SLG Sl Green Realty Corp - 10-K

ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS

Declines in the demand for office space in the New York metropolitan area, and in particular midtown Manhattan, could adversely affect the value of our real estate portfolio and our results of operations and, consequently, our ability to service current debt and to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

A significant majority of our property holdings are comprised of commercial office properties located in midtown Manhattan. Our property holdings also include some retail properties. As a result of the concentration of our holdings, our business is dependent on the condition of the New York metropolitan area economy in general and the market for office space in midtown Manhattan in particular. Continued weakness and uncertainty in the New York metropolitan area economy could materially reduce the value of our real estate portfolio and our rental revenues, and thus adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to service our debt obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

Following the COVID-19 pandemic, office companies continue to be affected by the increased acceptance of flexible or hybrid work schedules, allowing employees to work remotely and collaborate through video or teleconferencing instead of in-office attendance. Remote work policies and flexible work arrangements could cause office tenants to reassess their long-term physical needs, which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, liquidity, cash flows, prospects, and our ability to achieve forward-looking targets and expectations.

We may be unable to renew leases or relet space as leases expire.

If tenants decide not to renew their leases upon expiration, we may not be able to relet the space. Even if tenants do renew or we can relet the space, the terms of a renewal or new lease, taking into account among other things, the cost of improvements to the property and leasing commissions, may be less favorable than the terms in the expired leases. As of December 31, 2025, approximately 46.3% of the rentable square feet at our consolidated properties and approximately 9.3% of the rentable square feet at our unconsolidated joint venture properties are scheduled to expire by December 31, 2030. As of December 31, 2025, these leases had annualized escalated rent totaling $316.3 million and $206.3 million, respectively. In addition, changes in space utilization by tenants may cause us to incur substantial costs in renovating or redesigning the internal configuration of the relevant property in order to renew or relet space. If we are unable to promptly renew the leases or relet the space at similar rates or if we incur substantial costs in renewing or reletting the space, our cash flow and ability to service our debt obligations and pay dividends and distributions to security holders could be adversely affected.

We face significant competition for tenants.

The leasing of real estate is highly competitive. The principal competitive factors are rent, location, lease term, lease concessions, services provided and the nature and condition of the property to be leased. We directly compete with all owners, developers and operators of similar space in the areas in which our properties are located.

Our commercial office properties are concentrated in highly developed areas of the New York metropolitan area. Manhattan is the largest office market in the United States. The number of competitive office properties in the New York metropolitan area, which may be newer or better located than our properties, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to lease office space at our properties, and on the effective rents we are able to charge.

The expiration of long term leases or operating sublease interests where we do not own a fee interest in the land could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our interests in certain properties are entirely or partially comprised of either long-term leasehold or operating sublease interests in the land and the improvements, rather than by ownership of fee interest in the land. As of December 31, 2025, the expiration dates of these long-term leases range from 2043 to 2119, including the effect of our unilateral extension rights at each of these properties. Pursuant to the leasehold arrangements, we, as tenant under the long-term leasehold or the operating sublease, perform the functions traditionally performed by landlords with respect to our subtenants. We are responsible for collecting rent from our subtenants, as well as maintaining the property and paying expenses relating to the property. Annualized cash rents, including our share of joint venture annualized cash rents, from properties held through long-term leases or operating sublease interests as of December 31, 2025 totaled $225.2 million, or 15.9%, of our share of total Portfolio annualized cash rent. Unless we purchase a fee interest in the underlying land or extend the terms of these leases prior to expiration, we will no longer operate these properties upon expiration of the leases, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Rent payments under leasehold or operating sublease interests are adjusted, within the parameters of the contractual arrangements, at certain intervals. Rent adjustments typically result in higher rents that could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operation.

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We rely on five large properties for a significant portion of our revenue.

Five of our properties, One Vanderbilt Avenue, 11 Madison Avenue, 420 Lexington Avenue, 1515 Broadway and 245 Park Avenue accounted for 36.6% of our Portfolio annualized cash rent, which includes our share of joint venture annualized cash rent, as of December 31, 2025.

Our revenue and cash available to service debt obligations and for distribution to our stockholders would be materially adversely affected if any of these properties were materially damaged or destroyed. Additionally, our revenue and cash available to service debt obligations and for distribution to our stockholders would be materially adversely affected if tenants at these properties fail to timely make rental payments due to adverse financial conditions or otherwise, default under their leases or file for bankruptcy or become insolvent.

Our results of operations rely on major tenants and insolvency or bankruptcy of these or other tenants could adversely affect our results of operations.

Giving effect to leases in effect as of December 31, 2025, for consolidated properties and unconsolidated joint venture properties, as of that date, our five largest tenants, based on annualized cash rent, accounted for 15.2% of our share of Portfolio annualized cash rent, with one tenant, Paramount Global, accounting for 5.3% of our share of Portfolio annualized cash rent. Our business and results of operations would be adversely affected if any of our major tenants become insolvent, file for bankruptcy, or otherwise fail to timely make rental payments or at all. In addition, if business conditions in the industries in which our tenants are concentrated deteriorate, or economic volatility has a disproportionate impact on our tenants, we may experience increases in past due accounts, defaults, lower occupancy and reduced effective rents across tenants in such industries, which could in turn have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Construction is in progress at our development projects.

The Company's development projects are subject to internal and external factors which may affect construction progress. Unforeseen matters could delay completion, result in increased costs or otherwise have a material effect on our results of operations. In addition, the extended time frame to complete these projects could cause them to be subject to shifts and trends in the real estate market which may not be consistent with our current business plans for the properties.

We are subject to risks that affect the retail environment.

While only 2.2% of our Portfolio annualized cash rent was generated by retail properties as of December 31, 2025, principally in Manhattan, we are subject to risks that affect the retail environment generally, including the level of consumer spending and preferences, consumer confidence, electronic retail competition and levels of tourism in Manhattan. These factors could adversely affect the financial condition of our retail tenants and the willingness of retailers to lease space in our retail properties, which could in turn have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We are subject to the risk of adverse changes in economic and geopolitical conditions in general and the commercial office markets in particular.

Our business has been and may continue to be affected by the ongoing volatility in the U.S. financial and credit markets and higher interest rate environments and other market, economic or geopolitical challenges experienced by the U.S. economy or the real estate industry as a whole, including changes in law and policy and uncertainty in connection with any such changes. Periods of economic weakness or volatility result in reduced access to credit and/or wider credit spreads. Economic or political uncertainty, including concern about growth and the stability of the markets generally and changes in interest rates, have led lenders and institutional investors to reduce and, in some cases, cease to provide funding to borrowers, which adversely affects our liquidity and financial condition, and the liquidity and financial condition of our tenants. Specifically, our business, like other real estate businesses, has been and may continue to be affected by the following conditions:

• significant job losses or declining rates of job creation, which decrease demand for office space, causing market rental rates and property values to be negatively impacted;

• the ability to borrow on terms and conditions that we find acceptable, which reduces our ability to pursue acquisition and development opportunities and refinance existing debt, reducing our returns from both our existing operations and our acquisition and development activities and increasing our future interest expense; and

• reduced values of our properties, which limits our ability to dispose of assets at acceptable prices and to obtain debt financing secured by our properties.

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Leasing office space to smaller and growth-oriented businesses could adversely affect our cash flow and results of operations.

Some of the tenants in our properties are smaller, growth-oriented businesses that may not have the financial strength of larger corporate tenants. Smaller companies generally experience a higher rate of failure than larger businesses. Growth-oriented firms may also seek other office space as they develop. Leasing office space to these companies creates a higher risk of tenant defaults, turnover and bankruptcies, which could adversely affect our cash flow and results of operations.

We may suffer adverse consequences if our revenues decline since our operating costs do not decline in proportion to our revenue.

We earn a significant portion of our income from renting our properties. Our operating costs, however, do not fluctuate in proportion to changes in our rental revenue. If revenues decline more than expenses, we may be forced to borrow to cover our costs, we may incur losses or we may not have cash available to service our debt obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

Competition for acquisitions and other investments may reduce the number of opportunities available to us and increase the costs of those acquisitions or other investments.

We may acquire properties or make other debt and preferred equity investments when we are presented with attractive opportunities. We may face competition for acquisition or other investment opportunities from other investors, particularly those investors who are willing to incur more leverage, and this competition may adversely affect us by subjecting us to the following risks:

• an inability to acquire or otherwise make an investment in a desired property or asset because of competition from other well-capitalized real estate investors, including publicly traded and privately held REITs, private real estate funds, domestic and foreign financial institutions, life insurance companies, sovereign wealth funds, pension trusts, partnerships and individual investors; and

• an increase in the purchase price for such acquisition property.

If we are unable to successfully acquire or make investments in additional properties, our ability to grow our business could be adversely affected.

We face risks associated with property acquisitions and other investments.

Our acquisition and investment activities may not be successful if we are unable to meet required closing conditions or unable to finance acquisitions and developments of properties (or make other investments) on favorable terms or at all. Additionally, we have less visibility into the future performance of acquired properties (or properties in which we may seek to make other future investments) than properties that we have owned for a period of time, and therefore, recently acquired properties (or properties in which we have recently made other investments) may not be as profitable as our existing portfolio.

Further, we may acquire properties subject to both known and unknown liabilities and without any recourse, or with only limited recourse to the seller. As a result, if a liability were asserted against us arising from our ownership of those properties, we might have to pay substantial sums to settle it, which could adversely affect our cash flow. Unknown liabilities with respect to properties acquired might include:

• claims by tenants, vendors or other persons arising from dealing with the former owners of the properties;

• liabilities incurred in the ordinary course of business;

• claims for indemnification by general partners, directors, officers and others indemnified by the former owners of the properties; and

• liabilities for clean-up of undisclosed environmental contamination.

Similarly, the due diligence process that we undertake in connection with investments may not reveal all facts that may be relevant in connection with making such an investment, including unknown liabilities, that may impact the value of our investment. Such investments may also be in relatively high-risk, illiquid assets, including structured products, and may fail to realize any profits for a considerable period of time or lose some or all of the principal investments.

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Limitations on our ability to sell or reduce the indebtedness on specific properties could adversely affect the value of our common stock.

In connection with past and future acquisitions of interests in properties, we have or may agree to restrictions on our ability to sell or refinance the acquired properties for certain periods. These limitations could result in us holding properties which we would otherwise sell, or prevent us from paying down or refinancing existing indebtedness, any of which may have adverse consequences on our business and result in a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Potential losses may not be covered by insurance.

We maintain "all-risk" property and rental value coverage (including coverage regarding the perils of flood, earthquake and terrorism, excluding nuclear, biological, chemical, and radiological terrorism ("NBCR")) within two property insurance programs and liability insurance. Separate property and liability coverage may be purchased on a stand-alone basis for certain assets, such as development projects. Additionally, one of our captive insurance companies, Belmont Insurance Company ("Belmont"), provides coverage for NBCR terrorist acts above a specified trigger. Belmont's retention is reinsured by our other captive insurance company, Ticonderoga Insurance Company ("Ticonderoga"). If Belmont or Ticonderoga are required to pay a claim under our insurance policies, we would ultimately record the loss to the extent of required payments. There is no assurance that in the future we will be able to procure coverage at a reasonable cost. Further, if we experience losses that are uninsured or that exceed policy limits, we could lose the capital invested in the damaged properties as well as the anticipated future cash flows from those properties. Additionally, our debt instruments contain customary covenants requiring us to maintain insurance and we could default under our debt instruments if the cost and/or availability of certain types of insurance make it impractical or impossible to comply with such covenants relating to insurance. Belmont and Ticonderoga provide coverage solely on properties owned, in whole or in part, by the Company or its affiliates.

Furthermore, with respect to certain of our properties, including certain properties held by joint ventures or subject to triple net leases, insurance coverage is obtained by a third-party and we do not control the coverage. While we may have agreements with such third parties to maintain adequate coverage and we monitor these policies, such coverage ultimately may not be maintained or adequately cover our risk of loss.

The occurrence of a terrorist attack may adversely affect the value of our properties and our ability to generate cash flow.

Our operations are primarily concentrated in the New York metropolitan area. In the aftermath of a terrorist attack or other acts of terrorism or war, tenants in the New York metropolitan area may choose to relocate their business to less populated, lower-profile areas of the United States that those tenants believe are not as likely to be targets of future terrorist activity. In addition, economic activity could decline as a result of terrorist attacks or other acts of terrorism or war, or the perceived threat of such acts. Each of these impacts could in turn trigger a decrease in the demand for space in the New York metropolitan area, which could increase vacancies in our properties and force us to lease our properties on less favorable terms. While under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2019, insurers must make terrorism insurance available under their property and casualty insurance policies, this legislation does not regulate the pricing of such insurance. The absence of affordable terrorism insurance coverage may adversely affect the general real estate lending market, lending volume and the market's overall liquidity and, in the event of an uninsured loss, we could lose all or a portion of our assets. Furthermore, we may also experience increased costs in relation to security equipment and personnel. As a result, the value of our properties and our results of operations could materially decline.

We face possible risks associated with natural disasters and the effects of climate change.

We are committed to enhancing the resilience of our properties and we have established comprehensive procedures intended to effectively identify, manage, and respond to climate-related risks. Our procedures encompass a range of potential impacts, including those stemming from natural disasters such as storms, heatwaves, hurricanes, flooding and other severe weather. We recognize, however, that the intensity and severity of extreme weather events and the rise in sea levels have the potential to impact our properties, operations and overall business. Since Hurricane Sandy in 2012, New York City has experienced several severe storms that have had significant impacts on the area, and we are actively tracking the risks these storms pose to the city's real estate market and physical landscape. Over time, and in an extreme scenario, these conditions could result in declining demand for office space, specifically in coastal areas of New York City, or potentially an inability to fully operate buildings. Climate change may also have indirect effects on our business by increasing the cost of property insurance on terms we find acceptable or causing a lack of availability of sufficient insurance. There could also be increases in the cost of energy and other natural resources at our properties as we seek to repair and protect our properties against climate risks. We proactively review every building through both a financial and environmental lens to ensure that building systems and operations align with our climate-related risk assessments. However, any of these direct or indirect effects of climate change may have a material adverse effect on our properties, operations or business.

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We may incur significant costs to comply with climate change related regulatory initiatives, and in particular those implemented in New York City.

Numerous states and municipalities have adopted laws and policies on climate change and emission reduction targets. In particular, New York State passed the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act in 2019, mandating the adoption of a net-zero carbon economy statewide by 2050, with a zero-carbon electricity grid by 2040. New York City enacted Local Law 97 (LL97) in 2019 under the Climate Mobilization Act, setting carbon caps for large buildings starting in 2024 as part of a broader commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030, and by 80% by 2050. As our portfolio is principally located in Manhattan, our business is subject to transition risks related to these climate change policies. Costs of compliance or penalties in later compliance periods have the potential to be significant. If we are unable to meet the required emissions reductions, we may be subject to material fines that will continue to be assessed each year we fail to comply. Based on current emissions data available from 2024, our portfolio is expected to be compliant through 2029, with no material financial impact to our properties, and were fully compliant for the first reporting year. Additionally, even if we can achieve compliance under LL97 in a given year, it is not a certainty that we will remain in compliance in subsequent years.

Our management of the Fund involves certain risks, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to the risks generally described in this report, our management of the Fund, as well as our investment in the Fund, may be subject to market and performance risks and risks related to the regulatory environment, which include, but are not limited to:

• Market Risk: Difficult market conditions can adversely affect the Fund in many ways, including by negatively impacting Fund performance and reducing the Fund’s ability to raise or deploy capital, reducing our assets under management, which we refer to as our assets under management ("AUM"), and lowering management fee income and incentive income, increasing the cost of financial instruments and executing transactions.

• Historical Returns: Any historical returns attributable to the Fund should not be considered as indicative of the future results of the Fund or any future funds we may raise.

• Regulatory Risk: Our investment management subsidiary is regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, which we sometimes refer to as the Advisers Act. Regulatory investigations, sanctions or penalties may harm our reputation and adversely impact our ability to attract investors to our funds and the amount of our AUM.

Any expansion of our Fund business may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Debt financing, financial covenants, degree of leverage and increases in interest rates could adversely affect our economic performance.

Scheduled debt payments could adversely affect our results of operations.

Cash flow could be insufficient to meet the payments of principal and interest required under our current mortgages, our 2021 credit facility, our senior unsecured notes, our debentures and indebtedness outstanding at our joint venture properties. The total principal amount of our outstanding consolidated indebtedness was $4.0 billion as of December 31, 2025, consisting of $1.2 billion in unsecured bank term loans, $100.0 million of junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures, $2.1 billion of non-recourse mortgages and loans payable on certain of our properties and debt and preferred equity investments and $640.0 million drawn under our revolving credit facility. In addition, we could increase the amount of our outstanding consolidated indebtedness in the future, in part by borrowing under the revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2025, the total principal amount of indebtedness outstanding at the joint venture properties was $12.5 billion, of which our proportionate share was $5.9 billion.

If we are unable to make payments under our 2021 credit facility, all amounts due and owing at such time shall accrue interest at a per annum rate equal to 2% higher than the rate applicable immediately prior to the default. If we are unable to make payments under our senior unsecured notes, the principal and unpaid interest will become immediately payable. If a property is mortgaged to secure payment of indebtedness and we are unable to meet mortgage payments, the mortgagee could foreclose on the property, resulting in loss of income and asset value. Foreclosure on mortgaged properties or an inability to make payments under our 2021 credit facility or our senior unsecured notes could trigger defaults under the terms of our other financings, making such financings at risk of being declared immediately payable, and would have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

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We may not be able to refinance existing indebtedness, which may require substantial principal payments at maturity. $555.1 million of consolidated mortgage debt and $1.1 billion of unconsolidated joint venture debt is scheduled to mature in 2026 after giving effect to our as-of-right extension options and repayments and refinancing of consolidated and joint venture debt between December 31, 2025 and February 17, 2026 as discussed in the "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" section. At the present time, we intend to repay, refinance or exercise extension options on the debt associated with our properties on or prior to their respective maturity dates. At the time of refinancing, prevailing interest rates or other factors, such as the possible reluctance of lenders to make commercial real estate loans, may result in higher interest rates. Increased interest expense on the extended or refinanced debt would adversely affect cash flow and our ability to service debt obligations and pay dividends and distributions to security holders. If any principal payments due at maturity cannot be repaid, refinanced or extended, our cash flow will not be sufficient to repay maturing or accelerated debt.

Financial covenants could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business.

The mortgages and mezzanine loans on our properties generally contain customary negative covenants that limit our ability to further mortgage the properties, to enter into material leases without lender consent or materially modify existing leases, among other things. In addition, our 2021 credit facility and senior unsecured notes contain restrictions and requirements on our method of operations. Our 2021 credit facility and our unsecured notes also require us to maintain designated ratios, including, but not limited to, total debt-to-assets, debt service coverage and unencumbered assets-to-unsecured debt. These restrictions could adversely affect operations (including reducing our flexibility and our ability to incur additional debt), our ability to pay debt obligations and our ability to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

High interest rates could adversely affect our cash flow.

Advances under our 2021 credit facility and certain property-level mortgage debt bear interest at a variable rate. After giving effect to derivatives, our consolidated variable rate borrowings totaled just $0.4 billion as of December 31, 2025. In addition, we could increase the amount of our outstanding variable rate debt in the future, in part by borrowing additional amounts under our 2021 credit facility. Borrowings under our revolving credit facility and two term loans bore interest at the adjusted term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 10 basis points, and the applicable spreads of 140 basis points, 160 basis points, and 180 basis points, respectively, as of December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, borrowings under our term loans and junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures totaled $1.2 billion and $100.0 million, respectively. We may incur indebtedness in the future that also bears interest at a variable rate or may be required to refinance our debt at higher rates. If we were to incur variable rate indebtedness in the future, we may seek to enter into derivative instruments to mitigate the effect of such variable rate debt. However, such derivative instruments may not be available on favorable terms or at all. As of December 31, 2025, a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates across each of our variable interest rate instruments, including our variable rate debt and preferred equity investments which mitigate our exposure to interest rate changes, would increase our net annual interest costs by $2.3 million and would increase our share of joint venture annual interest costs by $4.5 million. Our joint ventures may also incur variable rate debt and face similar risks. Accordingly, increases in interest rates could adversely affect our results of operations and financial conditions and our ability to continue to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

In addition, borrowings under our existing term loan and revolving credit facilities bear interest at a rate based on term SOFR, which is a relatively new reference rate that replaced U.S. dollar London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"). As a result of SOFR's limited performance history, the future performance of SOFR cannot be reliably predicted. The level of SOFR during the term of our existing term loan and revolving credit facilities may bear little or no relation to the historical level of SOFR. The future performance of SOFR is impossible to reliably predict, and, therefore, no future performance under our existing term loan and revolving credit facilities as it relates to SOFR may be inferred from historical performance. Since the initial publication of SOFR, daily changes in SOFR have, on occasion, been more volatile than daily changes in comparable benchmark or market rates, and SOFR over the term of our existing term loan and revolving credit facilities may bear little or no relation to the historical actual or historical indicative data. Changes in the levels of SOFR will affect the amount of interest we pay on our existing credit facilities.

Our hedging strategies may not effectively limit exposure against interest rate changes, which may adversely affect results of operations.

The interest rate hedge instruments we use to manage some of our exposure to interest rate volatility involve risk and counterparties may fail to perform under these arrangements. In addition, these arrangements may not be effective in reducing our exposure to interest rate changes. When existing interest rate hedges terminate, we may incur increased costs in putting in place further interest rate hedges. Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may adversely affect our results of operations.

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Increases in our leverage could adversely affect our results of operations and the trading price of our stock.

Our organizational documents do not contain any limitation on the amount of indebtedness we may incur. We consider many factors when making decisions regarding the incurrence of indebtedness, such as the purchase price of properties to be acquired with debt financing, the estimated market value of our properties and the ability of particular properties and our business as a whole to generate cash flow to cover expected debt service. Any changes that increase our leverage could be viewed negatively by investors and could have a material effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, the trading price of our securities and our ability to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

Debt and preferred equity investments could cause us to incur expenses, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

We held consolidated first mortgages, mezzanine loans, junior participations and preferred equity interests with an aggregate net book value of $168.4 million as of December 31, 2025. In addition, we may invest in mortgage-backed securities and other marketable securities. Some of these instruments may have some recourse to their sponsors, while others are limited to the collateral securing the loan. In the event of a default under these obligations, we may take possession of the collateral securing these interests. Borrowers may contest enforcement of foreclosure or other remedies, seek bankruptcy protection against such enforcement and/or bring claims for lender liability in response to actions to enforce their obligations to us. Declines in the value of the property may prevent us from realizing an amount equal to our investment upon foreclosure or realization even if we make substantial improvements or repairs to the underlying real estate in order to maximize such property's investment potential.

Our debt and preferred equity investments are carried at the net amounts expected to be collected. We maintain and regularly evaluate the need for reserves to protect against potential future credit losses. Our reserves reflect management's judgment of the probability and severity of losses and the value of the underlying collateral. We cannot be certain that our judgment will prove to be correct and that our reserves will be adequate over time to protect against future credit losses because of unanticipated adverse changes in the economy or events adversely affecting specific properties, assets, tenants, borrowers, industries in which our tenants and borrowers operate or markets in which our tenants and borrowers or their properties are located. The ultimate resolutions may differ from our expectation, and we could suffer losses which would have a material adverse effect on our financial performance, the trading price of our securities and our ability to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

Joint investments could be adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority and reliance upon a co-venturer's financial condition.

We co-invest with third parties through partnerships, joint ventures, co-tenancies or other structures, and by acquiring non-controlling interests in, or sharing responsibility for managing the affairs of, a property, partnership, joint venture, co-tenancy or other entity. Therefore, we may not be in a position to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding such property, partnership, joint venture or other entity. Investments in partnerships, joint ventures or other entities may involve risks not present were a third party not involved, including the possibility that our partners, co-tenants or co-venturers might file for bankruptcy protection or otherwise fail to fund their share of required capital contributions. Additionally, our partners or co-venturers might at any time have economic or other business interests or goals which are competitive or inconsistent with our business interests or goals. These investments may also have the potential risk of impasses on decisions such as a sale, because neither we, nor the partner, co-tenant or co-venturer would have full control over the partnership or joint venture. In addition, we may in specific circumstances be liable for the actions of our third-party partners, co-tenants or co-venturers. As of December 31, 2025, we had an aggregate carrying value in joint ventures totaling $2.6 billion.

Certain of our joint venture agreements contain terms in favor of our partners that could have an adverse effect on the value of our investments in the joint ventures.

Each of our joint venture agreements has been individually negotiated with our partner in the joint venture and, in some cases, we have agreed to terms that are more favorable to our partner in the joint venture than to us. For example, our partner may be entitled to a specified portion of the profits of the joint venture before we are entitled to any portion of such profits. We may also enter into similar arrangements in the future.

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We are dependent on external sources of capital.

We need a substantial amount of capital to operate and grow our business. This need is exacerbated by the distribution requirements imposed on us for SL Green to qualify as a REIT. We therefore rely on third-party sources of capital, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all. Our access to third-party sources of capital depends on a number of things, including the market's perception of our growth potential and our current and potential future earnings. In addition, we may raise money in the public equity and debt markets and our ability to do so will depend upon the general conditions prevailing in these markets. At any time, conditions may exist which effectively prevent us, or REITs in general, from accessing these markets. Moreover, additional equity offerings may result in substantial dilution of our stockholders' interests, and additional debt financing may substantially increase our leverage.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE

We depend on dividends and distributions from our direct and indirect subsidiaries.

Substantially all of our assets are held through subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership. We are, therefore, dependent on the results of operations of our subsidiaries and their ability to provide us with cash, whether in the form of dividends paid through our Operating Partnership, loans or otherwise, to meet our obligations and to pay any dividends to our equity holders. Any distributions to us from those subsidiaries may be subject to contractual and other restrictions, including such subsidiaries' obligations to their creditors, and could be subject to other business and operational considerations. Additionally, our Operating Partnership's ability to distribute to us any cash that it receives from our subsidiaries will also depend on its ability to first satisfy its obligations to its creditors and make distributions payable to holders of its outstanding preferred units and any additional preferred units it may issue from time to time.

In addition, our participation in any distribution of the assets of any of our direct or indirect subsidiaries upon any liquidation, reorganization or insolvency is only after the claims of the creditors, including trade creditors and preferred security holders, are satisfied.

Our charter documents, debt instruments and applicable law may hinder any attempt to acquire us, which could discourage takeover attempts and prevent our stockholders from receiving a premium over the market price of our stock.

Provisions of our charter and bylaws could inhibit changes in control.

A change of control of our company could benefit stockholders by providing them with a premium over the then-prevailing market price of our stock. However, provisions contained in our charter and bylaws may delay or prevent a change in control of our company. These provisions, discussed more fully below, are:

• Ownership limitations;

• Maryland takeover statutes that may prevent a change of control of our company; and

• Contractual provisions that limit the assumption of certain of our debt.

We have a stock ownership limit.

To remain qualified as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, not more than 50% in value of our outstanding capital stock may be owned by five or fewer individuals at any time during the last half of any taxable year. For this purpose, stock may be "owned" directly, as well as indirectly under certain constructive ownership rules, including, for example, rules that attribute stock held by one shareholder to another shareholder. In part to avoid violating this rule regarding stock ownership limitations and maintain our REIT qualification, our charter prohibits direct or indirect ownership by any single stockholder of more than 9.0% in value or number of shares of our common stock. Limitations on the ownership of preferred stock may also be imposed by us.

Our board of directors has the discretion to raise or waive this limitation on ownership for any stockholder if deemed to be in our best interest. Our board of directors has granted such waivers from time to time. To obtain a waiver, a stockholder must present the board and our tax counsel with evidence that ownership in excess of this limit will not affect our present or future REIT status.

Absent any exemption or waiver, stock acquired or held in excess of the limit on ownership will be transferred to a trust for the exclusive benefit of a designated charitable beneficiary, and the stockholder's rights to distributions and to vote would terminate. The stockholder would be entitled to receive, from the proceeds of any subsequent sale of the shares transferred to the charitable trust, the lesser of: the price paid for the stock or, if the owner did not pay for the stock, the market price of the stock on the date of the event causing the stock to be transferred to the charitable trust; and the amount realized from the sale.

This limitation on ownership of stock could delay or prevent a change in control of our company.

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Maryland takeover statutes may prevent a change of control of our company, which could depress our stock price.

Under the Maryland General Corporation Law, or the MGCL, "business combinations" between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. An interested stockholder is defined as:

• any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of the corporation's outstanding voting stock; or

• an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of the then outstanding voting stock of the corporation.

A person is not an interested stockholder under the statute if the board of directors approves in advance the transaction by which he otherwise would have become an interested stockholder.

After the five year prohibition, any business combination between the Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors of the corporation and approved by the affirmative vote of at least:

• 80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of voting stock of the corporation, voting together as a single group; and

• two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting stock of the corporation other than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination is to be effected or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder.

The business combination statute may discourage others from trying to acquire control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating any offer, including potential acquisitions that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.

In addition, the MGCL provides that holders of "control shares" of a Maryland corporation acquired in a "control share acquisition" will not have voting rights with respect to the control shares except to the extent approved by a vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding shares of stock owned by the acquiror, by officers of the corporation or by directors who are employees of the corporation. "Control shares" means voting shares of stock that, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned by the acquiror or in respect of which the acquiror is able to exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquiror to exercise voting power in electing directors within one of the following ranges of voting power: (i) one-tenth or more but less than one-third; (ii) one-third or more but less than a majority; or (iii) a majority or more of all voting power. A "control share acquisition" means the acquisition of ownership of, or the power to direct the exercise of voting power with respect to, issued and outstanding control shares, subject to certain exceptions.

We have opted out of the "business combinations" and "control shares" provisions of the MGCL by resolution of our board of directors and a provision in our bylaws, respectively. However, in the future, our board of directors may reverse its decision by resolution and elect to opt in to the MGCL's business combination provisions, or amend our bylaws and elect to opt in to the MGCL's control share provisions.

Additionally, other provisions of the MGCL permit our board of directors, without stockholder approval and regardless of what is provided in our charter or bylaws, to implement certain other takeover defenses, some of which have been implemented through provisions in our charter or bylaws unrelated to the provisions of the MGCL. Such takeover defenses, to the extent implemented now or in the future, may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making us an acquisition proposal or of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in our control under circumstances that otherwise could provide our stockholders with an opportunity to realize a premium over the then-current market price.

Contractual provisions that limit the assumption of certain of our debt may prevent a change in control.

Certain of our consolidated debt is not assumable and may be subject to significant prepayment penalties. These limitations could deter a change in control of our company.

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SL Green's failure to qualify as a REIT would be costly and would have a significant effect on the value of our securities.

We believe we have operated in a manner for SL Green to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes and intend to continue to so operate. Many of the REIT compliance requirements, however, are highly technical and complex. The determination that SL Green is a REIT requires an analysis of factual matters and circumstances. These matters, some of which are not totally within our control, can affect SL Green's qualification as a REIT. For example, to qualify as a REIT, at least 95% of our gross income must come from designated sources that are listed in the applicable tax laws. We are also required to distribute to stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income excluding capital gains. The fact that we hold our assets through the Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries further complicates the application of the REIT requirements. Even a technical or inadvertent mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. Furthermore, Congress and the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, might make changes to the tax laws and regulations that make it more difficult, or impossible, for us to remain qualified as a REIT.

If SL Green fails to qualify as a REIT, the funds available for distribution to our stockholders would be substantially reduced as we would not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to our stockholders in computing our taxable income and would be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates and possibly increased state and local taxes.

Also, unless the IRS grants us relief under specific statutory provisions, SL Green would remain disqualified as a REIT for four years following the year in which SL Green first failed to qualify. If SL Green failed to qualify as a REIT, SL Green would have to pay significant income taxes and would therefore have less money available for investments, to service debt obligations or to pay dividends and distributions to security holders. This would have a significant adverse effect on the value of our securities. In addition, the REIT tax laws would no longer obligate us to make any distributions to stockholders. As a result of all these factors, if SL Green fails to qualify as a REIT, this could impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital.

We may in the future pay taxable dividends on our common stock in common stock and cash.

In order to qualify as a REIT, we are required to annually distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains. In order to avoid taxation of our income, we are required to annually distribute to our stockholders all of our taxable income, including net capital gains. In order to satisfy these requirements, we have, and in the future may make distributions that are payable partly in cash and partly in shares of our common stock. If we pay such a dividend, taxable stockholders would be required to include the entire amount of the dividend, including the portion paid with shares of common stock, as income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, and may be required to pay income taxes with respect to such dividends in excess of the cash dividends received.

RISKS RELATED TO LEGAL AND REGULATORY MATTERS

We may incur costs to comply with governmental laws and regulations.

We are subject to various federal, state and local environmental and health and safety laws that can impose liability on current and former property owners or operators for the clean-up of certain hazardous substances released on a property or of contamination at any facility (e.g., a landfill) to which we have sent hazardous substances for treatment or disposal, without regard to fault or whether the release or disposal was in compliance with law. Being held responsible for such a clean-up could result in significant cost to us and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our properties may be subject to risks relating to current or future laws, including laws benefiting disabled persons, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act, and state or local zoning, construction or other regulations. Compliance with such laws may require significant property modifications in the future, which could be costly. Non-compliance could result in fines being levied against us in the future.

Compliance with changing or new regulations applicable to corporate governance and public disclosure may result in additional expenses, or affect our operations.

Changing or new laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including SEC regulations and NYSE rules, can create uncertainty for public companies. These changed or new laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations in many cases due to their lack of specificity. As a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies, which could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We are committed to maintaining high standards of corporate governance and public disclosure. If our efforts to comply with new or changed laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to practice, our reputation may be harmed.

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Our efforts to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards have resulted in, and are likely to continue to result in, increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. In particular, our continued efforts to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the related regulations regarding our required assessment of our internal controls over financial reporting and our external auditors' audit of that assessment have required the commitment of significant financial and managerial resources. We expect these efforts to require the continued commitment of significant resources. Further, our directors, chief executive officer and chief financial officer could face an increased risk of personal liability in connection with the performance of their duties. As a result, we may have difficulty attracting and retaining qualified directors and executive officers, which could harm our business.

Our property taxes could increase due to reassessment or property tax rate changes.

We are required to pay real property taxes or payments in lieu of taxes in respect of our properties and such taxes may increase as our properties are reassessed by taxing authorities or as property tax rates change. An increase in the assessed value of our properties or our property tax rates could adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

GENERAL RISK FACTORS

The trading price of our common stock has been and may continue to be subject to wide fluctuations.

Between January 1, 2025 and December 31, 2025, the closing sale price of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, ranged from $41.53 to $68.38 per share. Our stock price may fluctuate in response to a number of events and factors, such as those described elsewhere in this "Risk Factors" section. Equity issuances or buybacks by us or the perception that such issuances or buybacks may occur may also affect the market price of our common stock.

Future issuances of common stock, preferred stock or other equity linked securities could dilute existing stockholders' interests.

Our charter authorizes our Board of Directors to issue additional shares of common stock, preferred stock and convertible equity or debt without stockholder approval and without the requirement to offer rights of pre-emption to existing stockholders. Any such issuance could dilute our existing stockholders' interests. Also, any future series of preferred stock may have voting provisions that could delay or prevent a change of control of our company.

Changes in market conditions could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

As with other publicly traded equity securities, the value of our common stock depends on various market conditions, which may change from time to time. In addition to the current economic environment and future volatility in the securities and credit markets, the following market conditions may affect the value of our common stock:

• the general reputation of REITs and the attractiveness of our equity securities in comparison to other equity securities, including securities issued by other real estate-based companies;

• our financial performance; and

• general stock and bond market conditions.

The market value of our common stock is based on a number of factors including, but not limited to, the market's perception of the current and future value of our assets, our growth potential and our current and potential future earnings and cash dividends. Consequently, our common stock may trade at prices that are higher or lower than our net asset value per share of common stock.

Changes to U.S. federal income tax laws could materially and adversely affect us and our stockholders.

U.S. federal income tax laws and the rules dealing with U.S. federal income taxation are continually under review by Congress, the IRS, and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Any such changes could have an adverse effect on an investment in our shares or on the market value or the resale potential of our assets.

Loss of key personnel could harm our operations and our stock price.

We are dependent on the efforts of Marc Holliday, our chairman, chief executive officer and interim president. Mr. Holliday entered into a new employment agreement in December 2024, which expires in July 2028. A loss of Mr. Holliday's services could adversely affect our operations and could be negatively perceived by the market resulting in a decrease in our stock price.

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Our business and operations would suffer in the event of system failures or cyber security attacks.

Despite system redundancy, the implementation of security measures and the preparation of a disaster data recovery plan, our internal information technology (“IT”) networks and third-party systems on which we rely are vulnerable to a number of risks including energy blackouts, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication failures and cyber attacks and intrusions, such as phishing attacks, ransomware, data breaches and unauthorized access, including from persons inside our organization or from persons outside our organization with access to our systems, any of which could be enhanced or facilitated by artificial intelligence. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber attacks and intrusions, including by hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased, and artificial intelligence could intensify these risks. Like other businesses, we have experienced cyber incidents in the past, which were not individually, or in the aggregate, material, and we may be subject to cyber attacks in the future. Our systems are critical to the operation of our business, as well as certain of our tenants, and a system failure, accident or security breach could result in a material disruption to our business and operations. We have and may also incur additional costs to remedy damages caused by such disruptions. Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of our systems and have implemented various measures designed to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. Any compromise of our security could also result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, significant legal and financial exposure, damage to our reputation and relationships with tenants and vendors, loss or misappropriation of data (which may be confidential, proprietary and/or commercially sensitive in nature) and a loss of confidence in our security measures, which could harm our business.

Forward-looking statements may prove inaccurate.

See Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Forward-looking Information," for additional disclosure regarding forward-looking statements.

ITEM 7.    MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

SL Green Realty Corp., which is referred to as SL Green or the Company, a Maryland corporation, and SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P., which is referred to as SLGOP or the Operating Partnership, a Delaware limited partnership, were formed in June 1997 for the purpose of combining the commercial real estate business of S.L. Green Properties, Inc. and its affiliated partnerships and entities. The Company is a self-managed real estate investment trust, or REIT, engaged in the ownership, management, operation, acquisition, development, redevelopment, repositioning and financing of commercial real estate properties, principally office properties, located in the New York metropolitan area, principally Manhattan. Unless the context requires otherwise, all references to "we," "our" and "us" means the Company and all entities owned or controlled by the Company, including the Operating Partnership.

The following discussion related to our consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements appearing in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 is included in Part II, Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on February 18, 2025, together with the amendment to such report filed with the SEC on April 17, 2025, and is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

For descriptions of significant leasing, investing and financing activities in 2025, refer to "Part I, Item 1. Business - Highlights from 2025."

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and contingencies as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. We evaluate our assumptions and estimates on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe the following critical accounting estimates affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Investment in Commercial Real Estate Properties

Real estate properties are presented at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Costs directly related to the development or redevelopment of properties are capitalized. Ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred; major investments, which improve or extend the life of the asset, are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives.

We recognize the assets acquired, liabilities assumed (including contingencies) and any noncontrolling interests in an acquired entity by allocating the purchase price, including transaction costs, at their respective fair values on the acquisition date.

We allocate the purchase price of real estate to land and building (inclusive of tenant improvements) and, if determined to be material, intangibles, such as the value of above- and below-market leases and origination costs associated with the in-place leases.

The allocation of the purchase price to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed involves subjectivity as the allocations are based on an analysis of the respective fair values. In determining the fair value of the real estate acquired, the Company will use a third-party valuation which primarily utilizes cash flow projections that apply, among other things, estimated revenue and expense growth rates, future market rents, discount rates and capitalization rates, as well as sales comparison approach, which utilizes comparable sales, listings and sales contracts. We assess fair value of the acquired leases based on estimated cash flow projections that utilize appropriate discount rates and available market information. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors including the historical operating results, known trends, and market/economic conditions that may affect the property. The determined and allocated fair values to the real estate acquired will affect the amount of depreciation and amortization we record over the respective estimated useful lives or term of the lease.

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The Company classifies those leases under which the Company is the lessee at lease commencement as finance or operating leases. Leases qualify as finance leases if i) the lease transfers ownership of the asset at the end of the lease term, ii) the lease grants an option to purchase the asset that we are reasonably certain to exercise, iii) the lease term is for a major part of the remaining economic life of the asset, iv) the present value of the lease payments exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the asset, or v) the underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the lessor at the end of the lease term. Leases that do not qualify as finance leases are deemed to be operating leases. On the consolidated statements of operations, operating leases are expensed through operating lease rent while financing leases are expensed through amortization and interest expense.

We incur a variety of costs in the development and leasing of our properties. After the determination is made to capitalize a cost, it is allocated to the specific component of a project that is benefited. Determining when a development project is substantially complete and capitalization must cease involves a degree of judgment. The costs of land and building under development include specifically identifiable costs. The capitalized costs include, but are not limited to, pre-construction costs essential to the development of the property, development costs, construction costs, interest costs, real estate taxes, salaries and related costs and other costs incurred during the period of development. We consider a construction project as substantially complete and held available for occupancy upon the completion of tenant improvements, but no later than one year after major construction activity ceases. We cease capitalization on the portions substantially completed and occupied or held available for occupancy and capitalize only those costs associated with the portions under construction.

Properties are individually evaluated for impairment quarterly or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. A consolidated property's value is considered impaired if management's estimate of the aggregate future cash flows (undiscounted) to be generated by the property is less than the carrying value of the property taking into account the appropriate capitalization rate in determining the future terminal value. To the extent impairment has occurred, the loss will be measured as the excess of the carrying amount of the property over the fair value of the property as calculated in accordance with ASC 820. We assess for impairment indicators based on factors such as, among other things, market conditions, occupancy rates, collections, and the overall operating performance of the asset. If indicators of impairment are present, we evaluate real estate investments for potential impairment primarily utilizing estimated fair value based on discounted future cash flows utilizing appropriate discount and capitalization rates, in addition to sales comparison approach, which utilizes comparable sales, listings and sales contracts.

We also evaluate our real estate properties for impairment when a property has been classified as held for sale. Real estate assets held for sale are valued at the lower of their carrying value or fair value less costs to sell and depreciation expense is no longer recorded. See Note 4, "Properties Held for Sale and Property Dispositions."

Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

We account for our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures under the equity method of accounting in cases where we exercise significant influence over, but do not control, these entities and are not considered to be the primary beneficiary. We consolidate those joint ventures that we control or which are variable interest entities (each, a "VIE") and where we are considered to be the primary beneficiary. In all these joint ventures, the rights of the joint venture partner are both protective as well as participating. Unless we are determined to be the primary beneficiary in a VIE, these participating rights preclude us from consolidating these VIE entities. Determining control of the entities can be subjective in assessing which activities of the joint venture most significantly impact the economic performance and whether the rights of the joint venture partner are protective or participating. In making this determination, any new or amended joint venture agreement is assessed by the Company for the activities that most significantly impact the joint venture's economic performance based on the business purpose and design of the venture. We assess the rights that are conveyed to us in the agreement and evaluate whether we are provided with participating or protective rights over the activities that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance. We also assess the rights of our joint venture partner. Such participating rights include, among other things, the right to approve/amend the annual budget, leasing of the property to a significant tenant, and approval of tax returns and auditors. If our joint venture partner has substantive participating rights and we are determined not to be the primary beneficiary, we do not consolidate the entity.

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These investments are recorded initially at cost, as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, and subsequently adjusted for equity in net income (loss) and cash contributions and distributions. Equity in net income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures is allocated based on our ownership or economic interest in each joint venture and includes adjustments related to basis differences in accounting for the investment. When a capital event (as defined in each joint venture agreement) such as a refinancing occurs, if return thresholds are met, future equity income will be allocated at our increased economic interest. We recognize incentive income from unconsolidated real estate joint ventures as income to the extent it is earned and not subject to a clawback feature. Distributions we receive from unconsolidated real estate joint ventures in excess of our basis in the investment are recorded as offsets to our investment balance if we remain liable for future obligations of the joint venture or may otherwise be committed to provide future additional financial support. We generally finance our joint ventures with non-recourse debt. In certain cases we may provide guarantees or master leases for tenant space, which terminate upon the satisfaction of specified circumstances or repayment of the underlying loans.

We assess our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures for recoverability, and if it is determined that a loss in value of the investment is other than temporary, we write down the investment to its fair value. We evaluate our equity investments for impairment based on each joint ventures' actual and projected cash flows. Aside from charges noted in Note 6, "Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures," we do not believe that the values of any of our equity investments were impaired as of December 31, 2025.

We may originate loans for real estate acquisition, development and construction ("ADC loans") where we expect to receive some of the residual profit from such projects. When the risk and rewards of these arrangements are essentially the same as an investor or joint venture partner, we account for these arrangements as real estate investments under the equity method of accounting for investments. Otherwise, we account for these arrangements consistent with the accounting for our debt and preferred equity investments.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2025 to the year ended December 31, 2024

The following comparison for the year ended December 31, 2025, or 2025, to the year ended December 31, 2024, or 2024, makes reference to the effect of the following:

i. “Same-Store Properties,” which represents properties in service and operating during both the current and prior year reporting periods (Same-Store Properties totaled 21 of our 33 consolidated operating buildings),

ii. “Acquisition Properties,” which represents all properties or interests in properties acquired in 2025 and 2024 and all non-Same-Store Properties, including properties that are under development or redevelopment,

iii. "Disposed Properties," which represents all properties or interests in properties sold in 2025 and 2024,

iv. "Alternative Strategy Portfolio," which represents non-core assets, and

v. “Other,” which represents properties where we sold an interest resulting in deconsolidation and corporate level items not allocable to specific properties, as well as the Service Corporation and eEmerge Inc.

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Same-Store

Disposed

Other

Consolidated

(in millions)

Change

Change

Change

Change

Rental revenue

SUMMIT Operator revenue

Investment income

Interest income from real estate loans held by consolidated securitization vehicles

Other income

Total revenues

Property operating expenses

SUMMIT Operator expenses

SUMMIT Operator tax expense

Transaction related costs

Marketing, general and administrative

Operating income before equity in net income from unconsolidated joint ventures

Other income (expenses):

Interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs, net of interest income

Interest expense on senior obligations of consolidated securitization vehicles

Depreciation and amortization

Equity in net loss from unconsolidated joint ventures

Equity in net gain (loss) on sale of interest in unconsolidated joint venture/real estate

Loss from debt fund investments, net

Purchase price and other fair value adjustments

(Loss) gain on sale of real estate, net

Depreciable real estate reserves and impairments

Gain on sale of marketable securities

Gain (loss) on early extinguishment of debt

Loan loss and other investment reserves, net of recoveries

Income from continuing operation

Net income from discontinued operations

Gain on sale of discontinued operations

Net (loss) income

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Rental revenue

Rental revenues increased due primarily to the consolidation of 100 Park Avenue ($25.5 million) during the fourth quarter of 2024, 10 East 53rd Street ($1.7 million) at the end of the first quarter of 2024, 315 West 33rd Street ($4.2 million) at the end of the third quarter of 2025 and 800 Third Avenue ($2.0 million) during the fourth quarter 2025 and the acquisition of 500 Park Avenue ($5.5 million) during the first quarter 2025. The increase is partially offset by lower occupancy at 485 Lexington Avenue ($6.6 million) and 750 Third Avenue ($6.1 million).

The following table presents a summary of the commenced leasing activity for the year ended December 31, 2025 in our Manhattan portfolio:

Usable

Rentable

New

Cash

Rent (per

rentable

Prev.

Escalated

Rent (per

rentable

per

rentable

Free

Rent (in

months)

Average

Lease

Term (in

years)

Manhattan

Space available at beginning of the year

Space which became available during the year (4)

•       Office

•       Retail

•       Storage

Total space available

Leased space commenced during the year:

•       Office (5)

•       Retail

•       Storage

Total leased space commenced

Total available space at end of year

Early renewals

•       Office

•       Retail

•       Storage

Total early renewals

Total commenced leases, including replaced previous vacancy

•       Office

•       Retail

•       Storage

Total commenced leases

(1) Represents the rentable square footage at the time the property was acquired.

(2) Annual initial base rent.

(3) Escalated rent includes base rent plus all additional amounts paid by the tenant in the form of real estate taxes, operating expenses, porters wage or a consumer price index (CPI) adjustment.

(4) Includes expiring space, relocating tenants and move-outs where tenants vacated. Excludes lease expirations where tenants held over.

(5) Average starting office rent excluding new tenants replacing vacancies was $88.79 per rentable square feet for 703,481 rentable square feet. Average starting office rent for office space (leased and early renewals, excluding new tenants replacing vacancies) was $86.50 per rentable square feet for 1,246,548 rentable square feet.

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SUMMIT Operator revenue

SUMMIT Operator revenues were lower for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024 due primarily to taking offline the Ascent experience, which requires a premium ticket that generates incremental revenue, for maintenance during most of the year ended December 31, 2025, .

Investment income

Investment income increased due primarily to interest payments received on one CMBS investment ($10 million) for the year ended December 31, 2025. This was partially offset by lower weighted average debt and preferred equity investment balance for the period ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the same period in 2024. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the weighted average balance of our debt and preferred equity investment portfolio and the weighted average yield were $273.6 million and 5.8%, respectively, compared to $328.9 million and 6.9%, respectively.

Interest income from real estate loans held by consolidated securitization vehicles

During the years December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, we acquired securities in CMBS securitization trusts that resulted in consolidation of the trusts on our financial statements. The amounts recorded include our interest income as well as the interest income associated with CMBS positions owned by third parties, which is offset by the amounts recorded in Interest expense on senior obligations of consolidated securitization vehicles. As a result, the net impact is limited to the interest income on the CMBS securities we own directly and not the consolidated interest income and interest expense.

Other income

Other income increased due primarily to management fees earned from the Fund ($8.4 million) and an increase in special servicing income ($7.3 million). This increase was offset by a decrease in fee income recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024 related to the sale of 625 Madison Avenue ($11.5 million).

Property operating expenses

Property operating expenses increased due primarily to the consolidation of 100 Park Avenue ($27.8 million) during the fourth quarter of 2024, 10 East 53rd Street ($4.7 million) at the end of the first quarter of 2024, 315 West 33rd Street ($6.1 million) at the end of the third quarter of 2025 and 800 Third Avenue ($4.1 million) during the fourth quarter of 2025 and the acquisition of 500 Park Avenue ($9.5 million) in the first quarter of 2025. Operating expenses also increased at our Same-Store Properties ($11.7 million) due primarily to higher real estate taxes.

SUMMIT Operator expenses

SUMMIT Operator expenses were higher for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, due primarily to increased variable expenses as a result of additional operating days and expanded hours.

SUMMIT Operator tax expense

The increase in SUMMIT Operator tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the same period in 2024 was the result of an adjustment made in the third quarter of 2024 related to 2023 projected tax expense being more than 2023 actual tax expense.

Transaction related costs

Transaction related costs increased for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the same period in 2024 due primarily to the write off of expenses related to the Company's pursuit of a gaming license ($11.9 million).

Marketing, General, and Administrative Expenses

Marketing, general, and administrative expenses increased for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the same period in 2024 due primarily to higher compensation expense.

Interest Expense and Amortization of Deferred Financing Costs, Net of Interest Income

Interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs, net of interest income, increased due primarily to a higher weighted average consolidated debt balance and higher weighted average interest rate as well as the consolidation of 100 Park Avenue ($25.5 million) during the fourth quarter of 2024, 10 East 53rd Street ($1.7 million) at the end of the first quarter of 2024, 315 West 33rd Street ($4.2 million) at the end of the third quarter of 2025 and 800 Third Avenue ($2.0 million) during the fourth quarter 2025 and the acquisition of 500 Park Avenue ($5.5 million) during the first quarter 2025. The weighted average consolidated debt balance outstanding was $3.9 billion for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to $3.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024. The consolidated weighted average interest rate was 5.34% for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to 5.17% for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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Interest expense on senior obligations of consolidated securitization vehicles

During the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 we acquired securities in CMBS securitization trusts that resulted in consolidation of the trusts on our financial statements. The amounts include the interest expense associated with CMBS positions owned by third parties, which is an offset to the third party interest income recognized in Interest income from real estate loans held by consolidated securitization vehicles. As a result, the impact is limited to interest income on the CMBS securities we own directly and not the consolidated interest income and interest expense.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization increased due primarily to the consolidation of 100 Park Avenue ($20.1 million) during the fourth quarter of 2024, 10 East 53rd Street ($4.0 million) at the end of the first quarter of 2024, 315 West 33rd Street ($7.4 million) at the end of the third quarter of 2025 and 800 Third Avenue ($2.0 million) during the fourth quarter of 2025 and the acquisition of 500 Park Avenue ($5.1 million) in the first quarter of 2025 and an increase at our Same-Store Properties ($7.9 million).

Equity in net loss from unconsolidated joint ventures

Equity in net loss from unconsolidated joint ventures increased primarily due to impairments recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024 at 5 Times Square ($146.4 million), Worldwide Plaza ($72.6 million), 2 Herald Square ($20.4 million), 85 Fifth Avenue ($12.0 million) and 115 Spring Street ($11.7 million). These impairments were partially offset by gains on discounted debt extinguishment at 2 Herald Square ($141.7 million) and 280 Park Avenue ($30.7 million). During the year ended December 31, 2025 we recognized impairments at World Wide Plaza ($4.4 million) and 2 Herald Square ($8.4 million).

Equity in net gain (loss) on sale of interest in unconsolidated joint venture/real estate

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recognized gains on the sale of an 5% interest in One Vanderbilt ($88.1 million), partially offset by a loss on the sale of our interest in 85 Fifth Avenue ($2.0 million). During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized gains on the sale of an 11% interest in One Vanderbilt ($187.6 million) and our interest in 717 Fifth Avenue ($26.4 million), partially offset by a loss on the sale of our interests in 625 Madison Avenue ($7.2 million).

Purchase price and other fair value adjustments

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded negative fair value adjustments related to the initial valuation of Palisades Conference Center ($13.0 million), the consolidation of 800 Third Avenue ($20.2 million), and derivatives that are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes ($3.9 million). These negative adjustments were partially offset by positive fair value adjustment for the secured borrowing related to the previous sale of an interest at One Madison Avenue ($6.2 million). During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded positive fair value adjustments relating to the consolidation of 100 Park Avenue ($117.8 million) and for the secured borrowing related to the previous sale of an interest at One Madison Avenue ($19.6 million). Additionally, we recorded a positive fair value adjustment related to derivatives that are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes ($5.5 million). These positive adjustments were partially offset by a negative fair value adjustment relating to the consolidation of 10 East 53rd Street ($55.7 million).

(Loss) gain on sale of real estate, net

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized a gain on the sale of Palisades Conference Center ($7.3 million) and losses on the sales of 719 Seventh Avenue ($2.1 million) and the Giorgio Armani Residences at 760 Madison Avenue ($1.5 million).

Depreciable Real Estate Reserves and Impairments

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recognized depreciable real estate reserves and impairments at 100 Park Avenue ($23.5 million) and 760 Madison Avenue ($8.5 million). During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized depreciable real estate reserves and impairments at 719 Seventh Avenue ($46.3 million), 690 Madison Avenue ($34.3 million) and 760 Madison Avenue ($17.6 million), reflective of $15.1 million of capitalized interest for 760 Madison Avenue, to reduce the carrying value of our investments based on the sales contracts that the Company entered into for these properties. In addition, we recognized depreciable real estate reserves and impairments related to our investment in 625 Madison Avenue ($5.9 million), which remained under contract for sale as of March 31, 2024 prior to the sale closing in the second quarter of 2024.

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Gain on sale of marketable securities

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recognized a gain on marketable securities sold during the period ($10.2 million). During the year ended December 31, 2024 we did not recognize a gain on marketable securities sold during the period.

Gain (loss) on early extinguishment of debt

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we did not recognize any consolidated gain or loss on early extinguishment of debt. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized gains on discounted debt extinguishment at 690 Madison Avenue ($26.0 million) and 719 Seventh Avenue ($17.8 million).

Loan loss and other investment reserves, net of recoveries

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recognized a loan loss recovery of $71.6 million related to the repayment of the mortgage investment at 522 Fifth Avenue. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we did not recognize any loan loss and other investment reserves.

Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2024 to the year ended December 31, 2023

For a comparison of the year ended December 31, 2024 to the year ended December 31, 2023, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II, Item 7 of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was filed with the SEC on February 18, 2025, together with the amendment to such Form 10-K filed with the SEC on April 17, 2025.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We currently expect that the principal sources of funds to meet our short-term and long-term liquidity requirements for working capital, acquisitions, development or redevelopment of properties, tenant improvements, leasing costs, dividends to shareholders, distributions to unitholders, repurchases or repayments of outstanding indebtedness or other investments will include:

(1) Cash flow from operations;

(2) Cash on hand;

(3) Net proceeds from divestitures of properties and redemptions, participations, dispositions and repayments of debt and preferred equity investments;

(4) Borrowings under the revolving credit facility;

(5) Other forms of secured or unsecured financing; and

(6) Proceeds from common or preferred equity or debt offerings by the Company or the Operating Partnership (including issuances of units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership and Trust preferred securities).

Cash flow from operations is primarily dependent upon the collectability of rent, the occupancy level of our portfolio, the net effective rental rates achieved on our leases, the collectability of rent, operating escalations and recoveries from our tenants and the level of operating and other costs.

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The combined aggregate principal maturities of mortgages and other loans payable, the 2021 credit facility, senior unsecured notes (net of discount), trust preferred securities, our share of joint venture debt, including as-of-right extension options, estimated interest expense, and our obligations under our financing and operating leases, as of December 31, 2025 are as follows (in thousands):

Thereafter

Total

Property mortgages and other loans

Revolving credit facility

Unsecured term loans

Trust preferred securities

Financing leases

Operating leases

Estimated interest expense

Company's share of joint

venture debt

Total

We estimate that for the year ending December 31, 2026, we expect to incur $99.6 million of leasing capital expenditures and $33.8 million of recurring capital expenditures on existing consolidated properties, of which $25.6 million will be funded by construction financing facilities or loan reserves. In addition, we expect to incur $39.8 million of development or redevelopment expenditures on existing consolidated properties, of which none will be funded by construction financing facilities or loan reserves. We expect our share of capital expenditures at our joint venture properties will be $172.4 million, of which $28.8 million will be funded by construction financing facilities or loan reserves. Future property acquisitions may require substantial capital investments for refurbishment and leasing costs.

As of December 31, 2025, we had liquidity of $781.9 million, comprised of $602.5 million of availability under our revolving credit facility and $179.4 million of consolidated cash on hand, inclusive of $23.7 million of available-for-sale marketable securities. This liquidity excludes $124.0 million representing our share of cash at unconsolidated joint venture properties. We may seek to divest of properties, interests in properties, or access private and public debt and equity capital when the opportunity presents itself, although there is no guarantee that this capital will be made available to us at efficient levels or at all. Management believes that these sources of liquidity, if we are able to access them, along with potential refinancing opportunities for secured and unsecured debt, will allow us to satisfy our debt and other obligations, as described above, upon maturity, if not before.

We have investments in several real estate joint ventures with various partners, that are generally considered to be financially stable, and most are financed with non-recourse debt. We believe that property level cash flows along with unfunded committed indebtedness and proceeds from the refinancing of outstanding secured indebtedness will be sufficient to fund the capital needs of our joint venture properties.

Cash Flows

The following summary discussion of our cash flows is based on our consolidated statements of cash flows in "Item 1. Financial Statements" and is not meant to be an all-inclusive discussion of the changes in our cash flows for the years presented below.

Cash, restricted cash, and cash equivalents were $336.5 million and $331.6 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, representing a increase of $4.9 million. The increase was a result of the following changes in cash flows (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

(Decrease)

Increase

Net cash provided by operating activities

Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

Our principal sources of operating cash flow are the properties in our consolidated and joint venture portfolios, third party fees and our debt and preferred equity portfolio. These sources generate a relatively consistent stream of cash flow that provides us with resources to pay operating expenses, debt service, and fund dividend and distribution requirements.

Cash is used in investing activities to fund acquisitions, development or redevelopment projects and recurring and nonrecurring capital expenditures. We selectively invest in new projects that enable us to take advantage of our development,

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leasing, financing and property management skills, and invest in existing buildings that meet our investment criteria. During the year ended December 31, 2025, when compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, we used cash primarily for the following investing activities (in thousands):

Acquisitions of real estate

Capital expenditures and capitalized interest

Acquisition deposits and deferred purchase price

Joint venture investments

Distributions from joint ventures

Proceeds from sales of real estate/partial interest in property

Cash and restricted cash assumed from consolidation of real estate investment

Cash and restricted cash derecognized from disposition and deconsolidation of real estate investment

Debt and preferred equity and other investments

Decrease in net cash provided by investing activities

Funds spent on capital expenditures, which are comprised of building and tenant improvements, increased from $211.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 to $255.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 due to increased spending on leasing related costs.

We generally fund our investment activity through the sale of real estate, the sale or repayment of debt and preferred equity investments, property-level financing, corporate credit facilities, or construction loan facilities. From time to time, the Company may issue common or preferred stock or equity-linked securities, or the Operating Partnership may issue common or preferred units of limited partnership interest.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, when compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, we used cash primarily for the following financing activities (in thousands):

Proceeds from our debt obligations

Repayments of our debt obligations

Net distribution to noncontrolling interests

Other financing activities

Proceeds from stock options exercised and DRSPP issuance

Payment of debt extinguishment costs

Proceeds from issuance of common stock

Repurchase of common stock

Redemption of preferred stock

Acquisition of subsidiary interest from noncontrolling interest

Dividends and distributions paid

Increase in net cash provided by financing activities

Share Repurchase Program

The Company has in place a share repurchase program of $3.5 billion under which we can buy shares of our common stock.

As of December 31, 2025, 36,107,719 shares have been repurchased under the program. This amount excludes the redemption of OP units. We did not repurchase any shares under the program during the year ended December 31, 2025.

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Indebtedness

The table below summarizes our consolidated mortgages and other loans payable, 2021 credit facility, 2022 term loan, senior unsecured notes and trust preferred securities outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, (amounts in thousands).

Debt Summary:

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Balance

Fixed rate

Variable rate—hedged

Total fixed rate

Total variable rate

Total debt

Debt, preferred equity, and other investments subject to variable rate

Net exposure to variable rate debt

Percent of Total Debt :

Fixed rate

Variable rate (1)

Total

Effective Interest Rate for the Year:

Fixed rate

Variable rate

Effective interest rate

(1)    Inclusive of the mitigating effect of our debt, preferred equity, and other investments subject to variable rates, the percent of total debt of our net exposure to variable rate debt was 6.1% and 7.0% as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The variable rate debt shown above generally bears interest at an interest rate based on adjusted Term SOFR (3.69% and 4.33% as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively). Our consolidated debt as of December 31, 2025 had a weighted average term to maturity of 2.34 years.

Certain of our debt and equity investments and other investments, with carrying values of $128.6 million as of December 31, 2025 and $117.0 million as of December 31, 2024, are variable rate investments which mitigate our exposure to interest rate changes on our unhedged variable rate debt. Inclusive of the mitigating effect of these investments, the net ratio of our consolidated variable rate debt to total debt was 6.1% and 7.0% as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Mortgage Financing

As of December 31, 2025, our total mortgage debt (excluding our share of joint venture mortgage debt of $5.9 billion) consisted of $2.1 billion of fixed rate debt, including swapped variable rate debt, with an effective weighted average interest rate of 5.40% and $0.1 billion of variable rate debt with an effective weighted average interest rate of 6.17%.

Corporate Indebtedness

2021 Credit Facility

In December 2021, we entered into an amended and restated credit facility, referred to as the 2021 credit facility, that was previously amended by the Company in November 2017, and was originally entered into by the Company in November 2012. As of December 31, 2025, the 2021 credit facility consisted of a $1.25 billion revolving credit facility, a $1.05 billion term loan (or "Term Loan A"), and a $100.0 million term loan (or "Term Loan B") with maturity dates of May 15, 2026, May 15, 2027, and May 19, 2026, respectively. Term Loan B has one six-month, as-of-right extension option to November 19, 2026. The revolving credit facility has two six-month, as-of-right extension options to May 15, 2027. We also have an option, subject to customary conditions, to increase the capacity of the credit facility to $4.5 billion at any time prior to the maturity dates for the revolving credit facility and term loans without the consent of existing lenders, by obtaining additional commitments from our existing lenders and other financial institutions.

As of December 31, 2025, the 2021 credit facility bore interest at a spread over adjusted Term SOFR plus 10 basis points with an interest period of one or three months, as we may elect, ranging from (i) 72.5 basis points to 140 basis points for loans under the revolving credit facility, (ii) 80 basis points to 160 basis points for loans under Term Loan A, and (iii) 85 basis points to 165 basis points for loans under Term Loan B, in each case based on the credit rating assigned to the senior unsecured long

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term indebtedness of the Company. In instances where there are either only two ratings available or where there are more than two and the difference between them is one rating category, the applicable rating shall be the highest rating. In instances where there are more than two ratings and the difference between the highest and the lowest is two or more rating categories, then the applicable rating used is the average of the highest two, rounded down if the average is not a recognized category.

As of December 31, 2025, the applicable spread over adjusted Term SOFR plus 10 basis points for the 2021 credit facility was 140 basis points for the revolving credit facility, 160 basis points for Term Loan A, and 180 basis points for Term Loan B. We are required to pay quarterly in arrears a 12.5 to 30 basis point facility fee on the total commitments under the revolving credit facility based on the credit rating assigned to the senior unsecured long-term indebtedness of the Company. As of December 31, 2025, the facility fee was 30 basis points.

As of December 31, 2025, we had $7.5 million of outstanding letters of credit, $640.0 million drawn under the revolving credit facility and $1.15 billion of outstanding term loans, with total undrawn capacity of $602.5 million under the 2021 credit facility. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the revolving credit facility had a carrying value of $637.8 million and $316.2 million, respectively, net of deferred financing costs. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the term loans had a carrying value of $1.1 billion and $1.1 billion, respectively, net of deferred financing costs. The Company and the Operating Partnership are borrowers jointly and severally obligated under the 2021 credit facility. The 2021 credit facility includes certain restrictions and covenants (see Restrictive Covenants below).

CMBS Repurchase Facility

In December 2024, the Company entered into a repurchase facility for CMBS (CMBS Repurchase Facility), which provides us with the ability to sell certain CMBS investments with a simultaneous agreement to repurchase the same at a certain date or on demand. We seek to mitigate risks associated with our repurchase facility by managing the credit quality of our assets, early repayments, interest rate volatility, liquidity, and market value. The margin call provisions under our repurchase facility permit valuation adjustments based on capital markets activity and are not limited to collateral-specific credit marks. To monitor credit risk associated with our CMBS investments, our asset management team regularly reviews our investment portfolio and is in contact with our borrowers in order to monitor the collateral and enforce our rights as necessary. The risk associated with potential margin calls is further mitigated by our ability to collateralize the facility with additional assets from our portfolio of investments, our ability to satisfy margin calls with cash or cash equivalents and our access to additional liquidity. As of December 31, 2025, there have been no margin calls on the CMBS Repurchase Facility. At December 31, 2025, there was no outstanding balance of on the facility.

Senior Unsecured Notes

The following table sets forth our senior unsecured notes and other related disclosures as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, by scheduled maturity date (dollars in thousands):

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Issuance

Unpaid Principal Balance

Accreted

Balance

Accreted

Balance

Interest Rate (1)

Initial Term

(in Years)

Maturity Date

December 17, 2015 (2)

December 2025

Deferred financing costs, net

(1) Interest rate as of December 31, 2024. The notes were repaid upon maturity in December 2025.

(2) Issued by the Company and the Operating Partnership as co-obligors.

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Restrictive Covenants

The terms of the 2021 credit facility and our senior unsecured notes include certain restrictions and covenants which may limit, among other things, our ability to pay dividends, make certain types of investments, incur additional indebtedness, incur liens and enter into negative pledge agreements and dispose of assets, and which require compliance with financial ratios relating to the maximum ratio of total indebtedness to total asset value, a minimum ratio of EBITDA to fixed charges, a maximum ratio of secured indebtedness to total asset value and a maximum ratio of unsecured indebtedness to unencumbered asset value. The dividend restriction referred to above provides that, we will not during any time when a default is continuing, make distributions with respect to common stock or other equity interests, except to enable the Company to continue to qualify as a REIT for Federal income tax purposes. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we were in compliance with all such covenants.

Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debentures

In June 2005, the Company and the Operating Partnership issued $100.0 million in unsecured trust preferred securities through a newly formed trust, SL Green Capital Trust I, or the Trust, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Operating Partnership. The securities mature in 2035 and bear interest at a floating rate of 26 basis points over the three-month Term SOFR. Interest payments may be deferred for a period of up to eight consecutive quarters if the Operating Partnership exercises its right to defer such payments. The Trust preferred securities are redeemable at the option of the Operating Partnership, in whole or in part, with no prepayment premium. We do not consolidate the Trust even though it is a variable interest entity as we are not the primary beneficiary. Because the Trust is not consolidated, we have recorded the debt on our consolidated balance sheets and the related payments are classified as interest expense.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to changes in interest rates primarily from our variable rate debt. Our exposure to interest rate fluctuations are managed through the use of interest rate derivative instruments and through our variable rate debt and preferred equity investments. Based on the debt outstanding as of December 31, 2025, a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in the applicable floating interest rate curve would increase our consolidated annual interest cost, net of interest income from variable rate debt and preferred equity investments, by $2.3 million and would increase our share of joint venture annual interest cost by $4.5 million. As of December 31, 2025, $127.9 million, or 76.0%, of our $168.4 million debt and preferred equity portfolio was indexed to SOFR.

We recognize most derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. Derivatives that are not hedges for accounting purposes are adjusted to fair value through income. If a derivative is considered a hedge for accounting purposes, depending on the nature of the hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivative will either be offset against the change in fair value of the hedged asset, liability, or firm commitment through earnings, or recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) until the hedged item is recognized in earnings.

Consolidated long-term debt of $3.7 billion bears interest at fixed rates, and therefore the fair value of these instruments is affected by changes in the market interest rates. Our variable rate debt and variable rate joint venture debt as of December 31, 2025 bore interest based on a spread to LIBOR of 145 basis points and Term SOFR of 148 basis points to 260 basis points.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have off-balance sheet investments, including joint ventures and debt and preferred equity investments. These investments all have varying ownership structures. A majority of our joint venture arrangements are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as we have the ability to exercise significant influence over, but not control, the operating and financial decisions of these joint venture arrangements. Our off-balance sheet arrangements are discussed in Note 5, "Debt and Preferred Equity Investments" and Note 6, "Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures" in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Dividends/Distributions

We expect to pay dividends to our stockholders based on the distributions we receive from our Operating Partnership.

To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must pay annual dividends to our stockholders of at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined before taking into consideration the dividends paid deduction and net capital gains.

Any dividend we pay may be in the form of cash, stock, or a combination thereof, subject to IRS limitations on the use of stock for dividends. Additionally, if our REIT taxable income in a particular year exceeds the amount of cash dividends we pay in that year, we may pay stock dividends in order to maintain our REIT status and avoid certain REIT-level taxes.

Before we pay any cash dividend, whether for Federal income tax purposes or otherwise, which would only be paid out of available cash to the extent permitted under the 2021 credit facility and senior unsecured notes, we must first meet both our operating requirements and scheduled debt service on our mortgages and loans payable.

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Insurance

We maintain “all-risk” property and rental value coverage (including coverage regarding the perils of flood, earthquake and terrorism, excluding nuclear, biological, chemical, and radiological terrorism ("NBCR")), within two property insurance programs and liability insurance. Separate property and liability coverage may be purchased on a stand-alone basis for certain assets, such as development projects. Additionally, one of our captive insurance companies, Belmont Insurance Company ("Belmont"), provides coverage for NBCR terrorist acts above a specified trigger. Belmont's retention is reinsured by our other captive insurance company, Ticonderoga Insurance Company ("Ticonderoga"). If Belmont or Ticonderoga are required to pay a claim under our insurance policies, we would ultimately record the loss to the extent of required payments. However, there is no assurance that in the future we will be able to procure coverage at a reasonable cost. Further, if we experience losses that are uninsured or that exceed policy limits, we could lose the capital invested in the damaged properties as well as the anticipated future cash flows from those properties. Additionally, our debt instruments contain customary covenants requiring us to maintain insurance and we could default under our debt instruments if the cost and/or availability of certain types of insurance make it impractical or impossible to comply with such covenants relating to insurance. Belmont and Ticonderoga provide coverage solely on properties owned by the Company or its affiliates.

Furthermore, with respect to certain of our properties, including properties held by joint ventures or subject to triple net leases, insurance coverage is obtained by a third-party and we do not control the coverage. While we may have agreements with such third parties to maintain adequate coverage and we monitor these policies, such coverage ultimately may not be maintained or adequately cover our risk of loss.

Funds from Operations

Funds from Operations ("FFO") is a widely recognized non-GAAP financial measure of REIT performance. The Company computes FFO in accordance with standards established by Nareit, which may not be comparable to FFO reported by other REITs that do not compute FFO in accordance with the Nareit definition, or that interpret the Nareit definition differently than the Company does. The revised White Paper on FFO approved by the Board of Governors of Nareit in April 2002, and subsequently amended in December 2018, defines FFO as net income (loss) (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding gains (or losses) from sales of properties and real estate related impairment charges, plus real estate related depreciation and amortization and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures.

The Company presents FFO because it considers it an important supplemental measure of the Company's operating performance and believes that it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of REITs, particularly those that own and operate commercial office properties. The Company also uses FFO as one of several criteria to determine performance-based compensation for members of its senior management. FFO is intended to exclude GAAP historical cost depreciation and amortization of real estate and related assets, which assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes ratably over time. Historically, however, real estate values have risen or fallen with market conditions. Because FFO excludes depreciation and amortization unique to real estate, gains and losses from property dispositions, and real estate related impairment charges, it provides a performance measure that, when compared year over year, reflects the impact to operations from trends in occupancy rates, rental rates, operating costs, and interest costs, providing perspective not immediately apparent from net income. FFO does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (determined in accordance with GAAP), as an indication of the Company's financial performance or to cash flow from operating activities (determined in accordance with GAAP) as a measure of the Company's liquidity, nor is it indicative of funds available to fund the Company's cash needs, including our ability to make cash distributions.

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FFO for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Net (loss) income attributable to SL Green common stockholders

Add:

Depreciation and amortization

Joint venture depreciation and noncontrolling interest adjustments

Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests

Less:

Equity in net gain (loss) on sale of interest in unconsolidated joint venture/real estate

Purchase price and other fair value adjustments

(Loss) gain on sale of real estate, net

Depreciable real estate reserves and impairments

Depreciable real estate reserves in unconsolidated joint venture

Depreciation on non-rental real estate assets

Funds from Operations attributable to SL Green common stockholders and unit holders

Seasonality

Our business at SUMMIT is subject to, among other things, tourism trends and weather conditions, resulting in seasonal fluctuation. The table below shows SUMMIT's revenue for each quarter during the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. We do not consider any other components of our business to be subject to material seasonal fluctuations.

Year Ended December 31,

1st Quarter

2nd Quarter

3rd Quarter

4th Quarter

Total

Climate Change

Climate regulation in New York City is among the most stringent and requires building owners to comply with ambitious emissions limits. New York City enacted Local Law 97 (LL97) in 2019 under the Climate Mobilization Act, setting carbon caps for large buildings starting in 2024 as part of a broader commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030, and by 80% by 2050. We expect to be compliant in the first compliance period through 2029, with no material financial impact on our portfolio.

While SL Green's portfolio has not been substantially affected by climate-related events to New York City real estate, such as Hurricane Sandy in 2012, we have continued to develop our approach to physical climate risk assessment, management, and mitigation in order to minimize the impacts of future events. In 2024, the Company released a revised TCFD report, which expanded the physical and transition risks and opportunities and progress related to TCFD disclosure originally released in 2021.

We consider the successful management and mitigation of climate-related risks across our portfolio as an opportunity to increase the financial value of our buildings and pass on these benefits to our stakeholders, tenants, and investors. We believe our investments over the last 20 years in energy efficiency improvements and greenhouse gas emissions reductions have minimized the impact of climate legislation on our portfolio and our active development pipeline sets the standard for sustainable new construction and responsible community engagement. We leverage years of operational excellence to incorporate innovative design and technological solutions. We also utilize recommendations from our portfolio-wide New York State Energy Research and Development Authority ("NYSERDA") emissions reduction study to help lower emissions from tenant spaces and base building operations. Together, these measures are expected to minimize our vulnerability to the physical risks of climate change, as well as transition risks covering policy and legal, market, technology, and reputational factors.

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Accounting Standards Updates

The Accounting Standards Updates are discussed in Note 2, "Significant Accounting Policies Accounting Standards Updates" in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Forward-Looking Information

This report includes certain statements that may be deemed to be "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and are intended to be covered by the safe harbor provisions thereof. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this report that address activities, events or developments that we expect, believe or anticipate will or may occur in the future, including such matters as future capital expenditures, dividends and acquisitions (including the amount and nature thereof), development trends of the real estate industry and the New York metropolitan area markets, occupancy, business strategies, expansion and growth of our operations and other similar matters, are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based on certain assumptions and analyses made by us in light of our experience and our perception of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors we believe are appropriate.

Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and actual results or developments may differ materially, and we caution you not to place undue reliance on such statements. Forward-looking statements are generally identifiable by the use of the words "may," "will," "should," "expect," "anticipate," "estimate," "believe," "intend," "project," "continue," or the negative of these words, or other similar words or terms.

Forward-looking statements contained in this report are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by forward-looking statements made by us. These risks and uncertainties include:

• the effect of general economic, geopolitical, business and financial conditions, and their effect on the New York City real estate market in particular;

• dependence upon the New York City real estate market;

• risks of real estate acquisitions, dispositions, development and redevelopment, including the cost of construction delays and cost overruns;

• risks relating to debt and preferred equity investments;

• availability and creditworthiness of prospective tenants and borrowers;

• bankruptcy or insolvency of a major tenant or a significant number of smaller tenants or borrowers;

• adverse changes in the real estate markets, including reduced demand for office space, increasing vacancy, and increasing availability of sublease space;

• availability of debt and equity capital for our operational needs and investment strategy;

• unanticipated increases in financing and other costs, including a rise in interest rates;

• our ability to comply with financial covenants in our debt instruments;

• our ability to maintain our status as a REIT;

• risks of investing through joint venture structures, including the fulfillment by our partners of their financial obligations;

• the threat of terrorist attacks;

• our ability to obtain adequate insurance coverage at a reasonable cost and the potential for losses in excess of our insurance coverage, including as a result of environmental contamination;

• risks related to our asset management business, including our ability to identify suitable investments, manage actual and potential conflicts of interest and comply with regulations on our asset management subsidiary under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940; and

• legislative, regulatory and/or safety requirements adversely affecting REITs and the real estate business including costs of compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Fair Housing Act and other similar laws and regulations.

Other factors and risks to our business, many of which are beyond our control, are described in other sections of this report and in our other filings with the SEC. Except to the extent required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of future events, new information or otherwise.

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