AVT Avnet Inc - 10-K

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors

This Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) with respect to the financial condition, results of operations, and business of Avnet. These statements are generally identified by words like “believes,” “plans,” “projects,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “should,” “will,” “may,” “estimates,” or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks, and uncertainties, and actual results and other outcomes could differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which that statement is made. Except as required by law, the Company does not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that occur after the date on which the statement is made.

Risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements include the risk factors discussed below as well as risks and uncertainties not presently known to the Company or that management does not currently consider material. Such factors make the Company’s operating results for future periods difficult to predict and, therefore, prior results do not necessarily indicate results in future periods. Some of the risks disclosed below may have already occurred, but not to a degree that management considers material unless otherwise noted. Any of the below factors, or any other factors discussed elsewhere in this Report, may have an adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, operating results, prospects, and liquidity. Similarly, the price of the Company’s common stock is subject to volatility due to fluctuations in general market conditions; actual financial results that do not meet the Company’s or the investment community’s expectations; changes in the Company’s or the investment community’s expectations for the Company’s future results, dividends, or share repurchases; and other factors, many of which are beyond the Company’s control.

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Changes in customer needs and consumption models

Changes in customer product demands and consumption models may cause a decline in the Company’s billings, which would have a negative impact on the Company’s financial results. Changes in technology (such as artificial intelligence) could reduce the types or quantity of services that customers require from the Company. While the Company attempts to identify changes in market conditions as soon as possible, the dynamics of the industries in which it operates make it difficult to predict and timely react to such changes, including those relating to product capacity and lead times. Also, future downturns, inflation, or supply chain challenges, including in the semiconductor, embedded solutions, maintenance, and test and measurement industries, could adversely affect the Company’s relationships with its customers, operating results, and profitability.

Specifically, the semiconductor industry experiences periodic fluctuations in product supply and demand (often associated with changes in economic conditions, technology, and manufacturing capacity) and suppliers may not adequately predict or meet customer demand. Geopolitical uncertainty (including from military conflicts, health-related crises, and international trade disputes) has led, and may continue to lead, to shortages, extended lead times, and unpredictability in the supply of certain semiconductors and other electronic components. In reaction, customers may over order to ensure sufficient inventory, which, when the shortage lessens, may result in order cancellations and decreases. In cases where customers have non-cancellable/ non-returnable orders, customers may not be able or willing to carry out the terms of the orders. The Company’s prices to customers depend on many factors, including product availability, supplier costs, and competitive pressures. The Company may be unable to increase prices to customers to offset higher internal costs, which could reduce margins. During fiscal 2025, 2024, and 2023, sales of semiconductors represented approximately 78%, 80%, and 81% of the Company’s consolidated sales, respectively, and the Company’s sales closely follow the strength or weakness of the semiconductor industry. These conditions make it more difficult to manage the Company’s business and predict future performance.

Disruptions to key supplier and customer relationships

One of the Company’s competitive strengths is the breadth and quality of the suppliers whose products the Company distributes. For fiscal 2025, one supplier accounted for approximately 10% of the Company’s consolidated billings. The Company’s contracts with its suppliers vary in duration and are generally terminable by either party at will upon notice. The Company’s suppliers may terminate or significantly reduce their volume of business with the Company because of a product shortage, an unwillingness to do business with the Company, changes in strategy, or otherwise.

Shortages of products or loss of a supplier may negatively affect the Company’s business and relationships with its customers, as customers depend on the Company’s timely delivery of technology hardware and software from the industry’s leading suppliers. In addition, shifts in suppliers’ strategies, or performance and delivery issues, may negatively affect the Company’s financial results. These conditions make it more difficult to manage the Company’s business and predict future performance. The competitive landscape has also experienced consolidation among suppliers and capacity constraints, which could negatively impact the Company’s profitability and customer base.

Further, if key suppliers modify the terms of their contracts (including terms regarding price protection, rights of return, order cancellation rights, delivery commitments, rebates, or other terms that protect or enhance the Company’s gross margins), it could negatively affect the Company’s results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity. The Company may attempt to limit associated risks by passing such terms on to its customers, but this may not be possible.

Customers, suppliers, and investors are increasingly requesting information and action regarding the Company’s supply chain due diligence, environmental impacts, and other social and governance practices. Such increased expectations may increase costs and result in reputational damage and loss of business if the Company is perceived to have not met such expectations.

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Risks related to international operations

During fiscal 2025, 2024, and 2023 approximately 77%, 77% and 76%, respectively, of the Company’s sales came from its operations outside the United States. The Company’s operations are subject to a variety of risks that are specific to international operations, including, but not limited to, the following:

potential restrictions on the Company’s ability to repatriate funds from its foreign subsidiaries;

foreign currency and interest rate fluctuations;

non-compliance with foreign and domestic data privacy regulations, business licensing requirements, environmental regulations, and anti-corruption laws, the failure of which could result in severe penalties, including monetary fines and criminal proceedings;

non-compliance with foreign and domestic import and export regulations and adoption or expansion of trade restrictions, including technology transfer restrictions, additional license, permit or authorization requirements for shipments, specific company sanctions, new and higher duties, tariffs or surcharges, or other import/export controls;

complex and changing tax laws and regulations;

regulatory requirements and prohibitions that differ between jurisdictions;

economic and political instability, terrorism, military conflicts, or civil unrest;

fluctuations in freight costs (both inbound and outbound), limitations on shipping and receiving capacity, and other disruptions in the transportation and shipping infrastructure;

natural disasters (including due to climate change), pandemics, and other public health crises;

differing employment practices and labor issues; and

non-compliance with local laws.

In addition to the cost of compliance, the potential penalties for violations of import or export regulations and anti-corruption laws, by the Company or its third-party agents, create heightened risks for the Company’s international operations. If a regulatory body determines that the Company has violated such laws, the Company could be fined significant sums, incur sizable legal defense costs, have its import or export capabilities restricted or denied, or have its inventories seized, which could have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s business. Additionally, allegations that the Company has violated any such regulations may negatively impact the Company’s reputation, which may result in customers or suppliers being unwilling to do business with the Company. While the Company has adopted measures and controls designed to ensure compliance with these laws, these measures may not be adequate, and the Company may be materially and adversely impacted in the event of an actual or alleged violation.

Tariffs, trade restrictions, sanctions, or changes in trade policies may adversely affect the Company’s sales and profitability. For example, the U.S. administration has made, and continues to make, changes in trade policies, including negotiating or terminating trade agreements, imposing higher tariffs on imports into the United States, and other measures affecting trade between the United States and other countries. Additionally, some countries are changing their trade policies relating to goods imported from the United States. These policies and related geopolitical tensions could dampen consumer demand, increase market volatility, and impact currency exchange rates, each of which could adversely affect the Company’s financial performance. Further, evaluating and complying with new and future trade measures diverts management’s attention from existing initiatives, which may negatively impact the Company’s business operations.

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The impact of these trade disruptions is difficult to predict and depends on various factors, including (i) when trade measures are implemented, (ii) the ultimate amount, scope, nature, and duration of tariffs and other trade measures, (iii) and the extent to which price increases, together with mitigation efforts, do not fully offset increased costs. In addition, the impact of trade disruptions on general economic conditions is difficult to predict.

The Company employs and continues to develop systems and other measures to mitigate the impact of tariffs. The Company also has contingency plans to respond to a range of economic scenarios. The Company continues to monitor and evaluate changing trade policies, as well as the overall economic environment in the electronic components industry. However, despite these efforts, the Company may not be able to fully mitigate the impact of changes in trade policies or an economic downturn. These actions have resulted in increased costs, which the Company may not be able to pass on to customers; shortages of materials and electronic components; increased cybersecurity attacks; credit market disruptions; and inflation. In addition, increased operational expenses incurred in minimizing the number of products subject to tariffs could adversely affect the Company’s operating profits. These measures have not yet had a material impact, but future actions or escalations that affect trade relations could materially affect the Company’s sales and results of operations.

The Company transacts sales, pays expenses, owns assets, and incurs liabilities in countries using currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. Because the Company’s consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. Dollars, the Company must translate such activities and amounts into U.S. Dollars at exchange rates in effect during each reporting period. Therefore, increases or decreases in the exchange rates between the U.S. Dollar and other currencies affect the Company’s reported amounts of sales, operating income, and assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. In addition, unexpected and dramatic changes in foreign currency exchange rates may negatively affect the Company’s earnings from those markets. While the Company may use derivative financial instruments to reduce its net exposure, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations may materially affect the Company’s financial results. Further, foreign currency instability and disruptions in the credit and capital markets may increase credit risks for some of the Company’s customers and may impair its customers’ ability to repay existing obligations.

Internal information systems failures

The Company depends on its information systems to facilitate its day-to-day operations and to produce timely, accurate, and reliable information on financial and operational results. Currently, the Company’s global operations are tracked with multiple information systems, including systems from acquired businesses, some of which are subject to ongoing IT projects designed to streamline or optimize the Company’s systems. These IT projects are extremely complex, in part because of wide ranging processes, use of on-premise and cloud environments, the Company’s business operations, and changes in information technology. The Company may not always succeed at these efforts. Implementation or integration difficulties may adversely affect the Company’s ability to complete business transactions and ensure accurate recording and reporting of financial data. In addition, IT projects may not achieve the expected efficiencies and cost savings, which could negatively impact the Company’s financial results. A failure of any of these information systems (including due to power losses, computer and telecommunications failures, cybersecurity incidents, or manmade or natural disasters), or material difficulties in upgrading these information systems, could have an adverse effect on the Company’s business, internal controls, and reporting obligations under federal securities laws.

Due to the Company’s increased online sales, system interruptions and delays that make its websites and services unavailable or slow to respond may reduce the attractiveness of its products and services to its customers. If the Company is unable to continually improve the efficiency of its systems, it could cause systems interruptions or delays and adversely affect the Company’s operating results.

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Logistics disruptions

The Company’s global logistics services are operated through specialized and centralized distribution centers around the globe, some of which are outsourced. The Company also depends almost entirely on third-party transportation service providers to deliver products to its customers. A major interruption or disruption in service at one or more of its distribution centers for any reason, or significant disruptions of services from the Company’s third-party transportation providers, could cause a delay in expected cost savings or an increase in expenses, which may not be possible to pass on to customers. Such disruptions could result from risks related to information technology, data security, or any of the General Risk Factors, as discussed herein. In addition, as the Company continues to increase capacity at various distribution centers, it may experience operational challenges, increased costs, decreased efficiency, and customer delivery delays and failures. Such operational challenges could have an adverse impact on the Company’s business partners, and on the Company’s business, operations, financial performance, and reputation.

Data security and privacy threats

Threats to the Company’s data and information technology systems (including cybersecurity attacks such as phishing and ransomware) are becoming more frequent and sophisticated, including through the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning. Threat actors have successfully breached the Company’s systems and processes in various ways, and such cybersecurity breaches expose the Company to significant potential liability and reputational harm. Cybersecurity attacks have not yet materially impacted the Company’s data (including data about customers, suppliers, and employees) or the Company’s operations, financial condition, or data security, but future attacks could have a material impact. Threat actors, including sophisticated nation-state actors, seek unauthorized access to intellectual property, or confidential or proprietary information regarding the Company, its customers, its business partners, or its employees, and may target the Company’s systems for espionage, intellectual property theft, or disruption of operations. They deploy malicious software programs that exploit security vulnerabilities, including ransomware designed to encrypt the Company’s files so an attacker may demand a ransom for restored access. They also seek to misdirect money, sabotage data and systems, takeover internal processes, and induce employees or other system users to disclose sensitive information, including login credentials. In addition, some Company employees continue to work from home on a full-time or hybrid basis, which increases the Company’s vulnerability to cyber and other information technology risks. Further, the Company’s business partners and service providers (such as suppliers, customers, and hosted solution providers) pose a security risk because their own security systems or infrastructure may become compromised.

The Company seeks to protect and secure its systems and information, prevent and detect evolving threats, and respond to threats as they occur. Measures taken include implementing and enhancing information security controls, such as enterprise-wide firewalls, intrusion detection, endpoint protection, email security, disaster recovery, vulnerability management, and cybersecurity training for employees to enhance awareness of general security best practices, financial fraud, and phishing. Despite these efforts, the Company may not always be successful. Threat actors frequently change their techniques and technology (such as implementing artificial intelligence) and, consequently, the Company may not always promptly detect the existence or scope of a security breach. As these types of threats grow and evolve, the Company may make further investments to protect its data and information technology infrastructure, which may impact the Company’s profitability. The Company’s insurance coverage for protecting against cyber attacks may not be sufficient to cover all possible claims, and the Company may suffer losses that could have a material adverse effect on its business. As a global enterprise, the Company may be negatively impacted by existing and proposed laws and regulations, as well as government policies and practices, related to cybersecurity, data privacy, data localization, and data protection. Failure to comply with such requirements could have an adverse effect on the Company’s reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations, as well as subject the Company to significant fines, litigation losses, third-party damages, and other liabilities.

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Financial Risks

Inventory value decline

The electronic components and integrated products industries are subject to technological change, new and enhanced products, changes in customer needs, and changes in industry standards and regulatory requirements, which can cause the Company’s inventory to decline in value or become obsolete. Regardless of the general economic environment, prices may decline due to a decrease in demand or an oversupply of products, which may increase the risk of declines in inventory value. Many of the Company’s suppliers offer certain protections from the loss in value of inventory (such as price protection and limited rights of return), but such policies may not fully compensate for the loss. Also, suppliers may not honor such agreements, some of which are subject to supplier discretion. In addition, most Company sales are made pursuant to individual purchase orders, rather than through long-term sales contracts. Where there are contracts, such contracts are generally terminable at will upon notice. Unforeseen product developments, inventory value declines, or customer cancellations may adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.

Accounts receivable defaults

Accounts receivable are a significant portion of the Company’s working capital. If entities responsible for a significant amount of accounts receivable cease doing business, direct their business elsewhere, fail to pay, or delay payment, the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity could be adversely affected. An economic or industry downturn could adversely affect the Company’s ability to collect receivables, which could result in longer payment cycles, increased collection costs, and defaults exceeding management’s expectations. A significant deterioration in the Company’s ability to collect accounts receivable in the United States could impact the cost or availability of financing under various financing programs.

Liquidity and capital resources constraints

The Company’s ability to satisfy its cash needs and implement its capital allocation strategy depends on its ability to generate cash from operations and to access the financial markets, both of which are subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory, and other factors that are beyond the Company’s control. In addition to cash on hand, the Company relies on external financing to help satisfy its cash needs. However, various factors affect external financing, including general market conditions, interest rate fluctuations, and the Company’s debt ratings and operating results. Consequently, external financing may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. An increase in the Company’s debt or deterioration of its operating results may cause a reduction in its debt ratings. Any such reduction could negatively impact the Company’s ability to obtain additional financing or renew existing financing at acceptable terms, and could result in reduced credit limits, increased financing expenses, and additional restrictions and covenants. A reduction in its current debt rating may also negatively impact the Company’s working capital and impair its relationship with its customers and suppliers.

As of June 28, 2025, the Company had debt outstanding with financial institutions under various notes, secured borrowings, and committed and uncommitted lines of credit. The Company needs cash to pay debt principal and interest, and for general corporate purposes, such as funding its ongoing working capital and capital expenditure needs. Under certain of its credit facilities, the applicable interest rate and costs are based in part on the Company’s current debt rating. If its debt rating is reduced, higher interest rates and increased costs would result. A portion of the Company’s debt is subject to variable interest rates and an increase in such rates would increase debt service obligations. Any material increase in the Company’s financing costs or loss of access to cost-effective financing could have an adverse effect on its profitability, results of operations, and cash flows.

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General economic or business conditions, both domestic and foreign, may be less favorable than management expects and could adversely impact the Company’s sales or its ability to collect receivables from its customers, which may impact access to the Company’s accounts receivable securitization program.

Financing covenants and restrictions may limit management discretion

The agreements governing the Company’s financing, including its credit facility, accounts receivable securitization program, and the indentures governing the Company’s outstanding notes, contain various covenants and restrictions that, in certain circumstances, limit the Company’s ability, and the ability of certain subsidiaries, to:

grant liens on assets;

make restricted payments (including, under certain circumstances, paying dividends on, redeeming, or repurchasing common stock);

make certain investments;

merge, consolidate, or transfer all, or substantially all, of the Company’s assets;

incur additional debt; or

engage in certain transactions with affiliates.

The Company may be in default under certain of its credit facilities if its leverage ratio exceeds a certain level. In such an event, lenders may accelerate payment, other lenders may declare a cross-default, and the Company may be unable to continue to utilize these facilities, which could cause the Company to have insufficient cash to make interest payments, to repay indebtedness, or for general corporate needs.

As a result of these covenants and restrictions, the Company may be limited in the future in how it conducts its business and may be unable to raise additional debt, repurchase common stock, pay a dividend, compete effectively, or make further investments.

Tax law changes and compliance

As a multinational corporation, the Company is subject to the tax laws and regulations of the United States and many foreign jurisdictions. From time to time, governments enact or revise tax laws and regulations, which are further subject to interpretations, guidance, amendments, and technical corrections from international, federal, and state tax authorities. Such changes to tax law may adversely affect the Company’s cash flow, costs of share buybacks, and effective tax rate, including through decreases in allowable deductions and higher tax rates.

Many countries have adopted provisions to align their international tax rules with the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project, led by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”), which applies to the Company as of fiscal year 2025. The project aims to standardize and modernize global corporate tax policy, and levies a 15% global minimum corporate tax rate on a country-by-country basis on companies with revenue over a set threshold. Various jurisdictions are adopting related regulations at different times and in varying forms. Conflicting regulations or interpretations could increase risk of double taxation, compliance complexity, and disputes with taxing authorities. Furthermore, many countries are independently evaluating their corporate tax policy, which could result in tax legislation and enforcement that adversely impacts the Company’s tax provision and value of deferred assets and liabilities.

The tax laws and regulations of the various countries where the Company has operations are extremely complex and subject to varying interpretations. The Company believes that its historical tax positions are sound and consistent with applicable law, and that it has adequately reserved for taxes. However, taxing authorities may challenge such

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positions and the Company may not be successful in defending against any such challenges. The Company’s future income tax expense could be adversely affected by changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets, and liabilities and changes to its operating structure.

Constraints on internal controls

Effective internal controls are necessary for the Company to provide reliable financial reports, safeguard its assets, and prevent and detect fraud. If the Company cannot do so, its brand and operating results could be harmed. Internal controls over financial reporting are intended to prevent and detect material misstatements in its financial reporting and material fraudulent activity, but are limited by human error, circumventing or overriding controls, and fraud. As a result, the Company may not identify all material activity or all immaterial activity that could aggregate into a material misstatement. Therefore, even effective internal controls cannot guarantee that financial statements are wholly accurate or prevent all fraud and loss of assets. Management continually evaluates the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s internal controls. However, if the Company fails to maintain the adequacy of its internal controls, including any failure to implement required new or improved internal controls, or if the Company experiences difficulties in their implementation, the Company’s business and operating results could be harmed. Additionally, the Company may be subject to sanctions or investigations by regulatory authorities, or the Company could fail to meet its reporting obligations, all of which could have an adverse effect on its business or the market price of the Company’s securities.

Acquisition expected benefits shortfall

The Company has made, and expects to make, strategic acquisitions or investments globally to further its strategic objectives and support key business initiatives. Acquisitions and investments involve risks and uncertainties, some of which may differ from those associated with the Company’s historical operations. Examples include risks relating to expanding into emerging markets and business areas, adding additional product lines and services, impacting existing customer and supplier relationships, incurring costs or liabilities associated with the companies acquired, incurring potential impairment charges on acquired goodwill and other intangible assets, and diverting management’s attention from existing operations and initiatives. As a result, the Company’s profitability may be negatively impacted. In addition, the Company may not successfully integrate the acquired businesses, or the integration may be more difficult, costly, or time-consuming than anticipated. Further, any litigation involving the potential acquisition or acquired entity may increase expenses associated with the acquisition, cause a delay in completing the acquisition, or impact the ability to integrate the acquired entity, all of which may impact the Company’s profitability. The Company may experience disruptions that could, depending on the size of the acquisition, have an adverse effect on its business, especially where an acquisition target may have pre-existing regulatory issues or deficiencies, or material weaknesses in internal controls over financial reporting. Furthermore, the Company may not realize all benefits anticipated from its acquisitions, which could adversely affect the Company’s financial performance.

Legal and Regulatory Risks

Legal proceedings costs and damages

From time to time, the Company may become involved in legal proceedings, including government investigations, that arise out of the ordinary conduct of the Company’s business, including matters involving intellectual property rights, commercial matters, merger-related matters, product liability, and other actions. Legal proceedings could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s efforts and other resources, and could have an adverse effect on the Company’s operations and business reputation. The Company may be obligated to indemnify and defend its customers if the products or services that the Company sells are alleged to infringe any third party’s intellectual property rights. The

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Company may not be able to obtain supplier indemnification for itself and its customers against such claims, or such indemnification may not fully protect the Company and its customers against such claims. Also, the Company is exposed to potential liability for technology and products that it develops for which it has no indemnification protections. If an infringement claim against the Company is successful, the Company may be required to pay damages or seek royalty or license arrangements, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms. The Company may have to stop selling certain products or services, which could affect its ability to compete effectively. In addition, the Company’s expanding business activities may include the assembly or manufacture of electronic component products and systems. Product defects, whether caused by a design, assembly, manufacture or component failure or error, or manufacturing processes not in compliance with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, may result in product liability claims, product recalls, fines, and penalties. Product liability risks could be particularly significant with respect to aerospace, automotive, and medical applications because of the risk of serious harm to users of such products.

Regulatory non-compliance

The Company is subject to laws and regulations addressing a variety of issues, including import and export regulations, environmental impacts and related disclosures, data privacy, workplace safety, and supply chain regulations. While the Company strives to fully comply with all applicable regulations, certain of these regulations are subject to differing interpretations and conflicts among various jurisdictions or may impose liability without fault. Additionally, the Company may be held responsible for the prior activities of an entity it acquired.

Failure to comply with these regulations could result in substantial costs, fines, and civil or criminal sanctions, as well as third-party claims for property damage or personal injury. Future regulations may become more stringent over time, imposing greater compliance costs, and increasing risks, penalties and reputational harm associated with violations.

General Risk Factors

Negative impacts of economic or geopolitical uncertainty, or a health crisis, on operations and financial results

Economic weakness and geopolitical uncertainty (including from military conflicts and international trade disputes), as well as health-related crises (including pandemics and epidemics), have resulted, and may result in the future, in a variety of adverse impacts on the Company and its customers and suppliers. Such adverse impacts include decreased sales, margins, and earnings; increased logistics costs; demand uncertainty; constrained workforce participation; global supply chain disruptions; and logistics and distribution system disruptions. Such crises and uncertainties could also result in, or heighten the risks of, customer bankruptcies, customer delayed or defaulted payments, delays in product deliveries, financial market disruption and volatility, and other risk factors described in the Company’s Annual Report. As a result, the Company may need to impair assets (including goodwill, intangible assets, and other long-lived assets), implement restructuring actions, and reduce expenses in response to decreased sales or margins.

The Company may not be able to adequately adjust its cost structure in a timely fashion, which may adversely impact its profitability. Uncertainty about economic conditions may increase foreign currency volatility, which may negatively impact the Company’s results. Economic weakness and geopolitical uncertainty also make it more difficult for the Company to manage inventory levels (including when customers decrease orders, cancel existing orders, or are unable to fulfill their obligations under non-cancelable/ non-return orders) and collect customer receivables, which may result in provisions to create reserves, write-offs, reduced access to liquidity, higher financing costs, and increased pressure on cash flows.

An increase in or prolonged period of inflation could affect the Company’s profitability and cash flows, due to higher wages, higher operating expenses, higher financing costs, and higher supplier prices. Inflation may also adversely

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affect foreign exchange rates. The Company may be unable to pass along such higher costs to its customers, which may result in lower gross profit margins. In addition, inflation may adversely affect customers’ financing costs, cash flows, and profitability, which could adversely impact their operations and the Company’s ability to offer credit and collect receivables.

Competition

The market for the Company’s products and services is very competitive and subject to technological advances (including artificial intelligence), new competitors, non-traditional competitors, and changes in industry standards. The Company competes with other global and regional distributors, as well as some of the Company’s own suppliers that maintain direct sales efforts. In addition, as the Company expands its offerings and geographies, the Company may encounter increased competition from current or new competitors. The Company’s failure to maintain and enhance its competitive position could adversely affect its business and prospects. Furthermore, the Company’s efforts to compete in the marketplace could cause deterioration of gross profit margins and, thus, overall profitability.

The size of the Company’s competitors varies across market sectors, as do the resources the Company has allocated to the sectors and geographic areas in which it does business. Therefore, some competitors may have greater resources or a more extensive customer or supplier base in some market sectors and geographic areas. As a result, the Company may not be able to effectively compete in certain markets, which could impact the Company’s profitability and prospects.

Employee retention and hiring constraints

Identifying, hiring, training, developing, and retaining qualified and engaged employees is critical to the Company’s success, and competition for experienced employees in the Company’s industry can be intense. Restrictions on immigration or changes in immigration laws, including visa restrictions, may limit the Company’s acquisition of key talent, including talent with diverse experience and perspectives. Changing demographics and labor work force trends may result in a loss of knowledge and skills as experienced workers leave the Company. As global opportunities and industry demands shift, and as technology (including artificial intelligence) impacts how work is performed, the Company may encounter challenges in realigning, training, and hiring skilled personnel. Through organizational design activities, the Company periodically eliminates positions due to restructurings or other reasons, which may risk the Company’s brand reputation as an employer of choice and negatively impact the Company’s ability to hire and retain qualified personnel. Also, position eliminations may negatively impact the morale of employees who are not terminated, which could result in work stoppages or slowdowns, particularly where employees are represented by unions or works councils. If these circumstances occur, the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations could be seriously harmed.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

For a description of the Company’s critical accounting policies and an understanding of Avnet and the significant factors that influenced the Company’s performance during the past three fiscal years, the following discussion should be read in conjunction with the description of the business appearing in Item 1 of this Report and the consolidated financial statements, including the related notes and schedule, and other information appearing in Item 8 of this Report. Discussions of fiscal 2023 items and year-to-year comparisons between fiscal years 2024 and 2023 are not included in this Form 10-K and can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 29, 2024. The Company operates on a “52/53 week” fiscal year. Fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 each contained 52 weeks.

The discussion of the Company’s results of operations includes references to the impact of foreign currency translation. When the U.S. Dollar strengthens and the stronger exchange rates are used to translate the results of operations of Avnet’s subsidiaries denominated in foreign currencies, the result is a decrease in U.S. Dollars of reported results. Conversely, when the U.S. Dollar weakens, the weaker exchange rates result in an increase in U.S. Dollars of reported results. In the discussion that follows, results excluding this impact, primarily for subsidiaries in EMEA and Asia, are referred to as “constant currency.”

In addition to disclosing financial results that are determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“GAAP”), the Company also discloses certain non-GAAP financial information, including:

“Adjusted operating income,” which is operating income excluding (i) restructuring, integration and other expenses, and (ii) amortization of acquired intangible assets.

The following table provides a reconciliation of operating income to adjusted operating income:

Years Ended

June 28,

June 29,

July 1,

(Thousands)

Operating income

Restructuring, integration, and other expenses

Amortization of acquired intangible assets

Adjusted operating income

Management believes that providing this additional information is useful to financial statement users to better assess and understand operating performance, especially when comparing results with prior periods or forecasting performance for future periods, primarily because management typically monitors the business with and without these adjustments to GAAP results. Management also uses these non-GAAP measures to establish operational goals and, in

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many cases, for measuring performance for compensation purposes. However, any analysis of results on a non-GAAP basis should be used in conjunction with results presented in accordance with GAAP.

Industry outlook

The Company’s operations subject it to tariffs and other trade protection measures. The U.S. administration has instituted certain changes, and may make additional changes, in trade policies that include the negotiation or termination of trade agreements, higher tariffs on imports into the U.S., and other measures affecting trade between the U.S. and other countries from which the Company imports. Due in part to these measures, some countries are changing their trade policies relating to goods imported from the U.S. These global trade disruptions and geopolitical tensions, together with any related downturns in the global economy, could dampen customer demand, increase market volatility, and impact currency exchange rates, all of which could materially and adversely affect the Company’s financial performance. Evaluating and complying with new and future trade measures diverts management’s attention from existing initiatives, which may negatively impact the Company’s business operations.

The impact of these changes in trade policies will depend on various factors, including (i) when trade measures are implemented, (ii) the ultimate amount, scope, nature, and duration of tariffs and other trade measures, and (iii) the extent to which the Company can mitigate impacts and pass on any increased costs associated with these changes. In addition, the impact of trade disruptions on general economic conditions and demand for electronic components is difficult to predict.

The Company employs and continues to develop systems and other measures to mitigate the impact of tariffs, including selective supply chain, logistics, and pricing actions. The Company also has contingency plans to respond to a range of economic scenarios. The Company’s management continues to monitor and evaluate the changing tariff situation, as well as the overall environment in the electronic components industry. However, despite these efforts, the Company may not be able to fully mitigate the impact of changes in trade policies or an economic downturn.

The global electronic components market has a history of cyclical downturns followed by periods of increased demand. Beginning in the second half of calendar year 2023, the industry began to experience a downturn marked by a decrease in sales due to a combination of elevated customer inventory levels and lower underlying demand for electronic components. As a result, the Company has seen decreased sales, resulting in lower operating income. The duration of the current downturn is uncertain. The Company expects sales in the first quarter of fiscal 2026 to be approximately 2% growth across all regions from the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025 sales.

Additionally, the Company’s inventories relative to its sales are higher than they have historically been as a result of this industry downturn. The Company has and may in the future purchase additional inventories from electronic component suppliers, even in an industry downturn, if the Company believes the purchase will benefit the Company’s financial or strategic business objectives.

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Results of Operations

Years Ended

June 28,

June 29,

Variance

Variance %

($ in millions, unless otherwise stated)

Sales

Gross profit

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Restructuring, integration, and other expenses

Operating income

Adjusted operating income

Other expense, net

Interest and other financing expenses, net

Gain on legal settlements and other

Income tax expense

Net income

Diluted earnings per share

Other Metrics

Gross profit margin

bps

Operating income margin

bps

Adjusted operating income margin

bps

Effective tax rate

bps

Sales

Analysis of Sales: By Operating Group and Geography

The table below provides sales change rates for fiscal 2025 as compared to fiscal 2024 as reported and on a constant currency basis by geographic region and operating group.

Sales

Year-Year %

Years Ended

Sales

Change in

June 28,

June 29,

Year-Year %

Constant

Total

Total

Change

Currency

(Dollars in millions)

Sales by Operating Group:

Farnell

Total Avnet

Sales by Geographic Region:

Americas

EMEA

Asia

Total Avnet

Avnet’s sales for fiscal 2025 were $22.20 billion, a decrease of $1.56 billion, or 6.6%, from fiscal 2024 sales of $23.76 billion. Sales in constant currency decreased 6.7% year over year, reflecting a reduction in sales volume primarily due to the lower demand for electronic components. Sales declined in the western regions, while sales in Asia experienced year-over-year growth.

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EC sales in fiscal 2025 were $20.75 billion, representing a 6.3% decrease over fiscal 2024 sales of $22.16 billion. EC sales decreased 6.4% year over year in constant currency. The decrease in EC sales is primarily due to sales volume decreases in the western regions due to the market downturn in the electronic components industry and, to a lesser extent, an unfavorable product mix of lower-priced electronic components. The average selling prices of like for like electronic components remained relatively stable between fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2024.

Farnell sales in fiscal 2025 were $1.45 billion, a decrease of $151.3 million or 9.5%, from fiscal 2024 sales of $1.60 billion. The year-over-year decrease in sales was primarily a result of lower demand for on-the-board electronic components.

Gross Profit

The Company’s gross profit is primarily affected by sales volume, product mix, and geographic sales mix. Gross profit in fiscal 2025 was $2.38 billion, a decrease of $381.5 million, or 13.8%, from fiscal 2024 gross profit of $2.77 billion primarily due to lower sales volumes, as described above. Gross profit margin decreased to 10.7% in fiscal 2025 or 90 basis points from fiscal 2024 gross profit margin of 11.6%. The decrease in gross profit margin is primarily due to a shift in geographic sales mix to Asia. Sales in the higher margin western regions represented approximately 53% of sales in fiscal 2025, versus 60% of sales in fiscal 2024.

EC gross profit margin decreased year over year largely due to the change in geographic mix, partially offset by increases in gross margin from certain supplier engagements. Average selling prices of like for like electronic components at EC remained relatively stable between fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2024.

Farnell gross profit margin decreased year over year, primarily due to lower sales of higher margin on-the-board electronic components.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A expenses”) in fiscal 2025 were $1.76 billion, a decrease of $107.1 million, or 5.7%, from fiscal 2024. The year-over-year decrease in SG&A expenses was primarily due to decreases in variable operating expenses associated with the decrease in sales volumes discussed above, from restructuring actions taken by the Company, and by the impact of changes in foreign currency translation rates.

Metrics that management monitors with respect to its operating expenses are SG&A expenses as a percentage of sales and as a percentage of gross profit. In fiscal 2025, SG&A expenses as a percentage of sales were 7.9% and as a percentage of gross profit were 73.9%, as compared with 7.9% and 67.6%, respectively, in fiscal 2024. The increases in SG&A expenses as a percentage of gross profit resulted primarily from the decreases in sales and gross profit without a proportional reduction in SG&A expenses, resulting in lower operating leverage.

Restructuring, Integration and Other Expenses

In fiscal 2024, the Company initiated a restructuring plan to reduce SG&A expenses including within the Farnell operating group. These efforts continued in fiscal 2025 and included EC Americas and EC EMEA.

As a result of these restructuring initiatives, the Company incurred $56.1 million for restructuring expenses consisting of severance and other employee-related expenses of $32.2 million for reduction of over 400 employees across the Company, $5.6 million of facility exit costs primarily related to an office closure in the Americas, $14.9 million of asset impairments, and $3.4 million of other restructuring costs primarily related to software licenses not in

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use. The Company also recorded $14.5 million of integration costs, a benefit of $6.0 million for changes in estimates for costs associated with prior year restructuring actions, and $43.7 million of other costs primarily related to the estimated contingent liability associated with an ongoing consumption tax audit in Mexico.

See Note 13, “Commitments and contingencies” to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information related to the consumption tax audit in Mexico.

The after-tax impact of restructuring, integration, and other expenses were $87.6 million and $1.01 per share on a diluted basis.

During fiscal 2024 the Company recorded restructuring, integration, and other expenses of $52.6 million, which consists of restructuring costs of $39.5 million, integration expenses of $13.1 million, and $5.5 million of other expenses, offset by a benefit of $5.5 million.

See Note 17, “Restructuring expenses” to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information related to restructuring expenses.

Operating Income

Operating income for fiscal 2025 was $514.3 million, a decrease of $330.1 million or 39.1%, from fiscal 2024 operating income of $844.4 million. Operating income margin was 2.3% in fiscal 2025 compared to 3.6% in fiscal 2024. Adjusted operating income for fiscal 2025 was $624.0 million, a decrease of $276.0 million or 30.7%, from fiscal 2024 adjusted operating income of $900.0 million. Adjusted operating income margin was 2.8% in fiscal 2025 compared to 3.8% in fiscal 2024. The decreases in operating income and operating income margin are primarily due to the decrease in sales, lower gross profit margin, and impact from foreign currency exchange rates.

EC operating income decreased 25.3% to $708.2 million, and EC operating income margin decreased 87 basis points to 3.4% in fiscal 2025, with decreases in both the EMEA and Americas regions, offset by an increase in the Asia region. Farnell operating income decreased 49.3% to $32.8 million in fiscal 2025 and Farnell operating income margin decreased 179 basis points to 2.3% in fiscal 2025. The decreases in operating income and operating income margin in both operating groups are due to the decrease in gross profit primarily from lower sales and from a lower gross profit margin without a proportionate decrease in SG&A expenses.

Interest and Other Financing Expenses, Net and Other (Expense) Income, Net

Interest and other financing expenses for fiscal 2025 was $246.4 million, a decrease of $36.5 million, or 12.9%, compared with interest and other financing expenses of $282.9 million in fiscal 2024. The decrease in interest and other financing expenses in fiscal 2025 compared to fiscal 2024 is primarily a result of lower outstanding borrowings and average borrowing rates.

The Company had other expense of $17.3 million in fiscal 2025, compared to other expense of $15.7 million in fiscal 2024. The increase in other expenses is primarily due to foreign currency translation losses.

Gain on Legal Settlements and Other

During fiscal 2024, the Company recorded a gain on legal settlements and other of $86.5 million in connection with the settlement of claims filed against certain manufacturers of capacitors.

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Income Tax

Income tax expenses were $10.4 million in fiscal 2025, reflecting an effective tax rate of 4.1% as compared to income tax expenses of $133.6 million in fiscal 2024, reflecting an effective tax rate of 21.1%. The decrease in the effective tax rate in fiscal 2025 as compared to fiscal 2024 was primarily due to the increases in tax attribute carryforwards, partially offset by increases to valuation allowances.

See Note 9, “Income taxes” to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion on the effective tax rate.

Net Income

As a result of the factors described in the preceding sections of this MD&A, the Company’s net income in fiscal 2025 was $240.2 million, or earnings per share on a diluted basis of $2.75, compared with fiscal 2024 net income of $498.7 million, or earnings per share on a diluted basis of $5.43.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flows

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $724.5 million during fiscal 2025, compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $690.0 million during fiscal 2024. The $34.5 million increase in net cash provided by operating activities year over year is primarily due to improvements in cash used for working capital and other as working capital levels have begun to be more in line with sales including the reduction of inventories, offset by lower cash provided by net income. Cash generated by working capital and other was $402.2 million during fiscal 2025, compared to cash generated by working capital of $11.2 million during fiscal 2024, with the difference attributable primarily to decreases in inventory purchases and the timing of payments for inventory purchases. The Company also had decreases in accounts receivable due to cash collections and lower sales when compared to the prior fiscal year. Included in other, net was a gain of $9.2 million recognized on the sale of a building during fiscal 2025. The Company received $90.7 million of cash from legal settlements during fiscal 2024.

Financing Activities

Net repayments of debt totaled $274.9 million during fiscal 2025, including the repayment of $357.3 million under the Credit Facility, and $2.5 million for other debt, offset by net proceeds of $84.9 million under the Securitization Program. This compares to $156.5 million of net repayments during fiscal 2024. The Company paid cash dividends to shareholders of $1.32 per share, or $113.3 million, during fiscal 2025 as compared to $1.24 per share, or $112.0 million, during fiscal 2024. The Company has repurchased $303.5 million of common stock under the share repurchase plan during fiscal 2025 compared to $162.7 million during fiscal 2024.

Investing Activities

The Company’s purchases of property, plant and equipment decreased during fiscal 2025 by $79.0 million, when compared to fiscal 2024, primarily due to a distribution center investment in EMEA in fiscal 2024. Included in other, net were net proceeds of $9.2 million on the sale of a building received during fiscal 2025.

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Financing Transactions

The Company uses a variety of financing arrangements, both short-term and long-term, to fund its operations in addition to historical cash generated from operating activities. The Company also uses several funding sources to avoid becoming overly dependent on one financing source, and to lower overall funding costs. These financing arrangements include public debt (“Notes”), short-term and long-term bank loans, a revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”), and an accounts receivable securitization program (the “Securitization Program”).

The Company has various lines of credit, financing arrangements, and other forms of bank debt in the U.S. and various foreign locations to fund the short-term working capital, foreign exchange, overdraft, capital expenditure, and letter of credit needs of its wholly owned subsidiaries. Outstanding borrowings under such forms of debt at the end of fiscal 2025 was $24.9 million.

As an alternative form of liquidity outside of the United States, the Company sells certain of its trade accounts receivable on a non-recourse basis to financial institutions pursuant to factoring agreements. The Company accounts for these transactions as sales of receivables and presents cash proceeds as cash provided by operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Factoring fees for the sales of trade accounts receivable are classified within “Interest and other financing expenses, net” of the consolidated financial statements.

See Note 7, “Debt” to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on financing transactions including the Credit Facility, the Securitization Program and the outstanding Notes as of June 28, 2025.

Covenants and Conditions

The Company’s Credit Facility contains certain covenants with various limitations on debt incurrence, share repurchases, dividends, investments and capital expenditures, and also includes a financial covenant requiring the Company to maintain a leverage ratio below a certain threshold. The Company was in compliance with all such covenants as of June 28, 2025.

The Company’s Securitization Program contains certain covenants relating to the quality of the receivables sold. If these conditions are not met, the Company may not be able to borrow any additional funds and the financial institutions may consider this an amortization event, as defined in the Securitization Program agreements, which would permit the financial institutions to liquidate the accounts receivables sold to cover any outstanding borrowings. Circumstances that could affect the Company’s ability to meet the required covenants and conditions of the Securitization Program include the Company’s ongoing profitability and various other economic, market, and industry factors. The Company was in compliance with all such covenants as of June 28, 2025.

Management does not believe that the covenants under the Credit Facility or Securitization Program limit the Company’s ability to pursue its intended business strategy or its future financing needs.

See Liquidity below for further discussion of the Company’s availability under these various facilities.

Liquidity

The Company held cash and cash equivalents of $192.4 million as of June 28, 2025, of which $181.8 million was held outside the United States. As of June 29, 2024, the Company held cash and cash equivalents of $310.9 million, of which $179.6 million was held outside of the United States.

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During periods of weakening demand in the electronic components industry, the Company typically generates cash from operating activities. Conversely, the Company will use cash for working capital requirements during periods of higher growth. The Company generated $724.5 million in cash flows for operating activities during the fiscal year ended June 28, 2025.

Liquidity is subject to many factors, such as normal business operations and general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, and regulatory factors that are beyond the Company’s control. Cash balances held in foreign locations that cannot be remitted back to the U.S. in a tax efficient manner are generally used for ongoing working capital, including the need to purchase inventories, capital expenditures and other foreign business needs. In addition, local government regulations may restrict the Company’s ability to move funds among various locations under certain circumstances. Management does not believe such restrictions would limit the Company’s ability to pursue its intended business strategy.

As of June 28, 2025, there were $411.6 million of borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility and $0.9 million in letters of credit issued, and $500.0 million outstanding under the Securitization Program. During fiscal 2025, the Company had an average daily balance outstanding under the Credit Facility of approximately $1.00 billion and $490.5 million under the Securitization Program. During fiscal 2024, the Company had an average daily balance outstanding under the Credit Facility of approximately $1.17 billion and $596.7 million under the Securitization Program. The Company expects to redeem the $550.0 million of 4.63% Notes due April 2026 either through the issuance of new debt or from available borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility. As of June 28, 2025, the combined availability under the Credit Facility and the Securitization Program was $1.09 billion. Availability under the Securitization Program is subject to the Company having sufficient eligible trade accounts receivable in the United States to support desired borrowings.

The Company has the following contractual obligations outstanding as of June 28, 2025 (in millions):

Payments due by period

Less than

More than

Contractual Obligations

Total

1 year

1-3 years

3-5 years

5 years

Long-term debt obligations (1)

Interest expense on long-term debt obligations (2)

Operating lease obligations (3)

Includes amounts due within one year and excludes unamortized discount and issuance costs on debt.

Represents interest expense due on debt by using fixed interest rates for fixed rate debt and assuming the same interest rate at the end of fiscal 2025 for variable rate debt.

Excludes imputed interest on operating lease liabilities.

The Company purchases inventories in the normal course of business throughout the year through the issuance of purchase orders to suppliers. During fiscal 2025, the Company’s cost of sales, substantially all of which related to the underlying purchase of inventories was $19.8 billion and the Company had $5.2 billion of inventories as of June 28, 2025. The Company expects to continue to purchase sufficient inventory to meet its customers’ demands in fiscal year 2026, some of which relates to outstanding purchase orders at the end of fiscal 2025. Outstanding purchase orders with suppliers may be non-cancellable/non-returnable at the point such orders are issued or may become non-cancellable at some point in the future, typically within 30 days to 90 days from the requested delivery date of inventories.

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At June 28, 2025, the Company had an estimated liability for income tax contingencies of $120.5 million, which is not included in the above table. Immaterial cash payments associated with the settlement of these liabilities are expected to be paid within the next 12 months. The settlement period for the remaining amount of the unrecognized tax benefits, including related accrued interest and penalties, cannot be determined, and therefore was not included in the table.

As of June 28, 2025, the Company may repurchase up to an aggregate of $364.1 million of shares of the Company’s common stock through the share repurchase program approved by the Board of Directors. The Company may repurchase stock from time to time at the discretion of management, subject to strategic considerations, market conditions including share price and other factors. The Company may terminate or limit the share repurchase program at any time without prior notice. During fiscal 2025, the Company repurchased $301.4 million of common stock.

The Company has historically paid quarterly cash dividends on shares of its common stock, and future dividends are subject to approval by the Board of Directors. During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025, the Board of Directors approved a dividend of $0.33 per share, which resulted in $27.7 million of dividend payments during the quarter.

The Company continually monitors and reviews its liquidity position and funding needs. Management believes that the Company’s ability to generate operating cash flows through the liquidation of working capital in the future and available borrowing capacity, including capacity for the non-recourse sale of trade accounts receivable, will be sufficient to meet its future liquidity needs. Additionally, the Company believes that it has sufficient access to additional liquidity from the capital markets if necessary.

During fiscal 2026 the Company may use cash for investing and financing activities including the payment of cash dividends and capital expenditures for distribution centers and information systems including digital tools and capabilities. The Company may also use cash in fiscal 2026 for share repurchases and for acquisitions.

Critical Accounting Policies

The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, sales and expenses. These estimates and assumptions are based upon the Company’s continual evaluation of available information, including historical results and anticipated future events. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates.

The Securities and Exchange Commission defines critical accounting policies as those that are, in management’s view, most important to the portrayal of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations and that require significant judgments and estimates. Management believes the Company’s most critical accounting policies at the end of fiscal 2025 relate to the valuation of inventories and accounting for income taxes.

Valuation of Inventories

Inventories are recorded at the lower of cost or estimated net realizable value. Inventory cost includes the purchase price of finished goods, and any freight cost incurred to receive the inventory into the Company’s distribution centers. The Company’s inventories include electronic components sold into changing, cyclical, and competitive markets, so inventories may decline in market value or become obsolete.

The Company regularly evaluates inventories for expected customer demand, obsolescence, current market prices, and other factors that may render inventories less marketable. Write-downs are recorded so that inventories reflect the estimated net realizable value and take into account the Company’s contractual provisions with its suppliers, which may

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provide certain protections to the Company for product obsolescence and price erosion in the form of rights of return, stock rotation rights, obsolescence allowances, industry specific supplier rebate programs and price protections. Because of the large number of products and suppliers and the complexity of managing the process around price protections, supplier rebate programs and stock rotations, estimates are made regarding the net realizable value of inventories. Additionally, assumptions about future demand and market conditions, as well as decisions to discontinue certain product lines, impact the evaluation of whether to write-down inventories. If future demand changes or actual market conditions are less favorable than assumed, then management evaluates whether additional write-downs of inventories are required. In any case, actual net realizable values could be different from those currently estimated.

Accounting for Income Taxes

Management’s judgment is required in determining income tax expense, unrecognized tax benefit liabilities, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and valuation allowances recorded against net deferred tax assets. Recovering net deferred tax assets depends on the Company’s ability to generate sufficient future taxable income in certain jurisdictions. In addition, when assessing the need for valuation allowances, the Company considers historic levels and types of income, expectations and risk associated with estimates of future taxable income, and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. If the Company determines that it cannot realize all or part of its deferred tax assets in the future, it may record additional valuation allowances against the deferred tax assets with a corresponding increase to income tax expense in the period such determination is made. Similarly, if the Company determines that it can realize all or part of its deferred tax assets that have an associated valuation allowance established, the Company may release a valuation allowance with a corresponding benefit to income tax expense in the period such determination is made.

The Company establishes contingent liabilities for potentially unfavorable outcomes of positions taken on certain tax matters. These liabilities are based on management’s assessment of whether a tax benefit is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by tax authorities. The anticipated and actual outcomes of these matters may differ, which may result in changes in estimates to such unrecognized tax benefit liabilities. To the extent such changes in estimates are necessary, the Company’s effective tax rate may fluctuate. In accordance with the Company’s accounting policy, accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recorded as a component of income tax expense.

In determining the Company’s income tax expense, management considers current tax regulations in the numerous jurisdictions in which it operates, including the impact of tax law and regulation changes in the jurisdictions the Company operates in. The Company exercises judgment for interpretation and application of such current tax regulations. Changes to such tax regulations or disagreements with the Company’s interpretation or application by tax authorities in any of the Company’s major jurisdictions may have a significant impact on the Company’s income tax expense.

See Note 9, “Income taxes” to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion on income tax expense, valuation allowances and unrecognized tax benefits.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Tax Disclosures (“ASU No. 2023-09”), which updates income tax disclosures related to the effective income tax rate reconciliation and requires disclosure of income taxes paid by jurisdiction. ASU No. 2023-09 will be effective for the Company in fiscal year 2026 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU No. 2023-09 on its disclosures.

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In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“ASU 2024-03”), and in January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures: Clarifying the Effective Date (“ASU 2025-01”). The guidance is designed to improve financial reporting by requiring public business entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the financial statement notes at interim and annual reporting periods. ASU No. 2024-03, as clarified by ASU 2025-01, will be effective for the Company in fiscal year 2028 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU No. 2024-03 on its disclosures.