sales personnel with the necessary scientific background and ability to understand our systems at a technical level to effectively identify and sell to potential new customers, including new biopharmaceutical company customers. In particular, our HTG Therapeutics business division requires us to continue to establish and maintain scientific expertise in drug discovery and early development and may require in the future additional support in the areas of expertise that contribute to our transcriptome-informed drug discovery and design platforms and well as to our therapeutics pipeline. In addition, the commercialization of our HTG EdgeSeq platform and related panels requires us to continue to establish and maintain sales and support teams to optimize the markets for research tools and, where approved, diagnostic assays, and to fully optimize a broad array of diagnostic market opportunities as we receive approval for any future diagnostic products. We do not maintain fixed term employment contracts or key man life insurance relating to any of our employees. Because of the complex and technical nature of our products and the dynamic market in which we compete, any failure to retain our management team or to attract, train, retain and motivate other qualified personnel could materially harm our operating results and growth prospects.

Our operating results may be harmed if we are required to collect sales, services or other related taxes for our products and services in jurisdictions where we have not historically done so.

We do not believe that we are required to collect sales, use, services or other similar taxes from our customers in certain jurisdictions. However, one or more countries or states may seek to impose sales, use, services, or other tax collection obligations on us, including for past sales. A successful assertion by one or more jurisdictions that we should collect sales or other taxes on the sale of our products and services could result in substantial tax liabilities for past sales and decrease our ability to compete for future sales. Each country and each state has different rules and regulations governing sales and use taxes and these rules and regulations are subject to varying interpretations that may change over time. We review these rules and regulations periodically and, when we believe sales and use taxes apply in a particular jurisdiction, voluntarily engage tax authorities in order to determine how to comply with their rules and regulations. However, we cannot guarantee that we will not be subject to sales and use taxes or related penalties for past sales in jurisdictions where we presently believe sales and use taxes are not due.

Providers of goods or services are typically held responsible by taxing authorities for the collection and payment of any applicable sales and similar taxes. If one or more taxing authorities determines that taxes should have, but have not, been paid with respect to our products and services, we may be liable for past taxes in addition to being required to collect sales or similar taxes in respect of our products and services going forward. Liability for past taxes may also include substantial interest and penalty charges. Our customer contracts provide that our customers must pay all applicable sales and similar taxes. Nevertheless, customers may be reluctant to pay back taxes and may refuse responsibility for interest or penalties associated with those taxes or we may determine that it would not be feasible to seek reimbursement. If we are required to collect and pay back taxes and the associated interest and penalties and if our customers do not reimburse us for all or a portion of these amounts, we will have incurred unplanned expenses that may be substantial. Moreover, imposition of such taxes on our products and services going forward will effectively increase the cost of such products and services to our customers.

Many states are also pursuing legislative expansion of the scope of goods and services that are subject to sales and similar taxes as well as the circumstances in which a vendor of goods and services must collect such taxes. Following the U.S. Supreme Court decision in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., states are now free to levy taxes on sales of goods and services based on an “economic nexus,” regardless of whether the seller has a physical presence in the state. Furthermore, legislative proposals have been introduced in Congress that would provide states with additional authority to impose such taxes. Accordingly, it is possible that either federal or state legislative changes may require us to collect additional sales and similar taxes from our customers in the future.

Our insurance policies are expensive and protect us only from some business risks, which may leave us exposed to significant uninsured liabilities.

We do not carry insurance for all categories of risk that our business may encounter. Some of the policies we currently maintain include general liability, foreign liability, employee benefits liability, property, automobile, umbrella, workers’ compensation, crime (including cybercrime), fiduciary, products liability, pollution, errors and omissions and directors and officers insurance. We do not know, however, if we will be able to maintain existing insurance with adequate levels of coverage. Any significant uninsured liability may require us to pay substantial amounts, which would adversely affect our cash position and results of operations.

Performance issues, service interruptions or price increases by our shipping carriers could adversely affect our business and harm our reputation and ability to provide our services on a timely basis.

Expedited, reliable shipping is essential to our operations. We rely heavily on providers of transport services for reliable and secure point-to-point transport of our HTG EdgeSeq instrument and consumables to our customers and, as applicable, customers’ samples to our laboratory, and for enhanced tracking of these shipments. Should a carrier encounter delivery performance issues such as loss, damage or destruction of any instrumentation, consumables or samples, it would be costly to replace such instrumentation or consumables in a timely manner and may be difficult to replace customers’ samples lost or damaged in shipping, and such occurrences may damage our reputation and lead to decreased demand for our products and increased cost and expense to our business. In addition, any significant increase in shipping rates could adversely affect our operating margins and results of operations. Similarly, strikes, severe weather, natural disasters or other service interruptions affecting delivery services we use would adversely affect our ability to process orders for our products or receive recipient samples on a timely basis.

If our information technology systems or those of third parties upon which we rely are or were compromised, we could experience adverse consequences resulting from such consequences including but not limited to damage to our reputation and/or subject us to costs, fines, penalties, lawsuits, business interruption or otherwise adversely affect our business.

Our business requires collecting, receiving, processing, generating, transferring, disposing of, transmitting, sharing, manipulating, analyzing, disclosing, storing, making accessible and otherwise using (collectively, processing) large amounts of proprietary, confidential and sensitive data, including personal data about our employees and others, information we collect from samples we process, intellectual property, trade secrets, and proprietary business information owned or controlled by ourselves or other third parties (collectively, sensitive data).

The confidentiality, availability, integrity and protection of our data and information technology systems is critical to our business and relevant stakeholders have a high expectation that we will adequately protect sensitive data. Our business therefore depends on the continuous, effective, reliable and secure operation of our data and information technology systems.

To the extent that our information technology systems malfunction or access to our data is interrupted or otherwise compromised, our business could suffer. If we or the third parties upon which we rely have experienced or in the future experience any security incident(s) or other interruption(s) that result in any data loss, deletion or destruction, unauthorized, unlawful or accidental access to, loss of, acquisition of or disclosure of, alteration, encryption or exposure of sensitive data, or compromise related to the security, confidentiality, integrity or availability of our (or their) information technology systems or data, it may result in material adverse impacts.

We and third parties upon which we rely are vulnerable to cyberattacks, malicious internet-based activity and online and offline fraud and other similar activities, such as social-engineering attacks, credential harvesting, supply-chain attacks, software bugs, malicious code (such as viruses and worms), employee theft or misuse, denial-of-service attacks (such as credential stuffing), ransomware attacks, phishing attacks, viruses, malware installation, server malfunction, software or hardware failures, telecommunications failures, physical or software break-ins, loss of data and other computer assets, adware or other similar issues. Such threats are prevalent and continue to increase and come from a variety of sources, including traditional computer “hackers”, threat actors, “hacktivists”, organized criminal threat actors, personnel (such as through theft or misuse), sophisticated nation states, and nation-state-supported actors. Some actors now engage and are expected to continue to engage in cyber-attacks, including without limitation nation-state actors for geopolitical reasons and in conjunction with military conflicts and defense activities. During times of war and other major conflicts, we and the third parties upon which we rely may be vulnerable to a heightened risk of these attacks, including retaliatory cyber-attacks, that could materially disrupt our systems and operations, supply chain, and ability to produce, sell and distribute our services. For example, some third parties upon which we rely to support our business are located in unstable regions and regions experiencing (or expected to experience) geopolitical or other conflicts, including Ukraine which was attacked by Russia in February 2022 through various means, including cyberattacks.

In particular, severe ransomware attacks, including those from organized criminal threat actors, nation-states and nation-state supported actors, are becoming increasingly prevalent and severe and can lead to significant interruptions, delays, or outages in our operations, loss of data (including sensitive data) and income, significant extra expenses to restore data or systems, reputational loss and the diversion of funds. To alleviate the financial, operational and reputational impact of a ransomware attack, it may be preferable to make extortion payments, but we may be unwilling or unable to do so (including, for example, if applicable laws or regulations prohibit such payments).

Additionally, as remote work has become more common, there is an increased risk to our information technology systems and data, as more of our employees utilize network connections, computers and devices outside our premises or network, including working at home, while in transit and in public locations. Moreover, future or past business transactions (such as acquisitions or integrations) could expose us to additional cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities, as our systems could be negatively affected by vulnerabilities present in acquired or integrated entities’ systems and technologies. Furthermore, we may discover security issues that were not found during due diligence of such acquired or integrated entities, and it may be difficult to integrate companies into our information technology environment and security program.

In addition, we rely on enterprise software systems and third-party service providers and sub-processors to operate and manage our business, and to process sensitive data in a variety of contexts, including, without limitation, cloud-based infrastructure, data center facilities, encryption and authentication technology, employee email, content delivery to customers, and other functions. Our ability to monitor these third parties’ information security practices is limited, and these third parties may not have adequate information security measures in place. If our third-party service providers experience a security incident or other interruption, we could experience adverse consequences. While we may be entitled to damages if our third-party service providers fail to satisfy their privacy or security-related obligations to us, any award may be insufficient to cover our damages, or we may be unable to recover such award. Additionally, supply chain attacks have increased in frequency and severity, and we cannot guarantee that third parties and infrastructure in our supply chain have not been compromised or that they do not contain exploitable defects or bugs that could result in a breach of or disruption to our systems and networks or the systems and networks of third parties that support us and our services.

While we have implemented security measures designed to protect against security incidents, and take steps to detect and remediate vulnerabilities, we may not be able to detect and remediate all vulnerabilities because the threats and techniques used to exploit the vulnerability change frequently and are often sophisticated in nature. Therefore, such vulnerabilities could be exploited but may not be detected until after a security incident has occurred. Further, we may experience delays in developing and deploying remedial measures designed to address any such identified vulnerabilities. We could be required to expend significant resources, fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our services, software, operations or information technology in an effort to protect against security incidents and to mitigate, detect and remediate actual and potential vulnerabilities and security incidents. There can be no assurances that our security measures or those of the third parties upon which we rely will be effective in protecting against all security incidents and the material adverse impacts that may arise from such incidents.

Despite the security controls we have in place, security incidents are very difficult to avoid. We have experienced specific instances of cyber events, including attempted compromises, in the past, and there could be unauthorized access, acquisition, disclosure and use of non-public information (including personal data) in the future. The techniques used to attack information technology systems are sophisticated and change. As a result, we or the third parties upon which we rely may not be able to address these techniques proactively or implement adequate preventative measures. If our data or information technology systems (or those of third parties upon which we rely) are compromised, we could be subject to restrictions on processing sensitive data (including personal data), negative publicity, monetary fund diversions, interruptions in our operations (including availability of data), financial loss, reputational damage, fines, penalties, damages, litigation (including class claims) and enforcement actions (for example, investigations, audits and inspections), and we could lose trade secrets, the occurrence of which could harm our business. In addition, a security incident may require notification to governmental agencies, supervisory bodies, credit reporting agencies, the media or individuals pursuant to various obligations. Such disclosures are costly, and the disclosures or the failure to comply with such requirements, could lead to material adverse impacts, including without limitation, negative publicity, a loss of customer confidence in our services or security measures or breach of contract claims.

There can be no assurance that the limitations of liability in our contracts would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from liabilities or damages if we fail to comply with obligations related to security incidents. We cannot be sure that our insurance coverage will be adequate or sufficient to protect us from or adequately mitigate liabilities or damages with respect to claims, costs, expenses, litigation, fines, penalties, business loss, data loss, regulatory actions or material adverse impacts arising out of our privacy and security practices, processing or security incidents we may experience, or that such coverage will continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceeds our available insurance coverage, or results in changes to our insurance policies (including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements) could have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, we cannot be sure that our existing insurance coverage and coverage for errors and omissions will continue to be available on acceptable terms or that our insurers will not deny coverage as to any future claim.

We are subject to stringent and evolving U.S. and foreign laws, regulations, rules, contractual obligations, policies, self-regulatory schemes, government regulation, and other obligations or standards related to data privacy and security. The actual or perceived failure by us, our customers, partners or vendors to comply with such obligations could lead to regulatory investigations or actions; litigation; fines and penalties; disruptions of our business operations; reputational harm; loss of revenue or profits; and other adverse business consequences.

In the ordinary course of business, we process sensitive data. We are subject to numerous federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations, as well as regulatory guidance, industry standards, and other obligations relating to data privacy and security, governing the processing of personal data, such as information that we collect about employees and patients in the United States and abroad. Our data processing activities may subject us to numerous data privacy and security obligations, such as various laws, regulations, guidance, industry standards, external and internal privacy and security policies, contractual requirements, and other obligations relating to data privacy and security.

In the United States, federal, state, and local governments have enacted numerous data privacy and security laws, including data breach notification laws, personal data privacy laws, consumer protection laws (e.g., Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act), and other similar laws (e.g., wiretapping laws). For example, HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, imposes specific requirements relating to the privacy, security, and transmission of individually identifiable health information. Additionally, the California Consumer Privacy Act, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) (collectively, “CCPA”), applies to personal data of California-resident consumers, business representatives, and employees, and establishes a privacy framework for covered businesses. The CCPA provides for administrative fines of up to $7,500 per violation and allows private rights of action for certain data breaches. Although the CCPA exempts some data processed in the context of clinical trials, as we expand our operations, the CCPA may increase our compliance costs and potential liability. Additionally, the CPRA expanded the CCPA’s requirements, including by expanding consumers’ rights with respect to certain sensitive personal data and creating a new state agency to implement and enforce the law. We may be subject to additional U.S. privacy regulations in the future, including the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, and the Colorado Privacy Act, both of which either took or take effect in 2023. While these states, like the CCPA, also exempt some data processed in the context of clinical trials, these developments further complicate compliance efforts, and increase legal risk and compliance costs for us and the third parties upon which we rely.

Our operations abroad may also be subject to increased scrutiny or attention from data protection authorities. Many countries in the regions in which we operate or may operate have established or are in the process of establishing privacy and data security legal frameworks with which we and the third parties upon which we rely must comply. For example, the EU has adopted the General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (“EU GDPR”), which went into effect in May 2018, and the United Kingdom has adopted the United Kingdom’s GDPR (“UK GDPR”). These regulations introduce strict requirements for processing the personal data of individuals in the EU and UK. The EU and UK GDPR have and will continue to increase compliance burdens on us, including by mandating potentially burdensome documentation requirements and granting certain rights to individuals to control how we collect, use, disclose, retain and process information about them. Processing sensitive personal data, such as health information, may impose heightened compliance burdens under the EU and UK GDPR and is a topic of active interest among foreign regulators. In addition, the EU and UK GDPR provide for more robust regulatory enforcement and fines of up to €20 million under the EU GDPR (or £17.5 million under the UK GDPR) or 4% of the annual global revenue of the noncompliant company, whichever is greater. Under the EU GDPR, companies may face private litigation related to processing of personal data brought by classes of data subjects or consumer protection organizations authorized at law to represent their interests. As we expand into other foreign countries and jurisdictions, we may be subject to additional laws and regulations that may affect how we conduct business.

Certain data protection laws, including the EU GDPR, restrict the transfer of personal data from Europe, including the European Economic Area (“EEA”), UK and Switzerland, and other jurisdictions to the United States or other countries unless the parties to the transfer have implemented specific safeguards to protect the transferred personal data. In particular, the EEA and UK have significantly restricted the transfer of personal data to the United States and other countries whose privacy laws it believes are inadequate. Other jurisdictions may adopt similarly stringent interpretations of their data localization and cross-border data transfer laws. Although there are currently various mechanisms that may be used to transfer personal data from the EEA and UK to the United States in compliance with law, such as the EEA and UK’s standard contractual clauses, these mechanisms are subject to legal challenges, and there is no assurance that we can satisfy or rely on these measures to lawfully transfer personal data to the United States. As such, if there is no lawful manner for us to transfer personal data from the EEA, the UK or other jurisdictions to the United States, or if the requirements for a legally-compliant transfer are too onerous, we could face significant adverse consequences, including the interruption or degradation of our operations, the need to relocate part of or all of our business or data processing activities to other jurisdictions at significant expense, increased exposure to regulatory actions, substantial fines and penalties and injunctions against our processing or transferring of personal data necessary to operate our business. Companies that transfer personal data out of the EEA and UK to other jurisdictions, particularly to the United States, are subject to increased scrutiny from regulators, individual litigants, and activist groups. Some European regulators have ordered certain companies to suspend or permanently cease certain transfers out of Europe for allegedly violating the EU GDPR’s cross-border data transfer limitations.

In addition to data privacy and security laws, we may be contractually subject to industry standards adopted by industry groups and may become subject to such obligations in the future. We are also bound by contractual obligations related to data privacy and security, and our efforts to comply with such obligations may not be successful. We publish privacy policies, marketing materials and other statements regarding data privacy and security. If these policies, materials or statements are found to be deficient, lacking in transparency, deceptive, unfair, or misrepresentative of our practices, we may be subject to investigation, enforcement actions by regulators or other adverse consequences.

The global data protection landscape is rapidly evolving, and implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Furthermore, the obligations are not consistent and may conflict with each other. This evolution may create uncertainty in our business, affect our or the third parties upon which we rely ability to operate in certain jurisdictions or to process personal data, necessitate the acceptance of more onerous obligations in our contracts, or result in liability or impose additional costs on us. The cost of compliance with these obligations is high and is likely to increase in the future. Compliance with these obligations is a rigorous and time-intensive process, and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms, potentially at significant expense, to ensure compliance with such obligations.

Although we endeavor to comply with our obligations, we may at times fail to do so or may be perceived to have failed to do so. Any failure or perceived failure by us or the third parties upon which we rely to comply with data privacy and security obligations could result in negative publicity, disruptions or interruptions in our operations, fines, penalties (including changes to our data processing practices), lawsuits, liability, an inability to process personal data, diversion of management time and effort and proceedings against us by governmental entities or others, any of which could interrupt or stop our business operations (including our clinical trials) and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. In many jurisdictions, enforcement actions and consequences for noncompliance are rising.

Risks Related to Government Regulation and Diagnostic Product Reimbursement

Changes in laws or regulations may have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, financial conditions or results of operations.

New laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be enacted at any time which could adversely affect our business operations and financial performance. Further, existing laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied in ways that are detrimental to us or our customers. For example, if regulatory limitations are placed on our products or if tax laws are changed or reinterpreted, our business and growth could be harmed.

New income, sales, use or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be enacted at any time, which could adversely affect our business operations and financial performance. Further, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us. For example, the Biden administration and Congress have proposed various U.S. federal tax law changes, which if enacted could have a material impact on our business, cash flow, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, it is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to federal tax laws. Future tax reform legislation could have a material impact on the value of our deferred tax assets, could result in significant one-time charges, and could increase our future U.S. tax expense.

We do not believe that we are required to collect sales, use, services or other similar taxes from our customers in certain jurisdictions. However, one or more countries or states may seek to impose sales, use, services, or other tax collection obligations on us, including for past sales. A successful assertion by one or more jurisdictions that we should collect sales or other taxes on the sale of our products and services could result in substantial tax liabilities for past sales and decrease our ability to compete for future sales. Each country and each state has different rules and regulations governing sales and use taxes and these rules and regulations are subject to varying interpretations that may change over time. We review these rules and regulations periodically and, when we believe sales and use taxes apply in a particular jurisdiction, voluntarily engage tax authorities in order to determine how to comply with their rules and regulations. However, we cannot guarantee that we will not be subject to sales and use taxes or related penalties for past sales in jurisdictions where we presently believe sales and use taxes are not due.

Providers of goods or services are typically held responsible by taxing authorities for the collection and payment of any applicable sales and similar taxes. If one or more taxing authorities determines that taxes should have, but have not, been paid with respect to our products and services, we may be liable for past taxes in addition to being required to collect sales or similar taxes in respect of our products and services going forward. Liability for past taxes may also include substantial interest and penalty charges. Our customer contracts provide that our customers must pay all applicable sales and similar taxes. Nevertheless, customers may be reluctant to pay back taxes and may refuse responsibility for interest or penalties associated with those taxes or we may determine that it would not be feasible to seek reimbursement. If we are required to collect and pay back taxes and the associated interest and penalties and if our customers do not reimburse us for all or a portion of these amounts, we will have incurred unplanned expenses that may be substantial. Moreover, imposition of such taxes on our products and services going forward will effectively increase the cost of such products and services to our customers.

Many states are also pursuing legislative expansion of the scope of goods and services that are subject to sales and similar taxes as well as the circumstances in which a vendor of goods and services must collect such taxes. Following the U.S. Supreme Court decision in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., states are now free to levy taxes on sales of goods and services based on an “economic nexus,” regardless of whether the seller has a physical presence in the state. Furthermore, legislative proposals have been introduced in Congress that would provide states with additional authority to impose such taxes. Accordingly, it is possible that either federal or state legislative changes may require us to collect additional sales and similar taxes from our customers in the future.

Our research use only products for the life sciences market could become subject to regulation as medical devices by the FDA or other regulatory agencies in the future, which could increase our costs and delay our commercialization efforts, thereby materially and adversely affecting our life sciences business and results of operations.

In the United States, our products are currently labeled and sold for research use only, and not for the diagnosis or treatment of disease, and are sold to a variety of parties, including biopharmaceutical companies, academic institutions and molecular labs. Because such products are not intended for use in clinical practice in diagnostics, and the products cannot include clinical or diagnostic claims, they are exempt from many regulatory requirements otherwise applicable to medical devices. In particular, while the FDA regulations require that RUO products be labeled, “For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures,” the regulations do not otherwise subject such products to the FDA’s pre- and post-market controls for medical devices.

A significant change in the laws governing RUO products or how they are enforced may require us to change our business model in order to maintain compliance. For instance, in November 2013 the FDA issued a guidance document entitled “Distribution of In Vitro Diagnostic Products Labeled for Research Use Only or Investigational Use Only” (the “RUO Guidance”) which highlights the FDA’s interpretation that distribution of RUO products with any labeling, advertising or promotion that suggests that clinical laboratories can validate the test through their own procedures and subsequently offer it for clinical diagnostic use as a laboratory developed test is in conflict with RUO status. The RUO Guidance further articulates the FDA’s position that any assistance offered in performing clinical validation or verification, or similar specialized technical support, to clinical laboratories, conflicts with RUO status. If we engage in any activities that the FDA deems to be in conflict with the RUO status held by the products that we sell, we may be subject to immediate, severe and broad FDA enforcement action that would adversely affect our ability to continue operations. Accordingly, if the FDA finds that we are distributing our RUO products in a manner that is inconsistent with its regulations or guidance, we may be forced to stop distribution of our RUO tests until we are in compliance, which would reduce our revenue, increase our costs and adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the FDA’s proposed implementation for a new framework for the regulation of LDTs may negatively impact the LDT market and thereby reduce demand for RUO products.

If the FDA requires marketing authorization of our RUO products in the future, there can be no assurance that the FDA will ultimately grant any clearance or approval requested by us in a timely manner, or at all.

We expect to rely on third parties to conduct any future studies of our diagnostic products that may be required by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily.

We do not have the ability to independently conduct the clinical studies or other studies that may be required to obtain FDA and other regulatory clearance or approval for our diagnostic products, including the HTG EdgeSeq instrument and related proprietary panels. Accordingly, we expect to rely on third parties, such as medical institutions, contract research organizations and clinical investigators, and providers of NGS instrumentation, to conduct such studies and/or to provide information necessary for our submissions to regulatory authorities. Our reliance on these third parties for clinical development activities or information will reduce our control over these activities. These third parties may not complete activities on schedule or conduct studies in accordance with regulatory requirements or our study design. Similarly, providers of NGS instrumentation may not place the same importance on our regulatory submissions as we do. Our reliance on third parties that we do not control will not relieve us of any applicable requirement to prepare, and ensure compliance with, the various procedures required under good clinical practices, or the submission of all information required in connection with requested regulatory approvals. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or regulatory obligations or meet expected deadlines if the third parties need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the data they obtain is compromised due to their failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our studies may be extended, delayed, suspended or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for our diagnostic products.

If Medicare and other third-party payors in the United States and foreign countries do not approve coverage and adequate reimbursement for our future clinical diagnostic tests enabled by our technology, the commercial success of our diagnostic products would be compromised.

We plan to develop, obtain regulatory approval for and sell clinical diagnostics products for a number of different indications. Successful commercialization of our clinical diagnostic products depends, in large part, on the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement for testing services using our diagnostic products from third-party payors, including government insurance plans, managed care organizations and private insurance plans. There is significant uncertainty surrounding third-party coverage and reimbursement for the use of tests that incorporate new technology, such as the HTG EdgeSeq platform and related applications and assays. Reimbursement rates have the potential to fluctuate depending on the region in which the testing is provided, the type of facility or treatment center at which the testing is done, and the third-party payor responsible for payment. If our customers are unable to obtain positive coverage decisions from third-party payors approving reimbursement for our tests at adequate levels, the commercial success of our products would be compromised, and our revenue would be significantly limited. Even if we do obtain favorable reimbursement for our tests, third-party payors may withdraw their coverage policies, review and adjust the rate of reimbursement, require co-payments from patients or stop paying for our tests, which would reduce revenue for testing services based on our technology and demand for our diagnostic products.

The American Medical Association Current Procedural Terminology (“CPT”) Editorial Panel created CPT codes that could be used by our customers to report testing for certain large-scale multianalyte genomic sequencing procedures (“GSPs”), including our diagnostic products, if approved. Effective January 1, 2015, these codes allow for uniform reporting of broad genomic testing panels using technology similar to ours. While these codes standardize reporting for these tests, coverage and payment rates for GSPs remain uncertain and we cannot guarantee that coverage and reimbursement for these tests will be provided in the amounts we expect, or at all. We cannot assure that CMS and other third-party payors will establish reimbursement rates sufficient to cover the costs incurred by our customers in using our clinical diagnostic products, if approved.

Even if we are able to establish coverage and reimbursement codes for our clinical diagnostic products in development, we will continue to be subject to significant pricing pressure, which could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Third-party payors, including managed care organizations as well as government payors such as Medicare and Medicaid, have increased their efforts to control the cost, utilization and delivery of healthcare services, which may include decreased coverage or reduced reimbursement. From time to time, Congress has considered and implemented changes to the Medicare fee schedules in conjunction with budgetary legislation, and pricing and payment terms, including the possible requirement of a patient co-payment for Medicare beneficiaries for laboratory tests covered by Medicare, and are subject to change at any time. Reductions in the reimbursement rate of third-party payors have occurred and may occur in the future. Reductions in the prices at which testing services based on our technology are reimbursed in the future could result in pricing pressures and have a negative impact on our revenue. In many countries outside of the United States, various coverage, pricing and reimbursement approvals are required. We expect that it will take several years to establish broad coverage and reimbursement for testing services based on our products with payors in countries outside of the United States, and our efforts may not be successful.

We may be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and other federal and state healthcare laws applicable to our business and marketing practices. If we are unable to comply, or have not complied, with such laws, we could face substantial penalties.

Our operations may be, and may continue to be, directly, or indirectly through our customers, subject to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the federal and state anti-kickback statutes, false claims statutes, civil monetary penalties laws, patient data privacy and security laws, physician transparency laws and marketing compliance laws. These laws may impact, among other things, our proposed sales and marketing and education programs.

The laws that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to:

The Federal Anti-kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe, or rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in-kind, to induce, or in return for, either the referral of an individual, or the purchase, lease, order or recommendation of any good, facility, item or service for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs; a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation, rather, if one purpose of the remuneration is to induce referrals, the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute is violated.

The federal physician self-referral prohibition, commonly known as the Stark Law, which prohibits, among other things, physicians who have a financial relationship, including an investment, ownership or compensation relationship with an entity, from referring Medicare and Medicaid patients to that entity for designated health services, which include clinical laboratory services, unless an exception applies. Similarly, entities may not bill Medicare, Medicaid or any other party for services furnished pursuant to a prohibited referral. Unlike the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the Stark Law is a strict liability statute, meaning that all of the requirements of a Stark Law exception must be met in order to be compliant with the law.

Federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the federal civil False Claims Act, and civil monetary penalties laws, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment or approval from Medicare, Medicaid or other governmental third-party payors that are false or fraudulent, knowingly making a false statement material to an obligation to pay or transmit money to the Federal Government or knowingly concealing or knowingly and improperly avoiding or decreasing an obligation to pay money to the Federal Government, which may apply to entities that provide coding and billing advice to customers; the Federal Government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act.

The Federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), which created additional federal civil and criminal statutes that prohibit knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or obtain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, any of the money or property owned by, or under the custody or control of, any healthcare benefit program, regardless of the payor (e.g., public or private) and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing, or covering up by any trick or device a material fact or making any materially false statements in connection with the delivery of, or payment for, healthcare benefits, items or services relating to healthcare matters; similar to the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the healthcare fraud statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation.

HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 (“HITECH”), and their respective implementing regulations, which impose requirements on covered entities, which include certain healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses as well as their respective business associates and their contractors that perform services for them that involve the use, maintenance, or disclosure of individually identifiable health information, relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information.

The Federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, which require certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologicals and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to report annually to CMS information related to payments or other transfers of value made to physicians, defined to include physicians, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors, other healthcare practitioners (such as physicians assistants and nurse practitioners), and teaching hospitals, as well as applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizations to report annually to CMS certain ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members.

State law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback, self-referral, and false claims laws which may apply to our business practices, including but not limited to, research, distribution, sales and marketing arrangements as well as submitting claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers; state laws that require device companies to comply with the industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the applicable compliance guidance promulgated by the Federal Government that otherwise restricts payments that may be made to healthcare providers; state laws that require device manufacturers to file reports with states regarding marketing information, such as the tracking and reporting of gifts, compensations and other remuneration and items of value provided to healthcare professionals and entities (compliance with such requirements may require investment in infrastructure to ensure that tracking is performed properly, and some of these laws result in the public disclosure of various types of payments and relationships, which could potentially have a negative effect on our business and/or increase enforcement scrutiny of our activities); and state laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways, with differing effects.

Promotional activities for FDA-regulated products have been the subject of significant enforcement actions brought under healthcare reimbursement laws, fraud and abuse laws, and consumer protection statutes, among other theories. Advertising and promotion of medical devices are also regulated by the Federal Trade Commission and by state regulatory and enforcement authorities. In addition, under the Federal Lanham Act and similar state laws, competitors and others can initiate litigation relating to advertising claims.

In addition, the approval and commercialization of any of our product candidates outside the United States will also likely subject us to foreign equivalents of the healthcare laws mentioned above, among other foreign laws.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors available under such laws, it is possible that some of our business activities, including our relationships with physicians and other health care providers, and our evaluation, reagent rental and collaborative development agreements with customers, and sales and marketing efforts could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws.

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to significant penalties, including administrative, civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, disgorgement, exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, contractual damages, reputational harm, additional reporting requirements and/or oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.

Our employees, independent contractors, principal investigators, consultants, commercial partners and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud or other misconduct by our employees, independent contractors, principal investigators, consultants, commercial partners and vendors. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless or negligent failures to, among other things: (i) comply with the regulations of the FDA, CMS, the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General (“OIG”) and other similar foreign regulatory bodies; (ii) provide true, complete and accurate information to the FDA and other similar regulatory bodies; (iii) comply with manufacturing standards we have established; (iv) comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations in the United States and similar foreign fraudulent misconduct laws; or (v) report financial information or data accurately, or disclose unauthorized activities to us. These laws may impact, among other things, our activities with collaborators and key opinion leaders, as well as our sales, marketing and education programs. In particular, the promotion, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Such misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical studies, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. We currently have a code of conduct applicable to all of our employees, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and our code of conduct and the other precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses, or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting requirements and/or oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, and curtailment of our operations. Any of these actions or investigations could result in substantial costs to us, including legal fees, and divert the attention of management from operating our business.

Healthcare policy changes, including recently enacted legislation reforming the United States healthcare system, may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

On April 1, 2014, the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 (“PAMA”) was signed into law, which, among other things, significantly altered the current payment methodology under the Medicare Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule (“CLFS”). Effective January 1, 2018, the CLFS is based on weighted median private payor rates as required by PAMA. Under the law, starting January 1, 2016 and every three years thereafter (or annually in the case of advanced diagnostic lab tests), applicable clinical laboratories must report laboratory test payment data for each Medicare-covered clinical diagnostic lab test that it furnishes. The reported data must include the payment rate (reflecting all discounts, rebates, coupons and other price concessions) and the volume of each test that was paid by each private payor (including health insurance issuers, group health plans, Medicare Advantage plans and Medicaid managed care organizations). Reporting of payment data under PAMA for clinical diagnostic laboratory tests has been delayed on numerous occasions. Based on current law, between January 1, 2023 and March 31, 2023, applicable laboratories will be required to report on data collected during January 1, 2019 and June 30, 2019. This data will be utilized to determine 2024 to 2026 clinical diagnostic laboratory test rates. The payment rate applies to laboratory tests furnished by a hospital laboratory if the test is separately paid under the hospital outpatient prospective payment system. In addition, CMS updated the statutory phase-in provisions such that the rates for clinical diagnostic laboratory tests in 2020 could not be reduced by more than 10% of the rates for 2019. Pursuant to the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), as updated by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, the statutory phase-in of the payment reductions has been extended through 2026, with a 0% reduction cap for 2021-2023, and a 15% reduction cap for 2024 through 2026. It is still too early to predict the full impact on reimbursement for our products in development.

Also, under PAMA, CMS is required to adopt temporary billing codes to identify new tests and new advanced diagnostic laboratory tests that have been cleared or approved by the FDA. For an existing test that is cleared or approved by the FDA and for which Medicare payment is made as of April 1, 2014, CMS is required to assign a unique billing code if one has not already been assigned by the agency. In addition to assigning the code, CMS was required to publicly report payment for the tests. We cannot determine at this time the full impact of the law, including its implementing regulations, on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the “ACA”), made changes that significantly impacted the biopharmaceutical and medical device industries and clinical laboratories. For example, the ACA imposes a multifactor productivity adjustment to the reimbursement rate paid under Medicare for certain clinical diagnostic laboratory tests, which may reduce payment rates. These or any future proposed or mandated reductions in payments may apply to some or all of the clinical laboratory tests that our diagnostics customers use our technology to deliver to Medicare beneficiaries and may reduce demand for our diagnostic products.

Other significant measures contained in the ACA include, for example, coordination and promotion of research on comparative clinical effectiveness of different technologies and procedures, initiatives to revise Medicare payment methodologies, such as bundling of payments across the continuum of care by providers and physicians, and initiatives to promote quality indicators in payment methodologies. The ACA also includes significant new fraud and abuse measures, including required disclosures of financial arrangements with physician customers, lower thresholds for violations and increasing potential penalties for such violations. However, the future of the ACA is uncertain. There have been executive, judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the ACA. On June 17, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed a challenge on procedural grounds that argued the ACA is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate” was repealed by Congress. Further, prior to the U.S. Supreme Court ruling, on January 28, 2021, President Biden issued an executive order that initiated a special enrollment period for purposes of obtaining health insurance coverage through the ACA marketplace. The executive order also instructed certain governmental agencies to review and reconsider their existing policies and rules that limit access to healthcare, including among others, reexamining Medicaid demonstration projects and waiver programs that include work requirements, and policies that create unnecessary barriers to obtaining access to health insurance coverage through Medicaid or the ACA. On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) into law, which, among other things, extends enhanced subsidies for individuals purchasing health insurance coverage in ACA marketplaces through plan year 2025. The IRA also eliminates the “donut hole” under the Medicare Part D program beginning in 2025 by significantly lowering the beneficiary maximum out-of-pocket cost and creating a new manufacturer discount program. The IRA also includes measures designed to lower the cost of certain pharmaceutical products under the Medicare program. It is currently unclear how the IRA will be implemented but is likely to have a significant impact on the pharmaceutical industry. It is possible that the ACA will be subject to judicial or Congressional challenges in the future. It is unclear how any additional healthcare reform measures of the Biden administration will impact the ACA and our business.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the ACA was enacted. On August 2, 2011, then-President Obama signed into law the Budget Control Act of 2011, which, among other things, created the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to recommend to Congress proposals in spending reductions. The Joint Select Committee did not achieve a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This includes reductions to Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect on April 1, 2013, and, following the passage of other legislative amendments, will stay in effect until 2031 unless additional Congressional action is taken. Under current legislation, the actual reduction in Medicare payments will vary from 1% in 2022 to up to 4% in the final fiscal year of this sequester. Further, Congress and the Biden administration are considering additional health reform measures. On January 2, 2013, then-President Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, imaging centers and cancer treatment centers and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years.

Various healthcare reform proposals have also emerged from federal and state governments. Changes in healthcare law or policy, such as the creation of broad test utilization limits for diagnostic products in general or requirements that Medicare patients pay for portions of clinical laboratory tests or services received, could substantially impact the sales of our tests, increase costs and divert management’s attention from our business. In addition, sales of our tests outside of the United States will subject us to foreign regulatory requirements, which may also change over time.

We cannot predict whether future healthcare initiatives will be implemented at the federal or state level or in countries outside of the United States in which we may do business, or the effect any future legislation or regulation will have on us. The full impact of the ACA, as well as other laws and reform measures that may be proposed and adopted in the future, remains uncertain, but may continue the downward pressure on medical device pricing, especially under the Medicare program, and may also increase our regulatory burdens and operating costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business operations.

Changes in funding for the FDA, the SEC and other government agencies could hinder their ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal functions on which the operation of our business may rely, which could negatively impact our business.

The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept payment of user fees, and statutory, regulatory, and policy changes. Average review times at the agency have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of the SEC and other government agencies on which our operations may rely, including those that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable.

Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new drugs or diagnostic products to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the last several years, the U.S. government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA and the SEC, have had to furlough critical FDA, SEC and other government employees and stop critical activities. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Further, future government shutdowns could impact our ability to access the public markets and obtain necessary capital in order to properly capitalize and continue our operations.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property effectively, our business will be harmed.

We rely on patent protection as well as trademark, copyright, trade secret and other intellectual property rights protection and contractual restrictions to protect our proprietary technologies, all of which provide limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. Our U.S. and foreign patent and patent application portfolio relates to our nuclease-protection-based technologies as well as to lung cancer and melanoma and DLBCL biomarker panels discovered using our nuclease-protection-based technology. We have exclusive or non-exclusive licenses to multiple U.S. and foreign patents and patent applications covering technologies that we may elect to utilize in developing diagnostic tests for use on our HTG EdgeSeq platform. Those licensed patents and patent applications cover technologies related to the diagnosis of breast cancer and melanoma.

If we fail to protect our intellectual property, third parties may be able to compete more effectively against us and we may incur substantial litigation costs in our attempts to recover or restrict use of our intellectual property.

We cannot assure investors that any of our currently pending or future patent applications will result in issued patents, and we cannot predict how long it will take for such patents to be issued. Further, we cannot assure investors that other parties will not challenge any patents issued to us or that courts or regulatory agencies will hold our patents to be valid or enforceable. We cannot guarantee investors that we will be successful in defending challenges made against our patents. Any successful third-party challenge to our patents could result in the unenforceability or invalidity of such patents.

The patent positions of life sciences companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved. No consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in such companies’ patents has emerged to date in the United States. Furthermore, in the biotechnology field, courts frequently render opinions that may adversely affect the patentability of certain inventions or discoveries, including opinions that may adversely affect the patentability of methods for analyzing or comparing nucleic acids molecules, such as RNA or DNA.

The patent positions of companies engaged in development and commercialization of molecular diagnostic tests are particularly uncertain. Various courts, including the U.S. Supreme Court, have recently rendered decisions that impact the scope of patentability of certain inventions or discoveries relating to molecular diagnostics. Specifically, these decisions stand for the proposition that patent claims that recite laws of nature (for example, the relationships between gene expression levels and the likelihood of risk of recurrence of cancer) are not themselves patentable unless those patent claims have sufficient additional features that provide practical assurance that the processes are genuine inventive applications of those laws rather than patent drafting efforts designed to monopolize the law of nature itself. What constitutes a “sufficient” additional feature is uncertain. Accordingly, this evolving case law in the United States may adversely impact our ability to obtain new patents and may facilitate third-party challenges to our existing owned and licensed patents.

The laws of some non-U.S. countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending such rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business.

Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States or other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property. We cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in our patents or in third-party patents. For example:

We might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by each of our patents and pending patent applications.

We might not have been the first to file patent applications for these inventions.

Others may independently develop similar or alternative products and technologies or duplicate any of our products and technologies.

It is possible that none of our pending patent applications will result in issued patents, and even if they issue as patents, they may not provide a basis for commercially viable products, may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be challenged and invalidated by third parties.

We may not develop additional proprietary products and technologies that are patentable.

The patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business.

We apply for patents covering our products and technologies and uses thereof, as we deem appropriate. However, we may fail to apply for patents on important products and technologies in a timely fashion or at all.

In addition to pursuing patents on our technology, we take steps to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology by entering into confidentiality agreements and intellectual property assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, corporate partners and, when needed, our advisors. Such agreements may not be enforceable or may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of the agreements, and we may not be able to prevent such unauthorized disclosure. Monitoring unauthorized disclosure is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to prevent such disclosure are, or will be, adequate. If we were to enforce a claim that a third-party had illegally obtained and was using our trade secrets, it would be expensive and time consuming, and the outcome would be unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States may be less willing to protect trade secrets.

In addition, competitors could purchase our products and attempt to replicate some or all of the competitive advantages we derive from our development efforts, willfully infringe our intellectual property rights, design around our protected technology or develop their own competitive technologies that fall outside of our intellectual property rights. If our intellectual property is not adequately protected so as to protect our market against competitors’ products and methods, our competitive position could be adversely affected, as could our business.

We have not yet registered certain of our trademarks, including “HTG Edge,” “HTG EdgeSeq,” “VERI/O,” “qNPA,” and “HTG Transcriptome Panel” in all of our potential markets. If we apply to register these trademarks, our applications may not be allowed for registration, and our registered trademarks may not be maintained or enforced. In addition, opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademark applications and registrations, and our trademarks may not survive such proceedings. If we do not secure registrations for our trademarks, we may encounter more difficulty in enforcing them against third parties than we otherwise would.

To the extent our intellectual property, including licensed intellectual property, offers inadequate protection, or is found to be invalid or unenforceable, we would be exposed to a greater risk of direct competition. If our intellectual property does not provide adequate protection against our competitors’ products, our competitive position could be adversely affected, as could our business. Both the patent application process and the process of managing patent disputes can be time consuming and expensive.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patent or other proprietary rights, to determine the scope, coverage and validity of others’ patent or other proprietary rights, or to defend against third-party claims of intellectual property infringement, any of which could be time-intensive and costly and may adversely impact our business or stock price.

We may from time to time receive notices of claims of infringement and misappropriation or misuse of other parties’ proprietary rights, including with respect to third-party trade secrets, infringement by us of third-party patents and trademarks or other rights, or challenges to the validity or enforceability of our patents, trademarks or other rights. Some of these claims may lead to litigation. We cannot assure investors that such actions will not be asserted or prosecuted against us or that we will prevail in any or all such actions.

As we move into new markets and applications for our products, incumbent participants in such markets may assert their patents and other proprietary rights against us as a means of slowing our entry into such markets or as a means to extract substantial license and royalty payments from us. Our competitors and others may now and in the future have significantly larger and more mature patent portfolios than we currently have. In addition, future litigation may involve patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners who have no relevant product revenue and against whom our own patents may provide little or no deterrence or protection. Therefore, our commercial success may depend in part on our non-infringement of the patents or proprietary rights of third parties. Numerous significant intellectual property issues have been litigated, and will likely continue to be litigated, between existing and new participants in our existing and targeted markets and competitors may assert that our products infringe their intellectual property rights as part of a business strategy to impede our successful entry into those markets. We have not conducted comprehensive freedom-to-operate searches to determine whether the commercialization of our products or other business activities would infringe patents issued to third parties. Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. In addition, our competitors and others may have patents or may in the future obtain patents and claim that use of our products infringes these patents. We could incur substantial costs and divert the attention of our management and technical personnel in defending against any of these claims. Parties making claims against us may be able to obtain injunctive or other relief, which could block our ability to develop, commercialize and sell products, and could result in the award of substantial damages against us. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may be required to pay damages and obtain one or more licenses from third parties or be prohibited from selling certain products. We may not be able to obtain these licenses at a reasonable cost, if at all. We could therefore incur substantial costs related to royalty payments for licenses obtained from third parties, which could negatively affect our margins. In addition, we could encounter delays in product introductions while we attempt to develop alternative methods or products to avoid infringing third-party patents or proprietary rights. Defense of any lawsuit or failure to obtain any of these licenses on favorable terms could prevent us from commercializing products, and the prohibition of sale of any of our products could materially affect our ability to grow and gain market acceptance for our products.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, during the course of this kind of litigation, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

In addition, our agreements with some of our suppliers, distributors, customers and other entities with whom we do business require us to defend or indemnify these parties to the extent they become involved in infringement claims against us, including the claims described above. We could also voluntarily agree to defend or indemnify third parties in instances where we are not obligated to do so if we determine it would be important to our business relationships. If we are required or agree to defend or indemnify any of these third parties in connection with any infringement claims, we could incur significant costs and expenses that could adversely affect our business, operating results, or financial condition.

We may need to depend on certain technologies that are licensed to us. We do not control these technologies and any loss of our rights to them could prevent us from selling some of our products.

We have entered into several license agreements with third parties for certain licensed technologies that are, or may become relevant to the products we market, or plan to market. In addition, we may in the future elect to license third-party intellectual property to further our business objectives and/or as needed for freedom to operate for our products. We do not and will not own the patents, patent applications or other intellectual property rights that are a subject of these licenses. Our rights to use these technologies and employ the inventions claimed in the licensed patents, patent applications and other intellectual property rights are or will be subject to the continuation of and compliance with the terms of those licenses.

We might not be able to obtain licenses to technology or other intellectual property rights that we require. Even if such licenses are obtainable, they may not be available at a reasonable cost or multiple licenses may be needed for the same product (e.g., stacked royalties). We could therefore incur substantial costs related to royalty payments for licenses obtained from third parties, which could negatively affect our margins. Further, we could encounter delays in product introductions, or interruptions in product sales, as we develop alternative methods or products.

In some cases, we do not or may not control the prosecution, maintenance, or filing of the patents or patent applications to which we hold licenses, or the enforcement of these patents against third parties. As a result, we cannot be certain that drafting or prosecution of the licensed patents and patent applications by the licensors have been or will be conducted in compliance with applicable laws and regulations or will result in valid and enforceable patents and other intellectual property rights.

Certain of the U.S. patent rights we own, have licensed or may license relate to technology that was developed with U.S. government grants, in which case the U.S. government has certain rights in those inventions, including, among others, march-in license rights. In addition, federal regulations impose certain domestic manufacturing requirements with respect to any products within the scope of those U.S. patent claims.

We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that we or our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of our employees’ former employers.

Many of our employees were previously employed at other medical diagnostic companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although no claims against us are currently pending, we may be subject to claims that these employees or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights. A loss of key research personnel work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize certain potential products, which could severely harm our business. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

Our products contain third-party open-source software components, and failure to comply with the terms of the underlying open-source software licenses could restrict our ability to sell our products.

Our products contain software tools licensed by third-party authors under “open-source” licenses. Use and distribution of open-source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open-source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. Some open-source licenses contain requirements that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon the type of open-source software we use. If we combine our proprietary software with open-source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain open-source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software to the public. This would allow our competitors to create similar products with less development effort and time and ultimately could result in a loss of product sales.

Although we monitor our use of open-source software to avoid subjecting our products to conditions we do not intend, the terms of many open-source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our products. Moreover, we cannot assure investors that our processes for controlling our use of open-source software in our products will be effective. If we are held to have breached the terms of an open-source software license, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties to continue offering our products on terms that are not economically feasible, to re-engineer our products, to discontinue the sale of our products if re-engineering could not be accomplished on a timely basis, or to make generally available, in source code form, our proprietary code, any of which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

We use third-party software that may be difficult to replace or cause errors or failures of our products that could lead to lost customers or harm to our reputation.

We use software licensed from third parties in our products. In the future, this software may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any loss of the right to use any of this software could result in delays in the production of our products until equivalent technology is either developed by us, or, if available, is identified, obtained and integrated, which could harm our business. In addition, any errors or defects in third-party software, or other third-party software failures could result in errors, defects or cause our products to fail, which could harm our business and be costly to correct. Many of these providers attempt to impose limitations on their liability for such errors, defects or failures, and if enforceable, we may have additional liability to our customers or third-party providers that could harm our reputation and increase our operating costs.

We will need to maintain our relationships with third-party software providers and to obtain software from such providers that do not contain any errors or defects. Any failure to do so could adversely impact our ability to deliver reliable products to our customers and could harm our results of operations.

Risks Related to Being a Public Company

Complying with the laws and regulations affecting public companies increases our costs and the demands on management and could harm our operating results.

As a public company, we will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and operating results. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq, impose numerous requirements on public companies, including corporate governance requirements. Our management and other personnel will need to continue to devote a substantial amount of time to compliance with these laws and regulations. These requirements have resulted and will continue to result in significant legal, accounting, and financial compliance costs and have made and will continue to make some activities more time consuming and costly.

As a “non-accelerated filer” we have availed ourselves of the exemption from the requirement that our independent registered public accounting firm attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404. When our independent registered public accounting firm is required to undertake an assessment of our internal control over financial reporting, the cost of our compliance with Section 404 will correspondingly increase. Our compliance with applicable provisions of Section 404 will require that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management time on compliance-related issues as we implement additional corporate governance practices and comply with reporting requirements. Moreover, if we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 applicable to us in a timely manner, or if we or our independent registered public accounting firm identifies deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, the market price of our stock could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources.

Furthermore, investor perceptions of our company may suffer if deficiencies are found, and this could cause a decline in the market price of our stock. Irrespective of compliance with Section 404, any failure of our internal control over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on our stated operating results and harm our reputation. If we are unable to implement these requirements effectively or efficiently, it could harm our operations, financial reporting, or financial results and could result in an adverse opinion on our internal controls from our independent registered public accounting firm.

We are a “smaller reporting company” and a “non-accelerated filer” and any decision on our part to comply only with certain reduced reporting and disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies or non-accelerated filers could make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are a “smaller reporting company” and a “non-accelerated filer” as defined in the Exchange Act, and for as long as we continue to be a “smaller reporting company” or a “non-accelerated filer,” we may choose to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies but not to “smaller reporting companies” or “non-accelerated filers,” including, but not limited to, not being required to have our independent registered public accounting firm audit our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 (for so long as we are a “non-accelerated filer”) and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements (for so long as we are a “smaller reporting company”). We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive if we choose to rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result of any choices to reduce future disclosure, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

We expect that our stock price will fluctuate significantly.

The trading price of our common stock may be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include:

actual or anticipated quarterly variation in our results of operations or the results of our competitors;

announcements by us or our competitors of new products, significant contracts, commercial relationships or capital commitments;

failure to obtain or delays in obtaining product approvals or clearances from the FDA or foreign regulators;

adverse regulatory or coverage and reimbursement announcements;

issuance of new or changed securities analysts’ reports or recommendations for our stock;

developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights;

commencement of, or our involvement in, litigation;

market conditions in the life sciences and molecular diagnostics markets;

manufacturing disruptions;

any future sales of our common stock or other securities;

any change to the composition of our Board of Directors, executive officers or key personnel;

our failure to meet applicable Nasdaq listing standards and the possible delisting of our common stock from Nasdaq;

announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

general economic conditions and slow or negative growth of our markets

other events or factors, including those resulting from such events, or the prospect of such events, including war, terrorism and other international conflicts, such as the recent Russian invasion of Ukraine as well as continued and any new sanctions against Russia by, among others, the United States and the European Union, which restrict a wide range of trade and financial dealings with Russia and Russia parties, public health issues including health epidemics or pandemics, such as COVID-19, and natural disasters such as fire, hurricanes, earthquakes, tornados or other adverse weather and climate conditions, whether occurring in the United States or elsewhere, any of which could disrupt our operations, disrupt the operations of our suppliers or result in political or economic instability; and

the other factors described in this report under the caption “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Common Stock.”

The stock market in general, and market prices for the securities of health technology companies like ours in particular, have from time-to-time experienced volatility that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of the underlying companies. COVID-19, for example, has resulted in significant volatility in the stock market over the last several months. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. In several recent situations where the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock. If any of our stockholders were to bring a lawsuit against us, the defense and disposition of the lawsuit could be costly and divert the time and attention of our management and harm our operating results.

In addition, to date our common stock has generally been sporadically and thinly traded. As a consequence, the trading of relatively small quantities of our shares may disproportionately influence the price of our common stock in either direction. The price for our common stock could decline precipitously if even a moderate amount of our common stock is sold on the market without commensurate demand.

If we are unable to continue to satisfy the applicable continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, our common stock could be delisted.

Our common stock is currently listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “HTGM.” In order to maintain this listing, we must continue to satisfy minimum financial and other continued listing requirements and standards. There can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to comply with the applicable listing standards. If we were not able to comply with applicable listing standards, our shares of common stock would be subject to delisting. The delisting of our common stock from trading on Nasdaq may have a material adverse effect on the market for, and liquidity and price of, our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital. Delisting from Nasdaq could also have other negative results, including, without limitation, the potential loss of confidence by customers and employees, the loss of institutional investor interest and fewer business development opportunities. In the event that our common stock is delisted from Nasdaq and is not eligible for quotation or listing on another market or exchange, trading of our common stock could be conducted only in the over-the-counter market or on an electronic bulletin board established for unlisted securities such as the Pink Sheets or the OTC Bulletin Board. In such event, it could become more difficult to dispose of, or obtain accurate price quotations for, our common stock, and there would likely also be a reduction in our coverage by securities analysts and the news media, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline further.

Future sales and issuances of our common stock or rights to purchase common stock, including pursuant to our equity incentive plans, could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall.

We expect that significant additional capital will be needed in the future to continue our planned operations. We may sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in more than one transaction, investors may be materially diluted by these and subsequent sales. New investors could also gain rights superior to our existing stockholders.

Pursuant to our 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (“2020 Plan”), we are authorized to grant stock options and other equity-based awards to our employees, directors and consultants. Pursuant to our 2021 Inducement Plan (“Inducement Plan”), we are authorized to grant up to 300,000 shares to new employees as inducements material to such new employees entering into employment with us. The number of shares which may be granted under the Inducement Plan may be increased in the future by our board of directors without stockholder approval. In addition, our amended and restated 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) authorizes us to offer, sell and issue shares to our employees. Increases in the number of shares available for future grant or purchase may result in additional dilution, which could cause our stock price to decline.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our common stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. In addition, our ability to pay cash dividends is currently prohibited by the terms of our debt facility, and any future debt financing arrangement may contain terms prohibiting or limiting the amount of dividends that may be declared or paid on our common stock. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the appreciation of their stock.

Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us or increase the cost of acquiring us, even if doing so would benefit our stockholders or remove our current management.

Some provisions of our charter documents and Delaware law may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage an acquisition of us by others, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management. These provisions include:

authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued without stockholder approval;

limiting the removal of directors by the stockholders;

creating a staggered board of directors;

prohibiting stockholder action by written consent, thereby requiring all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;

eliminating the ability of stockholders to call a special meeting of stockholders; and

establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to the board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at stockholder meetings.

These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our Board of Directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. In addition, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with an interested stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless such transactions are approved by our Board of Directors. This provision could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control, whether or not it is desired by or beneficial to our stockholders. Further, other provisions of Delaware law may also discourage, delay or prevent someone from acquiring us or merging with us.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for certain disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders; (3) any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors or officers or other employees arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate or our amended and restated bylaws; and/or (4) any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors or officers or other employees governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The foregoing provisions do not apply to actions brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.

These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. If a court were to find the exclusive forum provision in our governing documents to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur further significant additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, all of which could seriously harm our business.

General Risk Factors

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could cause our stock price to fall.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that sales may have on the prevailing market price of our common stock.

If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate consolidated financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired.

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and regulations of The Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). We have performed system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report annually on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This has required and will require that we incur substantial professional fees and internal costs to augment our accounting and finance functions and that we expend significant management efforts as we continue to make this assessment and ensure maintenance of proper internal controls on an ongoing basis.

If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if we fail to establish and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate consolidated financial statements, and our ability to accurately report our financial results could be adversely affected. If that were to happen, the market price of our stock could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC or other regulatory authorities.

In addition, for so long as we remain a non-accelerated filer, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. An independent assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls could detect problems that our management’s assessment might not. Undetected material weaknesses in our internal controls could lead to financial statement restatements and require us to incur the expense of remediation.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research reports about our business, or if they issue an adverse opinion about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who cover us issues an adverse opinion about our company, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements due to various factors, including those set forth under the caption “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” All forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report are based on information available to us as of the time we file this Annual Report and, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update publicly or revise any forward-looking statements. In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain.

In December 2022, we completed a reverse stock split of our outstanding shares of common stock pursuant to which every 12 shares of issued and outstanding common stock were exchanged for one share of common stock. All share and per share amounts within this Annual Report have been adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split for all periods and dates presented.

Overview

We are focused on advancing precision medicine and drug discovery through our innovative transcriptome-wide profiling and advanced drug discovery platform technologies. Building on more than a decade of pioneering innovation, our proprietary next-generation HTG EdgeSeq technology is the basis for our tech-driven hybrid business model allowing our RNA molecular profiling applications to be more effective, efficient and relevant and also serving as a key component of the engine behind our platform-based drug discovery process. Central to our business strategy is our drug discovery engine, which uses our captive transcriptomic profiling capabilities combined with a proprietary medicinal chemistry machine learning platform to render an AI-driven drug candidate optimization platform. We are using this platform to innovate drug discovery with the goal of building best-in-class molecules for known pharmacologic targets across multiple disease areas, better, faster and in a more cost-effective manner.

The training data sets for our machine learning platform utilize our own primary data generated specifically for this purpose. This high quality, standardized data provides a clear advantage over other platform approaches which are typically dependent upon publicly available data. The medicinal chemistry portion of our platform allows for rapid design and in silico evaluation of large chemical libraries in order to prioritize and select compounds for synthesis and advancement into early testing. These data are then integrated and processed into an iterative loop using a series of proprietary machine learning algorithms prior to further advancing the molecules to more traditional drug discovery studies. We expect that this will allow for rapid identification, selection and optimization of drug candidates for entrance into development. Further, we believe that our ability to rapidly iterate between primary data and computational analyses gives us valuable information and insights for candidate molecule design and selection.

To date, we have used our transcriptome-informed drug discovery engine to develop an early pipeline of drug candidate molecules for two known pharmacologic targets, both of which can target several potential therapeutic indications, but with a current focus on oncology and neurodegenerative diseases. We believe that our technology provides a differentiated and potentially disruptive approach to drug discovery, that may allow ourselves and our partners to potentially improve upon key attrition factors, namely efficacy and toxicity, early in the discovery process, thereby allowing for better chances for candidate success when entering development.

Our business strategy is to build our drug discovery pipeline in order to out-license certain drug candidates and carry other candidates into preclinical and early development ourselves. In addition, we would expect to retain and potentially capitalize upon CDx rights through the clinical development and commercialization of these assets where appropriate.

We also operate a profiling business in life science tools. Our profiling product and service solutions enable targeted RNA profiling using a small amount of biological sample, in liquid or solid forms. Our menu of HTG EdgeSeq assays, including our HTP, which has been designed to measure approximately 20,000 mRNA targets using our HTG EdgeSeq technology, is automated on our HTG EdgeSeq system, which applies NGS tools, enabling the generation of gene expression data in a timely manner utilizing our simplified workflow. We seek to leverage key business drivers in molecular profiling for biomarker analysis and diagnostics, including the acceleration of precision medicine, the migration of molecular testing to NGS-based applications, the movement to smaller and less invasive biopsies, the need for greater diagnostic sensitivity, the need to conform to challenging healthcare economics and the need for automation and an easily deployable workflow, including simplified bioinformatics. These capabilities enable customers to extend the use of limited biological samples for retrospective or prospective analysis, gaining further understanding of the molecular drivers of disease with the goal of developing biomarker-driven targeted therapies.

Our existing products include instruments, consumables and software that, as an integrated platform, automate sample processing and can quickly, robustly and simultaneously profile hundreds, thousands or tens of thousands of molecular targets from samples which are a fraction of the size required by many prevailing technologies. Customers can access our technology by purchasing our HTG EdgeSeq system and assays for their internal use or through our Tucson, Arizona-based VERI/O service laboratory, including molecular profiling of cohorts and development of custom RUO panels to support early-stage clinical programs and investigational-use-only assays for clinical trials. However, with the release of our HTP, revenue from our RUO assay design services is expected to be lower than historical levels, as our RUO assay design services revenue is replaced by HTP consumables purchases and sample processing laboratory services using our HTP. Our product and service solutions have enabled us to access a number of early-stage biomarker discovery programs. We believe this approach will enable new opportunities collaborating with biopharmaceutical companies in their future drug development programs.

Our Drug Discovery Approach

In June 2021, we announced the formation of HTG Therapeutics, with the addition of several highly experienced drug development professionals to our leadership team. Throughout 2021, we strengthened our HTG EdgeSeq technology platform and added new profiling capabilities, including epitranscriptomic profiling, which currently provides the capability to generate over 40,000 biological data points from each experimental sample. By leveraging these profiling technologies in the drug discovery process, integrated with an advanced AI and machine learning-based medicinal chemistry approach, we have established a novel transcriptome-informed small molecule discovery engine at the core of our HTG Therapeutics business unit which we believe will generate drug candidate molecules that are intrinsically lower risk and will have greater potential for clinical development success when compared to currently existing early-stage drug discovery methods in the biopharmaceutical industry. We further expect that this approach to small molecule discovery can be applied agnostically across therapeutic areas and is scalable and flexible, allowing us to adapt our strategic and therapeutic focus rapidly as new information emerges on the pathogenesis of diseases.

We believe that our approach will potentially provide multiple revenue opportunities, including collaboration or out-licensing arrangements for small molecule drug candidates we generate from as early as lead optimization through early preclinical development, the out-licensing of our technology to pharmaceutical companies to enable them to implement our advanced drug discovery approach into their own internal discovery efforts, and potentially new companion diagnostic opportunities to support the related clinical development programs for molecules that are brought forward through this novel discovery approach.

In the first half of 2022, we released a series of white papers after demonstrating the utility of our proprietary technologies as a key component of our novel transcriptome-informed drug discovery and design approach and applying the approach to our initial therapeutic target. As anticipated, the results of our studies summarized in these white papers supported our approach and its ability to reveal indication-specific effects and potential undesirable effects in our first target through analysis of transcriptomic profiles from compound-treated human cell line test systems.

Throughout the second half of 2022, we continued to work to strengthen our drug discovery core platform technology, including advancing the machine learning component of our platform with the refinement of key proprietary algorithms while continuing to generate our own internal data supporting training sets. In addition, we made capital investments to establish internal cell culture capabilities to support the expansion of our cell-based test system models. Our medicinal chemistry effort has produced a series of chemical libraries for our first target, and our most advanced library for this target has entered preclinical characterization, with a series of data generated including early efficacy in two different disease states.

As a result of the progress made throughout 2022, we filed a patent application in December 2022, which included claims directed toward specific compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treating or preventing disease by administration of the compounds. Our initial therapeutic pipeline is focused on oncology and degenerative neuroscience, emphasizing pharmacologic targets with understood roles in the progression of diseases in these areas.

The most advanced discovery program in oncology is a small molecule program for treatment of liquid tumors. We expect to continue lead optimization of this program through the end of the first quarter of 2023, with advancement to support entry into preclinical development later in the year. HTG Therapeutics has a second oncology directed small molecule program for the treatment of a solid tumor type that is nearing completion in the hit-to-lead discovery phase, with lead optimization efforts planned through the second quarter of 2023 and subsequent preparation for potential preclinical development expected by the end of 2023. In our neuroscience pipeline, we have completed early discovery stage efforts and chemical library generation for candidate small molecules for application to neurodegenerative conditions which are expected to enter the hit-to-lead phase in the second half of 2023 .

We expect to initiate several early discovery-stage programs evaluating small molecule candidates against a variety of different cancers, from which we plan to select candidates for additional indications to continually expand our drug discovery pipeline. As additional candidates are identified, we may choose to retain certain candidates internally to be advanced through early development, with the intention to increase the value of these pipeline assets before moving to license or partner for further development. In parallel to these therapy-area specific programs, we continue to enrich the proprietary dataset that supports our transcriptome-informed drug discovery platform and to evolve and refine the complementary AI and machine learning portions of our drug discovery engine throughout these discovery processes. Finally, we would expect to maintain the exclusive rights and the opportunity to solely develop new CDx assays relating to these drug candidates as they move through the increasingly advanced stages of development with our future collaboration partners, further growing our existing gene expression profiling business.

Revenue and Commercialization of our Profiling Products

We believe the future financial performance of our profiling business will continue to be driven by adoption and utilization of our HTG EdgeSeq instruments and consumables, and an overall increase in the number and type of customers using our technology. As such, we believe the primary measures of adoption for our profiling technology are the number of total active customers, the number of active programs in our biopharmaceutical company customer pipeline, the number of instruments actively producing revenue in our installed base and revenue growth relating to new and existing customers. Total active customers and active installed base reflect customers and instruments that have generated revenue for the Company within the last 12 months. To be included in our active programs metric, a program needs to be associated with a pharma sponsored clinical trial, be traceable to a program on clinicaltrials.gov and have generated revenue for the Company within the last 12 months. As of December 31, 2022, we had 78 active customers, 73 active programs and 42 instruments actively producing revenue in our installed base, compared with 82 active customers, 62 active programs and 51 instruments actively producing revenue in our installed base as of December 31, 2021.

Our profiling business continues to experience the ripple effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and has not yet recovered to pre-pandemic revenue levels, as seen in a year over year decrease in two out of three of the metrics discussed above, active customer base and active instruments. This trend reflects the continued challenge of the significant reduction of and delay in clinical trial activities during the pandemic generating lower quantities of retrospective samples for testing, budget reductions, labor shortages and supply chain issues being faced by a number of our customers. In response to these trends, our focus has shifted to the quality and sustainability of future revenue, including higher revenue per sample, larger cohorts and minimum batch sizes for service in our VERI/O laboratory. Given the length of our profiling business sales cycle and ongoing concerns regarding the economy throughout our industry, we expect to continue to see fluctuations in our profiling revenue on a period-to-period basis despite our ongoing focus on continuing to identify new opportunities to effectively commercialize our profiling technology and seek expanded commercial partnering channels. As a result of these profiling revenue trends, we have taken actions to reduce operating expenses and minimize the impact of reduced revenue on our operating loss and cash utilization, including a significant reduction in force late in the second quarter of 2022. We will continue to make appropriate operating adjustments in support of what we believe will be a quickly evolving, best-in-class drug discovery company and our existing gene expression profiling business.

2022 Equity Financings

In March 2022, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “March 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement”) with a single investor pursuant to which we agreed to issue to the investor 270,415 units at a price of $27.744 per unit (less $0.012 for each pre-funded warrant purchased in lieu of a share of common stock) for net proceeds, after deducting the placement agent fees and other fees and expenses, of approximately $7.0 million. Each unit consisted of one share of common stock (or one pre-funded warrant in lieu thereof), a common warrant to purchase one share of common stock with a term of 24 months from the issuance date, and a common warrant to purchase one share of common stock with a term of 66 months from the issuance date. Each of the common warrants became exercisable commencing on September 21, 2022 and has an exercise price of $24.744 per share. Each pre-funded warrant had an exercise price of $0.012 per share. May 2022, the 200,911 pre-funded warrants were exercised for proceeds of $2,411.

In December 2022, in connection with a best-efforts public offering, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the "December 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement") with a certain institutional investor, pursuant to which we issued and sold to the investor 1,290,322 units at a combined public offering price of $7.75 per share (less $0.001 for each pre-funded warrant purchased in lieu of a share of common stock) for net proceeds, after deducting the placement agent fees and expenses and other fees and expenses, of approximately $8.7 million. Each unit consisted of one share of common stock (or one pre-funded warrant in lieu thereof), a common warrant to purchase one share of common stock with a term of 24 months from the issuance date, and a common warrant to purchase one share of common stock with a term of 60 months from the issuance date. Each of these common warrants has an exercise price of $7.50 per share. In December 2022, the 1,188,322 pre-funded warrants were exercised for proceeds of $1,188.

Financial Operations Overview and Consolidated Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Years Ended December 31,

Change

Product and product-related services revenue

Operating expenses:

Cost of product and product-related services revenue

Selling, general and administrative

Research and development

Total operating expenses

Operating loss

Gain on forgiveness of PPP Loan

Other income (expense), net

Net loss before income taxes

Product and product-related services revenue

Our product and product-related services revenue is generated primarily through the sale of our profiling instruments and consumables and sample processing services performed on behalf of pharmaceutical companies, academic research centers and molecular testing laboratories.

RUO profiling is currently made available to our customers through product and service offerings. Customers can purchase our HTG EdgeSeq instrument and related consumables, which consist primarily of our proprietary molecular profiling panels and other assay components, for use in their own facilities. They can also access our technology through contracted RUO profiling services using our HTG EdgeSeq instruments and RUO consumables to process their samples in our VERI/O laboratory and through the development of custom RUO panels which are expected to generate future sample processing or RUO consumables revenue.

Product and product-related services revenue, which includes revenue generated through the sale of our HTG EdgeSeq instruments and consumables and from services performed for customers using our proprietary RUO technology, decreased by 29% to $6.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared with $8.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, and was comprised of the following:

Years Ended December 31,

Product revenue:

Instrument

Consumables

Total product revenue

Product-related services revenue:

Custom RUO assay design

RUO sample processing

Total product-related services revenue

Total product and product-related services revenue

Product revenue, which includes gene expression profiling revenue generated through the sale of our HTG EdgeSeq instruments and consumables, decreased by 28% to $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with $5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in new instrument placements when compared with the prior year is consistent with the decrease in new customers added in 2022 compared with 2021. As we have worked to right size our business to profiling revenue trends experienced since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, our commercial team has prioritized its efforts on expanding business with existing customers and seeking out new customers with larger studies and those with expectations of more extensive future profiling needs. This resulted in the need to place fewer new instruments in 2022, as many of our customers purchased instruments in prior years or have opted to use our laboratory or a certified reference laboratory who previously purchased our instruments to run their samples. Consumables revenue reflected the slower than anticipated recovery of our business to pre-COVID-19 levels. Consumables revenue generated from the sale of our HTP, commercially launched in August 2021, was $1.8 million and $1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. HTP consumables revenue represented 47% of our product revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with 25% of our product revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 reflecting expanding adoption of that product by new and existing customers since its launch.

Product-related services revenue, consisting of RUO sample processing using our HTG EdgeSeq instruments and consumables in our VERI/O laboratory and custom RUO assay design, decreased by 30% to $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. RUO sample processing revenue decreased primarily due to the timing of several biopharma programs pending decisions from data generated in previous studies using our technology, continued delays in our ability to obtain customer samples for planned sample processing programs, and our customers' reprioritizing their programs due to continuing impacts of COVID-19 on their operations. Revenue generated from sample processing services using our HTP was $0.9 million and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and represented 34% and 3% of our product-related services revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Cost of product and product-related services revenue

Cost of product and product-related services revenue includes both product-related and services-related costs. Product-related costs include the aggregate costs incurred in manufacturing, delivering, installing and servicing instruments and consumables. The components of our product-related costs of revenue include consumables and lab supplies, subcomponent and servicing costs, manufacturing costs incurred internally (which include direct labor costs), and equipment and infrastructure expenses associated with the manufacturing and distribution of our products. Due to the fixed nature of certain of these expenses, such as overhead, equipment and infrastructure, associated with our regulated industry and our expectations for further growth in customer demand, we expect our cost of product and product-related services revenue as a percentage to decrease over time as our product and product-related services revenue increases, further absorbing these fixed costs.

Cost of product and product-related services revenue increased by 12% to $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared with $4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase primarily reflects an increase in excess inventory allowance of $1.1 million in the fourth quarter of 2022, reflecting our estimation of inventory in excess of our projections of future demand for certain of our products and $0.5 million of Employee Retention Credit ("ERC") benefits that served to partially offset compensation expense in 2021 but did not recur in 2022. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in direct and indirect costs incurred consistent with lower year over year product and product-related services revenue.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs for our sales and marketing, regulatory, legal, executive management and finance functions. The expenses also include third-party professional and consulting fees incurred by these functions, promotional expenses and facility and overhead costs relating to our administrative offices. Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by 4% to $15.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared with $16.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This decrease primarily reflects a decrease in legal fees incurred to protect our intellectual property and decreased compensation and stock-based compensation expenses following a reduction in force completed in the second quarter of 2022. This decrease was partially offset by $0.8 million of ERC benefits that served to offset a portion of compensation expense in 2021 but did not recur in 2022.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses increased by 11% to $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with $6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase in research and development expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared with the same period in 2021 reflects $0.4 million of ERC benefits that served to offset a portion of compensation expense in 2021, and an increase in research and development spending associated with efforts to build and strengthen our drug discovery engine in 2021. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in profiling product development as we shifted focus to our therapeutics efforts and to maintenance and marketing of our existing product portfolio following commercial release of our HTP in August 2021.

Gain on forgiveness of PPP Loan

In May 2021, upon receipt of the notification that the PPP Loan and related accrued interest had been forgiven by the U.S. Small Business Administration and that the note associated with the PPP Loan had been cancelled, we reversed the liabilities related to the PPP Loan and recorded a gain on forgiveness of PPP Loan of approximately $1.7 million.

Other income (expense)

As of both December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had outstanding obligations due to NuvoGen under an asset purchase agreement and to SVB under the SVB Term Loan. Interest expense related to these obligations and to the discount, deferred financing fee and final fee premium amortization of amounts associated with these obligations was $0.9 million and $1.1 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This decrease in interest expense was primarily the result of a $2.5 million payment made to SVB as part of the Term Loan Amendment which, in addition to regularly scheduled SVB Term Loan and NuvoGen obligation payments, resulted in a decreased balance on which interest is being accrued and/or paid.

Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

The following table summarizes the primary sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented:

Years Ended December 31,

Change

Net cash provided by (used in):

Operating activities

Investing activities

Financing activities

Effect of exchange rate on cash

Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by 12% to $18.4 million compared with $16.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase for the year ended December 31, 2022 reflected (i) the net loss of $21.6 million and (ii) net non-cash items of $3.3 million consisting primarily of provision for excess inventory of $1.2 million, stock-based compensation expense of $0.8 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $0.6 million, amortization of loan discount and issuance costs of $0.4 million, non-cash operating lease expense of $0.4 million and gain on abandonment and disposal of assets of $0.1 million; and (iii) a net cash outflow from changes in balances of operating assets and liabilities of $0.1 million.

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $16.5 million and reflected (i) the net loss of $17.1 million and (ii) net non-cash items of $1.6 million consisting primarily of the gain on the forgiveness of our PPP loan of $1.7 million, stock-based compensation expense of $1.3 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $0.7 million, amortization of loan discount and issuance costs of $0.5 million, non-cash operating lease expense of $0.5 million and loss on abandonment and disposal of assets of $0.2 million; and (iii) a net cash outflow from changes in balances of operating assets and liabilities of $1.0 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by 286% to $12.4 million compared with net cash used in investing activities of $6.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 consisted primarily of the maturity of $20.0 million of the available-for-sale securities and the proceeds from the sale of property and equipment of $0.1 million, partially offset by the purchases of available-for-sale securities of $7.6 million.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $6.7 million and consisted primarily of purchases of available-for-sale securities of $18.6 million and purchases of laboratory equipment and other fixed assets during the year of $0.6 million, partially offset by the maturity of $12.6 million of the available-for-sale securities.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased by 17% to $8.6 million compared with $10.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 consisted primarily of $9.1 million of proceeds net of commissions and issuance costs from the December 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement (see Note 14 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements), $7.0 million in net proceeds from the March 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement (see Note 14 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements) and $0.8 million in proceeds from our 2022 Insurance Note, partially offset by $6.8 million of payments on our SVB Term Loan, $0.5 million of payments made on our outstanding NuvoGen obligation, and $1.0 million of payments made on our 2021 and 2022 Insurance Notes.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $10.4 million and consisted primarily of $10.7 million in net proceeds from sales of our common stock in an “at the market offering” and $0.9 million in proceeds from our stock purchase agreement (the “LP Purchase Agreement”) with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC (“Lincoln Park”), $0.1 million in proceeds from shares purchased under stock purchase plans, partially offset by $0.5 million of payments made on our outstanding NuvoGen obligation, and $0.7 million of payments made on our 2020 and 2021 Insurance Notes.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, our operations have primarily been financed through the issuance of our common stock, preferred stock, the incurrence of debt and cash received from product sales, services revenue and other income. As of December 31, 2022, we had $12.2 million in cash and cash equivalents, current liabilities of $8.3 million and $4.1 million of long-term liabilities primarily relating to our NuvoGen obligation and operating leases.

In June 2020, we entered into the SVB Term Loan with SVB. The proceeds from the SVB Term Loan, together with cash on hand, were used to repay in full all outstanding amounts and fees due under our prior MidCap Credit Facility and a subordinated convertible note that has since been repaid. Our SVB Term Loan bears interest at a floating rate equal to the greater of 2.50% above the Prime Rate (as defined in the Loan Agreement) and 5.75%. In July 2022, we entered into the Term Loan Amendment with SVB. Under the Term Loan Amendment, SVB agreed to remove the financial covenant under the Loan Agreement. In exchange for this accommodation, we prepaid $2.5 million of outstanding principal under the SVB Term Loan. The remaining outstanding principal amount due under the SVB Term Loan will continue to be paid in equal monthly payments of principal and interest through the maturity date of December 1, 2023.

In March 2022, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with a single investor pursuant to which we issued and sold to the investor 270,415 units at a price of $27.744 per unit (less $0.012 for each pre-funded warrant purchased in lieu of a share of common stock) for net proceeds, after deducting the placement agent fees and other fees and expenses, of approximately $7.0 million. Each unit consisted of one share of common stock (or one pre-funded warrant in lieu thereof), a common warrant to purchase one share of our common stock with a term of 24 months from the issuance date, and a common warrant to purchase one share of our common stock with a term of 66 months from the issuance date. Each of these common warrants became exercisable commencing on September 21, 2022 and has an exercise price of $24.744 per share. Each pre-funded warrant had an exercise price of $0.012 per share and had no expiration date. In May 2022, all of the 200,911 pre-funded warrants were exercised for proceeds of $2,411.

In December 2022, in connection with a best-efforts public offering, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the "December 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement") with a certain institutional investor, pursuant to which we issued and sold to the investor 1,290,322 units at a combined public offering price of $7.75 per share (less $0.001 for each pre-funded warrant purchased in lieu of a share of common stock) for net proceeds, after deducting the Placement Agent fees and expenses and other estimated fees and expenses of approximately $8.7 million. Each unit consisted of one share of common stock (or one pre-funded warrant in lieu thereof), a common warrant to purchase one share of common stock with a term of 24 months from the issuance date, and a common warrant to purchase one share of common stock with a term of 60 months from the issuance date. Each of these common warrants has an exercise price of $7.50 per share. In December 2022, all of the 1,188,322 pre-funded warrants were exercised for proceeds of $1,188.

The current volatility in the equity markets may create additional challenges to raising a sufficient amount of capital through an equity financing in the near term. If sufficient additional capital is not available as and when needed, we may have to delay, scale back or discontinue one or more product development programs, curtail our commercial activities, significantly reduce expenses, sell assets (potentially at a discount to their fair value or carrying value), enter into relationships with third parties to develop or commercialize products or technologies that we otherwise would have sought to develop or commercialize independently, pursue a sale of the Company at a price that may result in a significant loss on investment for our stockholders, file for bankruptcy or seek other protection from creditors, or liquidate all assets. In addition, if we default under any of the terms of the Loan Agreement, including as a result of a material adverse change, Silicon Valley Bridge Bank could accelerate the payment of the SVB Term Loan and ultimately foreclose on our assets.

Contractual Obligations, Commitments and Material Cash Requirements

We have had recurring operating losses and negative cash flows from operations since our inception and have an accumulated deficit of $229.9 million as of December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $12.2 million and had current liabilities of $8.3 million. As of December 31, 2022, we also had approximately $4.1 million of long-term liabilities outstanding, relating to our NuvoGen obligation, and our financing and operating leases.

We currently expect that our existing resources will only be sufficient to fund our planned operations and expenditures until at least July 2023. In addition, potentially changing circumstances, including those related to a resurgence of COVID-19, inflation and high interest rates, may also result in the depletion of our capital resources more rapidly than we currently anticipate. These circumstances raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Our primary capital needs, including contractual obligations and commitments, which are subject to change, include:

Debt Obligations – As of December 31, 2022, our outstanding debt balance was $3.8 million. See Note 8, “Debt Obligations” within our consolidated financial statements for further detail of our SVB Term Loan, the remaining balance of which is included in current liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022, as the remaining payments are due within the next twelve months.

NuvoGen Obligation – As of December 31, 2022, our NuvoGen obligation balance was $4.0 million. See Note 10, “Other Agreements” within our consolidated financial statements for further detail and the timing of expected future payments.

Operating Leases – As of December 31, 2022, our contractual commitment for operating leases was $1.0 million. See Note 11, “Leases” within our consolidated financial statements for further detail of our lease obligations and the timing of expected future payments, including a three-year maturity schedule.

Planned costs to operating our business, including amounts required to fund working capital and capital expenditures.

Support of commercialization efforts related to our current and future products.

Continued advancement of research and development efforts, including those related to our HTG Therapeutics business unit.

Until our revenue reaches a level sufficient to support self-sustaining cash flows, if ever, we expect to finance our cash needs through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, or other capital sources which may include strategic collaborations, licensing arrangements or other arrangements with third parties. The current volatility in the equity markets may create additional challenges to raising a sufficient amount of capital through an equity financing in the near term. Future funding requirements will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to generate significant revenue, our ability to repay our debt obligations as they become due, the cost and timing of establishing additional sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, the ongoing cost of research and development activities, the cost and timing of regulatory clearances and approvals, the effect of competing technology and market developments, the nature and timing of companion diagnostic development collaborations we may establish and the extent to which we acquire or invest in businesses, products and technologies.

Additional capital may not be available at such times or in amounts needed by us. Even if sufficient capital is available to us, it might be available only on unfavorable terms. If we are unable to raise additional capital in the future when required and in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to delay, scale back or discontinue one or more product development programs, curtail our commercialization activities, significantly reduce expenses, sell assets (potentially at a discount to their fair value or carrying value), enter into relationships with third parties to develop or commercialize products or technologies that we otherwise would have sought to develop or commercialize independently, cease operations altogether, pursue an acquisition of our company at a price that may result in a significant loss on investment to our stockholders, file for bankruptcy, seek other protection from creditors, or liquidate all of our assets. In addition, if we default under our SVB Term Loan agreement, including as a result of a “material adverse change,” our lender could foreclose on our assets. The definition of “material adverse change” is broad and includes a material impairment in the value of the collateral securing the SVB Term Loan, a material adverse change in our business, operations, or condition (financial or otherwise), and a material impairment of the prospect of repayment of any portion of the SVB Term Loan. As the remaining payments under the SVB Term Loan are due within twelve months of December 31, 2022, the impact of a material adverse change would be to accelerate the payment of this short-term debt further.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For a summary of recent accounting pronouncements applicable to our consolidated financial statements, see “Note 2. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in Part II, Item 8, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Critical Accounting Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Critical accounting policies and estimates are those that we consider most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations because they require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Our critical accounting policies and estimates include those related to revenue recognition, fair value measurements and inventory valuation. Actual results could materially differ from these estimates and such differences could affect the results of operations in future periods.

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when, or as, we satisfy our performance obligations by delivering the promised goods or service deliverables to our customers. A good or service deliverable is transferred to a customer when, or as, the customer obtains control of that good or service deliverable. A performance obligation may be satisfied over time or at a point in time. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied over time is recognized by measuring our progress in satisfying the performance obligation in a manner that depicts the transfer of the goods or services to the customer. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied at a point in time is recognized at the point in time that we determine the customer obtains control over the promised good or service deliverable. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those promised goods or services ( i.e. , the “transaction price”). In determining the transaction price, we consider multiple factors, including the effects of variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainties with respect to the amount are resolved. In determining when to include variable consideration in the transaction price, we consider the range of possible outcomes, the predictive value of our past experiences, the time period of when uncertainties expect to be resolved and the amount of consideration that is susceptible to factors outside of our influence, such as the judgment and actions of third parties.

For contracts where the period between when we transfer a promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays is one year or less, we have elected the practical expedient to not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component.

We have made a policy election to exclude from the measurement of the transaction price all taxes assessed by a government authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue producing transaction and collected from a customer. Such taxes may include but are not limited to sales, use, value added and certain excise taxes.

Product and Product-related Services Revenue

Sale of instruments and consumables

The delivery of each instrument and related installation and calibration are considered to be a single performance obligation, as the HTG EdgeSeq instrument must be professionally installed and calibrated prior to use. Instrument product revenue is generally recognized upon installation and calibration of the instrument by field service engineers, which represents the point at which the customer has the ability to use the instrument and has accepted the asset. Installation generally occurs within one month of instrument shipment.

The delivery of each consumable is a separate performance obligation. Consumables revenue is recognized upon transfer of control, which represents the point when the customer has legal title and the significant risks of ownership of the asset. Our standard terms and conditions provide that no right of return exists for instruments and consumables, unless replacement is necessary due to delivery of defective or damaged product. Customer payment terms vary but are typically between 30 and 90 days of revenue being earned from shipment or delivery, as applicable.

Shipping and handling fees charged to customers for instruments shipped are included in the consolidated statements of operations as part of product and product-related services revenue. Shipping and handling costs for products shipped to customers are included in the consolidated statements of operations as part of cost of product and product-related services revenue.

For sales of consumables in the United States, standard delivery terms are FOB shipping point, unless otherwise specified in the customer contract, reflecting transfer of control to the customer upon shipment. Standard delivery terms for sales to customers outside of the United States are FOB delivery point, unless otherwise specified in the customer contract. We have elected the practical expedient to account for shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the consumables.

We provide instruments to certain customers under reagent rental agreements. Under these agreements, an instrument is installed in the customer’s facility without a fee and the customer agrees to purchase consumable products at a stated price over the term of the agreement; in some instances, the agreements do not contain a minimum purchase requirement. Terms range from several months to multiple years and may automatically renew in several month or multiple year increments unless either party notifies the other in advance that the agreement will not renew. We measure progress toward complete satisfaction of this performance obligation to provide the instrument and deliver the consumables using an output method based on the number of consumables delivered in relation to the total consumables to be provided under the reagent rental agreement. This is considered to be representative of the delivery of outputs under the arrangement and the best measure of progress because the customer benefits from the instrument only in conjunction with the consumables. We expect to recover the cost of the instrument under the agreement through the fees charged for consumables, to the extent sold, over the term of the agreement.

In reagent rental agreements, we retain title to the instrument and title is transferred to the customer at no additional charge at the conclusion of the initial arrangement. The cost of the instrument is amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the arrangement, unless there is no minimum consumable product purchase, in which case the instrument would be expensed as cost of product and product-related services revenue upon installation. Cost to maintain the instrument while we hold title is charged to selling, general and administrative expense as incurred.

Service revenue

Sample Processing Services

We also provide sample preparation and processing services and molecular profiling of retrospective cohorts for our customers through our VERI/O laboratory, whereby the customer provides samples to be processed using HTG EdgeSeq technology specified in the order. Customers are charged a per sample fee for sample processing services which is recognized as revenue upon delivery of a data file to the customer showing the results of testing and completing delivery of the agreed upon service. This is when the customer can use and benefit from the results of testing and we have the present right to payment.

Fair Value Measurements

We establish the fair value of all of our financial assets and liabilities, which are recognized and disclosed at fair value in the consolidated financial statements, using the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a financial liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A fair value hierarchy is used to measure fair value. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

Level 2 – Pricing inputs are based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets.

Level 3 – Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the investment.

Our portfolio of securities comprises high credit quality corporate debt securities classified as available-for-sale securities.

Inventory Valuation

Inventory consists of raw materials and finished goods which are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) or net realizable value. We assess the valuation of our inventory on a periodic basis and make adjustments to the value for estimated obsolescence, inventory in excess of reasonably expected near term sales or unmarketable inventory, in an amount equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the estimated market value, based upon assumption about future demand and market conditions. Such estimates are difficult to make under most economic conditions. Our excess inventory review process includes analysis of sales forecasts and expected customer demand, careful management of product utilization and future purchasing and coordinating with manufacturing to maximize recovery of excess inventory. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected, additional inventory write-downs may be required. Inventory impairment charges establish a new cost basis for inventory and charges are not reversed subsequently to income, even if circumstances later suggest that increased carrying amounts are recoverable. If actual market conditions are more favorable than anticipated, inventory previously written down may be sold to customers, resulting in lower cost of sales and lower operating loss than expected in that period.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitati ve Disclosures About Market Risk.

We are a “smaller reporting company” as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information otherwise required under this item.

Item 8. Financial Statement s and Supplementary Data.

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (BDO USA, LLP; Los Angeles, California USA; PCAOB ID#: 243 )

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021

Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Stockholders and Board of Directors

HTG Molecular Diagnostics, Inc.

Tucson, Arizona

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of HTG Molecular Diagnostics, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Going Concern Uncertainty

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations and negative operating cash flows that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Reserve for Excess and Obsolete Inventory

As more fully described in Notes 2 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated inventory balance was approximately $1.3 million at December 31, 2022. Inventory, consisting of raw materials, work in process and finished goods, is stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) or net realizable value. The Company reserves its inventory for estimated obsolescence or inventory in excess of expected sales or unmarketable inventory, based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions.

We identified the valuation of inventories with respect to excess and obsolete inventory as a critical audit matter. Specifically, the determination of the reserve for excess and obsolete inventory requires management to make judgments and assumptions about the future usage and sales of inventory. Auditing these elements involved especially challenging auditor judgment due to the nature and extent of audit effort required to address this matter.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

Evaluating management’s process for establishing a reserve for excess and obsolete inventory by understanding inventory management practices and assessing the appropriateness of management’s estimation.

Testing the existence of inventory items through the attendance of a physical inventory observation at the selected location.

Assessing whether any known or knowable factors occurred subsequent to year end that impact management's forecast of future inventory usage by comparing actual sales to forecasted sales for the subsequent period and assessing changes in macroeconomic conditions and scientific receptivity to the technology.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2014.

Los Angeles, California

March 30, 2023

HTG Molecular Diagnostics, Inc.

Consolidated B alance Sheets

December 31,

Assets

Current assets:

Cash and cash equivalents

Investments available-for-sale, at fair value

Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $ 0  at December 31, 2022

and $ 20,315  at December 31, 2021

Inventory, net

Prepaid expenses and other

Total current assets

Operating lease right-of-use assets

Property and equipment, net

Other non-current assets

Total assets

Liabilities and stockholders’ equity

Current liabilities:

Accounts payable

Accrued liabilities

Current portion of long-term debt, net of discount and debt issuance costs

NuvoGen obligation - current

Operating lease liabilities - current

Other current liabilities

Total current liabilities

NuvoGen obligation - non-current, net of discount

Long-term debt, net of current portion, discount and debt issuance costs

Operating lease liabilities - non-current, net of discount

Other non-current liabilities

Total liabilities

Commitments and Contingencies (Note 15)

Stockholders’ equity:

Series A convertible preferred stock, $ 0.001  par value; no  shares authorized,

issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022; 23,770  shares authorized,

issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021

Common stock, $ 0.001  par value; 26,666,667  shares authorized at

December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021; 2,213,897  shares issued

and outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 632,340  shares issued

and outstanding at December 31, 2021

Additional paid-in-capital

Accumulated other comprehensive income

Accumulated deficit

Total stockholders’ equity

Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

HTG Molecular Diagnostics, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

Years Ended December 31,

Product and product-related services revenue

Operating expenses:

Cost of product and product-related services revenue

Selling, general and administrative

Research and development

Total operating expenses

Operating loss

Other income (expense):

Interest expense

Interest income

Other income

Gain on forgiveness of PPP Loan

Total other income (expense)

Net loss before income taxes

Provision for income taxes

Net loss

Net loss per share, basic and diluted

Shares used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

HTG Molecular Diagnostics, Inc.

Consolidated Statem ents of Comprehensive Loss

Years Ended December 31,

Net loss

Other comprehensive loss, net of tax effect:

Foreign currency translation adjustment

Comprehensive loss

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

HTG Molecular Diagnostics, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cha nges in Stockholders’ Equity

Series A Convertible

Preferred Stock

Common Stock

Additional

Paid-In

Accumulated

Other

Comprehensive

Accumulated

Total

Stockholders'

Shares

Amount

Shares

Amount

Capital

Income (Loss)

Deficit

Equity

Balance at January 1, 2021

Stock-based compensation expense

Release of restricted stock awards

Net share settlement of restricted stock awards

Employee stock purchase plan expense

Stock issued under stock purchase plans

Issuance of common stock from ATM Offering, net of commissions of approximately $ 0.3  million

Issuance of common stock in connection with LP Purchase Agreement

Exercise of September 2019 Securities Purchase Agreement pre-funded warrants

Exercise of stock options

Net loss

Foreign currency translation adjustment

Balance at December 31, 2021

Stock-based compensation expense

Release of restricted stock awards

Net share settlement of restricted stock awards

Employee stock purchase plan expense

Stock issued under stock purchase plans

Conversion of Series A convertible preferred stock for common stock

Issuance of common stock and pre-funded warrants from March 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement, net of issuance costs of approximately $ 0.5  million

Issuance of common stock and pre-funded warrants from December 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement, net of commissions and issuance costs of approximately $ 1.3  million

Exercise of March 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement pre-funded warrants

Exercise of December 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement pre-funded warrants

Cash in lieu of fractional shares related to reverse stock split

Net loss

Foreign currency translation adjustment

Balance at December 31, 2022

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

HTG Molecular Diagnostics, Inc.

Consolidated Stateme nts of Cash Flows

Years Ended December 31,

Operating activities

Net loss

Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:

Depreciation and amortization

Accretion of interest on NuvoGen obligation

Provision for excess inventory

Amortization of SVB Term Loan discount and issuance costs

Stock-based compensation expense

Employee stock purchase plan expense

Bad debt expense

Non-cash operating lease expense

Accrued interest on available-for-sale securities investments

Gain on forgiveness of PPP Loan

(Gain) loss on abandonment and disposal of assets, net

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

Accounts receivable

Inventory

Prepaid expenses and other

Accounts payable

Accrued liabilities

Contract liabilities

Operating lease liabilities

Net cash used in operating activities

Investing activities

Purchase of property and equipment

Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment

Maturities of available-for-sale securities

Purchase of available-for-sale securities

Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities

Financing activities

Proceeds from ATM Offering, net of commissions of approximately $ 0.3  million

Proceeds from March 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement, net of issuance costs of approximately $ 0.5  million

Proceeds from LP Purchase Agreement

Payments on NuvoGen obligation

Payments on SVB Term Loan

Payments on SVB Term Loan Amendment issuance costs

Payments on deferred offering costs

Payments on financing leases

Proceeds from exercise of stock options

Taxes paid for net share settlement of restricted stock awards

Proceeds from shares purchased under stock purchase plans

Proceeds from exercise of March 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement pre-funded warrants

Proceeds from December 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement, net of commissions and issuance costs of approximately $ 0.9  million

Proceeds from exercise of December 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement pre-funded warrants

Cash in lieu of fractional shares related to reverse stock split

Proceeds from insurance note

Payments on insurance notes

Net cash provided by financing activities

Effect of exchange rates on cash

Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year

Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities

Fixed asset purchases payable at year end

Issuance costs payable and accrued at year end

Issuance of common stock upon conversion of Series A convertible preferred stock

Issuance of common stock from cashless exercise of pre-funded warrants

2021 Insurance Note issued for insurance premiums

Gain on forgiveness of PPP Loan

Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities

Carrying value of demonstration units transferred from property and equipment to inventory

Disposal of fully depreciated assets

Reclassification of instrument from inventory to property and equipment

Supplemental cash flow information

Cash paid for interest

Cash paid for taxes

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

HTG Molecular Diagnostics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financ ial Statements

Note 1. Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

HTG Molecular Diagnostics, Inc. (the “Company”) is a life science company whose mission is to advance precision medicine through its innovative transcriptome-wide profiling technology and advanced medicinal chemistry technology. The Company derives revenue primarily from sales of its HTG EdgeSeq system and integrated next-generation sequencing-based (“NGS-based”) HTG EdgeSeq research use only (“RUO”) assays and from sample processing services performed in its VERI/O laboratory.

The Company operates in one segment and its customers and distributors are located primarily in the United States and Europe. Revenue is reported based upon the geographic locations of the customers or distributors who purchase the Company's products and services. For sales to distributors, their locations may be different from the locations of the end customers. For the year ended December 31, 2022, approximately 35 % of the Company’s revenue was generated from sales originated by customers located outside of the United States, compared with 31 % for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). In December 2022, the Company completed a reverse stock split of its outstanding shares of common stock pursuant to which every twelve shares of issued and outstanding common stock were exchanged for one share of common stock. All share and per share amounts within the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split for all periods and dates presented. See Note 14 for more information about the Company’s reverse stock split.

Principles of Consolidation

The Company formed a French subsidiary, HTG Molecular Diagnostics France SARL, in November 2018. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and this wholly owned subsidiary after elimination of intercompany transactions and balances as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 .

Going Concern and Liquidity

Management has assessed the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year of issuance of these consolidated financial statements. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of the assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. However, the Company has had recurring operating losses and negative operating cash flows since its inception and has an accumulated deficit of approximately $ 229.9 million as of December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had working capital of approximately $ 7.4 million and long-term liabilities of approximately $ 4.1 million. The Company’s liability balances consist primarily of its debt obligations, including an asset-secured loan with Silicon Valley Bank (currently named Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A. following the closure of Silicon Valley Bank on March 10, 2023 by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") as receiver) (“SVB”), as lender, (the “SVB Term Loan”) (see Note 8), as well as an obligation to NuvoGen Research, LLC (the “NuvoGen obligation”) (see Note 10). The Company currently expects that its existing resources will be sufficient to fund its planned operations and expenditures until at least July 2023. In addition, potentially changing circumstances, including those related to a resurgence of COVID-19, inflation and high interest rates, may result in the depletion of the Company’s capital resources more rapidly than it currently anticipates. These circumstances raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that may result from the outcome of these uncertainties.

The Company will need to raise additional capital to fund its operations and service its long-term debt obligations until its revenue reaches a level sufficient to provide for self-sustaining cash flows. There can be no assurance that additional capital will be available on acceptable terms, or at all, or that the Company’s revenue will reach a level sufficient to provide for self-sustaining cash flows. If the Company is not able to generate additional capital, the Company may have to delay, scale back or discontinue one or more of its therapeutics development programs, curtail its commercial activities, significantly reduce expenses, sell assets (potentially at a discount to their fair value or carrying value), enter into relationships with third parties to develop or commercialize products or technologies that the Company otherwise would have sought to develop or commercialize independently, cease operations altogether, pursue a sale of the Company at a price that may result in a significant loss on investment for its stockholders, file for bankruptcy or seek other protection from creditors. In addition, if the Company defaults under any of the provisions of the Loan and Security Agreement for the SVB Term Loan (the "Loan Agreement"), SVB could charge an interest rate of 5 % above the otherwise applicable floating rate, accelerate the payment of the SVB Term Loan and ultimately foreclose on the Company’s assets.

COVID-19 Pandemic and Relief

The Company experienced a significant slowing of product and product-related services revenue generation beginning in March 2020 as a result of COVID-19. The extent of this impact has varied from customer to customer depending upon how they have been directly or indirectly impacted by local stay-at-home orders and other social distancing measures, how they have prioritized studies and previously planned trials as the immediate impacts of the pandemic have passed, and how significantly their workforces and supplier networks have been impacted by the pandemic. The Company has not experienced delays in development even with its efforts to prioritize the safety of its employees during the pandemic. In addition, the impact of COVID-19 on the Company’s ability to source raw materials and other supplies has not been significant to date. However, a change in or loss of suppliers or other supply chain or distribution network partners due to the ongoing impacts of the pandemic or a resurgence of COVID-19 on the global economy could adversely affect the Company’s business and the business of its vendors, partners and customers, and could result in future reductions in sales and operating results.

While there remains uncertainty as to the future impact of COVID-19, the Company has considered the known impacts on its business as of the date these consolidated financial statements were issued and has reflected any known or expected impacts in its consolidated financial statements, including consideration of potential impairment risks to its long-lived assets, potential accounts receivable collection risks and potential impacts to its overall liquidity position.

As a result of various government programs enacted to address the ongoing impacts of COVID-19, the Company was able to qualify for and receive Employee Retention Credits (“ERC”) during the year ended December 31, 2021. ERC benefits of approximately $ 0.5 million, $ 0.8 million, and $ 0.4 million were included in cost of product and product-related services revenue, selling, general and administrative and research and development, respectively, as an offset to the related compensation costs in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021. In November 2021, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act was signed into law, making wages paid after September 30, 2021 ineligible for these credits. As such, no further ERC benefits were received for the year ended December 31, 2022. ERC benefits receivable of approximately $ 0.4 million were included in prepaid expenses and other in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of both December 31, 2022 and 2021.

In April 2020, the Company received proceeds from a loan pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) of the CARES Act (the “PPP Loan”) in the amount of approximately $ 1.7 million from SVB, as lender. The Company applied for full forgiveness of the PPP Loan in October 2020. In May 2021, the Company received notification that the PPP Loan and related interest, totaling approximately $ 1.7 million, were forgiven by the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”), and that the PPP Loan had been canceled. Accordingly, the Company recorded a gain on forgiveness of the PPP Loan for the year ended December 31, 2021, included in other income (expense) in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Laws and regulations concerning government programs, including the ERC and PPP Loan, are complex and subject to varying interpretations. Claims made under these programs may also be subject to retroactive audit and review. While the Company does not believe there is a basis for estimation of an audit or recapture risk at this time, there can be no assurance that regulatory authorities will not challenge the Company’s claim to the ERC or PPP Loan in a future period.

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company’s estimates include revenue recognition, stock-based compensation expense, bonus and warranty accrual, income tax valuation allowances and reserves, recovery of long‑lived assets, lease liability, inventory valuation, allowance for doubtful accounts and available-for-sale securities. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on deposit with financial institutions, money market instruments and high credit quality corporate debt securities purchased with a term of three months or less.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable represent valid claims against debtors. Management reviews accounts receivable regularly to determine, using the specific identification method, if any receivable amounts will potentially be uncollectible and to estimate the amount of allowance for doubtful accounts necessary to reduce accounts receivable to its estimated net realizable value.

Investments in Available-for-Sale Securities

The Company classifies its debt securities, which are reported at estimated fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, as available-for-sale securities. Investments in securities with maturities of less than one year , or where management’s intent is to use the investments to fund current operations, or to make them available for current operations, are classified as short-term investments. Realized gains, realized losses and declines in value of securities judged to be other-than-temporary, are included in other income (expense) within the consolidated statements of operations. The cost of investments for purposes of computing realized and unrealized gains and losses is based on the specific identification method. Interest earned on securities is also included in other income (expense) within the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company recognizes other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) of a debt security for which there has been a decline in fair value below amortized cost if (i) management intends to sell the security, (ii) it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, or (iii) the Company does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. The amount by which amortized cost exceeds the fair value of a debt security that is considered to have OTTI is separated into a component representing the credit loss, which is recognized in earnings, and a component related to all other factors, which is recognized in other comprehensive loss. The measurement of the credit loss component is equal to the difference between the debt security’s amortized cost basis and the present value of its expected future cash flows discounted at the security’s effective yield. If the Company intends to sell the security, or if it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery, an OTTI write-down is recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the amortized cost basis and fair value of the security. As the Company did no t have available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2022 and did no t have any unrealized losses as of December 31, 2021, there was no OTTI of its available-for-sale securities as of either balance sheet date.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value measurements are based on the premise that fair value is an exit price representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the following three-tier fair value hierarchy has been used in determining the inputs used in measuring fair value:

Level 1

Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities on the reporting date.

Level 2

Pricing inputs are based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3

Pricing inputs are generally unobservable and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the investment. The inputs into the determination of fair value require management’s judgment or estimation of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities. The fair values are therefore determined using factors that involve considerable judgment and interpretations, including but not limited to private and public comparables, third-party appraisals, discounted cash flow models, and fund manager estimates.

The carrying value of financial instruments classified as current assets and current liabilities approximate fair value due to their liquidity and short-term nature. Investments that are classified as available-for-sale are recorded at fair value, which is determined using quoted market prices, broker or dealer quotations or alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency. The carrying value of the SVB Term Loan (see Note 8) is estimated to approximate its fair value as the interest rate approximates the market rate for debt with similar terms and risk characteristics.

The NuvoGen obligation relates to an asset purchase transaction with a then-common stockholder of the Company (see Note 10). As of December 31, 2022, the estimated aggregate fair value of the NuvoGen obligation is approximately $ 3.9 million, determined using a Monte Carlo simulation with key assumptions including future revenue, volatility, discount and risk-free rates. The estimated fair value of the NuvoGen obligation represents a Level 3 measurement.

Inventory

Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company determines the cost of inventory using the first-in, first out method. The Company estimates the recoverability of inventory by reference to internal estimates of future demands and product life cycles, including expiration. The Company periodically analyzes its inventory levels to identify inventory that may expire prior to expected sale or has a cost basis in excess of its estimated realizable value and records a charge to expense for such inventory as appropriate. The Company classifies inventory as long-term when it expects to utilize the inventory beyond its normal operating cycle.

The Company charges cost of sales for inventory provisions to write-down our inventory to the lower of cost or net realizable value or for obsolete or excess inventory. Most of its inventory provisions relate to excess quantities of products, based on our inventory levels and future product purchase commitments compared to assumptions about future demand and market conditions. Once inventory has been written-off or written-down, it creates a new cost basis for the inventory that is not subsequently written-up, any increase in demand forecasted or inventory value of such inventory is not realized until such inventory is sold.

Equipment that is under evaluation for purchase remains in inventory as the Company maintains title to the equipment throughout the evaluation period. The period of time customers use to evaluate the Company’s equipment generally ranges from 90 to 180 days , and in certain circumstances the evaluation period may need to be extended beyond that period. However, in no case will the evaluation period exceed one year. If the customer has not purchased the equipment or entered into a reagent rental agreement with the Company after evaluating the product for one year, the equipment is returned to the Company or the customer is allowed to continue use of the equipment, in which case the equipment is written off to selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations. HTG EdgeSeq instruments at customer locations under evaluation agreements are included in finished goods inventory. Finished goods inventory under evaluation was approximately $ 0.1 million and $ 0.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at historical cost and depreciated over their useful lives, which range from three to five years , using the straight-line method. Equipment used in the field is amortized using the straight-line method over the lesser of the period of the related reagent rental or the estimated useful life. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the lesser of the remaining lease term or the estimated useful life.

Costs incurred in the development and installation of software for internal use and in the development of the Company’s website are expensed or capitalized, depending on whether they are incurred in the preliminary project stage (expensed), application development stage (capitalized), or post-implementation stage (expensed). Amounts capitalized following project completion are amortized on a straight-line basis over the useful life of the developed asset, which is generally three years .

Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset group to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group. If the carrying amount of an asset group exceeds its estimated future cash flow, an impairment charge is recognized in the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds the fair value of the asset group. Although the Company has accumulated losses since inception, the Company believes the future cash flows will be sufficient to exceed the carrying value of the Company’s long-lived assets. There were no impairments of long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 .

Leases

Arrangements meeting the definition of a lease are classified as operating or financing leases and are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as both a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for each type of lease, calculated by discounting fixed lease payments over the lease term at the rate implicit in the lease or the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Lease liabilities are increased by interest and reduced by payments each period, and the right-of-use asset is amortized over the lease term. For operating leases, interest on the lease liability and the amortization of the right-of-use asset result in straight-line rent expense over the lease term. For financing leases, interest on the lease liability and the amortization of the right-of-use asset results in front-loaded expense over the lease term. Variable lease expenses are recorded to rent expense as incurred.

In calculating the right-of-use asset and lease liability, the Company elects to combine lease and non-lease components for all classes of assets currently under lease, including facilities and computer equipment. The Company excludes short-term leases having initial terms of 12 months or less as an accounting policy election and recognizes rent expense on short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term for these leases.

Debt Issuance Costs and Debt Discounts

Costs incurred to issue non-revolving debt instruments are recognized as a reduction to the related debt balance in the consolidated balance sheets and amortized to interest expense over the contractual term of the related debt using the effective interest method. Costs incurred to issue the Loan Agreement with SVB were deferred as an asset in the consolidated balance sheets and are being amortized on a straight-line basis to interest expense over the term of the loan (see Note 8).

Contract Liabilities

Contract liabilities represent cash receipts for products or services to be delivered in future periods. When products or services are delivered to customers, contract liabilities are recognized as earned. Up-front fees received for custom RUO assay design are recognized over time based on the costs incurred to date compared with total expected costs as design or development procedures are completed and outputs are produced.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when, or as, the Company satisfies its performance obligations by delivering the promised goods or service deliverables to the customers. A good or service deliverable is transferred to a customer when, or as, the customer obtains control of that good or service deliverable. A performance obligation may be satisfied over time or at a point in time. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied over time is recognized by measuring the Company’s progress in satisfying the performance obligation in a manner that depicts the transfer of the goods or services to the customer. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied at a point in time is recognized at the point in time that the Company determines the customer obtains control over the promised good or service deliverable. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those promised goods or services ( i.e. , the “transaction price”). In determining the transaction price, the Company considers multiple factors, including the effects of variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainties with respect to the amount are resolved. In determining when to include variable consideration in the transaction price, the Company considers the range of possible outcomes, the predictive value of its past experiences, the time period of when uncertainties expect to be resolved and the amount of consideration that is susceptible to factors outside of the Company’s influence, such as the judgment and actions of third parties.

For contracts where the period between when the Company transfers a promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays is one year or less, the Company has elected the practical expedient to not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component.

As the Company’s agreements for product and product-related services revenue have an expected duration of one year or less, the Company has elected the practical expedient to not disclose information about its remaining performance obligations.

The Company has also made a policy election to exclude from the measurement of the transaction price all taxes assessed by a government authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue producing transaction and collected by the Company from a customer. Such taxes may include but are not limited to sales, use, value added and certain excise taxes.

See Note 9 for additional discussion of the Company’s revenue recognition policies.

Product Warranty

The Company generally provides a one-year warranty on its HTG EdgeSeq platform covering the performance of system hardware and software in conformance with customer specifications under normal use and protecting against defects in materials and workmanship. The Company may, at its option, replace, repair or exchange products covered under valid warranty claims. A provision for estimated warranty costs is recognized at the time of sale, through cost of product and product-related services revenue, based upon recent historical experience and other relevant information as it becomes available. Customers have the option to purchase an extended warranty after the one-year warranty period expires. The Company continuously assesses the adequacy of its product warranty accrual by reviewing actual claims and adjusts the provision as needed. Warranty accrual is included in accrued liabilities and other non-current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses represent costs incurred internally for and externally in support of research and development activities. These costs include those generated through research and development efforts for the improvement and expansion of the Company’s proprietary profiling technology and product offerings, and payroll, related expenses, consulting expenses, laboratory supplies, facilities and equipment costs incurred to complete development milestones associated with the Company's transcriptome-informed drug discovery business, HTG Therapeutics.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company incurs stock-based compensation expense relating to grants of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and stock options to employees, consultants and non-employee directors under its equity incentive plans, and stock purchase rights granted under its employee stock purchase plans. The Company recognizes expense for stock-based awards based on the fair value of awards on the date of grant. The fair value of RSUs is based on the quoted market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of stock purchase rights and stock options granted pursuant to the Company’s equity incentive plans is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The determination of the fair value utilizing the Black-Scholes option pricing model is affected by the fair value of the Company’s stock price and several assumptions, including volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate, and dividend yield. Generally, these assumptions are based on historical information and judgment is required to determine if historical trends may be indicators of future outcomes. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax base of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is established against net deferred tax assets for the uncertainty it presents of our ability to use the net deferred tax assets, in this case, primarily carryforwards of net operating tax losses and research and development tax credits. In assessing the realizability of net deferred tax assets the Company has assessed the likelihood that net deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income, and to the extent that it is “more likely than not” that the assets will not be recovered or there is an insufficient history of operating profits, a valuation allowance is established. The Company records the valuation allowance in the period it determines that it is more likely than not that net deferred tax assets will not be realized. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company has provided a full valuation allowance for all net deferred tax assets due to their current realization being considered remote in the near term. Uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return are accounted for using the more likely than not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement. Therefore, for income tax positions where it is not more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained in a court of last resort, the Company does not recognize a tax benefit in its financial statements.

Foreign Currency Translation and Foreign Currency Transactions

The Company has assets and liabilities, including accounts receivable and accounts payable, which are denominated in currencies other than its functional currency. These assets and liabilities are subject to re-measurement, the impact of which is recorded in selling, general and administrative expense within the consolidated statements of operations.

Adjustments resulting from translating foreign functional currency financial statements of the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary into U.S. Dollars are included in the foreign currency translation adjustment, a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in the consolidated statements of changes in stockholders' equity.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss includes certain changes in equity that are excluded from net loss. Specifically, unrealized gains and losses on short-term available-for-sale investments and adjustments resulting from translating foreign functional currency financial statements into U.S. Dollars are included in comprehensive loss.

Concentration Risks

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The Company maintains the majority of its cash balances in the form of cash deposits in checking and money market accounts in amounts in excess of federally insured limits. In accordance with the Loan Agreement, as of December 31, 2022, the Company's cash balances were held in operating accounts at and in a custodial account at U.S. Bank subject to a control agreement with Silicon Valley Bank. On March 12, 2023, the U.S. Treasury, Federal Reserve and FDIC announced that SVB depositors will have access to all of their money beginning on March 13, 2023. Management believes that the credit risk with regard to these deposits is not significant based on the quality of the financial institution or, with respect to deposits with SVB, as a result of the guarantee provided by the U.S. Treasury, Federal Reserve and FDIC.

The Company sells its instruments, consumables, sample processing services, custom RUO assay design and collaborative development services primarily to biopharmaceutical companies, academic institutions and molecular labs. The Company routinely assesses the financial strength of its customers and credit losses have been minimal to date.

The Company’s top two customers accounted for 16 % and 14 % of the Company’s total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 , compared with the top two customers accounting for 20 % and 10 % of the Company’s total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 . The largest three customers accounted for approximately 37 % , 24 % and 13 % of the Company’s accounts receivable as of December 31, 2022 . The largest two customers accounted for approximately 18 % and 17 % of the Company’s accounts receivable as of December 31, 2021. The third and fourth largest customers accounted for approximately 10 % each of the Company’s accounts receivable as of December 31, 2021.

One vendor accounted for 13 % of the Company’s accounts payable as of December 31, 2022 , compared with two vendors who accounted for 28 % and 16 % of the Company’s accounts payable as of December 31, 2021.

The Company is also subject to supply chain risks related to the reliance on a single supplier to manufacture a subcomponent used in its HTG EdgeSeq instruments. Although there are a limited number of manufacturers for components of this type, the Company believes that other suppliers could provide similar products on comparable terms. However, a change in or loss of this supplier could significantly delay the delivery of products, which in turn would materially affect the Company’s ability to generate revenue.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The following are new FASB Accounting Standard Updates ("ASU") that had not been adopted by the Company as of December 31, 2022. The Company's management does not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standards updates, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions ("ASU 2022-03"), which amends ASC 820 to clarify that a contractual sales restriction is not considered in measuring an equity security at fair value and to introduce new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value. ASU 2022-03 applies to both holders and issuers of equity and equity-linked securities measured at fair value. The amendments in this ASU are effective for the Company in fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company is still evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on the financial statements.

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt – Debt with Conversion and other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity (“ASU 2020-06”), which simplifies accounting for convertible instruments by removing major separation models required under current GAAP. ASU 2020-06 removes certain settlement conditions that are required for equity contracts to qualify for the derivative scope exception and also simplifies the diluted earnings per share calculation in certain areas. The standard is effective for the Company effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted, and adoption must be as of the beginning of the Company’s annual fiscal year. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses , which was subsequently amended by ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-10 and ASU 2020-02, and requires the measurement of expected credit losses for financial instruments carried at amortized cost held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable forecasts. The updated guidance also amends the current other-than-temporary impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities by requiring the recognition of impairments relating to credit losses through an allowance account and limits the amount of credit loss to the difference between a security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value. In addition, the length of time a security has been in an unrealized loss position will no longer impact the determination of whether a credit loss exists. The main objective of this ASU is to provide financial statement users with more decision-useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments and other commitments to extend credit held by a reporting entity at each reporting date. With the issuance of ASU 2019-10 in November 2019, the standard will be effective for the Company for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company's adoption of this standard on January 1, 2023 is not expected to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or related footnote disclosures, given the high credit quality of the obligors to its available-for-sale debt securities and its history of minimal bad debt expense relating to trade accounts receivable.

Note 3. Inventory

Inventory - current, net of allowance, consisted of the following as of the dates indicated:

December 31,

Raw materials

Work in process

Finished goods

Total gross inventory - current

Less general inventory allowance

Inventory - non-current, net of excess inventory allowance, included in other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets, consisted of the following as of the dates indicated:

December 31,

Raw materials - non-current, net

Work in process - non-current, net

Finished goods - non-current

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded adjustments to its specific inventory reserve of $ 49,249 , to reflect the projected obsolescence of a specific inventory item, and to the general inventory allowance for estimated shrinkage, obsolescence and cycle count adjustments of $ 44,762 . In addition, the Company recorded a provision for excess inventory of approximately $ 1.1 million, primarily related to the write-down of estimated excess quantities of raw materials, whose inventory levels are higher than our updated forecasts of future demand for those products.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded adjustments to the general inventory allowance of approximately $ 0.2 million. Adjustments in these periods to the general, specific and excess inventory allowances have been included in cost of product and product-related services revenue in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Note 4. Fair Value

Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety in the fair value hierarchy, based on the lowest level input significant to the fair value measurement. The following table classifies the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, in the fair value hierarchy:

December 31, 2022

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Total

Asset included in:

Cash and cash equivalents

Money market securities

Total

December 31, 2021

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Total

Asset included in:

Cash and cash equivalents

Money market securities

Investments available-for-sale at fair value

Corporate debt securities

Total

There were no other financial instruments subject to fair value measurement on a recurring basis. Transfers to and from Levels 1, 2 and 3 are recognized at the end of the reporting period. There were no transfers between levels for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Level 1 instruments include investments in money market securities . These instruments are valued using quoted market prices for identical unrestricted instruments in active markets. The Company defines active markets for debt instruments based on both the average daily trading volume and the number of days with trading activity. Level 2 instruments as of December 31, 2021 included corporate debt securities, including commercial paper and corporate bonds. Valuations of Level 2 instruments can be verified to quoted prices, recent trading activity for identical or similar instruments, broker or dealer quotations or alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency. Consideration is given to the nature of the quotations (e.g. indicative or firm) and the relationship of recent market activity to the prices provided from alternative pricing sources.

Fair values of these assets are based on prices provided by independent market participants that are based on observable inputs using market-based valuation techniques. These valuation models and analytical tools use market pricing or similar instruments that are both objective and publicly available, including matrix pricing or reported trades, benchmark yields, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids and/or offers. The Company did not adjust any of the valuations received from these third parties with respect to any of its Level 1 or 2 securities for either of the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021 and did not have any Level 3 financial assets or liabilities during either of these periods.

Note 5. Available-for-Sale Securities

The Company did no t have any investments in available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2022. The Company's portfolio of available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2021 consisted of high credit quality corporate debt securities. The following is a summary of the securities as of that date:

December 31, 2021

Gross

Gross

Fair Value

Amortized

Unrealized

Unrealized

(Net Carrying

Cost

Gains

Losses

Amount)

Corporate debt securities

Total available-for-sale securities

There were no gross unrealized gains or losses related to the Company's available-for-sale securities investments as of December 31, 2022 or 2021 . There were no net adjustments to unrealized holding gains on short-term investments, net of tax in other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 .

Note 6. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following as of the dates indicated:

December 31,

Furniture & fixtures

Leasehold improvements

Equipment used in manufacturing

Equipment used in research & development

Equipment used in the field

Software

Property and equipment

Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and leasehold improvement amortization expense was approximately $ 0.6 million and $ 0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 , respectively.

Note 7. Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following as of the dates indicated:

December 31,

Accrued employee bonuses

Payroll and employee benefit accruals

Accrued professional fees

Other accrued liabilities

Note 8. Debt Obligations

Current portion of long-term debt consisted of the following as of the dates indicated:

December 31,

SVB Term Loan, net of discount and debt issuance costs

2021 Insurance Note

Long-term debt, net of current portion, discount and debt issuance costs, consisted of the following as of the dates indicated:

December 31,

SVB Term Loan, net of discount and debt issuance costs

SVB Term Loan

On June 24, 2020 (the “Closing Date”), the Company entered into the SVB Term Loan with SVB, which provided a secured term loan in the principal amount of $ 10.0 million. The proceeds from the SVB Term Loan were fully funded on June 25, 2020.

The SVB Term Loan bears interest at a floating rate equal to the greater of 2.50 % above the Prime Rate (as defined in the Loan Agreement) and 5.75 %. Interest on the SVB Term Loan is due and payable monthly in arrears. The SVB Term Loan originally required interest-only payments through June 30, 2021. As a result of the Company’s achievement of an equity milestone defined in the Loan Agreement during the quarter ended June 30, 2021, the interest-only period was extended for six months through December 31, 2021. Following the extended interest-only period, the Loan Agreement required equal monthly payments of principal and interest through the maturity date of December 1, 2023 .

Prepayments of the SVB Term Loan, in whole or in part, are subject to early termination fees in an amount equal to 1.0 % of principal prepaid if prepayment occurs after the second anniversary of the Closing Date and prior to the maturity date. Upon termination of the Loan Agreement, the Company is required to pay a final fee premium equal to 8.00 % of the principal amount of the SVB Term Loan.

In July 2022, the Company and SVB entered into an amendment to the SVB Term Loan (the "Term Loan Amendment"). Under the Term Loan Amendment, the Company and SVB agreed to remove the financial covenant under the Loan Agreement that had required the Company to maintain unrestricted cash, including short term investments available-for-sale, of not less than the greater of (i) $ 12.5 million and (ii) an amount equal to six times the amount of the Company's average monthly Cash Burn (as defined in the Loan Agreement) over the trailing three months. In exchange for this accommodation, the Company prepaid $ 2.5 million of outstanding principal under the Term Loan (the "Prepayment"). SVB waived the prepayment fee that otherwise would have applied to the Prepayment. The remaining outstanding principal amount due under the Term Loan will continue to be paid in equal monthly payments of principal and interest through the maturity date of December 1, 2023 . The Term Loan Amendment was accounted for as a modification of the original SVB Term Loan.

On March 10, 2023, the FDIC took control and was appointed receiver of SVB. The SVB Term Loan remains intact and the Company will continue to make required payments through the end of the current year, at which time the SVB Term Loan will be repaid in full.

The Company’s obligations under the Loan Agreement are secured by a security interest in substantially all of its assets, excluding intellectual property (which is subject to a negative pledge), and the Company’s future subsidiaries, if any, may be required to become co-borrowers or guarantors under the Loan Agreement. If we default under our obligations under the SVB Term Loan, including as a result of a material adverse change, as defined in the SVB Term Loan, the lender could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure our indebtedness or declare all obligations under the SVB Term Loan to be due and payable. The determination as to whether a material adverse change has occurred is not within the Company's control and it is unclear how the current managers of Silicon Valley Bridge Bank will view the SVB Term Loan from a risk standpoint and what actions they may elect to take under the SVB Term Loan to protect the financial interests of the lender.

The remaining principal repayments due under the SVB Term Loan as of December 31, 2022 are as follows:

Less discount and deferred financing costs

Plus final fee premium

Total SVB Term Loan, net

The Company included $ 0.2 million and $ 0.6 million of debt discount associated with the SVB Term Loan, resulting from fees and debt issuance costs, inclusive of the fair value of warrants issued, in current portion of long-term debt, net of discount and debt issuance costs and long-term debt, net of current portion, discount and debt issuance costs, respectively, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amortization of the debt discount associated with the SVB Term Loan was $ 0.4 million and $ 0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and was included in interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations. The effective interest rates for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were 16.15 % and 10.47 %, respectively.

Insurance Note

In May 2021, the Company entered into a new commercial financing agreement to extend the payment period related to its directors and officers insurance policy (the “2021 Insurance Note”). The 2021 Insurance Note required a down payment to be made upon signing the agreement equal to approximately $ 0.4 million. The remaining unpaid premium balance of approximately $ 0.7 million was financed at an annual rate of 3.57 % and was repaid in nine equal monthly payments of principal and interest through February 2022 .

In May 2022, the Company entered into a new commercial financing agreement to extend the payment period related to its directors and officers insurance policy (the "2022 Insurance Note"). The 2022 Insurance Note required a down payment to be made upon signing the agreement equal to approximately $ 0.3 million. The remaining unpaid premium balance of approximately $ 0.8 million was financed at an annual rate of 3.32 % and was to be repaid in nine equal monthly payments of principal and interest beginning in June 2022 . The 2022 Insurance Note contained customary events of default relating to, among other things, payment defaults and breaches of representations, warranties or terms of the 2022 Insurance Note documents, and may be prepaid by the Company at any time prior to maturity with no prepayment penalties. In November 2022, the Company prepaid the remainder of the 2022 Insurance Note.

Note 9. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Product and Product-related Services Revenue

The Company had product and product-related services revenue consisting of revenue from the sale of instruments and consumables and the use of the HTG EdgeSeq proprietary technology to process samples and design custom RUO assays for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 as follows:

Years Ended December 31,

Product revenue:

Instrument

Consumables

Total product revenue

Product-related services revenue:

Custom RUO assay design

RUO sample processing

Total product-related services revenue

Total product and product-related services revenue

Revenue by primary geographic market for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was as follows:

December 31, 2022

United States

Europe

Other

Product revenue

Product-related services revenue

Total product and product-related services revenue

December 31, 2021

United States

Europe

Other

Product revenue

Product-related services revenue

Total product and product-related services revenue

Sale of instruments and consumables

The delivery of each instrument and the related installation and calibration are considered to be a single performance obligation, as the HTG EdgeSeq instrument must be professionally installed and calibrated prior to use. Instrument product revenue is generally recognized upon installation and calibration of the instrument by field service engineers, which represents the point at which the customer has the ability to use the instrument and has accepted the asset. Installation generally occurs within one month of instrument shipment.

The delivery of each consumable is a separate performance obligation. Consumables revenue is recognized upon transfer of control, which represents the point when the customer has legal title and the significant risks of ownership of the asset. The Company’s standard terms and conditions provide that no right of return exists for instruments and consumables, unless replacement is necessary due to delivery of defective or damaged product. Customer payment terms vary but are typically between 30 and 90 days of revenue being earned from shipment or delivery, as applicable.

Shipping and handling fees charged to customers for instruments shipped are included in the consolidated statements of operations as part of product and product-related services revenue. Shipping and handling costs for products shipped to customers are included in the consolidated statements of operations as part of cost of product and product-related services revenue. We have elected the practical expedient to account for shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the consumables.

The Company provides instruments to certain customers under reagent rental agreements. Under these agreements, the Company installs an instrument in the customer’s facility without a fee and the customer agrees to purchase consumable products at a stated price over the term of the agreement; in some instances, the agreements do not contain a minimum purchase requirement. Terms range from several months to multiple years and may automatically renew in several month or multiple year increments unless either party notifies the other in advance that the agreement will not renew. The Company measures progress toward complete satisfaction of this performance obligation to provide the instrument and deliver the consumables using an output method based on the number of consumables delivered in relation to the total consumables to be provided under the reagent rental agreement. This is considered to be representative of the delivery of outputs under the arrangement and the best measure of progress because the customer benefits from the instrument only in conjunction with the consumables. The Company expects to recover the cost of the instrument under the agreement through the fees charged for consumables, to the extent sold, over the term of the agreement.

RUO Sample Processing

The Company also provides sample preparation and processing services and molecular profiling of retrospective cohorts for its customers through its VERI/O laboratory, whereby the customer provides samples to be processed using HTG EdgeSeq technology specified in the order. Customers are charged a per sample fee for sample processing services which is recognized as revenue upon delivery of a data file to the customer showing the results of testing and completing delivery of the agreed upon service. This is when the customer can use and benefit from the results of testing and the Company has the present right to payment.

Custom RUO Assay Design

The Company enters into custom RUO assay design agreements that may generate up-front fees and subsequent payments that may be earned upon completion of design process phases. The Company measures progress toward complete satisfaction of its performance obligation to perform custom RUO assay design procedures using an output method based on the costs incurred to date compared with total expected costs, as this is representative of the delivery of outputs under the arrangements and the best measure of progress. However, because in most instances the assay development fees are contingent upon completion of each phase of the design project and the decision of the customer to proceed to the next phase, the amount to be included in the transaction price and recognized as revenue is limited to that which the customer is contractually obligated to pay upon completion of that phase, which is when it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. Changes in estimates of total expected costs are accounted for prospectively as a change in estimate. From period to period, custom RUO design services revenue can fluctuate substantially based on the completion of design-related phases.

The Company did no t recognize any custom RUO assay design revenue from performance obligations that were satisfied in previous periods during the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021.

Contract Liabilities

The Company may receive up-front payments from customers for custom RUO assay design and sample processing services. In addition, payments for instrument extended warranty contracts are required to be made in advance. The Company recognizes such up-front payments as contract liabilities. The contract liabilities are subsequently reduced as revenue is recognized. Contract liabilities of approximately $ 0.2 million and $ 0.1 million were included in other current liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and an additional immaterial amount of contract liabilities were included in other non-current liabilities as of each date in the consolidated balance sheets reflecting the period in which the Company expects to realize the deferred revenue.

Changes in the Company’s contract liabilities were as follows as of the dates indicated:

Product

Revenue

Sample

Processing

Total Contract

Liability

Balance at January 1, 2022

Deferral of revenue

Recognition of deferred revenue

Balance at December 31, 2022

Product

Revenue

Sample

Processing

Total Contract

Liability

Balance at January 1, 2021

Deferral of revenue

Recognition of deferred revenue

Balance at December 31, 2021

Note 10. Other Agreements

NuvoGen Obligation

The Company entered into an asset purchase agreement in 2001, as amended, with NuvoGen Research, LLC (“NuvoGen”) to acquire certain intellectual property from NuvoGen. The Company accounted for the transaction as an asset acquisition. However, as the intellectual property was determined to not have an alternative future use, the upfront consideration was expensed. In exchange for the intellectual property, the Company agreed to pay total aggregate cash compensation to NuvoGen under the agreement of $ 15.0 million. Certain terms of the agreement were amended in November 2003, September 2004, November 2012 and February 2014.

Pursuant to the latest amendment to the agreement, the Company is obligated to pay the greater of $ 0.4 million or 6 % of annual revenue until the obligation is paid in full. The Company paid yearly fixed fees, in quarterly installments, to NuvoGen of $ 0.4 million as well as revenue-based payments of approximately $ 0.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 , respectively, for the amount by which 6% of revenue exceeded the applicable fixed fee. Beginning on January 1, 2019 and continuing until the remaining obligation has been paid in full, interest on the remaining unpaid obligation is being accrued and will compound annually at a rate of 2.5 % per year. Accrued interest related to this obligation is payable on the date that the remaining obligation is paid in full.

Minimum payments to be made in 2023 include $ 46,031 of revenue-based payments payable as of December 31, 2022 and an estimate of additional revenue-based payments to be made throughout the remainder of 2023 relating to revenue generated in the first, second and third quarters of 2023 using actual revenue generated in the same quarters in 2022. Minimum payments for the remaining years include only the minimum payments for each year. Actual payments could be significantly more than provided in the table, to the extent that 6% of the Company’s annual revenue in those years exceeds $ 0.4 million:

2028 and beyond

Total NuvoGen obligation payments

Plus interest accretion

Total NuvoGen obligation, net

The Company recorded the obligation at the estimated present value of the future payments using a discount rate of 2.5 %, which represented the Company’s estimate of its effective borrowing rate for similar obligations. The unamortized interest accretion was $( 55,620 ) and $( 67,088 ) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Discount accreted during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $( 11,467 ) , and $( 12,288 ) , respectively, and was included in interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

Note 11. Leases

Operating Leases

The Company leases office space under agreements classified as operating leases. The Company’s active leases as of December 31, 2022 relate to the Company’s office and manufacturing space in Tucson, Arizona, and expire in 2025 . The Company’s leases do not include any contingent rental payments, impose any financial restrictions, or contain any residual value guarantees.

The Company amended its Tucson facility leases in September 2021 to extend the terms of the leases for three years through January 31, 2025. The lease extension was treated as a lease modification for accounting purposes, and allows for an additional extension of two years on the same terms and conditions of the existing amended lease agreement, except that the lease rates would be adjusted to reflect lease rates applicable to like-kind buildings within the market at the time that the Company elects to exercise the extension options, but in no event less than the last applicable rental rate. The Company has not accounted for these renewal options in the calculation of the lease liabilities and right-of-use assets as the Company is not reasonably certain to exercise the options.

In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company recorded an increase to its operating lease liability as the result of leasehold improvements financed by the landlord, to be repaid in equal installments over the remaining term of the lease.

In the first quarter of 2021, the Company closed its development laboratory in San Carlos, California and, as a result, $ 0.2 million of operating right-of-use assets related to the abandonment of the laboratory were written off to research and development expense for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Variable expenses generally represent the Company’s share of the landlord’s operating expenses and are recorded when incurred. Incremental borrowing rates used to discount future lease payments in calculating lease liabilities were estimated by reference to the rates for similar length secured lines of credit to the Company’s lease agreements provided by the Company’s lenders at the time that the lease liabilities were recorded, as these rates represented the cost of borrowing for secured loans of similar duration. The Company does not have any operating lease arrangements where it acts as a lessor.

The components of lease cost for operating leases were as follows:

Years Ended December 31,

Operating leases

Operating lease cost

Variable lease cost

Total rent expense

The table below summarizes other information related to the Company’s operating leases:

Years Ended December 31,

Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of operating lease liabilities

Establishment of operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use- assets

Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases

Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases

Remaining maturities of the Company’s operating leases, included in operating lease liabilities – current and operating lease liabilities - non-current, net of discount, in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022, are as follows:

Total

Less present value discount

Total operating lease liabilities

Less operating lease liabilities - current

Operating lease liabilities - non-current

Financing Leases

The Company has a small number of computer and copier equipment leases that are classified as financing leases. Incremental borrowing rates used to discount future lease payments in calculating lease liabilities were estimated by reference to information received by the Company from bankers regarding estimated current borrowing rates for collateralized loans with similar amount and duration as the leases. The Company did not have any material financing leases as of either the year ended December 31, 2022 or 2021.

Note 12. Net Loss Per Share

Basic loss per common share is computed by dividing the net loss allocable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock or common stock equivalents outstanding. Diluted loss per common share is computed similar to basic loss per common share except that it reflects the potential dilution that could occur if dilutive securities or other obligations to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in computing basic and diluted net loss per share for the periods presented:

Years Ended December 31,

Numerator:

Net loss

Denominator:

Weighted-average shares outstanding-basic and diluted *

Net loss per share, basic and diluted

*Reflects the retrospective adjustment related to the reverse stock split completed on December 20, 2022.

The following common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because their effect would have been anti-dilutive:

Years Ended December 31,

Options to purchase common stock

Series A Preferred

Common stock warrants

Unvested restricted stock units

Note 13. Warrants

In connection with certain of its redeemable convertible preferred stock issuances, debt agreements, convertible debt and other financing arrangements, the Company has issued warrants for shares of its common stock and various issues of its redeemable convertible preferred stock which have since been converted to common stock warrants.

In connection with the March 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement (see Note 14), the Company issued and sold pre-funded warrants exercisable for an aggregate of 200,911 shares of common stock. The pre-funded warrants had an exercise price of $ 0.012 per share and were exercised in full in May 2022 for proceeds of $ 2,411 . The Company also issued and sold to the investor common warrants to purchase 270,415 shares of common stock that will expire on March 17, 2024 and common warrants to purchase an additional 270,415 shares of common stock that will expire on September 17, 2027 . Each of these common warrants became exercisable commencing September 21, 2022 and has an exercise price of $ 24.744 per share.

In connection with the December 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement (see Note 14), the Company issued and sold pre-funded warrants exercisable for an aggregate of 1,188,322 shares of common stock. The pre-funded warrants had an exercise price of $ 0.001 per share and were exercised in full in December 2022 for proceeds of $ 1,188 . The Company also issued and sold to the investor warrants to purchase 1,290,322 shares of common stock that will expire on December 23, 2027 and warrants to purchase an additional 1,290,322 shares of common stock that will expire on December 23, 2024 . Each of these common warrants became exercisable commencing December 23, 2022 and has an exercise price of $ 7.50 per share.

Also in connection with the December 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement, the Company issued warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 38,709 shares of common stock to designees of the placement agent for the transaction. The warrants issued to the placement agent have substantially the same terms as the warrants above, except the placement agent warrants have an exercise price of $ 9.6875 per share and expire on December 21, 2027 .

The following table shows the common stock warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2022:

Warrant Issuance Date

Shares of

Common Stock

Underlying

Warrants

Exercise

Price/Share

Expiration Date

August 2014

March 2016

March 2018

June 2020

March 2022

March 2022

December 2022

December 2022

December 2022

Note 14. Stock holders’ Equity

Reverse Stock Split

On December 20, 2022, the Company completed a reverse stock split of its outstanding shares of common stock pursuant to which every 12 shares of issued and outstanding common stock were exchanged for one share of common stock. No fractional shares were issued in the reverse stock split. Instead, fractional shares that would have otherwise resulted from the stock split were purchased by us at the applicable percentage of $ 8.20 per share. All share and per share amounts included within these consolidated financial statements have been retrospectively adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split.

Equity Offerings

September 2019 Securities Purchase Agreement

In September 2019, concurrently with the closing of an underwritten public offering, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the "September 2019 Securities Purchase Agreement") with certain institutional accredited investors (the "Purchasers"), pursuant to which the Company sold the Purchasers, in a private placement transaction, warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 30,064 shares of its common stock ("Warrant Shares"), at a price of $ 115.20 per warrant (which $ 115.20 price related to the pre-funded portion of the total $ 117.00 exercise price per share). Each pre-funded warrant had a remaining exercise price of $ 1.80 per share and became immediately exercisable upon issuance, subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations. In June 2021, the remaining 12,416 pre-funded warrants were exercised on a cashless, net exercise basis, resulting in the issuance of 12,073 shares of common stock.

ATM Offering

In November 2019, the Company entered into a Controlled Equity Offering Sales Agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. ("Cantor") as sales agent, pursuant to which the Company was able to offer and sell, from time to time, through Cantor, shares of its common stock, par value $ 0.001 per share, by any method deemed to be an "at the market offering" as defined by rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act (the "ATM Offering").

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company sold 170,907 shares of common stock under the ATM Offering at then-market prices for net proceeds of approximately $ 10.7 million after paying sales commissions of approximately $ 0.3 million.

LP Purchase Agreement

In March 2020, the Company entered into a purchase agreement ("LP Purchase Agreement") with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC ("Lincoln Park"), pursuant to which, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, the Company had the right to sell to Lincoln Park up to $ 20.0 million of shares of its common stock ("Purchase Shares") from time to time over the 36-month term of the LP Purchase Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company sold 12,864 shares of common stock under the LP Purchase Agreement at a weighted average price of $ 69.96 per share for total gross proceeds of approximately $ 0.9 million. The LP Purchase Agreement is no longer in effect.

Exchange and Private Placement

In February 2020, the Company entered into an Exchange and Purchase Agreement with certain accredited investors pursuant to which the Company agreed to (i) issue the investors an aggregate of 41,100 shares of its newly designated Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $ 0.001 per share ("Series A Preferred"), in exchange for the investors surrendering to the Company for cancellation an aggregate of 22,833 shares of its common stock and (ii) sell and issue to the investors an aggregate of 10,170 shares of Series A Preferred for an aggregate purchase price of $ 0.6 million, or $ 59.00 per share.

In March 2022, the remaining 23,770 shares of Series A Preferred were converted by the investors into an aggregate of 13,206 shares of common stock. Accordingly, no shares of Series A Preferred are outstanding as of December 31, 2022. All of the previously designated Series A Preferred have resumed the status of authorized, unissued and undesignated preferred stock, which may be designated from time to time by the Company's Board of Directors.

March 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement

In March 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “March 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement”) with a single investor pursuant to which it agreed to issue to the investor 270,415 units at a price of $ 27.744 per unit (less $ 0.012 for each pre-funded warrant purchased in lieu of a share of common stock) for net proceeds, after deducting the placement agent fees and other estimated fees and expenses, of approximately $ 7.0 million. Each unit consists of one share of common stock (or one pre-funded warrant in lieu thereof), a common warrant to purchase one share of common stock with a term of 24 months from the issuance date, and a common warrant to purchase one share of common stock with a term of 66 months from the issuance date. Each of the common warrants became exercisable commencing on September 21, 2022 and has an exercise price of $ 24.744 per share. Each pre-funded warrant has an exercise price of $ 0.012 per share and does not expire until exercised in full. The pre-funded warrants may not be exercised if the aggregate number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by the holder thereof would exceed 9.99 % immediately after exercise thereof. In May 2022, the 200,911 pre-funded warrants were exercised for proceeds of $ 2,411 .

The common warrants issued in this transaction may not be exercised if the aggregate number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by the holder thereof would exceed 4.99 % immediately after exercise thereof, which ownership cap may be increased by the holder up to 9.99 % upon 61 days’ prior notice.

Cantor served as the placement agent in connection with the March 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement. The Company paid Cantor a fee of approximately $ 0.3 million plus reimbursement for certain out-of-pocket expenses for its role as placement agent and has incurred approximately $ 0.2 million of additional transaction costs.

December 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement

In December 2022, in connection with a best-efforts public offering, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the "December 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement") with a certain institutional investor, pursuant to which the Company sold the investor 1,290,322 units at a combined public offering price of $ 7.75 per share (less $ 0.001 for each pre-funded warrant purchased in lieu of a share of common stock) for net proceeds, after deducting the Placement Agent fees and expenses and other estimated fees and expenses, of approximately $ 8.7 million. Each unit consisted of one share of common stock (or one pre-funded warrant in lieu thereof), a common warrant to purchase one share of common stock with a term of 24 months from the issuance date, and a common warrant to purchase one share of common stock with a term of 60 months from the issuance date.

The common warrants issued in this transaction may not be exercised if the aggregate number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by the holder thereof would exceed 4.99 % immediately after exercise thereof, which ownership cap may be increased by the holder up to 9.99 % upon 61 days’ prior notice.

Each pre-funded warrant had an exercise price of $ 0.001 per share and did not expire until exercised in full. In December 2022, the 1,188,322 pre-funded warrants were exercised for proceeds of $ 1,188 . Each of the common warrants became immediately exercisable upon issuance and has an exercise price of $ 7.50 per share. The exercise price of the warrants issued in this agreement is subject to adjustment for stock split, reverse splits and similar capital transactions as described in the warrants.

H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (the "Placement Agent") served as the exclusive placement agent in connection with the December 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement. The Company paid the Placement Agent a cash fee of 6.5 % of the aggregate gross proceeds raised at the closing of the December 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement, plus a management fee equal to 0.5 % of the gross proceeds raised at the closing, and reimbursement of certain expenses and legal fees in the amount of $ 125,000 . The Company also issued to designees of the Placement Agent warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 38,709 shares of common stock (the “Placement Agent warrants”). The Placement Agent warrants have substantially the same terms as the warrants issued under the December 2022 Securities Purchase Agreement, except the Placement Agent warrants have an exercise price of $ 9.6875 per share and expire on December 21, 2027.

Common Stock

Pursuant to its amended and restated certificate of incorporation, the Company is authorized to issue 26,666,667 shares of common stock at a par value of $ 0.001 per share. Each share of common stock is entitled to one vote. The shares of common stock have no preemptive or conversion rights, no redemption or sinking fund provisions, no liability for further call or assessment, and are not entitled to cumulative voting rights.

Preferred Stock

Pursuant to its amended and restated certificate of incorporation, the Company has been authorized to issue 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, each having a par value of $ 0.001 . The preferred stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series with the authorization of the Company’s Board of Directors. The Board of Directors can determine voting power for each series issued, as well as designation, preferences, and relative, participating, optional or other rights and such qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof.

Series A Preferred Stock

In October 2022, the Company entered into a Purchase Agreement (the "Purchase Agreement" with Ann Hanham, Ph.D., the Chair of the Company's Board of Directors (the "Purchaser"), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell one share of the Company's newly designated Series A Preferred Stock, par value $ 0.001 per share (the "Series A Preferred Stock"), to the Purchaser for a purchase price of $ 100.00 . The Series A Preferred Stock was non-convertible, generally had voting rights only with respect to a proposal to authorize a reverse split of our common stock, and was automatically redeemed in an event certain to occur. On November 29, 2022, the one share of Series A Preferred Stock was redeemed for $ 100.00 upon stockholder approval of a reverse stock split.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company incurs stock-based compensation expense relating to the grants of RSUs and stock options to employees, non-employee directors and consultants under its equity incentive plans and through stock purchase rights granted under the ESPP.

Equity Incentive Plans

In August 2020, the Company’s stockholders, upon the recommendation of the Company’s Board of Directors, approved the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) as a successor to and continuation of the previous 2001 Stock Option Plan, 2011 Equity Incentive Plan and 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2014 Plan"). Upon approval of the 2020 Plan, 62,057 shares, including 5,712 remaining shares reserved for issuance under the 2014 Plan (excluding shares available for the granting of inducement awards under the 2014 Plan’s inducement share pool), were reserved for issuance under the 2020 Plan. No new awards may be granted under the 2001, 2011 or 2014 equity plans.

There were 16,668 shares of the Company’s common stock available for issuance under the 2020 Plan as of December 31, 2022 in addition to shares that may become available from time to time as shares of our common stock subject to outstanding awards granted under the 2014 Plan (excluding Inducement Awards) or the 2011 Plan that, following the effective date of the 2020 Plan (i) are not issued because such award or any portion thereof expires or otherwise terminates without all of the shares covered by such award having been issued; (ii) are not issued because such award or any portion thereof is settled in cash; or (iii) are forfeited back to or repurchased by the Company because of the failure to meet a contingency or condition required for the vesting of such shares. The 2020 Plan does not contain an evergreen provision.

In July 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the Company’s 2021 Inducement Plan (the “2021 Inducement Plan”), pursuant to which 25,000 shares were initially authorized and reserved for issuance exclusively for the grant of awards to individuals who were not previously employees or non-employee directors of the Company, as inducement material to the individuals’ entering into employment with the Company (“Inducement Awards”). There were 13,961 shares of the Company’s stock available for issuance under the 2021 Inducement Plan as of December 31, 2022, in addition to shares that may become available from time to time as shares of the Company’s common stock subject to outstanding awards granted under the 2021 Inducement Plan are forfeited back to or repurchased by the Company because of the failure to meet a contingency or condition required for the vesting of such shares.

The Company’s Board of Directors determines the grant date for all awards granted under the equity plans. The exercise price of stock options granted is generally equal to the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. All stock options granted have a ten-year term. The vesting period of stock options and RSUs is established by the Company’s Board of Directors but typically ranges between one and four years .

Amounts recognized in the consolidated statements of operations with respect to the Company’s equity incentive plans were as follows:

Years Ended December 31,

Selling, general and administrative

Research and development

Cost of product and product-related services revenue

The following table summarizes stock option activity (including Inducement Award activity) during the two-year period ended December 31, 2022:

Number of

Shares

Weighted-

Average

Exercise Price

Per Share

Weighted-

Average

Remaining

Contractual

Life (Years)

Aggregate

Intrinsic Value

Balance at January 1, 2021

Granted

Exercised

Forfeited

Expired/Cancelled

Balance at December 31, 2021

Granted

Exercised

Forfeited

Expired/Cancelled

Balance at December 31, 2022

Exercisable at December 31, 2021

Exercisable at December 31, 2022

The weighted-average fair value of stock options granted was $ 10.50 and $ 52.56 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 , respectively. Stock option activity includes 8,748 Inducement Awards outstanding as of December 31, 2022, including 3,332 Inducement Awards granted and 3,750 Inducement Awards cancelled or forfeited during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 9,166 Inducement Awards granted during the year ended December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022, total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options was approximately $ 0.8 million, which is expected to be recognized over approximately 1.87 years .

The fair value of each stock option granted has been determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The material factors incorporated in the Black-Scholes model in estimating the fair value of the stock options granted for the periods presented were as follows:

Fair value of common stock on grant date

Risk-free interest rate

Expected volatility

Expected term

5.5  to 5.8  years

5.2  to 6.1  years

Expected dividend yield

Expected stock price volatility . The expected volatility assumption is derived from the volatility of the Company’s common stock during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Risk-free interest rate . The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on observed interest rates on the date of grant with maturities approximately equal to the expected term.

Expected term . The expected term represents the period that the stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. The Company’s historical share option exercise experience does not provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate an expected term because of a lack of sufficient data. Therefore, the Company estimates the expected term by using the simplified method provided by the SEC. The simplified method calculates the expected term as the average of the time-to-vesting and the contractual life of the stock options.

Expected dividend yield . The expected dividend is assumed to be zero as the Company has never paid dividends and does not anticipate paying any dividends on its common stock.

In preparing its Black-Scholes option-pricing model fair value calculations, the Company does not estimate a forfeiture rate to calculate stock-based compensation. The Company uses judgment in evaluating the expected volatility and expected terms utilized for the Company’s stock-based compensation calculations on a prospective basis.

The following table summarizes RSU activity (including Inducement Award activity) during the two-year period ended December 31, 2022:

Number of

Shares

Weighted-

Average

Grant Date

Fair Value

Per Share

Balance at January 1, 2021

Granted

Released

Forfeited

Balance at December 31, 2021

Granted

Released

Forfeited

Balance at December 31, 2022

Vested and unissued at December 31, 2022

The weighted-average fair value of RSUs granted was $ 8.29 and $ 62.40 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested RSUs was approximately $ 41,600 , which is expected to be recognized over approximately 0.91 years .

RSU activity includes 1,249 Inducement Awards outstanding as of December 31, 2022, including 416 Inducement Awards granted, 1,041 Inducement Awards released and 626 Inducement Awards forfeited during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2,500 Inducement Awards granted in the year ended December 31, 2021.

Vested and unissued awards at December 31, 2022 represents RSU awards granted in November 2021 for which a portion of the awards vested on December 31, 2022 , but for which issuance of shares occurred in January 2023.

2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In April 2015, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2014 ESPP"), which became effective in May 2015. Under the 2014 ESPP, the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance automatically increased on January 1 of each calendar year, from January 1, 2016 to January 1, 2021 by the lesser of (i) 1% of the total number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year, (ii) 1,083 shares, or (iii) a number determined by the Company’s Board of Directors that is less than (i) and (ii) . The 2014 ESPP enables participants to contribute up to 15 % of such participant’s eligible compensation during a defined period (not to exceed 27 months) to purchase common stock of the Company. The purchase price of common stock under the 2014 ESPP is the lesser of: (i) 85 % of the fair market value of a share of the Company’s common stock on the first day of an offering or (ii) 85 % of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the applicable purchase date.

In August 2021, the Company’s stockholders, upon the recommendation of the Company’s Board of Directors, approved the Amended and Restated 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “Amended 2014 ESPP”). Upon approval of the Amended 2014 ESPP, 41,666 shares of the Company’s common stock were reserved for issuance under the Amended 2014 ESPP in addition to 2,023 shares of the Company’s common stock reserved for issuance under the original 2014 ESPP. The Amended 2014 ESPP does not contain an evergreen provision; all other provisions of the 2014 ESPP remained unchanged.

Amounts recognized in the consolidated statements of operations with respect to the Amended 2014 ESPP were as follows:

Years Ended December 31,

Selling, general and administrative

Research and development

Cost of product and product-related services revenue

During the year ended December 31, 2022, employees purchased the following shares at the end of each of the six-month purchase periods:

June 2022

December 2022

Number of

Shares

Price

per Share

Number of

Shares

Price

per Share

Total number of shares purchased

During the year ended December 31, 2021, employees entering the plan at various times throughout the offering period purchased the following shares at the end of each of the six-month purchase periods:

June 2021

December 2021

Number of

Shares

Price

per Share

Number of

Shares

Price

per Share

Total number of shares purchased

As of December 31, 2022, approximately 35,120 shares of the Company’s common stock were reserved for future issuance under the Amended 2014 ESPP.

The Company recognizes employee stock purchase plan expense based on the fair value of stock purchase rights, estimated for each six-month purchase period using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The model requires the Company to make subjective assumptions, including expected stock price volatility, risk free rate of return and estimated life. The fair value of equity-based awards is amortized straight-line over the vesting period of the award.

The material factors incorporated in the Black-Scholes model in estimating the fair value of employee stock purchase plan stock purchase rights for the periods presented were as follows:

Fair value of common stock

Risk-free interest rate

Expected volatility

Expected term

0.5  years

0.5  years

Expected dividend yield

Fair value of common stock . Estimated as the price of the Company’s common stock on the first day of each offering period.

Expected stock price volatility . The expected volatility assumption is derived from the volatility of the Company’s common stock in recent periods for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Risk-free interest rate . The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on observed interest rates on the first day of the purchase period with maturities approximately equal to the expected term.

Expected term . The expected term represents the length of a purchase period under the Amended 2014 ESPP.

Expected dividend yield . The expected dividend is assumed to be zero as the Company has never paid dividends and does not anticipate paying any dividends on its common stock.

Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Matters

The Company’s industry is characterized by frequent claims and litigation, including claims regarding intellectual property and product liability. As a result, the Company may be subject to various legal proceedings from time to time. The results of any current or future litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, and regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, and other factors. Any current litigation is considered immaterial and counter claims have been assessed as remote.

Employee Agreements

The Company has entered into Severance and Change in Control Plan agreements with certain named executive officers and various other members of management, which provide salary continuation payments, bonuses and, in certain instances, the acceleration of the vesting of certain equity awards to individuals in the event that the individual is terminated other than for cause, as defined in the applicable agreement.

Indemnification Agreements

In the course of operating its business, the Company has entered into, and continues to enter into, separate indemnification agreements with the Company’s directors and executive officers, in addition to the indemnification provided for in the Company’s amended and restated bylaws. These agreements may require the Company to indemnify its directors and executive officers for certain expenses incurred in any action or proceeding arising out of their services as one of the Company’s directors or executive officers.

Product Warranty

The following is a summary of the Company’s general product warranty liability. Product warranty liabilities of approximately $ 73,000 and $ 15,000 were included in accrued liabilities and other non-current liabilities, respectively, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022. Expense relating to the recording of this reserve is recorded in cost of product and product-related services revenue within the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

December 31,

Beginning balance

Cost of warranty claims

Increase in warranty reserve

Ending balance

Defined Contribution Plan

In January 2003, the Company established a defined contribution plan (“401(k) Plan”) under section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. All employees who are over the age of 21 and who are expected to work at least 1,000 hours in a calendar year are eligible for participation in the 401(k) Plan upon commencement of employment with the Company. The Company may make discretionary contributions to the 401(k) Plan but has no t done so during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 .

Note 16. Income Taxes

The Company provides for income taxes based upon management’s estimate of taxable income or loss for each respective period. The Company recognizes an asset or liability for the deferred tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements. These temporary differences would result in deductible or taxable amounts in future years, when the reported amounts of the assets are recovered or liabilities are settled, respectively.

In each period since inception, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance for the full amount of its net deferred tax assets, as the realization of the net deferred tax assets is uncertain. As a result, the Company has not recorded any federal or state income tax benefit in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations; however, income tax expense has been recorded for state minimum and foreign income taxes.

The Company periodically reviews its filing positions for all open tax years in all U.S. federal, state and international jurisdictions where the Company is or might be required to file tax returns or other required reports. The Company applies a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The Company evaluates the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is “more likely than not” that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation process, if any. The term “more likely than not” means a likelihood of more than 50 percent. If the tax position is not more likely than not to be sustained in a court of last resort, the Company may not recognize any of the potential tax benefit associated with the position. The Company recognizes a benefit for a tax position that meets the more likely than not criterion at the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon its effective resolution. Unrecognized tax benefits involve management’s judgment regarding the likelihood of the benefit being sustained. The final resolution of uncertain tax positions could result in adjustments to recorded amounts and may affect the Company’s results of operations, financial position and cash flows. As discussed below, the Company has estimated $3.4 million and $3.2 million of uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to certain tax credit carryforwards.

The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. The Company had no accrual for interest or penalties at December 31, 2022 or 2021, and has not recognized interest or penalties during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, since there was no reduction in income taxes paid due to uncertain tax positions. Management of the Company believes no significant change to the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will occur within the next 12 months.

The following table summarizes loss before income taxes:

Years Ended December 31,

U.S. pre-tax loss

Foreign pre-tax gain (loss)

Loss before income taxes

The components of income tax expense are as follows:

Years Ended December 31,

Current:

Federal

State

Foreign

Total current income tax expense

Deferred:

Federal

State

Foreign

Total deferred income tax expense

Total income tax expense

The Company’s actual income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 differ from the expected amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to loss before income taxes as follows:

Years Ended December 31,

Computed tax (benefit) at 21 %

State taxes, net of federal benefit

Stock-based compensation

Foreign tax rate differential

Return to provision

Nontaxable loan forgiveness

Other

Research and development tax credit - state

Research and development tax credit - federal

Uncertain tax position adjustment for prior periods

Increase in valuation allowance

Deferred tax assets and liabilities comprise the following:

Years Ended December 31,

Deferred tax assets:

Net operating loss carryforwards

Research and development credits

R&D expenditures capitalization

Deferred revenue

Inventory reserve

Fixed assets and intangibles

Accrued NuvoGen liability

Lease liability

Other

Gross deferred tax assets

Valuation allowance

Deferred tax assets, net

Deferred tax liabilities:

Right of use asset

Total deferred tax liabilities

Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)

As of December 31, 2022, the Company has estimated federal and state net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of approximately $ 206.2 million and $ 155.2 million, respectively. $ 121.6 million of the federal NOLs are scheduled to expire from 2023 through 2037 , while the remaining NOLs do not expire. $ 154.2 million of the state NOLs are scheduled to expire from 2024 through 2042 , while the remaining NOLs do not expire. The Company’s federal and state tax credit carryforwards begin expiring in 2023.

For financial reporting purposes, valuation allowances of $ 59.8 million and $ 54.0 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, have been established to offset deferred tax assets relating primarily to NOLs and research and development credits. The increase in the valuation allowance of $ 5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily due to increased operating losses. The Company has established a valuation allowance against its entire net deferred tax asset. As a result, the Company does not recognize any tax benefit until it is in a taxpaying position or there is no longer negative evidence leading to the conclusion that it is more likely than not that the benefits will not be realized.

Pursuant to Sections 382 and 383 of the IRC, annual use of the Company’s NOLs and research and development credit carryforwards may be limited if there is a cumulative change in ownership of greater than 50 % within a three-year period. The amount of the annual limitation is determined based on the value of the Company immediately prior to the ownership change. Subsequent ownership changes may further affect the limitation in future years. If limited, the related tax asset would be removed from the deferred tax asset schedule with a corresponding reduction in the valuation allowance. A preliminary analysis of past and subsequent equity offerings by the Company, and other transactions that have an impact on the Company’s ownership structure, concluded that the Company may have experienced one or more ownership changes under Sections 382 and 383 of the IRC. As such, the Company has established a valuation allowance as the realization of its deferred tax assets has not met the more likely than not threshold requirement. Due to the existence of the valuation allowance, further changes in the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits will not impact the Company’s effective tax rate.

A reconciliation of the Company’s gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

Years Ended December 31,

Balance at beginning of year

Increases to prior positions

Decreases to prior positions

Increases for current year positions

Balance at end of year

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $ 3.4 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits, related to research and experimental tax credits. The Company had no unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2022, which, if recognized, would affect the annual effective tax rate, due to the full valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets. Although it is possible that the amount of unrecognized benefits with respect to our uncertain tax positions will increase or decrease in the next twelve months, the Company does not expect material changes.

On August 16, 2022, the President signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 which contained provisions effective January 1, 2023, including a 15% corporate minimum tax and a 1% excise tax on stock buybacks, both of which we expect to be immaterial to our financial results, financial position and cash flows.

The Company files income tax returns in the United States, Arizona, California, Texas, various other state jurisdictions, and France, with varying statutes of limitations. As of December 31, 2022, the earliest year subject to examination is 2019 for U.S. federal tax purposes. The earliest year subject to examination is 2018 for the state jurisdictions, and 2019 for France. However, the Company’s federal and state NOLs and tax credit carryforwards for periods ending December 31, 2003 and thereafter remain subject to examination by the United States and certain states.