ARE Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. - 10-K

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Overview

The following risk factors may adversely affect our overall business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows;

our ability to make distributions to our stockholders; our access to capital; or the market price of our common stock, as further described

in each risk factor below. In addition to the information set forth in this annual report on Form 10-K, one should carefully review and

consider the information contained in our other reports and periodic filings that we make with the SEC. Those risk factors could

materially affect our overall business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows; our ability to make distributions to our

stockholders; our access to capital; or the market price of our common stock. The risks that we describe in our public filings are not the

only risks that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently consider immaterial, also may

materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Additional information regarding forward-looking

statements is included in the beginning of Part I in this annual report on Form 10-K.

Risk factors summary

An investment in our securities involves various risks. Such risks, including those set forth in the summary of material risks in

this Item 1A, should be carefully considered before purchasing our securities.

Risks related to operating factors

• We may be unable to identify and complete acquisitions, investments, or development or redevelopment projects or to

successfully and profitably operate properties.

• We could default on our ground leases or be unable to renew or re-lease our land or space on favorable terms or at all.

Our tenants may also be unable to pay us rent.

• The cost of maintaining and improving the quality of our properties may be higher than anticipated, and we may be unable

to pass any increased operating costs through to our tenants, which can result in reduced cash flows and profitability.

• We could be held liable for environmental damages resulting from our tenants’ use of hazardous materials, or from

harmful mold, poor air quality, or other defects from our properties, or we could face increased costs in complying with

other environmental laws.

• The loss of services of any of our senior officers or key employees and increased competition for skilled personnel could

adversely affect us and/or increase our labor costs.

• We rely on a limited number of vendors to provide utilities and other services at our properties, and disruption in such

services may have an adverse effect on our operations and financial condition.

• Our insurance policies may not adequately cover all of our potential losses, or we may incur costs due to the financial

condition of our insurance carriers.

• We may change business policies without stockholder approval.

• Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on our business.

• If we failed to qualify as a REIT, we would be taxed at corporate rates and would not be able to take certain deductions

when computing our taxable income.

• We may not be able to raise sufficient capital to fund our operations due to adverse changes in our credit ratings, our

inability to refinance our existing debt or issue new debt, or our inability to sell existing real estate and non-real estate

assets timely or at optimal prices.

• We may invest or spend the net proceeds from our equity or debt offerings in ways with which our investors may not agree

and in ways that may not earn a profit.

• Our debt service obligations may restrict our ability to engage in some business activities or cause other adverse effects

on our business.

• We face risks and liabilities associated with our investments (including those in connection with short-term liquid

investments) and the companies in which we invest (including properties owned through partnerships, limited liability

companies, and joint ventures, as well as through our non-real estate venture investment portfolio), which expose us to

risks similar to those of our tenant base and additional risks inherent in venture capital investing. We may be limited in our

ability to diversify or monetize our investments.

Risks related to market and industry factors

• There are limits on ownership of our stock under which a stockholder may lose beneficial ownership of its shares, as well

as certain provisions of our charter and bylaws that may delay or prevent transactions that otherwise may be desirable to

our stockholders.

• Possible future sales of shares of our common stock could adversely affect its market price.

• We are dependent on the health of the life science industry, and changes within this industry, increased competition, or the

inability of our tenants and non-real estate equity investments within this industry to obtain funding for research,

development, and other operations may adversely impact their ability to make rental payments to us or adversely impact

their value.

• Market disruption and volatility, poor economic conditions in the capital markets and global economy, including in

connection with a widespread pandemic or outbreak of a highly infectious or contagious disease, and tight labor markets

could adversely affect the value of the companies in which we hold equity investments or the ability of tenants and the

companies in which we invest to continue operations, raise additional capital, or access capital from venture capital

investors or financial institutions on favorable terms or at all.

Risks related to government and global factors

• Actions, policy, or key leadership changes in government agencies, or changes to laws or regulations, including those

related to tax, accounting, debt, derivatives, government spending, or funding (including those related to the FDA, the

NIH, the SEC, and other agencies), support of early stage research, FDA effectiveness, tariffs, and drug and healthcare

pricing, costs, and programs could have a significant negative impact on the overall economy, our tenants and companies

in which we invest, and our business.

• Partial or complete government shutdown resulting in temporary closures of agencies could adversely affect our tenants

(some of which are also government agencies) and the companies in which we invest, including delays in the

commercialization of such companies’ products, decreased funding of research and development (“R&D”), or delays

surrounding approval of budget proposals.

• The outbreak of any highly infectious or contagious disease could adversely impact our financial condition and results of

operations, and/or that of our tenants and non-real estate investments.

Risks related to general and other factors

• Social, political, and economic instability, unrest, significant changes, and other circumstances beyond our control,

including circumstances related to changes in the U.S. political landscape, could adversely affect our business operations.

• Seasonal weather conditions, climate change and severe weather, changes in the availability of transportation or labor,

and other related factors may affect our ability to conduct business, the products and services of our tenants, or the

availability of such products and services of our tenants and the companies in which we invest.

• We may be unable to meet our sustainability goals.

• Changes in privacy and information security laws, regulations, policies, and contractual obligations related to data privacy

and security, or our failure to comply with such requirements, could subject us to fines or penalties or increase our cost of

doing business, compliance risks, and potential liability and otherwise adversely affect our business or results of

operations.

• System failures or security incidents through cyberattacks, intrusions, or other methods could disrupt our information

technology networks, enterprise applications, and related systems, cause a loss of assets or data, give rise to remediation

or other expenses, expose us to liability under federal and state laws, and subject us to litigation and investigations, which

could result in substantial reputational damage and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

• The enactment of legislation, including the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”), may adversely impact our financial

condition and results of operations.

We attempt to mitigate the foregoing risks. However, if we are unable to effectively manage the impact of these and other risks,

our ability to meet our investment objectives may be substantially impaired and any of the foregoing risks could materially adversely

affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, our ability to make distributions to our stockholders, or the market

price of our common stock.

Operating factors

We may be unable to identify and complete acquisitions and successfully operate acquired properties.

We continually evaluate the market of available properties and may acquire properties when opportunities exist. Our ability to

acquire properties on favorable terms and successfully operate them may be exposed to significant risks, including, but not limited to,

the following:

• We may be unable to acquire a desired property because of competition from other real estate investors with significant

capital, including both publicly traded REITs and institutional funds.

• Even if we are able to acquire a desired property, competition from other potential acquirers may significantly increase the

purchase price or result in other less favorable terms.

• Even if we enter into agreements for the acquisition of properties, these agreements are subject to customary conditions

to closing, including completion of due diligence investigations to our satisfaction.

• We may be unable to complete an acquisition because we cannot obtain debt and/or equity financing on favorable terms

or at all.

• We may spend more than budgeted amounts to make necessary improvements or renovations to acquired properties.

• We may be unable to quickly and efficiently integrate new acquisitions, particularly acquisitions of operating properties or

portfolios of properties, into our existing operations.

• Acquired properties may be subject to tax reassessment, which may result in higher-than-expected property tax

payments.

• Market conditions may result in higher-than-expected vacancy rates and lower-than-expected rental rates.

• We may acquire properties subject to liabilities and without any recourse, or with only limited recourse, with respect to

unknown liabilities, such as liabilities for the remediation of undisclosed environmental contamination; claims by tenants,

vendors, or other persons dealing with the former owners of the properties; and claims for indemnification by general

partners, directors, officers, and others indemnified by the former owners of the properties.

The realization of any of the above risks could significantly and adversely affect our ability to meet our financial expectations,

our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, our ability to make distributions to our stockholders, the market price of our

common stock, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations.

We may suffer economic harm as a result of making unsuccessful acquisitions in new markets.

We may pursue selective acquisitions of properties in markets where we have not previously owned properties. These

acquisitions may entail risks in addition to those we face in other acquisitions where we are familiar with the markets, such as the risk of

not correctly anticipating conditions or trends in a new market and therefore not being able to generate profit from the acquired property.

If this occurs, it could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, our ability to make distributions to

our stockholders, our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations, and the market price of our common stock.

The acquisition or development of new properties may give rise to difficulties in predicting revenue potential.

We may continue to acquire additional properties and/or land and may seek to develop our existing land holdings strategically

as warranted by market conditions. These acquisitions and developments could fail to perform in accordance with expectations. If we

fail to accurately estimate occupancy levels, rental rates, lease commencement dates, operating costs, or costs of improvements to

bring an acquired property or a development property up to the standards established for our intended market position, the performance

of the property may be below expectations. Acquired properties may have characteristics or deficiencies affecting their valuation or

revenue potential that we have not yet discovered. We cannot assure our stockholders that the performance of properties acquired or

developed by us will increase or be maintained under our management.

We may fail to achieve the financial results expected from development or redevelopment projects.

There are significant risks associated with development and redevelopment projects, including, but not limited to, the following

possibilities:

• We may not complete development or redevelopment projects on schedule or within budgeted amounts.

• We may be unable to lease development or redevelopment projects on schedule or within projected amounts.

• We may encounter project delays or cancellations due to unavailability of necessary labor and construction materials.

• We may expend funds on, and devote management’s time to, development and redevelopment projects that we may not

complete.

• We may abandon development or redevelopment projects after we begin to explore them, and as a result, we may lose

deposits or fail to recover costs already incurred.

• Market and economic conditions may deteriorate, which can result in lower-than-expected rental rates.

• We may face higher operating costs than we anticipated for development or redevelopment projects, including insurance

premiums, utilities, security, real estate taxes, and costs of complying with changes in government regulations or

increases in tariffs.

• We may face higher requirements for capital improvements than we anticipated for development or redevelopment

projects, particularly in older structures.

• We may be unable to proceed with development or redevelopment projects because we cannot obtain debt and/or equity

financing on favorable terms or at all.

• We may fail to retain tenants that have pre-leased our development or redevelopment projects if we do not complete the

construction of these properties in a timely manner or to the tenants’ specifications.

• Tenants that have pre-leased our development or redevelopment projects may file for bankruptcy or become insolvent, or

otherwise elect to terminate their lease prior to delivery, which may adversely affect the income produced by, and the

value of, our properties or require us to change the scope of the project, which may potentially result in higher construction

costs, significant project delays, or lower financial returns.

• We may encounter delays, refusals, unforeseen cost increases, and other impairments resulting from third-party litigation,

natural disasters, or severe weather conditions.

• We may encounter delays or refusals in obtaining all necessary zoning, land use, building, occupancy, and other required

government permits and authorizations.

• We may be unable to proceed with our development or redevelopment projects as anticipated due to changing zoning,

land use, building, occupancy, or other government codes or regulations.

• Development or redevelopment projects may have defects we do not discover through our inspection processes, including

latent defects that may not reveal themselves until many years after we put a property in service.

The realization of any of the above risks could significantly and adversely affect our ability to meet our financial expectations,

our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, our ability to make distributions to our stockholders, the market price of our

common stock, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations.

We may face increased risks and costs associated with volatility in commodity and labor prices or as a result of

supply chain or procurement disruptions, which may adversely affect the status of and returns on our construction projects.

The price of commodities and skilled labor for our construction projects may increase unpredictably due to external factors,

including, but not limited to, performance of third-party suppliers and contractors; overall market supply and demand; inflationary

pricing; government regulation; international trade; and changes in general business, economic, or political conditions. As a result, the

costs of raw construction materials and skilled labor required for the completion of our development and redevelopment projects may

fluctuate significantly from time to time.

We rely on a number of third-party suppliers and contractors to supply raw materials and skilled labor for our construction

projects. We believe we have favorable relationships with our suppliers and contractors. We have not encountered significant difficulty

collaborating with our suppliers and contractors and obtaining materials and skilled labor, nor experienced significant delays due to

disputes, work stoppages, or contractors’ misconduct or failure to perform. While we do not rely on any single supplier or vendor for the

majority of our materials and skilled labor, we may experience difficulties obtaining necessary materials from suppliers or vendors

whose supply chains might become impacted by economic or political changes, or difficulties obtaining adequate skilled labor from

third-party contractors in a tightening labor market. It is uncertain whether we would be able to source the essential commodities,

supplies, materials, and skilled labor timely or at all without incurring significant costs or delays, particularly during times of economic

uncertainty resulting from events outside of our control. We may be forced to purchase supplies and materials in larger quantities or in

advance of when we would typically purchase them. This may cause us to require use of capital sooner than anticipated. Alternatively,

we may also be forced to seek new third-party suppliers or contractors, whom we have not worked with in the past, and it is uncertain

whether these new suppliers will be able to adequately meet our materials or labor needs. Our dependence on unfamiliar supply chains

or relatively small supply partners may adversely affect the cost and timely completion of our construction projects. In addition, we may

be unable to compete with entities that may have more favorable relationships with their suppliers and contractors or greater access to

the required construction materials and skilled labor.

In addition, new climate change-related initiatives entered into by the U.S. government in collaboration with partner countries

through global climate agreements may impose stricter requirements for building materials, such as lumber, steel, and concrete, which

could significantly increase our construction costs if the manufacturers and suppliers of our materials are burdened with expensive cap-

and-trade or similar regulations or requirements, and the costs of which are passed onto customers like us. As a result of the factors

discussed above, we may be unable to complete our development or redevelopment projects timely and/or within our budget, which

may affect our ability to lease space to potential tenants and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we fail to identify and develop relationships with a sufficient number of qualified suppliers and contractors, the

quality and status of our construction projects may be adversely affected.

We believe we have favorable relationships with our existing suppliers and contractors, and we generally have not

encountered difficulty collaborating with and obtaining materials and skilled labor, nor experienced significant delays or increases in

overall project costs due to disputes, work stoppages, or contractors’ misconduct or failure to perform. However, it is possible we may

experience these events in the future, or our existing suppliers and contractors may encounter supply chain disruptions from time to

time that hinder their ability to supply necessary materials and labor to us. As a result, we may be forced to seek new resources for our

construction needs. We may become reliant on unfamiliar supply chains or relatively small supply partners, which may cause

uncertainty in the quality, cost, and timely completion of our construction projects.

Our ability to continue to identify and develop relationships with a sufficient network of qualified suppliers who can adequately

meet our construction timing and quality standards can be a significant challenge, particularly in the event of global supply chain

disruptions. If we fail to identify and develop relationships with a sufficient number of suppliers and contractors who can appropriately

address our construction needs, we may experience disruptions in our suppliers’ logistics or supply chain networks or information

technology systems, and other factors beyond our or our suppliers’ control. If we are unable to access materials and labor to complete

our construction projects within our expected budgets and meet our tenants’ demands and expectations in a timely and efficient

manner, our results of operations, cash flows, and reputation may be adversely impacted.

Our tenants may face increased risks and costs associated with volatility in commodity and labor prices or the prices

or availability of specialized materials or equipment, or as a result of supply chain or procurement disruptions of such items,

which may adversely affect their businesses or financial condition.

Our tenants are generally subject to the same generalized risks of commodity and labor price increases and supply chain or

procurement as we and many other companies are. A number of our tenants, however, are also involved in highly specialized research

or manufacturing activities that may require unique or custom chemical or biologic materials or sophisticated specialty equipment that is

not widely available and therefore may be particularly susceptible to supply chain disruption. In addition, these tenants may have

complex supply chains due to their specialized activities that are subject to stringent government regulations, which may further hinder

their access to necessary materials and equipment. While we are not aware of such issues materially affecting our tenants to date, it is

possible that these issues may affect our tenants adversely in the future.

We could default on leases for land on which some of our properties are located or held for future development.

If we default under the terms of a ground lease obligation, we may lose the ownership rights to the property subject to the

lease. Prior to the expiration of a ground lease and all of its options, we may not be able to renegotiate a new lease on favorable terms,

if at all. The loss of the ownership rights to these properties or an increase in rental expense could have a material adverse effect on our

financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and make distributions to

our stockholders, as well as the market price of our common stock. Refer to “ Ground lease obligations ” under “ Item 7. Management’s

discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations ” in this annual report on Form 10-K for additional information on

our ground lease obligations.

We may not be able to operate properties successfully and profitably.

Our success depends in large part upon our ability to operate our properties successfully. If we are unable to do so, our

business could be adversely affected. The ownership and operation of real estate is subject to many risks that may adversely affect our

business and our ability to make payments to our stockholders, including, but not limited to, the following risks:

• Our properties may not perform as we expect.

• We may have to lease space at rates below our expectations.

• We may not be able to obtain financing on acceptable terms.

• We may not be able to acquire or sell properties when desired or needed due to the illiquid nature of real estate assets.

• We may underestimate the cost of improvements required to maintain or improve space to meet standards established for

the market position intended for that property.

• We may not be able to complete improvements required to maintain or improve space due to unanticipated delays,

significant cost increases by our vendors, or cancellation of construction resulting from shortages in the supply of

necessary construction materials.

The realization of any of the above risks could significantly and adversely affect our ability to meet our financial expectations,

our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, our ability to make distributions to our stockholders, the market price of our

common stock, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations.

We may experience increased operating costs, which may reduce profitability to the extent that we are unable to pass

those costs through to our tenants.

Our properties are subject to increases in operating expenses, including insurance, property taxes, utilities, administrative

costs, and other costs associated with security, landscaping, and repairs and maintenance of our properties. As of December 31, 2025 ,

approximately 92% of our leases (on an annual rental revenue basis) were triple net leases, which require tenants to pay substantially

all real estate and other rent-related taxes, insurance, utilities, security, common area expenses, and other operating expenses

(including increases thereto) in addition to base rent.

Our operating expenses may increase as a result of tax reassessments that our properties are subject to on a regular basis

(annually, triennially, etc.), which may result in increases in property taxes as property values increase over time. In California, however,

pursuant to the existing state law commonly referred to as Proposition 13, properties are generally reassessed to market value at the

time of change in ownership or completion of construction; thereafter, annual property reassessments are limited to 2% of previously

assessed values. As a result, Proposition 13 generally results in significant below-market assessed values over time. From time to time,

lawmakers and political coalitions initiate efforts to repeal or amend Proposition 13 to eliminate its application to commercial and

industrial properties, which, if successful, may prohibit or limit the passing of increased property tax assessments onto tenants.

Our triple net leases allow us to pass through, among other costs, substantially all real estate and rent-related taxes to our

tenants in the form of tenant recoveries. Consequently, as a result of our triple net leases, we do not expect potential increases on

property taxes as a result of tax reassessments to significantly impact our operating results. We cannot be certain, however, that we will

be able to continue to negotiate pass-through provisions related to taxes in tenant leases in the future, or that higher pass-through

expenses will not lead to lower base rents in the long run as a result of tenants’ not being able to absorb higher overall occupancy

costs. Thus, the repeal of or amendment to Proposition 13 could lead to a decrease in our income from rentals over time. If our

operating expenses increase without a corresponding increase in revenues, our profitability could diminish. In addition, we cannot be

certain that increased costs will not lead our current or prospective tenants to seek space outside of the state of California, which could

significantly hinder our ability to increase our rents or to maintain existing occupancy levels. The repeal of or amendment to Proposition

13 in California may significantly increase occupancy costs for some of our tenants and may adversely impact their financial condition,

ability to make rental payments, and ability to renew lease agreements, which in turn could adversely affect our financial condition,

results of operations, and cash flows and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

In addition, compliance with various laws passed in California and other states in which we conduct business may result in

cost increases due to new constraints on our business and the effects of potential non-compliance by us or third-party service

providers. Any changes in connection with compliance could be time consuming and expensive, while failure to timely implement

required changes could subject us to liability for non-compliance, any of which could adversely affect our business, operating results,

and financial condition.

Most of our costs, such as operating and general and administrative expenses, interest expense, and real estate

acquisition and construction costs, are subject to inflation.

As of December 31, 2025 , approximately 97% of our leases (on an annual rental revenue basis) contained effective annual

rent escalations approximating 3% that were either fixed or indexed based on the CPI or another index. We have long-term lease

agreements with our tenants, of which 3% – 12% (based on occupied RSF) expire each year. We believe that these annual lease

expirations allow us to reset these leases to market rents upon renewal or re-leasing and that annual rent escalations within our long-

term leases are generally sufficient to offset the effect of inflation on non-recoverable costs, such as general and administrative and

interest expenses. However, during inflationary periods in which the inflation rate exceeds the annual rent escalation percentages within

our lease contracts, these rate escalations or the resetting of rents from our renewal and re-leasing activities may not adequately offset

the impact of inflation.

Our operating expenses are incurred in connection with, among others, property-related contracted services such as janitorial

and engineering services, utilities, security, repairs and maintenance, and insurance. Property taxes are also impacted by inflationary

changes as taxes are regularly reassessed based on changes in the fair value of our properties located outside of California. As

discussed previously, in California, property taxes are not reassessed based on changes in the fair value of the underlying real estate

asset but are instead limited to a maximum 2% annual increase by law.

Our operating expenses, with the exception of ground lease rental expenses, are typically recoverable through our lease

arrangements, which allow us to pass through substantially all expenses associated with property taxes, insurance, utilities, security,

repairs and maintenance, and other operating expenses (including increases thereto) to our tenants. As of December 31, 2025 ,

approximately 92% of our existing leases (on an annual rental revenue basis) were triple net leases, which allow us to recover

operating expenses, and approximately 92% of our existing leases (on an annual rental revenue basis) also provided for the recapture

of capital expenditures. Our remaining leases are generally gross leases, which provide for recoveries of operating expenses above the

operating expenses from the initial year within each lease.

Due to our ability to largely recover increases in operating expenses from our triple net leases, inflation typically does not have

a significant adverse effect on our net operating income, results of operations, and operating cash flows at the property level. However,

there is no guarantee that our tenants would be able to absorb these expense increases and to continue to pay us their portion of

operating expenses, capital expenditures, and rent, or to be able to continue operating their businesses or conducting research and

development activities altogether. Alternatively, our tenants may decide to relocate to areas with lower rent and operating expenses

where we may not currently own properties, and, as a result, our tenants may cease leasing properties from us.

Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation costs, technology services, and professional

service fees. Annually, our employee compensation is adjusted to reflect merit increases; however, to maintain our ability to successfully

retain and compete for the best talent, especially in a talent shortage environment, rising inflation rates may require us to provide

compensation increases beyond historical annual merit increases, which may unexpectedly and/or significantly increase our

compensation costs. Similarly, technology services and professional service fees are also subject to the impact of inflation and

generally increase proportionately with increasing market prices for such services. Consequently, inflation may increase our general

and administrative expenses over time.

During inflationary periods, interest rates have historically increased. For instance, to control the rate of inflation, the Board of

Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “U.S. Federal Reserve”) raised its benchmark federal funds rate from nearly zero in

March 2022 to a range between 3.50% and 3.75% as of December 31, 2025. Interest rates at elevated levels could increase our

financing costs over time, either through near-term borrowings on our variable-rate unsecured senior line of credit and commercial

paper program, refinancing of our existing borrowings, or the issuance of new debt. In addition, elevated market interest rates may

result in a decrease in the value of our real estate and could also adversely affect the securities markets in general, which could impact

the market price of our common stock without regard to our operating performance. Any such unfavorable changes to our borrowing

costs and stock price could significantly impact our ability to raise new debt and equity capital going forward.

Additionally, inflationary pricing may increase the construction costs necessary to complete our development and

redevelopment projects, including, but not limited to, costs of construction materials, labor, and services from third-party contractors and

suppliers. These pressures are expected to intensify in 2026 due to tariff‑driven material‑cost volatility. Certain increases in the costs of

construction materials, however, can often be managed in our development and redevelopment projects through either (i) general

budget contingencies built into our overall construction costs estimates for each of our projects or (ii) guaranteed maximum price

construction contracts, which stipulate a maximum price for certain construction costs and shift inflation risk to our construction general

contractors. However, it is not guaranteed that our budget contingencies would accurately account for potential construction cost

increases. Nor is it guaranteed that our general contractors would be able to absorb such increases in costs and complete our

construction projects timely, within budget, or at all.

We rely on a number of third-party suppliers and contractors to supply raw materials, skilled labor, and services for our

construction projects. We have not encountered significant difficulty collaborating with these third-party suppliers and contractors and

obtaining materials and skilled labor, nor experienced significant delays or increases in overall project costs due to the factors

discussed above. While we do not rely on any single supplier or vendor for the majority of our materials and skilled labor, we may

experience difficulties obtaining necessary materials from suppliers or vendors whose supply chains might become impacted by

economic or political changes, outmoded technology, aging infrastructure, shortages of shipping containers and/or means of

transportation, or difficulties obtaining adequate skilled labor from third-party contractors. It is uncertain whether we would be able to

continue to source the essential commodities, supplies, materials, and skilled labor timely or at all without incurring significant costs or

delays, particularly during times of economic uncertainty resulting from events outside of our control. Higher construction costs could

adversely impact our net investments in real estate and expected yields on our development and redevelopment projects, which may

make otherwise lucrative investment opportunities less profitable to us.

Historically, during periods of increasing interest rates, real estate valuations have generally decreased as a result of rising

capitalization rates which tend to move directionally with interest rates. Consequently, prolonged periods of higher interest rates may

negatively impact the valuation of our real estate asset portfolio and lead to higher cost of capital and/or lower sales proceeds from

future real estate dispositions.

The realization of any of the aforementioned risks could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash

flows, our stock price and market capitalization, as well as our ability to pay dividends.

The cost of maintaining the quality of our properties may be higher than anticipated, which can result in reduced

cash flows and profitability.

If our properties are not as attractive to current and prospective tenants in terms of rent, services, condition, or location as

properties owned by our competitors, we could lose tenants or suffer lower rental rates. As a result, we may, from time to time, be

required to make significant capital expenditures to maintain the competitiveness of our properties. However, there can be no

assurances that any such expenditures would result in higher occupancy or higher rental rates or deter existing tenants from relocating

to properties owned by our competitors.

Our inability to renew leases or re-lease space on favorable terms as leases expire may significantly affect our

business.

Our revenues are derived primarily from rental payments and reimbursement of operating expenses under our leases. If our

tenants experience a downturn in their business or other types of financial distress, they may be unable to make timely payments under

their leases. In addition, because of the impact to the business environment due to civil unrest, high cost of living, taxes, and other

increased region-specific costs of doing business in certain of our markets and submarkets, such as those located in the states of

California and Washington, tenants may choose not to renew or re-lease space. Also, if our tenants terminate early or decide not to

renew their leases, we may not be able to re-lease the space. Even if tenants decide to renew or lease space, the terms of renewals or

new leases, including the cost of any tenant improvements, concessions, and lease commissions, may be less favorable to us than

current lease terms. Consequently, we could generate less cash flows from the affected properties than expected, which could

negatively impact our business. We may have to divert cash flows generated by other properties to meet our debt service payments, if

any, or to pay other expenses related to owning the affected properties.

The inability of a tenant to pay us rent could adversely affect our business.

Our revenues are derived primarily from rental payments and reimbursement of operating expenses under our leases. If our

tenants, especially significant tenants, fail to make rental payments under their leases, our financial condition, cash flows, and ability to

make distributions to our stockholders could be adversely affected. Additionally, the inability of the U.S. Congress to enact a budget for

a fiscal year or the occurrence of partial or complete U.S. government shutdowns may result in financial difficulties for tenants that are

dependent on federal funding, which could adversely affect the ability of those tenants to pay us rent.

The bankruptcy or insolvency of a major tenant may also adversely affect the income produced by a property. If any of our

tenants becomes a debtor in a case under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, as amended, we cannot evict that tenant solely because of its

bankruptcy. The bankruptcy court may authorize the tenant to reject and terminate its lease with us. Our claim against such a tenant for

uncollectible future rent would be subject to a statutory limitation that might be substantially less than the remaining rent actually owed

to us under the tenant’s lease. Any shortfall in rental payments could adversely affect our cash flows and our ability to make

distributions to our stockholders.

We could be held liable for damages resulting from our tenants’ use of hazardous materials.

Many of our tenants engage in research and development activities that involve controlled use of hazardous materials,

chemicals, and biologic and radioactive compounds. In the event of contamination or injury from the use of these hazardous materials,

we could be held liable for damages that result. This liability could exceed our resources and any recovery available through any

applicable insurance coverage, which could adversely affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

Together with our tenants, we must comply with federal, state, and local laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture,

storage, handling, and disposal of hazardous materials and waste products. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations, or

changes thereto, could adversely affect our business or our tenants’ businesses and their ability to make rental payments to us.

Our properties may have defects that are unknown to us.

Although we thoroughly review the physical condition of our properties before they are acquired, and as they are developed or

redeveloped, any of our properties may have characteristics or deficiencies unknown to us that could adversely affect the property’s

value or revenue potential.

Our properties may contain or develop harmful mold or suffer from other air quality issues, which could lead to

liability for adverse health effects and costs to remedy the problem.

When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold may grow, particularly if the moisture

problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Some molds may produce airborne toxins or irritants. Indoor

air quality issues can also stem from inadequate ventilation, chemical contamination from indoor or outdoor sources, and other

biological contaminants such as pollen, viruses, and bacteria. Indoor exposure to airborne toxins or irritants above certain levels may

cause a variety of adverse health effects and symptoms, including allergic or other reactions. As a result, the presence of significant

mold or other airborne contaminants at any of our properties could require us to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or

remove the mold or other airborne contaminants from the affected property or increase indoor ventilation. In addition, the presence of

significant mold or other airborne contaminants could expose us to liability from our tenants, employees of our tenants, and others if

property damage or health concerns arise.

We may not be able to obtain additional capital to further our business objectives.

Our ability to acquire, develop, or redevelop properties depends upon our ability to obtain capital. The real estate industry has

historically experienced periods of volatile debt and equity capital markets and/or periods of extreme illiquidity. A prolonged period in

which we cannot effectively access the public debt and/or equity markets may result in heavier reliance on alternative financing sources

such as dispositions and partial interest sales to undertake new investments. An inability to obtain debt and/or equity capital on

acceptable terms could delay or prevent us from acquiring, financing, and completing desirable investments and could otherwise

adversely affect our business. Also, the issuance of additional shares of capital stock or interests in subsidiaries to fund future

operations could dilute the ownership of our then-existing stockholders. Even as liquidity returns to the market, debt and equity capital

may be more expensive than in prior years.

We may not be able to sell our properties quickly to raise capital.

Investments in real estate are relatively illiquid compared to other investments. Accordingly, we may not be able to sell our

properties when we desire or at prices acceptable to us in response to changes in macroeconomic or other conditions. In addition,

certain of our properties have low tax bases relative to their estimated current market values. As such, the sale of these assets would

generate significant taxable gains that may increase our REIT distribution requirement unless we sold such properties in a qualifying

tax-deferred exchange under Section 1031 (“Section 1031 Exchange”) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the

“Internal Revenue Code”), or in a similar tax-free or tax-deferred transaction or applied an offsetting tax deduction. For a sale to qualify

for tax-deferred treatment under Section 1031, net proceeds from the sale of a property must be held by a third-party escrow agent until

applied toward the purchase of a qualifying real estate asset. It is possible we may encounter delays in reinvesting such proceeds, or

we may be unable to reinvest such proceeds at all, due to an inability to procure qualifying real estate. Any delay or limitation in using

the reinvestment proceeds to acquire additional real estate assets may cause the reinvestment proceeds to become taxable to us.

Furthermore, if current laws applicable to such tax-deferred transactions are later amended or repealed, we may no longer be able to

sell properties on a tax-deferred basis, which may adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows.

In addition, the Internal Revenue Code limits our ability to sell properties held for less than two years. These limitations on our

ability to sell our properties may adversely affect our cash flows, our ability to repay debt, and our ability to make distributions to our

stockholders.

Adverse changes in our credit ratings could negatively affect our financing ability.

Our credit ratings may affect the amount of capital we can access, as well as the terms and pricing of any debt we may incur.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain and/or improve our current credit ratings. In the event that our current credit

ratings are downgraded or removed, we would most likely incur higher borrowing costs and experience greater difficulty in obtaining

additional financing, which in turn would have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows,

and liquidity.

We may not be able to refinance our debt, and/or our debt may not be assumable.

The real estate industry may require more funds to refinance debt maturities than are available from lenders. This potential

shortage of available funds from lenders and stricter credit underwriting guidelines may limit our ability to refinance our debt as it

matures or may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, our ability to make distributions to our

stockholders, and the market price of our common stock.

We may not be able to borrow additional amounts through the issuance of unsecured bonds or under our unsecured

senior line of credit or commercial paper program.

There is no assurance that we will be able to continue to access the unsecured bond market on favorable terms. Our ability to

borrow additional amounts through the issuance of unsecured bonds may be negatively impacted by periods of illiquidity in the bond

market. Aggregate borrowings under our unsecured senior line of credit require compliance with certain financial and non-financial

covenants.

Borrowings under our unsecured senior line of credit are funded by a group of banks. Our ability to borrow additional amounts

under our unsecured senior line of credit and commercial paper program may be negatively impacted by a decrease in cash flows from

our properties, a default or cross-default under our unsecured senior line of credit and commercial paper program, non-compliance with

one or more loan covenants associated with our unsecured senior line of credit, and non-performance or failure of one or more lenders

under our unsecured senior line of credit. In addition, we may not be able to refinance or repay outstanding borrowings on our

unsecured senior line of credit or commercial paper program.

Our inability to borrow additional amounts on an unsecured basis could delay us in or prevent us from acquiring, financing, and

completing desirable investments, which could adversely affect our business; and our inability to refinance or repay amounts under our

unsecured senior line of credit or commercial paper program may adversely affect our cash flows, ability to make distributions to our

stockholders, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our unsecured senior line of credit restricts our ability to engage in certain business activities.

Our unsecured senior line of credit contains customary negative covenants and other financial and operating covenants that,

among other things:

• Restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness;

• Restrict our ability to make certain investments;

• Restrict our ability to merge with another company;

• Restrict our ability to make distributions to our stockholders;

• Require us to maintain financial coverage ratios; and

• Require us to maintain a pool of qualified unencumbered assets.

Complying with these restrictions may prevent us from engaging in certain profitable activities and/or constrain our ability to

effectively allocate capital. Failure to comply with these restrictions may result in our defaulting on these and other loans, which would

likely have a negative impact on our operations, financial condition, and ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

Our debt service obligations may have adverse consequences on our business operations.

We use debt to finance our operations, including the acquisition, development, and redevelopment of properties. Our use of

debt may have adverse consequences, including, but not limited to, the following:

• Our cash flows from operations may not be sufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest.

• We may be forced to dispose of one or more of our properties, possibly on disadvantageous terms, to make payments on

our debt.

• If we default on our secured debt obligations, the lenders or mortgagees may foreclose on our properties that secure

those loans.

• A foreclosure on one of our properties could create taxable income without any accompanying cash proceeds to pay the

tax.

• A default under a loan that has cross-default provisions may cause us to automatically default on another loan.

• We may not be able to refinance or extend our existing debt.

• The terms of any refinancing or extension may not be as favorable as the terms of our existing debt.

• We may be subject to a significant increase in the variable interest rates on our unsecured senior line of credit, secured

construction loan, or commercial paper program, which could adversely impact our cash flows and operations.

• The terms of our debt obligations may require a reduction in our distributions to stockholders.

If our expenses exceed our revenues, we may have to borrow additional funds, and we may not be able to make

distributions to our stockholders.

If our properties do not generate revenues sufficient to cover our operating expenses, including our debt service obligations

and capital expenditures, we may have to borrow additional amounts to cover fixed costs and cash flow needs. This could adversely

affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Factors that could adversely affect the revenues we generate from, and the

values of, our properties include, but are not limited to:

• National, local, and worldwide economic and political conditions;

• Competition from other properties;

• Changes in the life science industry;

• Real estate conditions in our target markets;

• Our ability to collect rental payments;

• The availability of financing;

• Changes to the financial and banking industries;

• Changes in interest rate levels;

• Vacancies at our properties and our ability to re-lease space;

• Changes in tax or other regulatory laws;

• The costs of compliance with government regulation;

• The lack of liquidity of real estate investments;

• Increases in operating costs; and

• Increases in costs to address environmental impacts related to climate change or natural disasters.

In addition, if a lease at a property is not a triple net lease, we will have greater exposure to increases in expenses associated

with operating that property. Certain significant expenditures, such as mortgage payments, real estate taxes, insurance, and

maintenance costs, are generally fixed and do not decrease when revenues at the related property decrease.

If we fail to effectively manage our debt obligations, we could become highly leveraged, and our debt service

obligations could increase to unsustainable levels.

Our organizational documents do not limit the amount of debt that we may incur. Therefore, if we fail to prudently manage our

capital structure, we could become highly leveraged. This would result in an increase in our debt service obligations that could

adversely affect our cash flows and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Higher leverage could also increase the risk of

default on our debt obligations or may result in downgrades to our credit ratings.

The market price and volatility of our common stock may be adversely affected by our financial performance, our

ability to meet market expectations, and a wide range of external factors outside of our control.

Our actual financial results may differ materially from expectations and/or the guidance we provide. Failure to meet market

expectations, including with respect to earnings estimates, funds from operations per share, operating cash flows, and revenues, or the

occurrence of a wide range of operational and external factors beyond our control, including, but not limited to, those provided below,

has adversely affected, and may in the future adversely affect the market price and volatility of our common stock:

• The status of the economy;

• Fluctuations due to general market volatility;

• The condition of the financial and banking industries, disruptions in the banking sector, or failures of financial institutions

that we or our tenants may or may not have business relationships with;

• The availability and cost of debt and/or equity capital and changes in financing terms available to us;

• Our ability to execute planned asset dispositions at our targeted pricing levels and to effectively reinvest the resulting

proceeds in a manner that supports our strategic and financial objectives;

• Adverse market reaction to any additional debt we incur or equity we raise in the future;

• General stock and bond market conditions, including changes in interest rates on fixed-income securities, that may lead

prospective stockholders to demand a higher annual yield from future dividends;

• Actual or anticipated capital requirements;

• The amount and timing of debt maturities and other contractual obligations;

• The condition of our balance sheet;

• Actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly or annual operating results, dividends, net income, funds from operations,

or guidance;

• Actual or anticipated changes in rental rates, leasing activity, occupancy levels, or real estate valuations;

• Our ability to re‑lease space at similar rates as leases expire;

• Our ability to successfully complete developments or redevelopments of properties for lease on time and/or within budget;

• Our ability to procure third‑party suppliers or providers of necessary construction materials for our developments and

redevelopments of properties;

• Unanticipated difficulties and/or expenditures relating to future acquisitions;

• Changes in our analyst ratings;

• Changes in our corporate credit ratings or credit ratings of our debt or other securities;

• Additions, departures, or other announcements regarding our key management personnel and/or the Board of Directors;

• Changes in market valuations of similar companies;

• The publication of research reports and articles (or false or misleading information) about us, our tenants, the real estate

industry, or the life science industry;

• The general reputation of REITs and the attractiveness of their equity securities in comparison to other debt or equity

securities (including securities issued by other real estate-based companies);

• Actions by institutional stockholders;

• Speculation in the press or investment community;

• Short selling of our common stock or related derivative securities;

• The publication or dissemination of opinions, characterizations, or disinformation that are intended to create negative

market momentum, including through the use of social media;

• Risks associated with generative artificial intelligence tools and large language models and the conclusions that these

tools and models may draw about our business and prospects in connection with the dissemination of negative opinions,

characterizations, or disinformation;

• Government regulatory action and changes in tax laws;

• Fiscal policies or inaction at the U.S. federal government level that may lead to federal government shutdowns or negative

impacts on the U.S. economy;

• Negative developments in the operating results or financial condition of tenants, including, but not limited to, their ability to

pay rent;

• Regulatory approval and market acceptance of the products and technologies of tenants;

• Liability or contract claims by or against tenants;

• Environmental laws affecting our properties;

• Changes in rules or practices governing our financial reporting;

• Other legal and operational matters, including REIT qualification and key management personnel recruitment and

retention;

• Global market factors adversely affecting the U.S. economic and political environment;

• Terrorist activity adversely affecting the markets in which our securities trade, possibly increasing market volatility and

causing the further erosion of business and consumer confidence and spending; and

• The realization of any of the other risk factors included in this annual report on Form 10-K.

Any of these factors may adversely affect the market price and volatility of our common stock.

Possible future sales of shares of our common stock could adversely affect its market price.

We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future sales of shares of our common stock or the market price of our common stock.

Sales of substantial amounts of capital stock, or the perception that such sales may occur, could adversely affect the prevailing market

price for our common stock. Refer to “ Other sources ” under “ Item 7. Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and

results of operations ” in this annual report on Form 10-K.

We have reserved a number of shares of common stock for issuance to our directors, officers, and employees pursuant to our

Amended and Restated 1997 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (sometimes referred to herein as our “equity incentive plan”). We have

filed a registration statement with respect to the issuance of shares of our common stock pursuant to grants under our equity incentive

plan. In addition, any shares issued under our equity incentive plan will be available for sale in the public market from time to time

without restriction by persons who are not our “affiliates” (as defined in Rule 144 adopted under the Securities Act of 1933, as

amended). Affiliates will be able to sell shares of our common stock subject to restrictions under Rule 144.

Our distributions to stockholders may decline at any time.

Our Board of Directors determines future distributions based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to:

• The amount of net cash provided by operating activities available for distribution;

• Our financial condition and capital requirements;

• Any decision to reinvest funds rather than to distribute such funds;

• Our capital expenditures;

• The annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code;

• Restrictions under Maryland law; and

• Other factors our Board of Directors deems relevant.

On December 3, 2025, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.72 per common share for the fourth

quarter of 2025, representing a $0.60, or 45%, reduction from the dividend declared for the third quarter of 202 5. Our Board of Directors

may reduce or suspend our quarterly dividends in the future. Any further reduction in distributions to stockholders may further negatively

impact our stock price.

Distributions on our common stock may be made in the form of cash, stock, or a combination of both.

As a REIT, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our taxable income to our stockholders. Typically, we generate cash for

distributions through our operations, the disposition of assets, including partial interest sales, or the incurrence of additional debt. Our

Board of Directors may determine in the future to pay dividends on our common stock in cash, in shares of our common stock, or in a

combination of cash and shares of our common stock. For example, we may declare dividends payable in cash or stock at the election

of each stockholder, subject to a limit on the aggregate cash that could be paid. Any such dividends would be distributed in a manner

intended to count in full toward the satisfaction of our annual distribution requirements and to qualify for the dividends paid deduction.

While the IRS privately has ruled that such a dividend would so qualify if certain requirements are met, no assurances can be provided

that the IRS would not assert a contrary position in the future. Moreover, a reduction in the cash yield on our common stock may

negatively impact our stock price.

We have certain ownership interests outside the U.S. that may subject us to risks different from or greater than those

associated with our domestic operations.

We have a small portfolio of operating properties in Canada. Activities outside the U.S. involve risks that are different from

those we face with respect to our domestic properties and operations. These risks include, but are not limited to:

• Adverse effects of changes in exchange rates for foreign currencies;

• Challenges and/or taxation with respect to the repatriation of foreign earnings or repatriation of proceeds from the sale of

our foreign investments;

• Changes in foreign political, regulatory, and economic conditions, including nationally, regionally, and locally;

• Challenges in managing international operations;

• Challenges in hiring or retaining key management personnel;

• Challenges of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws and regulations, including those relating to real estate,

corporate governance, operations, taxes, employment, data privacy and security, and legal proceedings;

• Differences in lending practices;

• Differences in languages, cultures, and time zones;

• Changes in applicable laws and regulations in the U.S. that affect foreign operations;

• Challenges in managing foreign relations and trade disputes that adversely affect U.S. and foreign operations;

• Partial or complete U.S. federal government shutdowns, trade disagreements with other countries, or uncertainties that

could affect business transactions within the U.S. and with foreign entities;

• Changes in tax and local regulations with potentially adverse tax consequences and penalties; and

• Foreign ownership and transfer restrictions.

In addition, our foreign investments are subject to taxation in foreign jurisdictions based on local tax laws and regulations and

on existing international tax treaties. We invest in foreign markets under the assumption that our future earnings there will be taxed at

the current prevailing income tax rates. There are no guarantees that foreign governments will continue to honor existing tax treaties we

have relied upon for our foreign investments or that the current income tax rates in those markets will not increase significantly, thus

impacting our ability to repatriate our foreign investments and related earnings. Moreover, any international currency gain recognized

with respect to changes in exchange rates may not qualify under gross income tests that we must satisfy annually in order to qualify

and maintain our status as a REIT.

Investments in international markets may also subject us to risks associated with establishing effective controls and

procedures to regulate the operations in foreign locations and to monitor compliance with U.S. laws and regulations, including the

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar foreign laws and regulations. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar applicable anti-

corruption laws prohibit individuals and entities from offering, promising, authorizing, or providing payments or anything of value, directly

or indirectly, to government officials in order to obtain, retain, or direct business. Failure to comply with these laws could subject us to

civil and criminal penalties that could materially adversely affect our results of operations or the value of our international investments.

In addition, if we fail to effectively manage our international operations, our overall financial condition, results of operations, and cash

flows, and the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected.

Furthermore, we may in the future enter into agreements with foreign entities that are governed by the laws of, and are subject

to dispute resolution rules of, another country or region. In some cases, such a country or region might not have a forum that provides

us an effective or efficient means for resolving disputes that may arise under these agreements.

We are subject to risks and liabilities in connection with properties owned through partnerships, limited liability

companies, and joint ventures.

Our organizational documents do not limit the amount of funds that we may invest in non-wholly owned partnerships, limited

liability companies, or joint ventures. Partnership, limited liability company, or joint venture investments involve certain risks, including,

but not limited to, the following:

• Upon bankruptcy of non-wholly owned partnerships, limited liability companies, or joint venture entities, we may become

liable for the liabilities of the partnership, limited liability company, or joint venture;

• We may share certain approval rights over major decisions with third parties;

• Our partners may file for bankruptcy protection or otherwise fail to fund their share of required capital contributions;

• Our partners may have economic or other business interests or goals that are inconsistent with our business interests or

goals and that could affect our ability to lease or re-lease, develop or redevelop, and operate properties , o r maintain our

qualification as a REIT;

• Our partners may have banking or financial relationships with institutions that become insolvent or otherwise fail, which

could affect our access to capital;

• Our ability to sell the interest on advantageous terms when we so desire may be limited or restricted under the terms of

our agreements with our partners; and

• We may not continue to own or operate the interests or assets underlying such relationships or may need to purchase

such interests or assets at an above-market price to continue ownership.

In addition, in some of our real estate joint ventures, predominantly consolidated, our partners hold contractual rights that allow

them to sell their interests, initiate a buy/sell process, or force the sale of a property. As of December 31, 2025 , the aggregate

noncontrolling interest balance in our consolidated balance sheet is $3.63 billion . In six consolidated real estate joint ventures with

aggregate noncontrolling interests of approximately $1.17 billion , our partners currently have the ability to exercise these rights. In 16

other consolidated real estate joint ventures with aggregate noncontrolling interests of approximately $1.91 billion , these rights become

exercisable upon the expiration of respective lockout provisions during 2026 through 2031 .

If a joint venture partner elects to initiate a transaction relating to its interest in the joint venture or the property, we generally

have a right of first refusal or buy right which may allow us to achieve full ownership of the property. However, if we decline to exercise

such right, the partner generally has a right to sell to a third party or force a sale of the property with minimal to no input from us.

The risks noted above could negatively impact us or may require us to:

• Sell the underlying asset subject to our interest in the joint venture when we otherwise would not;

• Reallocate existing capital or seek new funding in order to maintain an ownership interest in or control of an asset,

potentially straining our liquidity position and/or diluting earnings per share;

• Contribute additional capital if our partners fail to fund their share of any required capital contributions or are unable to

access capital as a result of their financial distress or disruptions in the banking sector;

• Experience substantial unanticipated delays that could hinder either the initiation or completion of redevelopment activities

or new construction;

• Incur additional expenses or reduce revenues that could prevent the achievement of yields or returns that were initially

anticipated;

• Become engaged in a dispute with our joint venture partner that could lead to the sale of either party’s ownership interest

or the property at a price below estimated fair market value;

• Initiate litigation or settle disagreements with our partner through litigation or arbitration; and

• Suffer losses or decreased returns as a result of actions taken by our partner with respect to our joint venture investments.

We generally seek to maintain control of our partnerships, limited liability companies, and joint venture investments, and

structure our joint venture agreements in a manner sufficient to permit us to achieve our business objectives. However, we may not be

able to do so, and the occurrence of one or more of the events described above could adversely affect our financial condition, results of

operations, and cash flows, our funds from operations per share, our ability to make distributions to our stockholders, and the market

price of our common stock.

We may not be able to attain the expected return on our investments in real estate joint ventures.

We have consolidated and unconsolidated real estate joint ventures in which we share certain ownership and decision-making

powers with one or more parties. Our joint venture partners must agree in order for the applicable real estate joint venture to take

specific major actions, including budget approvals, acquisitions, sales of assets, debt financing, execution of lease agreements, and

vendor approvals. Under these joint venture arrangements, any disagreements between our partners and us may result in delayed or

unfavorable decisions. Our inability to take unilateral actions that we believe are in our best interests may result in missed opportunities

and an ineffective allocation of resources and could have an adverse effect on the financial performance of our real estate joint ventures

and our operating results.

We could incur significant costs due to the financial condition of our insurance carriers.

We insure our properties with insurance companies we believe have good ratings at the time our policies are put into effect.

The financial condition of one or more of the insurance companies we hold policies with may be negatively impacted, which can result

in their inability to pay on future insurance claims. Their inability to pay future claims may have a negative impact on our financial

results. In addition, the failure of one or more insurance companies may increase the cost of renewing our insurance policies or

increase the cost of insuring additional properties and recently developed or redeveloped properties.

Our insurance may not adequately cover all potential losses .

As a part of Alexandria’s risk management program, we maintain all-risk property insurance for our portfolio to mitigate risks

posed by extreme weather events, natural disasters (including floods, wildfires, earthquakes, and wind events), and terrorism. Our all-

risk property insurance currently provides a $2.0 billion per-occurrence limit for our operating portfolio . However, it may not fully cover

all potential losses. There is no assurance that we will maintain current levels of insurance coverage in the future.

A significant portion of our real estate portfolio is located in seismically active regions, including the San Francisco Bay Area,

San Diego, and Seattle, and a damaging earthquake in any region could significantly impact multiple properties. For these properties,

we have obtained earthquake insurance in an amount and with deductibles we believe are commercially reasonable. F or properties in

California, coverage is $335 million per occurrence and has an annual aggregate limit, subject to a 5% deductible of the property’s

replacement value. For the Seattle region, the coverage is $200 million per occurrence and has an annual aggregate limit, subject to a

2% deductible . Nevertheless, a major earthquake in any region could lead to substantial losses, potentially exceeding our insurance

coverage and resulting in material aggregate deductible amounts. This could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results

of operations, and cash flows.

In addition, we carry environmental and title insurance policies for our properties. We generally obtain title insurance policies

when we acquire a property, with each policy covering an amount equal to the initial purchase price of each property. Accordingly,

current property values may exceed the amount covered by a related title insurance policy.

We regularly evaluate the insurance market, including for coverage against terrorism, earthquakes, and other catastrophic

events. However, we cannot predict the availability and affordability of such coverage in the future. Should the premiums for our

earthquake and other insurance policies become prohibitively expensive or if we decide to self-insure some of our risks, we may modify

or discontinue the coverage for some or all of our properties.

If we experience a loss at any of our properties that is not covered by insurance, exceeds our insurance policy limits, or is

subject to a policy deductible, we could lose the capital invested in the affected property and, possibly, future revenues from that

property. In addition, we could continue to be obligated on any mortgage indebtedness or be responsible for other obligations related to

the affected properties. All of our wholly owned properties, including properties partially owned through real estate joint ventures that

are managed by our joint venture partners, carry comprehensive liability, fire, extended coverage, and rental loss insurance.

For our properties in wildfire- or flood-prone areas, we are evaluating mitigation strategies and potential operational and

physical improvements. For example, resilience measures that may be implemented at some of our properties may include:

• Fire-resilience measures. Incorporation of brush management practices into landscape design; selection and positioning

of less flammable vegetation species at a reasonable distance from a property; construction of building envelopes with

fire-resistant materials; and installation of HVAC systems that are able to filter smoke particulates from the air in the event

of a fire.

• Flood-resilience measures . Positioning of critical building mechanical equipment on roofs or significantly above projected

potential flood elevations; storage of temporary flood barriers on site to be deployed at building entrances in the event of a

flood; elevation of property entrances or the first floor above projected present-day and future flood elevations; installation

of backflow preventors on storm/sewer utilities that discharge from the building; and waterproofing of the building

envelope up to the projected flood elevation.

Our tenants are also required to maintain comprehensive insurance policies, including commercial general liability insurance

typically obtained for similar properties. However, we and our tenants do not generally insure against certain types of losses that are

either uninsurable or prohibitively costly to insure. We cannot predict the future availability of insurance coverage against any risk of

loss. Insurance companies may discontinue coverage for certain risks, or, if offered, such coverage may become excessively

expensive.

The loss of services of any of our executive and/or senior officers could adversely affect us.

We depend upon the services and contributions of relatively few executive and senior officers. The loss of services or

contributions of any one of them may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and prospects. We use the extensive personal

and business relationships that members of our management have developed over time with owners of life science properties and with

major tenants and venture investment portfolio companies in the life science industry. We cannot assure our stockholders that our

executive and senior officers will remain employed with us. In California and certain other regions where we have operations, there is

intense competition for individuals with skill sets needed for our business. Moreover, in California, where our headquarters and many of

our properties are located, high state and local taxes and increased home prices contribute to a high cost of living, which may impair

our ability to attract and retain employees locally in the future. Due to the long-term nature of our investments and properties, we are

unable to predict and may be unable to effectively control such costs. If we do not succeed in attracting new personnel and retaining

and motivating existing personnel, our business may suffer, and we may be unable to implement our current initiatives or grow

effectively.

Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on our

business, results of operations, financial condition, and stock price.

Pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we are required to provide a report by management on internal control over

financial reporting, including management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control. Changes to our business will

necessitate ongoing changes to our internal control systems and processes. Internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or

detect misstatement because of its inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of

controls, or fraud. Therefore, even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and

fair presentation of financial statements. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, including any failure to implement

required new or improved controls, or if we experience difficulties in their implementation, our business, results of operations, and

financial condition could be materially harmed, we could fail to meet our reporting obligations, and there could be a material adverse

effect on the market price of our common stock.

If we failed to qualify as a REIT, we would be taxed at corporate rates and would not be able to take certain

deductions when computing our taxable income.

We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. If, in any taxable year, we failed to qualify as a

REIT:

• We would be subject to federal and state income taxes on our taxable income at regular corporate rates;

• We would not be allowed a deduction for distributions to our stockholders in computing taxable income;

• We would be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we lost

qualification, unless we were entitled to relief under the Internal Revenue Code; and

• We would no longer be required by the Internal Revenue Code to make distributions to our stockholders.

As a result of any additional tax liability, we may need to borrow funds or liquidate certain investments in order to pay the

applicable tax. Accordingly, funds available for investment or distribution to our stockholders would be reduced for each of the years

involved.

Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal Revenue Code to our

operations and financial results, as well as the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our

control. There are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations of these provisions. Although we believe that our current

organization and method of operation comply with the rules and regulations promulgated under the Internal Revenue Code to enable us

to qualify as a REIT, we cannot assure our stockholders that we are or will remain so qualified. To qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy a

number of requirements, including those regarding the ownership of our stock and the composition of our assets and gross income. We

must also make distributions to stockholders aggregating at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains.

We currently own, and may acquire in the future, direct or indirect interests in one or more entities that have elected or may

elect to be taxed as REITs under the Internal Revenue Code, which are subject to the various REIT qualification requirements and

limitations described herein. If any of these entities were to fail to qualify as a REIT, then (i) the entity would become subject to federal

and state income taxes, (ii) shares in such an entity would cease to be qualifying assets for purposes of asset tests applicable to REITs,

and (iii) we may fail certain of the asset tests applicable to REITs, in which event we would fail to qualify as a REIT unless we qualify for

certain relief provisions.

In addition, we currently own interests in certain taxable REIT subsidiaries and may continue to acquire such interests in the

future. A taxable REIT subsidiary is a corporation (or entity treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes), other than a REIT,

that has made a joint election with a parent REIT (which directly or indirectly owns stock in the REIT subsidiary) to be treated as a

taxable REIT subsidiary. The subsidiary is subject to federal and state income taxes as a regular C corporation and is further subject to

a 100% excise tax for certain transactions between the taxable REIT subsidiary and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm’s-

length basis. We intend to structure our transactions with any taxable REIT subsidiaries that we own to ensure that they are entered into

on arm’s-length terms to avoid incurring the 100% excise tax mentioned above. However, there can be no assurance that we will be

able to successfully structure future transactions to avoid being subject to the 100% excise tax, which may adversely impact our cash

flows, ability to make distributions to stockholders, and results of operations.

From time to time, we dispose of properties in transactions qualified as Section 1031 Exchanges. If a transaction intended to

qualify as a Section 1031 Exchange is later determined by the IRS to be taxable or if we are unable to identify and complete the

acquisition of a suitable replacement property to effect a Section 1031 Exchange or if the laws surrounding Section 1031 Exchanges

are amended or repealed, we may not be able to dispose of properties on a tax-deferred basis. In such a case, our earnings and profits

and our taxable income would increase, which could increase the dividend income and reduce the return of capital to our stockholders.

As a result, we may be required to pay additional dividends to stockholders, or if we do not pay additional dividends, our corporate

income tax liability could increase and we may be subject to interest and penalties.

We may not be able to participate in certain sales that the IRS characterizes as “prohibited transactions.” The tax imposed on

REITs engaging in prohibited transactions is a 100% tax on net income from the transaction. Whether or not the transaction is

characterized as a prohibited transaction is a factual matter. Generally, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of

property, other than foreclosures, characterized as held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. However, a

sale will not be considered a prohibited transaction if it meets certain safe harbor requirements. Although we do not intend to participate

in prohibited transactions, there is no guarantee that the IRS would agree with our characterization of our properties or that we will meet

the safe harbor requirements.

Federal income tax rules are constantly under review by the U.S. Congress and the IRS. Changes to tax laws could adversely

affect our investors or our tenants, and we cannot predict how those changes may affect us in the future. New legislation, U.S. Treasury

Department regulations, administrative interpretations, or court decisions could significantly and negatively affect our ability to qualify as

a REIT, the federal income tax consequences of such qualification, or an investment in our stock. Also, laws relating to the tax treatment

of investment in other types of business entities could change, making an investment in such other entities more attractive relative to an

investment in a REIT.

We are dependent on third parties to manage certain amenities at our properties.

We retain third-party managers to manage certain amenities at our properties, such as restaurants, conference centers,

exercise facilities, and parking garages. Our income from our properties may be adversely affected if these parties fail to provide quality

services and amenities with respect to our properties. While we monitor the performance of these third parties, we may have limited

recourse if we believe they are not performing adequately. In addition, these third-party managers may operate, and in some cases may

own or invest in, properties or businesses that compete with our properties, which may result in conflicts of interest. As a result, these

third-party managers may have made, and may in the future make, decisions that are not in our best interests.

We rely on a limited number of vendors to provide utilities and certain other services at our properties, and disruption

in these services may have a significant adverse effect on our business operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

We rely on a limited number of vendors to provide key services, including, but not limited to, utilities, security, and construction

services, at certain of our properties. Our business and property operations may be adversely affected if key vendors fail to adequately

provide key services at our properties as a result of natural disasters (such as fires, floods, earthquakes, etc.), power interruptions,

bankruptcies, war, acts of terrorism, public health emergencies, cyberattacks, pandemics, or other unanticipated catastrophic events. If

a vendor encounters financial difficulty such as bankruptcy or otherwise becomes unable to provide critical utilities, security,

construction, or other essential services, we may experience significant interruptions in service and disruptions to business operations

at our properties, incur remediation costs, and become subject to claims and damage to our reputation.

In addition, difficulties encountered by key vendors in providing necessary services at our properties could result in significant

market rate increases for such services. Our triple net leases allow us to pass through substantially all operating expenses and certain

capital expenditures to our tenants in the form of additional rent. However, we cannot be certain that we will be able to continue to

negotiate pass-through provisions in tenant leases in the future, which could lead to a decrease in our recovery of operating expenses.

If our operating expenses increase without a corresponding increase in revenues, our profitability could diminish. Also, we cannot be

certain that increased costs will not lead our current or prospective tenants to seek space elsewhere, which could significantly hinder

our ability to increase our rents or to maintain existing occupancy levels. Additionally, this may significantly increase occupancy costs for

some of our tenants and may adversely impact their financial condition, ability to make rental payments, and ability to renew their lease

agreements.

Pacific Gas and Electric Company (“PG&E”) is the primary public utility company providing electrical and gas service to

residential and commercial customers in northern California, including the San Francisco Bay Area. Most of our properties located in

our San Francisco Bay Area market depend on PG&E for the delivery of these essential services. PG&E initiated voluntary

reorganization proceedings under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code in January 2019 in response to potential liabilities arising

from a series of catastrophic wildfires that occurred in Northern California in 2017 and 2018. While PG&E emerged from bankruptcy in

July 2020, there is no guarantee that PG&E, or other major utilities providers on which we rely in other cities in which we operate, will

be able to sustain safe operations and continue to provide consistent utilities services during similar or future incidents. During periods

of high winds and high fire danger in past fire seasons, PG&E preemptively shut off power to areas of Central and Northern California.

The shutoffs were designed to help guard against fires ignited in areas with high winds and dry conditions. PG&E has warned that it

may have to employ shutoffs while the utility company addresses maintenance issues. Future shutoffs of power may impact the

reliability of access to a stable power supply at our properties and, in turn, adversely impact our tenants’ businesses. In addition, there

is no guarantee that PG&E’s safety measures mandated by regulators will be timely and sufficient to prevent future catastrophic

wildfires. Similarly, we rely on a limited number of vendors that provide utilities services to our properties in other regions. There is no

guarantee that similar events of bankruptcy or distress would not cause unanticipated disruptions in service to any of our properties in

affected areas.

The realization of any of the above risks could significantly and adversely affect our ability to meet our financial expectations,

our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, our ability to make distributions to our stockholders, the market price of our

common stock, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations.

We may change our business policies without stockholder approval.

Our Board of Directors determines all of our material business policies, with management’s input, including those related to:

• REIT qualification;

• Incurrence of debt and debt management activities;

• Selective acquisition, disposition, development, and redevelopment activities;

• Stockholder distributions; and

• Other policies, as appropriate.

Our Board of Directors may amend or revise these policies at any time without a vote of our stockholders. A change in these

policies could adversely affect our business and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

There are limits on the ownership of our capital stock under which a stockholder may lose beneficial ownership of its

shares and that may delay or prevent transactions that might otherwise be desired by our stockholders.

In order for a company to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, not more than 50% of the value of its

outstanding stock may be owned, directly or constructively, by five or fewer individuals or entities (as set forth in the Internal Revenue

Code) during the last half of a taxable year. Furthermore, shares of our company’s outstanding stock must be beneficially owned by 100

or more persons during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year.

In order for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT, among other things, our charter provides for an ownership limit, which

prohibits, with certain exceptions, direct or constructive ownership of shares of stock representing more than 9.8% of the combined total

value of our outstanding shares of stock by any person, as defined in our charter. Our Board of Directors, in its sole discretion, may

waive the ownership limit for any person. However, our Board of Directors may not grant such waiver if, after giving effect to such

waiver, we would be “closely held” under Section 856(h) of the Internal Revenue Code. As a condition to waiving the ownership limit,

our Board of Directors may require a ruling from the IRS or an opinion of legal counsel in order to determine our status as a REIT.

Notwithstanding the receipt of any such ruling or opinion, our Board of Directors may impose such conditions or restrictions as it deems

appropriate in connection with granting a waiver.

Our charter further prohibits transferring shares of our stock if such transfer would result in our being “closely held” under

Section 856(h) of the Internal Revenue Code or would result in shares of our stock being owned by fewer than 100 persons.

The constructive ownership rules are complex and may cause shares of our common stock owned directly or constructively by

a group of related individuals or entities to be constructively owned by one individual or entity. A transfer of shares to a person who, as a

result of the transfer, violates these limits shall be void or these shares shall be exchanged for shares of excess stock and transferred to

a trust for the benefit of one or more qualified charitable organizations designated by us. In that case, the intended transferee will have

only a right to share, to the extent of the transferee’s original purchase price for such shares, in proceeds from the trust’s sale of those

shares and will effectively forfeit its beneficial ownership of the shares. These ownership limits could delay, defer, or prevent a

transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for the holders of our common stock or that might otherwise be

desired by such holders.

In addition to the ownership limit, certain provisions of our charter and bylaws may delay or prevent transactions that

may be deemed to be desirable to our stockholders.

As authorized by Maryland law, our charter allows our Board of Directors to cause us to issue additional authorized but

unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and to classify or reclassify unissued shares of common or preferred stock

without any stockholder approval. Our Board of Directors could establish a series of preferred stock that could delay, defer, or prevent a

transaction that might involve a premium price for our common stock or that might, for other reasons, be desired by our common

stockholders, or a series of preferred stock that has a dividend preference that may adversely affect our ability to pay dividends on our

common stock.

Our charter permits the removal of a director only upon a two-thirds majority of the votes entitled to be cast generally in the

election of directors, and our bylaws require advance notice of a stockholder’s intention to nominate directors or to present business for

consideration by stockholders at an annual meeting of our stockholders. However, the stockholders are able to adopt, alter, amend, or

repeal our bylaws with a majority of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter and without the approval of the Board of Directors. Such

changes could potentially lead to disruption of corporate strategy, complications in strategic transactions, or other adverse effects. Our

charter and bylaws also contain other provisions that may delay, defer, or prevent a transaction or change in control that involves a

premium price for our common stock or that, for other reasons, may be desired by our stockholders.

Market and industry factors

We face substantial competition in our target markets.

The significant competition for business in our target markets could have an adverse effect on our operations. We compete for

investment opportunities with:

• Other REITs;

• Insurance companies;

• Pension and investment funds;

• Private equity entities;

• Partnerships;

• Developers;

• Investment companies;

• Owners/occupants; and

• Foreign investors, including sovereign wealth funds.

Many of these entities have substantially greater financial resources than we do and may be able to pay more than we can or

accept more risk than we are willing to accept. These entities may be less sensitive to risks with respect to the creditworthiness of a

tenant or the geographic concentration of their investments. These entities may also have more favorable relationships and pricing with

suppliers and contractors and may complete construction projects sooner and at lower costs than we are able. We may also face

competition with these entities for access to the same or similar raw materials and labor resources from suppliers and contractors, as

well as access to the specific suppliers and contractors we use. Competition may also reduce the number of suitable investment

opportunities available to us or may increase the bargaining power of property owners seeking to sell. If there is no matching growth in

demand, the intensified competition may lead to oversupply of available space comparable to ours and result in the pressure on rental

rates and greater incentives awarded to tenants. To maintain our ability to retain current and attract new tenants, we may be forced to

reduce the rental rates that our tenants are currently willing to pay or offer greater tenant concessions. Should we encounter intensified

competition or oversupply, we cannot be certain that we will be able to compete successfully, maintain our occupancy and rental rates,

and continue to expand our business. As a result, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, our ability to pay

dividends, and our stock price may be adversely affected.

Poor economic conditions in our markets could adversely affect our business.

Our properties are primarily located in the following markets:

• Greater Boston

• San Francisco Bay Area

• San Diego

• Seattle

• Maryland

• Research Triangle

• New York City

• Texas

As a result of our geographic concentration, we depend upon the local economic and real estate conditions in these markets.

We are therefore subject to increased exposure (positive or negative) to economic, tax, and other competitive factors specific to

markets in confined geographic areas. Our operations may also be affected if too many competing properties are built in any of these

markets. An economic downturn in any of these markets could adversely affect our operations and our ability to make distributions to

our stockholders. We cannot assure our stockholders that these markets will continue to grow or remain favorable to the life science

industry.

Improvements to our properties are significantly more costly than improvements to traditional office space.

Many of our properties generally contain infrastructure improvements that are significantly more costly than improvements to

other property types. Although we have historically been able to recover the additional investment in infrastructure improvements

through higher rental rates, there is the risk that we will not be able to continue to do so in the future. Typical infrastructure

improvements include:

• Reinforced concrete floors;

• Upgraded roof loading capacity;

• Increased floor-to-ceiling heights;

• Heavy-duty HVAC systems;

• Enhanced environmental control technology;

• Significantly upgraded electrical, gas, and plumbing infrastructure; and

• Laboratory benches and fume hoods.

Because many of our infrastructure improvements are specialized and costlier than those for other property types, we may be

more significantly impacted by any unanticipated delays or increased costs due to price volatility or supply shortages of construction

materials or labor. As a result, we may be unable to complete our improvements as scheduled or within budgeted amounts, which may

adversely affect our ability to lease available space to potential tenants or to reduce our projected project returns.

Our tenants and venture investments are primarily in the life science industry, and changes within this industry may

adversely impact our revenues from lease payments, the value of our non-real estate investments, and our operating results.

In general, our business strategy is to invest primarily in properties used by tenants in the life science industry. Through our

venture investment portfolio, we also hold investments in companies that, similar to our tenant base, are concentrated in the life science

industry. Our business could be adversely affected if the life science industry is impacted by an economic, financial, or banking crisis, or

if these industries migrate from the U.S. to other countries. Because of our industry focus, events within this industry may have a more

pronounced effect on our results of operations and ability to make distributions to our stockholders than if we had more diversified

tenants and investments. Also, some of our properties may be better suited for a particular life science industry tenant and could require

significant modification before we are able to re-lease space to a tenant that does not operate in one of these industries. Generally, our

properties may not be suitable for lease to traditional office tenants without significant expenditures on renovations.

Our ability to negotiate contractual rent escalations on future leases and to achieve increases in rental rates will depend upon

market conditions and the demand for laboratory space at the time the leases are negotiated and the increases are proposed.

It is common for businesses in the life science industry to undergo mergers, acquisitions, or other consolidations. Mergers,

acquisitions, or consolidations of life science entities in the future could reduce the RSF requirements of our tenants and prospective

tenants, which may adversely impact the demand for laboratory space, our future revenue from lease payments, and our results of

operations.

It is also possible that our tenants or venture investments within these industries may be adversely affected by crises involving

financial institutions with which they have business relationships. On March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”), the 16th largest bank

in the U.S. at the time and headquartered in California, was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation,

which appointed the FDIC as receiver. SVB was a provider of commercial and private banking products and services to industries

including life science, technology, and healthcare. SVB is now a division of First Citizens Bank. Additionally, on March 12, 2023, the

New York State Department of Financial Services announced that it had closed New York-based Signature Bank and appointed the

FDIC as a receiver, and on May 1, 2023, regulators seized control of First Republic Bank and sold the majority of its assets and

deposits to JPMorgan Chase.

Although we did not have bank accounts, loans to or from, or investments in any venture funds led by SVB or any other

recently failed financial institution, some of our tenants and venture investments may have banking or other business relationships with

such entities. Despite protections by the U.S. Federal Reserve, the FDIC, and the Treasury, if our tenants or venture investments are

unable to access cash or other capital from these institutions or any other financial institution that might fail in the future, their liquidity,

ability to meet operating expense obligations, and financial performance may be adversely affected. Accordingly, such tenants may be

unable to pay us rent, or our venture investments may decline in value, which may negatively impact our financial results.

Some of our current or future tenants may also include technology companies in their startup or growth phases of their life

cycle. Fluctuations in market confidence in these companies or adverse changes in economic, financial, or banking conditions, such as

the failure of financial institutions, including the events discussed above, may have a disproportionate effect on the operations of such

companies. Deterioration of our tenants’ financial condition may result in our inability to collect lease payments from them and therefore

may negatively impact our operating results.

Our results of operations depend on our tenants’ research and development efforts and their ability to obtain funding

for these efforts.

Our tenant base includes entities in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, medical device, life science, and related industries;

academic institutions; government institutions; and private foundations. Our tenants determine their research and development budgets

based on several factors, including the need to develop new products, the availability of government and other funding, competition,

and the general availability of resources. Our investments through our venture investment portfolio are also in companies that, similar to

our tenant base, are concentrated in the life science industry.

Research and development budgets fluctuate due to changes in available resources, research priorities, general economic

conditions, institutional and government budgetary limitations, and mergers and consolidations of entities. Our business could be

adversely impacted by a significant decrease in research and development expenditures by our tenants, our venture investment

portfolio companies, or the life science industry.

Our tenants also include research institutions whose funding is largely dependent on grants from government agencies, such

as the NIH, the National Science Foundation, and similar agencies or organizations. U.S. government funding of research and

development is subject to the political process, which is often unpredictable. Other programs, such as Homeland Security or defense,

could be viewed by the government as higher priorities. Additionally, proposals to reduce or eliminate budgetary deficits have

sometimes included reduced allocations to the NIH and other U.S. government agencies that fund research and development

activities. Additionally, the inability of the U.S. Congress to enact a budget for a fiscal year or the occurrence of partial or complete U.S.

federal government shutdowns may result in temporary closures of agencies such as the FDA or NIH, which could adversely affect

business operations of our tenants that are dependent on government approvals and appropriations. Any shift away from funding of

research and development or delays surrounding the approval of government budget proposals may adversely impact our tenants’

operations, which in turn may impact their demand for life science/laboratory space and their ability to make lease payments to us and

thus adversely impact our results of operations.

Our life science industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies are subject to a number of risks unique

to their industry, including (i) changes in technology, patent expiration, and intellectual property rights and protection,

(ii) high levels of regulation, (iii) failures in the safety and efficacy of their products, and (iv) significant funding requirements

for product research and development. These risks may adversely affect our tenants’ ability to make rental payments or

satisfy their other lease obligations to us or may impact our venture investment portfolio companies’ value and consequently

may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and stock price.

Changes in technology, patent expiration, and intellectual property rights and protection

• Our tenants and venture investment portfolio companies develop and sell products and services in an industry that is

characterized by rapid and significant technological changes, frequent new product and service introductions and

enhancements, evolving industry standards, and uncertainty over the implementation of new healthcare reform legislation,

which may cause them to lose competitive positions and adversely affect their operations.

• Many of our tenants and venture investment portfolio companies, and their licensors, require patent, copyright, or trade

secret protection and/or rights to use third-party intellectual property to develop, make, market, and sell their products and

technologies. A tenant or venture investment portfolio company may be unable to commercialize its products or

technologies if patents covering such products or technologies are not issued or are successfully challenged, narrowed,

invalidated, or circumvented by third parties. Additionally, a third party may own intellectual property that limits a tenant’s

or venture investment portfolio company’s ability to bring to market its product or technology without securing a license or

other rights to use the third-party intellectual property, which may require the tenant to pay an upfront fee or royalty.

Failure to obtain these rights from third parties may make it challenging or impossible for a tenant or venture investment

portfolio company to develop and commercialize its products or technologies, which could adversely affect its competitive

position and operations.

• Many of our tenants and venture investment portfolio companies depend upon patents to provide exclusive marketing

rights for their products. As their product patents expire, competitors may be able to legally produce and market products

similar to the products of our tenants or venture investment portfolio companies, which could have a material adverse

effect on their sales and results of operations.

High levels of regulation

• Some of our life science industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies develop and manufacture products

that require regulatory approval, including approval from the FDA, prior to being manufactured, marketed, sold, and used.

The regulatory approval process to manufacture and market drugs is costly, typically takes many years, requires validation

through clinical trials and the use of substantial resources, and is often unpredictable. A tenant or venture investment

portfolio company may fail to obtain or may experience significant delays in obtaining these approvals. Even if the tenant

or venture investment portfolio company obtains regulatory approvals, marketed products will be subject to ongoing

regulatory review and potential loss of approvals.

• The ability of some of our life science industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies to commercialize any

future products successfully will depend in part on the coverage and reimbursement levels set by government authorities,

private health insurers, and other third-party payors. Additionally, reimbursements may decrease in the future.

Failures in the safety and efficacy of their products

• Some of our life science industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies may find that their potential products

are not effective, or are even harmful, when tested in humans.

• Some of our life science industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies depend upon the commercial

success of certain products. Even if a product developed by a life science industry tenant or venture investment portfolio

company is proven safe and effective in human clinical trials, and the requisite regulatory approvals are obtained,

subsequent discovery of safety issues with these products could cause product liability events, additional regulatory

scrutiny and requirements for additional labeling, loss of approval, withdrawal of products from the market, and the

imposition of fines or criminal penalties.

• A product developed, manufactured, marketed, or sold by a life science industry tenant or venture investment portfolio

company may not be well accepted by doctors and patients, or may be less effective or accepted than a competitor’s

product.

• The negative results of safety signals arising from the clinical trials of the competitors of our life science industry tenants

or venture investment portfolio companies may prompt regulatory agencies to take actions that may adversely affect the

clinical trials or products of our tenants or venture investment portfolio companies.

Significant funding requirements for product research and development

• Some of our life science industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies require significant funding to

develop and commercialize their products and technologies, which must be obtained from venture capital firms; private

investors; public markets; other companies in the life science industry; or federal, state, and local governments. Such

funding may become unavailable or difficult to obtain. The ability of each tenant or venture investment portfolio company

to raise capital will depend on its financial and operating condition, viability of its products and technology, and the overall

condition of the financial, banking, and economic environment, as well as government budget policies.

• Even with sufficient funding, some of our life science industry tenants or venture investment portfolio companies may not

be able to discover or identify potential drug targets in humans, or potential drugs for use in humans, or to create tools or

technologies that are commercially useful in the discovery or identification of potential drug targets or drugs.

• Some of our life science industry tenants or venture investment portfolio companies may not be able to successfully

manufacture their products economically, even if such products are proven through human clinical trials to be safe and

effective in humans.

• Marketed products also face commercialization risk, and some of our life science industry tenants and venture investment

portfolio companies may never realize projected levels of product utilization or revenues.

• Negative news regarding the products, the clinical trials, or other business developments of our life science industry

tenants or venture investment portfolio companies may cause their stock price or credit profile to deteriorate.

We cannot assure our stockholders that our life science industry tenants or venture investment portfolio companies will be able

to develop, manufacture, market, or sell their products and technologies due to the risks inherent in the life science industry. Any life

science industry tenant or venture investment portfolio company that is unable to avoid, or sufficiently mitigate, the risks described

above may have difficulty making rental payments or satisfying its other lease obligations to us or may have difficulty maintaining the

value of our investment. Such risks may also decrease the credit quality of our life science industry tenants and venture investment

portfolio companies or cause us to expend more funds and resources on the spaces leased by these tenants than we originally

anticipated. The increased burden on our resources due to adverse developments relating to our life science industry tenants may

cause us to achieve lower-than-expected yields on the spaces leased by these tenants. Negative news relating to our more significant

life science industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies may also adversely impact our stock price.

Our agtech industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies are subject to a number of risks unique to

their industry, including (i) uncertain regulatory environment, (ii) seasonality in business, (iii) unavailability of transportation

mechanisms for carrying products and raw materials, (iv) changes in costs or constraints on supplies or energy used in

operations, (v) strikes or labor slowdowns or labor contract negotiations, and (vi) rapid technological changes in agriculture.

These risks may adversely affect our tenants’ ability to make rental payments or satisfy their other lease obligations to us or

may impact our venture investment portfolio companies’ value, which consequently may materially adversely affect our

business, results of operations, financial condition, and stock price.

Uncertain regulatory environment

• Laws and regulations governing the Internet, e-commerce, electronic devices, and other services and products developed

by the agtech industry continue to evolve. Existing and future laws and regulations and the halting of operations at certain

agencies resulting from partial or complete U.S. federal government shutdowns may impede the growth of our agtech

industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies. These laws and regulations may cover, among other areas,

taxation, privacy, data protection, pricing, content, copyrights, distribution, mobile communications, business licensing,

and consumer protection.

Seasonality in business

• Our agtech industry tenants’ and venture investment portfolio companies’ businesses may fluctuate from time to time due

to seasonal weather conditions and other factors out of their control, affecting products and services our agtech industry

tenants and venture investment portfolio companies offer.

Unavailability of transportation mechanisms for carrying products and raw materials

• Some of our agtech industry tenants’ and venture investment portfolio companies’ businesses depend on transportation

services to deliver their products or to deliver raw materials to their clients. If transportation service providers are

unavailable or fail to deliver our agtech industry tenants’ or venture investment portfolio companies’ products in a timely

manner, they may be unable to manufacture and deliver their services and products on a timely basis.

Changes in costs or constraints on supplies or energy used in operations

• Similarly, if fuel or other energy prices increase, it may increase transportation costs, which could affect our agtech

industry tenants’ and venture investment portfolio companies’ businesses.

Strikes or labor slowdowns or labor contract negotiations

• Our agtech industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies may face labor strikes, work slowdowns, labor

contract negotiations, or other job actions from their employees or third-party contractors. In the event of a strike, work

slowdown, or other similar labor unrest, our agtech industry tenants or venture investment portfolio companies may not

have the ability to adequately staff their businesses, which could have an adverse effect on their operations and revenue.

Rapid technological changes in agriculture

• The agtech industry is characterized by regular new product and service introductions, and the emergence of new industry

standards and practices. A failure to respond in a timely manner to these market conditions could materially impair the

operations of our agtech industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies.

• Technological advances in agriculture could decrease the demand for crop nutrients, energy, and other crop input

products and services our agtech industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies provide. Genetically

engineered crops that resist disease and insects could affect the demand for certain of our tenants’ or venture investment

portfolio companies’ products. Demand for fuel could decline as technology allows for more efficient usage of equipment.

We cannot assure our stockholders that our agtech industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies will be able to

develop, produce, market, or sell their products and services due to the risks inherent in the agtech industry. Any agtech industry tenant

or venture investment portfolio company that is unable to avoid, or sufficiently mitigate, the risks described above may have difficulty

making rental payments or satisfying its other lease obligations to us. Such risks may also decrease the credit quality of our agtech

industry tenants or venture investment portfolio companies or cause us to expend more funds and resources on the space leased by

these tenants than we originally anticipated. The increased burden on our resources due to adverse developments relating to our

agtech industry tenants may cause us to achieve lower-than-expected yields on the space leased by these tenants. Unfavorable news

relating to our more significant agtech industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies may also adversely impact our stock

price.

Our technology industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies are subject to a number of risks unique

to their industry, including (i) an uncertain regulatory environment, (ii) rapid technological changes, (iii) a dependency on the

maintenance and security of the Internet infrastructure, (iv) significant funding requirements for product research and

development and sales growth, and (v) inadequate intellectual property protections. These risks may adversely affect our

tenants’ ability to make rental payments to us or satisfy their other lease obligations or may impact our venture investment

portfolio companies’ value, which consequently may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial

condition, and stock price.

Uncertain regulatory environment

• Laws and regulations governing the Internet, e-commerce, electronic devices, and other services continue to evolve.

Existing and future laws and regulations and the halting of operations at certain agencies resulting from partial or

complete U.S. federal government shutdowns may impede the growth of our technology industry tenants and venture

investment portfolio companies. These laws and regulations may cover, among other areas, taxation, worker

classification, privacy, data protection, pricing, content, copyrights, distribution, mobile communications, business

licensing, and consumer protection.

Rapid technological changes

• The technology industry is characterized by rapid changes in customer requirements and preferences, frequent new

product and service introductions, and the emergence of new industry standards and practices. A failure to respond in a

timely manner to these market conditions could materially impair the operations of our technology industry tenants and

venture investment portfolio companies.

Dependency on the maintenance and security of the Internet infrastructure

• Some of our technology industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies depend on continued and

unimpeded access to the Internet by users of their products and services, as well as access to mobile networks. Internet

service providers and mobile network operators may be able to block, degrade, or charge additional fees to these tenants,

venture investment portfolio companies, or users of their products and services.

• The Internet has experienced, and is likely to continue to experience, outages and other delays. These outages and

delays, as well as problems caused by cyberattacks and computer malware, viruses, worms, and similar programs, may

materially affect the ability of our technology industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies to conduct

business.

• Reliance on a limited number of cloud provider vendors may result in detrimental impacts on or halts of operations during

instances of network outages or interruptions.

• Security breaches or network attacks may delay or interrupt the services provided by our technology industry tenants and

venture investment portfolio companies and could harm their reputations or subject them to significant liability.

Significant funding requirements for product research and development and sales growth

• Some of our technology industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies require significant funding to

develop and commercialize their products and technologies, which must be obtained from venture capital firms; private

investors; public markets; companies in the technology industry; or federal, state, and local governments. Such funding

may become unavailable or difficult to obtain. The ability of each tenant or venture investment portfolio company to raise

capital will depend on its financial and operating condition, viability of their products, and the overall condition of the

financial, banking, governmental budget policies, and economic environment.

• Even with sufficient funding, some of our technology industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies may not

be able to discover or identify potential customers or to create tools or technologies that are commercially useful.

• Some of our technology industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies may not be able to successfully

manufacture their products economically.

• Marketed products also face commercialization risk, and some of our technology industry tenants and venture investment

portfolio companies may never realize projected levels of product utilization or revenues.

• Unfavorable news regarding the products or other business developments of our technology industry tenants or venture

investment portfolio companies may cause their stock price or credit profile to deteriorate.

Inadequate intellectual property protections

• The products and services provided by some of our technology industry tenants and venture investment portfolio

companies are subject to the threat of piracy and unauthorized copying, and inadequate intellectual property laws and

other inadequate protections could prevent them from enforcing or defending their proprietary technologies. These tenants

and venture investment portfolio companies may also face legal risks arising out of user-generated content.

• Trademark, copyright, patent, domain name, trade dress, and trade secret protection is very expensive to maintain and

may require our technology industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies to incur significant costs to

protect their intellectual property rights.

We cannot assure our stockholders that our technology industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies will be

able to develop, manufacture, market, or sell their products and services due to the risks inherent in the technology industry. Any

technology industry tenant or venture investment portfolio company that is unable to avoid, or sufficiently mitigate, the risks described

above may have difficulty making rental payments or satisfying its other lease obligations to us or may have difficulty maintaining the

value of our investment. Such risks may also decrease the credit quality of our technology industry tenants or venture investment

portfolio companies or cause us to expend more funds and resources on the space leased by these tenants than we originally

anticipated. The increased burden on our resources due to adverse developments relating to our technology industry tenants may

cause us to achieve lower-than-expected yields on the space leased by these tenants. Unfavorable news relating to our more

significant technology industry tenants and venture investment portfolio companies may also adversely impact our stock price.

The companies in which we invest through our non-real estate venture investment portfolio expose us to risks similar

to those of our tenant base and additional risks inherent in venture capital investing, which could materially affect our

reported asset and liability values and earnings and may materially and adversely affect our reported results of operations.

Through our strategic venture investment portfolio, we hold investments in companies that, similar to our tenant base, are

concentrated in the life science industry. The venture investment portfolio companies in which we invest are accordingly subject to risks

similar to those posed by our tenant base, including those disclosed in this annual report on Form 10-K. In addition, the companies in

which we invest through our venture investment portfolio are subject to the risks inherent in venture capital investing and may be

adversely affected by external factors beyond our control and other risks, including, but not limited to, the following:

• Risks inherent in venture capital investing, which typically focuses on small early-stage companies with unproven

technologies and limited access to capital and is therefore generally considered more speculative than investment in

larger, more established companies.

• Market disruption and volatility, which may adversely affect the value of the companies in which we hold equity

investments and, in turn, our ability to realize gains upon sales of these investments.

• Disruptions, uncertainty, or volatility in the capital markets and global economy, which may impact the ability of the

companies in which we invest to raise additional capital or access capital from venture capital investors or financial

institutions on favorable terms.

• Liquidity of the companies in which we invest, which may (i) impede our ability to realize the value at which these

investments are carried if we are required to dispose of them, (ii) make it difficult for us to sell these investments on a

timely basis, and (iii) impair the value of such investments.

• Changes in the political climate, potential reforms and changes to government negotiation and regulation, the effect of

healthcare reform legislation, including those that may limit pricing of pharmaceutical products and drugs, market prices

and conditions, prospects for favorable or unfavorable clinical trial results, new product initiatives, the manufacturing and

distribution of new products, product safety and efficacy issues, and new collaborative agreements, all of which may affect

the valuation, funding opportunities, business operations, and financial results of the companies in which we invest.

• Changes in U.S. federal government organizations or other agencies, including changes in policy, regulations, budgeting,

retention of key leadership and other personnel, administration of drug approvals or restrictions on drug product or service

development or commercialization, or a partial or complete future government shutdown resulting in temporary closures of

agencies such as the FDA and SEC, could adversely affect the companies in which we invest, including delays in the

commercialization of such companies’ products, decreased funding of research and development in the life science

industry, or delays surrounding approval of budget proposals for any in this industry.

• Impacts or changes in business for any reason, including diversion of healthcare resources away from clinical trials,

delays, or difficulties enrolling patients or maintaining scheduled appointments in clinical trials, interruptions, and delays in

laboratory research due to the reduction in employee resources stemming from social distancing requirements and the

desire of employees to avoid contact with people, insufficient inventory of supplies and reagents necessary for laboratory

research due to interruptions in supply chain, delays or difficulties obtaining clinical site locations or engaging clinical site

staff, interruptions on clinical site monitoring due to travel restrictions, delays in interacting with or receiving approval from

regulatory agencies in connection with research activities or clinical trials, and disruptions to manufacturing facilities and

supply lines.

• Reduction in revenue or revenue growth, deterioration in the global economy, or other reasons, may impair the value of

the companies in which we hold equity investments or impede their ability to raise additional capital.

• Seasonal weather conditions, changes in availability of transportation or labor, and other related factors may affect the

products and services or the availability of the products and services of the companies in which we invest in the agtech

sector.

Many of the factors listed above are beyond our control and, if the venture investment portfolio companies are adversely

affected by any of the foregoing, could materially affect our reported asset and liability values and earnings and may materially and

adversely affect our reported results of operations. The occurrence of any of these adverse events could cause the market price of

shares of our common stock to decline regardless of the performance of our primary real estate business.

Market and other external factors may adversely impact the valuation of our non-real estate equity investments.

We hold equity investments in certain publicly traded companies, limited partnerships, and privately held entities primarily

involved in the life science industry through our venture investment portfolio. The valuation of these investments is affected by many

external factors beyond our control, including, but not limited to, market prices, market conditions, the effect of healthcare reform

legislation, prospects for favorable or unfavorable clinical trial results, new product initiatives, the manufacturing and distribution of new

products, product safety and efficacy issues, and new collaborative agreements. In addition, partial or complete future government

shutdowns that may result in temporary closures of agencies such as the FDA and SEC may adversely affect the processing of initial

public offerings, business operations, financial results, and funding for projects of the companies in which we hold equity investments.

Unfavorable developments with respect to any of these factors may have an adverse impact on the valuation of our equity investments.

Market and other external factors may negatively impact the liquidity of our non-real estate equity investments.

We make and hold investments in privately held life science companies through our venture investment portfolio. These

investments may be illiquid, which could impede our ability to realize the value at which these investments are carried if we are required

to dispose of them. The lack of liquidity of these investments may make it difficult for us to sell these investments on a timely basis and

may impair the value of these investments. If we are required to liquidate all or a portion of these investments quickly, we may realize

significantly less than the amounts at which we had previously valued these investments.

Government factors

Negative impact on economic growth resulting from the combination of federal income tax policy, debt policy, and

government spending may adversely affect our results of operations.

Global macroeconomic conditions affect our and our tenants’ businesses. Instability in the banking and government sectors of

the U.S. and/or the negative impact on economic growth resulting from the combination of government tax policy, debt policy, and

government spending, may have an adverse effect on the overall economic growth and our future revenue growth and profitability.

Volatile, negative, or uncertain economic conditions could undermine business confidence in our significant markets or in other markets

and cause our tenants to reduce or defer their spending, which would negatively affect our business. Growth in the markets we serve

could be at a slow rate or could stagnate or contract in each case for an extended period of time. Differing economic conditions and

patterns of economic growth and contraction in the geographic regions in which we operate and the industries we serve may in the

future affect demand for our services. Our revenues and profitability are derived from our tenants in North America, some of which

derive significant revenues from their international operations. Ongoing economic volatility and uncertainty affects our business in a

number of other ways, including making it more difficult to accurately forecast client demand beyond the short term and to effectively

build our revenue and spending plans. Economic volatility and uncertainty are particularly challenging because it may take some time

for the effects and resulting changes in demand patterns to manifest themselves in our business and results of operations. Changing

demand patterns from economic volatility and uncertainty could have a significant negative impact on our results of operations. These

risks may impact our overall liquidity, our borrowing costs, or the market price of our common stock.

Changes to the U.S. tax laws and implementation of new tax policies could have a significant negative impact on the

overall economy, our tenants, and our business.

On July 3, 2025, the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate passed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, which the U.S.

President signed into law on July 4, 2025 (the “OBBB Act”). Among other things, the OBBB Act:

• Changed the business interest expense limitation from 30% of EBIT to 30% of EBITDA. This limitation does not apply to,

among others, real property businesses electing out of such restriction. We generally believe our business activities

qualify as real property businesses, but businesses conducted by our taxable REIT subsidiaries may not qualify ;

• Restored and made permanent 100% bonus depreciation for qualified short-lived business property placed in service after

January 19, 2025;

• Created Section 174A of the Internal Revenue Code, which reinstated 100% expensing for domestic research and

experimental expenditures;

• For individuals, made permanent a deduction equal to 20% of certain income from pass-through entities, including

ordinary dividends distributed by a REIT (excluding capital gain dividends and qualified dividend income), which was set

to expire after 2025; and

• Made permanent many of the provisions of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that were set to expire at the end of 2025.

The long-term impact of the OBBB Act on the overall economy, government revenues, our tenants, us, and the real estate

industry cannot be reliably predicted. Furthermore, the OBBB Act may negatively impact certain of our tenants’ operating results,

financial condition, and future business plans. The OBBB Act may also result in reduced government revenues, and therefore reduced

government spending, which may negatively impact some of our tenants that rely on government funding. There can be no assurance

that the OBBB Act will not negatively impact our operating results, financial condition, and future business operations.

Changes to U.S. tax laws that may be enacted in the future, including changes that may be introduced from time to time as a

result of a change in administration of the U.S. government, could negatively impact the overall economy, government revenues, the

real estate industry, our tenants, and us in ways that cannot be reliably predicted. There can be no assurance that future changes to the

U.S. tax laws or regulatory changes will not be proposed or enacted that could impact our business and financial results. The REIT

rules are regularly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department, which

may result in revisions to regulations and interpretations in addition to statutory changes. If enacted, certain of such changes could have

an adverse impact on our business and financial results.

Actual and anticipated changes to the regulations of the healthcare system may have a negative impact on the

pricing of drugs, the cost of healthcare coverage, and the reimbursement of healthcare services and products.

The FDA and comparable agencies in other jurisdictions directly regulate many critical activities of life science, technology, and

healthcare industries, including the conduct of preclinical and clinical studies, product manufacturing, advertising and promotion,

product distribution, adverse event reporting, and product risk management. In both domestic and foreign markets, sales of products

depend in part on the availability and amount of reimbursement by third-party payors, including governments and private health plans.

Governments may regulate coverage, reimbursement, and pricing of products to control cost or affect utilization of products. Private

health plans may also seek to manage cost and utilization by implementing coverage and reimbursement limitations. Substantial

uncertainty exists regarding the reimbursement by third-party payors of newly approved healthcare products. The U.S. and foreign

governments regularly consider reform measures that affect healthcare coverage and costs. Such reforms may include changes to the

coverage and reimbursement of healthcare services and products. In particular, there have been judicial and congressional challenges

to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act

(collectively, the “ACA”), which could have an impact on coverage and reimbursement for healthcare terms and services covered by

plans authorized by the ACA.

The current U.S. administration has from time to time discussed, and may propose potential changes to the ACA and other

healthcare programs. In 2025, the administration also initiated multiple healthcare‑system policy actions affecting drug pricing, federal

agency operations, and reimbursement frameworks, creating materially increased uncertainty for tenants in the life science, healthcare,

and pharmaceutical sectors. It is unclear how any such healthcare reports or other policy changes, if implemented, will impact our

business. It is also unknown what other changes will be implemented through the U.S. Congress or future executive orders and how

these would impact our tenants. We also face risks related to potential furloughs or shutdown contingency operations of government

employees, which could delay regulatory approvals and impact tenant operations. Government and other regulatory oversight and

future regulatory and government interference with the healthcare systems may adversely impact our tenants’ businesses and our

business.

U.S. government tenants may not receive anticipated appropriations, which could hinder their ability to pay us.

U.S. government tenants are subject to government funding. If one or more of our U.S. government tenants fail to receive

anticipated appropriations, we may not be able to collect rental amounts due to us. A significant reduction in federal government

spending, particularly a sudden decrease due to tax reform or a sequestration process, which has occurred in the past and may occur

again in the coming years, could also adversely affect the ability of these tenants to fulfill lease obligations or decrease the likelihood

that they will renew their leases with us. In addition, budgetary pressures have resulted in, and may continue to result in, reduced

allocations to government agencies that fund research and development activities, such as the NIH. Past proposals to reduce budget

deficits have included reduced NIH and other research and development budgets. Any shift away from the funding of research and

development or delays surrounding the approval of government budget proposals may cause our tenants to default on rental payments

or delay or forgo leasing our rental space, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Additionally, the inability of the U.S. Congress to enact a budget for a future fiscal year or the occurrence of partial or complete U.S.

federal government shutdowns could adversely impact demand for our services by limiting federal funding available to our tenants and

their customers. In addition, defaults under leases with U.S. government tenants are governed by federal statute and not by state

eviction or rent deficiency laws. As of December 31, 2025 , leases with U.S. government tenants at our properties accounted for

approximately 1.5% of our aggregate annual rental revenue in effect as of December 31, 2025 .

Some of our tenants may be subject to increasing government price controls and other healthcare cost-containment

measures.

Government healthcare cost-containment measures can significantly affect our tenants’ revenue and profitability. In many

countries outside the U.S., government agencies strictly control, directly or indirectly, the prices at which our pharmaceutical industry

tenants’ products are sold. In a number of European Union (“EU”) member states, the pricing and/or reimbursement of prescription

pharmaceuticals are subject to governmental control, and legislators, policymakers, and healthcare insurance funds continue to

propose and implement cost-containing measures to keep healthcare costs down, due in part to the attention being paid to healthcare

cost containment and other austerity measures in the EU. In the U.S., our pharmaceutical industry tenants are subject to substantial

pricing pressures from state Medicaid programs, private insurance programs, and pharmacy benefit managers. In addition, many state

legislative proposals could further negatively affect pricing and/or reimbursement for our pharmaceutical industry tenants’ products.

Also, the pricing environment for pharmaceuticals continues to be in the political spotlight in the U.S. Pharmaceutical and medical

device product pricing is subject to enhanced government and public scrutiny and calls for reform. Some states have implemented, and

other states are considering implementing, pharmaceutical price controls or patient access constraints under the Medicaid program,

and some states are considering price-control regimes that would apply to broader segments of their populations who are not Medicaid

eligible. We anticipate that pricing pressures from both governments and private payors inside and outside the U.S. will become more

severe over time.

Changes to U.S. government funding, staffing, trade, policies, and other federal actions could adversely affect our

business operations or those of our tenants and our venture investment portfolio companies.

Domestic and international policy shifts may introduce considerable uncertainty to the macroeconomic and regulatory

landscape in which we, our tenants, and our venture investment portfolio companies operate. Our tenants and our venture investment

portfolio companies include entities in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, medical device, life science, and related industries, academic

and private institutions, and government institutions that determine their R&D budgets based on several factors, including the

availability of government and other funding and the reliability and operational efficiency of public regulatory institutions.

Since January 2025, the U.S. administration has implemented and proposed substantial policy changes that affect federal

health agencies, research funding, public health priorities, and international trade. Several of these actions were later modified, paused,

or limited by courts or subsequent agreements, but they continue to create material uncertainty for planning, capital allocation, and

tenant demand across the life science ecosystem.

Reductions in FDA workforce

In 2025, the FDA laid off approximately 3,500 employees, representing approximately 19% of its workforce at the beginning of

the year, with certain actions later modified or reversed. These reductions have created additional uncertainty and delay in drug and

device approval processes, which may negatively impact our tenants’ operations and demand for our life science space. Such

disruptions could lead to setbacks in research and development timelines, negatively impacting life science companies’ ability to

advance their pipelines, secure investor funding, or achieve commercial viability, which could severely affect their operations and

financial performance and, as a result, adversely impact our operating and financial results.

Restructuring and workforce reductions at the CDC

In 2025, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”) underwent a significant restructuring and workforce

reduction, including the dismissal of key scientific and policy personnel and operational changes affecting certain programs, with some

actions later modified or reversed. These developments have raised concerns among public health and industry stakeholders about the

agency’s capacity to maintain vaccine oversight, coordinate immunization programs, and respond to emerging infectious disease

threats. Reduced CDC staffing and operational realignments may disrupt the collection and dissemination of critical epidemiological

data, delay updates to vaccination guidelines, and impair public confidence in vaccine safety. For our tenants and venture investment

portfolio companies operating in the vaccine research, development, and manufacturing sectors, diminished CDC engagement could

lead to uncertainty in regulatory expectations, lower vaccine uptake rates, and delay the adoption of new immunization technologies.

Any such disruptions could undermine the commercial viability of vaccine-related products, reduce R&D investment in the field, and in

turn negatively impact demand for our specialized life science facilities and the value of our venture investment portfolio.

NIH grant cuts and impact on research institutions

The U.S. administration has implemented significant policy changes affecting the NIH, leading to substantial disruptions in

biomedical research across the U.S. These actions have included staff layoffs and funding cuts as described below and have resulted in

the suspension of numerous research projects, posing risks to scientific advancement and introducing uncertainty for some of our

tenants and venture investment portfolio companies.

• NIH budget freeze and workforce cuts . On January 27, 2025, the U.S. administration issued a memorandum to suspend

NIH grant funding, freezing much of the NIH’s nearly $48 billion budget for 2025. Though the suspension was eventually

blocked and reversed, during the first half of 2025, the NIH laid off approximately 5,000 employees and contractors across

its approximately 20,000 -person workforce.

In May 2025, the White House introduced a budget proposal for fiscal year 2026 that would reduce the NIH budget by

approximately 40%, from $48 billion to $27.5 billio n. Congress has not enacted this proposal, and, because no fiscal year

2026 appropriations bill has been passed to date, NIH funding currently remains at 2024 levels under a continuing

resolution. In addition, on January 5, 2026, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit affirmed a nationwide injunction

blocking the administration’s attempt to impose a 15% cap on indirect cost reimbursements for NIH grants, preventing a

significant reduction in research funding from taking immediate effect. Nevertheless, if Congress ultimately adopts

material reductions to the NIH budget or similar funding restrictions are pursued through future legislative or administrative

actions, federal support for early‑stage scientific research could decline. Such reductions could slow the formation and

growth of life science companies, diminish U.S. competitiveness in biomedical innovation, and negatively impact long‑term

demand for our specialized life science real estate.

• Termination of NIH grants and funding commitments to major research institutions . On January 20, 2025, President Trump

issued an executive order directing every U.S. agency, including the NIH, to “terminate, to the maximum extent allowed by

law” all grants relating to diversity, equity, and inclusion. Further, on January 29, 2025, the President issued an executive

order to make it “the policy of the United States to combat anti-Semitism vigorously, using all available and appropriate

legal tools, to prosecute, remove, or otherwise hold to account the perpetrators of unlawful anti-Semitic harassment and

violence.” As a result of one or both executive orders, the NIH, the world’s largest funder of biomedical research, has

withheld funding from certain U.S. research institutions .

• 15% cap on indirect cost reimbursements of all NIH grants. On February 7, 2025 , the NIH introduced a policy limiting

indirect cost reimbursements to 15% for all NIH grants, representing a significant reduction from historic levels, which

were approximately double that rate on average, and in some cases significantly higher. On January 5, 2026, the U.S.

Court of Appeals for the First Circuit affirmed that NIH’s 15% cap violates federal law and U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services (“HHS”) regulations, leaving negotiated Facilities & Administrative (“F&A”) rates in place. While this ruling

preserves institution‑specific negotiated F&A reimbursements for now, prior uncertainty prompted contingency measures

at several U.S. research universities, and the administration has signaled it may pursue policy changes through other

channels. This threatens to substantially impact the ability of U.S. research institutions to support their infrastructure and

administrative costs, including their ability to lease life science facilities.

A coalition of 22 state attorneys general, along with organizations including the Association of American Medical Colleges, filed

lawsuits challenging the NIH’s policy changes, particularly the 15% cap on indirect costs. On April 7, 2025 , a federal court issued a

permanent injunction blocking the enforcement of this cap, and on January 5, 2026, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit

affirmed the earlier ruling. However, the U.S. administration has signaled its intent to appeal and/or pursue similar funding restrictions

through future legislative or administrative actions. If implemented, any such funding cap could negatively impact tenants that depend

on grant funding for their operations. It could also reduce the financial resources available to such tenants, forcing them to scale back

operations, reduce leased space, or delay their plans for lease expansion.

Termination of federal research funding has already led to reductions in postdoctoral hiring and the closure of critical programs

at prominent U.S. academic institutions. Moreover, recent changes to visa and immigration rules have introduced new uncertainty

around the ability of international graduate students and postdoctoral researchers to remain in the U.S. following graduation. Many of

these individuals represent years of training investment and historically have formed a key segment of the U.S. biotechnology

workforce. As limitations on their residency and employment take effect, a growing share of talent is migrating to foreign markets. The

U.S. life science real estate market has historically benefited from robust domestic R&D activity and venture capital investment.

However, other countries are increasingly positioned to attract top-tier biomedical talent, venture capital, and clinical trials. The global

leadership in biotechnology currently held by the U.S. may begin to shift abroad. The reduced attractiveness of the U.S. as a destination

for research and commercialization could lead to a substantial long-term decline in the size of our life science tenant base and of life

science real estate.

Drug pricing regulation — Most-Favored-Nation Executive Order

On May 12, 2025, President Trump issued an executive order titled “Delivering Most-Favored-Nation Prescription Drug Pricing

to American Patients,” directing the U.S. HHS to set U.S. drug price benchmarks at the lowest prices paid in comparable developed

countries. Although the President projected price reductions of 30%–80% , most reforms would require formal rulemaking and are likely

to face legal obstacles. In July 2025, the White House sent letters to the chief executive officers of 17 major drug manufacturers,

demanding compliance within 60 days and noting that noncompliance could result in the federal government's enforcement through

"every tool in our arsenal." Recently, the Trump administration and AstraZeneca and Pfizer reached public agreements under which

both companies will offer many drugs at “most-favored-nation” (“MFN”) pricing through Medicaid and via a new direct-to-consumer

platform, and in return AstraZeneca and Pfizer will receive a three-year tariff reprieve. While these developments signal accelerating

government pressure on industry pricing, they also inject significant ambiguity into commercial forecasts for pharmaceutical and

biotechnology firms. If widely adopted, MFN pricing could materially compress margins, reduce investment in R&D, and suppress

expansions by our life science tenants, adversely impacting demand for laboratory and related technical office space and manufacturing

space and thereby posing downside risk to property income and investment valuations.

Reductions in Medicaid funding under the OBBB Act

On July 4, 2025, the OBBB Act was signed into law. Included in the bill is an estimated $1 trillion in cuts to Medicaid spending,

implemented through Medicaid work requirements, patient cost-sharing, and a phase-down of Medicaid provider taxes and state-

directed payments. Such reductions in Medicaid spending could result in lower revenue for some of our life science tenants, adversely

impacting their financial performance and potentially resulting in reduced life science investment and real estate requirements.

Rapid expansion of China’s biotechnology sector and potential adverse impact on demand for U.S. life science real estate

The U.S. life science real estate market has historically benefited from robust domestic R&D activity and venture capital

investment. The accelerated growth of China’s biotechnology industry, fueled by state subsidies, regulatory reform, and inexpensive

talent, could negatively impact demand for U.S. laboratory space. Given lower operational costs and faster clinical trial recruitment

timelines, China may attract biotechnology firms to conduct their R&D activities, including clinical trials, in China rather than in the U.S.

Additionally, the U.S. biopharmaceutical sector is increasingly sourcing innovative assets from China, with over one-third of in-

licensed molecules at major U.S. pharmaceutical companies now originating from Chinese firms. If biopharmaceutical companies

increasingly rely on acquiring or in-licensing assets from China instead of those developed in the U.S., it could negatively impact the

fundamentals of the U.S. biotechnology market, leading to reduced investment and fewer U.S.-based biotechnology companies. Should

this occur, demand for domestic laboratory space could decline.

Tariff escalation, trade disruption, and financial market instability

Beginning in March 2025, the U.S. government implemented a series of trade actions that have reshaped global economic

relations and triggered market volatility, specifically:

• On February 1, 2025 , President Trump signed executive orders imposing a 25% tariff on certain imports from Mexico and

Canada and a 10% tariff on all products from China.

• On March 3, 2025 , the President increased tariffs on all products from China from 10% to 20% . He also implemented new

25% tariffs on certain additional imports from Mexico and Canada.

• On April 2, 2025 , the President declared a national emergency to address the U.S. trade deficit and imposed a 10%

universal import tariff on all goods, with higher rates for 57 trading partners. This announcement led to a significant stock

market decline, with the S&P 500 Index, Dow Jones Industrial Average, and the Nasdaq Composite dropping by

approximately 6.0% , 5.5% , and 5.8% , respectively.

• On April 9, 2025 , facing a global financial market meltdown, the President announced a 90 -day pause on tariffs for most

countries but raised the tax rate on Chinese imports to 125% . Following the announcement, the S&P 500 Index surged

9.5% . However, on April 10, 2025, U.S. stocks fell as the initial euphoria over the pause on tariffs faded. Subsequently, on

June 12, 2025, the President announced that the 125% tariff would be replaced with a 55% tariff on select Chinese goods.

Pharmaceutical ingredients and critical materials remained partially exempt.

• On April 14, 2025, the U.S. government launched an investigation into pharmaceuticals to justify tariffs that may be

implemented on pharmaceutical products. In 2024, over $200 billion in pharmaceutical products were imported to the

U.S., and it is estimated that U.S. tariffs could add $46 billion in costs to the pharmaceutical industry.

• On August 21, 2025, the U.S. and the European Union reached a trade agreement establishing a 15% ceiling on tariffs

applied to pharmaceutical products traded between the two regions. The accord preserves supply chain continuity for a

significant share of imported active pharmaceutical ingredients and finished drug products sourced from Europe while

signaling potential divergence in tariff treatment for manufacturers based outside allied markets such as India and China.

• On September 25, 2025, President Trump announced, effective October 1, 2025, pharmaceutical manufacturers would be

subject to a 100% tariff on all branded and patented drugs imported into the U.S. The President stated that manufacturers

could avoid these tariffs by establishing U.S.-based production operations, with qualifying activity defined as either

projects that have broken ground or are already under construction. The measure excludes generic drugs and exempts

companies actively developing or constructing domestic manufacturing facilities.

If tariff uncertainty, its associated costs, and the disruption of broader financial markets continue, we may face the following

risks:

• Restricted access to capital. Market instability may hinder our ability to raise capital, including through dispositions, sales

of partial interests, and new debt capital, and could potentially delay our current or future development and redevelopment

projects.

• Rising construction costs. Our general contractors may face difficulty procuring construction materials at reasonable

prices, particularly those subject to tariffs or disrupted supply, which may lead to project delays and/or increased costs.

Rising costs and procurement challenges could significantly impact the yields and delay commencement of net operating

income from our current and future development and redevelopment pipeline.

• Risks to tenant operations. Many of our tenants rely on the import and export of materials, components, and/or specialized

equipment. As a result, their products may become prohibitively expensive to manufacture or sell. These challenges may

adversely affect our tenants’ ability to meet their lease obligations or to renew their leases with us.

• Macroeconomic impact. Widespread tariffs, restricted trade, increased market volatility, and reduced investor confidence

may trigger inflationary pressure and elevate the risk of a U.S. recession.

The cost increases that may result from tariffs, trade conflicts, and financial market volatility may significantly impact our

development and redevelopment projects. Elevated material costs may lead to higher overall project budgets and extended

construction timelines or require modifications to project scope to preserve economic feasibility. Any such adjustments may prevent our

delivery of space on time and within budget, delay occupancy and commencement of rental income, and impact projected net operating

income and yields.

Any of the aforementioned and future developments may adversely affect occupancy rates, rental income, and the value of our

real estate portfolio in several ways. First, regulatory delays and reduced NIH funding may slow the pace of innovation and company

formation, leading to fewer early-stage tenants seeking laboratory space. Established tenants may face financial strain due to reduced

grant support, drug pricing pressures, and increased operational costs from tariffs, prompting them to downsize, consolidate, or defer

expansion plans. These dynamics could result in lower leasing, increased vacancy rates, and downward pressure on rental rates

across our portfolio.

Second, macroeconomic volatility and restricted access to capital markets may impair our ability to fund new developments

and redevelopments, raise new debt or equity capital at favorable terms, and impact pricing on dispositions. Rising construction costs

and supply chain disruptions could delay project completions, reduce development yields, and impact the timing of rental income

generation. Additionally, if tenants are unable to absorb higher operating costs or pass them on to customers, their financial health may

deteriorate, increasing the risk of lease defaults or renegotiations.

Finally, the growing competitiveness of international markets, particularly China’s rapidly expanding biotechnology sector, may

shift R&D activity abroad, reducing domestic demand for specialized laboratory infrastructure. If U.S.-based life science companies

increasingly rely on foreign innovation or relocate operations to more favorable regulatory or cost environments, the long-term

fundamentals of the U.S. life science real estate market could weaken. This may lead to asset devaluation, reduced investor

confidence, and a more challenging environment for sustaining growth and delivering stockholder value.

Life science industry dynamics

The life science industry is undergoing a prolonged period of structural and cyclical challenges that may materially and

adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The venture capital ecosystem that supports early-stage

platform development has experienced several years of contraction as investors look to more de-risked later-stage assets that may not

require significant R&D laboratory requirements. Additionally, historical performance data increasingly shows that life science venture

capital returns have underperformed relative to technology-focused funds and broader public market indices. While a small number of

firms have consistently outperformed, the majority of life science-focused funds have delivered uneven results, leading institutional

investors, including endowments, foundations, and pension funds, to reassess their long-term allocations to the sector.

This reassessment may result in a long-term reduction in capital available to private biotechnology companies, which

represent a meaningful portion of our tenant base. The high failure rate of private biotechnology companies, coupled with the increasing

cost and complexity of drug development, has led many investors to shift their focus toward more de-risked clinical-stage assets, often

sourced internationally. As a result, fewer early-stage private biotechnology companies may be formed and funded in the U.S., which

may reduce demand for the specialized laboratory space we provide across our portfolio.

In addition, the private life science market has become increasingly selective, with available capital chasing a limited number

of high-quality opportunities. This dynamic has compressed potential returns, on average, and altered the risk-reward profile for

investors. While this does not necessarily indicate a permanent shift, it does reflect a more cautious and selective investment

environment that may persist for the foreseeable future. These conditions may lead to reduced biotechnology company formation in the

U.S., diminished tenant demand, slower leasing velocity, and increased turnover among higher-risk early-stage biotechnology tenants,

particularly in markets where our portfolio is heavily concentrated in emerging biotechnology.

These industry dynamics may also affect our ability to raise capital to fund future development projects. If capital markets

perceive the life science sector as structurally challenged, our cost of capital may increase and our access to equity or debt financing

may be constrained. This could limit our ability to pursue new development opportunities, reposition existing assets, or invest in

strategic initiatives that enhance long-term stockholder value.

To address these risks, we have employed and may continue to employ a range of mitigating strategies, including:

• Deepening relationships with top-tier venture capital firms and academic institutions to identify and support high-potential

tenants earlier in their life cycle.

• Expanding our proprietary products to offer operational support, shared infrastructure, and flexible leasing models that

improve capital efficiency for emerging companies.

• Enhancing our data and analytics capabilities to better assess tenant viability, monitor portfolio risk, and inform leasing

and development decisions.

• Exploring strategic partnerships with pharmaceutical companies, contract research organizations (“CROs”), and

investment-grade institutions to create more stable demand anchors within our campuses.

• Convening influential stakeholders through our industry-leading Alexandria Summit ® event series, which brings together

key decision makers, life science thought leaders, venture capital firms, members of Congress, regulatory agency

executives, and other policymakers to prioritize diseases with unmet needs and advance the development of novel

effective therapies.

• Exploring alternative uses for Alexandria’s robust laboratory and office infrastructure by, for example, technology tenants

that require specialized R&D space.

While we believe these strategies can help mitigate the impact of current industry headwinds, there can be no assurance that

they will fully offset the risks associated with reduced formation and performance of private biotechnology companies. If we are unable

to respond effectively to these evolving market conditions, our ability to lease space, maintain high occupancy levels, generate

consistent cash flows, deliver earnings growth, and provide long-term value to our stockholders may be materially and adversely

affected.

Failure of the U.S. federal government to manage its fiscal matters may negatively impact the economic environment and adversely

impact our business

An inability of the U.S. federal government to manage its fiscal matters and enact appropriate fiscal legislation may

significantly impact the national and global economic and financial environment, result in reduced economic confidence domestically

and globally, reduce investment spending, increase borrowing costs, impact availability and cost of capital, and significantly hinder or

reduce economic activity. These economic impacts could adversely affect our business and the businesses of our tenants.

In September 2025, Congress failed to enact a budget for the upcoming fiscal year, which resulted in a partial government

shutdown that lasted for 43 days. The shutdown affected certain key agencies at the federal government level, resulting in partial

closures of operations. During a shutdown, the FDA maintains critical operations but may be unable to accept or process new drug

applications. The NIH and CDC may experience staffing furloughs, suspended operations, and delayed reviews of grant applications.

Prolonged or repeated shutdowns or short-term Congressional budget resolutions could adversely affect business operations of some

of our tenants that depend on federal funding, contracts, or regulatory actions to sustain their operations. Our tenants may experience

delays in submitting or advancing new drug applications, or receiving device approvals should the operations at the FDA and other

oversight bodies be reduced. The NIH may pause peer-review meetings, issuance of new grants, and many program activities, and its

Clinical Center will be unable to launch new trials during the funding lapse. The FDA’s operations may become limited to work deemed

“safety-critical” and activities supported by carryover user fees, and the agency has stated it will be unable to accept certain new

submissions requiring fees until funding resumes. These outcomes could impede R&D progress, postpone commercialization

milestones, and delay anticipated financing. Additionally, the broader economic and capital market consequences of an extended

shutdown, such as weakened investor confidence, deferred initial public offerings (“IPOs”), and a slower pace of venture and private

equity deployment, could further strain tenants’ access to capital. Our tenants may seek to reduce cash outflows by delaying rent

payments, renegotiating lease terms, downsizing existing space commitments, or filing for bankruptcy or ceasing operations altogether.

If any of our tenants becomes a debtor in a case under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, as amended, we cannot evict that tenant

solely because of its bankruptcy. The bankruptcy court may authorize the tenant to reject and terminate its lease with us. Our claim

against such a tenant for uncollectible future rent would be subject to a statutory limitation that will likely be substantially less than the

remaining rent actually owed to us under the tenant’s lease. Any shortfall in rent payments could adversely affect our cash flows and our

ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

We hold equity investments in certain publicly traded companies, limited partnerships, and privately held entities primarily

involved in the life science and technology industries. The valuation of these investments is affected by many external factors beyond

our control, including, but not limited to, market prices, market conditions, healthcare legislation, prospects for favorable or unfavorable

clinical trial results, new product initiatives, the manufacturing and distribution of new products, product safety and efficacy issues, and

new collaborative agreements. Reduced activities or temporary closures of agencies such as the FDA and SEC may adversely affect

business operations, financial results, IPO processing, and project funding for the companies in which we hold equity investments.

Unfavorable developments with respect to any of these factors may have an adverse impact on the valuation of our equity investments.

We cannot predict the timing or duration of appropriation lapses or the extent of any public policy changes. If a government

shutdown occurs, our business and that of our tenants and our venture investment portfolio companies could be adversely affected.

These risks may also impact our overall liquidity, our borrowing costs, or the market price of our common stock.

Changes in laws and regulations that control drug pricing for government programs may adversely impact our

operating results and our business.

On August 22, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was signed into law. This legislation allows, for the first time ever, the

U.S. HHS to negotiate Medicare drug prices directly with manufacturers. Specifically, the law requires manufacturers to charge a

negotiated “maximum fair price” for select drugs covered by Medicare Part B and Part D or be subject to an excise tax for

noncompliance, introduces penalties for drug manufacturers that increase drug prices over the rate of inflation, and caps additional out-

of-pocket expenses for Medicare beneficiaries.

We cannot predict the ultimate impact of this legislation or the content and outcome of future potential reforms and changes

to the government’s ability to regulate and negotiate drug pricing. Changes in policy that limit prices may reduce the financial

incentives for the research and development efforts that lead to discovery and production of new therapies and solutions to life-

threatening conditions. Negative impacts of new policies could adversely affect our tenants’ and venture investment portfolio

companies’ businesses, including life science companies, which may reduce the demand for life science/laboratory space and

negatively impact our operating results and our business.

Global factors

The outbreak of any highly infectious or contagious disease could adversely impact or cause disruption to our

financial condition and results of operations.

The effects of any future outbreak of any highly infectious or contagious disease on our (or our tenants’) ability to successfully

operate could be adversely impacted by the following factors, among others:

• The continued service and availability of personnel, including our executive officers and other leaders who are part of our

management team, and our ability to recruit, attract, and retain skilled personnel. To the extent our management or

personnel are impacted in significant numbers by the outbreak of pandemic or epidemic disease and are not available or

allowed to conduct work, our business and operating results may be negatively impacted.

• Our (or our tenants’) ability to operate, generally or in affected areas, or delays in the supply of products or services from

our vendors that are necessary for us to operate effectively.

• Our tenants’ ability to pay rent on their leases in full and timely and, to the extent necessary, our inability to restructure our

tenants’ long-term rent obligations on terms favorable to us or to timely recapture the space for re-leasing.

• Difficulty in our accessing debt and/or equity capital on attractive terms, or at all, and a severe disruption and instability in

the global financial markets, or deterioration in credit and financing conditions, which may affect our (or our tenants’)

ability to access capital necessary to fund business operations or replace or renew maturing liabilities on a timely basis

and may adversely affect the valuation of financial assets and liabilities, any of which could affect our (or our tenants’)

ability to meet liquidity and capital expenditure requirements or could have a material adverse effect on our business,

financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

• Complete or partial closures of, or other operational issues at, one or more of our properties resulting from government

action or directives.

• Our (or our tenants’) ability to continue or complete construction as planned for our tenants’ operations, or delays in the

supply of materials or labor necessary for construction, which may affect our (or our tenants’) ability to complete

construction or to complete it timely, our ability to prevent a lease termination, and our ability to collect rent, which may

have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

• The cost of implementing precautionary measures, including, but not limited to, potential additional health insurance and

labor-related costs.

• Governmental efforts (such as moratoriums on or suspensions of eviction proceedings) that may affect our ability to collect

rent or enforce remedies for the failure of our tenants to pay rent.

• Uncertainty related to whether the U.S. Congress or state legislatures will pass additional laws providing for additional

economic stimulus packages, governmental funding, or other relief programs, whether such measures will be enacted,

whether our tenants will be eligible or will apply for any such funds, whether the funds, if available, could be used by our

tenants to pay rent, and whether such funds will be sufficient to supplement our tenants’ rent and other obligations to us.

• Deterioration of global economic conditions and job losses, which may decrease demand for and occupancy levels of our

rental properties and may cause our rental rates and property values to be negatively impacted.

• Our dependence on short-term and long-term debt sources, including our unsecured senior line of credit, commercial

paper program, and unsecured senior notes, which may affect our ability to continue our investing activities and make

distributions to our stockholders.

• Declines in the valuation of our properties, which may affect our ability to dispose of assets at attractive prices or to obtain

debt financing secured by our properties and may reduce the availability of debt funding.

• Declines in the valuation of our venture investment portfolio, which may (i) impede our ability to realize the value at which

these investments are carried if we are required to dispose of them, (ii) make it difficult for us to sell these investments on

a timely basis, and (iii) impair the value of such investments.

• Refusal, failure, or delay by one or more of our lenders under our unsecured senior line of credit to fund their financing

commitment to us, which we may not be able to replace on favorable terms, or at all.

• To the extent we enter into derivative financial instruments, one or more counterparties to our derivative financial

instruments could default on their obligations to us or could fail, increasing the risk that we may not realize the benefits of

utilizing these instruments.

• Any possession taken of our properties, in whole or in part, by governmental authorities for public purposes in eminent

domain proceedings.

• Our level of insurance coverage and recovery we receive under any insurance we maintain, which may be delayed by, or

insufficient to fully offset potential/actual losses caused by any highly infectious or contagious disease.

• Any increase in insurance premiums and imposition of large deductibles.

• Our level of dependence on the Internet, as it relates to employees’ working remotely, and increases in malware

campaigns and phishing attacks preying on the uncertainties surrounding any highly infectious or contagious disease,

which may increase our vulnerability to cyberattacks.

• Our ability to ensure business continuity in the event our continuity of operations plan is not effective or is improperly

implemented or deployed during a disruption.

• Our ability to operate, which may cause our business and operating results to decline or may impact our ability to comply

with regulatory obligations and may lead to reputational harm and regulatory issues or fines.

The rapid spread, development, and fluidity of a highly infectious or contagious disease may result in significant disruption of

the global financial market and labor markets and may lead to a deterioration of economic conditions, an economic downturn, and/or a

recession at a global scale, which could materially affect our (or our tenants’) performance, financial condition, results of operations,

and cash flows.

The outbreak or spread of any highly infectious or contagious disease could adversely impact or cause disruption to

our tenants’ financial condition and results of operations, which may adversely impact our ability to generate income

sufficient to meet operating expenses or generate income and capital appreciation .

Our tenants, many of which conduct business in the life science industry, may incur significant costs or losses responding to

any highly infectious or contagious disease, lose business due to interruption in their operations, or incur other liabilities related to

shelter-in-place orders, quarantines, infection, or other related factors. Tenants that experience deteriorating financial conditions as a

result of the outbreak or spread of such disease may be unwilling or unable to pay rent in full or timely due to bankruptcy, lack of

liquidity, lack of funding, operational failures, or other reasons. Our tenants’ defaults and delayed or partial rental payments could

adversely impact our rental revenues and operating results.

The negative effects of any highly infectious or contagious disease on our tenants in the life science industry may include, but

are not limited to:

• Delays or difficulties in enrolling patients or maintaining scheduled study visits in clinical trials;

• Delays or difficulties in clinical site initiation, including difficulties in recruiting clinical site investigators and staff;

• Diversion of healthcare resources away from clinical trials, including the diversion of hospitals serving as our tenants’

clinical trial sites and hospital staff supporting the conduct of our tenants’ clinical trials;

• Interruptions of key clinical trial or other research activities, such as clinical trial site monitoring, due to limitations on travel

imposed or recommended by federal or state governments, employers, and others;

• Limitations in employee resources that would otherwise be focused on our tenants’ research, business, or clinical trials,

including because of sickness of employees or their families, the desire of employees to avoid contact with large groups of

people, or as a result of the governmental imposition of shelter-in-place or similar working restrictions;

• Interruptions in supply chain, manufacturing, and global shipping, or other delays that may affect the transport of materials

necessary for our tenants’ research, clinical trials, or manufacturing activities;

• Reduction in revenue projections for our tenants’ products due to the prioritization of the treatment of affected patients

over other treatments, such as specialty and elective procedures;

• Delays in necessary interactions with ethics committees, regulators, and other important agencies and contractors due to

limitations in employee resources or forced furlough of government employees;

• Delays in receiving approval from regulatory authorities to initiate planned clinical trials or research activities;

• Delays in commercialization of our tenants’ products and approval by government authorities (such as the FDA and the

federal and state Emergency Management Agencies) of our tenants’ products caused by disruptions, funding shortages,

or health concerns, as well as by the prioritization by the FDA of the review and approvals of diagnostics, therapeutics,

and vaccines that are related to an outbreak;

• Difficulty in retaining staff or rehiring staff in connection with layoffs caused by deteriorating global market conditions;

• Changes in local regulations as part of a response to an outbreak or spread that may require our tenants to change the

ways in which their clinical trials are conducted, which may result in unexpected costs or the discontinuation of the clinical

trials altogether;

• Refusal or reluctance of the FDA to accept data from clinical trials in affected geographies outside the U.S.;

• Diminishing public trust in healthcare facilities or other facilities that are treating (or have treated) patients affected by

contagious diseases; and

• Inability to access capital on terms favorable to our tenants because of changes in company valuation and/or investor

appetite due to a general downturn in economic and financial conditions and the volatility of the market.

The negative effects of any highly infectious or contagious disease on our tenants in the agtech industry may include:

• Reduction in productive capacity and profitability because of decreased labor availability due, for example, to government

restrictions, the inability of employees to report to work, or collective bargaining efforts;

• Potential contract cancellations, project reductions, and reduction in demand for our tenants’ products due to the adverse

effect on business confidence and consumer sentiments and the general downturn in economic conditions;

• Disruption of the logistics necessary to import, export, and deliver products to target companies and their customers due

to ports and other channels of entry being closed or operating at only a portion of capacity;

• Disruptions to manufacturing facilities and supply lines; and

• Inability to access capital on terms favorable to our tenants because of changes in company valuation and/or investor

appetite due to a general downturn in economic and financial conditions and the volatility of the market.

The negative effects of any highly infectious or contagious disease on our tenants in the technology industry may include:

• Reduction in staff productivity due to business closures, alternative working arrangements, or illness of staff and/or illness

in the family;

• Reduction in sales of our tenants’ services and products, longer sales cycles, reduction in subscription duration and value,

slower adoption of new technologies, and increase in price competition due to economic uncertainties and downturns;

• Disruptions to our tenants’ supply chain, manufacturing vendors, or logistics providers of products or services;

• Limitations on business and marketing activities due to travel restrictions, virtualization, or cancellation of related events;

• Adverse impact on customer relationships and our ability to recognize revenues due to our tenants’ inability to access their

clients’ sites for implementation and on-site consulting services;

• Inability to recruit and develop highly skilled employees with appropriate qualifications, to conduct background checks on

potential employees, and to provide necessary equipment and training to new and existing employees;

• Network infrastructure and technology system failures of our tenants, or of third-party services used by our tenants, which

may result in system interruptions, reputational harm, loss of intellectual property, delays in product development, lengthy

interruptions in services, breaches of data security, and loss of critical data;

• Higher employment compensation costs that may not be offset by improved productivity or increased sales; and

• Inability to access capital on terms favorable to our tenants because of changes in company valuation and/or investor

appetite due to a general downturn in economic and financial conditions and the volatility of the market.

The potential impact of any highly infectious or contagious disease with respect to our tenants or our properties is difficult to

predict and could have a material adverse impact on our tenants’ operations and, in turn, on our revenues, business, and results of

operations, as well as the value of our stock. Any highly infectious or contagious disease may directly or indirectly cause the realization

of any of the other risk factors included in this annual report on Form 10-K.

Other factors

We may incur significant costs if we fail to comply with laws or if laws change.

Our properties are subject to many federal, state, and local regulatory requirements and to state and local fire, life-safety,

environmental, and other requirements. If we do not comply with all of these requirements, we may have to pay fines to government

authorities or damage awards to private litigants or temporarily halt operations due to injunctions. We do not know whether these

requirements will change or whether new requirements will be imposed. Changes in these regulatory requirements could require us to

make significant unanticipated expenditures. These expenditures could have an adverse effect on us and our ability to make

distributions to our stockholders.

For example, the California Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, also referred to as Proposition 65, requires “clear

and reasonable” warnings be given to persons who are exposed to chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer or

reproductive toxicity. We believe that we comply with Proposition 65 requirements; however, there can be no assurance that we will not

be adversely affected by litigation or regulatory enforcement relating to Proposition 65. In addition, there can be no assurance that the

costs of compliance with new environmental laws and regulations will not be significant or will not adversely affect our ability to meet our

financial expectations, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

We may incur significant costs in complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act and similar laws.

Under the ADA, places of public accommodation and/or commercial facilities must meet federal requirements related to access

and use by disabled persons. We may be required to make substantial capital expenditures at our properties to comply with this law. In

addition, non-compliance could result in the imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants.

A number of additional federal, state, and local laws and regulations exist regarding access to properties by disabled persons.

These regulations may require modifications to our properties or may affect future renovations. These expenditures may have an

adverse impact on overall returns on our investments.

We face possible risks and costs associated with the effects of climate change and severe weather .

We cannot predict the rate at which climate change will progress. However, the physical effects of climate change could have a

material adverse effect on our properties, operations, and business. For example, most of our properties are located along the east and

west coasts of the U.S. To the extent that climate change impacts changes in weather patterns, our markets could experience severe

weather, including hurricanes, severe winter storms, and coastal flooding due to increases in storm intensity and rising sea levels.

Certain of our properties are also located along shorelines and may be vulnerable to coastal hazards, such as water stress, severe

weather patterns, and storm surges. In addition, properties in certain regions may face heightened exposure to wildfire and drought

conditions, which can lead to water stress and increased risk of property damage or operational disruption. Over time, these conditions

could result in declining demand for space at our properties, delays in construction, resulting in increased construction costs, or in our

inability to operate the buildings at all. Climate change and severe weather may also have indirect effects on our business by increasing

the cost of, or decreasing the availability of, property insurance on terms we find acceptable, by increasing the costs of energy,

maintenance, repair of water and/or wind damage, and snow removal at our properties.

On March 6, 2024, the SEC adopted new standards that would require quantitative disclosures of certain climate-related

metrics and greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions, including within the footnotes to our consolidated financial statements, which were

originally set to take effect in May 28, 2024. However, on April 4, 2024, the SEC issued an order to stay these rules pending judicial

review following legal challenges. In March 2025, the SEC voted to withdraw its defense of the rules, and since that time it has

maintained the stay. As of the date of this report, the rules remain stayed indefinitely, and their future implementation is uncertain.

In addition, California introduced climate-related reporting requirements under the Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act

(SB 253) and the Climate-Related Financial Risk Act (SB 261), which were signed into law in October 2023. SB 253 requires

companies doing business in California to report their greenhouse gas emissions (Scope 1 and 2, and later Scope 3) according to a

schedule to be implemented through rulemaking by the California Air Resources Board (“CARB”). SB 261 requires covered companies

to prepare biennial climate‑related financial risk reports; however, a court order has delayed implementation of SB 261 pending appeal,

and CARB has indicated it will not enforce the January 1, 2026 deadline while the injunction remains in effect.

In August 2022, the U.S. Congress enacted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which directed nearly $400 billion of federal

spending toward reducing carbon emissions and funding clean energy over the next 10 years and was designed to encourage private

investment in clean energy, transport, and manufacturing. Since its inaugural year in 2023, nearly $500 billion in new green investments

and 334,000 new green jobs across the U.S. have been attributed to the IRA. However, long-term impacts and benefits, if any, resulting

from the IRA are still to be determined.

Numerous states and municipalities have adopted state and local laws and policies on climate change and emission reduction

targets impacting the building sector. For example, certain cities, including Boston, Cambridge, New York, and Seattle, have adopted or

are implementing requirements relating to GHG emissions associated with building operations. Some municipalities, including the Cities

of New York and San Francisco, have also implemented electrification and/or restrictions on certain natural-gas uses in certain new

construction projects.

Following the 2024 U.S. elections and changes in U.S. federal policy priorities, developments may create regulatory

uncertainty with respect to climate change policy. For example, in January 2025, the U.S. submitted notice of withdrawal from the Paris

Agreement, marking a significant shift in U.S. climate policy. It remains unclear what further actions with respect to domestic and

international programs and initiatives will be taken and what support U.S. policymakers would have for any potential changes to such

legislative programs and initiatives in the U.N. or the U.S. Congress.

Changes in federal, state, and local legislation and regulation based on concerns about climate change could result in

increased capital expenditures on our existing properties and our new development properties (for example, to improve their energy

efficiency and/or resistance to severe weather), and in our and our tenants’ increased compliance and other costs, without a

corresponding increase in revenue, which may result in adverse impacts to our and our tenants’ operating results.

We rely on a limited number of vendors to provide key services, including, but not limited to, utilities and construction services,

at certain of our properties. If, as a result of unanticipated events, including those resulting from climate change, these vendors fail to

adequately provide key services, we may experience significant interruptions in service and disruptions to business operations at our

properties, incur remediation costs, and become subject to claims and damage to our reputation.

Nearly 33% of the properties we own and operate are located in California, where climate change has been linked to the

progressively warmer and drier weather associated with ideal conditions for highly destructive wildfires. For example, most of our

properties located in our San Francisco Bay Area market depend on PG&E for the delivery of electric and gas services. In January

2019, in response to potential liabilities arising from a series of catastrophic wildfires that occurred in Northern California in 2017 and

2018, PG&E initiated voluntary reorganization proceedings under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. While PG&E emerged from

bankruptcy in July 2020, there is no guarantee that PG&E will be able to sustain safe operations and continue to provide consistent

utilities services. During periods of high winds and high fire danger in recent fire seasons, PG&E has preemptively shut off power to

areas of Central and Northern California. The shutoffs were designed to help guard against fires ignited in areas with high winds and dry

conditions. PG&E has warned that it may have to employ shutoffs while the utility company addresses maintenance issues. Future

shutoffs of power may impact the reliability of access to a stable power supply at our properties. There is no guarantee that in the future

climate change and severe weather will not adversely affect PG&E or any of our other key vendors, which in turn could have a material

adverse effect on our properties and our tenants’ operations, as well as on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

There can be no assurance that climate change and severe weather, or the potential impacts of these events on our vendors

and suppliers, will not have a material adverse effect on our properties, operations, or business.

We may incur significant costs in complying with environmental laws.

Federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations may require us, as a current or prior owner or operator of real

estate, to investigate and remediate hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum products released at or from any of our properties. The

cost of investigating and remediating contamination could be substantial and could exceed the amount of any insurance coverage

available to us. In addition, the presence of contamination, or the failure to properly remediate, may adversely affect our ability to lease

or sell an affected property, or to borrow funds using that property as collateral.

Under environmental laws and regulations, we may have to pay government entities or third parties for property damage and

for investigation and remediation costs incurred by those parties relating to contaminated properties regardless of whether we knew of

or caused the contamination. Even if more than one party was responsible for the contamination, we may be held responsible for all of

the remediation costs. In addition, third parties may sue us for damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination, or jointly

responsible parties may contest their responsibility or be financially unable to pay their share of such costs.

Environmental laws also govern the presence, maintenance, and removal of asbestos-containing building materials. These

laws may impose fines and penalties on us for the release of asbestos-containing building materials and may allow third parties to seek

recovery from us for personal injury from exposure to asbestos fibers. We have detected asbestos-containing building materials at

some of our properties, but we do not expect that they will result in material environmental costs or liabilities for us.

Environmental laws and regulations also require the removal or upgrading of certain underground storage tanks and regulate:

• The discharge of stormwater, wastewater, and any water pollutants;

• The emission of air pollutants;

• The generation, management, and disposal of hazardous or toxic chemicals, substances, or wastes; and

• Workplace health and safety.

Many of our tenants routinely handle hazardous substances and wastes as part of their operations at our properties.

Environmental laws and regulations subject our tenants, and potentially us, to liability resulting from these activities. Environmental

liabilities could also affect a tenant’s ability to make rental payments to us. We require our tenants to comply with these environmental

laws and regulations and to indemnify us against any related liabilities.

Independent environmental consultants have conducted Phase I or similar environmental assessments at our properties. We

intend to use consultants to conduct similar environmental assessments on our future acquisitions. These types of assessments

generally include a site inspection, interviews, and a public records review, but no subsurface sampling. These assessments and

certain additional investigations of our properties have not to date revealed any environmental liability that we believe would have a

material adverse effect on our business, assets, or results of operations.

Additional investigations have included, as appropriate:

• Asbestos surveys;

• Radon surveys;

• Lead-based paint surveys;

• Mold surveys;

• Additional public records review;

• Subsurface sampling; and

• Other testing.

Nevertheless, it is possible that the assessments on our current properties have not revealed, and that assessments on future

acquisitions will not reveal, all environmental liabilities. Consequently, there may be material environmental liabilities of which we are

unaware that may result in substantial costs to us or our tenants and that could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Environmental, health, or safety matters are subject to evolving regulatory requirements. Costs and capital expenditures

relating to the evolving requirements depend on the timing of the promulgation and enforcement of new standards. As discussed in the

immediately preceding risk factor, due to concern over the risks of climate change, a more restrictive regulatory framework to reduce

GHG pollution might be implemented, including the adoption of carbon taxes, restrictive permitting, and increased efficiency standards.

These requirements could make our operations more expensive and lengthen our project timelines. The costs of complying with

evolving regulatory requirements, including GHG regulations and policies, could negatively impact our financial results. Moreover,

changes in environmental regulations could inhibit or interrupt our operations or require modifications to our facilities. Accordingly,

environmental, health, or safety regulatory matters could result in significant unanticipated costs or liabilities and could have a material

adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, and the market price of our common stock.

We may be unable to meet our sustainability goals.

We seek to make a positive and meaningful impact on the health, safety, and well-being of our tenants, stockholders,

employees, and the communities in which we live and work. In support of these efforts, we have set sustainability goals for

development projects, including energy and water use reduction, diversion of construction waste from landfills, and targeted levels of

certification by third-party green and healthy building rating organizations and programs. For our operating properties, we have set a

2030 target to reduce operational emissions per RSF, and we continue to pursue measures aimed at reducing water consumption and

increasing waste diversion. There are significant risks that may prevent us from achieving such goals, including, but not limited to, the

following possibilities:

• Change in market conditions may affect our ability to deploy capital for projects such as those that reduce energy, water

consumption, and GHG emissions and that provide waste savings.

• Investment-grade renewable energy projects available for contracting by 2030 have declined due to interconnection

delays, transmission constraints, and rising demand from large buyers. Contract costs have increased, driven by higher

material and labor costs, tariffs, extended interconnection timelines, and competition. Additionally, changes in federal,

state, and local laws, incentive programs, and tax credits, as well as volatility in renewable energy credit markets are risks

that may impact project economics and timelines.  Such changes in the availability, costs, regulatory environment, and

market dynamics for renewable energy may impact our ability to procure renewable energy to reduce GHG emissions

from purchased electricity.

• Our tenants may be unwilling or unable to accept potential incremental expenses associated with sustainability programs,

including expenses to procure renewable electricity, and comply with requirements stipulated under building certification

standards such as LEED, Fitwel, and WELL.

The realization of any of the above risks could significantly impact our reputation, our ability to reduce operational emissions

per RSF to meet our 2030 target, our ability to attract tenants that have set GHG emissions reduction goals and/or include LEED

certification among their priorities when selecting a location to lease, and our ability to continue developing properties in markets where

high levels of LEED certification contribute to our efforts to obtain building permits and entitlements.

Changes in U.S. accounting standards may adversely impact us.

The regulatory boards and government agencies that determine financial accounting standards and disclosures in the U.S.,

which include the FASB and the SEC, continually change and update the financial accounting standards we must follow.

From time to time, the FASB issues ASUs that could have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations,

which in turn could also significantly impact the market price of our common stock. Such potential impacts include, without limitation,

significant changes to our balance sheet, significant changes to the timing or methodology of revenue or expense recognition, or

significant fluctuations in our reported results of operations, including an increase in our operating expenses or general and

administrative expenses related to payroll costs, legal costs, and other out-of-pocket costs incurred in order to comply with the

requirements of these ASUs.

Any difficulties in the implementation of changes in accounting principles, including the ability to modify our accounting

systems and to update our policies, procedures, information systems, and internal control over financial reporting, could result in

materially inaccurate financial statements, which in turn could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting

obligations. Significant changes that may be introduced by ASUs could cause fluctuations in revenue and expense recognition and

materially affect our results of operations. We may also experience an increase in general and administrative expenses resulting from

additional resources required for the initial implementation of such ASUs. This could adversely affect our reported results of operations,

profitability, and financial statements. Additionally, the adoption of new accounting standards could affect the results of our debt

covenant calculations. It cannot be assured that we will be able to work with our lenders to successfully amend our debt covenants in

response to changes in accounting standards.

We and the third parties with whom we work are subject to evolving privacy and information security laws,

regulations, policies, and contractual obligations related to data privacy and security. Changes to these requirements, or

actual or perceived noncompliance by us or the third parties with whom we work, could subject us to fines or penalties,

increased costs of doing business, compliance risks, and potential liability and could materially and adversely affect our

business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In the ordinary course of business, we process personal information and other sensitive data, including that of our tenants,

vendors, and employees. As such, we are subject to numerous data privacy and security obligations, including laws, regulations,

external and internal data privacy and security policies, and contractual requirements.

In the U.S., federal, state, and local governments have enacted numerous data privacy and security laws. For example, the

California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, as amended (“CCPA”), applies to personal information of job applicants, employees, and

independent contractors who are California residents and requires businesses to provide specific disclosures in privacy notices and

honor requests of such individuals to exercise certain privacy rights. The CCPA provides for fines and allows private litigants affected by

certain data breaches to recover significant statutory damages.

We have taken actions to proactively enhance our handling of personal information, including, but not limited to:

• Updating external and internal privacy notices and policies;

• Implementing procedures to comply with the CCPA, including procedures to effectively address potential requests from

California residents, including our employees, regarding their personal information;

• Revising our document retention policy to minimize the storage of information subject to the CCPA; and

• Amending contracts with our partners and vendors to incorporate data use restrictions, security measures, and other required

provisions.

However, there is no guarantee that we will adequately address the requirements of the CCPA, or evolving laws in other

jurisdictions.

Additionally, under various privacy laws and other obligations, we may be required to obtain certain consents to process

personal information. For example, some of our data processing practices have been and may in the future be subject to challenges or

lawsuits under data privacy and communications laws, including for example under wiretapping laws, if we share personal information

with third parties through various methods, including cookies or via third-party marketing pixels. These practices may be subject to

increased challenges by class action plaintiffs. Our inability or failure to obtain consent for these practices could result in adverse

consequences, including class action litigation and mass arbitration demands.

Our employees and personnel use generative artificial intelligence (“AI”) and/or automated decision-making technologies to

perform their work, and the disclosure and use of personal information in AI technologies is subject to various privacy laws and other

privacy obligations. Governments have passed and are likely to pass additional laws and regulations regulating AI and/or automated

decision-making technologies. Our use of this technology could result in additional compliance costs, regulatory investigations and

actions, and lawsuits. If we are unable to use AI and/or automated decision-making technologies, it could make our business less

efficient and result in competitive disadvantages.

We publish privacy policies, marketing materials, and other statements concerning data privacy and security. Regulators in the

U.S. are increasingly scrutinizing these statements, and if these policies, materials, or statements are found to be deficient, lacking in

transparency, deceptive, unfair, misleading, or misrepresentative of our practices, we may be subject to investigation, enforcement

actions by regulators or other adverse consequences.

The data privacy and security landscape is becoming increasingly complex. Differing regulations may result in inconsistent

applications and interpretations across multiple jurisdictions. As such, we may be required to devote significant resources and

implement or significantly change existing technologies, systems, or practices in order to prepare for and comply with new regulations.

Our actual or perceived failure to comply with applicable federal, state, and local privacy laws could lead to:

• Damage to our reputation;

• Increased remediation and compliance costs;

• Government investigations and enforcement actions;

• Fines, penalties, or litigation, including class actions;

• Challenges in raising capital; and

• Inability to execute on our business strategy, including our growth plans.

Changes in the aforementioned laws and obligations may subject us to increased compliance risks and potential liability, and

materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If our information technology networks or data, or those of third parties with whom we work, are or were disrupted or

otherwise compromised, we could experience adverse consequences resulting from such compromise, including, but not

limited to, costly remediation or other expenses, liability under federal and state laws, litigation and investigations,

reputational damage, disruptions to our business operations, decreased cash flows, and other adverse consequences.

Information technology, communication networks, enterprise applications, and related systems, including those in our

properties, are essential to the operation of our business. In the ordinary course of our business, we use these systems to service our

tenants, manage our tenant and vendor relationships, and for internal communications, accounting, financial reporting, record-keeping,

and many other key aspects of our business. These operations rely on the secure collection, storage, transmission, and other

processing of confidential and other sensitive data in our computer systems and networks and subject us, and the third parties with

whom we work, to a variety of evolving threats, including, but not limited to, ransomware attacks, which could cause security incidents.

Cyberattacks, malicious Internet-based activity, online and offline fraud, and other similar activities threaten the confidentiality,

integrity, and availability of our confidential, proprietary, and sensitive data and information technology systems, and those of the third

parties with whom we work. Such threats are prevalent and continue to rise, are increasingly difficult to detect, and come from a variety

of sources, including traditional computer “hackers,” threat actors, “hacktivists,” organized criminal threat actors, personnel (such as

through theft or misuse), sophisticated nation states, and nation-state-supported actors.

Some actors now engage and are expected to continue to engage in cyberattacks, including, without limitation, nation-state

actors for geopolitical reasons and in conjunction with military conflicts and defense activities. During times of war and other major

conflicts, we and the third parties with whom we work may be vulnerable to a heightened risk of these attacks, including retaliatory

cyberattacks, that could materially disrupt our systems and operations, supply chain, and ability to produce, sell, and distribute our

services.

We and the third parties with whom we work are subject to a variety of evolving threats, including, but not limited to, physical

break-ins; disruptions due to power outages or catastrophic events, such as fires, floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes; breaches of our

secure network by an unauthorized party (including those caused by supply chain breaches); software vulnerabilities or bugs; malware

(including as a result of advanced persistent threat intrusions); malicious code (such as computer viruses and worms); attachments to

emails; denial-of-service attacks; credential stuffing; credential harvesting; employee error, theft, or misuse; social engineering attacks

(including through deep fakes, which may be increasingly more difficult to identify as fake, and phishing attacks); ransomware attacks;

server malfunctions; software or hardware failures; loss of data or other information technology assets; adware; telecommunications

failures; attacks enhanced or facilitated by AI; or other similar threats. For example, we have been the target of phishing attempts in the

past and expect such attempts will continue in the future.

In particular, severe ransomware attacks are becoming increasingly prevalent and can lead to significant interruptions in our

operations and properties; loss of confidential, proprietary, and sensitive data; reputational harm; loss of income; and diversion of funds.

Extortion payments may alleviate the negative impact of a ransomware attack, but we may be unwilling or unable to make such

payments due to, for example, applicable laws or regulations prohibiting such payments. Ransomware and similar attacks that

adversely impact the operations of our properties could adversely impact our tenants’ ability to access and use our properties and

services, disrupt their operations, or result in an adverse impact to their business.

It may be difficult and/or costly to detect, investigate, mitigate, contain, and remediate a security incident. Our efforts to do so

may not be successful. Actions taken by us or the third parties with whom we work to detect, investigate, mitigate, contain, and

remediate a security incident could result in outages, data losses, and disruptions of our business.

Remote work has increased risks to our information technology systems and confidential, proprietary, and sensitive data as

more of our employees utilize network connections, computers, and devices outside our premises or network, including working at

home, while in transit, and in public locations. Future or past business transactions (such as acquisitions or integrations) could expose

us to additional cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities as our systems could be negatively affected by vulnerabilities present in acquired

or integrated entities’ systems and technologies outside of our control. Furthermore, we may discover security issues that were not

found during due diligence of such acquired or integrated entities, and it may be difficult to integrate companies into our information

technology environment and security program.

In addition, our reliance on third parties introduces new cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities, including supply chain attacks,

and other threats to our business operations. We rely on third parties and technologies to operate critical business systems to process

confidential, proprietary, and sensitive data in a variety of contexts, including, without limitation, cloud-based infrastructure, data center

facilities, encryption and authentication technology, employee emails, and other functions. We also rely on third parties to provide other

products, services, or otherwise to operate our business. Our ability to monitor these third parties’ information security practices is

limited, and these third parties may not have adequate information security measures in place. When the third parties with whom we

work experience a security incident or other interruption, we could experience adverse consequences. While we may be entitled to

damages if the third parties with whom we work fail to satisfy their data privacy or security-related obligations to us, any award may be

insufficient to cover our damages, or we may be unable to recover such award. In addition, supply chain attacks have increased in

frequency and severity, and we cannot guarantee that third parties’ infrastructure in our supply chain or that of the third parties with

whom we work have not been compromised.

We may expend significant resources or modify our business activities to try to protect against security incidents. Additionally,

certain data privacy and security obligations may require us to implement and maintain certain security measures or industry-standard

or reasonable security measures to protect our information technology systems and confidential, proprietary, and sensitive data.

While we have implemented security measures designed to safeguard our systems and confidential, proprietary, and sensitive

data from security incidents and to manage cybersecurity risks, there can be no assurance that these measures will be effective. We

take steps to monitor and develop our information technology networks and infrastructure and invest in the development and

enhancement of our controls designed to prevent, detect, respond to, and mitigate the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, computer

viruses, and other events that could have a security impact. Additionally, we take steps designed to detect, mitigate, and remediate

vulnerabilities in our information systems (such as our hardware and/or software, including that of third parties with whom we work), but

we may not be able to detect and remediate all such vulnerabilities including on a timely basis. Further, we may experience delays in

developing and deploying remedial measures and patches designed to address any such identified vulnerabilities. Vulnerabilities could

be exploited and result in a security incident.

Any of the previously identified or similar threats could cause a security incident or other interruption that could result in

unauthorized, unlawful, or accidental acquisition, modification, destruction, loss, alteration, encryption, disclosure of, or access to our

confidential, proprietary, and sensitive data or our information technology systems, or those of the third parties with whom we work. A

security incident or other interruption involving our information systems or those of our tenants, vendors, software creators, cloud

providers, cybersecurity service providers, or other third parties with whom we work could lead to, among other things:

• Theft of our cash, cash equivalents, or other liquid assets, including publicly traded securities;

• Unauthorized access to, and destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation, or release of, proprietary, confidential, sensitive, or

otherwise valuable information of ours or our tenants, and other business partners, which could be used to compete

against us or for disruptive, destructive, or otherwise harmful purposes and outcomes;

• Our inability to produce financial and operational data necessary to comply with rules and regulations from the SEC, the

IRS, or other state and federal regulatory agencies;

• Our inability to properly monitor our compliance with the rules and regulations regarding our qualification as a REIT;

• Violation of our lease agreements or other agreements;

• Difficulties in employee retention and recruitment;

• Unauthorized access to, and destruction, disruption, loss, or denial of service to our buildings;

• Increase in the cost of proactive defensive measures to prevent future cyber incidents, including hiring personnel and

consultants or investing in additional technologies; and

• Increase in our cybersecurity insurance premiums.

Furthermore, the extent of a particular security incident and the steps that we may need to take to investigate the security

incident may not be immediately clear. Therefore, in the event of a security incident, it may take a significant amount of time before such

an investigation can be completed. During an investigation, we may not necessarily know the extent of the damage incurred or how

best to remediate it, and certain errors or actions could be repeated or compounded before they are discovered and remediated, which

could further increase the costs and consequences of a security incident. Additionally, applicable data privacy and security obligations

may require us to notify relevant stakeholders, including affected individuals, customers, regulators, and investors of security incidents

or to implement other requirements, such as providing credit monitoring. Such disclosures and compliance with such requirements are

costly, and the disclosure or the failure to comply with such disclosure requirements could lead to adverse consequences.

If we (or a third party with whom we work) experience a security incident or are perceived to have experienced a security

incident, we may experience material adverse consequences, such as government enforcement actions (for example, investigations,

fines, penalties, audits, and inspections); additional reporting requirements and/or oversight; restrictions on processing sensitive data

(including personal information); litigation (including class claims); indemnification obligations; negative publicity; reputational harm;

monetary fund diversions; diversion of management attention; interruptions in our operations (including availability of data); financial

loss; and other similar harms. Security incidents and attendant material consequences may prevent or cause customers to stop using

our services, deter new customers from using our products/services, and negatively impact our ability to grow and operate our

business.

Our contracts may not contain limitations of liability, and even where they do, there can be no assurance that limitations of

liability in our contracts are sufficient to protect us from liabilities, damages, or claims related to our data privacy and security

obligations. We cannot be sure that our insurance coverage will be adequate or sufficient to protect us from or to mitigate liabilities

arising out of our data privacy and security practices, that such coverage will continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms

or at all, or that such coverage will pay future claims.

In addition to experiencing a security incident, third parties may gather, collect, or infer sensitive data about us from public

sources, data brokers, or other means that reveals competitively sensitive details about our organization and could be used to

undermine our competitive advantage or market position. Additionally, proprietary, confidential, and/or sensitive data of the Company or

our tenants could be leaked, disclosed, or revealed as a result of or in connection with our employees’, personnel’s, or vendors’ use of

generative AI technologies.

Even if we are not targeted directly, cyberattacks on the U.S. government, financial markets, financial institutions, or other

businesses, including our tenants, vendors, software creators, cloud providers, cybersecurity service providers, and other third parties

with whom we work, may occur, and such events could disrupt our normal business operations and networks in the future.

The increased use of AI and automation in life science research and development activities may change the uses,

space configurations, and tenant requirements for our laboratory properties in currently unforeseen ways.

In recent years, some life science companies have augmented their traditional laboratory-based R&D efforts by integrating AI,

cloud computing, quantum computing, and other advanced computational technologies into their R&D programs. It is expected that

such technologies will accelerate and streamline a number of R&D functions, including, for example, through the targeted design and

evaluation of clinical trials and the efficient identification of the most promising drug development candidates from among multiple

possible drugs. In addition, life science companies, like companies in many other industries, are increasingly integrating new

technologies, such as robotics and advanced automation of recurring tasks, into their businesses, including their R&D activities. It is

widely thought that the life science and healthcare industries, like most industries, are in only the early stages of an advanced

technology revolution that may have profound, and largely currently unknown, impacts on their businesses, including the processes and

strategies underlying R&D and commercialization of new products.

We have always strived to provide our tenants with state-of-the-art laboratory facilities incorporating cutting-edge infrastructure

features (including energy delivery, environmental, sustainability, security, and waste disposal features) to enable our tenants to perform

at the highest levels. It is currently unknown how the ongoing adoption of advanced technologies and automation in the life science

industry will impact the optimal space configurations and infrastructure features of the “laboratory of the future,” and we may face new

tenant requirements and requests that will require significant expenditures that may not be entirely recoverable through increased rents.

For example, the adoption of AI by our tenants may lead to infrastructure requirements that our buildings currently do not

accommodate, such as increased power needs due to high-performance computing. Infrastructure upgrades may necessitate

substantial capital expenditures and could potentially impact the environmental footprint of our building operations.

If technological developments result in a reduction or reconfiguration in space requirements by our tenants, demand by

individual tenants and prospective tenants for space may decrease over time. If we are not able to offset any reduction in demand from

the foregoing developments through repurposing space, property dispositions, or other means, the realization of any of the

aforementioned risks could have a material adverse impact on our revenues, net operating income, results of operations, funds from

operations, operating margins, occupancy, earnings per share, FFO per share, our overall business, and the market value of our

common stock.

General risk factors

We face risks associated with short-term liquid investments.

From time to time, we may have significant cash balances that we invested in a variety of short-term investments that are

intended to preserve principal value and maintain a high degree of liquidity while providing current income. These investments may

include (either directly or indirectly) obligations (including certificates of deposit) of banks, money market funds, treasury bank

securities, and other short-term securities. Investments in these securities and funds are not insured against loss of principal. Under

certain circumstances, we may be required to redeem all or part of these securities or funds at less than par value. A decline in the

value of our investments, or a delay or suspension of our right to redeem them, may have a material adverse effect on our results of

operations or financial condition and our ability to pay our obligations as they become due.

Competition for skilled personnel could increase labor costs.

We compete with various other companies in attracting and retaining qualified and skilled personnel. We depend on our ability

to attract and retain skilled management personnel who are responsible for the day-to-day operations of the Company. Competitive

pressures may require that we enhance our pay and benefits package to compete effectively for such personnel. We may not be able to

offset such additional costs by increasing the rates we charge tenants. If there is an increase in these costs or if we fail to attract and

retain qualified and skilled personnel, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may adversely affect our results of operations.

From time to time, we may enter into interest rate hedge agreements to manage some of our exposure to interest rate

volatility. Interest rate hedge agreements involve risks, such as the risk that counterparties may fail to honor their obligations under

these arrangements. In addition, these arrangements may not be effective in reducing our exposure to changes in interest rates. These

risk factors may lead to failure to hedge effectively against changes in interest rates and therefore could adversely affect our results of

operations. As of December 31, 2025 , we had no interest rate hedge agreements outstanding.

Market volatility may negatively affect our business.

From time to time, the capital and credit markets experience volatility. In some cases, the markets have produced downward

pressure on stock prices and credit capacity for certain issuers without regard to those issuers’ underlying financial and/or operating

strength. If market disruption and volatility occur, there can be no assurance that we will not experience an adverse effect, which may

be material, on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Market disruption and volatility may adversely affect the

value of the companies in which we hold equity investments, including through our non-real estate venture investment portfolio, and we

may be required to recognize losses in our earnings. Disruptions, uncertainty, or volatility in the capital markets may also limit our

access to capital from financial institutions on favorable terms, or altogether, and our ability to raise capital through the issuance of

equity securities could be adversely affected by causes beyond our control through extraordinary disruptions in the global economy and

financial systems or through other events.

Changes in financial accounting standards may adversely impact our compliance with financial debt covenants .

Our unsecured senior notes payable contain financial covenants that are calculated based on GAAP at the date the

instruments were issued. However, certain debt agreements, including those related to our unsecured senior line of credit, contain

financial covenants whose calculations are based on current GAAP, which is subject to future changes. Our unsecured senior line of

credit agreement provides that our financial debt covenants be renegotiated in good faith to preserve the original intent of the existing

financial covenant when such covenant is affected by an accounting standard change. For those debt agreements that require the

renegotiation of financial covenants upon changes in accounting standards, there is no assurance that we will be successful in such

negotiations or that the renegotiated covenants will not be more restrictive to us.

Extreme weather and natural or other unforeseen disasters may cause property damage or disrupt operations, which

could harm our business and operating results.

We have properties located in areas that may be subject to extreme weather and natural or other disasters, including, but not

limited to, earthquakes, winds, floods, hurricanes, fires, power shortages, telecommunication failures, medical epidemics, explosions, or

other natural or man-made accidents or incidents. Our corporate headquarters and certain properties are located in areas of California

that have historically been subject to earthquakes and wildfires. Such conditions and disastrous events may damage our properties,

disrupt our operations, or adversely impact our tenants’ or third-party vendors’ operations. These events may affect our ability to operate

our business and have significant negative consequences on our financial and operating results. Damage caused by these events may

result in costly repairs for damaged properties or equipment, delays in the development or redevelopment of our construction projects,

or interruption of our daily business operations, which may result in increased costs and decreased revenues.

We maintain insurance coverage at levels that we believe are appropriate for our business. However, we cannot be certain

that the amount of coverage will be adequate to satisfy damages or losses incurred in the event of another wildfire or other natural or

man-made disaster, which may lead to a material adverse effect on our properties, operations, and our business, or those of our

tenants.

Failure of the U.S. federal government to manage its fiscal matters or to avoid a government shutdown may

negatively impact the economic environment and adversely impact our results of operations.

Congressional disagreement over the federal budget and the maximum amount of debt the federal government is permitted to

have outstanding (commonly referred to as the “debt ceiling”) has previously caused the U.S. federal government to shut down for

periods of time. Generally, if effective legislation to fund government operations and manage the level of federal debt is not enacted, the

federal government may suspend its investments for certain government accounts, among other available options, in order to prioritize

payments on its obligations. A failure by the U.S. Congress to pass spending bills or address the debt ceiling at any point in the future

would increase the risk of default by the U.S. on its obligations, the risk of a lowering of the U.S. federal government’s credit rating, and

the risk of other economic dislocations. Such a failure, or the perceived risk of such a failure, could consequently have a material

adverse effect on the financial markets and economic conditions in the U.S. and globally. Twice in the past decade, by the

appropriations legislation deadline, Congress failed to pass a new appropriations bill or continuing resolution to temporarily extend

funding, resulting in U.S. government shutdowns that caused federal agencies to halt non-essential operations. If economic conditions

severely deteriorate as a result of U.S. federal government fiscal gridlock, our operations, or those of our tenants, could be affected,

which may adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. These risks may also impact our overall liquidity, our

borrowing costs, or the market price of our common stock .

Changes in laws, regulations, and financial accounting standards may adversely affect our reported results of

operations.

As a response, in large part, to perceived abuses and deficiencies in current regulations believed to have caused or

exacerbated the 2008 global financial crisis, legislative, regulatory, and accounting standard-setting bodies around the world are

engaged in an intensive, wide-ranging examination and rewriting of the laws, regulations, and accounting standards that have

constituted the basic playing field of global and domestic business for several decades. In many jurisdictions, including the U.S., the

legislative and regulatory response has included the extensive reorganization of existing regulatory and rule-making agencies and

organizations, and the establishment of new agencies with broad powers. This reorganization has disturbed longstanding regulatory

and industry relationships and established procedures.

The rule-making and administrative efforts have focused principally on the areas perceived as having contributed to the

financial crisis, including banking, investment banking, securities regulation, and real estate finance, with spillover impacts on many

other areas. These initiatives have created a degree of uncertainty regarding the basic rules governing the real estate industry, and

many other businesses, that is unprecedented in the U.S. at least since the wave of lawmaking, regulatory reform, and government

reorganization that followed the Great Depression.

The global financial crisis and the aggressive reaction of the government and accounting profession thereto have occurred

against a backdrop of increasing globalization and internationalization of financial and securities regulation that began prior to the 2008

financial crisis. As a result of this ongoing trend, financial and investment activities previously regulated almost exclusively at a local or

national level are increasingly being regulated, or at least coordinated, on an international basis, with national rule-making and

standard-setting groups relinquishing varying degrees of local and national control to achieve more uniform regulation and reduce the

ability of market participants to engage in regulatory arbitrage between jurisdictions. This globalization trend has continued, arguably

with an increased sense of urgency and importance, since the financial crisis.

This high degree of regulatory uncertainty, coupled with considerable additional uncertainty regarding the underlying condition

and prospects of global, domestic, and local economies, has created a business environment that makes business planning and

projections even more uncertain than is ordinarily the case for businesses in the financial and real estate sectors.

In the commercial real estate sector in which we operate, the uncertainties posed by various initiatives of accounting standard-

setting authorities to fundamentally rewrite major bodies of accounting literature constitute a significant source of uncertainty as to the

basic rules of business engagement. Changes in accounting standards may have a significant effect on our financial results and on the

results of our tenants, which would in turn have a secondary impact on us.

Global financial stressors, high structural unemployment levels, and other events or circumstances beyond our

control may adversely affect our industry, business, results of operations, contractual commitments, and access to capital.

From 2008 through 2010, significant concerns over energy costs, geopolitical issues, the availability and cost of credit, the

U.S. mortgage market, and a declining real estate market in the U.S. contributed to increased volatility, diminished expectations for the

economy and the markets, and high levels of structural unemployment by historical standards. These factors, combined with volatile oil

prices and fluctuating business and consumer confidence, precipitated a steep economic decline. Further, severe financial and

structural strains on the banking and financial systems have led to significant lack of trust and confidence in the global credit and

financial system. Consumers and money managers have liquidated and may liquidate equity investments, and consumers and banks

have held and may hold cash and other lower-risk investments, which has resulted in significant and, in some cases, catastrophic

declines in the equity capitalization of companies and failures of financial institutions. Although U.S. bank earnings and liquidity have

rebounded, the potential of significant future bank credit losses creates uncertainty for the lending outlook.

Downgrades of the U.S. federal government’s sovereign credit rating and an economic crisis in Europe could

negatively impact our liquidity, financial condition, and earnings.

Previous U.S. debt ceiling and budget deficit concerns, together with sovereign debt conditions in Europe, have increased the

possibility of additional downgrades of sovereign credit ratings and economic slowdowns. There is no guarantee that future debt ceiling

or federal spending legislation will not fail and cause the U.S. to default on its obligations, which would likely cause the U.S. credit rating

to degrade.

S&P Global Ratings lowered its long-term sovereign credit rating of the U.S. from “AAA” to “AA+” in 2011, which it affirmed in

August 2025. Similarly, Fitch Ratings downgraded the sovereign credit rating of the U.S. from “AAA” to “AA+” in 2023 and affirmed the

“AA+” rating in August 2025. However, further fiscal impasses within the federal government may result in future downgrades. The

impact of any further downgrades to the U.S. government’s sovereign credit rating, or its perceived creditworthiness, is inherently

unpredictable and could adversely affect the U.S. and global financial markets and economic conditions. This could cause further

increases in interest rates and borrowing costs, which may negatively impact our ability to access the debt markets on favorable terms.

In addition, the lowered credit rating could create broader financial turmoil and uncertainty, which may exert downward pressure on the

market price of our common stock. Continued adverse economic conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business,

financial condition, and results of operations.

Economic and social volatility and geopolitical instability outside of the U.S. due to large-scale conflicts, including

warfare among countries, may adversely impact us, the U.S., and global economies.

From time to time, tensions between countries may erupt into warfare and may adversely affect neighboring countries and

those who conduct trade or foreign relations with those affected regions. Such acts of war may cause widespread and lingering damage

on a global scale, including, but not limited to, (i) safety and cyber security, (ii) the economy, and (iii) global relations.

Disruption, instability, volatility, and decline in economic activity, regardless of where it occurs, whether caused by acts of war,

other acts of aggression, or terrorism, could in turn also harm the demand for, the safety of, and the value of our properties. As a result

of the factors discussed above, we may be unable to operate our business as usual, which may adversely affect our cash flows,

financial condition, and results of operations.

Adoption of the Basel III standards and other regulatory standards affecting financial institutions may negatively

impact our access to financing or affect the terms of our future financing arrangements.

In response to various financial crises and the volatility of financial markets, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (the

“Basel Committee”) adopted the Basel III regulatory capital framework (“Basel III” or the “Basel III Standards”). The final package of

Basel III reforms was approved by the G20 leaders in November 2010. However, due to global events and industry feedback, the

implementation timeline has been extended multiple times. The final regulations were tentatively set to be released and to take effect by

mid-2025. The Federal Reserve’s vice chair for supervision announced in September 2025 that a revised, more industry-friendly version

is expected by early 2026.

U.S. regulators have implemented various measures under the Basel III framework, including supplementary leverage ratio

standards (SLR Standards) and a risk-based capital surcharge for global systemically important banking organizations (GSIBs), fully

effective as of 2019. Additionally, the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR), finalized in 2014, aims to enhance the resilience of internationally

active banks by requiring adequate high-quality liquid assets to cover net cash outflows, with stricter U.S. requirements phased in by

The Volcker Rule, introduced under the Dodd-Frank Act, restricts proprietary trading and certain relationships with private

equity and hedge funds. Amendments in 2020 simplified compliance and reduced restrictions, but further changes to “covered funds”

are anticipated. These regulations, alongside the Basel Committee’s deferred final Basel III implementation now targeted for  early

2026, may increase capital requirements and constrain financing availability or terms from both U.S. and foreign financial institutions.

Social, political, and economic changes or instability, and other circumstances beyond our control, could adversely

affect our business operations.

Our business may be adversely affected by social, political, and economic instability, unrest, or disruption in a geographic

region in which we operate, regardless of cause, including legal, regulatory, and policy changes by a new U.S. presidential

administration or protests, demonstrations, strikes, riots, civil disturbance, disobedience, insurrection, or social and other political

unrest.

Such events may result in restrictions, curfews, or other actions and give rise to significant changes in regional and global

economic conditions and cycles, which may adversely affect our financial condition and operations. For example, past instances of

unrest in cities throughout the U.S. in connection with civil rights, liberties, and social and governmental reform led in some locations to

the imposition of mandatory curfews and deployment of the U.S. National Guard. Government actions in an effort to protect people and

property, including curfews and restrictions on business operations, may disrupt operations, harm perceptions of personal well-being,

and increase the need for additional expenditures on security resources. In addition, action resulting from such social or political unrest

may pose significant risks to our personnel, facilities, and operations. We cannot ensure there will not be further political or social unrest

in the future or that there will not be other events that could lead to social, political, and economic disruptions. If such events or

disruptions persist for a prolonged period of time, our overall business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Changes in federal policy, including tax policies, and at regulatory agencies occur over time through policy and personnel

changes following elections, which can lead to changes involving the level of oversight and focus on certain industries and corporate

entities. For example, as a federal government contractor, we maintain plans to ensure compliance with nondiscrimination and

regulatory requirements for qualified employees on the basis of gender, race, disability, and veteran status. Consequently, we may be

subject to executive orders and regulatory changes affecting various aspects of our operations, including compliance with

nondiscrimination plans. Any required elimination or modification of such plans in response to new executive orders could pose

challenges in hiring or retaining employees and may lead to other adverse operational impacts. Failure to comply with these

requirements could expose us to administrative, civil, or criminal liabilities, including fines, penalties, repayments, or suspension  or

debarment from eligibility for future U.S. government contracts.

The nature, timing, and economic and political effects of potential changes to the current legal and regulatory frameworks

affecting the life science industry, as well as the real estate industry in general, remain highly uncertain. For example, any proposals to

make changes related to U.S. tax law, including those related to Section 1031 Exchanges, may have a material adverse effect on our

business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects. From time to time, we dispose of properties in transactions

qualified as Section 1031 Exchanges. If the laws surrounding Section 1031 Exchanges were amended or repealed, we may not be able

to dispose of properties on a tax-deferred basis. In such a case, our earnings and profits and our taxable income would increase, which

could increase dividend income and reduce the return of capital to our stockholders. As a result, we may be required to pay additional

dividends to stockholders, or, if we do not pay additional dividends, our corporate income tax liability could increase and we may be

subject to interest and penalties.

Similarly, changes in federal policy that affect the geopolitical landscape could give rise to circumstances outside our control

that could have negative impacts on our business operations. During the prior Trump administration, increased tariffs were implemented

on goods imported into the U.S., particularly from China, Canada, and Mexico. As China was and is a major global exporter of steel,

solar panels, and aluminum, the tariffs on these specific imports led to a trade war between not only the U.S. and China, but also

between the U.S. and the international community. Other countries, including China, Canada, and the EU, implemented retaliatory

tariffs in response to these policies on U.S. goods. In early 2025, President Trump imposed additional tariffs on certain exports from

Canada, Mexico, and China. These and similar types of trade policies could lead to issues with global supply chains on a

macroeconomic scale, including steel, pharmaceuticals, and construction equipment, all of which are critical to our and our tenant’s

businesses. For example, several of our largest tenants are European companies whose U.S. business operations could be directly

impacted by the tariffs on the EU due to increased costs on operations and supply chains. Similarly, many of our tenants are in the

pharmaceutical industry. As China is a global leader in the market for active pharmaceutical ingredients, the imposition of tariffs,

especially at such unprecedented rates, could potentially raise the cost of generic drugs in the U.S., which would in turn have direct

consequences on our tenants in the pharmaceutical industry. Such tariffs and changes to U.S. trade policy previously had, and in the

future could, lead to further adverse effects on the U.S. domestic economy and our or our tenant’s businesses.

Terrorist attacks may have an adverse impact on our business and operating results and could decrease the value of

our assets.

Terrorist attacks such as those that took place on September 11, 2001, could have a material adverse impact on our business,

our operating results, and the market price of our common stock. Future foreign or domestic terrorist attacks may result in declining

economic activity, which could reduce the demand for, and the value of, our properties. To the extent that any future foreign or domestic

terrorist attacks impact our tenants, their businesses similarly could be adversely affected, including their ability to continue to honor

their lease obligations.

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of information technology system failures.

Despite system redundancy, the implementation of security measures, and the existence of a disaster recovery plan for our

internal information technology systems, our systems are vulnerable to damages from any number of sources, including computer

viruses, unauthorized access, energy blackouts, natural disasters, terrorism, war, and telecommunications failures. Any system failure

or accident that causes interruptions in our operations could result in a material disruption to our business. We may also incur additional

significant costs to remedy damages caused by such disruptions.

Short sellers may engage in manipulative activity intended to drive down the market price of our common stock,

which could result in a material diversion of our management’s time and may also lead to related governmental or regulatory

inquiries or other legal actions, among other effects.

Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed or intends to borrow from

a third party with the intention of subsequently buying lower-priced identical securities to return to the lender. Accordingly, it is in the

interest of a short seller to want the price of our common stock to decline. At any time, short sellers may publish, or arrange for the

dissemination of, opinions, or characterizations that are intended to create negative market momentum, including through the use of

social media. In light of the recent proliferation of generative AI tools and large language models, there is also a risk that the

dissemination of such opinions, characterizations or disinformation may negatively impact the conclusions that these tools and models

draw about our business and prospects.

Short selling reports may potentially lead to increased volatility in an issuer’s stock price and to regulatory and governmental

inquiries. In June 2023, a short seller published reports that contained certain negative and false allegations regarding our business and

financial prospects. Regardless of merit, these allegations and false statements may spread quickly and diminish confidence in our

business, financial prospects, or reputation. As a result, maintaining or reinforcing our reputation may require us to devote significant

resources to refuting incorrect or misleading allegations, pursuing or defending related legal actions, or engaging in other activities that

could be costly, time consuming, or unsuccessful. Additionally, any potential inquiry or formal investigation from a governmental

organization or other regulatory body, including an inquiry from the SEC, arising from the presence of such allegations could result in a

material diversion of our management’s time and may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We hold a portion of our cash and cash equivalents in deposit accounts that could be adversely affected if the

financial institutions holding such deposits fail.

We maintain our cash and cash equivalents at insured financial institutions. The combined account balances at each institution

periodically substantially exceed the FDIC insurance coverage of $250,000 , and, as a result, there is a concentration of credit risk

related to amounts in excess of FDIC insurance coverage. As such, we may be subject to a risk of loss or delay in accessing all or a

portion of our funds exceeding the FDIC insurance coverage, which could adversely impact our short-term liquidity, ability to operate our

business, and financial performance.

Any or all of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash

flows, or the market price of our common stock. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us, or that we presently deem

to be immaterial, may also have potential to materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto under

“ Item 15. Exhibits and financial statement schedules ” in this annual report on Form 10-K. Forward-looking statements involve inherent

risks and uncertainties regarding events, conditions, and financial trends that may affect our future plans of operations, business

strategy, results of operations, and financial position. A number of important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from

those included within or contemplated by such forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, those described within this “ Item

7. Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations ” in this annual report on Form 10-K. We do not

undertake any responsibility to update any of these factors or to announce publicly any revisions to any of the forward-looking

statements contained in this or any other document, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

As used in this annual report on Form 10-K, references to the “Company,” “Alexandria,” “ARE,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to

Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Executive summary

Operating results

Year Ended December 31,

Net (loss) income attributable to Alexandria’s common stockholders – diluted:

In millions

Per share

Funds from operations attributable to Alexandria’s common stockholders – diluted, as adjusted:

In millions

Per share

For additional information, refer to “ Funds from operations and funds from operations, as adjusted, attributable to Alexandria

Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders ” under “ Definitions and reconciliations ” and to the tabular presentation of these items

in “ Results of operations ” in Item 7 in this annual report on Form 10-K.

A best-in-class REIT with a high-quality, diverse tenant base, strong margins, and long lease terms

(As of December 31, 2025 , unless stated otherwise)

Occupancy of operating properties in North America

Percentage of total annual rental revenue in effect from Megacampus platform

Percentage of total annual rental revenue in effect from investment-grade or publicly traded large cap tenants

Adjusted EBITDA margin for the three months ended December 31, 2025

Percentage of leases containing annual rent escalations

Weighted-average remaining lease term:

Top 20 tenants

years

All tenants

years

Strong tenant collections for the three months ended December 31, 2025 :

Tenant rents and receivables for the three months ended December 31, 2025 collected as of the date of this

report

Solid leasing volume

• Leasing volume aggregating 4.2 million RSF for the year ended December 31, 2025 .

• Leasing of previously vacant space aggregating 393,376 RSF, up 98% , over the quarterly average over the last five

quarters.

• Rental rates on lease renewals and re-leasing of space increased by 7.0% and 3.5% (cash basis) for the year ended

December 31, 2025 .

• 82% of our leasing activity in 2025 was generated from our existing tenant base.

Lease renewals and re-leasing of space:

Rental rate changes

Rental rate changes (cash basis)

RSF

Leasing of previously vacant space – RSF

Leasing of development and redevelopment space – RSF

Total leasing activity – RSF

Key operating metrics

• T otal revenues of $3.03 billion , down 2.9% , f or the year ended December 31, 2025 , compared to $3.12 billion f or the year

ended December 31, 2024 . Excluding dispositions completed after January 1, 2024 , total revenues would have increased by

2.3% for the year ended December 31, 2025 .

• Net operating income (cash basis) of $1.98 billion for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $1.7 million , or 0.1% ,

compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 .

• Change in net operating income (cash basis) includes the impact of operating properties disposed of after January 1,

2024 . Excluding these dispositions, net operating income (cash basis) for the year ended December 31, 2025 would have

increased by 6.2% compared to 2024 .

• Same property net operating income decreased by 3.5% and increased by 0.9% (cash basis) for the year ended

December 31, 2025 , compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 .

• 92.5% same properties’ average occupancy for the year ended December 31, 2025 , compared to 95.2% average

occupancy for the year ended December 31, 2024 .

Continued successful management and reduction of general and administrative expenses

• General and administrative expenses as a percentage of net operating income for the year ended December 31, 2025 were

5.6% —the lowest level in the past ten years for the Company and approximately half the average of other S&P 500 REITs. In

2025 , we realized cost reductions of $51.3 million , or 30% , compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 , primarily from

cost-control and efficiency initiatives. Some of these cost savings are temporary in nature, and we anticipate that

approximately half of the cost reduction achieved in 2025 will continue in 2026 .

• Compared to the general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 , we expect to achieve a

savings of $76 million of cumulative general and administrative expense in 2025 and 2026 based upon the midpoint of our

guidance range for 2026 general and administrative expenses.

Dividend strategy to share net cash flows from operating activities with stockholders while retaining a significant portion for reinvestment

• Common stock dividend declared of $0.72 per share for the three months ended December 31, 2025 , representing a 45%

reduction from the quarterly dividend declared of $1.32 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 .

• The decision to reduce the declared dividend per common share reflects our commitment to maintaining the strength of our

balance sheet, enhancing financial flexibility, and preserving liquidity of approximately $410 million on an annual basis, which

will be used to support our 2026 capital plan.

• Significant net cash flows provided by operating activities after dividends retained for reinvestment aggregating $2.36 billion for

the years ended December 31, 2021 through 2025 .

• Dividend yield of 5.9% as of December 31, 2025 and dividend payout ratio of 33% for the three months ended December 31,

Successful execution of Alexandria’s capital recycling strategy

We exceeded the midpoint of our 2025 guidance for dispositions and sales of partial interests by completing $1.81 billion of

funding, primarily from sales of non-core assets and land, as well as sales to owner/users. During the three months ended December

31, 2025 , we completed $1.47 billion of dispositions. As of December 31, 2025 , the book value of our real estate assets designated as

held for sale aggregated $581.7 million . We expect to sell these assets in 2026. Refer to “Dispositions and sales of partial interests” in

Item 2 in this annual report Form 10-K for additional details.

(in millions)

Sales Price

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025

During the three months ended December 31, 2025

Total 2025 dispositions and sales of partial interests (1)

Types of dispositions during the year ended December 31, 2025 (1)

% of Sales Price

Land

Non-stabilized properties

Stabilized properties

Total 2025 dispositions

(1) Excludes the exchange of partial interests in two consolidated real estate joint ventures, Pacific Technology Park and 199 East Blaine Street, during the three months

ended September 30, 2025.

Increased occupancy and leasing progress on temporary vacancy

Operating occupancy as of September 30, 2025

Assets with vacancy designated as held for sale during the three months ended December 31, 2025

Early termination of one lease aggregating 170,618 RSF at 259 East Grand Avenue in South San Francisco, originally

set to expire in 2027, which is already fully re-leased to a multinational pharmaceutical tenant with occupancy

expected to commence in 2H26

Reclassification of 401 Park Avenue from redevelopment to operating upon our decision to pursue leasing as office

space rather than convert to laboratory space

Other changes in occupancy, primarily due to the commencement of leases during 4Q25

Operating occupancy as of December 31, 2025

Key vacant space leased with future delivery

Operating occupancy as of December 31, 2025 , including leased but not yet delivered space

(1) Refer to “Projected results” in item 7 for key considerations on guidance for the three months ending March 31, 2026.

(2) Represents temporary vacancies as of December 31, 2025 aggregating 899,259 RSF, primarily in the Greater Boston, San Francisco Bay Area, and Seattle markets,

that are leased and expected to be occupied upon completion of building and/or tenant improveme nts. The weighted-average expected delivery date is approximately

August 2026 and the expected annual rental revenue is approximately $52 million .

Reduction of capital spend and funding needs

• During the three months ended December 31, 2025, we reduced future construction funding requirements across our active

pipeline by: i) selling or designating three projects as held for sale and ii) pivoting one project to a lower investment strategy;

enabling us to redeploy future construction savings and sale proceeds into opportunities aligned with our long‑term

Megacampus ™ strategy .

• We r educed the overall size of our future construction funding needs on current development and redevelopment projects

by more than $300 million over the next few years.

• 3% reduction in non-income-producing assets to 17% as a percentage of gross assets .

• We are evaluating business strategy for four additional projects.

Alexandria’s development and redevelopment pipeline delivered incremental annual net operating income of $10 million , commencing

during the three months ended December 31, 2025 , with an additional $97 million of incremental annual net operating income

anticipated to deliver by 4Q26 primarily from projects that are 86% leased/negotiating .

• During the three months ended December 31, 2025 , we placed into service one development project aggregating 139,979

RSF that is 100% occupied at 10075 Barnes Canyon Road in our Sorrento Mesa submarket and delivered incremental annual

net operating income of $10 million .

• Annual net operating income (cash basis) from recently delivered projects is expected to increase by $26 million upon the

burn-off of initial free rent, which has a weighted-average remaining period of approximately six months .

• 77% of the RSF in our total development and redevelopment pipeline is within our Megacampus ecosystems.

(dollars in millions)

Incremental

Annual Net

Operating Income

RSF

Leased/Negotiating

Percentage

Expected to be placed into service:

Fiscal year 2026

Fiscal years 2027 - 2028

Projects under business strategy evaluation:

Fiscal years 2026-2028

(1) Includes expected partial deliveries through 2026 from projects expected to stabilize in 2027-2028, including speculative future leasing that is not yet fully

committed. Refer to the initial and stabilized occupancy years under “New Class A/A+ development and redevelopment properties: current projects” in Item 2 for

additional information.

(2) Represents the RSF of projects expected to stabilize in 2026 . Does not include RSF for partial deliveries through 2026 from projects expected to stabilize in

(3) Represents the current leased/negotiating percentage of development and redevelopment projects that are expected to stabilize through 2026 .

Trends that may affect our future results

Currently identified key market trends and uncertainties that had or may have a negative effect on our business are discussed

below. Although we seek to minimize the risks posed by these trends and uncertainties as discussed in the mitigating factors section

below, there can be no assurance that these measures will be successful in preventing material impacts on our future results of

operations, financial position, and cash flows. Refer to “Item 1A. Risk factors” in this annual report on Form 10-K for discussion of

additional risks we face.

New supply and reduced demand for life science space may continue to negatively affect our rental rates, occupancy, and

operating results.

• Influx of supply . During and after the COVID-19 pandemic, the shift toward hybrid and remote work arrangements as well as

exceptionally strong demand for life science space, driven by public health urgency and supported by historically low interest

rates, prompted certain office and other real estate investors to repurpose underutilized office spaces into laboratory facilities,

initiating a wave of new development activity across the sector. Our success and the success of other laboratory operators

prompted new and existing developers to commence speculative redevelopment and/or development laboratory projects in

anticipation of demand for such facilities. These conversion and speculative development projects have contributed to a

significant influx of new laboratory properties in our top three markets—Greater Boston, San Diego, and the San Francisco

Bay Area. Life science real estate availability in these top markets—measured as the percentage of life-science RSF available

relative to total life-science RSF— rose to approximately 29% during the year ended December 31, 2025 , from approximately

4% in 2021 . This surge created supply that materially exceeded current demand. As pandemic-driven urgency faded, the

amount of available space became the dominant factor influencing tenant activity, with absorption unable to match the influx of

supply.

• Decrease in demand . Adding to these challenges, life science tenant demand—after reaching historically high levels in 2021—

has moderated significantly. The average tenant demand, measured by life-science tenants’ RSF requirements, has declined

by more than 60% during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 2021 across our top three markets: Greater

Boston, San Francisco Bay Area, and San Diego. This reflected a shift from extraordinary tenant demand driven by pandemic-

related urgency to levels more consistent with historical pre-pandemic norms, particularly those observed during 2016-2018.

Importantly, this shift occurred amid substantially higher available supply, as discussed above, further negatively impacting

occupancy in top markets.

Exacerbating the recent demand trend, the life science industry faced an unusual convergence of macroeconomic, regulatory,

policy, and political challenges in 2025, all of which are critical facets of the life science industry. These included consequential

shifts in  leadership at the Health and Human Services agency (“HHS”), tariff-related measures, operational, leadership, and

staff disruptions at the NIH and the FDA, threatened reductions in NIH funding of biomedical research and proposals to limit

NIH funding of indirect grant costs, heightened scrutiny of pharmaceutical pricing, and increased global competition from

China, discussed below. Collectively, these factors, including those described below, increased uncertainty, leading tenants to

potentially defer leasing commitments and expansion decisions pending greater clarity. As a result, absorption of available

space has been notably slower.

◦ Prolonged biotech bear market and capital constraints. The life science sector experienced the fifth consecutive year

of a broad-based biotech bear market in 2025. Life science venture capital fundraising declined to its lowest level since

2016, reducing overall levels of capital venture funds available to deploy in the future. Life science venture funds also

continue to be highly risk averse, focusing investments on clinical-stage and asset based opportunities that may not drive

significant labspace needs. The initial public offering market for biotech companies has remained largely closed,

eliminating a key source of liquidity and growth capital. Elevated interest rates have further constrained access to debt

and equity financing. These factors have slowed company formation, reduced headcount growth, and delayed laboratory

expansion decisions, directly impacting leasing demand for specialized life science space.

◦ Regulatory and policy factors affecting absorption. At the same time, the regulatory environment experienced

significant disruption. The FDA saw more than 50% turnover in senior leadership during the first half of 2025,

accompanied by employee layoffs and a number of  delays in regulatory review decisions. Changing expectations related

to clinical trial requirements and flexibility for rare diseases with large unmet need created additional uncertainty around

development timelines for certain regulated products. These conditions have reduced some tenants’ near-term confidence

in expansion and capital investment decisions.

Biomedical research institutions have faced increased uncertainty around federal funding policies throughout 2025. The

proposed 15% c ap on NIH institutional indirect grant spending, which was recently upheld as unlawful by an appellate

court, raised concerns for biomedical research institutions about the ability to recover infrastructure and operating costs,

which materially constrained incremental real estate demand among certain federally supported entities.

Further, government actions aimed at reducing U.S. prescription drug prices have heightened uncertainty regarding future

returns on pharmaceutical and biotechnology investments. This has weighed on risk appetite across the sector and

constrained investment into some areas of research and development. As a result, some tenants have delayed or scaled

back expansion plans, reducing leasing activity and occupancy levels.

At the same time, global competition for life science research has intensified, with certain foreign markets, especially

China, rapidly gaining ground as biotechnology leaders through centralized funding and faster regulatory timelines.

Coupled with immigration-related restrictions implemented in the U.S. during 2025 that limit access to international

research talent, these policy actions not only affect current activities but also pose a significant threat to the long-term

viability of the U.S. biomedical industry. The cumulative effect of these developments may significantly reduce tenant

demand for U.S. life science real estate. Refer to “Item 1A. Risk factors” in this annual report on Form 10-K for more

information.

• Impact on our business . The surge in supply and decrease in demand have led to industry-wide elevated vacancy rates,

slower leasing activity, lower rental rates, higher lease concessions, and increased competition for tenants. Our operating

occupancy declined from 94.6% as of December 31, 2024 to 90.9% as of December 31, 2025 , and we project our operating

occupancy to decline further to approximately 88.5% as of December 31, 2026 , representing the midpoint of our guidance

range for occupancy percentage in North America as of December 31, 2026.

To remain competitive, we have realized lower rental rate changes on renewed and re-leased spaces and have offered more

tenant improvement allowances or additional tenant concessions, including free rent, to retain existing tenants, or attract new

tenants. We project the decline in rental rates to continue into 2026 . Furthermore, to maintain long-term tenant relationships

and sustain occupancy levels within our core assets, our existing operating properties may require additional revenue- and

non-revenue-enhancing capital expenditures earlier than typically expected.

The table below reflects a trend of increasing revenue- and non-revenue-enhancing capital expenditures, including tenant

improvement expenditures over the last several years. The table also presents the trend, on a per RSF basis, of increasing

tenant improvements, leasing commissions, and free rent concessions, and of decreasing growth in rental rates related to our

renewed/re-leased spaces, and decreases in our operating occupancy (dollars in thousands, except per RSF amounts):

Revenue- and

Non-Revenue-

Enhancing

Capital

Expenditures

Tenant

Improvements/

Leasing

Commissions

per RSF

Free Rent

Concessions per

Annum

(leases executed in

trailing 12 months)

Rental Rate

Increases

(on renewed/

re-leased

spaces)

Operating

Occupancy

(as of each

period end)

0.6 months

0.7 months

1.5 months

Midpoint of 2026 guidance range

Additionally, we have key lease expirations with expected downtime in 2026, primarily in the Greater Boston, San Francisco

Bay Area, and San Diego markets, aggregating 1.2 million RSF with a weighted-average lease expiration date of April 2026 .

These spaces are expected to become vacant at lease expiration and re-leased to new tenants. We expect downtime on the

1.2 million  RSF to range approximately 6 – 24 months on a weighted-average basis. In addition, we have identified 1.2 million

RSF of lease expirations that are expected to have significant downtime in 2027. H owever, considering elevated new

laboratory supply in these markets, there can be no assurance that we will be able to re-lease some or all of this space on

acceptable terms, without significant capital expenditures, or within anticipated time frames, even at reduced rates.

As of December 31, 2025 , we anticipate that 2.3 million RSF of our projects undergoing construction will be placed into service

from 2026 through 2028 and will generate $220 million in future incremental annual net operating income. These projects are

64% leased or under lease negotiations as of December 31, 2025 . Furthermore, we have additional 1.2 million RSF of projects

under construction expected to be delivered through 2028 , which are 8% leased or under lease negotiations . For these

projects, we are evaluating business strategy, including continuing construction, selling, or pausing development or

redevelopment. If we decide to sell or pause, such actions could be dilutive to our funds from operations and operating

metrics.

Landlord-funded tenant improvement allowances have increased significantly for first-generation space, including development

and redevelopment projects, with most space in shell condition requiring landlords to fund the full build-out cost. This trend

places additional pressure on projected returns and overall economics, and further challenges our ability to attract and secure

tenants for the remaining unleased RSF related to these projects at the expected rates, or at all, which could result in a

shortfall or delay in the commencement of the projected incremental annual net operating income.

Unfavorable macroeconomic and capital market conditions may continue to adversely affect the value of our real estate and

non-real estate portfolios, which could result in additional significant impairments and may impact our ability to raise capital

efficiently to further our business objectives.

The effective execution of our development and redevelopment activities is contingent on access to capital required to fund

these projects. Our construction spending in 2025 aggregated $1.44 billion . We expect funding for construction spending in

2026 to aggregate $1.75 billion at the midpoint of our 2026 guidance range for construction spending . This includes significant

remaining construction costs to complete our active pipeline and anticipated increases in both revenue- and non-revenue-

enhancing capital expenditures in our operating portfolio. As a result, our capital plan and leverage management strategy have

increased our reliance on real estate dispositions and sales of partial interests to generate capital. However, current real estate

market conditions, including lower property valuations and increased capitalization rates, will likely adversely affect the timing

and pricing of such transactions.

• Lower property valuations and increased capitalization rates . A portion of our projected construction spending and other uses

of capital is expected to be funded through dispositions and sales of partial interests in core and non-core real estate assets.

Real estate investments are generally less liquid than many other investment types, which can present challenges in selling

our properties in a timely manner or at desirable prices, especially in an environment of oversupply.

In addition to the factors discussed above specifically affecting demand for life science space, broader real estate demand as

well has been impacted by macroeconomic conditions, particularly elevated interest rates. Following the onset of the

COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. Federal Reserve reduced the federal funds target range to 0% – 0.25% in March 2020 and

maintained that near-zero range until March 2022. To address inflation concerns, the U.S. Federal Reserve then increased the

target range rapidly, reaching 5.25% – 5.50% in July 2023, where it remained for an extended period. Although the U.S. Federal

Reserve reduced the federal funds target range to 4.25% – 4.50% during 2024, and to 3.50% – 3.75% during 2025, interest rates

remain elevated. This could continue to limit access to debt and/or equity financing for prospective buyers of real estate

assets. All other aspects being equal, such challenges for buyers lead to an excess of properties available for sale, which

exerts downward pressure on property valuations and elevates capitalization rates, adversely impacting the sales proceeds we

can generate from our real estate asset sales.

The oversupply, discussed above, combined with high interest rates and reduced market liquidity, has contributed to a

prolonged period of lower property valuations and higher capitalization rates, resulting in significant real estate impairments

and making it more challenging to execute asset sales within the expected timelines and at favorable pricing. In 2026 , we

expect to complete dispositions and sales of partial interests of approximately $2.90 billion at the midpoint of our 2026

guidance range. However, we may not be able to achieve this and/or other targets disclosed in our 2026 guidance as a result

of the uncertainties discussed in this “Trends that may affect our future results” section as well as in “Item 1A. Risk factors” in

this annual report on Form 10-K.

The table below presents total dispositions and a trend of increasing impairments of real estate and capitalization rates

associated with dispositions and sales of partial interests in our real estate assets over the last several years (dollars in

thousands), which is partly attributable to the quality of core and non-core assets we sold during each period. There is no

assurance that this upward trend will stabilize or reverse in the future.

Aggregate Sales Price of

Dispositions and Sales of

Partial Interests

Impairment of

Real Estate

Capitalization

Rates (1)

Capitalization

Rates

(Cash Basis) (1)

Midpoint of 2026 guidance range

(1) Capitalization rates are calculated only for stabilized operating assets sold. Refer to “Capitalization rates” under “ Definitions and reconciliations ” in Item 7 for

additional information.

(2) Represents the weighted-average capitalization rate for stabilized operating assets sold in 2025, which accounted for only 20% of the aggregate sales price

of dispositions and sales of partial interests in 2025.

(3) We are not able to forecast for future periods without unreasonable effort and therefore do not provide on a forward-looking basis. This is due to the inherent

difficulty of forecasting the timing and/or amount of items that depend on market conditions outside of our control.

For additional information about our dispositions and real estate impairments recognized in 2025, refer to “ Sales of real estate

assets and impairment of real estate ” in Note 3 – “Investments in real estate” to our consolidated financial statements in Item

15 in this annual report on Form 10-K.

During the year ended December 31, 2025 , we completed dispositions with our share of an aggregate sales price of

$1.81 billion . For 2026 , we have established a disposition program with expected sales of approximately $2.90 billion at the

midpoin t of our 2026 guidance for real estate dispositions and sales of partial interests.

• As of December 31, 2025 , we committed to dispose in 2026 of certain assets with an aggregate book value of

$581.7 million as of December 31, 2025 . These assets are classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2025 , having

met the criteria for such classification during the year. Accordingly, we recognized related impairment charges aggregating

$910.7 million related to assets classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2025 , which are included in the $2.20 billion

of total impairment of real estate presented in our consolidated statement of operations for 2025 .

• To achieve the midpoint of our 2026 guidance range of $2.90 billion for dispositions and sales of partial interests , we

continue to evaluate a significant number of disposition targets, including non-core operating properties, both stabilized

and unstabilized, and land parcels. Under U.S. GAAP, real estate assets are evaluated for impairment upon indication of

potential impairment.

◦ For real estate assets held and used, impairments are recognized if the sum of expected future undiscounted cash

flows, including estimated proceeds from eventual disposition, is less than the carrying amount. In such cases, the

carrying amount is reduced to estimated fair value.

◦ For real estate assets held for sale, impairments are recognized if fair value less costs to sell is less than the carrying

amount. In evaluating potential disposition targets, we apply a probability-weighted approach and in each case, no

impairment charge is currently required.

However, if these assets meet the criteria for classification as held for sale during 2026 , we may incur material real estate

impairments in 2026 . For additional information on accounting for real estate impairments, refer to “Impairment of long-

lived assets” in Note 2 – “Summary of significant accounting policies” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15.

We expect to substantially complete our large-scale non-core asset sales program in 2026. As of December 31, 2025 ,

78% of our annual rental revenue is from our Megacampus platform, and we expect this percentage to continue to grow

over time, in part through our disposition program.

• Increased cost and limited availability of capital. In 2026 , we expect to reduce our outstanding debt by approximately

$1.68 billion , at the midpoint of our 2026 guidance range. Our current debt repayment priorities include repaying existing short-

term borrowings, including amounts outstanding on our commercial paper program, repaying our $650 million unsecured

senior notes payable maturing in 2026 (of which $300 million was repaid in January 2026 upon maturity), using proceeds from

our dispositions , and potentially repaying other unsecured senior notes payable, including those maturing in 2027. These

expectations assume that we are able to execute our planned real estate dispositions and partial interest sales on acceptable

terms. If we are unable to sell real estate assets at our targeted prices or within our expected timeframes, we may need to

reduce the projected amount of debt repayment, delay the timing of such repayment, and/or increase our reliance on additional

debt financing to fund the approximately $1.75 billion of construction spending, based on the midpoint of our 2026 guidance

range . Elevated interest rates may result in debt financing options that are costlier, less accessible, or even unavailable,

potentially limiting our ability to complete our development and redevelopment projects on schedule and thereby delaying our

expected incremental annual net operating income generation.

The table below reflects interest rates related to unsecured senior notes payable that we have issued over the last several

years (dollars in thousands). There is no assurance that high debt costs will not continue into the future.

Debt Issued

Interest Rate (1)

(1) Includes amortization of loan fees, amortization of debt premiums (discounts), and other bank fees.

• Capitalized interest. O ur capitalized interest w as $330 million in 2025 . During 2025 , we focused on completing our projects

under construction that were highly leased. Additionally, we invested in our future pipeline to maximize value and to position

the sites for future vertical construction based on our expectation at that time of increased future demand for these projects.

Refer to “ Capitalized interest ” under “ Definitions and reconciliations ” in Item 7 in this annual report on Form 10-K for additional

information.

The table below presents gross interest expense, capitalized interest, and interest expense for the last several years (in

thousands).

Gross Interest Expense

Capitalized Interest

Interest Expense

Midpoint of 2026 guidance range

For 2026 , we expect capitalized interest of approximately $250 million at the midpoint of our guidance range. The decrease

compared to 2025 reflects our decisions, in light of current market conditions, to re-evaluate certain projects including to cease

or pause certain pre-construction activities on land and on uncommitted projects to conserve capital as well as to dispose of

certain assets. As a result, we expect our interest expense to increase to approximately $255 million (at the midpoint of our

2026 guidance range) in 2026 from $227 million in 2025 . The challenging macroeconomic environment discussed above, has

necessitated and may continue to necessitate a reevaluation of our plans. These conditions could lead to a temporary

suspension of our construction projects, delay of future projects, or sale of non-income-producing properties. This could result

in a further decline in our capitalized interest for 2026 and beyond below our current projections, and a further increase in

interest expense recognized in our consolidated statement of operations.

• Volatility in non-real estate investments . We hold strategic investments in publicly traded companies and privately held entities

primarily involved in the life science industry. These investments are subject to market and sector-specific risks that can

substantially affect their valuation. Like many other industries, the life science industry is susceptible to macroeconomic

challenges, such as ongoing economic uncertainty and a tighter capital environment. These factors may lead to increased

volatility in the valuation of our non-real estate investments.

In such a challenging environment, distributions from our investments — which we may receive as dividends, as liquidation

distributions from our investments in limited partnerships, or as a result of mergers and acquisitions that lead to our privately

held investees being acquired by other entities — may be limited and could result in lower realized gains. Gross unrealized

gains related to our non-real estate investments held as of December 31, 2025 , December 31, 2024 , and December 31, 2023

aggregated to $184.4 million , $228.1 million , and $320.4 million , respectively. We may not receive distributions from our

investments or otherwise may face difficulties in monetizing our non-real estate investments at optimal prices, and there can

be no assurance that we will be able to realize gains in the future. In periods with limited or no realized gains, our FFO per

share, as adjusted, may be adversely affected.

For the year ended December 31, 2025 , we recognized $115.7 million in realized gains on non-real estate investments and are

projecting realized gains of $75 million in 2026 at the midpoint of our guidance range. The table below presents components of

investment income (loss) on our non-real estate investments (in thousands):

Non-Real Estate Investments

Realized Gains

Significant

Realized Losses

Impairments

Unrealized

(Losses) Gains

Investment

Loss

Midpoint of 2026 guidance

range

(1) In November 2025, we contributed certain publicly traded securities to an unconsolidated joint venture, which resulted in a realized loss o f $103.3 million on

one transaction that was previously reflected as unrealized losses within investment income in our consolidated statement of operations. The unconsolidated

joint venture sold these securities an d distributed $39.9 million to us in December 2025 .

(2) We are not able to forecast investment income (loss) of future periods without unreasonable effort and therefore do not provide on a forward-looking basis.

This is due to the inherent difficulty of forecasting the timing and/or amount of items that depend on market conditions outside of our control.

Unfavorable market conditions could also lead to additional impairments of our investments in privately held entities that do not

report NAV per share, as well as other‑than‑temporary impairments of our non‑real‑estate investments accounted for under the

equity method .

The realization of any of the aforementioned risks could have a material adverse impact on our revenues and operating

performance, including but not limited to our income from rentals, net operating income, results of operations, funds from operations,

operating margins, initial stabilized yields (unlevered) on new or existing construction projects, occupancy, EPS, FFO per share, FFO

per share, as adjusted, and net cash provided by operating activities. These impacts could decrease Adjusted EBITDA, adversely

impacting our key metrics such as our Adjusted EBITDA margin and net debt and preferred stock to Adjusted EBITDA and fixed-

charge coverage ratios, as well as our credit ratings and credit rating outlooks. To preserve liquidity and mitigate an increase to our net

debt and preferred stock to Adjusted EBITDA ratio that may be caused by potential declines in Adjusted EBITDA, we may seek

additional capital by pursuing additional sales of real and non-real estate assets, or through equity offerings, which could be dilutive to

existing stockholders. A reduction in earnings and/or net cash provided by operating activities could potentially necessitate or make

advisable a reduction in our dividends per share, as determined by our board of directors. Any of the foregoing could further negatively

affect our business and the market value of our common stock.

• Mitigating factors:

• Reinforcing the Megacampus platform as our core growth engine. We believe our Megacampus ecosystems

represent the most competitive segment of the life science real estate market. Our Megacampus ecosystems are large-

scale (each over one million RSF in aggregate), clustered environments located in the most critical life science innovation

hubs, designed to meet the evolving needs of the world’s leading scientific and technological organizations. This proximity

is a key driver of tenant demand. These campuses are used in two distinct ways: (i) to house the research operations of

our tenants and (ii) to recruit and retain the best talent available from a limited pool, which underscores why their scale,

strategic design, and location are critical. With our Megacampus ecosystems, we aim to provide a superior set of

amenities, services, and access to transit. With inspiring design and people-centric amenities, we believe these campuses

enhance our tenants’ confidence in using these spaces as effective recruiting tools. In contrast, we believe that a

significant amount of the competitive supply in the market today consists of isolated facilities that provide operational

space but lack the scale and strategic design that our Megacampus ecosystems deliver.

Our Megacampus ecosystems, which offer both high visibility and a clear path for growth, are designed for scalability to

accommodate our tenants’ growth. Our future development and redevelopment projects aggregate 21.6 million RSF as of

December 31, 2025 , of which 77% is concentrated within our Megacampus ecosystems. Their strategic locations and path

for growth serve as powerful incentives for tenants to lease space from us.

We believe our Megacampus strategy represents our most powerful competitive advantage in an oversupplied market.

This approach has enabled us to capture an outsized share of leasing demand across core life science markets, even as

overall supply has increased. The strength of this strategy is reflected in the 2025 performance metrics below, achieved

despite challenging macroeconomic, regulatory, policy, and political environments:

• Leasing volume aggregating 4.2 million RSF for the year ended December 31, 2025 .

• Weighted-average lease term of 11.9 years for leases executed during the year ended December 31, 2025 .

• In July 2025, we executed the largest life science lease in Company history with a long-standing multinational

pharmaceutical tenant for a 16-year build-to-suit lease expansion aggregating 466,598 RSF on the Campus

Point by Alexandria Megacampus in our University Town Center submarket .

• During 2023-2025, our leasing volume in Greater Boston, the San Francisco Bay Area, and San Diego

represented approximately 94% of the combined leasing volume of the five largest life science real estate owners

in those markets (by RSF leased).

• Rental rates on lease renewals and re-leasing of space increased by 7.0% and 3.5% (cash basis) for the year ended

December 31, 2025 .

• Occupancy of 90.9% as of December 31, 2025 .

• 86% of development and redevelopment projects under construction that are expected to stabilize in 2026 are leased

or under lease negotiation, excluding one project for which we are evaluating business strategy.

• Expected incremental annual net operating income from projects anticipated to be placed into service from 2026 to

◦ $97 million from deliveries i n 2026 .

◦ $123 million from 2027 - 2028 deliveries.

◦ $113 million from 2026 - 2028 deliveries of additional four projects which are under business strategy

evaluation.

• Strength of our brand. As a recognized leader in the life science and real estate sectors, Alexandria has successfully

built a diverse and high-quality tenant base. Over the past three decades, we have fostered long-standing relationships

and strategic partnerships with our tenants, which have enabled us to maintain strong occupancy levels and leasing

volume, and growth in net operating income and cash flows and to effectively navigate through various economic cycles.

Key indicators of our brand strength include the following:

• In 2025 , 82% of our leasing activity was generated from our existing tenant base.

• As of December 31, 2025 , 84% of our top 20 tenant annual rental revenue was derived from investment-grade or

publicly traded large cap companies.

• Our tenant collections have remained consistently high, averaging 99.8% since the beginning of 2021 through

December 31, 2025 .

• Prudent financial management. Our strong and flexible balance sheet and prudent balance sheet management are key

factors in our ability to navigate macroeconomic uncertainties and capitalize on new opportunities. The strength of our

financial position is highlighted by several key indicators:

• Our significant liquidity of $5.30 billion as of December 31, 2025 provides us the flexibility to address our operational

needs and to pursue strategic opportunities.

• We expect to have the ability to self-fund a large portion of our capital requirements through the following expected

sources in 2026 :

• $525 million in net cash provided by operating activities after dividends, at the midpoint of our 2026 guidance

range.

• $137.0 million in capital contributions to fund construction expected from our existing consolidated real estate

joint venture partners from January 1, 2026 through 2027 and beyond .

• $2.90 billion from dispositions and sales of partial interests in real estate assets at the midpoint of our 2026

guidance range.

• As of December 31, 2025 , our credit ratings from S&P Global Ratings and Moody’s Ratings were BBB+ and Baa1 ,

respectively, which rank in the top 15% among all publicly traded U.S. REITs.

• Our net debt and preferred stock to Adjusted EBITDA ratio target is 5.6x to 6.2x for the fourth quarter of 2026

annualized.

• As of December 31, 2025 , our fixed-rate debt represents 97.2% of our total debt , which provides predictability in debt

servicing costs. Since 2021 , our quarter-end fixed-rate debt has averaged 96.7% .

• Our debt maturity schedule is well laddered, which provides us with financial flexibility and reduces short-term

refinancing risks. As of December 31, 2025 , only 11% of our debt matures through 2028 .

• As of December 31, 2025 , the weighted-average remaining term of our debt is 12.1 years , which is the longest

among S&P 500 REITs, and demonstrates our strategic approach to debt management and our focus on maintaining

manageable annual debt maturities.

• Operational excellence of our team. Alexandria focuses on operational excellence in the direct asset management and

operations of our Labspace ® asset base. Our assets management and operations team is composed of highly

experienced, educated, and professionally credentialed facilities specialists. This expertise, essential in ensuring a secure

and efficient environment for groundbreaking scientific research, has been cultivated and maintained over many years.

The demanding nature of laboratory-based scientific research requires strict adherence to safety standards set by local,

state, and federal regulatory bodies. Key compliance aspects include good manufacturing practices (“GMP”) and Clinical

Laboratory Improvement Amendments (“CLIA”) certifications, adherence to national biosafety level guidelines, proper

permitting and handling of hazardous waste generation and chemical storage, maintenance of safety stations, effective

management of ultra-low temperature freezers, and careful licensing and management of radioactive materials.

• Other mitigating factors

• Improvement in office market. The increase in demand for premium office space since 2024, primarily driven by the

technology sector, particularly companies focused on AI, absorbed some of the market’s supply previously anticipated

for life science use and is now being repositioned back into office space. High ceilings, improved ventilation systems,

and abundant natural light, which are all features of life science real estate, have become highly desirable, appealing

to office and advanced technologies tenants. We expect this trend may lead to the exit from the life science sector of

inexperienced life science real estate developers and expedite the resolution of the oversupply impacting the sector.

• Proactive reduction in capital spending and funding needs . To address higher capital costs and slower market

absorption, we implemented a disciplined reduction in construction spending. Based on the midpoints of our 2026

guidance, our average annual construction spending is expected to decline to approximately $1.74 billion for 2024–

2026, representing a reduction of approximately $1.02 billion , or 37% , compared to the 2021–2023 average . Our

2026 construction spending is primarily focused on:

• Leasing vacant space at operating properties

• Completing active committed construction projects

• Limiting future pipeline pre-construction activity

This strategy supports a more self-funded capital plan while preserving flexibility for future growth opportunities.

• Decrease in general and administrative expenses. Over the past several years, we have implemented comprehensive

measures to reduce our expenditures across our organization, including our general and administrative expenses, by

implementing a variety of cost-control and efficiency initiatives, including, but not limited to:

(•) Personnel-related matters, including:

• Reduction in headcount over the last two years.

• Restructuring of various compensation plans.

(•) Streamlining of business processes:

• Implementation of systems upgrades, process improvements, and smarter technology.

• Renegotiation of contracts related to legal, technology, and operational support services, and

elimination of redundancies through better alignment and consolidation of roles.

As a result, we have achieved the following outcomes:

• In 2025 , we reduced G&A expenses by 30% , or $51.3 million , c ompared to 2024 .

• We expect $76 million of cumulative savings in 2025 and 2026 (based upon the midpoint of our guidance

range for 2026 general and administrative expenses), compared to 2024.

• Our 2025 general and administrative expenses are only 5.6% of net operating income , the lowest level for

the Company in more than a decade, and approximately half the average of other S&P 500 REITs.

We believe the mitigating factors discussed above will help us manage prolonged market volatility while maintaining the

flexibility to act on strategic opportunities. Through disciplined execution of non-core asset recycling, targeted capital

allocation, continued focus on our Megacampus platform, moderated construction spending, and preservation of balance sheet

strength, we are building a resilient platform designed to deliver sustainable growth and value creation across multiple cycles.

We believe these actions position us to emerge from the current cycle in a position of strength.

Execution of capital strategy

2025 capital strategy

During 2025 , we continued to execute many of the long-term components of our capital strategy, as described below.

Maintained access to sources of capital strategically important to our long-term capital structure

• Generated significant net cash flows from operating activities.

• In 2025 , we funded $524.7 million of our equity capital needs with net cash provided by operating activities after

dividends, reduced by distributions to noncontrolling interests (excluding liquidating distributions from asset sales), and

excluding changes in operating assets and liabilities, as they represent timing differences.

• Successfully executed our 2025 capital strategy, primarily through strategic dispositions of non-core assets and land.

• In 2025 , real estate dispositions and sales of partial interests generated $1.81 billion of capital for investment into our

development and redevelopment projects.

• In February 2025, we issued $550.0 million of unsecured senior notes payable, due 2035 , with an interest rate of 5.50% .

Strong and flexible balance sheet with significant liquidity; top 15% credit rating ranking among all publicly traded U.S. REITs

• Net debt and preferred stock to Adjusted EBITDA of 5.7x a nd fixed-charge coverage ratio of 3.7x for the three months ended

December 31, 2025 , annualized.

• As of December 31, 2025 :

• Our credit ratings from S&P Global Ratings and Moody’s Ratings were BBB+ and Baa1 , respectively, which rank in the top

15% among all publicly traded U.S. RE ITs.

• Significant liquidity of $5.30 billion , or 3.7x of our debt maturities through 2028 .

• O nly 11% of our total debt matures through 2028 .

• 12.1 years weighted-average remaining term of debt, longest among S&P 500 REITs .

• Our fixed-rate debt represents 97.2% of our total debt , which provides predictability in debt servicing costs. Since 2021 ,

our quarter-end fixed-rate debt has averaged 96.7% .

• T otal debt and preferred stock to gross assets of 31% .

Key capital metrics as of or for the year ended December 31, 2025

• $20.75 billion in total market capitalization.

• $8.3 billion in total equity capitalization.

• Non-real estate investments aggregating $1.50 billion :

• Unrealized gains presented in our consolidated balance sheet were $133.4 million , comprising gross unrealized gains and

losses aggregating $184.4 million and $51.1 million , respectively.

• Investment loss of $56.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 presented in our consolidated statement of operations

consisted of $115.7 million of realized gains , $103.3 million from a significant realized loss on one transaction, $27.0 million of

unrealized gains , and $95.7 million of impairment charges.

2026 capital strategy

During 2026 , we intend to continue executing our capital strategy with a focus on the strength of our credit profile, which will

allow us to seek opportunities to improve our cost of capital and continue our disciplined approach to capital allocation. Consistent with

2025 , our capital strategy for 2026 includes the following elements:

• Allocate capital to Class A/A+ properties located in Megacampus ecosystems in AAA life science innovation clusters.

• Maintain prudent access to diverse sources of capital, which include net cash flows from operating activities after dividends,

strategic asset recycling through real estate disposition and partial interest sales, non-real estate investment sales, joint

venture capital, sales of equity, and other sources of capital.

• Prudently evaluate our dividend policy to share cash flows with investors while also retaining significant cash flows for

reinvestment.

• Focusing on opportunities to improve our credit profile.

• Maintain commitment to long-term capital to fund growth.

• Prudently ladder debt maturities and manage short-term variable-rate debt.

• Prudently manage non-real estate equity investments to support corporate-level investment strategies.

• Maintain a stable and flexible balance sheet with significant liquidity.

• Consider opportunistic repurchases, in privately negotiated transactions, of our common stock.

We expect to continue to maintain access to diverse sources of capital, including unsecured senior notes payable and secured

construction loans for our development and redevelopment projects from time to time. We expect to continue to maintain a significant

proportion of our net operating income on an unencumbered basis to allow for future flexibility for accessing both unsecured and

secured debt markets, although we expect traditional secured mortgage notes payable will remain a small component of our capital

structure. We intend to supplement our remaining capital needs with net cash flows from operating activities after dividends as well as

proceeds from real estate asset sales, partial interest sales, and equity capital. For further information, refer to “Projected results”,

“Sources of capital,” and “Uses of capital” in Item 7 in this annual report on Form 10-K. Our ability to meet our 2026 capital strategy

objectives and expectations will depend in part on capital market conditions, real estate market conditions, and other factors beyond our

control. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will be able to achieve these objectives and expectations. Refer to our

discussion of “ Forward-looking statements ” under Part I and “Item 1A. Risk factors” in this annual report on Form 10-K.

Operating summary

Same Property Performance:

Net Operating Income Changes

Rental Rate Growth:

Renewed/Re-Leased Space

Margins (1)

Favorable Lease Structure (2)

Operating

Adjusted EBITDA

Strategic Lease Structure by Owner and

Operator of Collaborative Megacampus Ecosystems

Increasing cash flows

Percentage of leases containing annual

rent escalations

Stable cash flows

Long-Duration Lease Terms (3)

Percentage of triple

net leases

9.7 Years

7.5 Years

Lower capex burden

Percentage of leases providing for the

recapture of capital expenditures

Top 20 Tenants

All Tenants

Net Debt and Preferred Stock

to Adjusted EBITDA (4)

Fixed-Charge Coverage Ratio (4)

Refer to “ Same properties ” and “ Definitions and reconciliations ” in Item 7 for additional details. “ Definitions and reconciliations ” contains the definitions of “Fixed-charge

coverage ratio,” “Net debt and preferred stock to Adjusted EBITDA,” and “Net operating income” and their respective reconciliations from the most directly comparable

financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP.

(1) For the three months ended December 31, 2025 .

(2) Percentages calculated based on our annual rental revenue in effect as of December 31, 2025 .

(3) Represents the weighted-average remaining term based on annual rental revenue in effect as of December 31, 2025 .

(4) Quarter annualized.

Climate change

We cannot predict the rate at which climate change will progress. However, the physical effects of climate change may

potentially have a material adverse effect on our properties, operations, and business. For example, most of our properties are located

along the east and west coasts of the U.S. and some of our properties are located in close proximity to shorelines. To the extent that

climate change impacts weather patterns, our markets could experience severe weather, including hurricanes, severe winter storms,

wildfires, droughts, and coastal flooding due to increases in storm intensity and rising sea levels. Over time, these conditions could

result in declining demand for space at our properties, delays in construction and resulting increased construction costs, or our inability

to operate the buildings at all. Climate change and severe weather may also have indirect effects on our business by increasing the

cost of, or decreasing the availability of, property insurance on terms we find acceptable, and by increasing the costs of energy,

maintenance, repair of water and/or wind damage, and snow removal at our properties.

We are monitoring considerations such as shifting market demands and regulation. Numerous states and municipalities have

adopted state and local laws and policies on climate change, including climate disclosures and emission reduction targets impacting the

building sector. For example, the State of California enacted legislation requiring certain companies to disclose GHG and climate-

related financial risk information. Further cities including Boston, Cambridge, New York, and Seattle have passed ordinances that set

limits on GHG emissions associated with building operations. Some municipalities, including the Cities of New York and San Francisco,

have also implemented legislation to eliminate the use of natural gas in new construction projects. Refer to “ We face possible risks and

costs associated with the effects of climate change and severe weather ” in “ Other factors ” within “ Item 1A. Risk factors ” in this annual

report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Our approach to assessing and mitigating physical climate-related risk through our climate resilience roadmap, and transition

risk through our GHG emissions mitigation strategy, are outlined below.

Climate resilience

We continue to assess potential physical risks associated with climate change, analyze climate data and property damage

losses associated with past weather events, and review the potential for future climate hazards such as water stress, precipitation

flooding, coastal flooding, wildfire, and heat stress. We also consider local climate change vulnerability assessments and resilience

planning efforts. Our climate resilience roadmap uses climate models and scenario analyses to identify potential future hazards at the

building level. Additionally, we conduct physical inspections to further assess resilience at certain properties, as appropriate, and to

determine whether additional mitigation is needed.

In our evaluation of physical risks, Alexandria considers two climate change scenarios for 2030 and 2050: (i) a high-emissions

scenario in which GHG emissions continue to increase with time (RCP 8.5 ); and (ii) an intermediate scenario in which GHG emissions

level off by 2050 and decline thereafter (RCP 4.5 ). RCP 8.5 generally predicts more significant future climate hazard impacts than RCP

After modeling the potential hazards out to year 2050, we undertake a physical inspection for sites that may have high

exposure to one or more climate hazards. We use this process to assess resilience to current and/or future stresses and to determine

whether additional mitigation is needed. We continue to refine this process through improved climate risk data and structured

approaches to resilience planning across our portfolio.

For a number of buildings, we are implementing augmented emergency preparedness plans and additional operating

procedures that include preparations for potential future events. For certain buildings, mitigation may include nominal capital

improvement work. We may find that other buildings require more significant planning and investment to incorporate more complex

resilience measures. We are building on our existing emergency preparedness efforts by more directly planning for climate-driven risks

like flooding and wildfire. Resilience measures under consideration at some of our properties are described below.

In our operating properties located in areas prone to flooding, we may consider options such as waterproofing the building

envelope up to the projected flood elevation, protecting critical building mechanical equipment, storing temporary flood barriers on site

to be deployed at building entrances prior to a flood event, and installing backflow preventers on stormwater/sewer utilities that

discharge from the building. At several properties, we are currently conducting conceptual studies to evaluate potential options for

consideration.

We are monitoring our exposure to wildfire. Most of our properties in San Diego are located in low-density fire-resistant

commercial campuses with separations between structures and response capabilities that help reduce wildfire risk. These settings differ

meaningfully from more fire-prone residential areas. At some of our operating properties located in areas prone to wildfire, we have

begun a multiyear effort to implement landscaping improvements that include the replacement of fire-prone materials and the

installation of fire-resistant vegetation. We continue to strengthen our wildfire preparedness efforts by advancing site-specific planning

and evaluating measures that promote business continuity and occupant safety during smoke and fire events.

For our development of new Class A/A+ properties, we will aim to design for climate resilience. In 2023, Alexandria adopted

resilient design guidelines to address future climate conditions based on climate risk models. These guidelines have been applied in

some of our recent development projects.

In accordance with such guidelines, we endeavor to design buildings that incorporate materials, systems, and features to

manage predicted climate hazards and maintain building operability during and after a climate event. As feasible, we will consider

designs that accommodate potential expansion of cooling infrastructure to meet future building needs. In water-scarce areas, we

consider planting drought-resistant vegetation and equipping buildings to capture, treat, and reuse available water from building

systems and precipitation events where feasible. In areas prone to wildfire, we consider incorporating brush management practices into

landscape design and installing enhanced air filtration systems to support safe and healthy indoor air.

For acquisitions in our portfolio, we continue to use climate modeling as part of our due diligence in assessing potential risk

and to inform our financial modeling and transactional decisions.

We are subject to evolving federal, state, and local laws and regulations related to climate change. For example, the State of

California enacted legislation requiring certain companies to disclose GHG and climate-related financial risk information. Further cities

including Boston, Cambridge, New York, and Seattle have passed ordinances that set limits on GHG emissions associated with building

operations. Some municipalities, including the Cities of New York and San Francisco, have also implemented legislation to eliminate the

use of natural gas in new construction projects. Refer to “ We face possible risks and costs associated with the effects of climate change

and severe weather ” in “ Other factors ” within “ Item 1A. Risk factors ” in this annual report on Form 10-K for additional information.

As a part of Alexandria’s risk management program, we maintain all-risk property insurance at the portfolio level, including

properties under development, to help mitigate the risk of extreme weather events and potential impact from losses associated with

natural catastrophes, such as flood, wildfire, and wind events. However, there can be no assurance that our insurance will cover all our

potential losses and that climate change and severe weather will not have a material adverse effect on our properties, operations, or

business. For additional information on our risk management strategies related to insurance coverage, refer to “ Our insurance may not

adequately cover all potential losses ” in “ Operating factors ” in “ Item 1A. Risk factors ” in this annual report on Form 10-K.

Board of directors and leadership oversight

The Audit Committee oversees the management of the Company’s financial and other risks, including climate-related risks. At

the management level, Alexandria’s Sustainability Committee, which comprises members of the executive team and senior decision

makers spanning the Company’s real estate development, asset management, risk management, and sustainability teams, leads the

development and execution of our approach to climate-related risk.

Refer to “ Item 1A. Risk factors ” in this annual report on Form 10-K for discussion of the risks we face from climate change.

Results of operations

Same properties

We supplement an evaluation of our results of operations with an evaluation of operating performance of certain of our

properties, referred to as “Same Properties.” For additional information on the determination of our Same Properties portfolio, refer to

“ Same property comparisons ” under “ Definitions and reconciliations ” in Item 7 in this annual report on Form 10-K. The following table

presents information regarding our Same Properties as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 :

December 31,

Percentage change in net operating income over comparable period from prior year

Percentage change in net operating income (cash basis) over comparable period from prior

year

Operating margin

Number of Same Properties

RSF

Occupancy – current-period average

Occupancy – same-period prior-year average

(1) Includes the impact of initial free rent concessions that burned off after January 1, 2024 for development and redevelopment projects that were placed into service in

2023 and accordingly are part of our same property pool for the year ended December 31, 2025 , including at 325 Binney Street in our Cambridge submarket and 15

Necco Street in our Seaport Innovation District submarket. Excluding the impact of these initial free rent concessions, same property net operating income (cash basis)

for the year ended December 31, 2025 would have decreased by 1.4% .

The following table reconciles the number of Same Properties to total properties for the year ended December 31, 2025 :

Development – under construction

Properties

Redevelopment – placed into service after

January 1, 2024

Properties

99 Coolidge Avenue

840 Winter Street

1450 Owens Street

Alexandria Center ® for Advanced Technologies – Monte

Villa Parkway

10075 Barnes Canyon Road

421 Park Drive

4135 Campus Point Court

Acquisitions after January 1, 2024

Properties

701 Dexter Avenue North

Other

Campus Point by Alexandria

Unconsolidated real estate JVs

Development – placed into service after January 1, 2024

Properties

Properties held for sale

1150 Eastlake Avenue East

Total properties excluded from Same Properties

9810 Darnestown Road

Same Properties

9820 Darnestown Road

Total properties in North America as of December 31,

4155 Campus Point Court

201 Brookline Avenue

9808 Medical Center Drive

230 Harriet Tubman Way

500 North Beacon Street and 4 Kingsbury Avenue

10935, 10945, and 10955 Alexandria Way

Redevelopment – under construction

Properties

40, 50, and 60 Sylvan Road

269 East Grand Avenue

8800 Technology Forest Place

311 Arsenal Street

Other

Comparison of results for the year ended December 31, 2025 to the year ended December 31, 2024

The following table presents a comparison of the components of net operating income for our Same Properties and Non-Same

Properties for the year ended December 31, 2025 , compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands). We provide

a comparison of the results for the year ended December 31, 2024 to the year ended December 31, 2023 , including a comparison of

the components of net operating income for our Same Properties and Non-Same Properties for the year ended December 31, 2024 ,

compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 , in “ Results of operations ” in Item 7 of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year

ended December 31, 2024 . Refer to “ Definitions and reconciliations ” in Item 7 in this annual report on Form 10-K for definitions of

“ Tenant recoveries ” and “Net operating income” and their reconciliations from the most directly comparable financial measures

presented in accordance with GAAP, income from rentals and net income, respectively.

Year Ended December 31,

$ Change

% Change

Income from rentals:

Same Properties

Non-Same Properties

Rental revenues

Same Properties

Non-Same Properties

Tenant recoveries

Income from rentals

Same Properties

Non-Same Properties

Other income

Same Properties

Non-Same Properties

Total revenues

Same Properties

Non-Same Properties

Rental operations

Same Properties

Non-Same Properties

Net operating income

Net operating income – Same Properties

Straight-line rent revenue

Amortization of acquired below-market leases and deferred

revenue related to tenant-funded and -built landlord

improvements

Net operating income – Same Properties (cash basis)

(1) Decrease in total net operating income includes the impact of operating properties disposed of after January 1, 2024 . Excluding these dispositions, net operating income

for the year ended December 31, 2025 would have increased by 0.9% compared to 2024 .

Income from rentals

T otal income from rentals for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased by $104.5 million , or 3.4% , to $2.95 billion ,

compared to $3.05 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024 , due to a decrease in rental revenues, partially offset by an increase in

tenant recoveries, as discussed below.

Rental revenues

Total rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased by $119.5 million , or 5.2% , to $2.18 billion , compared

to $2.30 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024 . The decrease was primarily related to dispositions of real estate assets within

our Non-Same Properties since January 1, 2024 .

S ame Properties’ rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased by $44.3 million , or 2.6% , to $1.69 billion ,

compared to $1.73 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024 . This decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in Same

Properties’ average occupancy to 92.5% for the year ended December 31, 2025 from 95.2% for the year ended December 31, 2024 ,

including the impact of the following lease expirations in the first quarter of 2025 that were vacant for most of the year ended

December 31, 2025 : (i)  182,054  RSF at the Alexandria Technology Square ® Megacampus in our Cambridge submarket and (ii) two

properties aggregating 247,246 RSF in our Austin submarket.

Tenant recoveries

Tenant recoveries for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $14.9 million , or 2.0% , to $760.3 million , compared to

$745.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 , primarily related to Same Properties, partially offset by a decrease in Non-Same

Properties tenant recoveries primarily due to dispositions of real estate assets within our Non-Same Properties since January 1, 2024 .

Same Properties’ tenant recoveries for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $32.8 million , or 5.5% , to

$627.2 million , compared to $594.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 , primarily due to the $45.6 million increase in the

operating expenses during the year ended December 31, 2025 , as discussed under “Rental operations” below. As of December 31,

2025 , 92% of our leases (on an annual rental revenue basis) were triple net leases, which require tenants to pay substantially all real

estate taxes, insurance, utilities, repairs and maintenance, common area expenses, and other operating expenses (including increases

thereto) in addition to base rent. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in Same Properties’ tenant recoveries resulting from a

decrease in Same Properties’ average occupancy to 92.5% for the year ended December 31, 2025 from 95.2% for the year ended

December 31, 2024 .

Other income

Other income for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $14.7 million , or 22.0% , to $81.4 million , compared to

$66.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 . Other income represented approximately 2.7% and 2.1% of total revenues during

each respective period and primarily consisted of interest income and management fee income during both periods.

Rental operations

Total rental operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $13.3 million , or 1.5% , to $922.6 million ,

compared to $909.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 . The increase was primarily due to incremental expenses related to

our Same Properties’ rental operating expenses as discussed below, partially offset by the decrease in Non-Same Properties’ rental

operating expenses of $32.2 million primarily as a result of dispositions of real estate assets since January 1, 2024 .

Same Properties’ rental operating expenses increased by $45.6 million , or 6.4% , to $752.5 million during the year ended

December 31, 2025 , compared to $706.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 , primarily as the result of the increase in

(i) utilities expenses and contractual costs aggregating $20.3 million primarily due to higher consumption related to certain tenants’

increased operations, and higher electricity and HVAC contract services rates in our San Diego market; (ii) property taxes aggregating

$12.8 million primarily due to annual property tax increases; and (iii) repair and maintenance expenses aggregating $9.0 million

primarily due to a more severe winter in 2025 compared to 2024 in the Greater Boston market.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $148.1 million , or 12.3% , to

$1.35 billion , compared to $1.20 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024 , primarily as a result of (i) the change in useful lives of

certain buildings, (ii) 3.1 million RSF of development and redevelopment projects placed into service subsequent to January 1, 2024 ,

(iii) two operating properties aggregating 383,360 RSF acquired subsequent to January 1, 2024 , and (iv) partially offset by sales of real

estate assets subsequent to January 1, 2024 .

Impairment of real estate

During the year ended December 31, 2025 , we recognized impairment charges aggregating $2.20 billion , classified in

impairment of real estate in our consolidated statement of operations. For additional information, refer to “ Sales of real estate assets

and impairment of real estate ” in Note 3 – “Investments in real estate” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 in this annual

report on Form 10-K.

During the year ended December 31, 2024 , we recognized real estate impairment charges aggregating $223.1 million , which

primarily consisted of (i) pre-acquisition costs related to two potential acquisitions in the Greater Boston market that we decided to no

longer proceed with as a result of the macroeconomic environment that negatively impacted the financial outlooks of these potential

acquisitions, (ii) impairment charges for five operating properties in our Sorrento Mesa and University Town Center submarkets to

reduce the carrying amounts to their estimated fair values less costs to sell, and (iii) impairment charges for four properties at One

Moderna Way in our Route 128 submarket that were sold to a single tenant.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased by $51.3 million , or 30.5% , to

$117.0 million , compared to $168.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 , primarily due to cost-control and efficiency

initiatives implemented since 2024, including reduction in headcount, restructuring of compensation plans, systems upgrades, and

process improvements. As a percentage of net operating income, our general and administrative expenses for the years ended

December 31, 2025 and 2024 were 5.6% and 7.6% , respectively.

Interest expense

Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Component

Change

Gross interest

Capitalized interest

Interest expense

Average debt balance outstanding (1)

Weighted-average annual interest rate (2)

(1) Represents the average debt balance outstanding during the respective periods.

(2) Represents annualized total interest incurred divided by the average debt balance outstanding during the respective periods.

The net change in interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2025 , compared to the year ended December 31,

2024 , resulted from the following (dollars in thousands):

Component

Interest Rate (1)

Effective Date

Change

Increases in interest incurred due to:

Issuances of debt:

$550 million of unsecured senior notes payable due 2035

February 2025

$600 million of unsecured senior notes payable due 2054

February 2024

$400 million of unsecured senior notes payable due 2036

February 2024

Higher average outstanding balances under commercial paper program

and/or unsecured senior line of credit

Other increase in interest

Total increases

Decreases in interest incurred due to:

Repayment of debt:

$600 million of unsecured senior notes payable due 2025

April 2025

Secured notes payable

August 2025

Total decreases

Change in gross interest

Decrease in capitalized interest

Total change in interest expense

(1) Represents the weighted-average interest rate as of the end of the applicable period, including amortization of loan fees, amortization of debt premiums (discounts), and

other bank fees.

Investment loss

During the year ended December 31, 2025 , we recognized an investment loss aggregating $56.3 million , which consisted of

$115.7 million of realized gains , $103.3 million of realized losses on one transaction , $27.0 million of unrealized gains , and impairment

charges of $95.7 million .

During the year ended December 31, 2024 , we recognized an investment loss aggregating $53.1 million , which consisted of

$117.2 million of realized gains , $112.2 million of unrealized losses , and impairment charges of $58.1 million .

For more information about our investments, refer to Note 7 – “Investments” and “ Investments ” in Note 2 – “Summary of

significant accounting policies” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 in this annual report on Form 10-K.

Gain on sales of real estate

During the year ended December 31, 2025 , we recognized $642.4 million of gains classified in gain on sales of real estate in

our consolidated statement of operations. For additional information, refer to “ Sales of real estate assets and impairment of real estate ”

in Note 3 – “Investments in real estate” and Note 4 — “Consolidated and unconsolidated real estate joint ventures” to our consolidated

financial statements in Item 15 in this annual report on Form 10-K.

During the year ended December 31, 2024 , we recognized $129.3 million of gains primarily related to dispositions o f seven

real estate assets in our San Diego, Seattle, Maryland, and Research Triangle markets. The gains were classified in gain on sales of

real estate in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 .

Other comprehensive income

Other comprehensive income of $16.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 , was primarily due to unrealized foreign

currency translation gains of $15.3 million related to our operations in Canada and a $1.7 million reclassification of previously

unrealized foreign currency translation losses upon completion of the disposition of our remaining asset in Asia. This was partially offset

by $148 thousand of unrealized losses resulting from the changes in the fair value of our cross-currency swap agreements due to the

strengthening of the Canadian dollar since the execution of these agreements on July 29, 2025. Refer to Note 11 – “Hedge

agreements” to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Total other comprehensive loss o f $30.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to an unrealized

foreign currency translation loss related to our operations in Canada.

Summary of capital expenditures

Our construction spending for the year ended December 31, 2025 and projected spending for the year ending December 31,

2026 consisted of the following (in thousands):

Year Ended

December 31, 2025

Projected Midpoint for the

Year Ending

December 31, 2026

Construction of Class A/A+ properties:

Active construction projects

Includes development and redevelopment under construction (1)

Future pipeline pre-construction

Primarily Megacampus expansion pre-construction work (entitlement, design,

and site work)

Revenue- and non-revenue-enhancing capital expenditures (3)

Construction spending (before contributions from noncontrolling interests or

tenants)

Contributions from noncontrolling interests (consolidated real estate joint

ventures)

Tenant-funded and -built landlord improvements

Total construction spending

2026 guidance range for construction spending

(1) Includes smaller conversions to laboratory space through redevelopment.

(2) Approximately 75% represents capitalized costs.

(3) Represents revenue- and non-revenue-enhancing capital expenditures before contributions from noncontrolling interests and tenant-funded and tenant-built landlord

improvements.

(4) The top two revenue- and non-revenue-enhancing capital expenditure projects in 2026 represent approximately 55% of the total spending within this category. The first

project relates to a property located at the Alexandria Center ® for Advanced Technologies – South San Francisco Megacampus in our South San Francisco submarket,

which is leased to a multinational pharmaceutical tenant and is undergoing its first major renovation in 12 years. The second project relates to a property at the

Alexandria Technology Square ® Megacampus in our Cambridge submarket, which is undergoing its first major renovation in 16 years.

(5) Represents contractual capital commitments from existing consolidated real estate joint venture partners to fund construction.

Projected capital contributions from partners in consolidated real estate joint ventures to fund construction

The following table summarizes projected capital contributions from partners in our existing consolidated joint ventures to fund

construction through 2027 and beyond (in thousands):

Projected timing

Amount (1)

Fiscal year 2026

2027 and beyond

Total

(1) Amounts represent reductions to our consolidated construction spending.

Average real estate basis used for capitalization of interest

Our construction spending includes capitalized interest. The table below provides key categories of interest capitalized during

the year ended December 31, 2025 (in thousands):

Average Real Estate

Basis Capitalized

During 2025

Percentage of Total

Average Real Estate

Basis Capitalized

Construction of Class A/A+ properties:

Development and redevelopment of projects under construction:

2026 stabilization

2027-2028 stabilization

Evaluating business strategy

Repositioning and smaller redevelopment projects

Future pipeline projects with critical pre-construction milestones during 2026:

Megacampus projects

Non-Megacampus projects

Assets sold in 2025 or designated as held for sale as of December 31, 2025 (3)

Total average real estate basis capitalized (4)

(1) Includes the real estate basis related to the 899,259 RSF of vacant space as of December 31, 2025 that is leased with future delivery. The weighted-average expected

delivery date is approximately August 2026 .

(2) Approximately 74% of future pipeline projects are expected to reach anticipated pre-construction milestones, including various phases of entitlement, design, site work,

and other activities necessary to begin aboveground vertical construction, on a weighted-average real estate investment basis by May 2026 . At each milestone date, we

will evaluate whether to proceed with additional pre-construction and/or construction activities based on leasing demand and/or market conditions, pause future

investments, or consider the potential dispositions of real estate assets.

(3) The weighted-average date as of which capitalization of interest ceased was in early December 2025.

(4) In addition to capitalized interest, we incur additional capitalized project costs, including property taxes, insurance, payroll, and other costs directly related and essential

to the construction of Class A/A+ properties. If we cease activities necessary to prepare a project for its intended use, costs related to such project are expensed as

incurred. Annualized capitalized operating expenses and payroll represent approximately 2% and 1% , respectively, of the total average real estate basis subject to

capitalization for the year ended December 31, 2025 .

Projected results

Our 2026 guidance includes certain forward-looking non-GAAP financial measures, such as funds from operations as

adjusted, net debt and preferred stock to Adjusted EBITDA – fourth quarter of 2026 annualized, and fixed-charge coverage ratio – fourth

quarter of 2026 annualized, that differ from measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. These non-GAAP measures are in addition

to, and not a substitute for or superior to, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP and should be considered in

conjunction with our GAAP financial measures. We are unable to provide corresponding GAAP measures on a forward-looking basis, or

a reconciliation from these GAAP measures to the non-GAAP measures on a forward-looking basis, as we are not able to forecast the

net income or loss of future periods without unreasonable effort. This is due to the inherent difficulty of forecasting the timing and/or

amount of items that depend on market conditions outside of our control, including the timing of dispositions, capital events, and

financing decisions, as well as quarterly and annual components such as gain on sales of real estate, impairments of real estate and

non-real estate investments, and unrealized gains or losses on non-real estate investments. Our attempt to predict these amounts may

produce significant but inaccurate estimates, which would be potentially misleading for our investors. Refer to “ Definitions and

reconciliations ” included in Part II in this annual report on Form 10-K for additional details about these non-GAAP measures.

Projected 2026 Funds From Operations per Share Attributable to Alexandria’s Common Stockholders – Diluted

Funds from operations per share and funds from operations per share, as adjusted

Midpoint

Key Assumptions (1)

(Dollars in millions)

2026 Guidance

Low

High

Occupancy percentage for operating properties in North America as of December 31, 2026 (2)

Lease renewals and re-leasing of space:

Rental rate changes

Rental rate changes (cash basis)

Same property performance:

Net operating income

Net operating income (cash basis)

Straight-line rent revenue

General and administrative expenses

Capitalization of interest (3)

Interest expense

Realized gains on non-real estate investments (4)

(1) Our assumptions presented in the table above are subject to a number of variables and uncertainties, including those discussed as “ Forward-looking statements ” under

Part I; “ Item 1A. Risk factors ”; and “ Item 7. Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations ”. To the extent our full-year earnings

guidance is updated during the year, we will provide additional disclosure supporting reasons for any significant changes to such guidance.

(2) Our guidance for operating occupancy percentage in North America as of December 31, 2026 assumes an approximate 2% benefi t related to a range of assets with

vacancy that could potentially be sold during 2026 and/or qualify for designation as held for sale by December 31, 2026 but that have not yet qualified for such

designation as of December 31, 2025.

(3) Refer to “Average real estate basis used for capitalization of interest” in Item 7 for additional details.

(4) Represents realized gains and losses included in funds from operations per share – diluted, as adjusted. Excludes unrealized gains and losses and significant

impairments realized on non-real estate investments, if any. Refer to Note 7 – “Investments” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 for additional details.

Key Credit Metric Targets (1)

2026 Guidance

Net debt and preferred stock to Adjusted EBITDA – fourth quarter of 2026 annualized

Fixed-charge coverage ratio – fourth quarter of 2026 annualized

(1) Refer to “ Definitions and reconciliations ” in Item 7 for additional information.

Capital resources

We expect that our principal liquidity needs for the year ending December 31, 2026 will be satisfied by the following multiple

sources of capital, as shown in the table below. There can be no assurance that our sources and uses of capital will not be materially

higher or lower than these expectations.

Key Sources and Uses of Capital

(In millions)

2026 Guidance

Range

Midpoint

Sources of capital:

Reduction in debt (1)

Net cash provided by operating activities after dividends

Dispositions and sales of partial interests (2)

Total sources of capital

Uses of capital:

Construction

Total uses of capital

Reduction in debt (included above):

Repayment of secured notes payable with 2026 maturities (3)

Unsecured senior line of credit, commercial paper program, and other

Reduction in debt

(1) Our debt repayment goals include repaying existing short-term borrowings, including amounts outstanding on our commercial paper program, repaying our 2026

unsecured senior note payable maturities aggregating $650 million, and potentially repaying other unsecured senior notes payable, including our 2027 maturity.

(2) We expect to achieve a weighted-average capitalization rate on our projected 2026 non-core operating dispositions (includes stabilized and non-stabilized properties and

excludes land) in the 8.5%–9.5% range. We expect dispositions of land to represent 25%–35% of our total dispositions and sales of partial interests for the year ending

December 31, 2026. We expect the remaining balance to include approximately 25%–35% core assets and 35%–45% non-core assets. As of January 26, 2026 , our

share of pending transactions subject to non-refundable deposits, signed letters of intent, or purchase and sale agreement negotiations aggregated $180.7 million .

(3) In January 2026 , we repaid $300.0 million of 4.30% unsecured senior notes payable upon maturity, funded temporarily with short-term borrowings under our commercial

paper program. We expect to repay these temporary borrowings with proceeds from future dispositions and sales of partial interests. No gain or loss was incurred in

connection with this repayment.

The key assumptions behind the sources and uses of capital in the table above include a favorable real estate transaction and

capital market environments, performance of our core operating properties, lease-up and delivery of current and future development

and redevelopment projects, and leasing activity. Our expected sources and uses of capital are subject to a number of variables and

uncertainties, including those discussed as “Forward-looking statements” under Part I; “ Item 1A. Risk factors ”; and “ Item 7.

Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations ” in this annual report on Form 10-K. We expect to

update our forecast for key sources and uses of capital on a quarterly basis.

Key considerations for funds from operations and adjusted EBITDA for the three months ending March 31, 2026

The following key considerations are expected to impact our funds from operations per share for the three months ended

March 31, 2026. These items will also affect our Adjusted EBITDA beginning in the first quarter of 2026. As a result, we expect our net

debt and preferred stock to Adjusted EBITDA ratio to temporarily increase in the first quarter of 2026 (on a quarter annualized basis) by

approximately 1.0x to 1.5x highe r th an our annualized fourth quarter 2025 ratio of 5.7x . We expect this ratio to trend downward through

the remainder of 2026 as we make progress on our disposition and sales of partial interests program, with a target net debt and

preferred stock to Adjusted EBITDA ratio of 5.6x to 6.2x for the annualized fourth quarter of 2026, which is unchanged from the initial

2026 guidance provided on December 3, 2025.

Dispositions for the three months ended December 31, 2025

• We completed $1.47 billion of dispositions during the three months ended December 31, 2025. These dispositions had annual

net operating income of $118 million (based on consolidated third quarter of 2025 annualized results) with a weighted-average

disposition date of December 9, 2025 . Refer to “Dispositions and sales of partial interests” in Item 2 for additional details.

2026 key lease expirations with expected downtime

• There are key lease expirations primarily in our Greater Boston, San Francisco Bay Area, and San Diego markets, aggregating

1.2 million RSF, with a weighted‑average lease expiration date in April 2026 and annual rental revenue of $71 million . These

leases are expected to become vacant upon expiration, and we anticipate downtime on these spaces to range from 6 to 24

months on a weighted‑average basis. 150,822 RSF has been leased or is under negotiations and we have identified

prospective tenants or have early negotiations for another 468,470 RSF . We expect a decline in net operating income of

approximately $14 million for the three months ending March 31, 2026, compared to the three months ended December 31,

2025, related to the portion of these leases that are scheduled to expire in the first quarter of 2026, which includes operating

expenses that will not be recoverable once the spaces become vacant. Refer to “Contractual lease expirations” in Item 2 for

additional details.

Certain items included in fourth quarter 2025 results not expected to reoccur in the first quarter of 2026

• During the fourth quarter of 2025, we terminated a lease at one property in our South San Francisco submarket aggregating

170,618 RSF, which had generated annual rental revenue of $11.4 million , ahead of its contractual expiration in early 2027 .

The termination allowed us to re‑lease 100% of the space to a multinational pharmaceutical tenant, with occupancy expected

to commence in the second half of 2026 following the completion of tenant improvements. As a result of the termination, we

recognized incremental rental revenue of $8.4 million during the fourth quarter of 2025, primarily from a termination fee, net of

the deferred rent balances written off.

• We recognized an asset management fee paid by our joint venture partner aggregating $7.0 million in connection with the

disposition of 409 and 499 Illinois Street during the fourth quarter of 2025, which is included in other income. Other income for

the three months ended December 31, 2025 was $25.5 million , or 3.4% of total revenues, compared to an average of

$19.5 million , or 2.5% of total revenues, for the preceding five quarters.

Potential tenant wind-downs

• Our 2026 guidance assumes reduction of rent in 2026 aggregatin g $20–$25 million (or approximately $6 million per quarter at

the midpoint of the range) related to potential tenant wind-downs and downtime without immediate backfill.

General and administrative expenses

• General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $117.0 million and $28.0 million for the

fourth quarter of 2025. Our guidance range for 2026 general and administrative expenses is $134 million to $154 million , with a

midpoint of $144 million , or a quarterly average of approximately $36 million . Despite the anticipated increase in general and

administrative expenses in 2026 compared to 2025, the midpoint of our guidance range for 2026 of $144 million , represents a

14% reduction compared to 2024, and cumulative anticipated savings aggregating $76 million for 2025 and 2026.

R ealized gains on non-real estate investments

• Realized gains included in funds from operations per share – diluted, as adjusted, for the year ended December 31, 2025 were

$115.7 million and $21.1 million fo r the fourth quarter of 2025. O ur guidance range for 2026 realized gains on non-real estate

investments is $60 million to $90 million , with a midpoint of $75 million (or a quarterly average of approximately $18.8 million ).

Refer to “Investments” in Item 7 for additional details.

Consolidated and unconsolidated real estate joint ventures

We present components of balance sheet and operating results information for the noncontrolling interest share of our

consolidated real estate joint ventures and for our share of investments in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures to help investors

estimate balance sheet and operating results information related to our partially owned entities. These amounts are estimated by

computing, for each joint venture that we consolidate in our financial statements, the noncontrolling interest percentage of each financial

item to arrive at the cumulative noncontrolling interest share of each component presented. In addition, for our real estate joint ventures

that we do not control and do not consolidate, we apply our economic ownership percentage to the unconsolidated real estate joint

ventures to arrive at our proportionate share of each component presented. Refer to Note 4 – “Consolidated and unconsolidated real

estate joint ventures” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 in this annual report on Form 10-K for further discussion.

Consolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures (1)

Property/Market/Submarket

Noncontrolling

Interest Share

Operating RSF

50 and 60 Binney Street/Greater Boston/Cambridge/Inner Suburbs

75/125 Binney Street/Greater Boston/Cambridge/Inner Suburbs

100 and 225 Binney Street and 300 Third Street/Greater Boston/Cambridge/Inner Suburbs

15 Necco Street/Greater Boston/Seaport Innovation District

Alexandria Center ® for Science and Technology – Mission Bay/San Francisco Bay Area/

Mission Bay (3)

211 and 213 East Grand Avenue/San Francisco Bay Area/South San Francisco

500 Forbes Boulevard/San Francisco Bay Area/South San Francisco

Alexandria Center ® for Life Science – Millbrae/San Francisco Bay Area/South San Francisco

3215 Merryfield Row/San Diego/Torrey Pines

Campus Point by Alexandria/San Diego/University Town Center (2)(4)

5200 Illumina Way/San Diego/University Town Center

9625 Towne Centre Drive/San Diego/University Town Center

SD Tech by Alexandria/San Diego/Sorrento Mesa (2)(6)

Summers Ridge Science Park/San Diego/Sorrento Mesa (7)

1201 and 1208 Eastlake Avenue East/Seattle/Lake Union

400 Dexter Avenue North/Seattle/Lake Union

800 Mercer Street/Seattle/Lake Union

Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures

Property/Market/Submarket

Our Ownership

Share (8)

Operating RSF

1655 and 1725 Third Street/San Francisco Bay Area/Mission Bay

101 West Dickman Street/Maryland/Beltsville

Refer to “ Joint venture financial information ” under “ Definitions and reconciliations ” in Item 7 for additional details.

(1) In addition to the real estate joint ventures listed, we have one consolidated real estate joint venture in the Greater Boston market in which a partner holds a $49.6 million

redeemable noncontrolling interest earning a fixed return as of December 31, 2025 .

(2) Represents a property currently under construction or in our future development and redevelopment pipeline. Refer to “New Class A/A+ development and redevelopment

properties” in Item 2 for additional details.

(3) Includes 1450, 1500, and 1700 Owens Street and 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South.

(4) Includes 10210, 10260, 10290, and 10300 Campus Point Drive and 4110, 4135, 4155, 4161, 4165, 4224, and 4242 Campus Point Court.

(5) The noncontrolling interest share of our real estate joint venture partner is anticipated to decrease to 25%, as we expect to fund the majority of future construction costs

at the campus until our ownership interest increases to 75%, after which future capital would be contributed pro rata with our partner. Refer to “New Class A/A+

development and redevelopment properties: current projects” in Item 2 for additional details.

(6) Includes 9605, 9645, 9675, 9725, 9735, 9805, 9808, 9855, and 9868 Scranton Road and 10055, 10065, and 10075 Barnes Canyon Road.

(7) Includes 9965, 9975, 9985, and 9995 Summers Ridge Road.

(8) In addition to the real estate joint ventures listed, we hold an interest in two insignificant unconsolidated real estate joint ventures.

(9) Represents a joint venture with a local real estate operator in which our joint venture partner manages the day-to-day activities that significantly affect the economic

performance of the joint venture.

The following table presents key terms related to our unconsolidated real estate joint ventures’ secured loans as of December

31, 2025 (dollars in thousands):

Maturity

Date

Stated Rate

Interest

Rate (1)

Our

Share

Unconsolidated Joint Venture

Aggregate

Commitment

Debt Balance (2)

101 West Dickman Street

SOFR+1.95%

1655 and 1725 Third Street (4)

(1) Includes interest expense and amortization of loan fees.

(2) Represents outstanding principal, net of unamortized deferred financing costs, as of December 31, 2025 .

(3) This loan is subject to a fixed SOFR floor of 0.75%.

(4) During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the unconsolidated real estate joint venture refinanced $500 million of its $600 million existing fixed-rate debt with a new

secured note payable maturing in 2035 . The remaining debt balance of approximately $100 million was repaid through contributions from the unconsolidated joint

venture partners, including our share of $10.8 million .

The following tables present information related to the operating results and financial positions of our consolidated and

unconsolidated real estate joint ventures as of and for the three months and year ended December 31, 2025 (in thousands):

Noncontrolling Interest Share of Consolidated

Real Estate Joint Ventures

Our Share of Unconsolidated

Real Estate Joint Ventures

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2025

Three Months Ended

Year Ended

Three Months Ended

Year Ended

Total revenues

Rental operations

General and administrative

Interest

Depreciation and amortization of

real estate assets

Impairment of real estate

Gain on sale of real estate of

consolidated JV

Gain on sale of interest in

unconsolidated JV

Fixed returns allocated to

redeemable noncontrolling

interests (3)

Straight-line rent and below-market

lease revenue

Funds from operations (4)

Refer to “ Joint venture financial information ” under “ Definitions and reconciliations ” in Item 7 for additional details.

(1) Represents our partners’ share of impairment charges recognized in connection with real estate properties held by consolidated joint ventures at 601, 611, 651, 681,

685, 701, and 751 Gateway Boulevard and 285, 299, 307, and 345 Dorchester Avenue. Refer to Note 4 – “Consolidated and unconsolidated real estate joint ventures” to

our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 for additional information.

(2) Relates to our partner’s share of the gain on sale of real estate recognized upon the disposition of the properties at 409 and 499 Illinois Street.

(3) Represents an allocation of joint venture earnings to redeemable noncontrolling interests for properties in the Greater Boston and San Francisco Bay Area markets.

These redeemable noncontrolling interests earn a fixed return on their investment rather than participate in the operating results of the properties.

(4) Refer to “ Funds from operations and funds from operations, as adjusted, attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders ” under “ Definitions

and reconciliations ” in Item 7 for the definition and its reconciliation from the most directly comparable financial measure presented in accordance with GAAP.

As of December 31, 2025

Noncontrolling Interest

Share of Consolidated

Real Estate Joint Ventures

Our Share of

Unconsolidated

Real Estate Joint Ventures

Investments in real estate

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash

Other assets

Secured notes payable

Other liabilities

Redeemable noncontrolling interests

During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 , our consolidated real estate joint ventures distributed an aggregate of

$951.8 million and $256.7 million , respectively, to our joint venture partners. Refer to our consolidated statements of cash flows and

Note 4 – “Consolidated and unconsolidated real estate joint ventures” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 in this annual

report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Investments

We hold investments in publicly traded companies and privately held entities primarily involved in the life science industry. The

tables below summarize components of our investment income (loss) and non-real estate investments (in thousands). Refer to Note 7

– “Investments” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 in this annual report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Year Ended

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Realized (losses) gains:

Realized gains

Impairment of non-real estate investments

Significant realized loss

Unrealized gains (losses)

Investment loss

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Investments

Cost

Unrealized

Gains

Unrealized

Losses

Carrying

Amount

Carrying Amount

Publicly traded companies

Entities that report NAV

Entities that do not report NAV:

Entities with observable price changes

Entities without observable price changes

Investments accounted for under the equity method

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Public/Private Mix (Cost)

Tenant/Non-Tenant Mix (Cost)

Tenant

Public

Non-Tenant

Private

(1) In November 2025, we contributed certain publicly traded securities to an unconsolidated joint venture, which resulted in a realized loss of $103.3 million on one

transaction that was previously reflected as unrealized losses within investment income in our consolidated statement of operations. The unconsolidated joint venture

sold these securities and distributed $39.9 million to us in December 2025.

(2) Primarily relates to the increase in fair values of our investments in publicly traded entities during the year ended December 31, 2025 .

(3) Primarily relates to the accounting reclassifications of unrealized gains recognized in prior periods into realized gains upon our realization of investments during the

year ended December 31, 2024 .

(4) Represents 2.5% of gross assets as of December 31, 2025 . Refer to “ Gross assets ” under “ Definitions and reconciliations ” in Item 7 for additional details.

Liquidity

Liquidity

Limited Outstanding Borrowings and

Significant Availability on

Unsecured Senior Line of Credit

(in millions)

(In millions)

Availability under our unsecured senior line of credit, net of

amounts outstanding under our commercial paper program

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash

Investments in publicly traded companies

Liquidity as of December 31, 2025

We expect to meet certain long-term liquidity requirements, such as requirements for development, redevelopment, other

construction projects, capital improvements, tenant improvements, property acquisitions, equity repurchases, leasing costs, revenue-

and non-revenue-enhancing capital expenditures, scheduled debt maturities, distributions to noncontrolling interests, and payment of

dividends, through net cash provided by operating activities, periodic asset dispositions, strategic real estate joint ventures, long-term

secured and unsecured indebtedness, borrowings under our unsecured senior line of credit, issuances under our commercial paper

program, and issuances of additional debt and/or equity securities.

We also expect to continue meeting our short-term liquidity and capital requirements, as further detailed in this section,

generally through our working capital and net cash provided by operating activities. We believe that the net cash provided by operating

activities will continue to be sufficient to enable us to make the distributions necessary to continue qualifying as a REIT.

For additional information on our liquidity requirements related to our contractual obligations and commitments, refer to

Note 5 – “Leases” and Note 10 – “Secured and unsecured senior debt” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 in this annual

report on Form 10-K.

Over the next several years, our balance sheet, capital structure, and liquidity objectives are as follows:

• Retain net cash flows from operating activities after payment of dividends and distributions to noncontrolling interests for

investment in development and redevelopment projects and/or acquisitions;

• Maintain significant balance sheet liquidity;

• Maintain a strong credit profile and relative long-term cost of capital;

• Maintain diverse sources of capital, including sources from net cash provided by operating activities, unsecured debt,

secured debt, selective real estate asset sales, strategic real estate joint ventures, non-real estate investment sales, and

common stock;

• Maintain commitment to long-term capital to fund growth;

• Maintain prudent laddering of debt maturities;

• Maintain solid credit metrics;

• Prudently manage variable-rate debt exposure;

• Maintain a large unencumbered asset pool to provide financial flexibility;

• Fund common stock dividends and distributions to noncontrolling interests from net cash provided by operating activities;

• Manage a disciplined level of development and redevelopment projects as a percentage of our gross real estate assets;

and

• Maintain high levels of pre-leasing and percentage leased in development and redevelopment projects.

The following table presents the availability under our unsecured senior line of credit, net of amounts outstanding under our

commercial paper program; cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash; and investments in publicly traded companies as of

December 31, 2025 (in thousands):

Description

Stated Rate

Aggregate

Commitments

Outstanding

Balance

Remaining

Commitments/

Liquidity

Availability under our unsecured senior line of credit, net of

amounts outstanding under our commercial paper program

SOFR+0.855%

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash

Investments in publicly traded companies

Liquidity as of December 31, 2025

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024 , we had $553.8 million and $559.8 million , respectively, of cash, cash equivalents, and

restricted cash. We expect existing cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, net cash provided by operating activities, proceeds

from real estate asset sales, sales of partial interests, strategic real estate joint ventures, non-real estate investment sales, borrowings

under our unsecured senior line of credit, issuances under our commercial paper program, issuances of unsecured senior notes

payable, and issuances of common stock to continue to be sufficient to fund our operating activities and cash commitments for investing

and financing activities, such as regular quarterly dividends, distributions to noncontrolling interests, scheduled debt repayments,

acquisitions, and certain capital expenditures, including expenditures related to construction activities and any common stock

repurchases.

Cash flows

We report and analyze our cash flows based on operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. The following

table summarizes changes in our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Change

Net cash provided by operating activities

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

Net cash used in financing activities

Operating activities

Cash flows provided by operating activities are primarily dependent upon the occupancy level of our asset base, the rental

rates of our leases, the collectibility of rent and recovery of operating expenses from our tenants, the timing of completion of

development and redevelopment projects, and the timing of acquisitions and dispositions of operating properties. Net cash provided by

operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased by $90.5 million to $1.41 billion , compared to $1.50 billion for the

year ended December 31, 2024 . This 6.0% decrease primarily reflects a $97.4 million change in o perating assets and liabilities,

including tenant receivables, deferred leasing costs, other assets, and accounts payable, accrued expenses, and tenant security

deposits.

Investing activities

Cash provided by (used in) investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 consisted of the following (in

thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Change

Sources of cash from investing activities:

Proceeds from sales of real estate

Sales of and distributions from non-real estate investments

Change in escrow deposits

Return of capital from unconsolidated real estate joint ventures

Uses of cash for investing activities:

Purchases of real estate

Additions to real estate

Change in escrow deposits

Investments in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures

Additions to non-real estate investments

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

The change in net cash provided by (used in) investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 , compared to the year

ended December 31, 2024 , w as primarily due to an increased source of cash from proceeds from sales of real estate and decreased

use of cash for purchases of and additions to real estate. Refer to Note 3 – “Investments in real estate” to our consolidated financial

statements in Item 15 in this annual report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Financing activities

Cash flows used in financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 consisted of the following (in

thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Change

Borrowings under secured notes payable

Repayments of borrowings under secured notes payable

Proceeds from issuance of unsecured senior notes payable

Repayment of unsecured senior note payable

Proceeds from issuances under commercial paper program

Repayments of borrowings under commercial paper program

Payments of loan fees

Changes related to debt

Contributions from and sales of noncontrolling interests

Distributions to and purchases of noncontrolling interests

Proceeds from issuance of common stock

Repurchase of common stock

Dividends on common stock

Taxes paid related to net settlement of equity awards

Net cash used in financing activities

Sources of capital

Net cash provided by operating activities after dividends

We expect to retain $475 million to $575 million of net cash flows from operating activities after payment of common stock

dividends and distributions to noncontrolling interests for the year ending December 31, 2026 . For purposes of this calculation, changes

in operating assets and liabilities representing timing differences are excluded. For the year ending December 31, 2026 , we expect our

recently delivered projects, our development and redevelopment projects expected to be delivered, and contributions from Same

Properties to contribute to income from rentals, net operating income, and cash flows. We anticipate contractual near-term growth in

annual net operating income (cash basis) of $26 million related to the commencement of contractual rents on the projects recently

placed into service that are near the end of their initial free rent period. Refer to “ Cash flows ” in Item 7 in this annual report on Form 10-

K for a discussion of cash flows provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 .

Debt

We expect to fund a portion of our capital needs for 2026 and beyond from issuances under our commercial paper program,

issuances of unsecured senior notes payable, and/or borrowings under our unsecured senior line of credit, and/or borrowings under

secured construction loans.

A s of December 31, 2025 , our unsecured senior line of credit, which matures in 2030 , including extension options under our

control, had aggregate commitments of $5.0 billion and bore an interest rate of SOFR plus 0.855% . In addition to the cost of borrowing,

the unsecured senior line of credit is subject to an annual facility fee of 0.145% based on the aggregate commitments outstanding.

Based upon our ability to achieve certain annual sustainability targets, the interest rate and facility fee rate are also subject to upward or

downward adjustments of up to four basis points with respect to the interest rate and up to one basis point with respect to the facility fee

rate.

Based on certain sustainability metrics achieved in accordance with the terms of our unsecured senior line of credit

agreement, the borrowing rate was reduced by two basis points to SOFR plus 0.855% , from SOFR plus 0.875% , and the facility fee

was reduced by 0.5 basis point to 0.145% from 0.15% . As of December 31, 2025 , we had no outstanding balance on our unsecured

senior line of credit.

Our commercial paper program provides us with the ability to issue up to $2.50 billion of commercial paper notes with a

maturity of generally 30 days or less and with a maximum maturity of 397 days from the date of issuance. Our commercial paper

program is back-stopped by our unsecured senior line of credit, and at all times we expect to retain a minimum undrawn amount of

borrowing capacity under our unsecured senior line of credit equal to any outstanding balance under our commercial paper program.

We use borrowings under the program to fund short-term capital needs. The notes issued under our commercial paper program are

sold under customary terms in the commercial paper market. They are typically issued at a discount to par, representing a yield to

maturity dictated by market conditions at the time of issuance. In the event we are unable to issue commercial paper notes or refinance

outstanding commercial paper notes under terms equal to or more favorable than those under the unsecured senior line of credit, we

expect to borrow under the unsecured senior line of credit. The commercial paper notes sold during the year ended December 31, 2025

were issued at a weighted-average yield to maturity of 4.48% . As of December 31, 2025 , we had $353.2 million of commercial paper

notes outstanding.

In February 2025, we issued $550.0 million of unsecured senior notes payable, due 2035 , with an interest rate of 5.50% .

In January 2026 , we repaid $300.0 million of 4.30% unsecured senior notes payable upon maturity, funded temporarily with

borrowings under our commercial paper program. We expect to repay these temporary borrowings with proceeds from future

dispositions and sales of partial interests. No gain or loss was incurred in connection with this repayment.

The following table presents our average debt outstanding and weighted-average interest rates during the year ended

December 31, 2025 (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, 2025

Average Debt

Outstanding

Weighted-Average

Interest Rate

Long-term fixed-rate debt

Short-term variable-rate unsecured senior line of credit and commercial paper

program debt

Blended-average interest rate

Loan fee amortization and annual facility fee related to unsecured senior line of

credit

Total/weighted average

Real estate dispositions and sales of partial interests

We expect to continue to focus on the disciplined execution of select sales of real estate. Future sales will provide an important

source of capital to fund our development and redevelopment projects and potential opportunistic share repurchases, capital for growth,

and to reduce debt. We may also consider additional sales of partial interests in core Class A/A+ properties, development projects, and/

or land. For the year ending December 31, 2026 , we expect real estate dispositions and sales of partial interests in real estate assets to

range from $2.10 billion to $3.70 billion . The amount of asset sales necessary to meet our forecasted sources of capital will vary

depending upon the amount of EBITDA associated with the assets sold.

Refer to Note 3 – “Investments in real estate” and Note 4 – “Consolidated and unconsolidated real estate joint ventures” to our

consolidated financial statements in Item 15 and to “Dispositions and sales of partial interests” in Item 2 in this annual report on Form

10-K for additional information on our real estate dispositions.

As a REIT, we are generally subject to a 100% tax on the net income from real estate asset sales that the IRS characterizes as

“prohibited transactions.” We do not expect our sales will be categorized as prohibited transactions. However, unless we meet certain

“safe harbor” requirements, whether a real estate asset sale is a “prohibited transaction” will be based on the facts and circumstances

of the sale. Our real estate asset sales may not always meet such “safe harbor” requirements. Refer to “ Item 1A. Risk factors ” in this

annual report on Form 10-K for additional information about the “prohibited transaction” tax.

Common equity transactions

During the year ended December 31, 2025 , we have not issued any common stock under our ATM program. As of

December 31, 2025 , the remaining aggregate amount available under our ATM program for future sales of common stock was $1.47

billion .

Other sources

As a well-known seasoned issuer, we may, from time to time issue securities at our discretion based on our needs and market

conditions, including, as necessary, to balance our use of incremental debt capital.

Additionally, we, together with joint venture partners, hold interests in real estate joint ventures that we consolidate in our

financial statements. These existing joint ventures provide significant equity capital to fund a portion of our future construction spending,

and our joint venture partners may also contribute equity into these entities for financing-related activities. From January 1, 2026

through December 31, 2027 and beyond, we expect to receive capital contributions aggregating $137.0 million from existing

consolidated real estate joint venture partners to fund construction. During the year ending December 31, 2026 , contributions from

noncontrolling interests from existing joint venture partners are expected to aggregate to up to $100.0 million at the midpoint of our

guidance range for 2026 construction spending.

Uses of capital

Summary of capital expenditures

One of our primary uses of capital relates to the development, redevelopment, pre-construction, and construction of properties.

We currently have projects in our development and redevelopment pipeline aggregating 3.5 million RSF of Class A/A+ properties

undergoing construction. We incur capitalized construction costs related to development, redevelopment, pre-construction, and other

construction activities. We also incur additional capitalized project costs, including interest, property taxes, insurance, and other costs

directly related and essential to the development, redevelopment, pre-construction, or construction of a project, during periods when

activities necessary to prepare an asset for its intended use are in progress. Refer to “New Class A/A+ development and redevelopment

properties: current projects” in Item 2 and “Summary of capital expenditures” in Item 7 in this annual report on Form 10-K for additional

information on our capital expenditures.

We capitalize interest cost as a cost of the project only during the period in which activities necessary to prepare an asset for

its intended use are ongoing, provided that expenditures for the asset have been made and interest cost has been incurred. Capitalized

interest, classified in investments in real estate in our consolidated balance sheets, aggregated $330.4 million for the year ended

December 31, 2025 , consistent with $331.0 million capitalized during the year ended December 31, 2024 . This reflects a consistent

weighted-average capitalized cost basis of $8.15 billion for the year ended December 31, 2025 , as compared to $8.12 billion for the

year ended December 31, 2024 .

Property taxes, insurance on real estate, and indirect project costs, such as construction, administration, legal fees, and office

costs that clearly relate to projects under development or construction, are capitalized as incurred during the period an asset is

undergoing activities to prepare it for its intended use. We capitalized payroll and other indirect costs related to development,

redevelopment, pre-construction, and construction projects, aggregating $97.1 million and $100.9 million , and property taxes, insurance

on real estate and indirect project costs aggregating $145.4 million and $132.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2025 and

2024 , respectively.

Pre-construction activities include entitlements, permitting, design, site work, and other activities preceding commencement of

construction of aboveground building improvements. The advancement of pre-construction efforts is focused on reducing the time

required to deliver projects to prospective tenants. These critical activities add significant value for future ground-up development and

are required for the vertical construction of buildings. Should we cease activities necessary to prepare an asset for its intended use, the

interest, taxes, insurance, and certain other direct and indirect project costs related to the asset would be expensed as incurred.

Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.

Fluctuations in our development, redevelopment, and construction activities could result in significant changes to total

expenses and net income. For example, had we experienced a 10% reduction in development, redevelopment, and construction

activities without a corresponding decrease in indirect project costs, including interest and payroll, total expenses would have increased

by approximately $57.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 .

We use third-party brokers to assist in our leasing activity, who are paid on a contingent basis upon successful leasing. We are

required to capitalize initial direct costs related to successful leasing transactions that result directly from and are essential to the lease

transaction and would not have been incurred had that lease transaction not been successfully executed. During the year ended

December 31, 2025 , we capitalized total initial direct leasing costs of $116.8 million . Costs that we incur to negotiate or arrange a lease

regardless of its outcome, such as fixed employee compensation, tax, or legal advice to negotiate lease terms, and other costs, are

expensed as incurred.

Real estate acquisitions and common stock repurchase program

Our common stock repurchase program, authorized by our Board of Directors in December 2024 allowed for the repurchase of

up to $500.0 million of our common stock in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions, or otherwise through its expiration on

December 31, 2025 .

During January and February 2025, we repurchased 2.2 million shares of common stock under this repurchase program at an

average price per share of $96.71 , with approximately $241.8 million remaining available for additional share repurchases. No further

purchases were made under this program.

On December 8, 2025, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized a new common stock repurchase program that

allows for the repurchase of up to $500.0 million of our common stock through December 31, 2026 . This new program replaced our

prior stock repurchase program. As of the date of this report, no purchases have been made under the new program and $500.0 million

remains available for future share repurchases .

We have not made any cash acquisitions in 2025.

Dividends

During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 , we paid common stock dividends of $911.5 million and $898.6 million ,

respectively. The increase of $12.9 million in dividends paid on our common stock for the year ended December 31, 2025 , compared to

the year ended December 31, 2024 , was primarily due to an increase in the related dividends to $5.28 per common share paid during

the year ended December 31, 2025 from $5.14 per common share paid during the year ended December 31, 2024 .

During the three months ended December 31, 2025 , we cut our quarterly common stock dividend to $0.72 per share from

$1.32 for the three months ended September 30, 2025, representing a 45% reduction . The decision to reduce the declared dividend per

common share reflects our commitment to maintaining the strength of our balance sheet, enhancing financial flexibility, and preserving

liquidity of approximately $410 million on an annual basis, which will be used to support our 2026 capital plan.

We have historically funded the payment of our common stock dividends using net cash provided by operating activities. We

expect to continue funding future quarterly common stock dividends from net cash provided by operating activities, which may be

supplemented by proceeds from periodic asset dispositions, issuances of additional debt and/or equity securities, and borrowings under

our unsecured senior line of credit and/or our commercial paper program. Future dividends are at the discretion of our Board and

subject to various considerations, including net income, cash flows, capital requirements, debt covenants, market conditions, dividend

yield, taxable income, payout ratios, and other factors. There can be no assurance that we will maintain our dividends at the current

level or increase dividends in the future.

Unsecured senior notes payable and unsecured senior line of credit

The requirements of, and our actual performance with respect to, the key financial covenants under our unsecured senior

notes payable as of December 31, 2025 were as follows:

Covenant Ratios (1)

Requirement

December 31, 2025

Total Debt to Total Assets

Less than or equal to 60%

Secured Debt to Total Assets

Less than or equal to 40%

Consolidated EBITDA (2) to Interest Expense

Greater than or equal to 1.5x

Unencumbered Total Asset Value to Unsecured Debt

Greater than or equal to 150%

(1) All covenant ratio titles utilize terms as defined in the respective debt agreements.

(2) The calculation of consolidated EBITDA is based on the definitions contained in our loan agreements and is not directly comparable to the computation of EBITDA as

described in Exchange Act Release No. 47226.

In addition, the terms of the indentures, among other things, limit the ability of the Company, Alexandria Real Estate Equities,

L.P., and the Company’s subsidiaries to (i) consummate a merger, or consolidate, or sell all or substantially all of the Company’s assets

and (ii) incur certain secured or unsecured indebtedness.

The requirements of, and our actual performance with respect to, the key financial covenants under our unsecured senior line

of credit as of December 31, 2025 were as follows:

Covenant Ratios (1)

Requirement

December 31, 2025

Leverage Ratio

Less than or equal to 60.0%

Secured Debt Ratio

Less than or equal to 45.0%

Fixed-Charge Coverage Ratio

Greater than or equal to 1.50x

Unsecured Interest Coverage Ratio

Greater than or equal to 1.75x

(1) All covenant ratio titles utilize terms as defined in the credit agreement.

Estimated interest payments

Estimated interest payments on our fixed-rate debt are calculated based upon contractual interest rates, including interest

payment dates and scheduled maturity dates. As of December 31, 2025 , 97.2% of our debt was fixed-rate debt. For additional

information regarding our debt, refer to Note 10 – “Secured and unsecured senior debt” to our consolidated financial statements in

Item 15 in this annual report on Form 10-K.

Ground lease obligations

Ground lease obligations as of December 31, 2025 included leases for 31 of our properties and accounted for approximately

9% of our total number of properties. Among these 31 properties, 17 properties are subject to ground leases with a weighted-average

remaining lease term of 53  years , including extension options that we are reasonably certain to exercise. These leases are with a single

lessor in our Greater Stanford submarket with whom we have extended three ground leases over the past 10 years.

Our remaining 14 properties subject to ground leases are located across multiple submarkets and have remaining lease terms

ranging from approximately 45 to 81 years . The weighted-average remaining lease term of these ground leases is 73 years , including

extension options that we are reasonably certain to exercise.

In many cases, we seek to extend our ground leases well ahead of their scheduled contractual expirations. If we are

successful in extending ground leases, we could see significant up-front or increased recurring future payments to the ground lessor

and/or increased ground lease expense, which may require us to increase our capital funding needs.

Operating lease agreements

As of December 31, 2025 , the remaining contractual payments under ground and office lease agreements in which we are the

lessee aggregated $753.4 million and $20.0 million , respectively. As of December 31, 2025 , our operating lease liability, calculated as

the present value of the remaining payments aggregating $773.4 million under our operating lease agreements, including our extension

options that we are reasonably certain to exercise, was $360.5 million and was classified in accounts payable, accrued expenses, and

other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2025 , the weighted-average remaining lease term of operating

leases in which we are the lessee was approximately 61 years , including extension options that we are reasonably certain to exercise,

and the weighted-average discount rate was 4.7% . Our corresponding operating lease right-of-use assets, adjusted for initial direct

leasing costs and other consideration exchanged with the landlord prior to the commencement of the lease, aggregated $697.9 million .

We classify the right-of-use asset in other assets in our consolidated balance sheets. Refer to “ Lease accounting ” in Note 2 –

“Summary of significant accounting policies” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 in this annual report on Form 10-K for

additional information.

Commitments

As of December 31, 2025 , remaining aggregate costs under contract for the construction of properties undergoing

development, redevelopment, and improvements under the terms of leases approximated $1.03 billion . We expect payments for these

obligations to occur over one to three years, subject to capital planning adjustments from time to time. We may have the ability to cease

the construction of certain projects, which would result in the reduction of our commitments. In addition, we have letters of credit and

performance obligations aggregating $5.3 million .

We are committed to funding approximately $370.3 million related to our non-real estate investments. These funding

commitments are primarily associated with our investments in privately held entities that report NAV and expire at various dates over

the next 12 years , with a weighted-average expiration of 8.1 years as of December 31, 2025 .

Our former joint venture partner in the Greater Boston market has an option, subject to certain conditions, to obtain a

$50 million secured loan from us, which, if the option is exercised, will bear interest at 6.5% , with a floor of 9.0% and a term not to

exceed five years . As of December 31, 2025 , the option has not been exercised and is set to expire in July 2027 .

In January 2026, our partner in our consolidated joint venture at 99 Coolidge Avenue in our Cambridge/Inner Suburbs

submarket exercised its option to require us to purchase its redeemable noncontrolling interest aggregating $48.7 million plus unpaid

distributions approximating $844 thousand as of December 31, 2025. We expect to complete the redemption in the first quarter of 2026 .

In connection with the sale of a property in our San Diego market, we entered into a loan agreement with the buyer under

which we committed to provide up to $165.7 million of financing through December 30, 2029 . As of December 31, 2025 , $49.2 million of

the commitment remained available to be drawn by the borrower .

Exposure to environmental liabilities

In connection with the acquisition of all of our properties, we have obtained Phase I environmental assessments to ascertain

the existence of any environmental liabilities or other issues. The Phase I environmental assessments of our properties have not

revealed any environmental liabilities that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of

operations taken as a whole, nor are we aware of any material environmental liabilities that have occurred since the Phase I

environmental assessments were completed. In addition, we carry a policy of pollution legal liability insurance covering exposure to

certain environmental losses at substantially all of our properties.

Foreign currency translation gains and losses

The following table presents the change in accumulated other comprehensive loss attributable to Alexandria Real Estate

Equities, Inc.’s stockholders during the year ended December 31, 2025 primarily due to the changes in the foreign exchange rates for

our real estate investments in Canada (in thousands). We reclassify unrealized foreign currency translation gains and losses into net

income as we dispose of these holdings.

Total

Balance as of December 31, 2024

Other comprehensive income before reclassifications

Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income

Net other comprehensive income

Balance as of December 31, 2025

(1) Relates to the completed sale of our only remaining asset located in Asia during the three months ended December 31, 2025 .

Inflation

As of December 31, 2025 , approximately 92% of our leases (on an annual rental revenue basis) were triple net leases, which

require tenants to pay substantially all real estate taxes, insurance, utilities, repairs and maintenance, common area expenses, and

other operating expenses (including increases thereto) in addition to base rent. Approximately 97% of our leases (on an annual rental

revenue basis) contained effective annual rent escalations approximating 3% that were either fixed or indexed based on a consumer

price index or other indices. Accordingly, we do not believe that our cash flows or earnings from real estate operations are subject to

significant risks from inflation. A period of inflation, however, could cause an increase in the cost of issuing new unsecured senior notes

payable and our variable-rate borrowings, including borrowings under our unsecured senior line of credit and commercial paper

program, and secured loans held by our unconsolidated real estate joint ventures.

In addition, refer to “Item 1A. Risk factors” in this annual report on Form 10-K for a discussion of risks that inflation directly or

indirectly may pose to our business.

Issuer and guarantor subsidiary summarized financial information

Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (the “Issuer”) has sold certain debt securities registered under the Securities Act of 1933,

as amended, that are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P. (the “LP” or the “Guarantor

Subsidiary”), an indirectly 100% owned subsidiary of the Issuer. The Issuer’s other subsidiaries, including, but not limited to, the

subsidiaries that own substantially all of its real estate (collectively, the “Combined Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries”), will not provide a

guarantee of such securities, including the subsidiaries that are partially or 100% owned by the LP. The following summarized financial

information presents on a combined basis, balance sheet information as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 , and results of operations and

comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 for the Issuer and the Guarantor Subsidiary. The information

presented below excludes eliminations necessary to arrive at the information on a consolidated basis. In presenting the summarized

financial statements, the equity method of accounting has been applied to (i) the Issuer’s interests in the Guarantor Subsidiary, (ii) the

Guarantor Subsidiary’s interests in the Combined Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries, and (iii) the Combined Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries’

interests in the Guarantor Subsidiary, where applicable, even though all such subsidiaries meet the requirements to be consolidated

under GAAP. All assets and liabilities have been allocated to the Issuer and the Guarantor Subsidiary generally based on legal entity

ownership.

The following tables present combined summarized financial information as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and for the years

ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 for the Issuer and Guarantor Subsidiary. Amounts provided do not represent our total consolidated

amounts (in thousands):

December 31,

Assets:

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash

Other assets

Total assets

Liabilities:

Unsecured senior notes payable

Unsecured senior line of credit and commercial paper

Other liabilities

Total liabilities

Year Ended December 31,

Total revenues

Total expenses

Net loss

Net income attributable to unvested restricted stock awards

Net loss attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders

As of December 31, 2025 , 328 of our 340 properties were held indirectly by the REIT’s wholly owned consolidated subsidiary,

Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P.

Critical accounting estimates

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial

statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of

assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses. We base these estimates, judgments, and assumptions on historical experience, current

trends, and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances.

We continually evaluate the estimates, judgments, and assumptions we use to prepare our consolidated financial statements .

C hanges in estimates, judgments, or assumptions could affect our financial position and our results of operations, which are used by

our stockholders, potential investors, industry analysts, and lenders in their evaluation of our performance.

Our critical accounting estimates are defined as accounting estimates or assumptions made in accordance with GAAP, which

involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty or subjectivity and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our

financial condition or results of operations. Our significant accounting policies, which utilize these critical accounting estimates, are

described in Note 2 – “Summary of significant accounting policies” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 in this annual

report on Form 10-K. Our critical accounting estimates are described below.

Recognition of real estate acquired

Generally, our acquisitions of real estate or in-substance real estate are accounted for as asset acquisitions and not business

combinations because substantially all of the fair value is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable

assets (i.e., land, buildings, and related intangible assets). The accounting model for asset acquisitions requires that the acquisition

consideration (including acquisition costs) be allocated to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value

basis. Any excess (deficit) of the consideration transferred relative to the sum of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities

assumed is allocated to the individual assets and liabilities based on their relative fair values.

We assess the relative fair values of tangible and intangible assets and liabilities based on:

(i) Available comparable market information;

(ii) Estimated replacement costs; or

(iii) Discounted cash flow analysis/estimated net operating income and capitalization rates.

In certain instances, we may use multiple valuation techniques and estimate fair values based on an average of multiple

valuation results. We exercise judgment to determine key assumptions used in each valuation technique. For example, to estimate

future cash flows in the discounted cash flow analysis, we are required to use judgment and make a number of assumptions, including

those related to projected growth in rental rates and operating expenses, and anticipated trends and market/economic conditions. The

use of different assumptions in the discounted cash flow analysis can affect the amount of consideration allocated to the acquired

depreciable/amortizable asset, which in turn can impact our net income due to the recognition of the related depreciation/amortization

expense in our consolidated statements of operations.

Impairment of long-lived assets

Impairment of real estate assets classified as held for sale

A property is classified as held for sale when all of the accounting criteria for a plan of sale have been met. These criteria are

described in “Investments in real estate” in Note 2 – “Summary of significant accounting policies” to our consolidated financial

statements in Item 15 in this annual report on Form 10-K. Upon classification as held for sale, we recognize an impairment charge, if

necessary, to lower the carrying amount of the real estate asset to its estimated fair value less cost to sell. The determination of fair

value can involve significant judgments and assumptions. We develop key assumptions based on the following available factors: (i)

contractual sales price, (ii) preliminary non-binding letters of intent, or (iii) other available comparable market information. If this

information is not available, we use estimated replacement costs or estimated cash flow projections that utilize estimated discount and

capitalization rates. These estimates are subject to uncertainty and therefore require significant judgment by us. We review all assets

held for sale each reporting period to determine whether the existing carrying amounts are fully recoverable in comparison to their

estimated fair values less costs to sell. Subsequently, as a result of our quarterly assessment, we may recognize an incremental

impairment charge for any decrease in the asset’s fair value less cost to sell. Conversely, we may recognize a gain for a subsequent

increase in fair value less cost to sell, limited to the cumulative net loss previously recognized.

Impairment of other long-lived assets

For each reporting period, we review current activities and changes in the business conditions of all of our long-lived assets,

including our rental properties, CIP, land held for development, right-of-use assets related to operating leases in which we are the

lessee, and intangibles, to determine the existence of any triggering events or impairment indicators requiring an impairment analysis. If

triggering events or impairment indicators are identified, we review an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows, including, if

necessary, a probability-weighted approach if multiple outcomes are under consideration.

Long-lived assets to be held and used are individually evaluated for impairment when conditions exist that may indicate that

the carrying amount of a long-lived asset may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset to be held and used is not

recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset.

Triggering events or impairment indicators for long-lived assets to be held and used, including our rental properties, CIP, land held for

development, and intangibles, are assessed by project and include significant fluctuations in estimated net operating income,

occupancy changes, significant near-term lease expirations, current and historical operating and/or cash flow losses, construction costs,

estimated completion dates, rental rates, and other market factors. We assess the expected undiscounted cash flows based upon

numerous factors, including, but not limited to, projected rental rates, exit capitalization rates, and construction costs for projects under

development, which are based on available market information, current and historical operating results, known trends, current market/

economic conditions that may affect the property, and our assumptions about the use of the asset, including, if necessary, a probability-

weighted approach if multiple outcomes are under consideration.

Upon determination that an impairment has occurred, a write-down is recognized to reduce the carrying amount to its

estimated fair value. If an impairment loss is not required to be recognized, the recognition of depreciation or amortization is adjusted

prospectively, as necessary, to reduce the carrying amount of the real estate to its estimated disposition value over the remaining period

that the asset is expected to be held and used. We may also adjust depreciation of properties that are expected to be disposed of or

redeveloped prior to the end of their useful lives.

The evaluation for impairment and calculation of the carrying amount of a long-lived asset to be held and used involves

consideration of factors and calculations that are different than the estimate of fair value of assets classified as held for sale. Because of

these two different models, it is possible for a long-lived asset previously classified as held and used to require the recognition of an

impairment charge upon classification as held for sale.

Impairment of non-real estate investments

We hold strategic investments in publicly traded companies and privately held entities primarily involved in the life science

industry. As a REIT, we generally limit our ownership percentage in the voting stock of each individual entity to less than  10% .

Our investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV per share require our evaluation for impairment when changes

in these entities’ conditions may indicate that an impairment exists. We closely monitor these investments throughout the year for new

developments, including operating results, prospects and results of clinical trials, new product initiatives, new collaborative agreements,

capital-raising events, and merger and acquisition activities. We evaluate these investees on the basis of a qualitative assessment for

indicators of impairment by monitoring the presence of the following triggering events or impairment indicators: (i) a significant

deterioration in the earnings performance, credit rating, asset quality, or business prospects of the investee; (ii) a significant adverse

change in the regulatory, economic, or technological environment of the investee, (iii) a significant adverse change in the general

market condition, including the research and development of technology and products that the investee is bringing or attempting to

bring to the market, (iv) significant concerns about the investee’s ability to continue as a going concern, and/or (v) a decision by

investors to cease providing support to reduce their financial commitment to the investee. If such indicators are present, we are required

to estimate the investment’s fair value and immediately recognize an impairment loss in an amount equal to the investment’s carrying

value in excess of its estimated fair value. As of each December 31, 2025 , 2024 , and 2023 , the carrying amounts of our investments in

privately held entities that do not report NAV per share accounted for 2% , 2% , and 1% of our total assets and aggregated

$536.6 million , $575.2 million , and $542.9 million , respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2025 , 2024 , and 2023 , we

recognized impairment charges aggregating 18% , 10% , and 14% , respectively, of the carrying amounts of our investments in privately

held entities that do not report NAV.

Monitoring of tenant credit quality

We monitor, on an ongoing basis, the credit quality and any related material changes of our tenants by (i) monitoring the credit

rating of tenants that are rated by a nationally recognized credit rating agency, (ii) reviewing financial statements of the tenants that are

publicly available or that are required to be delivered to us pursuant to the applicable lease, (iii) monitoring news reports regarding our

tenants and their respective businesses and industries in which they conduct business, and (iv) monitoring the timeliness of lease

payments. We have a team of employees who, among them, have an extensive educational background or experience in biology,

chemistry, industrial biotechnology, agtech, and the life science industry, as well as knowledge in finance. This team is responsible for

timely assessment, monitoring, and communication of our tenants’ credit quality and any material changes therein. During the years

ended December 31, 2025 , 2024 , and 2023 , specific write-offs and increases to our general allowance balances related to deferred rent

balances of tenants recognized in our consolidated statements of operations have not exceeded 0.8% o f our income from rentals for

each respective year. For additional information, refer to “ Monitoring of tenant credit quality ” in Note 2 – “Summary of significant

accounting policies” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 in this annual report on Form 10-K.

Definitions and reconciliations

This section contains additional information on certain non-GAAP financial measures including reconciliations to the most

directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP and the reasons why we use these

supplemental measures of performance and believe they provide useful information to investors, as well as the definitions of other

terms used in this annual report on Form 10-K.

Funds from operations and funds from operations, as adjusted, attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common

stockholders

GAAP-basis accounting for real estate assets utilizes historical cost accounting and assumes that real estate values diminish

over time. In an effort to overcome the difference between real estate values and historical cost accounting for real estate assets, the

Nareit Board of Governors established funds from operations as an improved measurement tool. Since its introduction, funds from

operations has become a widely used non-GAAP financial measure among equity REITs. We believe that funds from operations is

helpful to investors as an additional measure of the performance of an equity REIT. Moreover, we believe that funds from operations, as

adjusted, allows investors to compare our performance to the performance of other real estate companies on a consistent basis, without

having to account for differences recognized because of real estate acquisition and disposition decisions, financing decisions, capital

structure, capital market transactions, variances resulting from the volatility of market conditions outside of our control, or other

corporate activities that may not be representative of the operating performance of our properties.

The 2018 White Paper published by the Nareit Board of Governors (the “Nareit White Paper”) defines funds from operations as

net income (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding gains or losses on sales of real estate, and impairments of real estate, plus

depreciation and amortization of operating real estate assets, and after adjustments for our share of consolidated and unconsolidated

partnerships and real estate joint ventures. Impairments represent the write-down of assets when fair value over the recoverability

period is less than the carrying value due to changes in general market conditions and do not necessarily reflect the operating

performance of the properties during the corresponding period.

We compute funds from operations, as adjusted, as funds from operations calculated in accordance with the Nareit White

Paper, excluding significant gains, losses, and impairments realized on non-real estate investments, unrealized gains or losses on non-

real estate investments, impairments of real estate primarily consisting of right-of-use assets and pre-acquisition costs related to

projects that we decided to no longer pursue, gains or losses on early extinguishment of debt, changes in the provision for expected

credit losses on financial instruments, significant termination fees, acceleration of stock compensation expense due to the resignations

of executive officers, deal costs, the income tax effect related to such items, and the amount of such items that is allocable to our

unvested restricted stock awards. We compute the amount that is allocable to our unvested restricted stock awards with nonforfeitable

dividends using the two-class method. Under the two-class method, we allocate net income (after amounts attributable to noncontrolling

interests) to common stockholders and to unvested restricted stock awards with nonforfeitable dividends by applying the respective

weighted-average shares outstanding during each quarter-to-date and year-to-date period. This may result in a difference of the

summation of the quarter-to-date and year-to-date amounts. Neither funds from operations nor funds from operations, as adjusted,

should be considered as alternatives to net income (determined in accordance with GAAP) as indications of financial performance, or to

cash flows from operating activities (determined in accordance with GAAP) as measures of liquidity, nor are they indicative of the

availability of funds for our cash needs, including our ability to make distributions.

We are not able to forecast the net income of future periods without unreasonable effort and therefore do not provide a

reconciliation for funds from operations on a forward-looking basis. This is due to the inherent difficulty of forecasting the timing and/or

amount of items that depend on market conditions outside of our control, including the timing of dispositions, capital events, and

financing decisions, as well as components such as gain on sales of real estate, unrealized gains or losses on non-real estate

investments, impairments of real estate, impairments of non-real estate investments, and changes in provision for expected credit

losses on financial instruments. Our attempt to predict these amounts may produce significant but inaccurate estimates, which would

potentially be misleading for our investors.

The following table reconciles net income (loss) to funds from operations for the share of consolidated real estate joint

ventures attributable to noncontrolling interests and our share of unconsolidated real estate joint ventures (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, 2025

Noncontrolling Interest

Share of Consolidated Real

Estate Joint Ventures

Our Share of

Unconsolidated

Real Estate Joint Ventures

Net income (loss)

Depreciation and amortization of real estate assets

Gain on sale of real estate

Impairment of real estate

Funds from operations

The following tables present a reconciliation of net income (loss) attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common

stockholders, the most directly comparable financial measure presented in accordance with GAAP, including our share of amounts from

consolidated and unconsolidated real estate joint ventures, to funds from operations attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities,

Inc.’s common stockholders – diluted, and funds from operations attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common

stockholders – diluted, as adjusted, and the related per share amounts for the years ended December 31, 2025 , 2024 , and 2023 (in

thousands, except per share amounts). Per share amounts may not add due to rounding.

Year Ended December 31,

Net (loss) income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s

common stockholders – basic and diluted

Depreciation and amortization of real estate assets

Noncontrolling share of depreciation and amortization from consolidated real

estate JVs

Our share of depreciation and amortization from unconsolidated real estate

JVs

Gain on sales of real estate

Impairment of real estate – rental properties and land

Allocation to unvested restricted stock awards

Funds from operations attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s

common stockholders – diluted (3)

Unrealized (gains) losses on non-real estate investments

Significant realized losses on non-real estate investments

Impairment of non-real estate investments

Impairment of real estate

Loss on early extinguishment of debt

Acceleration of stock compensation expense due to executive officer

resignation

Decrease in provision for expected credit losses on financial instruments

Allocation to unvested restricted stock awards

Funds from operations attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s

common stockholders – diluted, as adjusted

(1) Excludes our partner’s share of gain on sale of real estate aggregating $312.8 million at our consolidated real estate joint venture at 409 and 499 Illinois Street. Refer to

Note 4 – “Consolidated and unconsolidated real estate joint ventures” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 for additional details.

(2) Refer to the table below for a summary of impairments of real estate during the year ended December 31, 2025 . Refer to Note 3 – “Investments in real estate” to our

consolidated financial statements in Item 15 for additional information.

(in thousands)

Year Ended

December 31, 2025

Impairment of real estate

Add: Our share from unconsolidated joint venture

Less: Noncontrolling interest’s share from consolidated joint ventures

Less: Write-off primarily related to ground leases

Impairment of real estate – rental properties and land

(3) Calculated in accordance with standards established by the Nareit Board of Governors.

(4) In November 2025, we contributed certain publicly traded securities to an unconsolidated joint venture, which resulted in a realized loss of $103.3 million on one

transaction that was previously reflected as unrealized losses within investment income in our consolidated statement of operations. The unconsolidated joint venture

sold these securities and distributed $39.9 million to us in December 2025.

(5) Primarily related to four non-real estate investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV.

(6) Related to the resignation of an executive officer, Daniel J. Ryan, from his position as Co-President and Regional Marketing Director – San Diego.

Year Ended December 31,

(Per share)

Net income (loss) per share attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s

common stockholders – diluted

Depreciation and amortization of real estate assets

Gain on sales of real estate

Impairment of real estate – rental properties and land

Allocation to unvested restricted stock awards

Funds from operations per share attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities,

Inc.’s common stockholders – diluted

Unrealized (gains) losses on non-real estate investments

Significant realized losses on non-real estate investments

Impairment of non-real estate investments

Impairment of real estate

Acceleration of stock compensation expense due to executive officer

resignation

Allocation to unvested restricted stock awards

Funds from operations per share attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities,

Inc.’s common stockholders – diluted, as adjusted

Weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding – diluted (1)

Earnings per share – diluted

Funds from operations – diluted, per share

Funds from operations – diluted, as adjusted, per share

(1) Refer to “ Weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding – diluted ” in this section for additional information.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin

We use Adjusted EBITDA as a supplemental performance measure of our operations, for financial and operational decision-

making, and as a supplemental means of evaluating period-to-period comparisons on a consistent basis. Adjusted EBITDA is calculated

as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (“EBITDA”), excluding stock compensation expense, gains or losses

on early extinguishment of debt, gains or losses on sales of real estate, impairments of real estate, changes in provision for expected

credit losses on financial instruments, and significant termination fees. Adjusted EBITDA also excludes unrealized gains or losses and

significant realized gains or losses and impairments that result from our non-real estate investments. These non-real estate investment

amounts are classified in our consolidated statements of operations outside of total revenues.

We believe Adjusted EBITDA provides investors with relevant and useful information as it allows investors to evaluate the

operating performance of our business activities without having to account for differences recognized because of investing and

financing decisions related to our real estate and non-real estate investments, our capital structure, capital market transactions, and

variances resulting from the volatility of market conditions outside of our control. For example, we exclude gains or losses on the early

extinguishment of debt to allow investors to measure our performance independent of our indebtedness and capital structure. We

believe that adjusting for the effects of impairments and gains or losses on sales of real estate, significant impairments and realized

gains or losses on non-real estate investments, changes in provision for expected credit losses on financial instruments, and significant

termination fees allows investors to evaluate performance from period to period on a consistent basis without having to account for

differences recognized because of investing and financing decisions related to our real estate and non-real estate investments or other

corporate activities that may not be representative of the operating performance of our properties.

In addition, we believe that excluding charges related to stock compensation and unrealized gains or losses facilitates for

investors a comparison of our business activities across periods without the volatility resulting from market forces outside of our control.

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as a measure of our performance. Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect our historical expenditures or

future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments. While Adjusted EBITDA is a relevant measure of performance,

it does not represent net income (loss) or cash flows from operations calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, and it should

not be considered as an alternative to those indicators in evaluating performance or liquidity.

In order to calculate the Adjusted EBITDA margin, we divide Adjusted EBITDA by total revenues as presented in our

consolidated statements of operations. We believe that this supplemental performance measure provides investors with additional

useful information regarding the profitability of our operating activities.

We are not able to forecast the net income of future periods without unreasonable effort and therefore do not provide a

reconciliation for Adjusted EBITDA on a forward-looking basis. This is due to the inherent difficulty of forecasting the timing and/or

amount of items that depend on market conditions outside of our control, including the timing of dispositions, capital events, and

financing decisions, as well as quarterly components such as gain on sales of real estate, unrealized gains or losses on non-real estate

investments, impairments of real estate, impairments of non-real estate investments, and changes in provision for expected credit

losses on financial instruments. Our attempt to predict these amounts may produce significant but inaccurate estimates, which would

potentially be misleading for our investors.

The following table reconciles net income (loss), the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in

accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA and calculates the Adjusted EBITDA margin for the three months and years ended

December 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Three Months Ended December 31,

Year Ended December 31,

Net (loss) income

Interest expense

Income taxes

Depreciation and amortization

Stock compensation expense

Loss on early extinguishment of debt

Gain on sales of real estate

Unrealized (gains) losses on non-real estate

investments

Significant realized losses on non-real estate

investments

Impairment of real estate

Impairment of non-real estate investments

Decrease in provision for expected credit losses on

financial instruments

Adjusted EBITDA

Total revenues

Adjusted EBITDA margin

Annual rental revenue

Annual rental revenue represents the annualized fixed base rental obligations, calculated in accordance with GAAP. It includes

the amortization of deferred revenue related to tenant-funded and tenant-built landlord improvements for leases in effect as of the end

of the period, related to our operating RSF. Annual rental revenue is presented using 100% of the annual rental revenue from our

consolidated properties and our share of annual rental revenue for our unconsolidated real estate joint ventures. Annual rental revenue

per RSF is computed by dividing annual rental revenue by the sum of 100% of the RSF of our consolidated properties and our share of

the RSF of properties held in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures. As of December 31, 2025 , approximately 92% of our leases (on

an annual rental revenue basis) were triple net leases, which require tenants to pay substantially all real estate taxes, insurance,

utilities, repairs and maintenance, common area expenses, and other operating expenses (including increases thereto) in addition to

base rent. Annual rental revenue excludes these operating expenses recovered from our tenants. Amounts recovered from our tenants

related to these operating expenses, along with base rent, are classified in income from rentals in our consolidated statements of

operations.

Capitalization rates

Capitalization rates are calculated based on net operating income and net operating income (cash basis) annualized,

excluding lease termination fees, on stabilized operating assets for the quarter preceding the date on which the property is sold, or

near-term prospective net operating income.

Capitalized interest

We capitalize interest cost as a cost of a project during periods for which activities necessary to develop, redevelop, or

reposition a project for its intended use are ongoing, provided that expenditures for the asset have been made and interest cost has

been incurred. Activities necessary to develop, redevelop, or reposition a project include pre-construction activities such as

entitlements, permitting, design, site work, and other activities preceding commencement of construction of aboveground building

improvements. The advancement of pre-construction efforts is focused on reducing the time required to deliver projects to prospective

tenants. These critical activities add significant value for future ground-up development and are required for the vertical construction of

buildings. If we cease activities necessary to prepare a project for its intended use, interest costs related to such project are expensed

as incurred.

Cash interest

Cash interest is equal to interest expense calculated in accordance with GAAP plus capitalized interest, less amortization of

loan fees and debt premiums (discounts). Refer to “ Fixed-charge coverage ratio ” in this section for a reconciliation of interest expense,

the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, to cash interest.

Class A/A+ properties and AAA locations

Class A/A+ properties are properties clustered in AAA locations that provide innovative tenants with highly dynamic and

collaborative environments that enhance their ability to successfully recruit and retain world-class talent and inspire productivity,

efficiency, creativity, and success. These properties are typically well-located, professionally managed, and well-maintained, offering a

wide range of amenities and featuring premium construction materials and finishes. Class A/A+ properties are generally newer or have

undergone substantial redevelopment and are generally expected to command higher annual rental rates compared to other classes of

similar properties. AAA locations are in close proximity to concentrations of specialized skills, knowledge, institutions, and related

businesses. It is important to note that our definition of property classification may not be directly comparable to other equity REITs.

Credit rating

Represents the credit ratings assigned by S&P Global Ratings or Moody’s Ratings as of December 31, 2025 . A credit rating is

not a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold securities and may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time.

Development, redevelopment, and pre-construction

A key component of our business model is our disciplined allocation of capital to the development and redevelopment of new

Class A/A+ properties, as well as property enhancements identified during the underwriting of certain acquired properties. These efforts

are primarily concentrated in collaborative Megacampus™ ecosystems within AAA life science innovation clusters, as well as other

strategic locations that support innovation and growth. These projects are generally focused on providing high-quality, generic, and

reusable spaces that meet the real estate requirements of a wide range of tenants. Upon completion, each development or

redevelopment project is expected to generate increases in rental income, net operating income, and cash flows. Our development and

redevelopment projects are generally in locations that are highly desirable to high-quality entities, which we believe results in higher

occupancy levels, longer lease terms, higher rental income, higher returns, and greater long-term asset value.

Development projects generally consist of the ground-up development of generic and reusable laboratory facilities.

Redevelopment projects consist of the permanent change in use of acquired office, warehouse, or shell space into laboratory space.

We generally will not commence new development projects for aboveground construction of new Class A/A+ laboratory space without

first securing significant pre-leasing for such space, except when there is solid market demand for high-quality Class A/A+ properties.

Pre-construction activities include entitlements, permitting, design, site work, and other activities preceding commencement of

construction of aboveground building improvements. The advancement of pre-construction efforts is focused on reducing the time

required to deliver projects to prospective tenants. These critical activities add significant value for future ground-up development and

are required for the vertical construction of buildings. Ultimately, these projects will provide high-quality facilities and are expected to

generate significant revenue and cash flows.

Development, redevelopment, and pre-construction spending also includes the following costs: (i) amounts to bring certain

acquired properties up to market standard and/or other costs identified during the acquisition process (generally within two years of

acquisition) and (ii) permanent conversion of space for highly flexible, move-in-ready laboratory space to foster the growth of promising

early- and growth-stage life science companies.

Revenue-enhancing and repositioning capital expenditures represent spending to reposition or significantly change the use of

a property, including through improvement in the asset quality from Class B to Class A/A+.

Non-revenue-enhancing capital expenditures represent costs required to maintain the current revenues of a stabilized

property, including the associated costs for renewed and re-leased space.

Dividend payout ratio (common stock)

Dividend payout ratio (common stock) is the ratio of the absolute dollar amount of dividends on our common stock (shares of

common stock outstanding on the respective record dates multiplied by the related dividend per share) to funds from operations

attributable to Alexandria’s common stockholders – diluted, as adjusted.

Dividend yield

Dividend yield for the quarter represents the annualized quarter dividend divided by the closing common stock price at the end

of the quarter.

Fixed-charge coverage ratio

Fixed-charge coverage ratio is a non-GAAP financial measure representing the ratio of Adjusted EBITDA to cash interest and

fixed charges. We believe that this ratio is useful to investors as a supplemental measure of our ability to satisfy fixed financing

obligations and preferred stock dividends. Cash interest is equal to interest expense calculated in accordance with GAAP plus

capitalized interest, less amortization of loan fees and debt premiums (discounts).

The following table reconciles interest expense, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in

accordance with GAAP, to cash interest and computes fixed-charge coverage ratio for the three months and years ended December 31,

2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Three Months Ended December 31,

Year Ended December 31,

Adjusted EBITDA

Interest expense

Capitalized interest

Amortization of loan fees

Amortization of debt discounts

Cash interest and fixed charges

Fixed-charge coverage ratio:

– quarter annualized

– trailing 12 months

We are not able to forecast the net income of future periods without unreasonable effort and therefore do not provide a

reconciliation for fixed-charge coverage ratio on a forward-looking basis. This is due to the inherent difficulty of forecasting the timing

and/or amount of items that depend on market conditions outside of our control, including the timing of dispositions, capital events, and

financing decisions, as well as quarterly components such as gain on sales of real estate, unrealized gains or losses on non-real estate

investments, impairments of real estate, impairments of non-real estate investments, and changes in provision for expected credit

losses on financial instruments. Our attempt to predict these amounts may produce significant but inaccurate estimates, which would

potentially be misleading for our investors.

Gross assets

Gross assets are calculated as total assets plus accumulated depreciation as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

December 31,

Total assets

Accumulated depreciation

Gross assets

Incremental annual net operating income on development and redevelopment projects

Incremental annual net operating income represents the amount of net operating income, on an annual basis, expected to be

realized upon a project being placed into service and achieving full occupancy. Incremental annual net operating income is calculated

as the initial stabilized yield multiplied by the project’s total cost at completion.

Initial stabilized yield (unlevered)

Initial stabilized yield is calculated as the estimated amounts of net operating income at stabilization divided by our investment

in the property. For this calculation, we exclude any tenant-funded and tenant-built landlord improvements from our investment in the

property. Our initial stabilized yield excludes the benefit of leverage. Our cash rents related to our development and redevelopment

projects are generally expected to increase over time due to contractual annual rent escalations. Our estimates for initial stabilized

yields, initial stabilized yields (cash basis), and total costs at completion represent our initial estimates at the commencement of the

project. We expect to update this information upon completion of the project, or sooner if there are significant changes to the expected

project yields or costs.

• Initial stabilized yield reflects rental income, including contractual rent escalations and any rent concessions over the

term(s) of the lease(s), calculated on a straight-line basis, and any amortization of deferred revenue related to tenant-

funded and tenant-built landlord improvements.

• Initial stabilized yield (cash basis) reflects cash rents at the stabilization date after initial rental concessions, if any, have

elapsed and our total cash investment in the property.

Investment-grade or publicly traded large cap tenants

Investment-grade or publicly traded large cap tenants represent tenants that are investment-grade rated or publicly traded

companies with an average daily market capitalization greater than $10 billion for the twelve months ended December 31, 2025 , as

reported by Bloomberg Professional Services. Credit ratings from Moody’s Ratings and S&P Global Ratings reflect credit ratings of the

tenant’s parent entity, and there can be no assurance that a tenant’s parent entity will satisfy the tenant’s lease obligation upon such

tenant’s default. We monitor the credit quality and related material changes of our tenants. Material changes that cause a tenant’s

market capitalization to decrease below $10 billion, which are not immediately reflected in the twelve-month average, may result in their

exclusion from this measure.

Investments in real estate

The following table presents our new Class A/A+ development and redevelopment pipeline, excluding properties held for sale,

as a percentage of gross assets and as a percentage of annual rental revenue as of December 31, 2025 (dollars in thousands):

Percentage of

Book Value

Gross Assets

Annual Rental

Revenue

Projects under active construction

Future development projects (1) and land parcels primarily located in

Megacampuses

Total Class A/A+ development and redevelopment pipeline, excluding

properties held for sale

Properties held for sale – land parcels

Total Class A/A+ development and redevelopment pipeline

(1) Includes projects with existing buildings that are generating or can generate operating cash flows. Also includes development rights associated with existing operating

campuses.

The square footage presented in the table below is classified as operating as of December 31, 2025 . These lease expirations

or vacant space at recently acquired properties represent future opportunities for which we have the intent, subject to market conditions

and leasing, to commence first-time conversion from non-laboratory space to laboratory space, or to commence future ground-up

development:

Dev/Redev

RSF of Lease Expirations Targeted for

Development and Redevelopment

Property/Submarket

Thereafter (1)

Total

Under construction project:

Campus Point by Alexandria/University Town Center

Dev

Future projects:

446, 458, and 500 Arsenal Street/Cambridge/Inner Suburbs

Dev

3000 Minuteman Road/Greater Boston

Redev

1122 and 1150 El Camino Real/South San Francisco

Dev

2100 and 2200 Geng Road/Greater Stanford

Dev

960 Industrial Road/Greater Stanford

Dev

Campus Point by Alexandria/University Town Center

Dev

Sequence District by Alexandria/Sorrento Mesa

Dev/Redev

410 West Harrison Street/Elliott Bay

Dev

Other/Seattle

Dev

Canada

Redev

Total

(1) Includes vacant square footage as of December 31, 2025 .

Joint venture financial information

We present components of balance sheet and operating results information related to our real estate joint ventures, which are

not presented, or intended to be presented, in accordance with GAAP. We present the proportionate share of certain financial line items

as follows: (i) for each real estate joint venture that we consolidate in our financial statements, which are controlled by us through

contractual rights or majority voting rights, but of which we own less than 100%, we apply the noncontrolling interest economic

ownership percentage to each financial item to arrive at the amount of such cumulative noncontrolling interest share of each component

presented; and (ii) for each real estate joint venture that we do not control and do not consolidate, which are instead controlled jointly or

by our joint venture partners through contractual rights or majority voting rights, we apply our economic ownership percentage to each

financial item to arrive at our proportionate share of each component presented.

The components of balance sheet and operating results information related to our real estate joint ventures do not represent

our legal claim to those items. For each entity that we do not wholly own, the joint venture agreement generally determines what equity

holders can receive upon capital events, such as sales or refinancing, or in the event of a liquidation. Equity holders are normally

entitled to their respective legal ownership of any residual cash from a joint venture only after all liabilities, priority distributions, and

claims have been repaid or satisfied.

We believe that this information can help investors estimate the balance sheet and operating results information related to our

partially owned entities. Presenting this information provides a perspective not immediately available from consolidated financial

statements and one that can supplement an understanding of the joint venture assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses included in

our consolidated results.

The components of balance sheet and operating results information related to our real estate joint ventures are limited as an

analytical tool as the overall economic ownership interest does not represent our legal claim to each of our joint ventures’ assets,

liabilities, or results of operations. In addition, joint venture financial information may include financial information related to the

unconsolidated real estate joint ventures that we do not control. We believe that in order to facilitate for investors a clear understanding

of our operating results and our total assets and liabilities, joint venture financial information should be examined in conjunction with our

consolidated statements of operations and balance sheets. Joint venture financial information should not be considered an alternative

to our consolidated financial statements, which are presented and prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Megacampus™

A Megacampus ecosystem is a cluster campus that consists of approximately 1 million RSF or greater, including operating,

active development/redevelopment, and land RSF less operating RSF expected to be demolished. We consider Megacampuses that

include a minimum of 750,000 operating RSF to be Established Megacampuses. These Megacampuses have realized the scale and

flexibility that deliver strategic optionality to our tenants. We present certain metrics related to our Established Megacampuses because

we believe they facilitate a more robust understanding of certain of our operating trends.

The following table reconciles our annual rental revenue and development and redevelopment pipeline RSF, excluding

properties classified as held for sale, as of December 31, 2025 (dollars in thousands):

Annual Rental

Revenue

Development and

Redevelopment

Pipeline RSF

Megacampus

Core and non-core

Total

Megacampus as a percentage of annual rental revenue and of total development and

redevelopment pipeline RSF

Net cash provided by operating activities after dividends

Net cash provided by operating activities after dividends is reduced by distributions to noncontrolling interests, excludes

liquidating distributions from asset sales, and excludes changes in operating assets and liabilities as they represent timing differences.

Net debt and preferred stock to Adjusted EBITDA

Net debt and preferred stock to Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe is useful to investors as a

supplemental measure of evaluating our balance sheet leverage. Net debt and preferred stock is equal to the sum of total consolidated

debt less cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, plus preferred stock outstanding as of the end of the period. Refer to “ Adjusted

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin ” in this section for further information on the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA.

We are not able to forecast the net income of future periods without unreasonable effort and therefore do not provide a

reconciliation for net debt and preferred stock to Adjusted EBITDA on a forward-looking basis. This is due to the inherent difficulty of

forecasting the timing and/or amount of items that depend on market conditions outside of our control, including the timing of

dispositions, capital events, and financing decisions, as well as quarterly components such as gain on sales of real estate, unrealized

gains or losses on non-real estate investments, impairments of real estate, impairments of non-real estate investments, and changes in

provision for expected credit losses on financial instruments. Our attempt to predict these amounts may produce significant but

inaccurate estimates, which would potentially be misleading for our investors.

The following table reconciles debt to net debt and preferred stock and computes the ratio to Adjusted EBITDA as of

December 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands):

December 31,

Secured notes payable

Unsecured senior notes payable

Unsecured senior line of credit and commercial paper

Unamortized deferred financing costs

Cash and cash equivalents

Restricted cash

Preferred stock

Net debt and preferred stock

Adjusted EBITDA:

– quarter annualized

– trailing 12 months

Net debt and preferred stock to Adjusted EBITDA:

– quarter annualized

– trailing 12 months

Net operating income, net operating income (cash basis), and operating margin

The following table reconciles net income to net operating income and net operating income (cash basis) and computes

operating margin for the years ended December 31, 2025 , 2024 , and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Net (loss) income

Equity in losses (earnings) of unconsolidated real estate joint ventures

General and administrative expenses

Interest expense

Depreciation and amortization

Impairment of real estate

Loss on early extinguishment of debt

Gain on sales of real estate

Investment loss

Net operating income

Straight-line rent revenue

Amortization of deferred revenue related to tenant-funded and -built

landlord improvements

Amortization of acquired below-market leases

Provision for expected credit losses on financial instruments

Net operating income (cash basis)

Net operating income (from above)

Total revenues

Operating margin

Net operating income is a non-GAAP financial measure calculated as net income (loss), the most directly comparable financial

measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, excluding equity in the earnings of our unconsolidated real estate joint

ventures, general and administrative expenses, interest expense, depreciation and amortization, impairments of real estate, gains or

losses on early extinguishment of debt, gains or losses on sales of real estate, and investment income or loss. We believe net operating

income provides useful information to investors regarding our financial condition and results of operations because it primarily reflects

those income and expense items that are incurred at the property level. Therefore, we believe net operating income is a useful measure

for investors to evaluate the operating performance of our consolidated real estate assets. Net operating income on a cash basis is net

operating income adjusted to exclude the effect of straight-line rent, amortization of acquired above- and below-market lease revenue,

amortization of deferred revenue related to tenant-funded and tenant-built landlord improvements, and changes in the provision for

expected credit losses on financial instruments required by GAAP. We believe that net operating income on a cash basis is helpful to

investors as an additional measure of operating performance because it eliminates straight-line rent revenue and the amortization of

acquired above- and below-market leases and tenant-funded and tenant-built landlord improvements.

Furthermore, we believe net operating income is useful to investors as a performance measure of our consolidated properties

because, when compared across periods, net operating income reflects trends in occupancy rates, rental rates, and operating costs,

which provide a perspective not immediately apparent from net income or loss. Net operating income can be used to measure the initial

stabilized yields of our properties by calculating net operating income generated by a property divided by our investment in the property.

Net operating income excludes certain components from net income in order to provide results that are more closely related to the

results of operations of our properties. For example, interest expense is not necessarily linked to the operating performance of a real

estate asset and is often incurred at the corporate level rather than at the property level. In addition, depreciation and amortization,

because of historical cost accounting and useful life estimates, may distort comparability of operating performance at the property level.

Impairments of real estate have been excluded in deriving net operating income because we do not consider impairments of real estate

to be property-level operating expenses. Impairments of real estate relate to changes in the values of our assets and do not reflect the

current operating performance with respect to related revenues or expenses. Our impairments of real estate represent the write-down in

the value of the assets to the estimated fair value less cost to sell. These impairments result from investing decisions or a deterioration

in market conditions. We also exclude realized and unrealized investment gain or loss, which results from investment decisions that

occur at the corporate level related to non-real estate investments in publicly traded companies and certain privately held entities.

Therefore, we do not consider these activities to be an indication of operating performance of our real estate assets at the property

level. Our calculation of net operating income also excludes charges incurred from changes in certain financing decisions, such as

losses on early extinguishment of debt and changes in provision for expected credit losses on financial instruments, as these charges

often relate to corporate strategy. Property operating expenses included in determining net operating income primarily consist of costs

that are related to our operating properties, such as utilities, repairs, and maintenance; rental expense related to ground leases;

contracted services, such as janitorial, engineering, and landscaping; property taxes and insurance; and property-level salaries.

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of accounting and corporate compensation, corporate insurance, professional

fees, rent, and supplies that are incurred as part of corporate office management. We calculate operating margin as net operating

income divided by total revenues.

We believe that in order to facilitate for investors a clear understanding of our operating results, net operating income should

be examined in conjunction with net income or loss as presented in our consolidated statements of operations. Net operating income

should not be considered as an alternative to net income or loss as an indication of our performance, nor as an alternative to cash flows

as a measure of our liquidity or our ability to make distributions.

We are not able to forecast the net income of future periods without unreasonable effort and therefore do not provide a

reconciliation for net operating income on a forward-looking basis. This is due to the inherent difficulty of forecasting the timing and/or

amount of items that depend on market conditions outside of our control, including the timing of dispositions, capital events, and

financing decisions, as well as components such as gain on sales of real estate, unrealized gains or losses on non-real estate

investments, impairments of real estate, impairments of non-real estate investments, and changes in provision for expected credit

losses on financial instruments. Our attempt to predict these amounts may produce significant but inaccurate estimates, which would

potentially be misleading for our investors.

Operating statistics

We present certain operating statistics related to our properties, including number of properties, RSF, occupancy percentage,

leasing activity, and contractual lease expirations as of the end of the period. We believe these measures are useful to investors

because they facilitate an understanding of certain trends for our properties. We compute the number of properties, RSF, occupancy

percentage, leasing activity, and contractual lease expirations at 100%, excluding RSF at properties classified as held for sale, for all

properties in which we have an investment, including properties owned by our consolidated and unconsolidated real estate joint

ventures. For operating metrics based on annual rental revenue, refer to “ Annual rental revenue ” in this section.

Same property comparisons

As a result of changes within our total property portfolio during the comparative periods presented, including changes from

assets acquired or sold, properties placed into development or redevelopment, and development or redevelopment properties recently

placed into service, the consolidated total income from rentals, as well as rental operating expenses in our operating results, can show

significant changes from period to period. In order to supplement an evaluation of our results of operations over a given quarterly or

annual period, we analyze the operating performance for all consolidated properties that were fully operating for the entirety of the

comparative periods presented, referred to as same properties. We separately present quarterly and year-to-date same property results

to align with the interim financial information required by the SEC in our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial

condition and results of operations. These same properties are analyzed separately from properties acquired subsequent to the first day

in the earliest comparable quarterly or year-to-date period presented, properties that underwent development or redevelopment at any

time during the comparative periods, unconsolidated real estate joint ventures, properties classified as held for sale, and corporate

entities (legal entities performing general and administrative functions), which are excluded from same property results. Additionally,

termination fees, if any, are excluded from the results of same properties. Refer to “ Same properties ” in Item 7 in this annual report on

Form 10-K for additional information.

Stabilized occupancy date

The stabilized occupancy date represents the estimated date on which a development or redevelopment project is expected to

reach occupancy of 95% or greater.

Tenant recoveries

Tenant recoveries represent revenues comprising reimbursement of real estate taxes, insurance, utilities, repairs and

maintenance, common area expenses, and other operating expenses and earned in the period during which the applicable expenses

are incurred and the tenant’s obligation to reimburse us arises.

We classify rental revenues and tenant recoveries generated through the leasing of real estate assets within revenues in

income from rentals in our consolidated statements of operations. We provide investors with a separate presentation of rental revenues

and tenant recoveries in “ Results of operations ” in Item 7 in this annual report on Form 10-K because we believe it promotes investors’

understanding of our operating results. We believe that the presentation of tenant recoveries is useful to investors as a supplemental

measure of our ability to recover operating expenses under our triple net leases, including recoveries of utilities, repairs and

maintenance, insurance, property taxes, common area expenses, and other operating expenses, and of our ability to mitigate the effect

to net income for any significant variability to components of our operating expenses.

The following table reconciles income from rentals to tenant recoveries for the years ended December 31, 2025 , 2024 , and

2023 (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Income from rentals

Rental revenues

Tenant recoveries

Total equity capitalization

Total equity capitalization is equal to the outstanding shares of common stock multiplied by the closing price on the last trading

day at the end of each period presented.

Total market capitalization

Total market capitalization is equal to the sum of total equity capitalization and total debt.

Unencumbered net operating income as a percentage of total net operating income

Unencumbered net operating income as a percentage of total net operating income is a non-GAAP financial measure that we

believe is useful to investors as a performance measure of the results of operations of our unencumbered real estate assets as it

reflects those income and expense items that are incurred at the unencumbered property level. Unencumbered net operating income is

derived from assets classified in continuing operations, which are not subject to any mortgage, deed of trust, lien, or other security

interest, as of the period for which income is presented.

The following table summarizes unencumbered net operating income as a percentage of total net operating income for the

years ended December 31, 2025 , 2024 , and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Unencumbered net operating income

Encumbered net operating income

Total net operating income

Unencumbered net operating income as a percentage of total

net operating income

Weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding – diluted

From time to time, we enter into capital market transactions, including forward equity sales agreements (“Forward

Agreements”), to fund acquisitions, to fund construction of our development and redevelopment projects, and for general working

capital purposes. While the Forward Agreements are outstanding, we are required to consider the potential dilutive effect of our Forward

Agreements under the treasury stock method. Under this method, we also include the dilutive effect of unvested restricted stock awards

(“RSAs”) with forfeitable dividends in the calculation of diluted shares. Refer to Note 13 – “Earnings per share” and Note 16 –

“Stockholders’ equity” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 in this annual report on Form 10-K for additional information.

The weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding used in calculating EPS – diluted, funds from operations per

share – diluted, and funds from operations per share – diluted, as adjusted, for the years ended December 31, 2025 , 2024 , and 2023

are calculated as follows. Also shown are the weighted-average unvested RSAs with nonforfeitable rights to dividends used in

calculating the amounts allocable to these awards pursuant to the two-class method for each of the respective periods presented below

(in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Basic shares for earnings per share

Unvested RSAs with forfeitable dividends

Diluted shares for earnings per share

Basic shares for funds from operations per share and funds

from operations per share, as adjusted

Unvested RSAs with forfeitable dividends

Diluted shares for funds from operations per share and

funds from operations per share, as adjusted

Weighted-average unvested RSAs with nonforfeitable

dividends used in the allocations of net income, funds

from operations, and funds from operations, as adjusted