ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis is intended to provide a narrative of our financial results and an evaluation of our results of operations and financial condition. The discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, the related notes to the financial statements, and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
In addition to historical information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, regarding the Company’s expectations concerning its future operations, earnings and prospects. On the date the forward-looking statements are made, the statements represent the Company’s expectations, but the expectations concerning its future operations, earnings and prospects may change. The Company’s expectations involve risks and uncertainties and are based on many assumptions that the Company believes to be reasonable, but such assumptions may ultimately prove to be inaccurate or incomplete, in whole or in part. Accordingly, there can be no assurances that the Company’s expectations and the forward-looking statements will be correct. Please refer to Part I, Item 1A (“Risk Factors”) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a description of risk factors that could cause actual results to differ from the expectations stated in this discussion. Odyssey disclaims any obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements except as required by law.
Operational Update
Additional information regarding our announced projects can be found in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. Only projects that are material in nature or with material status updates are discussed below. We may have other projects in various stages of planning or execution that may not be disclosed for security or legal reasons until considered appropriate by management or required by law.
Our subsea project portfolio contains multiple projects in various stages of development throughout the world and across different mineral resources. We regularly evaluate prospective resources to identify new projects. In addition to conducting geological assessments, we also analyze licensing regulations to assure rights can be secured, business development models, and commercial viability factors; all which factor into our decision making on whether and how to pursue opportunities in the best interest of our stockholders.
Subsea Mineral Exploration Projects
Phosagmex Project
On December 23, 2024, the Company, certain of its affiliates and Capital Latinoamericano, S.A. de C.V. (“CapLat”) entered into a Joint Venture Agreement (the “JV Agreement”), pursuant to which Odyssey and CapLat agreed to work together to develop a strategic fertilizer production project in Mexico (the “Phosagmex Project”) building on the work completed by the Company to validate and quantify a high-quality subsea phosphate resource within Mexico’s Exclusive Economic Zone (the “Mexican EEZ”). Pursuant to the JV Agreement, the Company and CapLat agreed to work together to develop the Phosagmex Project and, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions, including certain regulatory approvals from Mexican governmental authorities, to invest through subsidiaries of each party as equal partners, subject to adjustment based on final contributions in a newly formed joint venture entity that will own and continue to develop and operate the Phosagmex Project. CapLat is key as a local partner in Mexico to develop the Phosagmex Project due to its local knowledge of the Mexican business and political environment and its expertise in the food and agricultural industries. Odyssey is a key partner that has expertise critical to the phosphate and fertilizer production project with respect to operations in the Mexican EEZ to extract phosphate ore needed for fertilizer production from the seafloor within the area located in the Gulf of Ulloa of the Baja California Sur Peninsula in the Mexican EEZ, as well as processing phosphate ore into commercially viable products serving the fertilizer industry in Mexican and global markets.
The Phosagmex Project includes a rich deposit of phosphate sands located 70-90 meters deep within the Mexican EEZ. This deposit contains a large amount of high-grade phosphate ore that can be extracted on a commercially viable basis (essentially a standard dredging operation). The product will be attractive to Mexican and other world producers of fertilizers because it can provide important benefits to Mexico’s and the rest of North America’s agricultural development. The deposit lies within exclusive mining concessions described in more detail below.
Pursuant to the JV Agreement, on June 4, 2025, the parties formed Phosagmex as a joint venture entity. On June 6, 2025, in accordance with the JV Agreement, the Company’s subsidiary, Exploraciones Oceánicas S. de R.L. de CV (“ExO”), entered into an agreement to transfer its legal rights to the mining concessions described below that include the phosphate ore for the Phosagmex Project to Phosagmex subject to reinstatement of the concessions.
On February 27, 2026, the Company, certain of its affiliates, CapLat, and Phosagmex entered into an amended and restated JV
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Agreement (the “Restated JV Agreement”). The Restated JV Agreement:
provides for termination only upon the mutual consent or agreement of the parties to the JV Agreement;
eliminates respective rights to termination fees in the event of termination for all parties to the JV Agreement;
provides for the closing of the transactions contemplated thereby upon execution and delivery of the Restated JV Agreement, including execution and delivery of an acknowledgment of assignment of the mining concessions and a restated shareholder agreement; and
limits the duration of the period during which the Company is obligated to provide services to Phosagmex.
In 2012, ExO was granted the first of three 50-year mining licenses by Mexico (extendable for another 50 years) for the deposit that lies 25-40 km offshore in Baja California Sur. In October 2024, the Company discovered that the Mexican mining authority unlawfully cancelled ExO’s mining concessions in June and August 2024. ExO challenged the cancellation in November 2024. In September and October 2025, the Tribunal Federal de Justicia Administrativa (“TFJA”) issued orders annulling the 2024 cancellations of the concessions, thereby restoring the legal validity of the concessions. Certain issues relating to concession fees remain under review before a Federal Circuit Tribunal (“Tribunal”). Once the concession fee issues are resolved by the Tribunal, the assignment of the concessions to Phosagmex will be effective.
After the concessions have been reinstated and the assignment to Phosagmex is effective, Phosagmex will submit an application for an environmental permit to move forward with the Phosagmex project. Although the permit application will be based on the underlying exploration work and environmental research by ExO described below, the application will include certain significant changes to reflect the Phosagmex Project plan.
ExO Permit Application
We spent more than three years preparing an environmentally sustainable development plan with the assistance of experts in marine dredging and leading environmental scientists from around the world.
In 2015, ExO applied for a permit to move forward with the project. Notwithstanding the factors stated above, in April 2016 the Mexican Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (“SEMARNAT”) unlawfully rejected the permit application. ExO challenged the decision in Mexican federal court and in March 2018, the TFJA, an 11-judge panel, ruled unanimously that SEMARNAT denied the application in violation of Mexican law and ordered the agency to re-take its decision. Just prior to the change in the Mexican administration later in 2018, SEMARNAT denied the permit a second time in defiance of the court. ExO challenged the decision again before the TFJA. On October 25, 2024, the TFJA announced its ruling in favor of SEMARNAT. ExO appealed the TFJA’s ruling. On November 5, 2025, the Tribunal denied ExO’s appeal of the TFJA’s ruling. Because ExO has transferred the concessions to Phosagmex and does not intend to pursue the project, the Tribunal’s decision does not impact our business or strategic plan to advance this project. As described above, Phosagmex will submit its own environmental permit application when the concessions are reinstated.
ExO NAFTA Arbitration
In addition, in April 2019, we filed an arbitration claim under the North American Free Trade Agreement (“NAFTA”) against Mexico on behalf of Odyssey and ExO to protect our stockholders’ interests and significant investment in the project. Our claim sought compensation on the basis that SEMARNAT’s wrongful repeated denial of authorization has destroyed the value of our investment in violation of NAFTA.
On June 14, 2019, Odyssey and ExO executed an agreement that provided up to $6.5 million in funding for prior, current and future costs of the NAFTA action. On January 31, 2020, this agreement was amended and restated, as a result of which the availability increased to $10.0 million. In December 2020, Odyssey announced it secured an additional $10.0 million from the funder to aid in our NAFTA case. On June 14, 2021, the funder agreed to fund up to an additional $5.0 million for arbitration costs. The funder will not have any right of recourse against us unless the environmental permit is awarded or if proceeds are received (See Note 10 – Derivative Financial Instruments ).
On September 17, 2024, the Company received notification from the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (“ICSID”) of the arbitral award (the “Arbitral Award”) on the claims brought by the Company on behalf of itself and ExO, against the United Mexican States under NAFTA. The arbitral tribunal issued an award in favor of the Company and ExO. The award orders Mexico to pay $37.1 million for breaching its obligations under NAFTA, plus interest (the “Award Interest”) at the one-year Mexico Treasury bond rate, compounded annually, from October 12, 2018, until the award is paid in full, plus the arbitrators’ fees and ICSID administrative costs. The amounts awarded are net of Mexican taxes, and Mexico may not tax the award. The case filings and the award are available on the ICSID website.
On December 12, 2024, Mexico commenced an application before the Ontario Superior Court of Justice seeking to set-aside the
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Arbitral Award. The set-aside application remains pending as of the date of this report.
CIC Project:
CIC Limited (“CIC”) is a deep-sea mineral exploration company. CIC is supported by a consortium of companies providing expertise and financial contributions in support of development of a project in the Cook Islands. Odyssey is a member of the consortium, which also includes Royal Boskalis Westminster.
In February 2022, the Cook Islands Seabed Minerals Authority (“SBMA”) awarded CIC a five-year exploration license beginning June 2022 within the Cook Islands’ exclusive economic zone. Offshore explorations and research commenced in the third quarter of 2022 with positive results in early sampling and testing of vessels and equipment, which informed requirements for ongoing viable operational functions as the basis for a longer-term operation over the license period. The early operations also resulted in preliminary resource sampling, that ultimately will accrue to the resource evaluation and regional environmental assessment.
Through a wholly owned subsidiary, we have earned and now hold approximately 13.4% of the current outstanding equity units of CIC issued in exchange for the provision of services by the Company. We achieved our current equity position through the provision of services rendered to CIC (see Note 5 – Investment in Unconsolidated Entities ).
Ocean Minerals, LLC Project:
Ocean Minerals, LLC (“OML”) is a deepwater critical minerals exploration and development company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Moana Minerals Limited (“Moana Minerals”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of OML and is a deepwater critical metals exploration and development company incorporated in the Cook Islands with offices and operations based in Rarotonga, Cook Islands. In February 2022, the SBMA awarded Moana Minerals a five-year exploration license (“EL3”) for a 23,630 square kilometer area in the Cook Islands’ exclusive economic zone.
Moana Minerals has validated vast polymetallic nodule resources in its exploration license area and, pursuant to the SBMA’s standards and guidelines, it is conducting further exploration activities to increase confidence in the reported mineral resource and size of the reported mineral resources and to secure environmental approvals to perform commercial operations. OML and its project partners are also advancing work to develop recovery systems to harvest these high-quality seafloor polymetallic nodules and processing solutions to convert them into commercial grade metals.
On June 4, 2023, Odyssey entered into a purchase agreement to acquire an approximately 13% interest in OML in exchange for a contribution by Odyssey of its interest in its then wholly owned subsidiary, ORI, whose sole asset was a 6,000-meter remotely operated vehicle (“ROV”), cash contributions of up to $10.0 million in a series of transactions over the following year, a Contribution Agreement and an Equity Exchange Agreement. On July 3, 2023, the parties consummated the initial closing of the purchase agreement, pursuant to which Odyssey’s wholly owned subsidiary obtained approximately 6.28% of OML’s outstanding equity interests. On October 18, 2024, Odyssey and OML entered into a Termination Agreement pursuant to which the parties terminated the OML Purchase Agreement. The Termination Agreement terminated the parties’ rights and obligations relating to the purchase of additional equity interests in OML, but did not affect Odyssey’s ownership of the Initial OML Units or its obligation to pay the lease payments for the ROV (see Note 5 – Investment in Unconsolidated Entities ). The Termination Agreement also did not affect the Equity Exchange Agreement or Contribution Agreement.
The 6,000-meter rated ROV contributed to OML by Odyssey provides OML with an additional tool to advance the project toward eventual applications for an environmental permit and harvesting license when exploration and feasibility studies are completed and demonstrate how harvesting can be done without serious environmental harm. OML has obtained a Joint Ore Reserve Committee (“JORC”) compliant report that substantially increases resources reporting to inferred and indicated confidence levels, and continues to advance toward completing its preliminary Feasibility Study, among other important project milestones it is working to achieve. The summary of OML’s resource assessment is available on its website: www.omlus.com. Information available on OML’s website, including its technical report summary, is not incorporated into this Annual Report.
Lihir Gold Project:
The exploration license for the Lihir Gold Project covers a subsea area that contains several prospective gold exploration targets in two different mineralization types: seamount-related epithermal and modern placer gold. Two subaqueous debris fields within the area are adjacent to the terrestrial Ladolam Gold Mine and are believed to have originated from the same volcanogenic source. The resource lies 500-2,000 meters deep in the Papua New Guinea Exclusive Economic Zone off the coast of Lihir Island, adjacent to the location of one of the world’s largest known terrestrial gold deposits. We have an 85.6% interest in Bismarck Mining Corporation, Ltd, the Papua New Guinea company that holds the exploration license (the “Bismarck Exploration License”) for the project.
Previous exploration expeditions in the license area, including research conducted by Odyssey, indicate it is highly prospective for commercially viable gold content.
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In 2021 and again in 2023, Papua New Guinea issued permit extensions allowing Odyssey to continue with our exploration program. We have developed an exploration program for the Lihir Gold Project to validate and quantify the precious and base metal content of the prospective resource. The Company has met with local regulatory authorities, specialists in local mining, environmental legal experts, and logistics support service companies in Papua New Guinea to establish baseline business functions essential for a successful program to support upcoming marine exploration operations in the license area. This offshore work began in late 2021 and is ongoing. Bismarck and Odyssey value the environment and respect the interests and people of Papua New Guinea and Lihir and are committed to transparent sharing of all environmental data collected during the exploration program.
Offshore survey and mapping operations commenced in December 2021 in the Papua New Guinea, Lihir license area and was completed in 2022. This work produced a high-resolution acoustic terrain model of the seafloor in the area, as well as acquiring acoustic images of subseafloor sediments and lithology. This allowed characterization of the geologic setting of the area and essentially created a “snapshot” of the environment. These activities will help us to further characterize the value of this project and allow informed decision making on how to proceed with environmentally sensitive direct geologic sampling. In the first half of 2023, a comprehensive project plan was designed identifying specific target areas for geological and environmental samples to be collected in future offshore operations. No timetable has been set for operations to commence, as operational plans are currently being developed. In March 2026, Bismarck received a seventh term renewal for the Bismarck Exploration License.
During 2023, Odyssey continued exploration in the exploration license area to continue to validate the geological prospectivity of the property. In addition to examining the regional geological and tectonic settings of the region, additional multibeam data and 127 geological samples were collected, and seven ROV dives were conducted. These activities increased Bismarck’s confidence in the presence of enriched mineral targets within the exploration license area. Likewise, two target sites were identified for future resource sampling. Future exploration will focus on continued sampling in these locations while working towards a defined resource assessment and gathering environmental baseline data to compile an environmental impact assessment.
Odyssey’s multi-year exploration program is planned to focus on robust environmental surveys and studies that will accrue to environmental permitting in compliance with Papua New Guinea’s requirements as well as the development of an Environmental Impact Assessment (“EIA”). During the exploration phase, steps to validate and quantify the precious and base metal content of the prospective resource would also be carried out. Once completed, if the data shows extraction can be carried out responsibly, Odyssey will apply for a mining license.
Further development of this project is dependent on the characterization of any resources during exploration.
United States Critical Minerals
On April 24, 2025, the President of the United States issued Executive Order 14285, titled “Unleashing America’s Offshore Critical Minerals and Resources.” This directive mandates federal agencies to expedite the responsible exploration and development of seabed mineral resources on the outer continental shelf (the “OCS”) of the United States, quantify the nation’s offshore mineral endowment, and reinvigorate domestic leadership in extraction and processing technologies. The order further prioritizes the establishment of secure domestic supply chains for critical inputs essential to U.S. national security, energy transition, infrastructure modernization, and food security.
Odyssey is well positioned to benefit from the regulatory momentum and policy priorities laid out in the executive order. Our projects focus on ocean mineral resources that are essential for both agricultural resilience and emerging clean energy technologies. Our subsea mineral exploration experience is directly applicable to all of the projects being considered by the U.S. government.
Since 2021, Odyssey has been qualified by the U.S. Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (“BOEM”) to acquire and hold a marine minerals lease. Lease applications are subject to agency review and public process, but recent regulatory actions in response to the executive order are expected to accelerate timelines and enhance the transparency and predictability of the permitting process. We are considering areas with significant mineral prospectivity as determined through our proprietary Global Prospectivity Program. We have high confidence that these areas within the OCS that align directly with the country’s stated goals of producing a sustainable supply of critical minerals that are sourced and processed in the U.S.
Virginia Strategic Minerals project
On November 6, 2025, we submitted an Unsolicited Request for Lease Sale of Marine Mineral Exploration and Development Rights to BOEM. Odyssey’s request is among the first under the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) of 1953 in U.S. jurisdiction under BOEM’s oversight.
The proposed lease area, located within the U.S. OCS off the Mid-Atlantic coast, is highly prospective for heavy mineral sands rich in titanium, zirconium and rare earth elements. Together, these materials are critical to U.S. national defense, and domestic manufacturing, underpinning U.S. manufacturing and agriculture—from aerospace alloys and smartphones to medical devices.
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Additionally, offshore sand and gravel resources from the recovery process can support coastal resiliency efforts.
If BOEM grants the requested lease sale at the conclusion of its process and Odyssey obtains the development rights, Odyssey’s project will commence with the collection of comprehensive environmental and geological data to inform responsible resource assessment and project design. If the project advances to recovery, operations will utilize shallow-water dredging, a well-established and extensively studied method already used regularly worldwide for navigation and coastal resilience, implemented in ways that mitigate potential impacts. Odyssey carefully selected the proposed lease area to avoid sensitive habitats, marine protected areas, and active maritime zones, as well as to respect conservation areas.
If Odyssey obtains the requested lease, its capability to advance a project will be enhanced by an October 2025 collaboration agreement with Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Corporation (NASDAQ: GLDD), the nation’s largest dredging contractor and a trusted federal partner for coastal restoration and resilience projects.
Going Concern Consideration
We have experienced several years of net losses and may continue to do so. Our ability to generate net income or positive cash flows for the next twelve months is dependent upon financings, our success in developing and monetizing our interests in mineral exploration entities, and generating income from contracted services and exploration charters.
Our 2026 business plan requires us to generate new cash inflows to effectively allow us to perform our planned projects. We continually plan to generate new cash inflows through the monetization of our equity stakes in seabed mineral companies, financings, syndications or other partnership opportunities. If cash inflow ever becomes insufficient to meet our projected business plan requirements, we would be required to follow a contingency business plan based on curtailed expenses and fewer cash requirements.
In December 2024, we amended the March 2023 Notes (as defined below) and the December 2023 Notes (as defined below) to, among other items, extend the maturity date of our obligations, and add a conversion feature, thereby deferring a material cash need. The holders of March 2023 Notes and the December 2023 Notes have exercised their right to convert the notes in full, which alleviated our need for cash to repay the notes on their December 31, 2025 and April 1, 2026 maturity dates. In addition, on December 23, 2024, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) pursuant to which the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 7,377,912 shares of Common Stock to certain accredited investors at a purchase price of $0.55 per share. The aggregate purchase price for the shares, before deduction of the Company’s expenses associated with the transaction, was approximately $4.1 million. The proceeds of that sale of Common Stock, together with other anticipated cash inflows, provided sufficient operating funds into the second quarter of 2025. The SPA further provided the investors with the right, but not the obligation, to purchase an additional 7,220,141 shares of Common Stock at a purchase price of $1.10 per share at a subsequent closing to be held on July 31, 2025, or such later date agreed by the Company and the purchasers who purchased at least a majority of the initial shares under the SPA. During the year ended December 31, 2025, purchasers exercised their options to purchase 6,975,488 additional shares of Common Stock under the SPA at $1.10 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $7.7 million. During the year ended December 31, 2025, holders of the Company’s warrants to purchase Common Stock exercised their warrants to purchase 1,318,391 shares of Common Stock at a weighted-average price per share of $1.11, for an aggregate purchase price of $1.5 million. Sales of Common Stock pursuant to exercises of warrants and stock options are expected to provide sufficient operating funds through the short term.
Our consolidated non-restricted cash balance at December 31, 2025, was $3.5 million. We had a working capital deficit at December 31, 2025, of $7.3 million. The total consolidated book value of our assets was approximately $15.8 million at December 31, 2025, which included the cash balance of $3.5 million.
The factors noted above raise doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Although the steps taken by management, as outlined above, provide liquidity to the Company and position the Company to continue operating, the doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern has not been alleviated. These consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to the amounts and classification of assets and liabilities that may be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern.
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Results of Operations
The dollar values discussed in the following tables, except as otherwise indicated, are approximations to the nearest thousands and therefore do not necessarily sum in columns or rows. For more detail refer to the Financial Statements and Supplementary Data in Item 8.
Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2024
Year ended December 31,
Change
Increase/(Decrease) ( in thousands )
Total revenue
Marketing, general and administrative
Operations and research
Total operating expenses
Total other (expense) / income
Net (loss) / income
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest
Net income (loss) attributable to Odyssey Marine Exploration, Inc.
Revenue
Revenue in each period was generated from marine research and project administration for our customers and related parties. Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $0.4 million, a decrease of $0.4 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to the expiration of the Services Agreement with CIC in the second quarter of 2025.
Two companies to which we provided these services in both periods are deep-sea mineral exploration companies, CIC and OML, which we consider to be related parties (see Note 15 – Related Party Transactions ).
Operating Expenses
Marketing, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 were $11.0 million, an increase of $1.3 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase primarily resulted from $2.4 million of director fees in connection with the Mexican Corporate Transactions, as well as increases of $1.1 million in employee bonus and other compensation, $0.6 million increase in legal fees, $0.2 million in investor relations, and $0.1 in other professional services. These increases were partially offset by a $1.8 million decrease in share-based compensation and a $1.4 million reduction in audit fees, as 2024 included significant audit fees related to the 2023 restatement of previously issued financial statements.
Operations and research expenses are primarily focused on deep-sea mineral exploration, including mineral research, scientific services, marine operations and project management. Operations and research expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 were $2.8 million, a decrease of $0.3 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily as a result of decreases of $1.2 million in licenses and permits, partially offset by a $0.9 million increase in other professional fees.
Total Other (Expense)/Income
Total other (expense)/income was a $35.0 million expense and $18.3 million income for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, resulting in a net change of $53.3 million.
The increase in expense or reductions in income were attributable to:
a $47.1 million decrease in the change in derivative fair value, mainly consisting of changes in fair value of warrants, OML Put Option, Litigation Financing, 37N Note, March 2023 Notes and December 2023 Notes (refer to Note 9 – Fair Value Measurements for additional details);
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$9.8 million of other income in 2024 from our residual economic interest in our legacy shipwreck business which was not present in 2025;
$1.3 million increase in the loss on equity method investment, related to OML and Phosagmex; and
a $2.3 million increase in foreign exchange loss.
The above increases in expense were offset by increases in income or reductions in expense attributable to:
$4.2 million of loss on the OML Termination Agreement in 2024;
$0.6 million of gain on debt extinguishment and $0.2 million in sale of equipment in 2025, compared with a $0.7 million loss on debt extinguishment in 2024;
a $1.6 million decrease in interest expense, which includes debt discount amortization.
Taxes
Due to losses in the periods and a full valuation allowance established on our net operating loss carryforwards, we did not accrue any taxes in either the year ended December 31, 2025 or 2024.
Non-Controlling Interest
The non-controlling interest adjustment for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $5.4 million as compared to $9.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This primarily resulted from lower permit fees and other standard operating costs.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Year ended December 31,
( in thousands )
Summary of Cash Flows:
Net Cash (Used In) Provided By Operating Activities
Net Cash Used In Investing Activities
Net Cash Provided By Financing Activities
Net (Decrease) Increase In Cash
Cash At Beginning Of Period
Cash At End Of Period
Discussion of Cash Flows
Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025, was $8.8 million. This represented an increase in cash used of approximately $9.5 million when compared to cash provided of $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Cash flows used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 reflected a net income before non-controlling interest of $48.5 million and is adjusted primarily by non-cash items of $37.7 million, including: (i) $28.2 million in changes in fair value of derivative liabilities, relating primarily to the change in fair value of warrants, OML Put Option, and Litigation financing liability, (ii) $2.2 million of an Equity Exchange in connection with Mexican Corporate Transactions, (iii) amortization of deferred discount $1.9 million, (iv) note payable accretion of $1.6 million, (v) share-based compensation of $0.2 million, (vi) $1.8 million of PIK interest, and (vii) $1.6 million loss on equity method investment. Other operating activities increased working capital by $1.9 million, which included a $26,927 decrease in accounts payable, a $1.7 million decrease in accrued expenses, and a $0.2 million decrease in accounts receivable, partially offset by a $88,990 increase in other working capital accounts.
Cash flows provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024, were $0.6 million. This represents an approximate $10.8 million increase in cash provided when compared to the use of $10.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Cash flows used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024, reflected a net income before non-controlling interest of $6.2 million and is adjusted primarily by non-cash items of $3.7 million, which includes other income of $9.8 million from our residual economic interest in a salvaged shipwreck. Cash used in operating activities is adjusted primarily by non-cash items of $3.7 million, including: (i) $18.9 million in changes in fair value of derivative liabilities, relating primarily to the change in fair value of warrants, the OML Put Option, and the Litigation Financing liability, (ii) $4.2 million of a loss on Termination Agreement, (iii) amortization of deferred discount $3.3 million, (iv) note payable accretion of $2.3 million, (v) share-based compensation of $2.0 million, and (vi) $1.8 million of PIK interest. Other operating activities increased working capital by $1.9 million. This $1.9 million increase included a $0.4 million decrease to accounts payable and a $2.1 million increase to accrued expenses, partially offset by a $0.2 million increase in other working capital accounts.
Investing Activities
Cash flows used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025, were $0.2 million. This represented an approximate $90,000 increase from cash flows used in investing activities of $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the net cash used in investing activities was $157,508 of cash paid for investment in an unconsolidated subsidiary and $16,098 for the purchase of property and equipment.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the net cash used in investing activities was solely for the purchase of property and equipment.
Financing Activities
Cash flows provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025, were $7.7 million and primarily consisted of $7.7 million of proceeds from the issuance of common stock and $1.5 million of proceeds from exercised warrants, partially offset by $0.8 million of debt obligation payments, $0.5 million payments on sale-leaseback financing and $0.1 million of proceeds from the issuance of common stock.
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Cash flows provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024, were $0.2 million and primarily consisted of $3.9 million from proceeds from the issuance of common stock, partially offset by $3.0 million of debt obligation payments, $0.5 million of sale-leaseback payments and $0.1 million of offering costs paid on financing.
Other Cash Flow and Equity Areas
General Discussion
At December 31, 2025, we had cash of $3.5 million, a decrease of $1.3 million from the December 31, 2024 balance of $4.8 million. Financial debt of the company was $5.0 million and $22.9 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Financings
Debt Financing
The Company’s consolidated loans payable consisted of the following carrying values at:
December 31,
March 2023 Note
December 2023 Note
Emergency Injury Disaster Loan
Vendor note payable
AFCO insurance note payable
Finance obligations (Note 17)
Total Loans payable
Less: Unamortized deferred lender fee
Less: Unamortized debt discount
Total Loans payable, net
Less: Current portion of loans payable
Loans payable—long term
March 2023 Notes and Warrant Purchase Agreement
On March 6, 2023, Odyssey entered into a Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement (the “March 2023 Note Purchase Agreement”) with an institutional investor pursuant to which Odyssey issued and sold to the investor (a) a promissory note (the “March 2023 Note”) in the principal amount of up to $14.0 million and (b) a warrant (the “March 2023 Warrants” and, together with the March 2023 Note, the “March 2023 Securities”) to purchase shares of our Common Stock.
The total proceeds of $14.0 million were allocated between debt and equity for the warrants based on the relative fair value of the two instruments. As a result, there was a debt discount of $3.7 million, which was amortized over the remaining term of the March 2023 Note Purchase Agreement using the effective interest method, which is charged to interest expense. In connection with the December 2024 amendment discussed below, any unamortized debt discount was written off to interest expense.
The principal amount outstanding under the March 2023 Note bore interest at the rate of 11.0% per annum, and interest was payable in cash on a quarterly basis, except that, (a) at Odyssey’s option and upon notice to the holder of the March 2023 Note, any quarterly interest payment could be satisfied, in lieu of paying such cash interest, by adding an equivalent amount to the principal amount of the March 2023 Note (“PIK Interest”), and (b) the first quarterly interest payment due under the March 2023 Note was be satisfied with PIK Interest. The March 2023 Note provided Odyssey with the right, but not the obligation, upon notice to the holder of the March 2023 Note to redeem the March 2023 Note under certain circumstances. Unless the March 2023 Note was sooner redeemed at Odyssey’s option, all indebtedness under the March 2023 Note was due and payable on September 6, 2024. On September 5, 2024, the Company entered into amendments pursuant to which the maturity date was extended to December 6, 2024. Under the terms of the March 2023 Note Purchase Agreement, Odyssey agreed to use the proceeds of the sale of the Securities to fund Odyssey’s obligations under the Termination Agreement (as defined above), to pay legal fees and costs related to Odyssey’s NAFTA arbitration against the United Mexican States, to pay fees and expenses related to the transactions contemplated by the March 2023 Note Purchase Agreement, and for working capital and other general corporate expenditures. Odyssey’s obligations under Note were secured by a security interest in substantially all of Odyssey’s assets (subject to limited stated exclusions).
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Under the terms of the March 2023 Warrant, the holder had the right for a period of three years after issuance to purchase up to 3,703,703 shares of Odyssey’s common stock at an exercise price of $3.78 per share, which represents 120.0% of the official closing price of Odyssey’s common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market immediately preceding the signing of the March 2023 Note Purchase Agreement, upon delivery of a notice of exercise to Odyssey. Upon exercise of the March 2023 Warrant, Odyssey had the option to either (a) deliver the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise or (b) pay to the holder an amount equal to the difference between (i) the aggregate exercise price payable under the notice of exercise and (ii) the product of (A) the number of shares of common stock indicated in the notice of exercise multiplied by (B) the arithmetic average of the daily volume-weighted average price of the common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market for the five consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately prior to the date of the notice of exercise. The warrant provided for customary adjustments to the exercise price and the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise in the event of a stock split, recapitalization, reclassification, combination or exchange of shares, separation, reorganization, liquidation, or the like.
On March 6, 2023, the Company recognized the fair value of the March 2023 Warrant using the Black-Scholes valuation technique at $3,742,362 and classified the warrants as equity and debt discount of the March 2023 Note. On January 30, 2024, the March 2023 Warrant was amended to add a cashless exercise provision. Due to that amendment, the Company determined that the March 2023 Warrant meets the definition of a derivative and is not considered indexed to the Company’s own stock due to the settlement adjustment that provides that the share price input upon cashless exercise is always based on the highest of three prices. As such, beginning in the first quarter of 2024, the March 2023 Warrant is recognized as a derivative liability and is subsequently measured at fair value with changes recognized in earnings in the period incurred.
In connection with the execution and delivery of the March 2023 Note Purchase Agreement, Odyssey entered into a registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) pursuant to which Odyssey registered the offer and sale of the shares (the “Exercise Shares”) of Odyssey common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrant in a Prospectus filed with the SEC and declared effective as of June 1, 2023.
We incurred $98,504 in related fees which were being amortized over the term of the March 2023 Note Purchase Agreement and charged to interest expense. In connection with the December 2024 amendment discussed below, any unamortized debt discount was written off to interest expense.
December 2024 Amendment - March 2023 Notes and Warrant Purchase Agreement
On December 20, 2024, the Company and the holders of the March 2023 Securities entered into an Amendment to Note and Warrant March Purchase Agreement (the “March 2023 NWPA Amendment”) pursuant to which the March 2023 Purchase Agreement was amended to, among other things, (a) add certain covenants, including a requirement for the Company to maintain a minimum liquidity level, and modify certain existing covenants, (b) add related events of default, and (c) provide that the Company’s obligations under the March 2023 Purchase Agreement, the March 2023 Notes, and related documents are guaranteed by specified subsidiaries of the Company.
In connection with the March 2023 NWPA Amendment, the Company issued to each of the holders of the March 2023 Securities an Amended and Restated Convertible Promissory Note (the “March 2023 AR Notes”), and the Company and such holders entered into amendments (the “March 2023 Warrant Amendments”) to the March 2023 Warrants. The March 2023 Notes were modified by the March 2023 AR Notes to, among other things, (a) extend the maturity date to June 30, 2025, and, subject to an amendment of the Company’s December 2023 Notes (as defined below), to December 31, 2025, (b) add a conversion feature pursuant to which the holders had the right to convert the indebtedness under the March 2023 AR Notes into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion rate equal to 75% of the 30-day volume weighted average price of the Company’s common stock, provided that the conversion rate would not be less than $1.10 or greater than $2.20. The March 2023 AR Notes included limitations on the holders’ right to exercise the conversion feature, including customary limitations intended to ensure compliance with the rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market and a provision that provided the Company with the right to settle any exercise of the conversion feature in cash rather than by issuing shares of common stock. The condition relating to amendment of the December 2023 Notes also was satisfied on December 20, 2024, such that the maturity date of the March 2023 AR Notes was December 31, 2025.
The March 2023 Warrant Amendments modified the exercise price of the March 2023 Warrants from $3.78 to $1.10. In connection with the March 2023 NWPA Amendment, the Company also granted (a) registration rights to the holders of the March 2023 AR Notes and the March 2023 Warrants with respect to the shares of common stock issuable upon conversion or exercise thereof and (b) provided the holders with security interests in additional collateral to secure the Company’s obligations to the holders. The Company and the investors also entered into a Registration Rights Agreement (the “March 2023 Rights Agreement”) pursuant to which the Company agreed to prepare and file a registration statement with the SEC relating to the offer and sale of the shares of common stock on or before February 28, 2025. Odyssey registered the offer and sale of the shares of Odyssey common stock issuable upon exercise of the March 2023 AR Notes conversion right and the March 2023 Warrant in a registration statement filed with the SEC and declared effective as of February 7, 2025.
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The March 2023 NWPA Amendment, the March 2023 AR Notes, the March 2023 Warrant Amendments, and the March 2023 Rights Agreement also included representations and warranties, covenants, conditions, and other provisions customary for comparable transactions.
The Company evaluated the March 2023 NWPA Amendment under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 470, Debt, and concluded it should be recorded as a debt extinguishment as it added a substantive conversion option. In addition, based on the criteria of ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and ASC 815-15-25-1, Derivatives and Hedging – Embedded Derivatives, the March 2023 AR Notes are classified as a liability on the consolidated balance sheet with the conversion option accounted for as an embedded derivative. As a result, the conversion option was recorded as a discount on the debt and adjusted to fair value at each reporting period outstanding with changes recognized in Change in derivative liabilities fair value on the consolidated statement of operations. In addition, the warrants were determined to be freestanding, liability-classified instruments; therefore, they are bifurcated from the debt host and reported separately in the consolidated financial statements. The repricing of the warrants was measured at fair value based on the new conversion prices as of the amendment date and subsequently, remeasured at each reporting date. As of December 31, 2024, the debt instrument and embedded derivatives were recorded on the consolidated balance sheets for $13.1 million in Loans payable – short term and $2.7 million in Debt derivative liability, respectively.
On January 31, 2025, the Company entered into amendments to the March 2023 Notes transaction documents and the December 2023 Notes transaction documents to implement the Company’s post-closing obligations under the December 2024 amendment to the March 2023 Note Purchase Agreement. The amendments included (a) an amendment to the security agreement securing the March 2023 Notes, pursuant to which, among other things, the Company granted a second-priority security interest in the collateral securing the December 2023 Notes; (b) a second amendment to the December 2023 Note Purchase Agreement pursuant to which, among other things, the holders of the December 2023 Notes agreed to the second-priority security interest in the collateral securing the December 2023 Notes; and (c) an intercreditor agreement with the collateral agents for the March 2023 Notes and the December 2023 Notes (the “Collateral Agents”) addressing the relative interests between them with respect to the shared collateral.
On February 25, 2025, the Company entered into amendments to the March 2023 Notes transaction documents and the December 2023 Notes transaction documents in furtherance of the Company’s post-closing obligations under the December 2024 amendment to the March 2023 Note Purchase Agreement and the January 2025 amendment to the December 2023 Note Purchase Agreement. The amendments included (a) a second amendment to the March 2023 Note Purchase Agreement pursuant to which, among other things, the holders of the March 2023 Notes agreed to a second-priority security interest in certain of the collateral securing the March 2023 Notes; (b) a third amendment to the December 2023 Note Purchase Agreement to address the grant of security interests in additional collateral; (c) an amendment to the security agreement securing the December 2023 Notes, pursuant to which, among other things, the Company granted a second-priority security interest in the collateral securing the March 2023 Notes; and (d) an amended and restated intercreditor agreement with the Collateral Agents addressing the relative interests between them with respect to the shared collateral.
On June 6, 2025, the Company entered into amendments to the March 2023 Notes and the December 2023 Notes. As part of these amendments, the holders of the March 2023 Notes and December 2023 Notes (a) acknowledged and consented to the amendment of the JV Agreement and related transactions, (b) released their liens on the equity of Oceanica, and (c) were granted new liens on the equity interests in ORM held by the Company.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, holders of the March 2023 AR Notes converted all remaining indebtedness under the March 2023 AR Notes, amounting to $14.5 million, into 12,051,669 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. As a result, there are no outstanding March 2023 AR Notes as of December 31, 2025, and the liens securing the March 2023 AR Notes were released.
For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we recorded $1.4 million and $1.8 million of interest expense from the amortization of the debt discount, respectively, and $89,820 and $44,934 interest from the fee amortization which has been recorded in interest expense, respectively. The carrying value of the debt was $11.6 million as of December 31, 2024, which includes of interest Paid In Kind (“PIK”) of $1.2 million, and was net of unamortized debt fees of $89,820, and net of unamortized debt discount of $1.5 million, associated with the fair value of the warrant. The total face value of this obligation at December 31, 2024 was $13.1 million.
December 2023 Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement
On December 1, 2023, we entered into a Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement (the “December 2023 Note Purchase Agreement”) with institutional investors pursuant to which we issued and sold to the investors (a) a series of promissory notes (the “December 2023 Notes”) in the principal amount of up to $6.0 million and (b) two tranches of warrants (the “December 2023 Warrants” and, together with the December 2023 Notes, the “December 2023 Securities”) to purchase shares of our common stock. We issued December 2023 Notes in the aggregate amount of $3.75 million and related warrants on December 1, 2023, and December 2023 Notes in the aggregate amount of $2.25 million and related warrants on December 28, 2023.
The total proceeds of $6.0 million were allocated between debt and warrant liability by recognizing the warrants at their full fair value and allocating the residual proceeds to the December 2023 Notes. The initial fair value of the December 2023 Warrants was $2.4
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million, resulting in a corresponding discount on the December 2023 Notes which was amortized over the remaining term of the December 2023 Note Purchase Agreement using the effective interest method, which is charged to interest expense.
The principal amount outstanding under the December 2023 Notes bore interest at the rate of 11.0% per annum, and interest was payable in cash on a quarterly basis, except that, (a) at our option and upon notice to the holder of the December 2023 Notes, any quarterly interest payment could be satisfied, in lieu of paying such cash interest, by adding an equivalent amount to the principal amount of the December 2023 Notes (“December 2023 PIK Interest”), and (b) the first quarterly interest payment due under the December 2023 Notes was satisfied with December 2023 PIK Interest. The December 2023 Notes provided us with the right to redeem the December 2023 Notes to redeem under certain conditions. Unless the December 2023 Notes were sooner redeemed at our option, all indebtedness under the December 2023 Notes was due and payable on June 1, 2025. Under the terms of the December 2023 Note Purchase Agreement, we agreed to use the proceeds of the sale of the December 2023 Securities for working capital and other general corporate expenditures and to pay fees and expenses related to the transactions contemplated by the December 2023 Note Purchase Agreement. Our obligations under December 2023 Notes are secured by a pledge of and security interest in our equity interests in Odyssey Marine Cayman Limited (subject to limited stated exclusions).
Under the terms of the first tranche of December 2023 Warrants, the holders had the right for a period of three years after issuance to purchase an aggregate of up to 1,411,765 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $4.25 per share, which represents 120.0% of the official closing price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market immediately preceding the signing of the December 2023 Note Purchase Agreement, upon delivery of a notice of exercise to Odyssey. Under the terms of the second tranche of December 2023 Warrants, the holders had the right for a period of three years after issuance to purchase an aggregate of up to 211,565 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $7.09 per share, which represents 200.0% of the official closing price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market immediately preceding the signing of the December 2023 Note Purchase Agreement, upon delivery of a notice of exercise to Odyssey. Upon exercise of the December 2023 Warrants, Odyssey has the option to either (a) deliver the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise or (b) pay to the holder an amount equal to the difference between (i) the aggregate exercise price payable under the notice of exercise and (ii) the product of (A) the number of shares of common stock indicated in the notice of exercise multiplied by (B) the arithmetic average of the daily volume-weighted average price of the common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market for the five consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately prior to the date of the notice of exercise. The December 2023 Warrants provide the holders with a cashless exercise option if we have announced payment of a dividend or distribution on account of our common stock. The December 2023 Warrants also include customary adjustments to the exercise price and the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise in the event of a stock split, recapitalization, reclassification, combination or exchange of shares, separation, reorganization, , or the like.
In connection with the execution and delivery of the December 2023 Note Purchase Agreement, we entered into a registration rights agreement (the “December 2023 Registration Rights Agreement”) pursuant to which we agreed to register the offer and sale of the shares (the “December 2023 Exercise Shares”) of our common stock issuable upon exercise of the December 2023 Warrants. Pursuant to the December 2023 Registration Rights Agreement, we agreed to prepare and file with the SEC a registration statement covering the resale of the December 2023 Exercise Shares and to use our reasonable best efforts to have the registration statement declared effective by the SEC as soon as practicable thereafter, subject to stated deadlines.
The Company determined that the December 2023 Warrants meet the definition of a derivative and are not considered indexed to the Company’s own stock due to the settlement adjustment that provides that the share price input upon cashless exercise is always based on the highest of three prices. As such, the December 2023 Warrants were recognized as derivative liabilities and will be initially and subsequently measured at fair value with the gain or loss due to changes in fair value recognized in the current period. The Company noted that when debt is issued with liability-classified stock purchase warrants, the residual method should be used so that the warrants are recognized at fair value at issuance and the residual proceeds are allocated to the debt.
We incurred $65,500 in related expenses, which were being amortized over the term of the December 2023 Note Purchase Agreement and charged to interest expense. In connection with the December 2024 amendment discussed below, any unamortized debt discount was written off to interest expense.
December 2024 Amendment - December 2023 Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement
On December 20, 2024, the Company and the holders of the December 2023 Securities entered into an Amendment to Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement (the “December 2023 NWPA Amendment”) pursuant to which issued to each of the holders of the December 2023 Securities an Amended and Restated Convertible Promissory Note (the “December 2023 AR Notes”), and the Company and such holders entered into amendments (the “December 2023 Warrant Amendments”) to the December 2023 Warrants. The December 2023 Notes were modified by the December 2023 AR Notes to, among other things, (a) extend the maturity date to April 1, 2026, (b) add a conversion feature pursuant to which the holders had the right to convert the indebtedness under the December 2023 AR Notes into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion rate equal to 75% of the 30-day volume weighted average price of the Company’s common stock, provided that the conversion rate would not be less than $1.10. The December 2023 AR Notes include limitations on the holders’ right to exercise the conversion feature, including customary limitations intended to ensure compliance with
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the rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market and a provision that provides the Company with the right to settle any exercise of the conversion feature in cash rather than by issuing shares of common stock.
The December 2023 Warrant Amendments modified the exercise price of one tranche of the December 2023 Warrants from $4.25 to $1.23 and the exercise price of the other tranche of the December 2023 Warrants from $7.09 to $2.05. In connection with the December 2023 NWPA Amendment, the Company also granted registration rights to the holders of the December 2023 AR Notes and the December 2023 Warrants with respect to the shares of common stock issuable upon conversion or exercise thereof. The Company and the investors also entered into a Registration Rights Agreement (the “December 2023 Rights Agreement”) pursuant to which the Company agreed to prepare and file a registration statement with the SEC relating to the offer and sale of the shares of common stock on or before February 28, 2025. Odyssey registered the offer and sale of the shares of Odyssey common stock issuable upon exercise of the December 2023 AR Notes conversion right and the December 2023 Warrant in a Prospectus filed with the SEC and declared effective as of February 7, 2025.
The Company evaluated the December 2023 NWPA Amendment under ASC 470 and concluded it should be recorded as a debt extinguishment as it added a substantive conversion option. In addition, based on the criteria of ASC 480 and ASC 815-15-25-1, the December 2023 AR Notes are classified as a liability on the consolidated balance sheet with a conversion option that is recorded as an embedded derivative. As a result, the conversion option was recorded as discount on the debt and adjusted to fair value at each reporting period outstanding with changes recognized through Change in derivative liabilities fair value on the consolidated statement of operations. In addition, the warrants are considered a standalone liability-classified instrument, therefore they are unlinked from the debt and considered separate instruments. The repricing of the warrants was measured to fair value based on the new prices as of the amendment date and subsequently remeasured at each reporting date. At December 31, 2024, the debt instrument and embedded derivatives were recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value of $6.7 million, inclusive of $0.2 million of accrued interest, in Loans payable, and $0.3 million, in debt derivative, respectively.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, holders of the December 2023 AR Notes converted all remaining indebtedness under the December 2023 AR Notes, amounting to $7.3 million, into 5,774,691 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. As a result, there are no outstanding December 2023 AR Notes as of December 31, 2025, and the liens securing the December 2023 AR Notes were released.
For the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we recorded $0.5 million and $2.3 million of interest expense from the amortization of the debt discount, respectively, and $46,973 and $50,799 interest from the fee amortization, respectively. The carrying value of the debt was $6.0 million as of December 31, 2024, and was net of unamortized debt fees of $29,710, and net of unamortized debt discount of $0.5 million, associated with the fair value of the warrant. The total face value of this obligation at December 31, 2024 was $6.6 million, respectively.
Emergency Injury Disaster Loan
On June 26, 2020, we executed the standard loan documents required for securing an Economic Injury Disaster Loan (the “EIDL Loan”) from the United States Small Business Administration (the “SBA”). The principal amount of the EIDL Loan is $0.2 million, with proceeds to be used for working capital purposes. Interest on the EIDL Loan accrues at the rate of 3.75% per annum and installment payments, including principal and interest of $731, are due monthly beginning 12 months from the date of the EIDL Loan. In 2021, the SBA extended this 12-month period, setting the first payment due date in December 2022. Per the agreement, payments reduce accrued interest first and are then applied against the principal. The balance of principal and interest is payable thirty years from the date of the promissory note.
The Company’s principal balance on the EIDL Loan was $0.2 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and is recorded in Loans payable on the consolidated balance sheets.
Vendor Note Payable
As of December 31, 2024, we were obligated to a vendor under an interest-bearing trade payable, bearing a simple annual interest at a rate of 12.0%. As collateral, we granted the vendor a primary lien on certain of our equipment. The carrying value of this equipment was zero. This agreement matured in August 2018, but the vendor did not demand payment.
On October 16, 2025, we entered into a settlement and release agreement pursuant to which we satisfied in full our Vendor Note. The note payable in the principal amount of $0.5 million plus accrued interest of $0.5 million, was settled for a cash payment of $250,000 and an assignment of certain equipment that secured the note payable. As a result, the balance of this vendor note payable was zero as of December 31, 2025. This settlement transaction resulted in a gain on disposal of the equipment of $0.2 million and a gain on debt extinguishment of $0.6 million, recorded during the year ended December 31, 2025.
The principal balance and accrued interest of the Vendor Note Payable as of December 31, 2024, were $0.5 million and $0.5 million, respectively.
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AFCO Insurance Note Payable
On November 1, 2024, we executed a premium finance agreement with AFCO Credit Corporation (“AFCO”), pursuant to which AFCO agreed to finance the Directors and Officers (“D&O”) insurance premiums evidenced by the promissory note in the amount of $0.6 million, to be repaid equally over an 11-month period, bearing interest at a rate of 6.17% per annum, maturing on October 31, 2025.
On November 1, 2025, we entered into a new premium finance agreement with AFCO, pursuant to which AFCO agreed to finance the D&O insurance premiums evidenced by the promissory note in the amount of $0.6 million, to be repaid equally over an 11-month period, bearing interest at a rate of 6.11% per annum, maturing on October 31, 2026.
37North
On June 29, 2023, we entered into a Note Purchase Agreement (“Note Agreement”) with 37North SPV 11, LLC (“37N”) pursuant to which 37N agreed to loan us $1.0 million. The proceeds from this transaction were received in full on June 29, 2023. Pursuant to the Note Agreement, the indebtedness was non-interest bearing and matured on July 30, 2023. At any time from 31 days after the maturity date, 37N has the option to convert all or a portion of the outstanding amount of the indebtedness into conversion shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (A) 120% of the amount of the indebtedness, by (B) the lower of $3.66 or 70% of the 10-day VWAP market trading price of Common Stock. The aggregate maximum number of shares of Common Stock to be issued in connection with conversion of the indebtedness is not to exceed (i) 19.9% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock prior to the date of the Agreement, (ii) 19.9% of the combined voting power of the outstanding voting securities, or (iii) such number of shares of Common Stock that would violate the applicable listing rules of the Principal Market if the stockholders did not approve the issuance of Common Stock upon conversion of the indebtedness.
On December 27, 2023, 37N delivered an exercise notice to us pursuant to which it exercised its right to convert $0.4 million of the outstanding indebtedness under the Note Agreement into shares of our Common Stock. In accordance with the Note Agreement, based on the applicable conversion rate of $2.3226 under the agreement, we issued 155,000 shares of our Common Stock to 37N on December 29, 2023.
At various times in 2024, 37N delivered exercise notices to us pursuant to which it exercised its right to convert the $1.2 million outstanding indebtedness under the Note Agreement into shares of our Common Stock. In accordance with the Note Agreement, based on the applicable conversion rates ranging between $0.41055 and $3.6491, we issued 1,028,671 shares of our Common Stock to 37N during the year ended December 31, 2024.
As a result of the above conversions, as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the debt instrument and embedded derivatives related to the Note Agreements were zero.
Pignatelli Note
On March 6, 2023, Odyssey issued a new unsecured Convertible Promissory Note in the principal amount of $0.5 million to Mr. Pignatelli bearing interest at the rate of 10.0% per annum convertible into Common Stock of Odyssey at a conversion price of $3.78 per share. On September 13, 2024, Mr. Pignatelli converted all outstanding principal and interest under the note, amounting to $0.6 million, to shares of our Common Stock. Accordingly, during the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued 152,461 shares of our Common Stock to Mr. Pignatelli and the balance of the note at December 31, 2025 and 2024, was zero.
Other Financing Arrangement
Securities Purchase Agreement
On December 23, 2024, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) pursuant to which the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 7,377,912 shares of common stock to certain accredited investors at a purchase price of $0.55 per share. The aggregate purchase price for the shares, before deduction of the Company’s expenses associated with the transaction, was approximately $4.1 million. The SPA further provided the investors with the right, but not the obligation, to purchase an additional 7,220,141 shares of common stock at a purchase price of $1.10 per share (the “Additional SPA Shares”) at a subsequent closing to be held on April 30, 2025, or such later date as may be agreed by the Company and the purchasers who purchased at least a majority of the initial shares under the SPA, provided that the subsequent closing date shall not be later than July 31, 2025.
The Company analyzed the SPA, specifically with respect to the shares issued and the right to purchase additional shares at a later date within the guidance of ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity , and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and determined the right to purchase additional shares is a written call option that qualifies as a free standing instrument based on the definition of the second criterion in the GAAP definition of a freestanding financial instrument that the instruments are legally detachable and separately exercisable. The Company determined the written call option does not require liability classification under Topic 480 and does not meet the definition of a derivative, as there is no net settlement provision. Lastly, the Company concluded the written call option should be
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classified as an equity instrument, as it meets the criteria for equity classification of a non-derivative instrument under ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts with an Entity’s Own Equity .
On December 23, 2024, the Company recorded the written call option as well as a capital contribution from the investors under the SPA within APIC at a fair value of approximately $1.5 million. The written call option does not require subsequent remeasurement each reporting period. The capital contribution was recorded for the excess of proceeds received compared to the fair value of common stock and written call option.
During the second quarter of 2025, the Company entered into a series of amendments to the SPA, three of which extended the subsequent closing date and had no effect on any other terms of the SPA. The fourth amendment extended the subsequent closing date to July 31, 2025, for purchasers who exercised on or prior to June 30, 2025, at least twenty percent of the options to which they were entitled under the SPA as of June 1, 2025. As a result, the written call option was considered modified and the Company determined the fair value of the remaining outstanding Additional SPA Shares as of June 30, 2025.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, holders of the SPA options exercised their options to purchase an aggregate of 6,975,488 Additional SPA Shares, for a total purchase price of $7.7 million. As of December 31, 2025, no options to purchase Additional SPA Shares remained outstanding.
Litigation Financing
On June 14, 2019, Odyssey and Exploraciones Oceánicas S. de R.L. de C.V., our Mexican subsidiary (“ExO” and, together with Odyssey, the “Claimholder”), and Poplar Falls LLC (the “Funder”) entered into an International Claims Enforcement Agreement (as amended and restated in January 2020, December 2020 and June 2021, the “ICEA”), pursuant to which the Funder agreed to provide financial assistance to the Claimholder to facilitate the prosecution and recovery of our arbitration claim against the United Mexican States under Chapter Eleven of the North American Free Trade Agreement (“NAFTA”) for violations of the Claimholder’s rights under NAFTA, on our own behalf and on behalf of ExO (the “Subject Claim”). Pursuant to the ICEA, the Funder agreed to fund specified fees and expenses relating to the Subject Claim (the “Claims Payments”) in an aggregate amount of up to $25 million (the “Maximum Investment Amount”) in various phases. As of December 31, 2025, the Funder has made Claim Payments in the aggregate amount of approximately $24.9 million.
Non-recourse Funding
The ICEA provides that, if no proceeds from the Subject Claim (as defined in the ICEA, “Proceeds”) are ever paid to or received by the Claimholder and if the environmental permit is not issued, the Funder shall have no right of recourse or right of action against the Claimholder or its property, assets, or undertakings, except as otherwise specifically contemplated by the ICEA. If (a) Proceeds are paid to or received by the Claimholder or its representatives; (b) such Proceeds are promptly distributed by the Claimholder to the Funder in accordance with the terms of the ICEA; and (c) the amount received by the Funder as a result thereof is not sufficient to pay all of the amounts due to the Funder under the ICEA, then, provided that all of the Proceeds which the Funder will ever be entitled to have been paid to or received by the Funder, the Funder shall have no right of recourse or action against the Claimholder or its property, assets, or undertakings, except as otherwise specifically contemplated by the ICEA.
Pursuant to the ICEA, the Claimholder acknowledged the Funder’s priority right, title, and interest in any Proceeds, including against any available collateral to secure its obligations under the ICEA, which security interest shall be first in priority as against all other security interests in the Proceeds. The parties agreed that the ICEA constitutes a sale of the right to a portion of any Proceeds arising from the Subject Claim.
Payment of Proceeds
Pursuant to the ICEA, if the Claimholder receives Proceeds, the Proceeds are required to be distributed as follows (the “Recovery Percentage”):
first, 100% to the Funder until the cumulative amount distributed to the Funder equals the total Claims Payments paid by the Funder;
second,100% to the Funder until the cumulative amount distributed to the Funder equals an additional 300% of the total Claims Payments paid by the Funder;
(iii)
third, for each $10,000 in Claims Payments paid by the Funder, 0.01% of the total Proceeds from any recoveries after payment of the amounts in (i) and (ii) above, to the Funder; and
thereafter, 100% to the Claimholder.
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Conversion to Loan
The ICEA provides that the Claimholder may at any time without the consent of the Funder either settle or refuse to settle the Subject Claim for any amount; provided, however , that if the Claimholder settles the Subject Claim without the Funder’s consent, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned, or delayed, Funder will be entitled to the greater of (a) the Recovery Percentage, or (b) the total amount of all Claims Payments made in connection with such Subject Claim multiplied by three.
If the Claimholder ceases the Subject Claim for any reason other than (a) a full and final arbitral award against the Claimholder or (b) a full and final monetary settlement of the claims, including in particular, for a grant of an environmental permit to the Claimholder allowing it to proceed with the Project (with or without a monetary component), all Claims Payments shall immediately convert to a senior secured liability of the Claimholder. This sum shall incur an annualized internal rate of return (“IRR”) of 50.0% retroactive to the date each Claims Payment was paid by the Funder.
Additional Funding
Upon the Funder making Claims Payments to the Claimholder or its designees in an aggregate amount equal to the Maximum Investment Amount, the Funder has the option to continue funding the specified fees and expenses in relation to the Subject Claim on the same terms and conditions provided in the ICEA. The Funder must exercise its option to continue funding in writing, within thirty days after the Funder has made Claims Payments in an aggregate amount equal to the Maximum Investment Amount. If the Funder exercises its option to continue funding, the parties shall attempt in good faith to amend the ICEA to provide the Funder with the right to provide at the Funder’s discretion funding in excess of the Maximum Investment Amount, in an amount up to the greatest amount that may then be reasonably expected to be committed for investment in Subject Claim. If the Funder declines to exercise its option, the Claimholder may negotiate and enter into agreements with one or more third parties to provide funding, which shall be subordinate to the Funder’s rights under the ICEA.
If the Claimholder wishes to fund the Subject Claim with its own capital (“Self-Funding”) (which excludes any Claims Payments made, either directly or indirectly, by any other third party), the Claimholder shall immediately pay to the Funder the Conversion Amount, provided that this requirement shall not apply if, after the Funder has made Claims Payments in an aggregate amount equal to the Maximum Investment Amount, the Funder does not exercise its option to provide Follow-On Funding. Pursuant to waivers and consents agreed by the Funder in December 2020, January 2023 and March 2023, the Funder waived the limitation on Self-Fundings up to a maximum aggregate amount of $7.8 million, pursuant to which Claimholder has exercised its right to Self-Funding up to an aggregate of $4.2 million as of December 31, 2025.
Warrants
In conjunction with the January 2020 amendment and restatement of the ICEA, (a) the Funder agreed to provide a portion of the Maximum Investment Amount in an amount of up to $2.2 million (the “Arbitration Support Funds”) for the purpose of paying the Claimholder’s litigation support costs in connection with Subject Claim; and (b) we issued a warrant (the “2020 Warrant”) to purchase our common stock that is exercisable for a period of five years beginning on the earlier of (i) the date on which the Claimholder ceases the Subject Claim for any reason other than a full and final arbitral award against the Claimholder or a full and final monetary settlement of the claims or (ii) the date on which Proceeds are received and deposited into escrow. The exercise price per share is $3.99, and the Funder may exercise the 2020 Warrant to purchase the number of shares of our common stock equal to the dollar amount of Arbitration Support Funds divided by the exercise price per share (subject to customary adjustments and limitations).
Arbitration Award
On September 17, 2024, the Company received notification from the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (“ICSID”) of the arbitral award (the “Arbitral Award”) on the claims brought by the Company on behalf of itself and ExO, against the United Mexican States under NAFTA. The arbitral tribunal issued an Arbitral Award in favor of ExO. The award orders Mexico to pay $37.1 million for breaching its obligations under NAFTA, plus interest (the “Award Interest”) at the one-year Mexico Treasury bond rate, compounded annually, from October 12, 2018, until the award is paid in full, plus the arbitrators’ fees and ICSID administrative costs. The amounts awarded are net of Mexican taxes and Mexico may not tax the award. The case filings and the award are available on the ICSID website.
On December 12, 2024, Mexico commenced an application before the Ontario Superior Court of Justice seeking to set aside the Arbitral Award. The set-aside application remains pending.
Accounting
The Company determined that the financing arrangement in the ICEA is a derivative, measured at fair value within the scope of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging . Subsequently, any changes in the fair value of the derivative are reported in earnings for the period. Fair value was calculated as the midpoint of estimated ranges of the probability-weighted present value of potential results based on management assumptions. As such, the fair value of the obligation is recorded in our consolidated balance sheet in Litigation financing and as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 amounted to $63.3 million and $57.0 million, respectively, with changes in the fair value of $6.2
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million and $4.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The discussion and analysis of our financial position and results of operations is based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with US GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect our financial position and results of operations. See Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements for a description of our significant accounting policies. Critical accounting estimates are defined as those that are reflective of significant judgment and uncertainties, and potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. We have identified the following critical accounting estimates. We have discussed the development, selection and disclosure of these policies with our audit committee.
Derivative Financial Instruments
We evaluate all of our agreements to determine whether such instruments have derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives. For derivative financial instruments that are accounted for as liabilities, the derivative instrument is initially recorded at its fair value and is then re-valued at each reporting date, with changes in the fair value reported in the statements of operations. In evaluating the fair value of derivative financial instruments, there are numerous assumptions that management must make that may influence the valuation of the derivatives that would be included in the financial statements. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is evaluated at the end of each reporting period. Derivative instrument liabilities are classified in the balance sheet as current or non-current based on whether or not net-cash settlement of the derivative instrument could be required within 12 months of the balance sheet date.
As discussed in Note 8 – Loans Payable , Note 9 – Fair Value Measurements and Note 10 – Derivative Financial Instruments, the consolidated financial statements include certain derivative financial instruments.
The Litigation Financing agreement involved numerous amendments, significant non-cash financing, issuance of warrants, and issuance costs. Determination of the fair value of the derivative required significant judgment, assumptions and estimates regarding the facts and circumstances surrounding the potential liability. The fair value of the derivative is an inherently uncertain estimate because almost none of the inputs used in calculating the estimate, other than amounts funded, is objectively quantifiable. The inputs are based on management’s good faith but subjective assumptions, judgments and estimates regarding the potential outcomes of the NAFTA arbitration case, the potential outcomes and award amounts conditional on Odyssey winning the arbitration, the potential repayment dates, the potential dates on which any proceeds from the arbitration might be received, and certain market inputs such as discount rates. The calculations based on these inputs resulted in a range of estimated fair values. The Company reported the midpoint of that range as the fair value at each relevant period. The estimate has changed each period based on management’s revised judgments and assumptions regarding timing and other inputs. The estimate reported as the fair value is sensitive to the methods, assumptions, judgments and estimates underlying the fair value calculations because the use of different probabilities regarding potential case outcomes, potential awards, repayment dates, discount rates, or other estimated assumptions, or another method of reporting the fair value from within the calculated range, could result in a significantly or materially different estimated fair value being reported.
The fair values of the 2022 Warrants (as defined below) and the December 2023 Warrants, which are accounted for as derivative liabilities, were estimated using a Black-Scholes valuation model. The assumptions used in this model included the use of key inputs, including expected stock volatility, the risk–free interest rate, the expected life of the option and the expected dividend yield. Expected volatility is calculated based on the historical volatility of our Common Stock over the term of the warrant. Risk–free interest rates are calculated based on risk–free rates for the appropriate term. The expected life is estimated based on contractual terms as well as expected exercise dates. The dividend yield is based on the historical dividends issued by us. If the volatility rate or risk-free interest rate were to change, the value of the warrants would be impacted.
The fair value of the embedded derivative liability related to the share settled redemption feature recognized in connection with the 37N Note is determined using the with-and-without valuation method. As inputs into the valuation, we considered the type and probability of occurrence of certain events, the amount of the payments, the expected timing of certain events, and a risk-adjusted discount rate.
Joint Venture
As discussed in Note 6 – Joint Venture , the Company contributed concession rights to Phosagmex, subject to reinstatement of the concessions. As these rights have not been reinstated, the carrying value in the Company’s financial statements is zero; however, the Company estimated the fair value of the concession rights to be $1.9 million as of August 29, 2025, the contribution date. The fair value was determined under the Guideline Public Company method.
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Commitments and Contingencies
Joint Venture Agreement
On December 23, 2024, the Company and CapLat entered into the JV Agreement (refer to Note 6 – Joint Venture). The JV Agreement provides that the Company and CapLat have exclusive rights to develop the Phosagmex Project, and that CapLat has the exclusive right to develop, with the Company, any projects in the Mexican EEZ owned or developed by the Company during the subsequent five years. Each of the parties has the right to terminate the JV Agreement if the investment into the joint venture entity does not occur on or prior to December 31, 2026, or if there is a change of control of either party. In the event of a termination based on a change of control, the non-terminating party would be entitled to a termination fee of $10.0 million. The JV Agreement also sets forth representations and warranties, covenants, conditions, termination provisions, and other provisions customary for comparable transactions.
On February 27, 2026, the Company, certain of its affiliates, CapLat, and Phosagmex entered into an amended and restated JV Agreement (the “Restated JV Agreement”). The Restated JV Agreement:
provides for termination only upon the mutual consent or agreement of the parties to the JV Agreement;
eliminates respective rights to termination fees in the event of termination for all parties to the JV Agreement;
provides for the closing of the transactions contemplated thereby upon execution and delivery of the Restated JV Agreement, including execution and delivery of an acknowledgment of assignment of the mining concessions and a restated shareholder agreement; and
limits the duration of the period during which the Company is obligated to provide services to Phosagmex.
Refer to Note 12, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Refer to Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
