SPH Suburban Propane Partners LP - 10-K

RISK FACTORS SUMMARY

Below is a summary of material factors that make an investment in our Common Units speculative or risky:

Risks Related to our Business:

reduced demand for propane, renewable propane, fuel oil and other refined fuels, natural gas, renewable natural gas (“RNG”), and electricity (combined, “our products”) due to weather conditions;

the potential effects of climate change;

increased costs and reduced demand for our products and services due to climate change legislation or regulation;

deterioration of general economic and other external conditions;

disruption of our supply chain;

sudden increases in our products and transportation costs;

customer conservation and reduced demand due to price changes;

the highly competitive nature of the retail propane and fuel oil businesses;

reduced demand due to energy efficiency, economic conditions, technological advances and legislative bans;

attracting and retaining qualified employees or finding, developing and retaining key employees;

dependency on our senior management and other key personnel;

conflict, political unrest and other hostilities in regions affecting the economy and the price and availability of our products;

the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East and related price volatility and geopolitical instability;

laws or governmental regulation and associated costs related to permitting and environmental, health and safety compliance;

acquiring and retaining retail natural gas and electricity customers;

costs associated with lawsuits, investigations or increases in legal reserves;

making acquisitions on economically acceptable terms and effectively integrating such acquisitions;

current conditions in the global capital and credit markets, and general economic pressures;

credit and regulatory risk resulting from derivative contracts;

adverse impacts on our renewable fuel investments;

a prolonged environment of low prices or reduced demand for RNG;

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the availability or value of environmental attributes and tax credits due to state or federal regulations;

the performance of our newly constructed, renovated or developed anaerobic digester facilities;

reliance on gas pipelines that we do not own or control;

growth and diversification plans may not be successful or could expose us to new risks;

reliance on particular management information systems and communication networks;

cybersecurity breaches of our systems and information technology or those of our third-party vendors; and

compliance with data privacy and security laws, rules and regulations that are subject to change and interpretation.

Risks Related to our Indebtedness and Access to Capital:

current and future debt obligations limiting our financial flexibility;

operating results and generation of cash flows are subject to our ability to continue to control expenses; and

disruptions in the capital and credit markets, including the availability and costs of debt and equity issuances.

Risks Related to our Common Units:

fluctuations in cash distributions due to our performance and other external factors;

limited voting rights of Unitholders;

the difficulties of a third party acquiring us even if beneficial to our Unitholders;

the lack of limited liability for our Unitholders in some circumstances;

liability of our Unitholders to repay distributions in some circumstances; and

future dilution and additional taxable income being allocated to each Unitholder.

Tax Risks to our Unitholders:

tax treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes;

legislative, judicial or administrative changes and differing interpretations of tax treatment of partnerships;

potential audit adjustments to our income tax returns for prior tax years by the IRS;

successful IRS contests of the U.S. federal income tax positions we take;

tax liability exceeding cash distributions on Common Units;

adverse tax consequences for tax-exempt organizations and foreign investors;

limitations on the ability of a Unitholder to deduct its share of our losses;

tax gain or loss on the disposition of Common Units being different than expected;

inaccuracy or lack of timeliness in our reporting of partnership tax information;

the IRS challenging our treatment of each purchaser of our Common Units as having the same tax benefits;

the IRS challenging our treatment of how we prorate our items of income, gain, loss and deduction;

negative tax consequences due to defaults on debt or sales of assets;

state, local and other tax considerations; and

the potential consequences of a Unitholder loaning Common Units to a “short seller” to cover a short sale.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS

Because weather conditions may adversely affect demand for our products, our results of operations and financial condition are vulnerable to warm winters and natural disasters.

Weather conditions have a significant impact on the demand for our products, for both heating and agricultural purposes. Many of our customers rely on propane, fuel oil or natural gas primarily as a heating source. The volume of propane, fuel oil and natural gas sold is at its highest during the six-month peak heating season of October through March and is directly affected by the severity and length of the winter months. Typically, we sell approximately two-thirds of our retail propane volume and approximately three-fourths of our retail fuel oil volume during the peak heating season. Weather conditions can vary substantially from year to year in the regions in which we operate, which could significantly impact the demand for our products and our financial performance and condition. The agricultural demand for propane is also affected by the weather, as dry or warm weather during the harvest season may reduce the demand for propane used in some crop drying applications for which we service.

Actual weather conditions can vary substantially from year to year, significantly affecting our financial performance. For example, average temperatures in our service territories were 9% warmer than normal for fiscal 2025, 13% warmer than normal for fiscal 2024 and 8% warmer than normal for fiscal 2023, as measured by the number of heating degree days reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This trend of warmer than normal temperatures has had, and if it continues, could continue to have, a

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negative impact on our financial performance by reducing demand for our products in the future. Furthermore, variations in weather in one or more regions in which we operate can significantly affect the total volume of propane, fuel oil and other refined fuels and natural gas we sell and, consequently, our results of operations. Variations in the weather in the northeast, where we have a greater concentration of propane accounts and substantially all of our fuel oil and natural gas operations, generally have a greater impact on our operations than variations in the weather in other regions. We can give no assurance that the weather conditions in any quarter or year will not have a material adverse effect on our operations, or that our available cash will be sufficient to pay principal and interest on our indebtedness and distributions to Unitholders.

If the frequency or magnitude of significant weather conditions or natural disasters such as floods, droughts, wildfires, hurricanes, blizzards or earthquakes increase, as a result of climate change or for other reasons, our results of operations and our financial performance could be negatively impacted by the extent of damage to our facilities or to our customers’ residential homes and business structures, or of disruption to the supply or delivery of the products we sell.

The potential effects of climate change may affect our business, operations, supply chain and customers, which could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Shifts and fluctuations in weather patterns and other environmental conditions, including temperature and precipitation levels, may affect consumer demand for our energy products and services. In addition, the potential physical effects of climate change, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, floods and other climatic events, could disrupt our operations and supply chain, and cause us to incur significant costs in preparing for or responding to these effects. These or other meteorological changes could lead to increased operating costs, capital expenses or supply costs. Our customers may also experience the physical impacts of climate change and may incur significant costs in preparing for or responding to these potential impacts, including increasing the mix and resiliency of their energy solutions and supply, which may adversely impact their ability to pay for our products and services or decrease demand for our products and services. The impact of any one or all of the foregoing factors may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

The adoption of climate change legislation could negatively impact our operations and result in increased operating costs and reduced demand for the products and services we provide.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) issued an Endangerment Finding under the federal Clean Air Act, which determined that emissions of greenhouse gases (“GHG”), such as carbon dioxide, present an endangerment to public health and the environment because emissions of such gases may be contributing to the warming of the earth’s atmosphere, volatility in seasonal temperatures, increased frequency and severity of storms, floods and other climatic changes. Based on these findings, the EPA adopted and implemented regulations to restrict emissions of GHGs from certain industries and require reporting by certain regulated facilities. However, on July 29, 2025, the EPA proposed to rescind the 2009 Endangerment Finding which, if finalized, would eliminate the legal basis for federal regulation of GHGs under the Clean Air Act.

EPA leadership through 2024 prioritized climate change mitigation measures and implemented regulations requiring significant reductions in GHG emissions. Under the current presidential and EPA administration, however, changes to the EPA’s prioritization of climate change mitigation measures are anticipated. We cannot predict the impact of future changes to the EPA’s position on climate change mitigation or the impact of future GHG legislation or regulations on our business, financial condition or operations in the future.

Numerous states, municipalities and regulators have also adopted or proposed laws, regulations and policies on climate change, including GHG emission reduction targets and climate disclosure. For example, in July 2019, the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act was signed into law in New York, establishing a statewide climate action framework which includes a target to reduce net GHG emissions to 85% of 1990 levels by 2050. With respect to disclosure, in March 2024, the SEC had adopted climate-change related disclosure rules requiring disclosure of Scope 1 and Scope 2 GHG emissions and mandating independent attestation as to such disclosures. The SEC’s rules were subject to multiple legal challenges, which were consolidated in the U.S. Court of Appeals Eighth Circuit. On April 4, 2024, the SEC voluntarily stayed the effective date of the legislation pending judicial resolution of the lawsuits filed and on March 27, 2025, the SEC withdrew its support in the litigation and informed the court it would no longer defend the rule’s validity. Some states are also beginning to propose or adopt their own climate change disclosure requirements that, if implemented, would require significant time and expense to collect and prepare the disclosure requirements. For example, in October 2023, California became the first state to pass its own far-reaching mandatory disclosure bills which require any entity doing business in California that meets certain annual revenue thresholds to annually disclose publicly and provide independent third-party attestation on its Scope 1 and Scope 2 GHG emissions beginning in 2026 for the prior fiscal year, and on its value chain (Scope 3) GHG emissions beginning in 2027, and biennially disclose its climate-related financial risk beginning in January 2026. The California climate disclosure legislation is subject to pending legal challenges in federal court in the Northern District Court of California, but the laws remain in effect.

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The adoption of federal, state or local climate change legislation or regulatory programs to reduce emissions of GHGs and comply with disclosure obligations could require us to incur increased capital and operating costs, with resulting impact on product price and demand. We cannot predict when or in what form climate change legislation provisions and renewable energy standards may be enacted and what the impact of any such legislation or standards may have on our business, financial conditions or operations in the future. In addition, a possible consequence of climate change is increased volatility in seasonal temperatures. It is difficult to predict how the market for our fuels would be affected by changes in regulations or increased temperature volatility, although if there is an overall trend of warmer winter temperatures, it could adversely affect our business.

The generation and monetization of environmental attributes and available tax credits or other incentives resulting from our production and sale of RNG, and our sale of renewable propane, are contingent on several state and federal programs, including the federal Renewable Fuel Standard program (“RFS”), the Inflation Reduction Act, the One, Big, Beautiful Bill Act, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (“CA LCFS”), the Oregon Clean Fuels Program (“OR CFP”), and the Washington Clean Fuel Standard (“WA CFS”). A number of other states are also considering the adoption of low carbon fuel standards, with New Mexico authorizing a Clean Transportation Fuel Standard that will go into effect by July 1, 2026. New legislation, changes to the enabling legislation, changes in governmental guidance and/or changes in the regulations implementing those programs could change, or eliminate, the availability and value of a biofuel’s renewable identification number (“RIN”) or Low Carbon Fuel Standard credit (“LCFS Credit”), as well as investment tax credits and production tax credits currently available under the Inflation Reduction Act. Additionally, the markets where RINs and LCFS Credits are traded, have experienced volatility over past years and may experience continued volatility in the future. There is increasing interest at the federal, state, and local level to further reduce GHG emissions by promoting electrification, incentivizing the production of renewable energy and disincentivizing the use of fossil fuels. While our emerging renewable energy platform may benefit from additional incentives for the growth of renewable energy, our sale of propane, fuel oil and refined fuels, and natural gas may experience significant negative impact from the restrictions placed on the use of fossil fuels. We cannot predict what impact changes to existing, or creation of future, federal, state, or local programs designed to reduce GHG emissions and address climate change may have on our business.

The federal, state and local climate change regulatory landscape is highly complex and rapidly and continuously evolving. Failure to comply with these regulations and any future laws and regulations designed to reduce GHG emissions and address climate change, could result in the imposition of higher costs, penalties, fines, or restrictions on our operations. We cannot predict the impact these and future regulations, and the unattainability, reduction or elimination of government and economic incentives could have on our business, financial conditions or results of operation.

Deterioration of general economic and other external conditions have harmed and could continue to harm our business and results of operations.

Our business and results of operations have been, and may continue to be, adversely affected by changes in national or global economic and other external conditions; including inflation, interest rates, availability of capital markets, consumer spending rates, unemployment rates, energy availability and costs, the negative impacts caused by pandemics and public health crises, geopolitical conflict and the effects of governmental initiatives to manage economic conditions.

Volatility in financial markets and deterioration of national and global economic conditions have impacted, and may again impact, our business and operations in a variety of ways, including as follows:

our customers may reduce their discretionary spending, or may forego certain purchases altogether, during economic downturns, and may reduce or delay their payments for our products as a result of significant unemployment or an inability to operate or make payments;

if volatile or negative economic conditions continue to impact our customers, it could lead to customer conservation efforts and increases in customer payment default rates or related challenges in collecting on accounts receivable;

if a significant percentage of our workforce is unable to work, including because of illness or government travel restrictions, our operations may be negatively impacted;

decreased demand in the residential, commercial, industrial, government, agricultural or wholesale markets may adversely affect the market for our products and the performance of our business;

volatility in commodity and other input costs could substantially impact our result of operations;

if our indebtedness increases, or our consolidated EBITDA declines, it could adversely affect our liquidity and lead to increased risks of default under our credit agreement;

it may become more costly or difficult to obtain debt or equity financing to fund investment opportunities, or to refinance our debt in the future, in each case on terms and within a time period acceptable to us; and

climate change, environmental, social and corporate governance issues and uncertainty regarding regulation of such matters may increase our operating costs, impact our access to capital markets and potentially reduce the value of, or demand for, our products.

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Disruption of our supply chain could have an adverse impact on our business and our operating results.

Damage or disruption to our supply chain, including third-party production or transportation and distribution capabilities, due to weather, including any potential effects of climate change, natural disasters, fires or explosions, terrorism, pandemics, strikes, geopolitical conflict, government action, economic and operational considerations of producers and refineries, or other reasons beyond our control or the control of our suppliers and business partners, could impair our ability to acquire sufficient supplies of the products we sell.

We have actively monitored and managed supply chain and logistical (including transport) issues and disruptions in the past. Although we source our propane, fuel oil and refined fuels and natural gas from a broad group of suppliers, restrictions on businesses or volatility in the economy or supply chain could cause global supply, logistics and transport of these fuels to become constrained, which may cause the price to increase and/or adversely affect our ability to acquire adequate supplies to meet customer demand. The disruptions to the global economy over the past several years have impeded global supply chains, resulting in longer lead times and increased freight expenses in general. We have taken steps to minimize the impact of these increased costs by working closely with our suppliers and customers, and strategically managing our purchasing functions and logistics in delivering our products and services. Despite the actions we have undertaken to minimize the impacts from disruptions to the global economy, there can be no assurances that unforeseen future events in the global supply chain, our ability to deliver our products and services or the costs associated therewith, will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Sudden increases in our costs to acquire and transport our products due to, among other things, our inability to obtain adequate supplies from our usual suppliers, or our inability to obtain adequate supplies of such products from alternative suppliers, or inflationary conditions, may adversely affect our operating results.

Our profitability in the retail propane, fuel oil and refined fuels and natural gas businesses is largely dependent on the difference between our costs to acquire and transport product, and retail sales prices. Propane, fuel oil and other refined fuels and natural gas are commodities, and the availability of those products, and the unit prices we need to pay to acquire and transport those products, are subject to volatile changes in response to changes in production and supply or other market conditions, as well as tariffs, over which we have no control, including the severity and length of winter weather, natural disasters, the price and availability of competing alternative energy sources, competing demands for the products (including for export) and infrastructure (including highway, rail, pipeline and refinery) constraints, general inflationary pressures or delays in shipping availability, backlogs at shipping ports or other points of entry and lack of available trucking or other shipping means. Our supply of these products from our usual sources may be interrupted due to these and other reasons that are beyond our control, necessitating the transportation of product, if it is available at all, by truck, rail car or other means from other suppliers in other areas, with resulting delay in receipt and delivery to customers and increased expense. As a result, our costs of acquiring and transporting alternative supplies of these products to our facilities may be materially higher at least on a short-term basis. Because we may not be able to pass on to our customers immediately, or in full, all increases in our wholesale and transportation costs of our products, these increases could reduce our profitability. Due to high inflation in the United States in recent years, we have experienced higher commodity, transportation and labor costs and increased cost of tanks and other equipment, which have impacted our profitability in recent periods; while inflationary pressures have decreased in recent periods, additional periods of high inflation could negatively impact our profitability. In addition, our inability to obtain sufficient supplies of propane, fuel oil and other refined fuels and natural gas in order for us to fully meet customer demand for these products on a timely basis could adversely affect our revenues, and consequently our profitability.

In general, product supply contracts permit suppliers to charge posted prices at the time of delivery, or the current prices established at major supply points, including Mont Belvieu, Texas, and Conway, Kansas. We engage in transactions to manage the price risk associated with certain of our product costs from time to time in an attempt to reduce cost volatility and to help ensure availability of product. We can give no assurance that future increases in our costs to acquire and transport propane, fuel oil and natural gas will not have a material adverse effect on our profitability and cash flow.

High prices for propane, fuel oil and other refined fuels and natural gas can lead to customer conservation, resulting in reduced demand for our products.

Prices for propane, fuel oil and other refined fuels and natural gas are subject to fluctuations in response to changes in wholesale prices and other market conditions, as well as tariffs, beyond our control. Heightened levels of uncertainty related to the ongoing geopolitical conflicts around the world may lead to additional economic sanctions by the United States and the international community and could further disrupt financial and commodities markets. Therefore, our average retail sales prices can vary significantly within a heating season, or from year to year, as wholesale prices fluctuate with propane, fuel oil and natural gas commodity market conditions. During periods with high product costs for propane, fuel oil and other refined fuels and natural gas, our selling prices generally increase. High prices can lead to customer conservation, resulting in reduced demand for our products. Higher commodity, transportation and labor costs due to inflationary conditions in recent periods have impacted wholesale prices and caused certain customers to reduce their

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consumption of energy, which had a negative impact on our sales and profitability during those periods. Future periods of high inflation could also have a negative impact.

Because of the highly competitive nature of the retail propane and fuel oil businesses, we may not be able to retain existing customers or acquire or attract new customers, which could have an adverse impact on our operating results and financial condition.

The retail propane and fuel oil industries are mature and highly competitive. We expect overall demand for propane and fuel oil to be relatively flat to moderately declining over the next several years. Year-to-year industry volumes of propane and fuel oil are expected to be primarily affected by weather patterns and from competition intensifying during warmer than normal winters, as well as from the impact of a sustained higher commodity price environment on customer conservation, and the impact of perceived uncertainty about the economy on customer buying habits.

Propane and fuel oil compete with electricity, natural gas and other existing and future sources of energy, some of which are, or may in the future be, less costly for equivalent energy value. For example, natural gas currently is a significantly less expensive source of energy than propane and fuel oil on an equivalent BTU basis. As a result, except for some industrial and commercial applications, propane and fuel oil are generally not economically competitive with natural gas in areas where natural gas pipelines already exist. The gradual expansion of the nation’s natural gas distribution systems has made natural gas available in areas that previously depended upon propane or fuel oil. Propane and fuel oil compete to a lesser extent with each other due to the cost of converting from one source to the other.

In addition to competing with other sources of energy, our propane and fuel oil businesses compete with other distributors of those respective products principally on the basis of price, service and availability. Competition in the retail propane business is highly fragmented and generally occurs on a local basis with other large full-service multi-state propane marketers, thousands of smaller local independent marketers and farm cooperatives. Our fuel oil business competes with fuel oil distributors offering a broad range of services and prices, from full service distributors to those offering delivery only. In addition, our existing fuel oil customers, unlike our existing propane customers, generally own their own tanks, which can result in intensified competition for these customers. We also anticipate that the renewable energy market will be increasingly competitive, which could impact our ability to meet our long-term strategic growth initiatives.

As a result of the highly competitive nature of the retail propane and fuel oil businesses, our growth within these industries depends on our ability to acquire other well-run retail distributors, open new customer service centers, acquire or attract new customers and retain existing customers. We can give no assurance that we will be able to acquire other retail distributors, open new customer service centers, or add new customers or retain existing customers.

Energy efficiency, general economic conditions, technological advances and legislative bans have affected and may continue to affect demand for propane, fuel oil and natural gas by our retail customers.

The national trend toward increased conservation and technological advances, including installation of improved insulation and other advancements in building materials, as well as the development of more efficient furnaces and other heating and energy sources, has adversely affected the demand for propane and fuel oil by our retail customers which, in turn, has resulted in lower sales volumes to our customers. In addition, perceived uncertainty about the economy may lead to additional conservation by retail customers seeking to further reduce their heating costs, particularly during periods of sustained higher commodity prices. Future technological advances in heating, conservation and energy generation and economic weakness may adversely affect our volumes sold, which, in turn, may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, in an effort to reduce GHG emissions and promote electrification, a growing number of state and local governments in the regions in which we operate have passed, or may be considering, bans on the use of gas in residential and commercial buildings, which may also adversely affect demand for propane, fuel oil and natural gas, which, in turn, may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

While such restrictions could have an adverse impact on the demand for certain of our products in those jurisdictions, they may have a favorable impact on our emerging renewable energy products. Additionally, there are also many states that have passed laws that prohibit local governments from restricting gas use in buildings. We cannot predict how many other states and localities will adopt similar laws either restricting or prohibiting the restriction of gas used in residential or commercial buildings. We also cannot predict whether similar restrictions will be expanded to other fossil-based fuels, and what the impact will be on our financial condition and results of operations.

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We may not be able to attract and retain qualified employees or find, develop and retain key employees to support and grow our business, which may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Like most companies in the markets in which we operate, we are continuously challenged in attracting, developing and retaining a sufficient number of qualified employees to operate our businesses throughout our operating geographies, particularly with regard to our driver and technician positions. Our industry in general, as well as the overall trucking industry, is currently experiencing a shortage of qualified drivers and technicians that is exacerbated by several factors, including:

an overall market where high driver turnover exists due to an increased number of alternative employment opportunities;

increased competition for drivers and technicians in the industry, which impacts compensation for those positions; and

a changing workforce demographic with a lack of younger employees who are qualified to join or replace more tenured drivers and technicians as they retire.

We may also have difficulty recruiting and retaining new employees beyond our driver and technician positions with adequate qualifications and experience. The challenge of hiring new employees at times is further exacerbated by the rural nature of our business, which provides for a smaller pool of skilled employee candidates who meet our hiring criteria and the licensing and qualification requirements that may exist for certain types of positions such as our driver and technician positions. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain a sufficient number of new employees or retain existing employees with the technical skills upon which our business depends, we may be forced to adjust our compensation packages to pay higher wages, or offer other benefits that might impact our cost of labor, or force us at times to operate with fewer employees and face difficulties in meeting delivery demands for our customers, in particular during times of higher demand as a result of prolonged periods of cold weather or otherwise, any of which could adversely affect our profitability and results of operations.

We are dependent on our senior management and other key personnel.

Our success depends on our senior management team and other key personnel with technical skills upon which our business depends and our ability to effectively identify, attract, retain and motivate high quality employees, and replace those who retire or resign. We believe that we have an experienced and highly qualified senior management team and the loss of service of any one or more of these key personnel could have a significant adverse impact on our operations and our future profitability. Failure to retain and motivate our senior management team and to hire, retain and develop other important personnel could generally impact other levels of our management and operations, ability to execute our strategies and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The risk of terrorism, political unrest and the current hostilities in the Middle East or other energy producing regions, including Russian military action in Ukraine, has adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect the economy and the price and availability of propane, fuel oil and other refined fuels and natural gas.

Terrorist attacks, political unrest and hostilities, and military action in the Middle East or other energy producing regions could likely lead to increased volatility in the price and availability of propane, fuel oil and other refined fuels and natural gas, as well as our results of operations, our ability to raise capital and our future growth. The impact that the foregoing may have on our industry in general, and on us in particular, is not known at this time. An act of terror could result in disruptions of crude oil or natural gas supplies and markets (the sources of propane and fuel oil), and our infrastructure facilities could be direct or indirect targets. Terrorist activity may also hinder our ability to transport propane, fuel oil and other refined fuels if our means of supply transportation, such as rail or pipeline, become damaged as a result of an attack. A lower level of economic activity could result in a decline in energy consumption, which could adversely impact our revenues or restrict our future growth. Instability in the financial markets as a result of terrorism or military conflict could also affect our ability to raise capital. The ongoing geopolitical conflicts around the world, including in Ukraine and in the Middle East, have caused, and could intensify, volatility in the price and supply of natural gas, oil, and propane and other refined fuels. We have opted to purchase insurance coverage for terrorist acts within our property and casualty insurance programs, but we can give no assurance that our insurance coverage will be adequate to fully compensate us for any losses to our business or property resulting from terrorist acts.

The conflicts in Ukraine and in the Middle East and related price volatility and geopolitical instability could negatively impact our business.

Since February 2022, Russia has continued significant military action against Ukraine. Since October 2023, with the launch of the Israel-Hamas war, there has been increased hostilities in the Middle East. These geopolitical conflicts have caused, and could intensify, volatility in the price and supply of propane, fuel oil and other refined fuels and natural gas. The extent and duration of the military action, economic sanctions and resulting market disruptions have been and could continue to be significant and could potentially have a substantial negative impact on the global economy and/or our business for an unknown period of time. To the extent that the Russian military action in Ukraine or the Israel-Hamas war continues and related price volatility and geopolitical instability continue, and to the extent that military action intensifies in those regions or in other parts of the world, which may further increase volatility in

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the price and supply of propane, fuel oil and other refined fuels and natural gas, our business and results of operations could be adversely impacted.

Our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by governmental regulation and associated environmental and health and safety costs.

Our business is subject to a wide range of federal, state and local laws and regulations related to environmental, health and safety matters; including those concerning, among other things, the investigation and remediation of contaminated soil, groundwater and other environmental resources, the transportation of hazardous materials and guidelines and other mandates with regard to the health and safety of our employees and customers. These requirements are complex, changing and tend to become more stringent over time. In addition, we are required to maintain various permits that are necessary to operate our facilities and equipment, some of which are material to our operations. There can be no assurance that we have been, or will be, at all times in complete compliance with all legal, regulatory and permitting requirements or that we will not incur significant costs in the future relating to such requirements. Violations could result in penalties, or the curtailment or cessation of operations.

Moreover, currently unknown environmental issues, such as the discovery of contamination, could result in significant expenditures, including the need to comply with future changes to environmental laws and regulations or the interpretation or enforcement thereof. Such expenditures, if required, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The ability of AES to acquire and retain retail natural gas and electricity customers is highly competitive, price sensitive and may be impacted by changes in state regulations.

The deregulated retail natural gas and electricity industries in which AES participates are highly competitive. New York has instituted significant regulation of these industries, and other states have changed business rules to provide further protections to consumers. The New York Public Service Commission has been tightening its Uniform Business Practices (“UBP”) to limit ESCOs ability to offer “bundled” commodity products to consumers. A bundled product is one where a customer is charged one price for the commodity, plus the inclusion of an additional product. AES offers its customers a bundled product consisting of their natural gas or electricity, plus AES’s EnergyGuard home warranty. In 2019, the NY PSC prohibited all bundled products, except for the bundled product sold by AES because of the “value provided to customers.” The NY PSC currently permits other ESCOs to sell bundled Home Warranty Products (“HWP”) similar to AES’s EnergyGuard. Current proceedings are underway to seek to limit or prohibit ESCOs from selling certain types of HWPs that are distinguishable from EnergyGuard. It is anticipated that AES will continue to be permitted to offer its EnergyGuard bundled HWP.

The State of New York amended Section 349-d of the New York General Business Law effective on March 18, 2024, to require increased pricing transparency by providing customers with a comparison of the prices charged by the ESCO to historic utility pricing. The NY PSC revised the UBP in accordance with the amended statute. These UBP changes require affirmative consent before an ESCO can change the price that can be charged to the customer or the term of any contract. AES has expanded its product offerings to address and minimize the impact of these changes. We anticipate that the additional notice requirements mandated by the NY PSC could have a negative effect on customer retention for energy supply companies, which could have an adverse impact on our business and operations. To date, the amended statute has not had a material negative impact on AES, but the Partnership continues to assess the impact that these changes may have in the future on its natural gas and electricity business.

Costs associated with lawsuits, investigations or increases in legal reserves that we establish based on our assessment of contingent liabilities could adversely affect our operating results to the extent not covered by insurance.

Our operations expose us to various claims, lawsuits and other legal proceedings that arise in and outside of the ordinary course of our business. We may be subject to complaints and/or litigation involving our customers, employees and others with whom we conduct business, including claims for bodily injury, death and property damage related to operating hazards and risks normally associated with handling, storing and delivering combustible liquids such as propane, fuel oil and other refined fuels or claims based on allegations of discrimination, wage and hourly pay disputes, and various other claims as a result of other aspects of our business. We could be subject to substantial costs and/or adverse outcomes from such complaints or litigation, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.

From time to time, our Partnership and/or other companies in the segments in which we operate may be reviewed or investigated by government regulators, which could lead to tax assessments, enforcement actions, fines and penalties or the assertion of private litigation claims. It is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of claims, investigations and lawsuits, and we could in the future incur judgments, taxes, fines or penalties, or enter into settlements of lawsuits or claims that could have an adverse impact on our financial condition or results of operations. We are self-insured for general and product, workers’ compensation and automobile

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liabilities up to predetermined amounts above which third-party insurance applies. We cannot guarantee that our insurance will be adequate to protect us from all material expenses related to potential future claims for personal injury and property damage, that these levels of insurance will be available at economical prices in the future, or that all legal matters that arise will be covered by our insurance programs.

As required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“US GAAP”), we establish reserves based on our assessment of actual or potential loss contingencies, including contingencies related to legal claims asserted against us. Subsequent developments may affect our assessment and estimates of such loss contingencies and require us to make payments in excess of our reserves, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

If we are unable to make acquisitions on economically acceptable terms or effectively integrate such acquisitions into our operations, our financial performance may be adversely affected.

The retail propane and fuel oil industries are mature. We expect overall demand for propane and fuel oil to be relatively flat to moderately declining over the next several years. With respect to our retail propane business, it may be difficult for us to increase our aggregate number of retail propane customers except through acquisitions. In contrast to the propane and fuel oil industries, the renewable energy industry is rapidly growing, and we expect the renewable energy industry to continue to grow rapidly for the next several years. As a result, we may engage in strategic transactions involving the acquisition of, or investment in, other retail propane and fuel oil distributors, other energy-related businesses or other related cross-functional lines of business, including renewable energy technologies and businesses as part of our long-term strategic growth initiatives.

The competition for propane, fuel oil, and renewable energy acquisitions is intense and we can make no assurance that we will be able to successfully acquire other businesses on economically acceptable terms or at all, or, if we do, that we can integrate and operate those acquired businesses effectively or in a way to realize the expected benefits of such transactions within the anticipated timeframe, or at all, such as cost savings, synergies, tax benefits, sales and growth opportunities. In addition, the integration of an acquired business may result in material unanticipated challenges, expenses, liabilities or competitive responses, including:

a failure to implement our strategy for a particular strategic transaction, including successfully integrating the acquired business into our existing infrastructure, or a failure to realize value from a strategic investment;

inconsistencies between our standards, procedures and policies and those of the acquired business;

costs or inefficiencies associated with the integration of our operational and administrative systems;

an increased scope and complexity of our operations, as well as those of our strategic investments, which could require significant attention from management and could impose constraints on our operations, as well of those of our strategic investments, or other projects;

unforeseen expenses, delays or conditions, including required regulatory or other third party approvals or consents, or provisions in contracts with third-parties that could limit our flexibility to take certain actions;

unexpected or unforeseen capital expenditures associated with acquired businesses or assets to maintain business in the ordinary course;

our ability to continue to monetize certain environmental and/or tax attributes or benefits that may be produced through our renewable energy acquisitions or assets;

an inability to retain the customers, employees, suppliers and/or business partners of the acquired business or generate new customers or revenue opportunities through a strategic transaction;

the costs of compliance with local or federal laws and regulations and the implementation of compliance processes, as well as the assumption of unexpected liabilities, litigation, penalties or other enforcement actions; and

higher than expected costs arising due to unforeseen changes in tax, trade, environmental, labor, safety, payroll or pension policies.

Any one of these factors could result in delays, increased costs or decreases in the amount of expected revenues related to combining the businesses or derived from a strategic transaction and could adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations.

Current conditions in the global capital and credit markets, and general economic pressures, may adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.

Our business and operating results are materially affected by worldwide economic conditions. Conditions in the global capital and credit markets, as well as general economic pressures, including high inflation and temporary or prolonged recessionary conditions, could impact consumer and/or business confidence and increase market volatility, which could negatively affect business activity generally. This situation, especially when coupled with increasing energy prices, may cause our customers to experience cash flow shortages which in turn may lead to delayed or cancelled plans to purchase our products, and affect the ability of our customers to pay

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for our products. In addition, any disruptions in the United States residential mortgage market (as a result of changes in tax laws or otherwise) and the rate of mortgage foreclosures may adversely affect retail customer demand for our products (in particular, products used for home heating and home comfort equipment) and our business and results of operations.

Our use of derivative contracts involves credit and regulatory risk and may expose us to financial loss.

From time to time, we enter into hedging transactions to reduce our business risks arising from fluctuations in commodity prices and interest rates. Hedging transactions expose us to risk of financial loss in some circumstances, including if the other party to the contract defaults on its obligations to us or if there is a change in the expected differential between the price of the underlying commodity or financial metric provided in the hedging agreement and the actual amount received. Transactional, margin, capital, recordkeeping, reporting, clearing and other requirements imposed on parties to derivatives transactions as a result of legislation and related rulemaking may increase our operational and transactional cost of entering into and maintaining derivatives contracts and may adversely affect the number and/or creditworthiness of derivatives counterparties available to us. If we were to reduce our use of derivatives as a result of regulatory burdens or otherwise, our results of operations and cash flows could become more volatile.

Our renewable fuel investments are subject to a number of risks, including the willingness of customers to adopt these fuels, the financing, construction and development of facilities, our ability to generate a sufficient return on our investments, our dependence on third-party partners, increased or changing regulation, and dependence on government incentives for commercial viability.

We have expanded our Go Green with Suburban Propane corporate pillar with our investments in renewable and low-carbon energy sources offered through our investments in Oberon and IH, our agreement to build an anaerobic digester at Adirondack Farms, our purchase of RNG production and distribution assets through SuburbanRNG-Columbus and SuburbanRNG-Stanfield and our sales of renewable propane. The success of these businesses and investments is subject to a number of factors and risks, including unpredictability and uncertainty as to the willingness of customers in their intended markets to adopt the use of these fuels, which will be dependent upon perceptions about the benefits of these fuels relative to other alternative fuels; increases, decreases or volatility in demand; on-site operational constraints such as the availability of feedstock or the reliable operation of anaerobic digesters with respect to production of renewable fuels; use and prices of crude oil, gasoline and other fuels and energy sources; the adoption or expansion of government policies, programs, funding or incentives in favor of these or alternative fuels; the ability for development stage entities such as Oberon and IH to raise capital to fund their operations and strategic growth initiatives, as well as potential changes in market valuations for these or similar assets, has resulted in impairment charges from time to time, and may result in future impairment charges. During fiscal 2025, the Partnership recorded an other-than-temporary impairment charge of $10.2 million for Oberon, $9.6 million for IH and $6.1 million for another development-stage entity, all of which were recognized in “Other, net” on the consolidated statement of operations, to write down the carrying values of the investments in Oberon, IH and the other entity to their estimated fair values of $0, $21.6 million and $0, respectively. The Partnership will continue to monitor IH’s financial condition and other available information to determine if future adjustments are necessary, as discussed in more detail in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Annual Report.

We may also face increasing competition from other companies seeking to produce fuels from alternative sources. If we are unable to establish feedstock supplies and production and sales channels that allow us to offer comparable products at attractive prices, we may not be able to compete effectively with these companies.

The success of our existing and future investments in our renewable energy platform will depend on our ability to successfully develop, market and distribute the specific renewable energy products. In addition, the acquisition, financing, construction, development and operation of these projects involves numerous risks, including:

the ability to obtain financing for a project on acceptable terms or at all;

difficulties in identifying, obtaining, and permitting suitable sites for new projects;

failure to obtain all necessary rights to land access and use;

inaccuracy of assumptions with respect to the cost and schedule for completing construction;

project delays, including delays in deliveries or increases in the price of labor, equipment or feedstock;

on-site operational issues relating to the availability of feedstock for the anaerobic digesters or other issues relating to the reliable production of projectable quantities of renewable natural gas;

labor shortages; and

legal challenges by local populations, permitting and other regulatory issues, license revocation and changes in legal requirements.

We will compete with other companies and private equity sponsors for acquisition opportunities, which may increase our costs or cause us to refrain from making acquisitions. We are constructing a natural gas upgrade system at SuburbanRNG-Columbus that requires capital expenditures and there is no guarantee that the project will be completed on time or on budget, and our operations could

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be adversely affected by disruptions or delays which could have a negative impact on revenues and operations. The development of these products may also be negatively affected by production risks resulting from mechanical breakdowns, faulty technology, competitive markets, labor shortages or changes to the laws and regulations that mandate the use of renewable energy sources, other regulatory risks relating to GHG emissions and climate change, including as a result of changed priorities of the U.S. presidential administration and the potential for increased regulation on the state level; and the other regulatory risks discussed above under the caption, “The adoption of climate change legislation could negatively impact our operations and result in increased operating costs and reduced demand for the products and services we provide.”

A prolonged environment of low prices or reduced demand for RNG could have an adverse effect on our long-term business prospects, financial condition and results of renewable operations.

Long-term RNG prices may fluctuate substantially due to factors outside of our control, including the market price of environmental attributes, which have historically been a very volatile market and influenced by numerous factors including global commodity markets. If we are unable to renew or replace an off-take agreement for a project for a certain volume of RNG produced, we would be subject to the risks associated with selling that volume of RNG produced at then-current market prices. We may be required to make such sales at a time when the market prices for natural gas, RNG, or environmental attributes as a whole or in the regions where those volumes are produced, are depressed. If this were to occur, we would be subject to the volatility of market prices and be unable to predict our revenues from such volumes, and the sales prices for such RNG may be lower than what we could sell the RNG for under an alternative off-take agreement.

A decline in prices for certain fuels or reduced government incentives for renewable energy sources, or RNG specifically, could make our renewable investments less cost competitive on an overall basis. Slow growth or a long-term reduction in overall demand for energy could have a material adverse effect on our business strategy and could, in turn, have an adverse effect on our long-term business prospects, financial condition and results of renewable energy operations.

The generation and monetization of environmental attributes by our renewable natural gas assets are subject to state and federal regulations and potential changes in law that could negatively impact the availability or value of environmental attributes in the future.

The generation and monetization of the environmental attributes resulting from our renewable natural gas assets and our sale of renewable propane are contingent on several state and federal programs; including the RFS, the Inflation Reduction Act, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, CA LCFS, OR CFP, and WA CFS. A number of other states are also considering adoption of low carbon fuel standards, with New Mexico authorizing a Clean Transportation Fuel Standard that will go into effect by July 1, 2026. New legislation, changes to the enabling legislation and/or changes in the regulations implementing those programs, and/or the issuance of new regulations or other governmental guidance, could impact, or eliminate the availability and value of RINs and LCFS Credits, and/or the investment tax credits and production tax credits available under the Inflation Reduction Act. Current regulatory proposals under consideration for the CA LCFS could adversely impact the assessment of carbon intensity (“CI”) for fuel produced outside of the state and perhaps even effectively curtail qualifying deliveries into the state. Additionally, the markets where RINs and LCFS Credits are traded, have experienced significant volatility in the past and continued volatility in the future may adversely impact the value of RINs and LCFS Credits sold by us. The price for all credits is impacted by global markets for feedstocks, such as crops and used cooking oil, as well as global markets for crude oil, making the RIN market historically volatile. Currently, income from RIN and LCFS Credits is not material to our results of operations; however, as we continue to invest in the build-out of our renewable energy platform, we anticipate increased RIN and LCFS Credits income, as well as financial benefits from investment tax credits and production tax credits.

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There is increasing interest at the federal, state, and local level to further regulate GHG emissions by incentivizing the production of renewable energy and disincentivizing the use of fossil fuels and in some cases, force the electrification of several aspects of the economy. There are also efforts to electrify our economy, including goals and mandates at the federal and state level for auto manufacturers to produce, and for governments to acquire, zero-emission vehicles in the upcoming years. Cap and Trade, or Cap and Invest, programs that put a price on carbon emissions have been adopted in California, Oregon and Washington state, and are being developed in other states like New York. The CA LCFS, OR CFP and WA CFS incentivize production of renewable electricity for transportation fuel use. Given the ongoing development of such programs, including legal and administrative challenges, there is great uncertainty about the future value of environmental attributes and the regulatory impact of these programs. There is also market uncertainty around the calculation and verification of CI scoring for projects, with some lobbying for government programs to disallow “book and claim” accounting for projects or ignoring the carbon negative emission calculations associated with the capture of methane for renewable natural gas in GHG lifecycle accounting methodologies where the renewable natural gas is ultimately used as a fuel with emissions at the final point of fuel production or use. While our emerging renewable energy platform may benefit from additional incentives for the growth of renewable energy, it is possible, especially in the short term, that such growth will be outweighed by regulatory uncertainty and restrictions placed on our sale of propane, fuel oil and refined fuels, and natural gas. We cannot predict what impact changes to existing federal, state, or local programs designed to reduce GHG emissions and address climate change may have on our business. Nor can we predict what impact the creation of future federal, state, and local programs designed to reduce GHG emissions and address climate change will have on our business.

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 provided certain tax incentives related to RNG. On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act “OBBBA”) was signed into law, which revises and expands certain renewable energy tax credits that were previously available under the Inflation Reduction Act. While we anticipate obtaining certain of those incentives for certain facilities, the availability of those incentives is subject to guidance issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the IRS that potentially may be unfavorable with respect to RNG facilities, as well as possible unfavorable federal legislative changes to such incentives.

In addition, potential tax legislation, including to address the expiration of many provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 may result in changes to the federal income tax code beyond the provisions enacted or amended by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. Those changes potentially may impact the value of tax incentives related to RNG or may otherwise impact our tax positions.

Certain of our anaerobic digester facilities are newly constructed, are under construction or renovation, or are in development and may not perform as we expect.

Our anaerobic digester operations located at Adirondack Farms in New York, and at SuburbanRNG-Columbus, are, respectively under construction and upgrading to produce RNG and are expected to begin production in calendar year 2026. Our expectations of the operating performance of our Adirondack Farms facility are based on assumptions and estimates made without the benefit of an operating history at that location. Our expectations with respect to our new and developing projects, and related estimates and assumptions, are based on limited or previous operating histories. The ability of these facilities to meet our performance expectations is subject to the risks inherent in newly constructed RNG production facilities or renovation of such facilities; including delays or problems in construction, labor shortages, weather conditions, availability of reliable power supply, degradation of equipment in excess of our expectations, system failures, and outages, interruptions in feedstock supply for the digesters due to operational constraints or changes, fluctuations in demand and/or changes in circumstances that impact the supply of feedstock to the facilities. The failure of these facilities to perform as we expect could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of renewable operations and cash flows.

We rely on gas pipelines that we do not own or control and are subject to quality standards and regulations that may restrict or negatively impact our ability to deliver RNG and we may either incur additional costs or forego revenues.

We depend on gas pipelines owned and operated by others to deliver the RNG that we produce, or will produce, at our anaerobic digester facilities. A failure in the operation of the distribution channel could cause delays in the delivery of RNG that we produce, additional costs to distribute and the potential for the loss of revenues. The distribution channel is also subject to changes in pipeline gas quality standards or other regulatory changes that may also limit our ability to transport RNG on pipelines for delivery to third parties or increase the costs of processing RNG to allow for such deliveries.

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Our plans for growth and diversification may not be successful or could expose our business to new risks.

We continue to seek to strategically diversify and grow our business. Our diversification efforts into the renewable and low CI energy markets or other industries may require additional investments in personnel, equipment and operational infrastructure, and there is no assurance that we will be able to sufficiently grow our presence in these markets. Our growth and diversification efforts will require coordinated efforts across the Partnership and continued enhancements to our current operating infrastructure. If the cost of making these changes increases, or if our efforts are unsuccessful, we may not realize anticipated benefits and our future earnings may be adversely affected. Moreover, if we are able to successfully diversify into the renewable or low-carbon energy markets, our business may be exposed to new risks associated with these markets, which could adversely affect our future earnings and growth.

We face risks related to our reliance on particular management information systems and communication networks to effectively manage all aspects of our business.

We depend heavily on the performance and availability of our management information systems and those of our third-party vendors, websites and network infrastructure to attract and retain customers, process orders, manage inventory and accounts receivable collections, maintain distributor and customer information, maintain cost-efficient operations, assist in delivering our products on a timely basis and otherwise conduct our business. We have centralized our information systems and we rely on third-party communications service and system providers to provide technology services and link our systems with the business locations these systems were designed to serve. Any failure or disruption in the availability or operation of those management information systems, loss of employees knowledgeable about such systems, termination of our relationship with one or more of these key third-party providers or failure to continue to modify such systems effectively as our business expands could create negative publicity that damages our reputation or otherwise adversely impact our ability to manage our business effectively. We may experience system interruptions or disruptions for a variety of reasons, including as the result of network failures, power outages, cyber attacks, employee errors, software errors, an unusually high volume of visitors attempting to access our systems, or localized conditions such as fire, explosions or power outages or broader geographic events such as earthquakes, storms, floods, epidemics, strikes, acts of war, civil unrest or terrorist acts. Because we are dependent in part on third-party vendors for the implementation and maintenance of certain aspects of our information systems and because some of the causes of information system interruptions may be outside of our control, we may not be able to remedy such interruptions in a timely manner, or at all. Our information systems’ business continuity plans and insurance programs seek to mitigate such risks, but they cannot fully eliminate the risks as a failure or disruption could be experienced in any of our information systems.

We face risks related to cybersecurity breaches of our systems and information technology and those of our third-party vendors.

Cybersecurity threats to network and data security are becoming increasingly diverse and sophisticated. As threats become more frequent, intense and sophisticated, the costs of proactive defensive measures may increase as we seek to continue to protect our information systems, websites, and network. The advancement of artificial intelligence and large language models has given rise to additional vulnerabilities and potential entry points for cyber threats. With generative AI tools, threat actors may have additional tools to automate breaches or persistent attacks, evade detection, or generate sophisticated phishing emails. Despite our efforts to comply with applicable cybersecurity requirements and mitigate risks of cybersecurity threats, we cannot be certain that our security measures will definitively prevent, contain, or detect all cybersecurity breaches or other instructions from malware currently in existence or developed in the future. While we have in place security procedures, such as business continuity plans or disaster recovery protocols, our continuous investments in and updates to information security programs cannot guarantee the prevention of adverse impacts due to cybersecurity threats and data breaches, which could result in significant harm to our business, reputation, and operations.

We endeavor to design and implement various security measures to provide safeguards for confidential information; including personally identifiable information, and conduct personnel training to mitigate the risk of cybersecurity threats. Our outsourcing agreements with third-party service providers that access, store, or process our data and/or proprietary information generally require that they utilize adequate security systems to protect our confidential information. However, advances and changes in technologies could render our information systems and security measures, or those used by our third-party service providers, vulnerable to a breach or other exploitation. Risks of cybersecurity incidents caused by malicious third parties using sophisticated, targeted methods to circumvent firewalls, encryption, and other security defenses; including hacking, viruses, malicious software, ransomware, phishing attacks, denial of service attacks and other attempts to capture, disrupt or gain unauthorized access to data are rapidly evolving and could lead to disruptions in our information systems, websites, or other data processing systems and unauthorized disclosure, deletion or modification of confidential or other protected information. In addition, dependence upon automated systems may further increase the risks that operational system flaws, employee tampering, or manipulation of those systems will result in data losses that are difficult to detect or recoup. To the extent customer data is hacked or misappropriated, we could be subject to liability to impacted persons. Any successful efforts by individuals to infiltrate, break into, disrupt, damage or otherwise steal from us or our third-party service providers’ security or information systems could expose us to increased costs, litigation expenses, regulatory actions, fines and penalties, or other liabilities that could adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations.

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We are subject to laws, rules, regulations and policies regarding data privacy and security, and may be subject to additional related laws and regulations in jurisdictions in which we operate. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and interpretation, and could result in claims, changes to our business practices, monetary penalties, increased cost of operations or other harm to our business.

We are subject to a variety of federal, state and local laws, directives, rules and policies relating to privacy and the collection, protection, use, retention, security, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal data and other data. The regulatory framework for data privacy and security is continuously developing and, as a result, interpretation and implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Additionally, new laws, amendments to or interpretations of existing laws, regulations, standards and other obligations both federally and on a state by state basis may require us to incur additional costs and restrict our business operations, and may require us to change how we use, collect, store, transfer or otherwise process certain types of personal information and to implement new processes to comply with those laws and our customers’ exercise of their rights thereunder. These laws also are not uniform, as certain laws may be more stringent or broader in scope, or offer greater individual rights, with respect to sensitive and personal information, and such laws may differ from each other, which may complicate compliance efforts. Compliance in the event of a widespread data breach may be costly. Any failure or perceived failure by us or our third-party service providers to comply with any applicable federal or state law, rule, regulation, industry standard, policy, certification or order relating to data privacy and security, or any compromise of security that results in the theft, unauthorized access, acquisition, use, disclosure, or misappropriation of personal data or other customer data, could result in significant awards, fines, civil and/or criminal penalties or judgments, proceedings or litigation by governmental agencies or customers, including class action privacy litigation in certain jurisdictions and negative publicity and reputational harm, one or all of which could have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR INDEBTEDNESS AND ACCESS TO CAPITAL

We face risks related to our current and future debt obligations that may limit our ability to make distributions to Unitholders, as well as our financial flexibility.

As of September 27, 2025, our long-term debt consisted of $350.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.875% senior notes due March 1, 2027, $650.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.0% senior notes due June 1, 2031, $80.6 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.5% green bonds due October 1, 2028 through October 1, 2033 (“Green Bonds”) and $149.2 million outstanding under our $500.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility. The payment of principal and interest on our debt will reduce the cash available to make distributions on our Common Units. In addition, we will not be able to make any distributions to holders of our Common Units if there is, or after giving effect to such distribution, there would be, an event of default under the indentures governing the senior notes, the senior secured revolving credit facility or the Green Bonds. The amount of distributions that we may make to holders of our Common Units is limited by the senior notes, and the amount of distributions that the Operating Partnership may make to us is limited by our revolving credit facility. The amount of distributions that our subsidiary WOF SW GGP 1, LLC (“SuburbanRNG-Stanfield”) may make to us is limited by the Green Bonds. The revolving credit facility and the senior notes both contain various restrictive and affirmative covenants applicable to us, the Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries, respectively, including (i) restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, and (ii) restrictions on certain liens, investments, guarantees, loans, advances, payments, mergers, consolidations, distributions, sales of assets and other transactions. The revolving credit facility contains certain financial covenants:

requiring our consolidated interest coverage ratio, as defined therein, to be not less than 2.5 to 1.0 as of the end of any fiscal quarter;

prohibiting our total consolidated leverage ratio, as defined therein, from being greater than 5.75 to 1.0 as of the end of any fiscal quarter; and

prohibiting the senior secured consolidated leverage ratio, as defined therein, of the Operating Partnership from being greater than 3.25 to 1.0 as of the end of any fiscal quarter.

Under the indentures governing the senior notes, we are generally permitted to make cash distributions equal to available cash, as defined, as of the end of the immediately preceding quarter, if no event of default exists or would exist upon making such distributions, and our consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio, as defined, is greater than 1.75 to 1. We and the Operating Partnership were in compliance with all covenants and terms of the senior notes and the revolving credit facility as of September 27, 2025.

The Green Bonds contain various restrictive and affirmative covenants applicable to SuburbanRNG-Stanfield, including (i) restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness and (ii) restrictions on certain liens, investments, guarantees, loans, advances, payments, mergers, consolidations, distributions, sales of assets and other transactions. The Green Bonds previously included a financial covenant requiring SuburbanRNG-Stanfield’s debt service coverage ratio, as defined therein, to be not less than 1.00 to 1.00 for any fiscal quarter. SuburbanRNG-Stanfield did not comply with this ratio for the periods ended March 29, 2025, December 28, 2024, September 28, 2024 and the interim periods during fiscal 2024 which, if not waived, would have constituted an event of default under

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the terms of the Green Bonds. SuburbanRNG-Stanfield and the Partnership obtained waivers of this non-compliance from the holders of a majority of the outstanding Green Bonds. Under the terms of the Credit Agreement, certain events of default under the terms of the Green Bonds constitute an event of default under the Credit Agreement. The Partnership obtained a waiver from the lenders and the administrative agent under the Credit Agreement for the corresponding event of default under the Credit Agreement resulting from the event of default under the Green Bonds.

On May 2, 2025, the Operating Partnership entered into a guaranty agreement (the “Guaranty Agreement”) with UMB Bank, N.A., the trustee of the Green Bonds. Pursuant to the Guaranty Agreement, the Operating Partnership guarantees to the trustee the payment of interest and principal amounts due under the Green Bonds, and the indenture and loan agreement governing the Green Bonds was amended to eliminate the financial covenant requiring SuburbanRNG-Stanfield to maintain a defined debt service coverage ratio.

The amount and terms of our debt may also adversely affect our ability to finance future operations and capital needs, limit our ability to pursue acquisitions and other business opportunities and make our results of operations more susceptible to adverse economic and industry conditions. In addition to our outstanding indebtedness, we may in the future require additional debt to finance acquisitions or for general business purposes; however, credit market conditions may impact our ability to access such financing. If we are unable to access needed financing or to generate sufficient cash from operations, we may be required to abandon certain projects or curtail capital expenditures. Additional debt, where it is available, could result in an increase in our leverage. Our ability to make principal and interest payments depends on our future performance, which is subject to many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including, but not limited to, the risks discussed elsewhere in this section. As interest expense increases (whether due to an increase in interest rates and/or the size of aggregate outstanding debt), our ability to fund distributions on our Common Units may be impacted, depending on the level of revenue generation, which is not assured.

Our operating results and ability to generate sufficient cash flow to pay principal and interest on our indebtedness, and to pay distributions to Unitholders, may be affected by our ability to continue to control expenses.

The propane and fuel oil industries are mature and highly fragmented with competition from other multi-state marketers and thousands of smaller, local independent marketers. Demand for propane and fuel oil is expected to be affected by many factors beyond our control, including, but not limited to, the severity and length of weather conditions during the peak heating season, customer energy conservation driven by high energy costs and other economic factors, as well as technological advances impacting energy efficiency. Accordingly, our propane and fuel oil sales volumes and related gross margins may be negatively affected by these factors beyond our control. Our operating profits and ability to generate sufficient cash flow may depend on our ability to continue to control expenses in line with sales volumes. We can give no assurance that we will be able to continue to control expenses to the extent necessary to reduce any negative impact on our profitability and cash flow from these factors.

Disruptions in the capital and credit markets, including the availability and cost of debt and equity issuances for liquidity requirements, may adversely affect our ability to meet long-term commitments and our ability to hedge effectively, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

We rely on our ability to access the capital and credit markets at rates and terms reasonable to us. A disruption in the capital and credit markets or increased volatility could impair our ability to access capital and credit markets at rates and terms acceptable to us or at all. This could limit our ability to refinance long-term debt at or in advance of maturities or could force us to access capital and credit markets at rates or terms normally considered to be unreasonable, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMMON UNITS

Cash distributions are not guaranteed and may fluctuate with our performance and other external factors.

Cash distributions on our Common Units are not guaranteed, and depend primarily on our cash flow and our cash on hand. Because they are not directly dependent on profitability, which is affected by non-cash items, our cash distributions might be made during periods when we record losses and might not be made during periods when we record profits.

The amount of cash we generate may fluctuate based on our performance and other factors, including:

the impact of the risks inherent in our business operations, as described above;

required principal and interest payments on our debt and restrictions contained in our debt instruments;

issuances of debt and equity securities;

our ability to control expenses;

fluctuations in working capital;

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capital expenditures; and

financial, business and other factors, a number of which may be beyond our control.

Our Partnership Agreement gives our Board of Supervisors broad discretion in establishing cash reserves for, among other things, the proper conduct of our business. These cash reserves will affect the amount of cash available for distributions.

Unitholders have limited voting rights.

A Board of Supervisors governs our operations. Unitholders have only limited voting rights on matters affecting our business, including the right to elect the members of our Board of Supervisors every three years and the right to vote on the removal of the general partner.

It may be difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so would be beneficial to our Unitholders.

Some provisions of our Partnership Agreement may discourage, delay or prevent third parties from acquiring us, even if doing so would be beneficial to our Unitholders. For example, our Partnership Agreement contains a provision, based on Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, that generally prohibits us from engaging in a business combination with a 15% or greater Unitholder for a period of three years following the date that person or entity acquired at least 15% of our outstanding Common Units, unless certain exceptions apply. Additionally, our Partnership Agreement sets forth advance notice procedures for a Unitholder to nominate a Supervisor to stand for election, which procedures may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of Supervisors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of the Partnership. These nomination procedures may not be revised or repealed, and inconsistent provisions may not be adopted, without the approval of the holders of at least 66-2/3% of the outstanding Common Units. These provisions may have an anti-takeover effect with respect to transactions not approved in advance by our Board of Supervisors, including discouraging attempts that might result in a premium over the market price of the Common Units held by our Unitholders.

Unitholders may not have limited liability in some circumstances.

A number of states have not clearly established limitations on the liabilities of limited partners for the obligations of a limited partnership. Our Unitholders might be held liable for our obligations as if they were general partners if:

a court or government agency determined that we were conducting business in the state but had not complied with the state’s limited partnership statute; or

Unitholders’ rights to act together to remove or replace the General Partner or take other actions under our Partnership Agreement are deemed to constitute “participation in the control” of our business for purposes of the state’s limited partnership statute.

Unitholders may have liability to repay distributions.

Unitholders will not be liable for assessments in addition to their initial capital investment in the Common Units. Under specific circumstances, however, Unitholders may have to repay to us amounts wrongfully returned or distributed to them. Under Delaware law, we may not make a distribution to Unitholders if the distribution causes our liabilities to exceed the fair value of our assets. Liabilities to partners on account of their partnership interests and nonrecourse liabilities are not counted for purposes of determining whether a distribution is permitted. Delaware law provides that a limited partner who receives a distribution of this kind and knew at the time of the distribution that the distribution violated Delaware law will be liable to the limited partnership for the distribution amount for three years from the distribution date. Under Delaware law, an assignee who becomes a substituted limited partner of a limited partnership is liable for the obligations of the assignor to make contributions to the partnership. However, such an assignee is not obligated for liabilities unknown to them at the time that they became a limited partner if the liabilities could not be determined from the partnership agreement.

Our limited partner interest and Unitholders’ percentage of ownership may be diluted in the future and additional taxable income may be allocated to each Unitholder.

Our Partnership Agreement generally allows us to issue additional limited partner interests and other equity securities without the approval of our Unitholders. Therefore, when we issue additional Common Units or securities ranking above or on a parity with the Common Units, each Unitholder’s partnership interest will be diluted proportionately, and the amount of cash distributed on each Common Unit and the market price of Common Units could decrease. Similarly, our Unitholders’ percentage of ownership may be diluted in the future due to equity issuances or equity awards that we have granted or will grant to our supervisors, officers and employees. In addition, we have engaged in and may continue to undertake acquisitions financed in part through public or private

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offerings of securities, or other arrangements. The issuance of additional Common Units will also diminish the relative voting strength of each previously outstanding Common Unit. In addition, the issuance of additional Common Units, or other equity securities, will, over time, result in the allocation of additional taxable income, representing built-in gains at the time of the new issuance, to those Unitholders that existed prior to the new issuance.

TAX RISKS TO OUR UNITHOLDERS

Our tax treatment depends on our status as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The IRS could treat us as a corporation, which would substantially reduce the cash available for distribution to Unitholders.

The anticipated after-tax economic benefit of an investment in our Common Units depends largely on our being treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If less than 90% of the gross income of a publicly traded partnership, such as Suburban Propane Partners, L.P., for any taxable year is “qualifying income” within the meaning of Section 7704 of the Internal Revenue Code, that partnership will be taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes for that taxable year and all subsequent years.

If we were treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, then we would pay U.S. federal income tax on our net income at the corporate tax rate, which is currently a maximum of 21%, and would likely pay additional state and local income and franchise tax at varying rates. Because a tax would be imposed upon us as a corporation, our cash available for distribution to Unitholders would be substantially reduced. Treatment of us as a corporation would result in a material reduction in the anticipated cash flow and after-tax return to Unitholders and thus would likely result in a substantial reduction in the value of our Common Units.

The tax treatment of publicly traded partnerships or an investment in our Common Units could be subject to potential legislative, judicial or administrative changes and differing interpretations thereof, possibly on a retroactive basis.

The present U.S. federal income tax treatment of publicly traded partnerships, including Suburban Propane Partners, L.P., or an investment in our Common Units may be modified by legislative, judicial or administrative changes and differing interpretations thereof at any time. Any modification to the U.S. federal income tax laws or interpretations thereof may or may not be applied retroactively. Moreover, any such modification could make it more difficult or impossible for us to meet the exception that allows publicly traded partnerships that generate qualifying income to be treated as partnerships (rather than as corporations) for U.S. federal income tax purposes, affect or cause us to change our business activities, or affect the tax consequences of an investment in our Common Units.

In addition, because of widespread state budget deficits and other reasons, several states are evaluating ways to subject partnerships to entity-level taxation through the imposition of state income, franchise and other forms of taxation.

If the IRS makes audit adjustments to our income tax returns, it (and some states) may collect any resulting taxes (including any applicable penalties and interest) directly from the Partnership, in which case cash available to service debt or to pay distributions to our Unitholders, could be substantially reduced.

If the IRS makes audit adjustments to our income tax returns, it may collect any resulting taxes (including any applicable penalties and interest) directly from us. We will generally have the ability to allocate any such tax liability to our current and former Unitholders in accordance with their interests in us during the year under audit. However, we may not be able to (or may not choose to) so allocate that tax liability, and may not be able to (or may choose not to) similarly allocate state income or similar tax liability resulting from adjustments in states in which we do business in the year under audit or in the adjustment year; instead, we may pay the tax. Accordingly, our current Unitholders may bear some or all of the audit adjustment, even if such Unitholders did not own units during the tax year under audit. If we make payments of taxes, penalties and interest resulting from audit adjustments, cash available to service debt or to make distributions to our Unitholders could be substantially reduced.

A successful IRS contest of the U.S. federal income tax positions we take may adversely affect the market for our Common Units, and the cost of any IRS contest will reduce our cash available for distribution to our Unitholders.

We have not requested a ruling from the IRS with respect to our treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes or any other matter affecting us. The IRS may adopt positions that differ from the positions we take. It may be necessary to resort to administrative or court proceedings to sustain some or all of the positions we take. A court may not agree with the positions we take. Any contest with the IRS may materially and adversely impact the market for our Common Units and the price at which they trade. In addition, our costs of any contest with the IRS will be borne indirectly by our Unitholders because the costs will reduce our cash available for distribution.

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A Unitholder’s tax liability could exceed cash distributions on its Common Units.

Because our Unitholders are treated as partners, a Unitholder is required to pay U.S. federal income taxes and state and local income taxes on its allocable share of our income, without regard to whether we make cash distributions to the Unitholder. We cannot guarantee that a Unitholder will receive cash distributions equal to its allocable share of our taxable income or even the tax liability to it resulting from that income.

Ownership of Common Units may have adverse tax consequences for tax-exempt organizations (including Individual Retirement Accounts) and non-U.S. investors.

Investment in Common Units by certain tax-exempt entities and non-U.S. persons raises issues specific to them. For example, virtually all of our taxable income allocated to organizations exempt from U.S. federal income tax, including individual retirement accounts and other retirement plans, will be unrelated business taxable income and thus will be taxable to them. Further, a tax-exempt entity with more than one unrelated trade or business (including by attribution from an investment in a partnership such as ours that is engaged in one or more unrelated trades or businesses) is required to compute the unrelated business taxable income of such tax-exempt entity separately with respect to each such trade or business (including for purposes of determining any net operating loss deduction). As a result, it may not be possible for tax-exempt entities to utilize losses from an investment in our partnership to offset unrelated business taxable income from another unrelated trade or business and vice versa.

Cash distributions paid to non-U.S. persons will be reduced by withholding taxes at the highest applicable effective U.S. tax rate, and non-U.S. persons will be required to file U.S. federal tax returns and pay tax on their share of our taxable income allocated to them. Upon the sale, exchange or other disposition of a common unit of a publicly traded partnership by a non-U.S. person, the transferee is generally required to withhold 10% of the amount realized on such sale, exchange or other disposition if any portion of the gain on such sale, exchange or other disposition would be treated as effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business. Beginning in 2023, the IRS has clarified the broker is generally responsible for withholding 10% of the gross proceeds upon sale of an investment in a publicly traded partnership by a non-U.S. investor. Distributions to foreign persons may also be subject to additional withholding of 10% under these rules to the extent a portion of a distribution is attributable to an amount in excess of our cumulative net income that has not previously been distributed.

The ability of a Unitholder to deduct its share of our losses may be limited.

Various limitations may apply to the ability of a Unitholder to deduct its share of our losses. For example, in the case of taxpayers subject to the passive activity loss rules (generally, individuals and closely held corporations), any losses generated by us will only be available to offset our future income and cannot be used to offset income from other activities, including other passive activities or investments. Such unused losses may be deducted when the Unitholder disposes of its entire investment in us in a fully taxable transaction with an unrelated party, such as a sale by a Unitholder of all of its Common Units in the open market. A Unitholder’s share of any net passive income may be offset by unused losses from us carried over from prior years, but not by losses from other passive activities, including losses from other publicly-traded partnerships.

The tax gain or loss on the disposition of Common Units could be different than expected.

A Unitholder who sells Common Units will recognize a gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized and its adjusted tax basis in the Common Units. Prior distributions in excess of cumulative net taxable income allocated to a Common Unit which decreased a Unitholder’s tax basis in that Common Unit will, in effect, become taxable income if the Common Unit is sold at a price greater than the Unitholder’s tax basis in that Common Unit, even if the price is less than the original cost of the Common Unit. A portion of the amount realized, if the amount realized exceeds the Unitholder’s adjusted basis in that Common Unit, will likely be characterized as ordinary income. Furthermore, should the IRS successfully contest some conventions used by us, a Unitholder could recognize more gain on the sale of Common Units than would be the case under those conventions, without the benefit of decreased income in prior years. In addition, because the amount realized will include a holder’s share of our nonrecourse liabilities, if a Unitholder sells its Common Units, such Unitholder may incur a tax liability in excess of the amount of cash it receives from the sale.

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Reporting of partnership tax information is complicated and subject to audits.

We intend to furnish to each Unitholder, within 90 days after the close of each calendar year, specific tax information, including a Schedule K-1 that sets forth its allocable share of income, gains, losses and deductions for our preceding taxable year. In preparing these schedules, we use various accounting and reporting conventions and adopt various depreciation and amortization methods. We cannot guarantee that these conventions will yield a result that conforms to statutory or regulatory requirements or to administrative pronouncements of the IRS. Further, our income tax return may be audited, which could result in an audit of a Unitholder’s income tax return and increased liabilities for taxes because of adjustments resulting from the audit.

We treat each purchaser of our Common Units as having the same tax benefits without regard to the actual Common Units purchased. The IRS may challenge this treatment, which could adversely affect the value of the Common Units.

Because we cannot match transferors and transferees of Common Units and because of other reasons, uniformity of the economic and tax characteristics of the Common Units to a purchaser of Common Units of the same class must be maintained. To maintain uniformity and for other reasons, we have adopted certain depreciation and amortization conventions that may be inconsistent with U.S. Treasury regulations. A successful IRS challenge to those positions could adversely affect the amount of tax benefits available to a Unitholder or result in a tax imposed upon us and borne by current Unitholders even if such Unitholder did not own units during the tax year under audit. A successful IRS challenge also could affect the timing of tax benefits or the amount of gain from the sale of Common Units, and could have a negative impact on the value of our Common Units or result in audit adjustments to a Unitholder’s income tax return.

We prorate our items of income, gain, loss and deduction between transferors and transferees of our Common Units each month based upon the ownership of our Common Units on the first day of each month, instead of on the basis of the date a particular Common Unit is transferred. The IRS may challenge this treatment, which could change the allocation of items of income, gain, loss and deduction among our Unitholders.

We prorate our items of income, gain, loss and deduction between transferors and transferees of our Common Units each month based upon the ownership of our Common Units on the first day of each month, instead of on the basis of the date a particular Common Unit is transferred. U.S. Treasury regulations provide a safe harbor pursuant to which publicly traded partnerships may use a similar monthly simplifying convention to allocate tax items among transferors and transferees of our Common Units. However, if the IRS were to challenge our proration method, we may be required to change the allocation of items of income, gain, loss and deduction among our Unitholders.

Unitholders may have negative tax consequences if we default on our debt or sell assets.

If we default on any of our debt obligations, our lenders will have the right to sue us for non-payment. This could cause an investment loss and negative tax consequences for Unitholders through the realization of taxable income by Unitholders without a corresponding cash distribution. Likewise, if we were to dispose of assets and realize a taxable gain while there is substantial debt outstanding and proceeds of the sale were applied to the debt, Unitholders could have increased taxable income without a corresponding cash distribution.

There are state, local and other tax considerations for our Unitholders.

In addition to U.S. federal income taxes, Unitholders will likely be subject to other taxes, such as state and local taxes, unincorporated business taxes and estate, inheritance or intangible taxes that are imposed by the various jurisdictions in which we do business or own property, even if the Unitholder does not reside in any of those jurisdictions. A Unitholder will likely be required to file state and local income tax returns and pay state and local income taxes in some or all of the various jurisdictions in which we do business or own property and may be subject to penalties for failure to comply with those requirements. It is the responsibility of each Unitholder to file all U.S. federal, state and local income tax returns that may be required of each Unitholder.

A Unitholder whose Common Units are loaned to a “short seller” to cover a short sale of Common Units may be considered as having disposed of those Common Units. If so, that Unitholder would no longer be treated for tax purposes as a partner with respect to those Common Units during the period of the loan and may recognize gain or loss from the disposition.

Because lending a partnership interest is not tax free, a Unitholder whose Common Units are loaned to a “short seller” to cover a short sale of Common Units may be considered as having disposed of the loaned Common Units. In that case, a Unitholder may no longer be treated for tax purposes as a partner with respect to those Common Units during the period of the loan to the short seller and may recognize gain or loss from such disposition. Moreover, during the period of the loan to the short seller, any of our income, gain, loss or deduction with respect to those Common Units may not be reportable by the Unitholder and any cash distribution received by the Unitholder as to those Common Units could be fully taxable as ordinary income. Unitholders desiring to ensure their status as partners and avoid the risk of gain recognition from a loan to a short seller should consult their own tax advisors to discuss whether it is advisable to modify any applicable brokerage account agreements to prohibit their brokers from borrowing their Common Units.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following is a discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations, seen from our perspective, which should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Executive Overview

The following are factors that regularly affect our operating results and financial condition. In addition, our business is subject to the risks and uncertainties described in Item 1A of this Annual Report. Management currently considers the following events, trends, and uncertainties to be most important to understanding our financial condition and operating performance:

Product Costs and Supply

The level of profitability in the retail propane, fuel oil, natural gas and electricity businesses is largely dependent on the difference between retail sales price and our costs to acquire and transport products. The unit cost of our products, particularly propane, fuel oil and natural gas, is subject to volatility as a result of supply and demand dynamics or other market conditions, including, but not limited to, economic and political factors impacting crude oil and natural gas supply or pricing. We enter into product supply contracts that are generally one-year agreements subject to annual renewal, and also purchase product on the open market. We attempt to reduce price risk by pricing product on a short-term basis. Our propane supply contracts typically provide for pricing based upon index formulas using the posted prices established at major supply points such as Mont Belvieu, Texas, or Conway, Kansas (plus transportation costs) at the time of delivery.

To supplement our annual purchase requirements, we may utilize forward fixed price purchase contracts to acquire a portion of the propane that we resell to our customers, which allows us to manage our exposure to unfavorable changes in commodity prices and to ensure adequate physical supply. The percentage of contract purchases, and the amount of supply contracted for under forward contracts at fixed prices, will vary from year to year based on market conditions.

Changes in our costs to acquire and transport products can occur rapidly over a short period of time and can impact profitability. There is no assurance that we will be able to pass on product acquisition and transportation cost increases fully or immediately, particularly when such costs increase rapidly. Therefore, average retail sales prices can vary significantly from year to year as our costs fluctuate with the propane, fuel oil, crude oil and natural gas commodity markets and infrastructure conditions. In addition, periods of sustained higher commodity and/or transportation prices can lead to customer conservation, resulting in reduced demand for our product.

During fiscal 2025, the wholesale cost of propane generally trended higher than the prior year during the first nine months of the year, and then turned lower during the fourth quarter, resulting in average wholesale costs for the full year being 5.8% higher than the prior year. Consistent with our established practice, we adjusted customer pricing as market conditions allowed. According to the Energy Information Administration, U.S. propane inventory levels at the end of September 2025 were 103.4 million barrels, which was 5.7% higher than September 2024 levels and 12.8% higher than the five-year average for September.

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Seasonality

The retail propane and fuel oil distribution businesses, as well as the retail natural gas marketing business, are seasonal because these fuels are primarily used for heating in residential and commercial buildings. Historically, approximately two‑thirds of our retail propane volume is sold during the six-month peak heating season from October through March. The fuel oil business tends to experience greater seasonality given its more limited use for space heating and approximately three-fourths of our fuel oil volumes are sold between October and March. Consequently, sales and operating profits are concentrated in our first and second fiscal quarters. Cash flows from operations, therefore, are greatest during the second and third fiscal quarters when customers pay for product purchased during the winter heating season. We expect lower operating profits and either net losses or lower net income during the period from April through September (our third and fourth fiscal quarters). To the extent necessary, we will reserve cash from the second and third quarters for distribution to holders of our Common Units in the fourth quarter and the following fiscal year first quarter.

Weather

Weather conditions have a significant impact on the demand for our products, in particular propane, fuel oil and natural gas, for both heating and agricultural purposes. Many of our customers rely heavily on propane, fuel oil or natural gas as a heating source. Accordingly, the volume sold is directly affected by the severity of the winter weather in our service areas, which can vary substantially from year to year. In any given area, sustained warmer than normal temperatures will tend to result in reduced propane, fuel oil and natural gas consumption, while sustained colder than normal temperatures will tend to result in greater consumption.

Hedging and Risk Management Activities

We engage in hedging and risk management activities to reduce the effect of price volatility on our product costs and to ensure the availability of product during periods of short supply. We enter into propane forward, options and swap agreements with third parties, and use futures and options contracts traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (“NYMEX”) to purchase and sell propane, fuel oil, crude oil, natural gas and electricity at fixed prices in the future. The majority of the futures, forward and options agreements are used to hedge price risk associated with propane and fuel oil physical inventory, as well as, in certain instances, forecasted purchases of propane or fuel oil. In addition, we sell propane, fuel oil, natural gas and electricity to customers at fixed prices, and enter into derivative instruments to hedge a portion of our exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices as a result of selling the fixed price contracts. Forward contracts are generally settled physically at the expiration of the contract whereas futures, options and swap contracts are generally settled at the expiration of the contract through a net settlement mechanism. Although we use derivative instruments to reduce the effect of price volatility associated with priced physical inventory and forecasted transactions, we do not use derivative instruments for speculative trading purposes. Risk management activities are monitored by an internal Commodity Risk Management Committee, made up of six members of management and reporting to our Audit Committee, through enforcement of our Hedging and Risk Management Policy.

Inflation and Other Cost Increases

We are experiencing increased inflation in the costs of various goods and services we use to operate our business, including volatile wholesale costs for the products we distribute. Although we have not experienced significant disruptions with securing the products we sell, inflationary factors and competition for resources across the supply chain has resulted in increased costs in a wide variety of areas; including labor, transportation costs, operating costs and the cost of capital expansion projects, tanks and other equipment. These and other factors, including the impact of tariffs and trade conflicts, may continue to impact our product costs, expenses and capital expenditures, and could continue to have an impact on consumer demand as consumers manage the impact of inflation and tariffs on their resources.

At-the-Market Equity Program

On February 20, 2025, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement (the “Equity Distribution Agreement”) with Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., and Evercore Group L.L.C., each acting as a sales agent and/or principal (each, an “Agent,” and collectively, the “Agents”). Pursuant to the terms of the Equity Distribution Agreement, we may issue and sell from time to time, through the Agents, our Common Units representing limited partner interests in the Partnership having an aggregate offering amount of up to $100.0 million.

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The Agents use their commercially reasonable efforts, as the sales agents and subject to the terms of the Equity Distribution Agreement, to sell the Common Units offered. Sales of the Common Units were deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) promulgated under the Securities Act, including sales made directly on or through the New York Stock Exchange. We may also agree to sell Common Units to the Agents as principal for their own account on terms agreed to by us and the Agents. Each Agent will be entitled to a commission from us of up to 1.5% of the gross sales price per Common Unit sold under the Equity Distribution Agreement by such Agent acting as our sales agent, with the exact amount to be agreed to by us. During fiscal 2025, we issued 1.3 million Common Units under the Equity Distribution Agreement for net proceeds of $23.5 million, after $1.1 million of agent commissions and offering costs.

We intend to use the net proceeds from the sales of Common Units pursuant to the Equity Distribution Agreement to support our ongoing pursuit of opportunistic growth and accelerate debt reduction.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our significant accounting policies are summarized in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” included within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements section elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Certain amounts included in or affecting our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures must be estimated, requiring management to make certain assumptions with respect to values or conditions that cannot be known with certainty at the time the financial statements are prepared. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We are also subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ from estimated results. Estimates are used when accounting for depreciation and amortization of long-lived assets, employee benefit plans, self-insurance and litigation reserves, environmental reserves, allowances for doubtful accounts, asset valuation assessments and valuation of derivative instruments. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Any effects on our business, financial position or results of operations resulting from revisions to these estimates are recorded in the period in which the facts that give rise to the revision become known to us. Management has reviewed these critical accounting estimates and related disclosures with the Audit Committee of our Board of Supervisors. We believe that the following are our critical accounting estimates:

Allowances for Doubtful Accounts. We maintain allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. We estimate our allowances for doubtful accounts using a specific reserve for known or anticipated uncollectible accounts, as well as an estimated reserve for potential future uncollectible accounts taking into consideration our historical write-offs. If the financial condition of one or more of our customers were to deteriorate resulting in an impairment in their ability to make payments, additional allowances could be required. As a result of our large and diverse customer base, which is comprised of approximately 1.0 million customers, no individual customer account is material. Therefore, while some variation to actual results occurs, historically such variability has not been material. Schedule II, Valuation and Qualifying Accounts, provides a summary of the changes in our allowances for doubtful accounts during the period.

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits. We estimate the rate of return on plan assets, the discount rate used to estimate the present value of future benefit obligations and the expected cost of future health care benefits in determining our annual pension and other postretirement benefit costs. We use the Society of Actuaries’ mortality scale (MP-2021) and other actuarial life expectancy information when developing the annual mortality assumptions for our pension and postretirement benefit plans, which are used to measure net periodic benefit costs and the obligation under these plans. While we believe that our assumptions are appropriate, significant differences in our actual experience or significant changes in market conditions may materially affect our pension and other postretirement benefit obligations and our future expense.

We contribute to multi-employer pension plans (“MEPPs”) in accordance with various collective bargaining agreements covering union employees. As one of the many participating employers in these MEPPs, we are responsible with the other participating employers for any plan underfunding. Due to the uncertainty regarding future factors that could impact the withdrawal liability, we are unable to determine the timing of the payment of the future withdrawal liability, or additional future withdrawal liability, if any.

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Accrued Insurance. Our accrued insurance represents the estimated costs of known and anticipated or unasserted claims for incidents related to general and product, workers’ compensation and automobile liabilities. For each claim, we record a provision up to the estimated amount of the probable claim utilizing actuarially determined loss development factors applied to actual claims data. Our insurance provisions are susceptible to change to the extent that actual claims development differs from historical claims development. We maintain insurance coverage wherein our net exposure for insured claims is limited to the insurance deductible, claims above which are paid by our insurance carriers. For the portion of our estimated insurance liability that exceeds our deductibles, we record an asset related to the amount of the liability expected to be paid by the insurance companies. Historically, we have not experienced significant variability in our actuarial estimates for claims incurred but not reported. Accrued insurance provisions for reported claims are reviewed at least quarterly, and our assessment of whether a loss is probable and/or reasonably estimable is updated as necessary. Due to the inherently uncertain nature of, in particular, product liability claims, the ultimate loss may differ materially from our estimates. However, because of the nature of our insurance arrangements, those material variations historically have not, nor are they expected in the future to have, a material impact on our results of operations or financial position.

Loss Contingencies. In the normal course of business, we are involved in various claims and legal proceedings. We record a liability for such matters when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amounts can be reasonably estimated. The liability includes probable and estimable legal costs to the point in the legal matter where we believe a conclusion to the matter will be reached. When only a range of possible loss can be established, the most probable amount in the range is accrued. If no amount within this range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the minimum amount in the range is accrued.

Fair Values of Acquired Assets and Liabilities. From time to time, we enter into material business combinations. In accordance with accounting guidance associated with business combinations, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded at their estimated fair value as of the acquisition date. Fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based upon available information and may involve us engaging an independent third party to perform an appraisal. Estimating fair values can be complex and subject to significant business judgment. Estimates most commonly impact property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, including goodwill. Generally, we have, if necessary, up to one year from the acquisition date to finalize our estimates of acquisition date fair values.

Results of Operations and Financial Condition

Net income for fiscal 2025 was $106.6 million, or $1.64 per Common Unit, compared to $74.2 million, or $1.15 per Common Unit, in fiscal 2024.

Adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“Adjusted EBITDA,” as defined and reconciled below) increased $28.0 million, or 11.2%, to $278.0 million for fiscal 2025, compared to $250.0 million in the prior year.

Retail propane gallons sold in fiscal 2025 totaled 400.5 million gallons, an increase of 5.9% compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by sustained widespread cold temperatures during the most critical months for heat-related demand, increased demand for backup power generation and other applications in the Southeast following Hurricanes Helene and Milton, continued growth in our counter-seasonal national accounts business, and incremental volumes from our recent propane acquisitions. Average temperatures (as measured by heating degree days) across all of our service territories for fiscal 2025 were 9% warmer than normal and 4% cooler than the prior year. During January and February, which are critical months for heat-related demand during the heating season, average temperatures were comparable to normal and 13% colder than the same period last year.

Average propane prices (basis Mont Belvieu, Texas) for fiscal 2025 increased 5.8% compared to the prior year. Total gross margins of $868.8 million for fiscal 2025 increased $63.8 million, or 7.9%, compared to the prior year. Gross margins for fiscal 2025 included an unrealized gain attributable to the mark-to-market adjustment for derivative instruments used in risk management activities of $2.4 million, compared to an unrealized loss of $14.6 million in fiscal 2024. These non-cash adjustments, which were reported in cost of products sold, were excluded from Adjusted EBITDA for both periods. Excluding the impact of these unrealized mark-to-market adjustments, gross margin for fiscal 2025 increased $46.8 million, or 5.7%, compared to the prior year, primarily due to higher propane volumes sold and higher propane unit margins. Excluding the impact of these unrealized mark-to-market adjustments, propane unit margins for fiscal 2025 increased approximately $0.02 per gallon, or 1.0%, compared to the prior year.

Combined operating and general and administrative expenses of $590.5 million for fiscal 2025 increased $23.7 million, or 4.2%, compared to the prior year, primarily due to higher payroll and benefit-related expenses, overtime and other variable operating costs to support the increased activities associated with incremental customer demand, as well as higher variable compensation expense associated with the increase in earnings and costs related to modernizing our information technology platform.

During fiscal 2025, we utilized excess cash flows from operating activities and net proceeds of $23.5 million under our at-the-market (“ATM”) equity program to support the growth of our core propane operations, advance the buildout of our renewable energy

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platform, and to reduce debt. In addition to the improvement in earnings, we continued to advance our long-term strategic growth initiatives in fiscal 2025. The following highlights a few noteworthy accomplishments for the fiscal year:

We acquired and integrated a well-run propane business in strategic markets in New Mexico and Arizona for total consideration of approximately $53.0 million;

We acquired two high-quality propane businesses in attractive markets in California for total consideration of $24.0 million shortly after the end of fiscal 2025;

We created a dedicated sales and business development team focused on specific propane verticals that are less weather sensitive;

We continued to identify and foster new market expansion efforts to establish or extend our presence and grow market share;

We entered into a multi-year partnership with NASCAR and Speedway Motorsports, making Suburban Propane the official propane partner of NASCAR and Speedway Motorsports;

We expanded our renewable natural gas (“RNG”) operations team, which enabled us to internally manage key compliance functions and drive operational and safety excellence at our RNG production facilities; and we continued to advance our capital projects to construct an anaerobic digester system in upstate New York and install gas upgrade equipment at our existing anaerobic digestion facility in Columbus, Ohio;

We launched an ATM equity program to sell up to $100.0 million of newly issued Common Units, raising $23.5 million in net proceeds from the sale of 1.3 million Common Units. Proceeds from the ATM equity program will continue to be used to support our ongoing pursuit of opportunistic growth and accelerate debt reduction; and

We embarked on a multi-year technology modernization initiative that will simplify the way we operate, consolidate our systems platform and improve the tools we use to serve our customers -- delivering a better experience for both our employees and our customers, while maintaining our personalized, local service model.

Total debt outstanding as of September 2025 decreased $1.8 million compared to September 2024. The Consolidated Leverage Ratio, as defined in our credit agreement, for fiscal 2025 was 4.29x.

On October 23, 2025, we announced that our Board of Supervisors declared a quarterly distribution of $0.325 per Common Unit for the three months ended September 27, 2025. This quarterly distribution rate equates to an annualized rate of $1.30 per Common Unit. The distribution was paid on November 12, 2025 to Common Unitholders of record as of November 4, 2025.

As we look ahead to fiscal 2026, our anticipated cash requirements include: (i) maintenance and growth capital expenditures of approximately $45.0 million for the propane segment; (ii) capital expenditures of approximately $30.0 to $35.0 million to support the construction and development efforts for our renewable energy platform; (iii) approximately $72.7 million of interest and income tax payments; and (iv) approximately $86.8 million of distributions to Unitholders, based on the current annualized rate of $1.30 per Common Unit. Based on our liquidity position, which includes availability of funds under the revolving credit facility and expected cash flow from operating activities and our ATM equity program, we expect to have sufficient funds to meet our current and future obligations.

Our long-term strategic growth plan is to foster the growth of our core propane business, while making strategic investments in lower carbon renewable energy alternatives that allows us to leverage our core competencies in safety, logistics expertise and customer service. Suburban Propane has a proud legacy of being a trusted provider of energy to local communities for almost 100 years. We are leveraging the strength and stability of our core propane business to position Suburban Propane for sustainable, long-term growth by helping to identify and invest in solutions to support the ongoing energy evolution to a lower-carbon energy economy. That innovation includes our advancements in delivering renewable propane and renewable natural gas as direct drop-in replacements for their traditional energy equivalents.

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Fiscal Year 2025 Compared to Fiscal Year 2024

Revenues

(Dollars and gallons in thousands)

Percent

Fiscal

Fiscal

Increase

Increase

(Decrease)

(Decrease)

Revenues

Propane

Fuel oil and refined fuels

Natural gas and electricity

All other

Total revenues

Retail gallons sold

Propane

Fuel oil and refined fuels

As discussed above, average temperatures (as measured in heating degree days) across all of our service territories for fiscal 2025 were 9% warmer than normal, and 4% cooler than the prior year. The fiscal 2025 heating season was characterized by unseasonably warm temperatures during the first quarter, followed by sustained and widespread cooler temperatures during January and February, which are the most critical months for heat-related demand during the second quarter. For that two-month period, average temperatures were 13% colder than the same period last year, which contributed to an increase in heat-related customer demand and volumes sold. Our volumes also benefited from our recent propane acquisitions and organic growth in various customer segments.

Revenues from the distribution of propane and related activities of $1,265.5 million for fiscal 2025 increased $115.5 million, or 10.0%, compared to $1,150.0 million for the prior year, primarily due to an increase in volumes sold and higher average retail selling prices. Retail propane gallons sold increased 22.2 million gallons, or 5.9%, to 400.5 million gallons, resulting in an increase in revenues of $66.9 million. Average propane selling prices for fiscal 2025 increased 2.8% compared to the prior year, reflecting higher average wholesale costs, resulting in a $33.7 million increase in revenues. Included within the propane segment are revenues from risk management activities of $26.3 million for fiscal 2025, which increased $14.9 million primarily due to a higher notional amount of hedging contracts used in risk management activities that were settled physically.

Revenues from the distribution of fuel oil and refined fuels of $67.4 million for fiscal 2025 decreased $6.4 million, or 8.7%, from $73.8 million for the prior year, primarily due to lower average selling prices and lower volumes sold. Average selling prices for fuel oil and refined fuels decreased 6.1%, reflecting lower average wholesale costs, resulting in a $4.8 million decrease in revenues. Fuel oil and refined fuels gallons sold decreased 0.4 million gallons, or 2.2%, resulting in a $1.6 million decrease in revenues.

Revenues in our natural gas and electricity segment decreased $1.3 million, or 5.0%, to $24.6 million in fiscal 2025 compared to $25.9 million in the prior year, resulting from lower electricity sales, primarily due to the impact of a lower customer base.

Revenues in our all other segment of $75.1 million were $2.4 million, or 3.1%, lower than in the prior year, primarily due to a decrease in RNG injection at our facility in Stanfield, Arizona, due to planned shut downs for equipment upgrades and maintenance activities, as well as the impact of extremely cold ambient air temperatures during the winter which adversely impacted anaerobic digestion and RNG production.

Cost of Products Sold

(Dollars in thousands)

Percent

Fiscal

Fiscal

Increase

Increase

(Decrease)

(Decrease)

Cost of products sold

Propane

Fuel oil and refined fuels

Natural gas and electricity

All other

Total cost of products sold

As a percent of total revenues

The cost of products sold reported in the consolidated statements of operations represents the weighted average unit cost of propane, fuel oil and refined fuels, and natural gas and electricity sold, including transportation costs to deliver product from our supply

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points to storage or to our customer service centers. Cost of products sold also includes the cost of appliances and related parts sold or installed by our customer service centers computed on a basis that approximates the average cost of the products.

Given the retail nature of our operations, we maintain a certain level of priced physical inventory to help ensure that our field operations have adequate supply commensurate with the time of year. Our strategy has been, and will continue to be, to keep our physical inventory priced relatively close to market for our field operations. Consistent with past practices, we principally utilize futures and/or options contracts traded on the NYMEX to mitigate the price risk associated with our priced physical inventory, as well as, in certain instances, forecasted purchases of propane, fuel oil, natural gas and electricity. In addition, we sell propane, fuel oil, natural gas and electricity to customers at fixed prices, and enter into derivative instruments to hedge a portion of our exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices as a result of selling the fixed price contracts. At expiration, the derivative contracts are settled by the delivery of the product to the respective party or are settled by the payment to the respective party of a net amount equal to the difference between the then market price and the fixed contract price or option exercise price. Under this risk management strategy, realized gains or losses on futures or options contracts, which are reported in cost of products sold, will typically offset losses or gains on the physical inventory once the product is sold or delivered as it pertains to fixed price contracts (which may or may not occur in the same accounting period). We do not use futures or options contracts, or other derivative instruments, for speculative trading purposes. Unrealized non-cash gains or losses from changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that are not designated as cash flow hedges are recorded within cost of products sold. Cost of products sold excludes depreciation and amortization; these amounts are reported separately within the consolidated statements of operations.

From a commodity perspective, average posted propane prices (basis Mont Belvieu, Texas) and fuel oil prices during fiscal 2025 were 5.8% higher than the prior year and 12.1% lower than the prior year, respectively. The net change in the fair value of derivative instruments resulted in a $2.4 million unrealized non-cash gain in fiscal 2025, compared to an unrealized loss of $14.6 million in fiscal 2024. This year-over-year change contributed to a $17.0 million decrease in cost of products sold, with a $17.1 million decrease reported within the propane segment, and a $0.1 million increase reported within the natural gas and electricity segment. These unrealized mark-to-market adjustments were excluded from Adjusted EBITDA for both periods.

Cost of products sold associated with the distribution of propane and related activities of $493.6 million for fiscal 2025 increased $50.0 million, or 11.3%, compared to the prior year. Higher average wholesale costs during much of fiscal 2025 contributed to a $29.1 million increase in cost of products sold, while an increase in volumes sold contributed to a $24.4 million increase. Included within the propane segment are costs from other propane activities which increased $13.6 million compared to the prior year primarily due to a higher notional amount of hedging contracts used in risk management activities that were settled physically. This was partially offset by the net decrease in cost of products sold of $17.1 million resulting from the change in mark-to-market adjustments on derivative instruments in both periods discussed above.

Cost of products sold associated with our fuel oil and refined fuels segment of $41.0 million for fiscal 2025 decreased $8.7 million, or 17.5%, compared to the prior year. Lower average wholesale costs and lower volumes sold contributed decreases of $7.6 million and $1.1 million, respectively.

Cost of products sold in our natural gas and electricity segment of $14.6 million for fiscal 2025 increased $0.8 million, or 5.6%, compared to the prior year, due to an increase in natural gas usage, partially offset by lower average wholesale costs.

Operating Expenses

(Dollars in thousands)

Fiscal

Fiscal

Percent

Increase

Increase

Operating expenses

As a percent of total revenues

All costs of operating our retail distribution and appliance sales and service operations, as well as the RNG production facilities, are reported within operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. These operating expenses include the compensation and benefits of field and direct operating support personnel, costs of operating and maintaining our vehicle fleet, overhead and other costs of our purchasing, training and safety departments and other direct and indirect costs of operating our customer service centers and RNG production facilities.

Operating expenses of $494.1 million for fiscal 2025 increased $17.2 million, or 3.6%, compared to $476.9 million in the prior year, primarily due to higher payroll and benefit-related costs, higher volume-related variable operating costs associated with incremental customer demand and higher variable compensation costs associated with the increase in earnings.

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General and Administrative Expenses

(Dollars in thousands)

Fiscal

Fiscal

Percent

Increase

Increase

General and administrative expenses

As a percent of total revenues

All costs of our back office support functions, including compensation and benefits for executives and other support functions, as well as other costs and expenses to maintain finance and accounting, treasury, legal, human resources, corporate development and the information systems functions are reported within general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

General and administrative expenses of $96.4 million for fiscal 2025 increased $6.5 million, or 7.2%, compared to $89.9 million in the prior year, primarily due to higher variable compensation costs associated with the increase in earnings and costs related to our multi-year initiative to modernize our information technology platform.

Depreciation and Amortization

(Dollars in thousands)

Fiscal

Fiscal

Percent

Increase

Increase

Depreciation and amortization

As a percent of total revenues

Depreciation and amortization expense of $72.0 million in fiscal 2025 increased $5.1 million, or 7.6%, from $67.0 million in the prior year, primarily as a result of additional investments made at our RNG production facilities, the impact of a propane acquisition that closed in November 2024 and accelerated depreciation for assets taken out of service.

Loss on Debt Extinguishment

In connection with the refinancing of our previous revolving credit facility in the prior year, we recognized a non-cash charge of $0.2 million to write-off a portion of unamortized debt origination costs during the second quarter of fiscal 2024.

Interest Expense, net

(Dollars in thousands)

Fiscal

Fiscal

Percent

Increase

Increase

Interest expense, net

As a percent of total revenues

Net interest expense of $76.3 million for fiscal 2025 increased $1.7 million, or 2.2%, from $74.6 million in the prior year, primarily due to a higher level of average outstanding borrowings during the fiscal year under our Revolving Credit Facility, partially offset by lower benchmark interest rates on those borrowings. See Liquidity and Capital Resources below for additional discussion.

Other, net

(Dollars in thousands)

Percent

Fiscal

Fiscal

Increase

Increase

(Decrease)

(Decrease)

Equity in losses of Oberon (1)

Equity in losses of IH (2)

Impairment of cost-method investee (3)

Contingent consideration from Equilibrium

Reversal of the earnout reserve established in

connection with the RNG Acquisition (4)

Other (5)

Other, net

As a percent of total revenues

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Fiscal 2025 included an other-than-temporary impairment charge of $10.2 million (see Note 4, “Selected Balance Sheet and Statement of Operations Information” included within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements section elsewhere in this Annual Report).

Fiscal 2025 included an other-than-temporary impairment charge of $9.6 million (see Note 4, included within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements section elsewhere in this Annual Report).

Fiscal 2025 included an other-than-temporary impairment charge of $6.1 million (see Note 4, included within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements section elsewhere in this Annual Report).

Represents an adjustment to the fair value of a contingent consideration liability (see Note 4, included within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements section elsewhere in this Annual Report).

Represents net periodic benefits costs for our pension and other postretirement benefit plans (see Note 12, “Employee Benefit Plans” included within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements section elsewhere in this Annual Report).

Net Income and Adjusted EBITDA

Net income for fiscal 2025 amounted to $106.6 million, or $1.64 per Common Unit, compared to $74.2 million, or $1.15 per Common Unit, in fiscal 2024. Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) for fiscal 2025 amounted to $256.2 million, compared to $216.5 million for fiscal 2024.

Net income and EBITDA for fiscal 2025 included: (i) $29.9 million in losses and impairment charges on our investments in unconsolidated affiliates; (ii) a $0.5 million pension settlement charge; and (iii) a $6.2 million reversal of the earnout reserve established in connection with the RNG Acquisition. Net income and EBITDA for fiscal 2024 included: (i) $18.1 million in our share of losses from our equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates; (ii) a $0.6 million pension settlement charge; and (iii) a $0.2 million loss on debt extinguishment. Excluding the effects of these items, as well as the unrealized non-cash mark-to-market adjustments on derivative instruments in both years, Adjusted EBITDA increased $28.0 million, or 11.2%, to $278.0 million for fiscal 2025, compared to $250.0 million for fiscal 2024.

EBITDA represents net income before deducting interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA represents EBITDA excluding the unrealized net gain or loss on mark-to-market activity for derivative instruments and other items, as applicable, as provided in the table below. Our management uses EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as supplemental measures of operating performance and we are including them because we believe that they provide our investors and industry analysts with additional information to evaluate our operating results. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not recognized terms under US GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income or net cash provided by operating activities determined in accordance with US GAAP. Because EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as determined by us excludes some, but not all, items that affect net income, they may not be comparable to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA or similarly titled measures used by other companies.

The following table sets forth our calculations of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA:

(Dollars in thousands)

Year Ended

September 27,

September 28,

Net income

Add:

Provision for income taxes

Interest expense, net

Depreciation and amortization

EBITDA

Equity in losses and impairment charges for investments in unconsolidated affiliates

Pension settlement charge

Unrealized non-cash (gains) losses on changes in fair value of derivatives

Reversal of the earnout reserve established in connection with the RNG Acquisition

Loss on debt extinguishment

Adjusted EBITDA

We also reference gross margins, computed as revenues less cost of products sold as those amounts are reported on the consolidated financial statements. Our management uses gross margin as a supplemental measure of operating performance and we are including it as we believe that it provides our investors and industry analysts with additional information that we determined is useful

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to evaluate our operating results. As cost of products sold does not include depreciation and amortization expense, the gross margin we reference is considered a non-GAAP financial measure.

Fiscal Year 2024 Compared to Fiscal Year 2023

We are omitting from this section our discussion of the earliest of the three years of financial information included in this Annual Report. The discussion for fiscal year 2024 compared to fiscal year 2023 can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 28, 2024, which was filed with the SEC on November 27, 2024.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Analysis of Cash Flows

Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities for fiscal 2025 amounted to $186.3 million, an increase of $25.7 million compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily due to higher earnings in the current period, partially offset by a larger increase in working capital compared to the prior year, which stemmed from higher average wholesale propane costs.

Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities of $128.3 million for fiscal 2025 consisted of capital expenditures of $72.0 million (including approximately $25.5 million to support the growth of the RNG operations, $22.9 million to support the growth of propane operations and $23.6 million for maintenance expenditures), $52.6 million used to fund the acquisition of a retail propane business, $6.9 million used to fund additional investments in our unconsolidated affiliates, partially offset by $3.2 million in proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment. See Part IV, Note 4 of this Annual Report in relation to these transactions.

Net cash used in investing activities of $81.6 million for fiscal 2024 consisted of capital expenditures of $59.4 million (including approximately $38.5 million to support the growth of operations and $20.9 million for maintenance expenditures), $12.9 million used in the acquisition of three retail propane businesses, $12.2 million used to fund additional investments in our unconsolidated affiliates, partially offset by $2.9 million in proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment.

Financing Activities. Net cash used in financing activities of $66.7 million for fiscal 2025 reflected $84.2 million paid for the quarterly distributions to Common Unitholders at a rate of $0.325 per Common Unit paid in respect of the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024 and first three quarters of fiscal 2025, $1.8 million in net repayments of borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility, as well as other financing activities of $4.2 million. This was offset to an extent by $23.5 million in net proceeds raised from the issuance of Common Units under our ATM equity program.

Net cash used in financing activities of $72.5 million for fiscal 2024 reflected $83.1 million paid for the quarterly distributions to Common Unitholders at a rate of $0.325 per Common Unit paid in respect of the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 and first three quarters of fiscal 2024, $19.0 million in net borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility, $3.7 million in debt origination costs related to the refinancing of our Credit Agreement in March 2024 and other financing activities of $4.7 million.

Summary of Long-Term Debt Obligations and Revolving Credit Lines

As of September 27, 2025, our long-term debt consisted of $350.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.875% Senior Notes due March 1, 2027, $650.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.0% Senior Notes due June 1, 2031, $80.6 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.5% Green Bonds due October 1, 2028 through October 1, 2033 and $149.2 million outstanding under our $500.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility (“Revolving Credit Facility”) provided by our Credit Agreement. See Part IV, Note 10 of this Annual Report.

The aggregate amounts of long-term debt maturities subsequent to September 27, 2025 are as follows: fiscal 2026: $-0-; fiscal 2027: $499.2 million (includes $149.2 million outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility); fiscal 2028: $-0- ; fiscal 2029: $11.7 million; fiscal 2030: $12.3 million; and thereafter: $706.6 million. Our Revolving Credit Facility matures on the earlier of (i) the date that is ninety-one (91) days prior to maturity of the 2027 Senior Notes (unless the notes have been refinanced prior to such date) and (ii) March 15, 2029.

Total Consolidated Leverage Ratio. Total Consolidated Leverage Ratio, as defined by our credit agreement, represents total indebtedness as of the balance sheet date minus unrestricted cash and cash equivalents in an amount not to exceed $25.0 million, divided by Adjusted EBITDA calculated on a trailing twelve-month basis plus non-cash compensation costs recognized under our Restricted

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Unit Plans for the same period, and other items. The measurement of the Total Consolidated Leverage Ratio for the fiscal years ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024 was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)

Fiscal

Fiscal

Total debt

Less: cash and cash equivalents (1)

Total debt, less cash and cash equivalents

Adjusted EBITDA

Compensation costs recognized under Restricted Unit Plan

Other (2)

Adjusted EBITDA for use in calculation

Total Consolidated Leverage Ratio

Effective with the execution of the Credit Agreement on March 15, 2024, total debt for the Total Consolidated Leverage Ratio covenant is net of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents in an amount not to exceed $25.0 million.

Represents pro forma adjustments for acquisitions completed during the reporting period, as provided for under the Credit Agreement.

Partnership Distributions

We are required to make distributions in an amount equal to all of our Available Cash, as defined in our Third Amended and Restated Partnership Agreement, as amended (the “Partnership Agreement”), no more than 45 days after the end of each fiscal quarter to holders of record on the applicable record dates. Available Cash, as defined in the Partnership Agreement, generally means all cash on hand at the end of the respective fiscal quarter, less the amount of cash reserves established by the Board of Supervisors in its reasonable discretion for future cash requirements. These reserves are retained for the proper conduct of our business, the payment of debt principal and interest and for distributions during the next four quarters. The Board of Supervisors reviews the level of Available Cash on a quarterly basis based upon information provided by management.

Pension Plan Assets and Obligations

We have a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan which was originally designed to cover all of our eligible employees who met certain requirements as to age and length of service. Effective January 1, 1998, we amended the defined benefit pension plan to provide benefits under a cash balance formula as compared to a final average pay formula which was in effect prior to January 1, 1998. Our defined benefit pension plan was frozen to new participants effective January 1, 2000 and, in furtherance of our effort to minimize future increases in our benefit obligations, effective January 1, 2003, all future service credits were eliminated. Therefore, eligible participants will receive interest credits only toward their ultimate defined benefit under the defined benefit pension plan. We made contribution payments to the defined benefit pension plan of $4.0 million in each of fiscal 2025, fiscal 2024 and fiscal 2023, respectively. As of September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024, the plan’s projected benefit obligation exceeded the fair value of plan assets by $9.6 million and $12.6 million, respectively. The net liability recognized in the consolidated financial statements for the defined benefit pension plan decreased by $3.0 million during fiscal 2025, which was primarily attributable to the contributions made during the year, coupled with the impact of the increase in the discount rate used in measuring the benefit obligation, partially offset by benefits paid. During fiscal 2026, we expect to contribute approximately $4.0 million to the defined benefit pension plan.

Our investment policies and strategies, as set forth in the Investment Management Policy and Guidelines, are monitored by a Benefits Committee comprised of five members of management. The Benefits Committee employs a liability driven investment strategy, which seeks to increase the correlation of the plan’s assets and liabilities to reduce the volatility of the plan’s funded status. The execution of this strategy has resulted in an asset allocation that is largely comprised of fixed income securities. A liability driven investment strategy is intended to reduce investment risk and, over the long-term, generate returns on plan assets that largely fund the annual interest on the accumulated benefit obligation. For purposes of measuring the projected benefit obligation as of September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024, we used a discount rate of 5.00% and 4.625%, respectively, reflecting current market rates for debt obligations of a similar duration to our pension obligations. With other assumptions held constant, an increase or decrease of 100 basis points in the discount rate would have an immaterial impact on net pension and postretirement benefit costs.

During fiscal 2025, lump sum pension settlement payments of $3.4 million exceeded the interest and service cost components of the net periodic pension cost of $2.6 million. As a result, we recorded a non-cash settlement charge of $0.5 million during fiscal 2025, in order to accelerate recognition of a portion of cumulative unamortized losses. Similarly, during fiscal 2024, lump sum pension

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settlement payments of $3.9 million exceeded the interest and service cost components of the net periodic pension cost of $3.2 million. As a result, we recorded a non-cash settlement charge of $0.6 million during fiscal 2024, also in order to accelerate recognition of a portion of cumulative unamortized losses. These unrecognized losses were previously accumulated as a reduction to partners’ capital and were being amortized to expense as part of our net periodic pension cost.

We also provide postretirement health care and life insurance benefits for certain retired employees. Partnership employees hired prior to July 1993 and who retired prior to March 1998 are eligible for postretirement health care and life insurance benefits if they reached a specified retirement age while working for the Partnership. Effective March 31, 1998, we froze participation in the postretirement health care benefit plan, with no new retirees eligible to participate in the plan. All active employees who were eligible to receive health care benefits under the postretirement plan subsequent to March 1, 1998, were provided an increase to their accumulated benefits under the cash balance pension plan. Our postretirement health care and life insurance benefit plans are unfunded. Effective January 1, 2006, we changed our postretirement health care plan from a self-insured program to one that is fully insured under which we pay a portion of the insurance premium on behalf of the eligible participants.

Contractual and Other Obligations

The following table summarizes payments due under our known contractual and other obligations as of September 27, 2025:

(Dollars in thousands)

Fiscal

Fiscal

Fiscal

Fiscal

Fiscal

Fiscal

2031 and

thereafter

Long-term debt obligations

Interest payments

Operating lease obligations (a)

Self-insurance obligations (b)

Pension contributions (c)

Other obligations (d)

Total

Payments exclude costs associated with insurance, taxes and maintenance, which are not material to the operating lease obligations.

The timing of when payments are due for our self-insurance obligations is based on estimates that may differ from when actual payments are made. In addition, the payments do not reflect amounts to be recovered from our insurance providers, which amount to $3.4 million, $2.9 million, $2.4 million, $1.7 million, $1.0 million and $4.2 million for each of the next five fiscal years and thereafter, respectively, and are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.

Amounts represent estimated funding contributions for our pension plan.

These amounts are included in our consolidated balance sheet and primarily include payments for postretirement and incentive benefits, as well as other contractual obligations.

Additionally, we have standby letters of credit in the aggregate amount of $26.4 million, in support of retention levels under our casualty insurance programs and certain lease obligations, which expire periodically through April 30, 2026.

Operating Leases

We lease certain property, plant and equipment for various periods under noncancelable operating leases, including 83% of our vehicle fleet, approximately 25% of our customer service centers and portions of our information systems equipment. Rental expense under operating leases was $44.6 million, $44.3 million and $41.7 million for fiscal 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Future minimum rental commitments under noncancelable operating lease agreements as of September 27, 2025 are presented in the table above.

Guarantees

Certain of our operating leases, primarily those for transportation equipment with remaining lease periods scheduled to expire periodically through fiscal 2032, contain residual value guarantee provisions. Under those provisions, we guarantee that the fair value of the equipment will equal or exceed the guaranteed amount upon completion of the lease period, or we will pay the lessor the difference between fair value and the guaranteed amount. Although the fair value of equipment at the end of its lease term has historically exceeded the guaranteed amounts, the maximum potential amount of aggregate future payments we could be required to make under these leasing arrangements, assuming the equipment is deemed worthless at the end of the lease term, was approximately $43.1 million. The fair value of residual value guarantees for outstanding operating leases was de minimis as of September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024.

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Recently Issued/Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

See Part IV, Note 2 of this Annual Report.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITAT IVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Commodity Price Risk

We enter into product supply contracts that are generally one-year agreements subject to annual renewal, and also purchase product on the open market. Our propane supply contracts typically provide for pricing based upon index formulas using the posted prices established at major supply points such as Mont Belvieu, Texas, or Conway, Kansas (plus transportation costs) at the time of delivery. In addition, to supplement our annual purchase requirements, we may utilize forward fixed price purchase contracts to acquire a portion of the propane that we resell to our customers, which allows us to manage our exposure to unfavorable changes in commodity prices and to ensure adequate physical supply. The percentage of contract purchases, and the amount of supply contracted for under forward contracts at fixed prices, will vary from year to year based on market conditions. In certain instances, and when market conditions are favorable, we are able to purchase product under our supply arrangements at a discount to the market.

Product cost changes can occur rapidly over a short period of time and can impact profitability. We attempt to reduce commodity price risk by pricing product on a short-term basis. The level of priced, physical product maintained in storage facilities and at our customer service centers for immediate sale to our customers will vary depending on several factors, including, but not limited to, price, supply and demand dynamics for a given time of the year. Typically, our on hand priced position does not exceed more than four to eight weeks of our supply needs, depending on the time of the year. In the course of normal operations, we routinely enter into contracts such as forward priced physical contracts for the purchase or sale of propane and fuel oil that, under accounting rules for derivative instruments and hedging activities, qualify for and are designated as normal purchase or normal sale contracts. Such contracts are exempted from fair value accounting and are accounted for at the time product is purchased or sold under the related contract.

Under our hedging and risk management strategies, we enter into a combination of exchange-traded futures and options contracts and, in certain instances, over-the-counter options and swap contracts (collectively, “derivative instruments”) to manage the price risk associated with physical product and with future purchases of the commodities used in our operations, principally propane and fuel oil, as well as to help ensure the availability of product during periods of high demand. In addition, we sell propane, fuel oil, natural gas and electricity to customers at fixed prices, and enter into derivative instruments to hedge a portion of our exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices as a result of selling the fixed price contracts. We do not use derivative instruments for speculative or trading purposes. Futures and swap contracts require that we sell or acquire propane or fuel oil at a fixed price for delivery at fixed future dates. An option contract allows, but does not require, its holder to buy or sell propane or fuel oil at a specified price during a specified time period. However, the writer of an option contract must fulfill the obligation of the option contract, should the holder choose to exercise the option. At expiration, the contracts are settled by the delivery of the product to the respective party or are settled by the payment of a net amount equal to the difference between the then market price and the fixed contract price or option exercise price. To the extent that we utilize derivative instruments to manage exposure to commodity price risk and commodity prices move adversely in relation to the contracts, we could suffer losses on those derivative instruments when settled. Conversely, if prices move favorably, we could realize gains. Under our hedging and risk management strategy, realized gains or losses on derivative instruments will typically offset losses or gains on the physical inventory once the product is sold to customers at market prices, or delivered to customers as it pertains to fixed price contracts.

Futures are traded with brokers of the NYMEX and require daily cash settlements in margin accounts. Forward contracts are generally settled at the expiration of the contract term by physical delivery, and swap and options contracts are generally settled at expiration through a net settlement mechanism. Market risks associated with our derivative instruments are monitored daily for compliance with our Hedging and Risk Management Policy which includes volume limits for open positions. Open inventory positions are reviewed and managed daily as to exposures to changing market prices.

Credit Risk

Exchange-traded futures and options contracts are guaranteed by the NYMEX and, as a result, have minimal credit risk. We are subject to credit risk with over-the-counter forward, swap and options contracts to the extent the counterparties do not perform. We evaluate the financial condition of each counterparty with which we conduct business and establish credit limits to reduce exposure to the risk of non-performance by our counterparties.

Interest Rate Risk

A portion of our borrowings bear interest at prevailing interest rates based upon, at the Operating Partnership’s option, SOFR, plus an applicable margin or the base rate, defined as the higher of the Federal Funds Rate plus ½ of 1% or the agent bank’s prime rate,

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or SOFR plus 1%, plus the applicable margin. The applicable margin is dependent on the level of our total consolidated leverage (the total ratio of debt to consolidated EBITDA). Therefore, we are subject to interest rate risk on the variable component of the interest rate. From time to time, we enter into interest rate swap agreements to manage a part of our variable interest rate risk. The interest rate swaps are designated as cash flow hedges. Changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps are recognized in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. At September 27, 2025, we were not party to any interest rate swap agreement.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

All of our derivative instruments are reported on the balance sheet at their fair values. On the date that derivative instruments are entered into, we make a determination as to whether the derivative instrument qualifies for designation as a hedge. Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments are recorded each period in current period earnings or OCI, depending on whether a derivative instrument is designated as a hedge and, if so, the type of hedge. For derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges, we formally assess, both at the hedge contract’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the hedge contract is highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows of hedged items. Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges are reported in OCI to the extent effective and reclassified into earnings during the same period in which the hedged item affects earnings. The mark-to-market gains or losses on ineffective portions of cash flow hedges are immediately recognized in earnings. Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that are not designated as cash flow hedges, and that do not meet the normal purchase and normal sale exemption, are recorded in earnings as they occur. Cash flows associated with derivative instruments are reported as operating activities within the consolidated statement of cash flows.

Sensitivity Analysis

In an effort to estimate our exposure to unfavorable market price changes in commodities related to our open positions under derivative instruments, we developed a model that incorporates the following data and assumptions:

The fair value of open positions as of September 27, 2025.

The market prices for the underlying commodities used to determine A. above were adjusted adversely by a hypothetical 10% change and compared to the fair value amounts in A. above to project the potential negative impact on earnings that would be recognized for the respective scenario.

Based on the sensitivity analysis described above, the hypothetical 10% adverse change in market prices for open derivative instruments as of September 27, 2025, indicates an immaterial net change in the fair value of our open positions. See also Item 7A of this Annual Report. The above hypothetical change does not reflect the worst case scenario. Actual results may be significantly different depending on market conditions and the composition of the open position portfolio.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMEN TS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Our Consolidated Financial Statements and the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm thereon listed on the accompanying Index to Financial Statements in Part IV, Item 15 (see page F-1) and the Supplemental Financial Information listed on the accompanying Index to Financial Statement Schedule in Part IV, Item 15 (see page S-1) are included herein.

Selected Quarterly Financial Data

Due to the seasonality of the retail propane, fuel oil and other refined fuel and natural gas businesses, our first and second quarter revenues and earnings are consistently greater than third and fourth quarter results. The following presents our selected quarterly financial data for the last two fiscal years (unaudited; in thousands, except per unit amounts).

First

Quarter

Second

Quarter

Third

Quarter

Fourth

Quarter

Total

Year

Fiscal 2025

Revenues

Costs of products sold

Operating income (loss)

Net income (loss)

Net income (loss) per Common Unit - basic (a)

Net income (loss) per Common Unit - diluted (a)

Cash provided by (used in):

Operating activities

Investing activities

Financing activities

EBITDA (b)

Adjusted EBITDA (b)

Retail gallons sold

Propane

Fuel oil and refined fuels

Fiscal 2024

Revenues

Costs of products sold

Operating income (loss)

Net income (loss)

Net income (loss) per Common Unit - basic (a)

Net income (loss) per Common Unit - diluted (a)

Cash provided by (used in):

Operating activities

Investing activities

Financing activities

EBITDA (b)

Adjusted EBITDA (b)

Retail gallons sold

Propane

Fuel oil and refined fuels

Basic net income (loss) per Common Unit is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of outstanding Common Units, and restricted units granted under the Restricted Unit Plans to retirement-eligible grantees. Computations of diluted net income per Common Unit are performed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of outstanding Common Units and unvested restricted units granted under our Restricted Unit Plans. Diluted loss per Common Unit for the periods where a net loss was reported does not include unvested restricted units granted under our Restricted Unit Plans as their effect would be anti-dilutive.

EBITDA represents net income before deducting interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA represents EBITDA excluding the unrealized net gain or loss on mark-to-market activity for derivative instruments and other items, as applicable, as provided in the table below. Our management uses EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as supplemental

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measures of operating performance and we are including them because we believe that they provide our investors and industry analysts with additional information to evaluate our operating results. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not recognized terms under US GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income or net cash provided by operating activities determined in accordance with US GAAP. Because EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as determined by us excludes some, but not all, items that affect net income, they may not be comparable to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA or similarly titled measures used by other companies. The following table sets forth our calculations of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA:

First

Quarter

Second

Quarter

Third

Quarter

Fourth

Quarter

Total

Year

Fiscal 2025

Net income (loss)

Add:

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes

Interest expense, net

Depreciation and amortization

EBITDA

Equity in losses and impairment charges for

investments in unconsolidated affiliates

Pension settlement charge

Unrealized non-cash (gains) losses on changes

in fair value of derivatives

Reversal of the earnout reserve established in

connection with the RNG Acquisition

Adjusted EBITDA

Fiscal 2024

Net income (loss)

Add:

Provision for income taxes

Interest expense, net

Depreciation and amortization

EBITDA

Unrealized non-cash losses (gains) on changes

in fair value of derivatives

Equity in losses of unconsolidated affiliates

Pension settlement charge

Loss on debt extinguishment

Adjusted EBITDA